diff --git a/-qwVo9RrMl4.txt b/-qwVo9RrMl4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a59d3240681602261380e0c0a19651d7681587fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/-qwVo9RrMl4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe you've noticed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've noticed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you've noticed
+but wires are really important to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wires are really important to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but wires are really important to us
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+we use them a lot and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use them a lot and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use them a lot and and so
+you know you just saw a cartoon with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you just saw a cartoon with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you just saw a cartoon with
+electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons
+here's a cartoon that i thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cartoon that i thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a cartoon that i thought was
+interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting
+that shows kind of a wire pulling setup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows kind of a wire pulling setup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shows kind of a wire pulling setup
+so now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now this is
+there is reducing the diameter that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is reducing the diameter that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is reducing the diameter that's it
+further reduction can take place using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further reduction can take place using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further reduction can take place using
+extra dyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra dyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra dyes
+the drawn wire is finally wound on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawn wire is finally wound on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drawn wire is finally wound on a
+spool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spool
+this transformation elongates the wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation elongates the wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this transformation elongates the wire
+one meter of 5.5 millimeter wire rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one meter of 5.5 millimeter wire rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one meter of 5.5 millimeter wire rod
+can be drawn to 30 meters with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be drawn to 30 meters with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be drawn to 30 meters with one
+millimeter diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter diameter
+or 484 meters with 0.25 millimeters down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 484 meters with 0.25 millimeters down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 484 meters with 0.25 millimeters down
+okay now that is a cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that is a cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now that is a cartoon
+and um and i think you know it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and i think you know it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um and i think you know it's always
+good when you see cartoons like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good when you see cartoons like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good when you see cartoons like this
+you know you don't know go look up what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't know go look up what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you don't know go look up what
+the real deal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real deal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real deal is
+what does it really look like to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it really look like to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it really look like to draw
+wires and i found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and i found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wires and i found
+pretty cool so this is an actual wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so this is an actual wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool so this is an actual wire
+drawing plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing plant
+okay and this is what it looks like now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is what it looks like now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is what it looks like now
+there's no audio here but i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no audio here but i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no audio here but i just want to
+show you the magnitude those are huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the magnitude those are huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the magnitude those are huge
+towers that are melting metals to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers that are melting metals to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towers that are melting metals to give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+this first rod right and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first rod right and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first rod right and then it goes
+through one after the other and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one after the other and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one after the other and look at
+it being pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it being pulled
+being pulled in at some diameter and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pulled in at some diameter and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being pulled in at some diameter and it
+comes out at a different diameter right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out at a different diameter right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out at a different diameter right
+but i wanted to show you the scope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i wanted to show you the scope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i wanted to show you the scope and
+size of this okay so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this okay so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of this okay so there
+is this is just one of there's a person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is just one of there's a person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is just one of there's a person
+and so you get a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you get a sense of the
+of the size and then you can also see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size and then you can also see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the size and then you can also see
+something when you go visit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something when you go visit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something when you go visit these
+factories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factories
+and i have visited these factories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have visited these factories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i have visited these factories
+there's always a lot of this happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a lot of this happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always a lot of this happening
+why things are getting really hot right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why things are getting really hot right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why things are getting really hot right
+when you're spinning things like wire at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're spinning things like wire at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're spinning things like wire at
+a very high velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very high velocity
+things heat up so you get water all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things heat up so you get water all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things heat up so you get water all over
+the place right so there's water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place right so there's water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place right so there's water
+being sprayed in factories all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sprayed in factories all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being sprayed in factories all over the
+place because you got to keep stuff cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because you got to keep stuff cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because you got to keep stuff cool
+or there's water baths that you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's water baths that you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or there's water baths that you run
+these things through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things through
+right and then you got to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you got to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then you got to think about
+well does this thing interact with water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does this thing interact with water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well does this thing interact with water
+how does the water play a role it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the water play a role it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does the water play a role it all
+comes down to the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to the electrons
+and it once they've actually drawn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it once they've actually drawn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it once they've actually drawn the
+wire out over this huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire out over this huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire out over this huge
+factory they can actually weave it back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory they can actually weave it back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory they can actually weave it back
+together so i found this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so i found this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so i found this
+this is the same factory now these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same factory now these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same factory now these
+things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things here
+are doing the opposite so these are huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing the opposite so these are huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing the opposite so these are huge
+drums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drums
+about the size of a person and each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size of a person and each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the size of a person and each of
+these got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these got
+a wire that was drawn right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire that was drawn right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wire that was drawn right
+and now again because of the ductility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now again because of the ductility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now again because of the ductility
+you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can
+you can also move the wires play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also move the wires play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also move the wires play with
+the wires and you can weave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires and you can weave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wires and you can weave them
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+you can weave them right back together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can weave them right back together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can weave them right back together
+into a thread that looks like that which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a thread that looks like that which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a thread that looks like that which
+we all have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all have seen
+you know i think many many times all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i think many many times all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i think many many times all of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+processing all of this manufacturability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing all of this manufacturability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing all of this manufacturability
+has to do with the electron c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the electron c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to do with the electron c
+that's why we have wires okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have wires okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we have wires okay
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/0Uz-TR_vZKs.txt b/0Uz-TR_vZKs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d57024eba89c204505827390bf14172e107b751a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/0Uz-TR_vZKs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4731 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi today we're going to to conclude our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today we're going to to conclude our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today we're going to to conclude our
+study of uh vectors as appli to Motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of uh vectors as appli to Motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of uh vectors as appli to Motion
+in the plane now recall that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane now recall that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the plane now recall that for the
+last two units we were discussing polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two units we were discussing polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two units we were discussing polar
+coordinates so today what we would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so today what we would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates so today what we would like
+to do is investigate what velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is investigate what velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is investigate what velocity and
+acceleration vectors would have looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vectors would have looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vectors would have looked
+like had we elected to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like had we elected to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like had we elected to pick
+representative vectors in terms of polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative vectors in terms of polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative vectors in terms of polar
+coordinates now what do we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates now what do we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates now what do we mean by
+representative vector vors we mean of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative vector vors we mean of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative vector vors we mean of
+course analoges of I and J just like t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course analoges of I and J just like t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course analoges of I and J just like t
+and n in tangential and normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n in tangential and normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n in tangential and normal
+components were uh parallels to I and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components were uh parallels to I and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components were uh parallels to I and J
+let's take a look and see what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look and see what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look and see what that
+means here we call today's lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means here we call today's lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means here we call today's lecture
+vectors and polar coordinates the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and polar coordinates the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and polar coordinates the idea
+is that we're given a curve C which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're given a curve C which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're given a curve C which we
+have for some reason or other elected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for some reason or other elected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for some reason or other elected to
+express in terms of polar coordinates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express in terms of polar coordinates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express in terms of polar coordinates
+the polar equation of the curve C is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar equation of the curve C is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar equation of the curve C is is
+r equal F of theta a typical point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equal F of theta a typical point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equal F of theta a typical point on
+the curve C would be called R comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve C would be called R comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve C would be called R comma
+Theta say where Theta was the angle made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta say where Theta was the angle made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta say where Theta was the angle made
+by the horizontal and the radius vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the horizontal and the radius vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the horizontal and the radius vector
+and R was the distance from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R was the distance from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R was the distance from the origin
+to the point now what we're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point now what we're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point now what we're saying is
+that in terms of polar coordinates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of polar coordinates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of polar coordinates a
+very natural Vector to pick especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural Vector to pick especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural Vector to pick especially
+if we think later in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think later in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we think later in terms of the
+central force fields that we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central force fields that we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central force fields that we've talked
+about earlier the idea that there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier the idea that there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about earlier the idea that there may be
+a force that has its line of action from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force that has its line of action from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a force that has its line of action from
+the origin to the point on the curve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin to the point on the curve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin to the point on the curve a
+very natural Vector to choose is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural Vector to choose is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very natural Vector to choose is the
+vector that we elect to call U subr and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that we elect to call U subr and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that we elect to call U subr and
+what that Vector is apparently is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that Vector is apparently is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that Vector is apparently is the
+vector one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector one unit
+long having the direction of the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long having the direction of the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long having the direction of the radius
+Vector R so here is yabar over here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector R so here is yabar over here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector R so here is yabar over here if
+we think of yabar as playing the role of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of yabar as playing the role of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think of yabar as playing the role of
+I then the vector which plays the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then the vector which plays the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I then the vector which plays the role
+of J should be a positive 90° rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J should be a positive 90° rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of J should be a positive 90° rotation
+of U subr and we elect to call that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U subr and we elect to call that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U subr and we elect to call that
+Vector U sub Theta using the Theta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector U sub Theta using the Theta here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector U sub Theta using the Theta here
+more to indicate the fact that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to indicate the fact that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more to indicate the fact that we're
+using polar coordinates than to indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using polar coordinates than to indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using polar coordinates than to indicate
+anything about the angle Theta itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the angle Theta itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the angle Theta itself in
+other words notice that U sub Theta by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words notice that U sub Theta by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words notice that U sub Theta by
+definition is just a positive 90 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is just a positive 90 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is just a positive 90 degree
+rotation of U subr where U subr is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of U subr where U subr is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotation of U subr where U subr is a
+unit Vector in the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector in the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector in the direction of the
+radius Vector now if we want to see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector now if we want to see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector now if we want to see this
+in terms of I and J components what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of I and J components what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of I and J components what
+we're saying is that uabar is a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is that uabar is a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is that uabar is a unit
+Vector whose I component is what since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector whose I component is what since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector whose I component is what since
+this angle here is also Theta its I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle here is also Theta its I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle here is also Theta its I
+component is cosine Theta and its J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is cosine Theta and its J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is cosine Theta and its J
+component is sin Theta so U subr is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is sin Theta so U subr is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component is sin Theta so U subr is
+cosine Theta I plus sin Theta j u sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta I plus sin Theta j u sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine Theta I plus sin Theta j u sub
+Theta and I'm going to do a little twist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and I'm going to do a little twist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and I'm going to do a little twist
+here that I didn't do in the T andn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I didn't do in the T andn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that I didn't do in the T andn
+component just to show you another appr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component just to show you another appr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component just to show you another appr
+approach rather than to start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach rather than to start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach rather than to start with
+derivatives or anything like this notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives or anything like this notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives or anything like this notice
+that what we know about U sub Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we know about U sub Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what we know about U sub Theta is
+that it's obtained by from U sub R by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's obtained by from U sub R by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's obtained by from U sub R by a
+positive 90° rotation of theta so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 90° rotation of theta so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive 90° rotation of theta so that
+means if I replace Theta in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I replace Theta in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if I replace Theta in the
+expression for U subr by Theta + 90°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for U subr by Theta + 90°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for U subr by Theta + 90°
+that should give me U sub Theta if I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should give me U sub Theta if I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should give me U sub Theta if I now
+remember my trigonometric identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my trigonometric identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my trigonometric identities
+that tells me that U sub Theta is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that U sub Theta is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells me that U sub Theta is minus
+sin thet I plus Co sin Theta J by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin thet I plus Co sin Theta J by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin thet I plus Co sin Theta J by the
+way if we now look at this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if we now look at this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way if we now look at this expression
+and compare it with the expression for U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare it with the expression for U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compare it with the expression for U
+subr we see at once that U sub Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr we see at once that U sub Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr we see at once that U sub Theta is
+the derivative of U subr with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of U subr with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of U subr with respect to
+Theta and notice as we said before that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and notice as we said before that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and notice as we said before that
+part of this should have been known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this should have been known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this should have been known to
+us by now namely since us Saar varies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us by now namely since us Saar varies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us by now namely since us Saar varies
+with Theta but it has a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Theta but it has a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Theta but it has a constant
+magnitude we know that the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude we know that the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude we know that the derivative of
+usaba with respect to feta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usaba with respect to feta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usaba with respect to feta
+has to be perpendicular to uh u subr in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be perpendicular to uh u subr in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be perpendicular to uh u subr in
+other words we knew that U sub Theta had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we knew that U sub Theta had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we knew that U sub Theta had
+to be either plus or minus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be either plus or minus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be either plus or minus the
+derivative of U sub with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U sub with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U sub with respect to
+Theta but now we have a direct way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta but now we have a direct way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta but now we have a direct way of
+showing this and by the way going one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this and by the way going one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing this and by the way going one
+step further if we now differentiate U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further if we now differentiate U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step further if we now differentiate U
+sub Theta with respect to Theta we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Theta with respect to Theta we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Theta with respect to Theta we get
+What minus cosine Theta I minus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What minus cosine Theta I minus sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What minus cosine Theta I minus sin
+Theta J which is just minus u subr in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta J which is just minus u subr in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta J which is just minus u subr in
+other words if if you differentiate U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if if you differentiate U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if if you differentiate U
+subr with respect to Theta once you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr with respect to Theta once you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr with respect to Theta once you get
+U sub Theta just as we should if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U sub Theta just as we should if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U sub Theta just as we should if you
+differentiate a second time you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a second time you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a second time you get
+minus U subr and therefore it appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U subr and therefore it appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U subr and therefore it appears
+that the operation of differentiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the operation of differentiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the operation of differentiating
+with respect to Theta rotates U subr by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Theta rotates U subr by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Theta rotates U subr by
+90° by the way I should mention that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° by the way I should mention that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° by the way I should mention that I
+could have made all of these remarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have made all of these remarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have made all of these remarks
+when we were studying tangential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were studying tangential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we were studying tangential and
+normal components in other words I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal components in other words I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal components in other words I just
+wrote this out here but this was true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this out here but this was true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote this out here but this was true
+with t and n but the point was we did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with t and n but the point was we did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with t and n but the point was we did we
+never had to differentiate n with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had to differentiate n with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never had to differentiate n with
+respect to T to find the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T to find the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T to find the acceleration
+vector a in other words recall that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a in other words recall that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector a in other words recall that the
+key step in using tangential and normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key step in using tangential and normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key step in using tangential and normal
+vectors and I'll mention this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and I'll mention this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and I'll mention this in a
+little bit more detail later was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail later was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more detail later was that
+the velocity Vector was simply D sdt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity Vector was simply D sdt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity Vector was simply D sdt
+times the unit tangent Vector T the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the unit tangent Vector T the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the unit tangent Vector T the
+coefficient of n was zero in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of n was zero in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of n was zero in polar
+coordinates notice that v in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates notice that v in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates notice that v in general
+will have both a u subr and a u sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have both a u subr and a u sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have both a u subr and a u sub
+Theta component therefore to compute a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta component therefore to compute a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta component therefore to compute a I
+have to differentiate V with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to differentiate V with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to differentiate V with respect to
+T that means among other things I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that means among other things I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T that means among other things I'm
+going to have to take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to take the derivative of
+U sub Theta with respect to T by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U sub Theta with respect to T by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U sub Theta with respect to T by the
+chain rule that's going to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule that's going to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule that's going to be the same
+as taking the derivative of U sub Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as taking the derivative of U sub Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as taking the derivative of U sub Theta
+with respect to Theta time D Theta DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Theta time D Theta DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Theta time D Theta DT
+but the important point is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important point is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the important point is is that
+someplace along the line in studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace along the line in studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace along the line in studying
+kinematics and polar coordinates I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics and polar coordinates I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinematics and polar coordinates I am
+going to have to differentiate U sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to differentiate U sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to differentiate U sub
+Theta with respect to Theta and just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta with respect to Theta and just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta with respect to Theta and just to
+show you again very very quickly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you again very very quickly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you again very very quickly what I
+mean by this all I'm saying is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by this all I'm saying is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by this all I'm saying is we
+already know in kinematics that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know in kinematics that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know in kinematics that the
+velocity Vector is always tangential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Vector is always tangential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Vector is always tangential to
+the curve notice in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve notice in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve notice in this particular
+diagram for example that if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for example that if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram for example that if you look at
+U subr and U sub Theta if you think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U subr and U sub Theta if you think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U subr and U sub Theta if you think of a
+vector whose direction is tangent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector whose direction is tangent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector whose direction is tangent to the
+curve at this particular point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve at this particular point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve at this particular point that
+Vector will have in general both a u sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector will have in general both a u sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector will have in general both a u sub
+Theta and a u subr component in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and a u subr component in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta and a u subr component in fact in
+this particular diagram I shouldn't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular diagram I shouldn't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular diagram I shouldn't say
+in general it will have a u subr and a u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general it will have a u subr and a u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general it will have a u subr and a u
+sub Theta component okay so far so good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Theta component okay so far so good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Theta component okay so far so good
+but now I want to make one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I want to make one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I want to make one little
+Caution a caution which is not at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caution a caution which is not at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caution a caution which is not at all
+self-evident at least to me and which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident at least to me and which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-evident at least to me and which
+gave me great difficulty myself when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me great difficulty myself when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave me great difficulty myself when I
+was a student and that is my feeling was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a student and that is my feeling was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a student and that is my feeling was
+that usaba was simply the unit vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usaba was simply the unit vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usaba was simply the unit vector
+Vector in the direction of R in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in the direction of R in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector in the direction of R in fact I
+said that earlier that U subr was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that earlier that U subr was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that earlier that U subr was the
+unit Vector in the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector in the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit Vector in the direction of the
+radius Vector R and this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector R and this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector R and this is one of the
+reasons why even though Professor Thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why even though Professor Thomas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why even though Professor Thomas
+in the textbook doesn't make such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook doesn't make such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the textbook doesn't make such an
+issue over this why I am such a bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue over this why I am such a bug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue over this why I am such a bug
+on using the phrase sense as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using the phrase sense as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on using the phrase sense as well as
+Direction and that is my claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that is my claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction and that is my claim is that
+the unit U subr the unit Vector U subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit U subr the unit Vector U subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit U subr the unit Vector U subr
+need not be the radius Vector r divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not be the radius Vector r divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need not be the radius Vector r divided
+by the magnitude of R it'll have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the magnitude of R it'll have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the magnitude of R it'll have the
+same direction but watch what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction but watch what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction but watch what happens
+with sense let me give you instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sense let me give you instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sense let me give you instead of
+talking about this thing abstractly let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this thing abstractly let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about this thing abstractly let
+me give you a concrete example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you a concrete example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you a concrete example let's
+take the curve which in polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the curve which in polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the curve which in polar
+coordinates has the equation Ral cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates has the equation Ral cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates has the equation Ral cosine
+Theta okay that Happ as you recall this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay that Happ as you recall this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta okay that Happ as you recall this
+will be this particular Circle here now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this particular Circle here now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be this particular Circle here now
+let's take Theta to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take Theta to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take Theta to be
+120° if I use our definition for use sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° if I use our definition for use sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° if I use our definition for use sub
+R which is cine thet I plus sin Theta J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R which is cine thet I plus sin Theta J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R which is cine thet I plus sin Theta J
+and replace Theta by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and replace Theta by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and replace Theta by
+120° what I get is is that U sub R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° what I get is is that U sub R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° what I get is is that U sub R is
+cosine 120° I plus s 120° j remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 120° I plus s 120° j remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine 120° I plus s 120° j remember
+that the cosine of 120 is minus a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cosine of 120 is minus a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the cosine of 120 is minus a half
+and the S of 120 is + 12 the < TK 3 U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the S of 120 is + 12 the < TK 3 U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the S of 120 is + 12 the < TK 3 U
+subr turns out to be -2 I + 12 the < TK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr turns out to be -2 I + 12 the < TK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr turns out to be -2 I + 12 the < TK
+3 J on the other hand my claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 J on the other hand my claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 J on the other hand my claim is that
+when Theta is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Theta is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Theta is
+120° what point are we at the curve you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° what point are we at the curve you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° what point are we at the curve you
+see if I take Thea to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+120° notice that when Theta is 120° R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° notice that when Theta is 120° R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120° notice that when Theta is 120° R is
+-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one2 and that therefore I'm at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 and that therefore I'm at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one2 and that therefore I'm at the point
+P0 here recall that by definition r the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P0 here recall that by definition r the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P0 here recall that by definition r the
+radius Vector is measured from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector is measured from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector is measured from the
+origin to the point in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to the point in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin to the point in other words
+according to our previous definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our previous definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to our previous definition
+it's this Vector which which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this Vector which which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this Vector which which would be
+called R but our definition says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called R but our definition says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called R but our definition says that
+it's this Vector which is U subr and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this Vector which is U subr and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this Vector which is U subr and in
+fact if you just check the figures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you just check the figures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you just check the figures that
+we've obtained over here notice that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've obtained over here notice that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've obtained over here notice that U
+subr has its I component equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr has its I component equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr has its I component equal to minus
+a half its J component being plus 12 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half its J component being plus 12 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half its J component being plus 12 the
+< TK of 3 therefore X is negative Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of 3 therefore X is negative Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of 3 therefore X is negative Y is
+positive but if x is negative and Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but if x is negative and Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive but if x is negative and Y is
+positive you're in the second quadrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you're in the second quadrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive you're in the second quadrant
+not the fourth quadrant you see in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the fourth quadrant you see in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the fourth quadrant you see in other
+words U subr is almost the radius Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words U subr is almost the radius Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words U subr is almost the radius Vector
+in fact it would have been if the if in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it would have been if the if in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it would have been if the if in
+polar coordinates little r happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates little r happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinates little r happened to
+be positive in fact let me summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive in fact let me summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be positive in fact let me summarize
+that in a different way let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a different way let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a different way let's assume
+that we have a curve C whose polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a curve C whose polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a curve C whose polar
+equation is rals f of theta then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is rals f of theta then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is rals f of theta then the
+idea is this if F of theta happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is this if F of theta happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is this if F of theta happens to be
+at least as big as zero then U subr is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as big as zero then U subr is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least as big as zero then U subr is
+equal to the radius vector r divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the radius vector r divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the radius vector r divided by
+its magnitude in other words you sub R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its magnitude in other words you sub R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its magnitude in other words you sub R
+will be in the same direction as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the same direction as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be in the same direction as the
+radius vector and by the way recall this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius vector and by the way recall this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius vector and by the way recall this
+is just another way of saying R what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another way of saying R what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just another way of saying R what
+we're saying is again if we had never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is again if we had never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is again if we had never
+let little r and polar coordinates be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let little r and polar coordinates be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let little r and polar coordinates be
+negative no problem would have occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative no problem would have occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative no problem would have occurred
+but we do let little r be negative so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do let little r be negative so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we do let little r be negative so we
+have to be a might careful the careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a might careful the careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a might careful the careful
+part comes in where if R happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part comes in where if R happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part comes in where if R happens to be
+negative in which case U subr has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in which case U subr has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative in which case U subr has the
+opposite sense of the radius Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sense of the radius Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite sense of the radius Vector
+capital r which we saw in the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r which we saw in the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r which we saw in the previous
+example in other words in this case U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in other words in this case U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in other words in this case U
+subr is minus the negative of the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr is minus the negative of the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr is minus the negative of the radius
+Vector divided by its magnitude in what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector divided by its magnitude in what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector divided by its magnitude in what
+case is that if R happens to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is that if R happens to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is that if R happens to be negative
+the important point to notice however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point to notice however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important point to notice however
+that in either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in either
+case the radius Vector R is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the radius Vector R is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the radius Vector R is equal to the
+polar coordinate R time u subr in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinate R time u subr in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polar coordinate R time u subr in other
+words if R happens to be positive these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if R happens to be positive these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if R happens to be positive these
+two vectors have the same sense if R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors have the same sense if R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors have the same sense if R
+happens to be negative these two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be negative these two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be negative these two vectors
+have the opposite sense in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opposite sense in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opposite sense in other words
+in either case this expression is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either case this expression is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either case this expression is always
+correct but the important thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but the important thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct but the important thing to
+notice is that the sense of usar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that the sense of usar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice is that the sense of usar is
+determined by Theta not by R not by F of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by Theta not by R not by F of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by Theta not by R not by F of
+theta okay at any rate once we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay at any rate once we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta okay at any rate once we have this
+particular recipe established we can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular recipe established we can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular recipe established we can now
+go ahead and study Motion in the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and study Motion in the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead and study Motion in the plane
+namely notice that our radius Vector R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely notice that our radius Vector R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely notice that our radius Vector R
+is now given by the polar coordinate R *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now given by the polar coordinate R *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now given by the polar coordinate R *
+U subr well I guess I should say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U subr well I guess I should say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U subr well I guess I should say here
+that I'm assuming that the equation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm assuming that the equation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm assuming that the equation of
+motion is given by R is some function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is given by R is some function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion is given by R is some function of
+theta that's the r that I'm using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that's the r that I'm using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta that's the r that I'm using in
+here at any rate what is the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at any rate what is the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at any rate what is the velocity
+vector by definition it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by definition it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector by definition it's just the
+derivative of the radius Vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the radius Vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the radius Vector with
+respect to time that's just DDT of R * U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time that's just DDT of R * U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time that's just DDT of R * U
+subr now keep in mind that r and u subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr now keep in mind that r and u subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr now keep in mind that r and u subr
+are both functions of time namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both functions of time namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both functions of time namely the
+distance of the particle from the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the particle from the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance of the particle from the origin
+as well as the direction of the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the direction of the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the direction of the line of
+action that joins the particle to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that joins the particle to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action that joins the particle to the
+origin will in general depend on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin will in general depend on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin will in general depend on time
+consequently I must use the product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently I must use the product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently I must use the product rule
+here I already know that I can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I already know that I can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I already know that I can use the
+product rule for Vector Andor scal of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for Vector Andor scal of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for Vector Andor scal of
+functions and any combination thereof so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and any combination thereof so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and any combination thereof so
+I just differentiate this thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just differentiate this thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just differentiate this thing with
+respect to time I get what this is Dr DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time I get what this is Dr DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time I get what this is Dr DT
+in other words the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words the derivative of the
+first times the second which is U subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first times the second which is U subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first times the second which is U subr
+okay plus the first times the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay plus the first times the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay plus the first times the derivative
+of the second which is the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second which is the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the second which is the derivative of
+U subr with respect to time now keep in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U subr with respect to time now keep in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U subr with respect to time now keep in
+mind again there is nothing wrong with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind again there is nothing wrong with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind again there is nothing wrong with
+this recipe but what I would like is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recipe but what I would like is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recipe but what I would like is to
+have the Velocity expressed in U subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Velocity expressed in U subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the Velocity expressed in U subr
+and U sub Theta components so far I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U sub Theta components so far I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U sub Theta components so far I have
+it expressed in terms of U subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expressed in terms of U subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it expressed in terms of U subr
+component and a D rdt component but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and a D rdt component but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and a D rdt component but now
+here again is why the chain rule is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again is why the chain rule is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again is why the chain rule is so
+important keep in mind that I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important keep in mind that I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important keep in mind that I already
+know that if this expression here had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if this expression here had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that if this expression here had
+been the derivative of U subr with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the derivative of U subr with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been the derivative of U subr with
+respect to Theta instead of with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Theta instead of with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Theta instead of with respect
+to T what would this expression have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T what would this expression have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T what would this expression have
+been it would have been U subeta we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been it would have been U subeta we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been it would have been U subeta we saw
+that earlier in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that earlier in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that earlier in the
+lecture well here's what we do we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture well here's what we do we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture well here's what we do we say
+okay these AR same but let's cross this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these AR same but let's cross this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these AR same but let's cross this
+out let's use the chain Rule and by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out let's use the chain Rule and by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out let's use the chain Rule and by the
+chain rule the derivative of U subr with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule the derivative of U subr with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule the derivative of U subr with
+respect to T is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T is the same as the
+derivative of U subr with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U subr with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U subr with respect to
+Theta times D Theta DT and rewriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta times D Theta DT and rewriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta times D Theta DT and rewriting
+this so it becomes legible we have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it becomes legible we have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so it becomes legible we have that
+the velocity Vector is Dr rdt * U subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity Vector is Dr rdt * U subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity Vector is Dr rdt * U subr
+plus r d Theta DT time U sub Theta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r d Theta DT time U sub Theta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus r d Theta DT time U sub Theta and
+again notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again notice
+that as far as U subr and U sub Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as far as U subr and U sub Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as far as U subr and U sub Theta
+are concerned even if I did not notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are concerned even if I did not notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are concerned even if I did not notice
+my subtlety and by the way I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my subtlety and by the way I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my subtlety and by the way I'm going to
+leave this for the exercises but even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this for the exercises but even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this for the exercises but even if
+I didn't notice the subtlety that us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't notice the subtlety that us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't notice the subtlety that us
+Saar need not have the same sense as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saar need not have the same sense as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Saar need not have the same sense as the
+radius Vector R notice that if I did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector R notice that if I did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector R notice that if I did not
+try to draw this thing to scale I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw this thing to scale I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to draw this thing to scale I can
+still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still
+get the I shouldn't say the scale but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the I shouldn't say the scale but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the I shouldn't say the scale but if
+I if if I didn't try to graph the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if if I didn't try to graph the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I if if I didn't try to graph the answer
+here given R is a function of F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here given R is a function of F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here given R is a function of F
+and Theta is a function of T notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Theta is a function of T notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Theta is a function of T notice that
+the rdt and RD Theta DT are well defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rdt and RD Theta DT are well defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rdt and RD Theta DT are well defined
+arithmetically with no possible chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetically with no possible chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetically with no possible chance
+of making a geometric mistake the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making a geometric mistake the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making a geometric mistake the place
+that you can make the biggest mistake is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make the biggest mistake is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can make the biggest mistake is
+if you automatically think that usab R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you automatically think that usab R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you automatically think that usab R
+must have the same sense as capital r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have the same sense as capital r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must have the same sense as capital r
+but as I say we'll leave any additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I say we'll leave any additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but as I say we'll leave any additional
+discussion of that for the exercises I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of that for the exercises I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion of that for the exercises I
+should also point out that when I first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also point out that when I first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should also point out that when I first
+learned this recipe myself it turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this recipe myself it turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this recipe myself it turned out
+that we were ahead of the physics class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were ahead of the physics class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were ahead of the physics class
+was ahead of the math class and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ahead of the math class and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was ahead of the math class and we
+learned this thing in the physics class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this thing in the physics class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned this thing in the physics class
+almost intuitively in other words as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost intuitively in other words as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost intuitively in other words as a
+geometric aside notice that if I'm given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric aside notice that if I'm given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric aside notice that if I'm given
+the curve and say s indicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and say s indicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and say s indicates the
+direction of increasing Arc Length here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of increasing Arc Length here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of increasing Arc Length here
+what I could do is think of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I could do is think of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I could do is think of a little
+differential uh region here namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential uh region here namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential uh region here namely
+here's my radius Vector R and here's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my radius Vector R and here's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my radius Vector R and here's my
+velocity Vector in the direction of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Vector in the direction of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Vector in the direction of U
+subr then I take a little increment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr then I take a little increment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr then I take a little increment of
+angle D Theta and I now think of V sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle D Theta and I now think of V sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle D Theta and I now think of V sub
+Theta which is at right angles to V subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta which is at right angles to V subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta which is at right angles to V subr
+as being tangent to the C to the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being tangent to the C to the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being tangent to the C to the circle
+I would have obtained if I had imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have obtained if I had imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have obtained if I had imagined
+that this particular point the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this particular point the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this particular point the particle
+was being viewed with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being viewed with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being viewed with respect to the
+circle rather than to the curve itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle rather than to the curve itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle rather than to the curve itself
+to make a long story short what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a long story short what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a long story short what I'm
+driving at is that physically it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving at is that physically it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving at is that physically it's very
+easy to justify that the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to justify that the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to justify that the magnitude of
+the usaba comp component of the Velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usaba comp component of the Velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the usaba comp component of the Velocity
+is the magnitude of drdt how fast the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnitude of drdt how fast the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the magnitude of drdt how fast the
+radius Vector is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Vector is changing
+instantaneously on the other hand notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously on the other hand notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneously on the other hand notice
+that for the U sub Theta component this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the U sub Theta component this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for the U sub Theta component this
+arc length is given in differential form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc length is given in differential form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc length is given in differential form
+by r d Theta if I divide the AR length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by r d Theta if I divide the AR length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by r d Theta if I divide the AR length
+by the time which is DT I get r d Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time which is DT I get r d Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time which is DT I get r d Theta
+/ DT which leads to r d thet DT which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ DT which leads to r d thet DT which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ DT which leads to r d thet DT which is
+the same expression that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same expression that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same expression that we got
+analytically but the point that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically but the point that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically but the point that I want
+bring out here is that our derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out here is that our derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring out here is that our derivation
+required no geometrical physical Insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required no geometrical physical Insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required no geometrical physical Insight
+the reason that I want to bring this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that I want to bring this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason that I want to bring this out
+is I follow this argument fine in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I follow this argument fine in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I follow this argument fine in my
+elementary Physics course the place I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary Physics course the place I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary Physics course the place I
+got hung up is that the instructor then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hung up is that the instructor then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got hung up is that the instructor then
+went into a fantastic hand waving type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into a fantastic hand waving type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went into a fantastic hand waving type
+of demonstration and showed us how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demonstration and showed us how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of demonstration and showed us how the
+acceleration looked in terms of U subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration looked in terms of U subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration looked in terms of U subr
+and U sub Theta components and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U sub Theta components and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U sub Theta components and actually
+that was a blessing for me because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a blessing for me because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was a blessing for me because it
+was that day that I decided to become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that day that I decided to become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that day that I decided to become a
+math major rather than a physics major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math major rather than a physics major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math major rather than a physics major
+which was a blessing both for me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a blessing both for me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a blessing both for me and
+Society I guess but the thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society I guess but the thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society I guess but the thing that I
+want to show you is that the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you is that the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show you is that the beauty of
+our mathematical approach is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mathematical approach is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mathematical approach is that we can
+now obtain a the acceleration vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obtain a the acceleration vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now obtain a the acceleration vector
+from the velocity Vector without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the velocity Vector without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the velocity Vector without having
+to know any great physical Insight in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know any great physical Insight in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know any great physical Insight in
+fact we have to know no physical insight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we have to know no physical insight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we have to know no physical insight
+to do this namely by definition a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this namely by definition a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this namely by definition a is the
+derivative of the Velocity Vector with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Velocity Vector with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the Velocity Vector with
+respect to time we also have seen that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time we also have seen that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to time we also have seen that
+the velocity Vector is the expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity Vector is the expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity Vector is the expression
+that I have here in Brackets so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have here in Brackets so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have here in Brackets so I have
+to differentiate that with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate that with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to differentiate that with respect to
+time notice that this is the sum of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time notice that this is the sum of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time notice that this is the sum of two
+terms one of which is a product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms one of which is a product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms one of which is a product of two
+factors and the other of which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and the other of which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors and the other of which is a
+product of three factors and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three factors and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of three factors and by the way
+among other things to review here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things to review here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among other things to review here this
+this is the first time in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the first time in this course
+that we have actually had to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have actually had to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have actually had to use the
+product rule for a function a factor a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for a function a factor a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for a function a factor a
+function consisting of three variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function consisting of three variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function consisting of three variable
+factors even though we discussed this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors even though we discussed this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors even though we discussed this in
+part one here is a case where in a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one here is a case where in a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one here is a case where in a real
+life situation what we need is a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life situation what we need is a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life situation what we need is a product
+the derivative rule for a product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative rule for a product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative rule for a product of
+three functions at any rate this is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three functions at any rate this is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three functions at any rate this is done
+in great detail in the text I do it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail in the text I do it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in great detail in the text I do it more
+in the notes so I'm just going to hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes so I'm just going to hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the notes so I'm just going to hit
+the highlights here the point is I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlights here the point is I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highlights here the point is I now
+differentiate this sum term by term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this sum term by term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this sum term by term
+namely to differentiate this I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely to differentiate this I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely to differentiate this I take the
+derivative of the first term time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the first term time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the first term time the
+second plus the first term time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second plus the first term time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second plus the first term time the
+derivative of the second now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the second now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the second now to
+differentiate this term I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this term I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this term I have to
+differentiate a product of three factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a product of three factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a product of three factors
+and recall and by the way as I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recall and by the way as I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recall and by the way as I told you
+in part one whenever I say recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part one whenever I say recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part one whenever I say recall that
+means if you don't recall it's my polite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you don't recall it's my polite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means if you don't recall it's my polite
+way of saying look it up but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of saying look it up but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of saying look it up but to
+differentiate a product of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a product of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate a product of three
+functions we write the product down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we write the product down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we write the product down
+three times and each time differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times and each time differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times and each time differentiate
+a different factor for example the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different factor for example the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different factor for example the first
+time we'll differentiate r with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll differentiate r with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we'll differentiate r with respect
+to T which is Dr rdt the second time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T which is Dr rdt the second time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T which is Dr rdt the second time
+will differentiate D Theta DT with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will differentiate D Theta DT with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will differentiate D Theta DT with
+respect to T which is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T which is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T which is the second
+derivative of theta with respect to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of theta with respect to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of theta with respect to T
+and the third time will differentiate U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third time will differentiate U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the third time will differentiate U
+sub Theta with respect to T which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Theta with respect to T which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Theta with respect to T which is the
+derivative of U sub Theta with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U sub Theta with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of U sub Theta with respect
+to T and summarizing that what do I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T and summarizing that what do I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T and summarizing that what do I have
+here I have Dr DT D Theta DT * U sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have Dr DT D Theta DT * U sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have Dr DT D Theta DT * U sub
+theta plus r D2 Theta DT ^ 2 * U sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus r D2 Theta DT ^ 2 * U sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus r D2 Theta DT ^ 2 * U sub
+theta plus r d Theta DT * the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus r d Theta DT * the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta plus r d Theta DT * the derivative
+of U sub Theta with respect to T now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U sub Theta with respect to T now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U sub Theta with respect to T now the
+point is that if I look at these five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that if I look at these five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that if I look at these five
+terms some of them are in nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms some of them are in nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms some of them are in nice
+form namely here's a u subr term here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form namely here's a u subr term here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form namely here's a u subr term here's
+a u sub Theta term here's a u sub Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u sub Theta term here's a u sub Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u sub Theta term here's a u sub Theta
+term but these terms are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but these terms are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term but these terms are sort of
+mongrelized namely what I have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mongrelized namely what I have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mongrelized namely what I have to do
+here is utilize the chain Rule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is utilize the chain Rule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is utilize the chain Rule and
+remember that the derivative of U subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the derivative of U subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the derivative of U subr
+with respect to Theta would have been U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Theta would have been U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Theta would have been U
+sub Theta the derivative of U sub Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Theta the derivative of U sub Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Theta the derivative of U sub Theta
+with respect to Theta would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Theta would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to Theta would have been
+minus U subr so by the chain rule you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U subr so by the chain rule you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus U subr so by the chain rule you
+see what I'm going to do is I'll replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I'm going to do is I'll replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I'm going to do is I'll replace
+each of these terms by their chain rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these terms by their chain rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these terms by their chain rule
+expression then I'll collect terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then I'll collect terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression then I'll collect terms and
+the reason I'm going over this fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I'm going over this fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I'm going over this fairly
+rapidly is that it is a a problem of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly is that it is a a problem of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly is that it is a a problem of
+sheer mechanics but the punchline is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer mechanics but the punchline is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheer mechanics but the punchline is
+that if I now collect my terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I now collect my terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I now collect my terms the
+acceleration Vector has as its U subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration Vector has as its U subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration Vector has as its U subr
+component d2r dt^ 2us r d thet dt^ 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component d2r dt^ 2us r d thet dt^ 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component d2r dt^ 2us r d thet dt^ 2 and
+the U sub Theta component is R D2 Theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U sub Theta component is R D2 Theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U sub Theta component is R D2 Theta
+dt^ 2 plus 2 d r DT D Theta DT and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt^ 2 plus 2 d r DT D Theta DT and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt^ 2 plus 2 d r DT D Theta DT and the
+Beautiful part from my point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beautiful part from my point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beautiful part from my point of view
+about all of this is if I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of this is if I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about all of this is if I don't
+understand any physics at all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand any physics at all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand any physics at all this
+particular result is valid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular result is valid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular result is valid it's
+mathematically self-contained now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically self-contained now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically self-contained now
+certainly there is no harm in a man who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there is no harm in a man who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly there is no harm in a man who
+understands physics well enough to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands physics well enough to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understands physics well enough to say
+look at this is the acceleration in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this is the acceleration in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this is the acceleration in the
+radius Direction alone and this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Direction alone and this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius Direction alone and this is some
+kind of a correction factor proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a correction factor proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a correction factor proportional
+to the square of the angular velocity c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the square of the angular velocity c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the square of the angular velocity c
+d Theta DT being angular velocity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d Theta DT being angular velocity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d Theta DT being angular velocity and
+what have you and go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you and go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you and go through this
+particular thing I'm saying fine if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing I'm saying fine if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing I'm saying fine if you
+can do that but notice the beauty this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that but notice the beauty this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do that but notice the beauty this
+complicated expression gives us use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated expression gives us use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated expression gives us use the
+acceleration vector in terms of U subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector in terms of U subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector in terms of U subr
+and U sub Theta with no hand waving it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U sub Theta with no hand waving it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and U sub Theta with no hand waving it's
+math atically self-contained by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math atically self-contained by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math atically self-contained by the way
+keep in mind that one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind that one of the reasons
+that we study polar coordinate motion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we study polar coordinate motion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we study polar coordinate motion is
+the fact that in many cases we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that in many cases we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that in many cases we are going
+to be dealing with a central force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dealing with a central force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be dealing with a central force
+field and the interesting thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the interesting thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and the interesting thing is that
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Central I'll just abbreviate this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central I'll just abbreviate this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central I'll just abbreviate this in a
+central Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central Force
+situation this expression is zero see C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation this expression is zero see C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation this expression is zero see C
+Force means what that the force is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force means what that the force is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Force means what that the force is in
+the radial direction that means all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial direction that means all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radial direction that means all of
+the acceleration if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration if you're using
+Newtonian physics fals ma all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian physics fals ma all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newtonian physics fals ma all the
+acceleration is in the direction of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is in the direction of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration is in the direction of U
+subr therefore the component in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr therefore the component in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subr therefore the component in the
+direction of U sub Theta must be zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of U sub Theta must be zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of U sub Theta must be zero so
+this fairly complicated expression R D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fairly complicated expression R D2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fairly complicated expression R D2
+Theta DT ^2 plus 2dr DT D Theta DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta DT ^2 plus 2dr DT D Theta DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta DT ^2 plus 2dr DT D Theta DT
+equals 0 becomes the fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 becomes the fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 0 becomes the fundamental
+equation for Central force field motion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for Central force field motion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for Central force field motion
+but again we we talk about that more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again we we talk about that more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again we we talk about that more in
+the exercises what I wanted to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercises what I wanted to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercises what I wanted to do now
+was to make what I think is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to make what I think is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to make what I think is a very
+important summary and that is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important summary and that is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important summary and that is that when
+we're studying the position Vector R and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying the position Vector R and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're studying the position Vector R and
+the velocity vector v and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity vector v and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity vector v and the
+acceleration vector a that none of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector a that none of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector a that none of these
+depend on the coordinate system it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the coordinate system it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the coordinate system it's
+only their components that do in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only their components that do in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only their components that do in other
+words uh at the expense of having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh at the expense of having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words uh at the expense of having a
+fairly jumbled figure which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly jumbled figure which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly jumbled figure which I
+rationalize here it is small but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize here it is small but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationalize here it is small but I think
+it is clear from Context what I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is clear from Context what I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is clear from Context what I'm saying
+is let's suppose I have a curve C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's suppose I have a curve C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let's suppose I have a curve C and
+some point p 0 on this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point p 0 on this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point p 0 on this curve
+C I can draw in the pair of orthogonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I can draw in the pair of orthogonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C I can draw in the pair of orthogonal
+vectors I and J in the plane I can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I and J in the plane I can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors I and J in the plane I can draw
+in the pair of orthogonal vectors u subr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pair of orthogonal vectors u subr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pair of orthogonal vectors u subr
+orthogonal means perpendicular if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal means perpendicular if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal means perpendicular if we
+haven't said that before U subr and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said that before U subr and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't said that before U subr and U
+sub Theta I can draw those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Theta I can draw those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub Theta I can draw those
+in and I can draw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I can draw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and I can draw in
+TNN now all I know is that if I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TNN now all I know is that if I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TNN now all I know is that if I have the
+Velocity vector v it must be tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity vector v it must be tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity vector v it must be tangential
+to the curve hopefully by this time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve hopefully by this time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curve hopefully by this time we
+realize that the acceleration vector has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the acceleration vector has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that the acceleration vector has
+no such restriction let's just draw in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no such restriction let's just draw in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no such restriction let's just draw in a
+V and an a call these the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and an a call these the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and an a call these the velocity
+vectors and the acceleration vectors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and the acceleration vectors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors and the acceleration vectors the
+point is that V and a are determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that V and a are determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is that V and a are determined by
+the motion not by the coordinate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion not by the coordinate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motion not by the coordinate system
+in other words when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words when we're talking about
+the velocity of this particle at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of this particle at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity of this particle at the
+point p 0 its velocity is the same no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point p 0 its velocity is the same no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point p 0 its velocity is the same no
+matter what coordinate system we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what coordinate system we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what coordinate system we're
+using it just happens that if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it just happens that if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it just happens that if we're
+dealing with cartisian coordinates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with cartisian coordinates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with cartisian coordinates the
+velocity Vector is dxdt I plus d ydtj in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Vector is dxdt I plus d ydtj in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity Vector is dxdt I plus d ydtj in
+other words it's this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words it's this particular
+combination of I and J if we're using T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I and J if we're using T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of I and J if we're using T
+andn components the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andn components the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andn components the
+particular combination of T andn is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular combination of T andn is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular combination of T andn is what
+DS DT * the unit tangent Vector plus 0 n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS DT * the unit tangent Vector plus 0 n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DS DT * the unit tangent Vector plus 0 n
+and if we happen to be using polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we happen to be using polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we happen to be using polar
+coordinates the the expression is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the the expression is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the the expression is the
+rdt * U subr plus Rd Theta DT U sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdt * U subr plus Rd Theta DT U sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rdt * U subr plus Rd Theta DT U sub
+Theta but let me Circle these because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta but let me Circle these because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theta but let me Circle these because
+it's the same velocity in each case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same velocity in each case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same velocity in each case we
+use this when horizontal and vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this when horizontal and vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this when horizontal and vertical
+motion are important we use this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion are important we use this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion are important we use this when
+we're interested in motion along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in motion along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in motion along the
+curve and we use this primarily in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and we use this primarily in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve and we use this primarily in
+central force fields but it makes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central force fields but it makes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central force fields but it makes no
+difference it's the same velocity vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's the same velocity vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference it's the same velocity vector
+and in a similar way it's also the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a similar way it's also the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a similar way it's also the same
+acceleration vector whichever system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector whichever system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration vector whichever system you
+happen to use namely if we use cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to use namely if we use cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen to use namely if we use cartisian
+coordinates the acceleration vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the acceleration vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates the acceleration vector is
+the second derivative of x with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of x with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second derivative of x with respect
+to T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I plus the second derivative of y with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus the second derivative of y with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plus the second derivative of y with
+respect to T * J that same Vector if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T * J that same Vector if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to T * J that same Vector if we
+express it in t andn components is d2s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in t andn components is d2s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express it in t andn components is d2s
+dt^ 2 * t plus Kappa the cature vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt^ 2 * t plus Kappa the cature vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt^ 2 * t plus Kappa the cature vector
+and the cature number time D sdt ^ 2 * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cature number time D sdt ^ 2 * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cature number time D sdt ^ 2 * n
+and if we express it in terms of polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we express it in terms of polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if we express it in terms of polar
+coordinates as we just saw earlier in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates as we just saw earlier in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates as we just saw earlier in
+our lecture this is the expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture this is the expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our lecture this is the expression that
+we get in other words then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get in other words then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get in other words then this
+summarizes our study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes our study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes our study
+of motion in the plane using either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion in the plane using either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of motion in the plane using either
+cartisian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartisian
+or polar or tangential and normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or polar or tangential and normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or polar or tangential and normal
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+you see the point is that we pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the point is that we pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the point is that we pick
+whichever coordinate system happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever coordinate system happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever coordinate system happens to
+be of the greatest interest to us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of the greatest interest to us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be of the greatest interest to us the
+greatest value to us we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest value to us we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest value to us we make the
+coordinate system our slave rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system our slave rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system our slave rather than
+the other way around and tackle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way around and tackle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other way around and tackle the
+problem from that particular point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from that particular point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem from that particular point of
+view at any rate that ends this phase of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view at any rate that ends this phase of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view at any rate that ends this phase of
+our particular course and in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particular course and in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particular course and in the next
+phase of our course we get to probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of our course we get to probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase of our course we get to probably
+what is the most fundamental building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the most fundamental building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the most fundamental building
+block of the entire a course we get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of the entire a course we get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block of the entire a course we get to
+that particular topic which by and large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular topic which by and large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular topic which by and large
+most courses and functions of several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most courses and functions of several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most courses and functions of several
+variables begin with but we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables begin with but we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables begin with but we'll talk
+about that more the next time we meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more the next time we meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more the next time we meet
+and until that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and until that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and until that time
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodbye funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the Gabriella
+and Paul rosenbom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul rosenbom
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+making a donation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3Dz59nKUafo.txt b/3Dz59nKUafo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cf5d3a407ec753ec4bd658f23f64b799a55ab27e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3Dz59nKUafo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1456 @@
+ANNOUNCER: The following content
+is provided under a
+
+Creative Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hi.
+
+Today is the day we've
+all been waiting for.
+
+We've come to the last lecture
+of our course, and it's, I
+
+think, a rather satisfying
+lecture today, not just
+
+because it is the last one,
+but content-wise too.
+
+Today we're going to
+talk about uniform
+
+convergence of series.
+
+Remember, a series can be
+viewed as a sequence of
+
+partial sums, and consequently
+our discussion on uniform
+
+convergence applies here.
+
+And what we're going to do--
+
+you see, again, it's
+the same old story.
+
+Now that we know what the
+concept means, is there an
+
+easy way to tell when we
+have the property?
+
+And I figure again that, this
+being the last lecture, I
+
+should give you some big
+names to remember.
+
+And name-dropping-wise, I come
+to our first concept today,
+
+which I call--
+
+I don't call it that.
+
+It's named the Weierstrauss
+M-test.
+
+The Weierstrauss M-test is a
+very, very convenient method
+
+for determining whether a
+given series converges
+
+uniformly or not.
+
+By the way, let me just
+make one little aside.
+
+Instead of saying the sequence
+of partial sums converges
+
+uniformly to the infinite
+series, we usually abbreviate
+
+that simply by saying, the
+infinite series is uniformly
+
+convergent.
+
+Let me just say that
+one more time.
+
+If I say that the series is
+uniformly convergent, that's
+
+an abbreviation for saying that
+the sequence of partial
+
+sums converges uniformly
+to the series.
+
+But at any rate, let me now
+go over the so-called
+
+Weierstrauss M-test with you.
+
+It's a rather simple test.
+
+I will give you both the proof
+of the test and some
+
+applications of it.
+
+The test simply says this--
+
+and this is where the name
+M-test comes from.
+
+See, because you put an
+'M' in over here.
+
+If I put a 'C' over here, they
+probably would have called it
+
+the Weierstrass C-test.
+
+But the idea is this.
+
+Suppose that the series,
+summation 'n' goes from 1 to
+
+infinity, capital
+'M sub n', is a
+
+positive convergent series--
+
+this is going to be sort of
+like the comparison test--
+
+and that the absolute value of
+''f sub n' of x' is less than
+
+or equal to 'M sub n' for each
+'n' and for each 'x' in some
+
+interval from 'a' to 'b'.
+
+Then if this condition is
+obeyed, the sequence of
+
+partial sums--
+
+some 'k' goes from 1 to 'n',
+of ''f sub k' of x'--
+
+converges uniformly to its limit
+function, namely what we
+
+call the series 'n' goes from
+1 to infinity, ''f sub n' of
+
+x', on the interval
+from 'a' to 'b'.
+
+See, in other words, if I can
+get this kind of a bound on
+
+what's going on, where these
+form the terms of a positive
+
+convergent series, then this
+series converges uniformly.
+
+Now, again, let me outline
+the proof.
+
+Once again, let me remind you
+all of these proofs are done
+
+rigorously and also with
+supplementary wording in the
+
+notes, so that you can pick this
+up again if you missed
+
+the high points in
+the lecture.
+
+You see, to prove convergence
+in the first place, I
+
+have to show what?
+
+That the sequence of partial
+sums can be made to differ
+
+from this limit, which I call
+'f of x', by as small an
+
+amount as I want, just by taking
+'n' sufficiently large.
+
+And the way I work this thing
+is I say, OK, let's take a
+
+look at this difference.
+
+Well, remembering that another
+name for 'f of x' is the limit
+
+of this thing as 'k' goes from
+one to infinity, I just
+
+substitute this in place
+of 'f of x'.
+
+I then get this.
+
+And now you see, if I subtract
+the first 'n' terms from this
+
+infinite series, what's left
+is all the terms in the 'n
+
+plus first' on.
+
+In other words, that this is in
+turn equal to the absolute
+
+value of the summation, 'k'
+goes from 'n plus 1' to
+
+infinity, ''f sub k' of x'.
+
+Again, don't be upset by the
+'k's replacing the 'n'.
+
+Remember that 'k' is
+a dummy variable.
+
+The hardship would be that if
+I use the subscript 'n' over
+
+here, I would have a logical
+contradiction.
+
+How can you say 'n' goes from
+'n plus 1' to infinity? 'n'
+
+can't equal 'n plus 1',
+so I just change
+
+the subscript here.
+
+At any rate, if I now invoke
+the triangle inequality for
+
+absolute values--
+
+namely, that the absolute value
+of a sum is less than or
+
+equal to the sum of the
+absolute values--
+
+I then get that the thing that
+I'm investigating is less than
+
+or equal to the sum, 'k' goes
+from 'n plus 1' to infinity,
+
+absolute value ''f
+sub k' of x'.
+
+Now, remember what the
+Weierstrass condition was.
+
+It was that for each 'k', the
+absolute value of ''f sub k'
+
+of x', for all 'x' in my
+interval, was less than or
+
+equal to 'M sub k'.
+
+So I can now go from
+here to here.
+
+But what do I know about the
+series summation, 'M sub k'?
+
+I know that that's a positive
+convergent series.
+
+In particular, because it's
+convergent, that means that
+
+the tail end-- meaning from
+'n plus 1' to infinity--
+
+that sum can be made smaller
+than any prescribed epsilon,
+
+smaller than any given epsilon,
+simply by picking 'n'
+
+sufficiently large.
+
+See, in other words, I can make
+this difference less than
+
+epsilon for 'n' sufficiently
+large.
+
+And here's the key step.
+
+Since 'M sub k' does not depend
+on 'x', this inequality
+
+was done independently
+of the choice of 'x'.
+
+You see, in other words, not
+only do I have that this
+
+converges to this, but since
+this was done independently of
+
+the choice of 'x', this is
+uniform convergence.
+
+And maybe I should write that
+down, because that's important
+
+to remember, that this is
+independently of 'x'.
+
+That's what makes the
+convergence uniform.
+
+Well, let's continue on, I
+think, by means of an example
+
+might come in handy now.
+
+I think after you do any of
+these abstract things, I think
+
+a nice example shows what's
+coming off very nicely.
+
+And so I very creatively
+call this 'An Example'.
+
+Let's look at the following
+series.
+
+'cosine x' plus 'cosine '4x over
+4' plus et cetera 'cosine
+
+''n squared x' over 'n
+squared'', where 'n' is the
+
+number of the term over here.
+
+For example, the third
+term would be 'cosine
+
+9x' over 9, et cetera.
+
+And I now want to look at
+the limit function here.
+
+See, is this a convergent
+series?
+
+Is it absolutely convergent?
+
+Is it uniformly convergent?
+
+What is it?
+
+And here's how the Weierstrauss
+M-test works.
+
+We look at the absolute value
+of the term making up this
+
+particular series.
+
+See, the absolute value of
+''cosine 'n squared x'' over
+
+'n squared''.
+
+Now, let's take a
+look at this.
+
+Since 'n' is an integer, 'n
+squared' is positive, so the
+
+absolute value of 'n squared'
+is still in squared.
+
+Since the cosine has to be
+between minus 1 and 1, the
+
+magnitude of the cosine,
+regardless of the value of 'n
+
+squared x', is less than
+or equal to 1.
+
+In particular, then, the
+absolute value of ''cosine 'n
+
+squared x'' over 'n squared''
+is less than or equal to '1
+
+over 'n squared''
+for each 'n'.
+
+And I might add, and all 'x',
+because no matter what 'x' is
+
+and no matter what 'n' is,
+'cosine 'n squared x'' in
+
+magnitude cannot exceed 1.
+
+On the other hand, we already
+know, in particular by the
+
+integral test, that summation
+'n' goes from 1 to infinity or
+
+0 to infinity is a positive
+convergent series.
+
+Consequently, by the
+Weierstrauss M-test, this
+
+series here is uniformly
+convergent,
+
+which again means what?
+
+That the sequence of partial
+sums, namely sum 'k' goes from
+
+1 to 'n', ''cosine 'k squared
+x'' over 'k squared'',
+
+converges uniformly to summation
+'n' goes from 1 to
+
+infinity ''cosine 'n squared
+x'' over 'n squared''.
+
+That's how the test works.
+
+But now, from an engineering
+point, the
+
+more important question--
+
+what does it mean?
+
+How can we use it?
+
+Well, for example, let's suppose
+that in working some
+
+particular applied problem,
+one had to integrate this
+
+particular series, 'cosine x'
+plus ''cosine 4x' over 4' plus
+
+''cosine 9x' over 9', et cetera,
+the infinite series
+
+from 0 to some value 't'.
+
+Now here's the key point.
+
+And by the way, I just
+write it this way--
+
+to get used to the ominous
+notation, notice that what
+
+looks a little bit ominous here
+is just another way of
+
+writing out, longhand, what
+the terms inside the
+
+parentheses are.
+
+The idea is this.
+
+Notice what this says--
+
+this says first compute the
+sum and then integrate.
+
+For example, we might not
+know what limit this sum
+
+approaches.
+
+Or if we do know it, it may be
+a particularly complicated
+
+thing to write down.
+
+You see, in other words, if we
+follow the problem in the
+
+order that the operations are
+given, we must first sum this
+
+series and then integrate it.
+
+But what have we
+already shown?
+
+We've already shown that this
+series is uniformly
+
+convergent, but for a uniform
+convergent series, we saw last
+
+time that you can interchange
+the order of summation and
+
+integration.
+
+In other words, by uniform
+convergence, what I can now do
+
+is integrate this thing
+here, term by term.
+
+See, 'sine x' plus ''sine
+4x' over 16'.
+
+Just the usual technique
+of integration.
+
+And now you see I can integrate
+first and then
+
+compute the limit.
+
+In other words, I can say, look,
+this integral is just
+
+'sine t' plus ''sine 4t'
+over 16' plus et
+
+cetera, and so forth.
+
+Again, if you want to see this
+from the abstract point of
+
+view, what I'm saying is that by
+uniform convergence, I can
+
+switch these two symbols.
+
+Now, the important point is that
+to integrate ''cosine 'n
+
+squared x'' over
+'n squared''--
+
+remember, 'n' is a
+constant here.
+
+This is a very easy thing
+to integrate.
+
+In fact, it comes
+out to be what?
+
+''Sine 'n squared x'' over
+'n to the fourth''.
+
+You see the 'n squared' comes
+down as an 'n to the fourth'.
+
+And when I evaluate that between
+0 and 1, all I wind up
+
+with is summation 'n' goes from
+one to infinity, ''sine
+
+'n squared t'' over 'n
+to the fourth''.
+
+And this is a perfectly good,
+bona fide convergent series.
+
+And, in real life, you see I
+can approximate this to any
+
+degree of accuracy that I want
+just by going out far enough
+
+before I chop off the
+remaining terms.
+
+In other words, the beauty in
+this case with series is that
+
+when they converge uniformly and
+you have to integrate the
+
+limit function, you can
+integrate the individual
+
+member of the sequence first and
+then take the limit as n
+
+goes to infinity.
+
+OK.
+
+So far so good.
+
+Let's apply this now, in
+particular, to power series.
+
+And again, let me keep reminding
+you, all of this
+
+stuff is done much more slowly
+in the supplementary notes.
+
+My main reason for repeating
+what's in the supplementary
+
+notes is I think this material
+is both difficult enough and
+
+new enough so I think you should
+hear parts of it before
+
+you're sent out on your
+own to read it.
+
+Hopefully my words will sound
+familiar to you as you hear
+
+them repeated in the
+supplementary notes.
+
+Let's suppose that a power
+series summation, 'a n', 'x to
+
+the n', as 'n' goes from 0 to
+infinity, converges for the
+
+absolute value of 'x'
+less than 'R'.
+
+And let me pick a couple of
+values of 'x', 'x sub 0' and
+
+'x sub 1', such that 'x sub 0'
+in magnitude is less than 'x
+
+sub 1' in magnitude,
+which in turn is
+
+less than 'R' in magnitude.
+
+To give you a hint as to what
+I'm going to be driving at,
+
+I'm going to try to prove that
+this series converges
+
+uniformly within 'R'.
+
+And I'm going to try to prove
+it by setting up the
+
+Weierstrauss M-test.
+
+And I'm going to have to compare
+this with a positive
+
+convergent series, and the
+positive convergent series
+
+that I have in mind is going to
+make use of the fact that
+
+the magnitude of 'x0' divided by
+the magnitude of 'x1' is a
+
+positive constant less than 1.
+
+And I'm going to set this thing
+up so that I can use a
+
+geometric series on it.
+
+And if that sounds confusing,
+let me just go through this
+
+now in slow motion and show you
+what I'm driving at here.
+
+See, first of all, since 'x1'
+is within the radius of
+
+convergence, that means in
+particular that summation 'a n
+
+''x sub 1' to the n'',
+as 'n' goes from 0
+
+to infinity, converges.
+
+Since this converges, in
+particular-- the very first
+
+test that we learned--
+
+in particular, the n-th
+term must go to 0.
+
+Remember, for a convergent
+series, the n-th
+
+term goes to 0.
+
+Now, since the limit of 'a n 'x1
+to the n-th'' is 0, that
+
+means that for n large enough,
+this will get smaller than any
+
+positive constant.
+
+Otherwise it couldn't
+converge on 0.
+
+All right?
+
+So all I'm saying there, I
+guess, is if this is 0 and
+
+this is 'M', if I can't make
+this thing less than 'M', how
+
+can the limit ever be 0?
+
+In other words, if these things
+can't get past 'M', how
+
+could the limit be 0?
+
+So all I'm saying is that, given
+a positive 'M', I can
+
+always find an 'n' such that
+when I go out far enough-- in
+
+other words, when the subscript
+'n' is greater than
+
+capital 'N', the magnitude of
+'a n 'x1 to the n'' is less
+
+than capital 'M'.
+
+Now the key idea is this.
+
+What I'm going to do is look at
+summation 'a n 'x0 to the
+
+n'' where 'x0' is as
+given over here.
+
+Now what I'm going to try to
+do is set this up for the
+
+Weierstrauss M-test, and
+the way I'm going to
+
+do that is as follows.
+
+I look at the absolute value
+of 'a n 'x0 to the n''.
+
+Somehow or other, the thing I
+have control over is not 'a n
+
+'x0 to the n'', but rather
+'a n 'x1 to the n''.
+
+And now I use that very common
+mathematical trick that gets
+
+us out of all sorts of binds,
+and that is that, since I
+
+would like 'a n 'x1 to the n''
+over here, I just put it in.
+
+And then I must cancel
+it out again.
+
+In other words, all I do is I
+rewrite 'a n 'x0 to the n'' as
+
+'a n' times 'x0' over 'x1 to the
+n', times 'x1 to the n'.
+
+In other words, notice that this
+just cancels and I have
+
+what I started with over here.
+
+The point is that the magnitude
+of 'a n 'x1 to the
+
+n'' is less than 'M'.
+
+We already saw that.
+
+So what I do is I split
+this thing up.
+
+Remember, the absolute value of
+a product is the product of
+
+the absolute values.
+
+So I write it as what?
+
+The magnitude of this times
+this, times the magnitude of
+
+''x0 over x1' to the n'.
+
+In other words, I guess what
+I should have over here--
+
+this is still an equality.
+
+This is just rewriting.
+
+The absolute value of a product
+is a product of the
+
+absolute values.
+
+Consequently, this is the
+absolute value of 'a n 'x1 to
+
+the n'' times the absolute
+value of ''x0
+
+over x1' to the n'.
+
+And the key point is that the
+absolute value of 'a n 'x1 to
+
+the n'' is less than 'M' for
+'n' sufficiently large.
+
+In other words, for 'n'
+sufficiently large, the
+
+magnitude of 'a n 'x0 to the n''
+is less than or equal to
+
+this expression here.
+
+But what is this expression?
+
+My claim is that this is the
+n-th term of a convergent
+
+positive series, namely a
+convergent geometric series.
+
+I'm going to to show you
+this in more detail.
+
+All I'm saying is observe that
+the magnitude of 'x0 over x1',
+
+since 'x0' is less than 'x1'
+in magnitude, is a positive
+
+constant less than 1.
+
+Therefore, this is what?
+
+This is a geometric series whose
+ratio is 'x0 over x1'.
+
+In other words, as you pass from
+the n-th term to the 'n
+
+plus first' term, in each case
+you just multiply by 'x0 over
+
+x1', which is a constant.
+
+Therefore, by the Weierstrauss
+M-test, this given series is
+
+uniformly convergent inside the
+interval of convergence.
+
+You see?
+
+In other words, what this now
+means is that we can replace
+
+the condition that the series
+was absolutely convergent
+
+inside the radius of convergence
+by, it's uniformly
+
+convergent inside the radius
+of convergence.
+
+And now you see the question is,
+what does that help us do?
+
+And again, this is left in
+great detail for the
+
+supplementary notes and the
+exercises, but I thought that
+
+for a finale, we should do
+a rather nice practical
+
+application.
+
+In particular, a problem that
+we haven't tackled at all.
+
+We wern't able to tackle it, but
+a problem that we've used
+
+as a scapegoat many times to
+show, for example, why the
+
+First Fundamental Theorem of
+integral calculus was not the
+
+cure-all it was supposed
+to be, for example.
+
+Let me show you what example
+I have in mind.
+
+I'm thinking of this example.
+
+Find the area of the region 'R',
+where 'R' is the region
+
+bounded above by our old friend
+'y' equals 'e to the
+
+minus 'x squared'', below by the
+x-axis, on the left by the
+
+y-axis, and on the right by
+the line 'x' equals 1.
+
+You see, what we used to
+say before was what?
+
+We know by the definition of a
+definite integral that the
+
+area of the region 'R' is the
+integral from 0 to 1, 'e to
+
+the minus 'x squared'', 'dx'.
+
+But what we do not know
+explicitly is a function, 'G
+
+of x', for which 'G prime
+of x' is 'e to
+
+the minus 'x squared''.
+
+Remember, we could solve this
+problem by trapezoidal
+
+approximations and things
+of this type.
+
+We could approximate it, but we
+couldn't get a good bound
+
+on the answer very
+conveniently.
+
+What I thought I'd like to show
+you now is how one uses
+
+power series to solve this
+kind of a problem.
+
+If nothing else, this one
+application should be enough
+
+impetus to show you the
+power of power series.
+
+They are a very, very important
+and powerful
+
+analytical technique.
+
+Let's see how we can
+handle this.
+
+First of all, from our previous
+material, we already
+
+know that 'e to the u' is
+represented by '1 plus u plus
+
+''u squared' over '2 factorial''
+plus' et cetera,
+
+''u to the n' over 'n
+factorial'', et cetera, for
+
+all real numbers 'u'.
+
+OK, we already know that.
+
+In particular, if I now think
+of-- see, since 'u' is
+
+generically just a name for any
+real number, since minus
+
+'x squared' is a real number
+also, I can replace 'u' by
+
+minus 'x squared'.
+
+And replacing 'u' by minus 'x
+squared' leads to what? 'e to
+
+the minus 'x squared'' is
+1, minus 'x squared'.
+
+Now minus 'x squared', squared,
+is 'x to the fourth',
+
+over 2 factorial.
+
+And in general, we see when
+I replace 'u' by minus 'x
+
+squared', this becomes plus or
+minus 'x to the 2n' over 'n
+
+factorial'.
+
+And to handle the plus or minus,
+I simply put in my sign
+
+alternator-- that's minus
+1 to the n-th power.
+
+And the reason I use 'n' here,
+rather than, say, 'n plus 1',
+
+is to keep in mind that in power
+series, this is called
+
+the 0-th term.
+
+In other words, when 'n' is 0,
+minus 1 to the 0 would be
+
+positive, and I want the first
+term to be positive.
+
+At any rate, to make a
+long story short--
+
+shorter--
+
+another way of writing this
+is that 'e to the minus 'x
+
+squared'' is summation 'n' goes
+from 0 to infinity, minus
+
+'1 to the n', 'x to the 2n'
+over 'n factorial'.
+
+Consequently, since these two
+are synonyms, to compute the
+
+integral from 0 to 1, ''e to the
+minus 'x squared'' dx', I
+
+can replace 'e to the minus 'x
+squared'' by the power series
+
+which converges to
+it uniformly.
+
+Namely, I can now write
+this as what?
+
+Integral from 0 to 1, summation
+'n' goes from 0 to
+
+infinity, minus '1 to the n',
+'x to the 2n' over 'n
+
+factorial' times 'dx'.
+
+Now notice what this says.
+
+This says, in the order of the
+given operations, that I must
+
+form the sum of this series
+first, which is not an easy
+
+job, and then integrate
+that from 0 to 1.
+
+But the beauty is that, by the
+Weierstrauss M-test, I know
+
+that this converges uniformly
+wherever it converges
+
+absolutely.
+
+I already know that it does
+converge absolutely
+
+for all real 'x'.
+
+At any rate, then, I now know
+that it's uniformly
+
+convergent.
+
+One of the beauties of the fact
+that this is uniformly
+
+convergent is I can interchange
+the order of
+
+summation and integration,
+which I do over here.
+
+But this is crucial.
+
+Let me make sure I
+underline that.
+
+You see, if there wasn't uniform
+convergence here,
+
+mechanically I can change the
+order, but I may get a
+
+different answer.
+
+But since this is uniformly
+convergent, these are still
+
+synonyms, and the beauty is, if
+I just look at the typical
+
+term that I'm trying to
+integrate here, that's a very
+
+easy thing to integrate.
+
+Namely, I just do what?
+
+Replace this by an exponent
+one larger--
+
+that's '2n plus 1'.
+
+Divide through by '2n plus 1'.
+
+In other words, the integral
+from 0 to 1, ''e to the minus
+
+'x squared'' dx', is just this
+particular power series,
+
+namely summation 'n' goes from 0
+to infinity, minus '1 to the
+
+n', 'x to the '2n plus 1'' over
+''2n plus 1' times 'n
+
+factorial''.
+
+That must be evaluated
+between 0 and 1.
+
+Since the lower limit gives me
+0 and the upper limit here
+
+just gives me a 1, rewriting
+this-- this is just what?
+
+Summation 'n' goes from 0 to
+infinity, minus '1 to the n'
+
+over ''2n plus 1' times
+'n factorial''.
+
+In other words--
+
+let's take a look at this.
+
+When 'n' is 0, this term is 1.
+
+When 'n' is 1, this is
+minus 1 over what?
+
+3 times 1 is 3.
+
+When 'n' is 2, this is 5 times
+2 factorial, which is 10.
+
+When 'n' is 3, this is
+minus 1 to the third
+
+power, which is minus.
+
+This is 7 times 3 factorial.
+
+7 times 3 factorial is what?
+
+7 times 6, which is
+42, et cetera.
+
+In other words, what we now know
+is that 'A sub R' is 1
+
+minus 1/3 plus 1/10
+minus 1/42.
+
+And if we keep on going this
+way, the next term is 1/216,
+
+which we can compute
+very easily.
+
+What is this, by the way?
+
+This is a convergent
+alternating series.
+
+And as you recall from our
+learning exercises and some of
+
+the material in our
+supplementary notes, not only
+
+does this thing converge, but
+in such a case the error is
+
+never greater than the magnitude
+of the next term.
+
+So, you see, what I can do
+over here is just take 1,
+
+subtract 1/3, add 1/10, subtract
+1/42, and know that
+
+whatever answer I get when I
+do this has to be exact to
+
+within no more of an
+error then 1/216.
+
+And in fact, if I now
+add on the 1/216,
+
+I think I get 0.748.
+
+And the next term is going to
+be something like 1/1,300,
+
+which means that this must be
+correct to within three
+
+decimal places.
+
+And this is the way the
+so-called error function, the
+
+table of error function,
+is actually computed.
+
+Now I'm going to end the
+material of the course right
+
+at this particular point.
+
+In other words, I will leave the
+remaining applications for
+
+the exercises and the
+supplementary notes.
+
+What I would like to do is to
+become subjective for a moment
+
+or so, if I may.
+
+And even though this course is
+quite different from a regular
+
+classroom course, I would like
+to end it like a regular
+
+classroom course.
+
+And that is to make a genuine
+remark to the effect that this
+
+course has been a pleasure
+for me to teach.
+
+It has been very enlightening.
+
+It has been soul-searching to
+both plan the lectures and the
+
+supplementary notes and the
+learning exercises, and I
+
+myself, to coin a cliche, am a
+much better person for having
+
+gone through all of this.
+
+Many other people worked hard
+with me on this also.
+
+And in particular, I would like
+to single out three of my
+
+colleagues for recognition.
+
+Professor Harold Mickley,
+who was the
+
+director of the center.
+
+My friend, John Fitch, who is
+the manager of the self-study
+
+projects and, in particular,
+was the director of the
+
+lectures, and also gave me
+invaluable advice in many
+
+places as to how to simplify
+the lectures and make them
+
+more meaningful.
+
+And finally, my friend Charles
+Patton, who is our electronics
+
+wizard here and kept everything
+going from a
+
+technological point of view,
+and gave me, also, many
+
+valuable pointers.
+
+Now, from your point of view,
+I am hoping that you too can
+
+sit back and feel content, now
+that the course is over.
+
+I'm hoping that this long trip
+back through Calculus
+
+Revisited has given you a new
+insight to sets, functions,
+
+circular functions, hyperbolic
+functions, differentiation and
+
+integration, power series, so
+that you can go back enriched,
+
+revitalized, and tackle the
+projects of your choice.
+
+I hate to see the course come to
+an end, but in closing, it
+
+was my pleasure and I hope that
+we will have the pleasure
+
+of getting together again soon
+to tackle, together, Part Two
+
+of Calculus Revisited.
+
+And so, until that
+time, so long.
+
+ANNOUNCER: Funding for the
+publication of this video was
+
+provided by the Gabriella and
+Paul Rosenbaum Foundation.
+
+Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT
+
+courses by making a donation
+at ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3N1A14hQjZA.txt b/3N1A14hQjZA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d95d1aa7a0da267901f7d1924a809611ecb86a04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3N1A14hQjZA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3752 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, for Lesson 3, the kanji for Part 3, I'll introduce these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, for Lesson 3, the kanji for Part 3, I'll introduce these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, for Lesson 3, the kanji for Part 3, I'll introduce these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+First, the first kanji looks like this, and it means birthmark.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First, the first kanji looks like this, and it means birthmark.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Everyone is already familiar with this part, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone is already familiar with this part, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone is already familiar with this part, right?
+This means Paulson. Then, on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means Paulson. Then, on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means Paulson. Then, on the
+right, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right, this is
+X,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X,
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Thisactoryispronancers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thisactoryispronancers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+JAPANESEEPEOPLEkindobe's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JAPANESEEPEOPLEkindobe's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SAY, and genkiso. It's pronounced as follows: "Deta Akumu" (
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nightmare) is not an on-reading, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare) is not an on-reading, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nightmare) is not an on-reading, so
+for example, "Tanin" (stranger) is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, "Tanin" (stranger) is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, "Tanin" (stranger) is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine, but then there's "Exclusive" (a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine, but then there's "Exclusive" (a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine, but then there's "Exclusive" (a
+slightly difficult word), and then there's "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly difficult word), and then there's "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly difficult word), and then there's "
+Exclusive" (others), and then there's "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusive" (others), and then there's "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusive" (others), and then there's "
+Exatora" (extra), and then there's "Do you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exatora" (extra), and then there's "Do you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exatora" (extra), and then there's "Do you have any
+questions?" (
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?" (
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions?" (
+questions). It's used like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, the next kanji looks like this, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, the next kanji looks like this, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, the next kanji looks like this, and it
+means "BOSE." Well, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means "BOSE." Well, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means "BOSE." Well, to
+remember it, there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it, there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it, there's this
+old "scare wait bothSideins" (scaler), and there's "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old "scare wait bothSideins" (scaler), and there's "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old "scare wait bothSideins" (scaler), and there's "
+scale disaster prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale disaster prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale disaster prevention
+inbalance." This might be a good way to remember it. It's pronounced as follows: "Rei" (rei) is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbalance." This might be a good way to remember it. It's pronounced as follows: "Rei" (rei) is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on-reading, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-reading, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-reading, and
+this kanji does not have a kun-reading, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kanji does not have a kun-reading, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kanji does not have a kun-reading, so
+for example, "Oyasya" (parents)
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, "Oyasya" (parents)
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, "Oyasya" (parents)
+means "BOSE." And this is a parent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means "BOSE." And this is a parent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means "BOSE." And this is a parent
+pairing, so...  It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairing, so...  It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means disaster prevention size on both sides and both hands. The usage is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means disaster prevention size on both sides and both hands. The usage is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means disaster prevention size on both sides and both hands. The usage is a little
+different, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different, but
+this is used when exchanging money.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used when exchanging money.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used when exchanging money.
+For example, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchanging yen for dollars, the word exchange is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging yen for dollars, the word exchange is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanging yen for dollars, the word exchange is
+used.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, the next kanji is this kanji. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, the next kanji is this kanji. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, the next kanji is this kanji. It
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+present and hit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and hit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present and hit.
+This part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means imagine the shape of hands.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means imagine the shape of hands.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means imagine the shape of hands.
+As for how it is read, it is an on-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As for how it is read, it is an on-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As for how it is read, it is an on-
+reading, for example, on the day,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, for example, on the day,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, for example, on the day,
+veryday, at that time, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veryday, at that time, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veryday, at that time, and
+really, two people, are you sure? It is often used.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really, two people, are you sure? It is often used.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really, two people, are you sure? It is often used.
+Also, bento, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, bento, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Also, bento, this
+sugar is used.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar is used.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar is used.
+Then, to be alexter, to win. It is a kun-reading,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then, to be alexter, to win. It is a kun-reading,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it means to win, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it means to win, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it means to win, so
+for example, to win the lottery, or I won the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, to win the lottery, or I won the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, to win the lottery, or I won the
+lottery. There is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particle here, 2, so be careful. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle here, 2, so be careful. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle here, 2, so be careful. And
+sunlight, in English it is to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight, in English it is to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sunlight, in English it is to the
+sun, but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sun, but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+often used as a sunny room. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used as a sunny room. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used as a sunny room. And
+friendship, natural, is something Japanese people often say, such as "that's a given," or "special," and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendship, natural, is something Japanese people often say, such as "that's a given," or "special," and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used in that way. And treatment,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in that way. And treatment,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in that way. And treatment,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+topyde, medical care, it can be used like this. Yes, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topyde, medical care, it can be used like this. Yes, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next one is like this.  It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is like this.  It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next one is like this.  It
+means Hello, rescue, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Hello, rescue, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Hello, rescue, and
+assistance. Well, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance. Well, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistance. Well, to
+remember it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it,
+this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part
+outerfringes power, right? I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best to remember it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to remember it like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to remember it like this.
+As for how to read it, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As for how to read it, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As for how to read it, the
+on-reading is JOE, for example, female particle, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-reading is JOE, for example, female particle, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-reading is JOE, for example, female particle, and
+then assistant, assistant professor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then assistant, assistant professor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+professor, right, assistant professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor, right, assistant professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+professional is assistant, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional is assistant, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional is assistant, and
+female director is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female director is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female director is a
+movie director, right, female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie director, right, female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie director, right, female
+director, assistant, and then to advise, to assist, to support, and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director, assistant, and then to advise, to assist, to support, and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rescue. The kun-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue. The kun-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rescue. The kun-
+reading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transe, to help, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transe, to help, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transe, to help, to
+help something, for example, please help my friend, and to be saved, to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help something, for example, please help my friend, and to be saved, to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saved. Thanks to you, or thanks to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved. Thanks to you, or thanks to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved. Thanks to you, or thanks to my
+teacher, or thanks to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher, or thanks to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher, or thanks to my
+parents, I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents, I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents, I was really
+helped. That's how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped. That's how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped. That's how it's
+used. Now, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next kanji, this kanji,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kanji, this kanji,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kanji, this kanji,
+means voice. To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember it, this part above, dispatch,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it, this part above, dispatch,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it, this part above, dispatch,
+actory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actory
+invision,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+withsharding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+theMouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and BOYS, and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and BOYS, and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and BOYS, and to
+read it, the on-reading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it, the on-reading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it, the on-reading is
+often used, for example, voice, sound,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used, for example, voice, sound,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used, for example, voice, sound,
+and fame, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fame, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fame, which
+means Fame.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Fame.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means Fame.
+Onomatopoeia is pronounced like this, and it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Onomatopoeia is pronounced like this, and it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Onomatopoeia is pronounced like this, and it means
+imitating a sound, so it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitating a sound, so it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitating a sound, so it's called
+onomatopoeia. It's the kun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onomatopoeia. It's the kun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onomatopoeia. It's the kun
+reading, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, and the
+main usage is "koe." It can also be read as "core,"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main usage is "koe." It can also be read as "core,"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main usage is "koe." It can also be read as "core,"
+but everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everyone
+can just say "koe." Voice, and loud voice,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just say "koe." Voice, and loud voice,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just say "koe." Voice, and loud voice,
+mean a loud voice, for example, "Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a loud voice, for example, "Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean a loud voice, for example, "Do
+n't speak loudly." "Don't speak loudly here." It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n't speak loudly." "Don't speak loudly here." It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n't speak loudly." "Don't speak loudly here." It's
+used like this. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next kanji is like this, and it means "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kanji is like this, and it means "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kanji is like this, and it means "
+offer" or "company."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer" or "company."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer" or "company."
+Everyone is familiar with this part, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everyone is familiar with this part, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And this part means "Together." Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this part means "Together." Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes
+means "Together Company." As for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means "Together Company." As for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means "Together Company." As for the
+pronunciation, it can be read as "kyo" or "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation, it can be read as "kyo" or "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronunciation, it can be read as "kyo" or "
+ku." For example, "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ku." For example, "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ku." For example, "
+provide," "future," "supply," "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after," this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after," this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after," this is
+often used in Buddhism, and it means "to offer," "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often used in Buddhism, and it means "to offer," "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+service," or "for." It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service," or "for." It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service," or "for." It's a
+word related to "burumu." The on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word related to "burumu." The on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word related to "burumu." The on
+reading is "sorry, this is the kun reading."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is "sorry, this is the kun reading."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Commonly used words are "to prepare," "tomo," and "tomo," which is a child, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commonly used words are "to prepare," "tomo," and "tomo," which is a child, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+opposite is "adult." Also, it has a sound, so "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite is "adult." Also, it has a sound, so "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite is "adult." Also, it has a sound, so "
+a company" and "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company" and "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a company" and "
+prepare," which are also often used in Buddhism.  It can be used to say "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare," which are also often used in Buddhism.  It can be used to say "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare," which are also often used in Buddhism.  It can be used to say "
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+offer," for example, "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer," for example, "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer," for example, "
+opening trouble," which is an offering of flowers to Buddha,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening trouble," which is an offering of flowers to Buddha,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening trouble," which is an offering of flowers to Buddha,
+or "to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or "to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or "to
+offer," which is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer," which is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer," which is also a
+word related to Buddhism. Okay, so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next kanji, and it looks like this. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kanji, and it looks like this. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kanji, and it looks like this. It
+means like this, or it can mean "invite." This part on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means like this, or it can mean "invite." This part on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means like this, or it can mean "invite." This part on the
+left is "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is "
+mouse," and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse," and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouse," and
+this part is "that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is "that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is "that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+hands." It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read in onyomi, but it's pronounced "koko."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in onyomi, but it's pronounced "koko."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in onyomi, but it's pronounced "koko."
+For example, "to BREAK" which means "breathe," and then there's "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, "to BREAK" which means "breathe," and then there's "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, "to BREAK" which means "breathe," and then there's "
+rispond," which means "respond." It's read in kunyomi,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rispond," which means "respond." It's read in kunyomi,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this verb "to call" has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this verb "to call" has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different meanings depending on the context. Be careful. For example, "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meanings depending on the context. Be careful. For example, "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meanings depending on the context. Be careful. For example, "
+this is called something." In this case, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called something." In this case, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used as "IS called." In this case, it's used as "What is it?" Then, "Call me by name."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as "IS called." In this case, it's used as "What is it?" Then, "Call me by name."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as "IS called." In this case, it's used as "What is it?" Then, "Call me by name."
+This is "callout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is "callout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is "callout
+Yourname." Then, "I've been invited to a party." In this case, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yourname." Then, "I've been invited to a party." In this case, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means "invite." Be careful. Okay, so here's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kanji, and it looks like this. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji, and it looks like this. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji, and it looks like this. It
+means "suffering." Then, it means "paint."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means "suffering." Then, it means "paint."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means "suffering." Then, it means "paint."
+This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This
+upper part is fine, but this means "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper part is fine, but this means "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper part is fine, but this means "
+glass." For example, this is medicine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass." For example, this is medicine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Funny, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Funny, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Funny, this is
+medicine, right? And the lower part is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine, right? And the lower part is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine, right? And the lower part is this
+old auto. Yes, when are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old auto. Yes, when are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old auto. Yes, when are you
+eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating
+something? が、 英語: It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means pain for, and it's an on-reading,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means pain for, and it's an on-reading,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means pain for, and it's an on-reading,
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it can also be read as "ku." For example, "toucher" means "trouble," then "shoes pain" and then "complaint," which is complete. It's a kun-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can also be read as "ku." For example, "toucher" means "trouble," then "shoes pain" and then "complaint," which is complete. It's a kun-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can also be read as "ku." For example, "toucher" means "trouble," then "shoes pain" and then "complaint," which is complete. It's a kun-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reading, but there are also readings like "crew" and "2 ga."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, but there are also readings like "crew" and "2 ga."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+For example, "painful" is "aggressive," and this is "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, "painful" is "aggressive," and this is "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paint." And "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint." And "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint." And "
+bitter" means "bitter," which is a bit bitter, a bitter taste. And "not good" is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitter" means "bitter," which is a bit bitter, a bitter taste. And "not good" is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bitter" means "bitter," which is a bit bitter, a bitter taste. And "not good" is what it
+means. It's aggressive, but it means proat. For example, I'm not good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. It's aggressive, but it means proat. For example, I'm not good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sports. Particles are for girls, so be careful. I'm good at sports. The opposite is "I'm good at sports." There's also the word "big lad." This is also good at sports.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports. Particles are for girls, so be careful. I'm good at sports. The opposite is "I'm good at sports." There's also the word "big lad." This is also good at sports.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports. Particles are for girls, so be careful. I'm good at sports. The opposite is "I'm good at sports." There's also the word "big lad." This is also good at sports.
+And for example, "subject"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for example, "subject"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for example, "subject"
+is mathematics.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is mathematics.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is aggressive, so be careful. Now, the next kanji, this kanji, means "law" or "method." This part is fine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is aggressive, so be careful. Now, the next kanji, this kanji, means "law" or "method." This part is fine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is aggressive, so be careful. Now, the next kanji, this kanji, means "law" or "method." This part is fine,
+right? It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It
+means water. Yes, and then,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means water. Yes, and then,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means water. Yes, and then,
+this on the right side means "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the right side means "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this on the right side means "
+monkey reading." Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey reading." Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monkey reading." Yes,
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+living. AlithertoED
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living. AlithertoED
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living. AlithertoED
+theRISEfield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theRISEfield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theRISEfield
+system. It means tikary. くそ ...  I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think it means Heart or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it means Heart or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it means Heart or
+feelings, so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings, so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings, so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means DESIREattention. As for how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means DESIREattention. As for how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means DESIREattention. As for how to
+read it, there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it, there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it, there is
+no kunyomi reading, but it is read as toshi in onyomi reading.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no kunyomi reading, but it is read as toshi in onyomi reading.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no kunyomi reading, but it is read as toshi in onyomi reading.
+For example, unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, unfortunate
+importunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importunate
+despointing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despointing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despointing.
+Then there is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there is the
+concept. Also, to commemorate an anniversary, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept. Also, to commemorate an anniversary, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+word anniversary is often used for anniversaries, so the word wedding anniversary is also used. Also, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word anniversary is often used for anniversaries, so the word wedding anniversary is also used. Also, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+devote oneself to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devote oneself to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devote oneself to
+concerte, for example, I will devote myself to studying Japanese. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerte, for example, I will devote myself to studying Japanese. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerte, for example, I will devote myself to studying Japanese. The
+female particle is 2, so be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female particle is 2, so be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female particle is 2, so be
+careful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, the next one is like this, but it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, the next one is like this, but it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, the next one is like this, but it means
+street FIX repair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street FIX repair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street FIX repair.
+As for how to remember this kanji, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As for how to remember this kanji, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As for how to remember this kanji, there
+are 10 here, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 10 here, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 10 here, right?
+Temperers of Eyes This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temperers of Eyes This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Temperers of Eyes This is
+Eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Eyes
+to fix A corner not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix A corner not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to fix A corner not
+made at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made at
+angle This might be a good way to remember it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle This might be a good way to remember it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As for how to read it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As for how to read it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As for how to read it,
+there is a reading called chokukika, for example, this means direct,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a reading called chokukika, for example, this means direct,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a reading called chokukika, for example, this means direct,
+please contact me directly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please contact me directly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please contact me directly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+directory, and then immediately after, this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory, and then immediately after, this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory, and then immediately after, this means
+foring The Light after,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foring The Light after,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foring The Light after,
+and just before, this means just before, often on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just before, this means just before, often on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just before, this means just before, often on
+that plane, this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plane, this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that plane, this means
+direct, nonstop flight.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct, nonstop flight.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct, nonstop flight.
+For example, a direct flight from Boston to Tokyo. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, a direct flight from Boston to Tokyo. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, a direct flight from Boston to Tokyo. And
+honest, which is an injective,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest, which is an injective,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honest, which is an injective,
+but he is an honest man.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he is an honest man.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he is an honest man.
+Hieizan is an injective. This is the kun reading, but it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hieizan is an injective. This is the kun reading, but it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read as either teisu or teisu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read as either teisu or teisu.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read as either teisu or teisu.
+However, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, there
+is a transitive pair, and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+people read it as teisu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people read it as teisu.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people read it as teisu.
+For example, fix, for example, please fix my car. Then teiru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, fix, for example, please fix my car. Then teiru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, fix, for example, please fix my car. Then teiru
+means in France. After the car is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in France. After the car is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in France. After the car is
+fixed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed,
+warp sten + teiru, so for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warp sten + teiru, so for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warp sten + teiru, so for example,
+redosomethingtofix,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redosomethingtofix,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redosomethingtofix,
+which is a common one, is this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a common one, is this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a common one, is this.
+Please rewrite the report,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then redo the work. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then redo the work. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means please do this action again and fix it. Now, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next kanji, this kanji, means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kanji, this kanji, means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kanji, this kanji, means
+swing. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swing. The
+upper part here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper part here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper part here
+becomes "not so good." This is "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rice field field" (
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice field field" (
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rice field field" (
+MAXfarmerse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MAXfarmerse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MAXfarmerse
+timeslikeisyour), which means single and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeslikeisyour), which means single and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timeslikeisyour), which means single and also
+simple. It is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. It is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read in onyomi, for example, as an adjective for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in onyomi, for example, as an adjective for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in onyomi, for example, as an adjective for
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+dimensions. Then, word,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. Then, word,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions. Then, word,
+this is vocabulary WORLD, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is vocabulary WORLD, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is vocabulary WORLD, and
+unit, this unit. For example, the unit for this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit, this unit. For example, the unit for this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit, this unit. For example, the unit for this class is
+12 units. It is okay to use it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 units. It is okay to use it like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 units. It is okay to use it like this.
+Or simply "Mary."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, the next kanji. It looks like this, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the next kanji. It looks like this, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, the next kanji. It looks like this, and it
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+start or emit. To
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start or emit. To
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start or emit. To
+remember, it seems to mean to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, it seems to mean to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember, it seems to mean to
+hands. And as for how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read it, it's an on-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it, it's an on-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read it, it's an on-
+reading, and it can be read as 初 or 発.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, and it can be read as 初 or 発.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, and it can be read as 初 or 発.
+For example, topronounce (pronounce), we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, topronounce (pronounce), we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, topronounce (pronounce), we
+often say "that person."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often say "that person."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often say "that person."
+Japanese pronunciation is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese pronunciation is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese pronunciation is very
+beautiful. At this point, the pronunciation is pronounsation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful. At this point, the pronunciation is pronounsation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful. At this point, the pronunciation is pronounsation.
+Then toinvent (to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then toinvent (to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then toinvent (to
+invent).
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent).
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invent).
+Who is the person who invented electricity?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who is the person who invented electricity?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Who is the person who invented electricity?
+Then todepart (depart). The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then todepart (depart). The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then todepart (depart). The
+plane has already left Tokyo.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane has already left Tokyo.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane has already left Tokyo.
+This is the particle, so be careful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the particle, so be careful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the particle, so be careful.
+Then todiscover (to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then todiscover (to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then todiscover (to
+develop). This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop). This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop). This is
+intransum. For example, robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intransum. For example, robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intransum. For example, robot
+technology is developing. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is developing. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is developing. Then
+heat (to develop). It also means fever. It's a kun-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat (to develop). It also means fever. It's a kun-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reading, so be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, so be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+careful with the particle. It's already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful with the particle. It's already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+departed from Narita Airport. For department stores, we use from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departed from Narita Airport. For department stores, we use from.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+departed from Narita Airport. For department stores, we use from.
+Then we arrived in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we arrived in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then we arrived in
+Kyushu. This is department store 4. Okay, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kyushu. This is department store 4. Okay, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+kanji. It looks like this, and it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji. It looks like this, and it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji. It looks like this, and it means
+head or neck.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head or neck.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head or neck.
+This part, right? This part means chef. It's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This part, right? This part means chef. It's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This part, right? This part means chef. It's your
+own character. That's right. Needs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own character. That's right. Needs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own character. That's right. Needs,
+something.  I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think this is a good way to remember it, and it's the on-reading, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a good way to remember it, and it's the on-reading, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is a good way to remember it, and it's the on-reading, but
+for example, master and this is capital city prime minister, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, master and this is capital city prime minister, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+surroundings are first place, and then the radical is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings are first place, and then the radical is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surroundings are first place, and then the radical is the
+kanji for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+breaker, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaker, and
+then to practice, to leave on one's own accord, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to practice, to leave on one's own accord, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to practice, to leave on one's own accord, so
+surrender is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrender is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrender is often
+used to mean self-study with the police, and then the kun-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to mean self-study with the police, and then the kun-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to mean self-study with the police, and then the kun-
+reading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading is
+neck, is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck, is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck, is that
+okay? This is neck, and then wrist, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay? This is neck, and then wrist, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay? This is neck, and then wrist, in
+this case, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, it
+means list,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the next kanji is like this, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next kanji is like this, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next kanji is like this, and it
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+link,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link,
+print, session, group, and so on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print, session, group, and so on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print, session, group, and so on,
+and this part is okay, is this, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this part is okay, is this, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this part is okay, is this, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then radical, this means law or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then radical, this means law or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then radical, this means law or
+walk, and so on, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk, and so on, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk, and so on, and
+voter image,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+succession is group, so I think you can remember it like that, and as for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succession is group, so I think you can remember it like that, and as for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reading, it's the on-reading, for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, it's the on-reading, for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, it's the on-reading, for example,
+renkyu, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renkyu, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+renkyu, which is
+conceptual holidays, so if it's a three-day holiday, it's a three-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual holidays, so if it's a three-day holiday, it's a three-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual holidays, so if it's a three-day holiday, it's a three-
+day conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day conceptual
+holiday, so it can also be said as a three-day holiday, or a four-day holiday, or a five-day holiday, and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday, so it can also be said as a three-day holiday, or a four-day holiday, or a five-day holiday, and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holiday, so it can also be said as a three-day holiday, or a four-day holiday, or a five-day holiday, and then the
+United Nations is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Nations is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Nations is
+United Nations, and then related is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United Nations, and then related is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contact, for example, please be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact, for example, please be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact, for example, please be
+sure to contact your teacher, and then this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to contact your teacher, and then this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kun-reading,  It can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kun-reading,  It can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kun-reading,  It can
+be read as tsura or tsu, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be read as tsura or tsu, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be read as tsura or tsu, but
+for example, "touring" means "to bring someone," "to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, "touring" means "to bring someone," "to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring
+something" means "be careful," and there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something" means "be careful," and there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something" means "be careful," and there's also the
+phrase "with children" which is often used in announcements, such as "people with children please be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase "with children" which is often used in announcements, such as "people with children please be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+careful of cars." Okay, so the next kanji is this kanji, and it means "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful of cars." Okay, so the next kanji is this kanji, and it means "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rough," "this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough," "this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rough," "this
+part above this is good, isn't this bamboo," and "this is big, right, you can say,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part above this is good, isn't this bamboo," and "this is big, right, you can say,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BIGBANG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BIGBANG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BIGBANG
+boosteric, and this is the stick. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosteric, and this is the stick. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boosteric, and this is the stick. The
+Big Bamboo stick means "can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bamboo stick means "can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Big Bamboo stick means "can
+make people loved." It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people loved." It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read as an on-reading, so what does "laugh" mean? And then there's "smile bitterly," so the kun-reading is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read as an on-reading, so what does "laugh" mean? And then there's "smile bitterly," so the kun-reading is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more commonly used. For example, "laugh," "
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more commonly used. For example, "laugh," "
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more commonly used. For example, "laugh," "
+funny story," and then there's this reading "e," which means "smile," which means "are you smiling?" We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny story," and then there's this reading "e," which means "smile," which means "are you smiling?" We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+studied that a little before, and this "crying face"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied that a little before, and this "crying face"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+means "crying face." And then there's this. を作ろうかな。 English:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means "crying face." And then there's this. を作ろうかな。 English:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means "crying face." And then there's this. を作ろうかな。 English:
+Smile, this is how to use it. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smile, this is how to use it. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Smile, this is how to use it. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+kanji is like this, and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji is like this, and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji is like this, and it
+means collect. This bottom part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means collect. This bottom part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means collect. This bottom part is
+good, isn't it? Attention. Then the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, isn't it? Attention. Then the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, isn't it? Attention. Then the top
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+means boards. Yes, atFREE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means boards. Yes, atFREE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means boards. Yes, atFREE
+isagatheringPlace. Try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isagatheringPlace. Try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember it like this. This is how to read it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it like this. This is how to read it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it like this. This is how to read it.
+However, in onyomi,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, in onyomi,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+However, in onyomi,
+for example, week,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, week,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, week,
+recruit, this is torue. We are recruiting new teachers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recruit, this is torue. We are recruiting new teachers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then, concentrate, this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then, concentrate, this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then, concentrate, this is to
+concerteparticle. Please be careful. I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerteparticle. Please be careful. I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerteparticle. Please be careful. I am
+concentrating on this work. I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating on this work. I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating on this work. I am
+concentrating on my studies. We use "ni". Then,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating on my studies. We use "ni". Then,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrating on my studies. We use "ni". Then,
+edit, this is toedit. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edit, this is toedit. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please edit this paper. Then, this is noun. Collective,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please edit this paper. Then, this is noun. Collective,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please edit this paper. Then, this is noun. Collective,
+which means a group. It is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means a group. It is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means a group. It is a
+word often used during pandemics, such as mass infection, outbreak,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word often used during pandemics, such as mass infection, outbreak,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word often used during pandemics, such as mass infection, outbreak,
+group infection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group infection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group infection.
+Infection is impact, invection, and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infection is impact, invection, and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+used as outbreak. Then, in kunyomi, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as outbreak. Then, in kunyomi, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the pair intransive, transive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pair intransive, transive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the pair intransive, transive.
+Intern, this is gather, something, gather.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intern, this is gather, something, gather.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Intern, this is gather, something, gather.
+For example, students have gathered. Then,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, students have gathered. Then,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, students have gathered. Then,
+TRANS,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example, collect data. It can be used like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, collect data. It can be used like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, collect data. It can be used like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+OK, now, the last kanji of lesson 3. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OK, now, the last kanji of lesson 3. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OK, now, the last kanji of lesson 3. This
+kanji, the meaning is totakea,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji, the meaning is totakea,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kanji, the meaning is totakea,
+persarve, cloudify.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persarve, cloudify.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persarve, cloudify.
+うtain has this meaning, and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+うtain has this meaning, and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+うtain has this meaning, and this
+part is this, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is this, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part is this, right?
+This means horn. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means horn. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means horn. Then
+this part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part is the
+cow card, right? And this part is coming from the Shape of the nife, a home from a BIG card,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cow card, right? And this part is coming from the Shape of the nife, a home from a BIG card,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it means take apart resort. As for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it means take apart resort. As for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reading, in the on-reading,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, in the on-reading,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, in the on-reading,
+most are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most are
+shell. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell. For example,
+solve, this is tosome, or solve the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve, this is tosome, or solve the problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve, this is tosome, or solve the problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Then understand, this is good, to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then understand, this is good, to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then understand, this is good, to
+understand, I understand this problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand, I understand this problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand, I understand this problem.
+Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then
+misunderstand, this was Tommy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstand, this was Tommy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstand, this was Tommy.
+Understand, this is togive, concert.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Understand, this is togive, concert.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Understand, this is togive, concert.
+And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the
+on-reading is konoge, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-reading is konoge, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on-reading is konoge, which is
+antipyretic, which is only used in these situations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antipyretic, which is only used in these situations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antipyretic, which is only used in these situations,
+resorb, and what do you call it? It's peace,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resorb, and what do you call it? It's peace,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resorb, and what do you call it? It's peace,
+but this is fever, so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is fever, so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is fever, so it's a
+medicine to reduce fever, so Medison 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine to reduce fever, so Medison 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medicine to reduce fever, so Medison 4
+means fever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means fever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means fever.
+Next is the kun-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next is the kun-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next is the kun-
+reading, which is to. For example, special zone, this is TO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, which is to. For example, special zone, this is TO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, which is to. For example, special zone, this is TO
+SOUL. Please solve this problem. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SOUL. Please solve this problem. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SOUL. Please solve this problem. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tomort, which has a transtable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomort, which has a transtable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomort, which has a transtable
+intransive pair.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intransive pair.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intransive pair.
+For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example,
+melt, this is transtive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt, this is transtive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt, this is transtive.
+Melt ice, and melt, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melt ice, and melt, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Melt ice, and melt, this is
+intranstive. Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intranstive. Be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intranstive. Be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+careful of the particles that melt the ice.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3v5Von-oNUg.txt b/3v5Von-oNUg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed5fdfb4aca1712352a9d0c3291e9dac2f33f53c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3v5Von-oNUg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15578 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right guys let's uh get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right guys let's uh get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right guys let's uh get
+started uh so today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh so today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh so today we're going to talk
+about called side Channel attacks which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about called side Channel attacks which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about called side Channel attacks which
+is a well a general class of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a well a general class of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a well a general class of problems
+that uh comes up in all kinds of systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh comes up in all kinds of systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh comes up in all kinds of systems
+um sort of broadly side Channel attacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of broadly side Channel attacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sort of broadly side Channel attacks
+are situations where you haven't thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are situations where you haven't thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are situations where you haven't thought
+about some information that your system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some information that your system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some information that your system
+might be revealing so typically you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be revealing so typically you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be revealing so typically you have
+you know multiple components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know multiple components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know multiple components
+communicating maybe a user talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating maybe a user talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating maybe a user talking to
+some server and you're thinking great I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some server and you're thinking great I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some server and you're thinking great I
+know exactly all the bids going over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly all the bids going over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly all the bids going over
+some wire between the user and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wire between the user and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some wire between the user and the
+server and those are secure but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and those are secure but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and those are secure but it's
+often easy to miss some information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often easy to miss some information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often easy to miss some information
+information revealed either by the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information revealed either by the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information revealed either by the user
+or by the server so the example that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by the server so the example that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or by the server so the example that the
+paper for today talks about is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper for today talks about is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper for today talks about is a
+situation where the timing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the timing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where the timing of the
+messages between the user and the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages between the user and the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages between the user and the server
+reveals some additional information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals some additional information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveals some additional information that
+you wouldn't have otherwise learn by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have otherwise learn by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wouldn't have otherwise learn by
+just observing the bits flowing between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just observing the bits flowing between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just observing the bits flowing between
+these two guys but in fact there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys but in fact there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys but in fact there's sort
+of a much broader class of site channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a much broader class of site channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a much broader class of site channels
+you might worry about originally side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might worry about originally side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might worry about originally side
+channels showed up or sort of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels showed up or sort of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels showed up or sort of people
+discovered them in the 40s when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered them in the 40s when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered them in the 40s when they
+discovered that when you started typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that when you started typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that when you started typing
+characters on a teletype the electronics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters on a teletype the electronics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters on a teletype the electronics
+or the electrical Machinery in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the electrical Machinery in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the electrical Machinery in the
+teletype would emit RF radiation and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teletype would emit RF radiation and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teletype would emit RF radiation and you
+could sort of hook up an oscilloscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of hook up an oscilloscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could sort of hook up an oscilloscope
+nearby and just watch the characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby and just watch the characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearby and just watch the characters
+being typed out by sort of monitoring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being typed out by sort of monitoring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being typed out by sort of monitoring
+the frequency uh RF frequency sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency uh RF frequency sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency uh RF frequency sort of
+going out of this machine right so RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of this machine right so RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of this machine right so RF
+radiation is a sort of classic example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is a sort of classic example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation is a sort of classic example
+of a side channel that you might worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a side channel that you might worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a side channel that you might worry
+about um and there's sort of lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um and there's sort of lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um and there's sort of lots of
+examples lots of other examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples lots of other examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples lots of other examples that
+people have looked at sort of almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have looked at sort of almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have looked at sort of almost
+anything right so power usage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right so power usage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything right so power usage is
+another uh kind of side Channel you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh kind of side Channel you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh kind of side Channel you
+might worry about so your computer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might worry about so your computer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might worry about so your computer is
+probably going to use different amounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to use different amounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going to use different amounts
+of power depending on what exactly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power depending on what exactly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of power depending on what exactly it's
+Computing uh and there's been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing uh and there's been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing uh and there's been sort of
+other clever examples so sound turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other clever examples so sound turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other clever examples so sound turns out
+to also leak stuff uh there's a a cute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also leak stuff uh there's a a cute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to also leak stuff uh there's a a cute
+paper that you can look at that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you can look at that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper that you can look at that people
+sort of listen to a printer and based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of listen to a printer and based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of listen to a printer and based on
+the sounds the printer is making you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds the printer is making you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sounds the printer is making you can
+sort of tell what characters it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tell what characters it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of tell what characters it's
+printing uh this is especially to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing uh this is especially to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printing uh this is especially to do for
+dot matrix printers that make this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot matrix printers that make this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot matrix printers that make this very
+annoying sound when they're printing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying sound when they're printing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying sound when they're printing um
+and uh sort of in general it's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh sort of in general it's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh sort of in general it's a sort of
+good thing to think about uh Kevin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to think about uh Kevin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing to think about uh Kevin and
+on Monday's lecture also mentioned uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Monday's lecture also mentioned uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Monday's lecture also mentioned uh
+some interesting side channels that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting side channels that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting side channels that he's
+run into in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into in his
+research but uh in particular um here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but uh in particular um here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research but uh in particular um here
+we're going to look at the specific side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the specific side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at the specific side
+channel that David Brumley and Dan Bonet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel that David Brumley and Dan Bonet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel that David Brumley and Dan Bonet
+looked at in their paper I guess about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in their paper I guess about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in their paper I guess about
+10 years ago now where they're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago now where they're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago now where they're able to
+extract a cryptographic graphic key out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract a cryptographic graphic key out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract a cryptographic graphic key out
+of a web server running Apache by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a web server running Apache by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a web server running Apache by
+measuring the timing of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the timing of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the timing of different
+responses to different input packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to different input packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses to different input packets
+from the sort of an adversarial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sort of an adversarial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the sort of an adversarial
+client and in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and in this particular case
+they're sort of going after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of going after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're sort of going after a
+cryptographic key and in fact many side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic key and in fact many side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic key and in fact many side
+Channel TXS Target cryptographic Keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel TXS Target cryptographic Keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel TXS Target cryptographic Keys
+partly because it's a little bit tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it's a little bit tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because it's a little bit tricky
+to get lots of data through a side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get lots of data through a side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get lots of data through a side
+Channel and cryptographic keys are one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel and cryptographic keys are one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel and cryptographic keys are one
+situation where getting even a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where getting even a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where getting even a small
+number of bits helps you a lot so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bits helps you a lot so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of bits helps you a lot so in
+their attack they're able to extract you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their attack they're able to extract you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their attack they're able to extract you
+know maybe about 200 256 bits or so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe about 200 256 bits or so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe about 200 256 bits or so and
+just from those 200ish bits they're able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from those 200ish bits they're able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just from those 200ish bits they're able
+to break the cryptographic key of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break the cryptographic key of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break the cryptographic key of this
+web server whereas if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web server whereas if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web server whereas if you're trying to
+leak some database full of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak some database full of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak some database full of social
+security numbers then that'll be a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security numbers then that'll be a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security numbers then that'll be a lot
+of bits you have to leak to get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits you have to leak to get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of bits you have to leak to get a lot of
+data out of this uh database so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out of this uh database so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data out of this uh database so that's
+why many of these side channels if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why many of these side channels if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why many of these side channels if
+you'll sort of see them uh later on they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll sort of see them uh later on they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll sort of see them uh later on they
+often focus on getting uh small Secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often focus on getting uh small Secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often focus on getting uh small Secrets
+out might be cryptographic keys or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out might be cryptographic keys or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out might be cryptographic keys or
+passwords but in general this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords but in general this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords but in general this is
+applicable to lots of other situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to lots of other situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applicable to lots of other situations
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+well and one sort of cool thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and one sort of cool thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and one sort of cool thing about
+this paper before we sort of jump into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper before we sort of jump into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper before we sort of jump into
+the details is that they show that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details is that they show that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details is that they show that you
+can actually do this over the network so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do this over the network so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually do this over the network so
+as you probably figured out reading this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you probably figured out reading this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you probably figured out reading this
+paper they have to do a lot of careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they have to do a lot of careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper they have to do a lot of careful
+work to like tease out these minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to like tease out these minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work to like tease out these minute
+differences in timing information so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in timing information so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences in timing information so if
+you actually compute out the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually compute out the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually compute out the numbers
+from this paper it turns out that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this paper it turns out that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this paper it turns out that each
+request that they sent to the server uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request that they sent to the server uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request that they sent to the server uh
+differs from potentially another request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs from potentially another request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differs from potentially another request
+by on order of one to two microc seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by on order of one to two microc seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by on order of one to two microc seconds
+which is pretty tiny so um you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty tiny so um you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pretty tiny so um you have to
+sort of be quite careful and uh over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be quite careful and uh over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of be quite careful and uh over a
+network it might be hard to tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it might be hard to tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network it might be hard to tell whether
+uh some server took one or two micros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some server took one or two micros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some server took one or two micros
+seconds longer to process your request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds longer to process your request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds longer to process your request
+or not and as a result uh it was not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and as a result uh it was not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not and as a result uh it was not so
+clear for a while whether you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear for a while whether you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear for a while whether you could
+Mount this kind of an attack over a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mount this kind of an attack over a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mount this kind of an attack over a very
+noisy Network and these guys were one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy Network and these guys were one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noisy Network and these guys were one of
+the first people to show that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first people to show that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first people to show that you can
+actually do this over a real you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this over a real you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this over a real you know
+ethernet network with a server sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet network with a server sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethernet network with a server sitting
+in one place a client sitting somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place a client sitting somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one place a client sitting somewhere
+else and you could actually measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and you could actually measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and you could actually measure
+these differences partly by averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differences partly by averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these differences partly by averaging
+partly through other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly through other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly through other
+tricks all right does that make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks all right does that make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks all right does that make sense so
+overall side Channel stuff all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall side Channel stuff all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall side Channel stuff all right so
+the plan for the rest of this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan for the rest of this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan for the rest of this lecture is
+we'll first dive into the details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll first dive into the details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll first dive into the details of
+this RSA crypto system that these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RSA crypto system that these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this RSA crypto system that these guys
+used and we'll not look at exactly why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and we'll not look at exactly why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and we'll not look at exactly why
+it's secure or not but we'll look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's secure or not but we'll look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's secure or not but we'll look at how
+do you implement it because that turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you implement it because that turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you implement it because that turns
+out to be critical for exploiting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be critical for exploiting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be critical for exploiting uh
+this particular side Channel they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular side Channel they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular side Channel they
+carefully leverage various details of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully leverage various details of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully leverage various details of
+the implementation to figure out when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation to figure out when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation to figure out when
+are something's faster or slower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are something's faster or slower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are something's faster or slower and
+then we'll sort of pop back out once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll sort of pop back out once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll sort of pop back out once we
+understand how RSA is implemented then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how RSA is implemented then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how RSA is implemented then
+we'll come back and figure out how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and figure out how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and figure out how do
+you attack it how do you attack all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attack it how do you attack all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you attack it how do you attack all
+these different optimizations that RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different optimizations that RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different optimizations that RSA
+has sounds good all right so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sounds good all right so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has sounds good all right so I guess
+let's start out by looking at the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start out by looking at the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's start out by looking at the high
+level plan for RSA so RSA is a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level plan for RSA so RSA is a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level plan for RSA so RSA is a pretty
+widely used uh public key crypto system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used uh public key crypto system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widely used uh public key crypto system
+we sort of mentioned these guys a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of mentioned these guys a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of mentioned these guys a couple
+of weeks ago in general in certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks ago in general in certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks ago in general in certificates
+in the context of certificates uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of certificates uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of certificates uh but
+now we're going to look at actually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to look at actually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to look at actually how
+it works so typically there's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works so typically there's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works so typically there's three
+things you have to worry about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you have to worry about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you have to worry about so
+there's generating a key encrypting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's generating a key encrypting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's generating a key encrypting and
+decrypting so for RSA the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypting so for RSA the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypting so for RSA the way you
+generate a key is you actually pick two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a key is you actually pick two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a key is you actually pick two
+large Prime integers so you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Prime integers so you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large Prime integers so you're going to
+pick two primes p and Q and in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick two primes p and Q and in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick two primes p and Q and in the paper
+um these guys uh focus on P and Q which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these guys uh focus on P and Q which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these guys uh focus on P and Q which
+are about 512 bits each so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about 512 bits each so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are about 512 bits each so this is
+typically called 1024 bit RSA because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically called 1024 bit RSA because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically called 1024 bit RSA because
+the resulting product of these primes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting product of these primes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting product of these primes
+which we're going to use in a second is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to use in a second is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to use in a second is
+a thousand bit integer number these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand bit integer number these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand bit integer number these days
+it's probably not a particularly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not a particularly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not a particularly good
+choice for for the size of your RSA key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for for the size of your RSA key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice for for the size of your RSA key
+because it makes it relatively easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes it relatively easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it makes it relatively easy to
+for attackers to factor this uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for attackers to factor this uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for attackers to factor this uh not
+trivial but certainly viable so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial but certainly viable so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial but certainly viable so if you
+know 10 years ago this seemed like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 years ago this seemed like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 10 years ago this seemed like a
+potentially sensible parameter now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially sensible parameter now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially sensible parameter now if
+you're actually building a system you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually building a system you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually building a system you
+should probably pick a 2,000 or 3,000 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably pick a 2,000 or 3,000 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should probably pick a 2,000 or 3,000 or
+maybe even 4,000 bit RSA key but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even 4,000 bit RSA key but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even 4,000 bit RSA key but that's
+what sort of RSA you know key size means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of RSA you know key size means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what sort of RSA you know key size means
+is the size of these primes and then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of these primes and then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the size of these primes and then uh
+for convenience we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convenience we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for convenience we're going to talk
+about the number n which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number n which is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the number n which is just a
+product of these two primes P *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two primes P *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two primes P *
+Q all right so now we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q all right so now we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q all right so now we know how to
+generate a key now we need to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a key now we need to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a key now we need to figure out
+well this is at least part of a key uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is at least part of a key uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is at least part of a key uh
+now we're going to have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to have to figure out
+how we're going to encrypt and decrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to encrypt and decrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to encrypt and decrypt
+messages and the way we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and the way we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and the way we're going to
+encrypt and decrypt messages is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt and decrypt messages is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt and decrypt messages is by
+exponentiating numbers modul this number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating numbers modul this number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating numbers modul this number
+n so it seems a little weird but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so it seems a little weird but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so it seems a little weird but let's
+sort of go with it for a second so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go with it for a second so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of go with it for a second so if
+you want to encrypt a message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to encrypt a message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to encrypt a message
+then we're going to take a message M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to take a message M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to take a message M and
+transform it into m to the power e mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n so e is going to be some exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so e is going to be some exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n so e is going to be some exponent
+we'll talk about how to choose it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how to choose it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about how to choose it in a
+second but this is how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but this is how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but this is how we're going to
+encrypt a message we'll just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt a message we'll just take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt a message we'll just take this
+message as an integer number and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message as an integer number and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message as an integer number and just
+exponentiate it and then we'll see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate it and then we'll see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate it and then we'll see why
+this works in a second but uh let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works in a second but uh let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works in a second but uh let's call
+this guy C Cipher TCH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy C Cipher TCH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy C Cipher TCH
+then to decrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to decrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then to decrypt
+it we're going to somehow find a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to somehow find a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're going to somehow find a a
+interesting other exponent where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting other exponent where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting other exponent where you can
+take a cipher Tex C and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a cipher Tex C and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a cipher Tex C and if you
+exponentiate it to some power D mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate it to some power D mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiate it to some power D mod
+n then you'll magically get back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then you'll magically get back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n then you'll magically get back the
+same message M so this is the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same message M so this is the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same message M so this is the general
+plan you to encrypt you exponentiate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you to encrypt you exponentiate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan you to encrypt you exponentiate to
+decrypt You exponentiate by another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt You exponentiate by another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt You exponentiate by another
+exponent and in general it seems a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and in general it seems a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and in general it seems a
+little hard to figure out how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to figure out how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little hard to figure out how we're
+going to come up with these two magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up with these two magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come up with these two magic
+numbers that somehow end up giving us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that somehow end up giving us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that somehow end up giving us
+back the same message but it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the same message but it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back the same message but it turns out
+that if you look at uh sort of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at uh sort of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at uh sort of how
+exponentiation works or multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation works or multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation works or multiplication
+Works modular this number n then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works modular this number n then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Works modular this number n then there's
+this cool property that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool property that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cool property that if you
+um have any number X and you raise it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have any number X and you raise it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um have any number X and you raise it to
+What's called the earlier Fe function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the earlier Fe function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's called the earlier Fe function of
+n sorry well maybe I'll use more board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sorry well maybe I'll use more board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sorry well maybe I'll use more board
+space for this this seems actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for this this seems actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space for this this seems actually
+important uh so if you take X and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh so if you take X and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh so if you take X and you
+raise it to five of n then this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it to five of n then this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise it to five of n then this is going
+to be equal to 1 mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to 1 mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to 1 mod
+n and this F function for our particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this F function for our particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and this F function for our particular
+choice of n is pretty straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of n is pretty straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of n is pretty straightforward
+it's actually P minus1 * Q minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually P minus1 * Q minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually P minus1 * Q minus one
+so this sort of gives us hope that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of gives us hope that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this sort of gives us hope that maybe
+if we pick e d so that e * D is 5 n + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pick e d so that e * D is 5 n + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we pick e d so that e * D is 5 n + 1
+then we're in good shape because then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're in good shape because then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're in good shape because then
+any message M we exponentiate it to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any message M we exponentiate it to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any message M we exponentiate it to e
+and D we get back 1 time M because our e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D we get back 1 time M because our e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D we get back 1 time M because our e
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+product is going to be roughly 5n + 1 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is going to be roughly 5n + 1 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is going to be roughly 5n + 1 or
+maybe some constant you know Alpha * 5n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some constant you know Alpha * 5n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some constant you know Alpha * 5n
++ 1 so this roughly Mak sense this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 so this roughly Mak sense this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 so this roughly Mak sense this is
+sort of why the message is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of why the message is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of why the message is going to get
+decrypted correctly and turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypted correctly and turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypted correctly and turns out that
+there's a reasonably straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reasonably straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a reasonably straightforward
+algorithm if you know this five value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm if you know this five value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm if you know this five value
+for how to compute D given an e or E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to compute D given an e or E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how to compute D given an e or E
+given a d all right question is one mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a d all right question is one mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a d all right question is one mod
+n just one yeah so that's why we add one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n just one yeah so that's why we add one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n just one yeah so that's why we add one
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+sorry like up over there yeah this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry like up over there yeah this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry like up over there yeah this one
+yeah yeah isn't one what n just one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah isn't one what n just one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah isn't one what n just one yeah
+sorry I mean this so when I I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I mean this so when I I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I mean this so when I I say this
+mod n it means that both sides taken mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod n it means that both sides taken mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod n it means that both sides taken mod
+n are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n are
+equal so what this means is like if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so what this means is like if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal so what this means is like if if
+you want to think of mod as literally an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think of mod as literally an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to think of mod as literally an
+operator you would write okay this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you would write okay this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator you would write okay this guy
+mod n equals one mod n so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod n equals one mod n so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod n equals one mod n so that's what
+sort of mod n on the side means like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mod n on the side means like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of mod n on the side means like the
+whole equality is mod n yeah sorry for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole equality is mod n yeah sorry for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole equality is mod n yeah sorry for
+the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation
+yeah make sense all right so what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah make sense all right so what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah make sense all right so what this
+basically means for RSA is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means for RSA is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means for RSA is that we're
+going to uh pick some value e so e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh pick some value e so e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh pick some value e so e is
+going to be our encryption value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our encryption value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our encryption value and
+then from E we're going to generate D to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from E we're going to generate D to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from E we're going to generate D to
+be basically uh 1 over e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basically uh 1 over e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be basically uh 1 over e
+mod 5 ofan and there are some you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 5 ofan and there are some you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 5 ofan and there are some you know
+ukan algorithm you can use to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukan algorithm you can use to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ukan algorithm you can use to do this
+computation efficiently but in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation efficiently but in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation efficiently but in order to
+do this you actually have to know this F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you actually have to know this F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you actually have to know this F
+of n which requires knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n which requires knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n which requires knowing the
+factorization of our number n into p and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of our number n into p and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of our number n into p and
+Q all right so finally so so RSA ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q all right so finally so so RSA ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q all right so finally so so RSA ends up
+being um sort of a system where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um sort of a system where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um sort of a system where the
+public key is this number n and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key is this number n and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key is this number n and this
+encryption exponent e so n and E are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption exponent e so n and E are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption exponent e so n and E are
+public and D should be private so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and D should be private so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and D should be private so then
+anyone can exponentiate a message to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can exponentiate a message to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone can exponentiate a message to
+encrypt it for you but only you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt it for you but only you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt it for you but only you know
+this value D and therefore can decrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value D and therefore can decrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value D and therefore can decrypt
+messages and as long as you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and as long as you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages and as long as you don't know
+this factorization of p and Q or of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factorization of p and Q or of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this factorization of p and Q or of n
+into p and Q then you don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into p and Q then you don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into p and Q then you don't know what
+this five value is and as a result it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this five value is and as a result it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this five value is and as a result it's
+actually kind of difficult to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of difficult to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of difficult to compute
+this D value so this is roughly what RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this D value so this is roughly what RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this D value so this is roughly what RSA
+is at a of high level this roughly make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at a of high level this roughly make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at a of high level this roughly make
+sense all right so there's two things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so there's two things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right so there's two things I
+want to talk about now that we at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about now that we at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to talk about now that we at least
+have the basic notation for RSA um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the basic notation for RSA um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the basic notation for RSA um
+there's sort of tricks to use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of tricks to use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of tricks to use it
+correctly and sort of pitfalls and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and sort of pitfalls and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly and sort of pitfalls and how
+to use RSA and then there's all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use RSA and then there's all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use RSA and then there's all kinds of
+implementation tricks tricks of how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation tricks tricks of how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation tricks tricks of how do
+you actually Implement uh sort of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually Implement uh sort of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually Implement uh sort of code
+to do these exponentiations and do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do these exponentiations and do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do these exponentiations and do it
+efficiently and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently and it's actually
+non-trivial because these are all large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial because these are all large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial because these are all large
+numbers these are you know thousand bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these are you know thousand bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers these are you know thousand bit
+integers that you can just do a multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that you can just do a multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers that you can just do a multiply
+instruction for uh it's probably going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction for uh it's probably going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction for uh it's probably going
+to take in CPU a fair amount of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take in CPU a fair amount of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take in CPU a fair amount of time to
+do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do these
+operations all right so the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations all right so the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations all right so the first thing
+I want to mention is uh sort of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to mention is uh sort of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to mention is uh sort of various
+RSA uh pitfalls one of them we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA uh pitfalls one of them we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA uh pitfalls one of them we're
+actually going to rely on in a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to rely on in a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to rely on in a little
+bit um so one property uh is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplicative so what I mean by this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative so what I mean by this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative so what I mean by this is
+that suppose we have two messages you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose we have two messages you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that suppose we have two messages you
+know suppose we have m0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose we have m0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know suppose we have m0 and
+M1 and suppose I encrypt these guys so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 and suppose I encrypt these guys so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 and suppose I encrypt these guys so I
+encrypt m0 I'm going to get m0 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt m0 I'm going to get m0 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt m0 I'm going to get m0 to the
+power e mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power e mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power e mod
+n and if I encrypt M1 then I get M1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if I encrypt M1 then I get M1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and if I encrypt M1 then I get M1 to
+the E mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the E mod
+n the problem is that or you know not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the problem is that or you know not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the problem is that or you know not
+necessarily a problem but could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a problem but could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily a problem but could be a
+surprise to someone using RSA it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to someone using RSA it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise to someone using RSA it's very
+easy to generate an encryption of m0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to generate an encryption of m0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to generate an encryption of m0 *
+M1 because you just multiply these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 because you just multiply these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 because you just multiply these two
+numbers so if you multiply these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so if you multiply these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so if you multiply these guys
+out you're going to get m0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you're going to get m0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out you're going to get m0
+M1 to the E mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 to the E mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 to the E mod
+n this is a correct encryption under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is a correct encryption under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n this is a correct encryption under
+this simplistic use of RSA for the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simplistic use of RSA for the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simplistic use of RSA for the value
+m0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m0 *
+M1 I mean at this point it's not a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 I mean at this point it's not a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M1 I mean at this point it's not a huge
+problem because you aren't able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you aren't able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because you aren't able to
+decrypt it you're just able to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt it you're just able to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt it you're just able to construct
+this encrypted message but it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this encrypted message but it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this encrypted message but it might be
+that the overall system you maybe allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overall system you maybe allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the overall system you maybe allows
+you to decrypt certain messages and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to decrypt certain messages and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to decrypt certain messages and if
+it allows you to decrypt this message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to decrypt this message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to decrypt this message
+that you construct yourself maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you construct yourself maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you construct yourself maybe you
+can now go back and figure out what were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now go back and figure out what were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now go back and figure out what were
+these messages so it's maybe not a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these messages so it's maybe not a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these messages so it's maybe not a great
+plan to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to sort
+of be ignorant of this fact so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be ignorant of this fact so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of be ignorant of this fact so this
+could has certainly come back to bite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could has certainly come back to bite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could has certainly come back to bite a
+number of protocols that use RSA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of protocols that use RSA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of protocols that use RSA so
+that's one property we'll actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one property we'll actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one property we'll actually use
+it as a defensive mechanism in a towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a defensive mechanism in a towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a defensive mechanism in a towards
+the end of the lecture another property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the lecture another property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the lecture another property
+of RSA that you probably want to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RSA that you probably want to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of RSA that you probably want to watch
+out for uh is the fact that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deterministic so in this naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic so in this naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deterministic so in this naive
+implementation that I described for here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation that I described for here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation that I described for here
+if you take a message M and you encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a message M and you encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take a message M and you encrypt
+it you're going to get m to the E mod n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're going to get m to the E mod n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you're going to get m to the E mod n
+which is the deterministic function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the deterministic function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the deterministic function of
+the message so if you encrypt it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message so if you encrypt it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message so if you encrypt it again
+you'll get exactly the same encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get exactly the same encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get exactly the same encryption
+this is not surprising but it might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not surprising but it might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not surprising but it might not
+be a desirable property because if I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a desirable property because if I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a desirable property because if I see
+you send some message encrypted with RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send some message encrypted with RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send some message encrypted with RSA
+and I want to know what it is it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know what it is it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I want to know what it is it might
+be hard for me to decrypt it but I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard for me to decrypt it but I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be hard for me to decrypt it but I could
+try different things and I can see well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try different things and I can see well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try different things and I can see well
+are you sending this message I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you sending this message I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you sending this message I'll
+encrypt it and let see if you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt it and let see if you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt it and let see if you get the
+same Cipher text and if so I'll know oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Cipher text and if so I'll know oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same Cipher text and if so I'll know oh
+yeah that's what you encrypted because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what you encrypted because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's what you encrypted because
+all I need to encrypt a message is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to encrypt a message is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I need to encrypt a message is the
+publicly known public key which is n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly known public key which is n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly known public key which is n and
+the number e so that's not so great uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number e so that's not so great uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number e so that's not so great uh
+and you might want to watch out for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might want to watch out for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you might want to watch out for this
+property if you're actually using RSA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if you're actually using RSA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property if you're actually using RSA so
+all these sort of Primitives are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these sort of Primitives are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these sort of Primitives are
+probably a little bit hard to use uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a little bit hard to use uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a little bit hard to use uh
+directly what people do in practice uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly what people do in practice uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly what people do in practice uh
+in order to avoid these problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to avoid these problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to avoid these problems with
+RSA is they encode the message in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA is they encode the message in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA is they encode the message in a
+certain way before encrypting it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way before encrypting it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way before encrypting it so
+instead of directly exponentiating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of directly exponentiating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of directly exponentiating a
+message they actually take some function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message they actually take some function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message they actually take some function
+of a message and then they encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a message and then they encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a message and then they encrypt
+that mod n and this function f uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mod n and this function f uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mod n and this function f uh the
+sort of right one to use these days is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of right one to use these days is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of right one to use these days is
+probably something called optimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something called optimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something called optimal
+asymmetric encryption padding O A you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric encryption padding O A you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric encryption padding O A you
+can sort of look it up but it's um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of look it up but it's um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of look it up but it's um some
+encoding that has two interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding that has two interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding that has two interesting
+properties first of all it injects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties first of all it injects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties first of all it injects
+Randomness so you can sort of think of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so you can sort of think of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Randomness so you can sort of think of f
+ofm as generating a 1,000 bit message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofm as generating a 1,000 bit message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofm as generating a 1,000 bit message
+that you're going to encrypt part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to encrypt part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to encrypt part of
+this message is going to be your message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message is going to be your message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message is going to be your message
+m in the middle here so that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m in the middle here so that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m in the middle here so that you can get
+it back when you decrypt of course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back when you decrypt of course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back when you decrypt of course but
+there's two interesting things you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two interesting things you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two interesting things you want
+to do you want to put in some Randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you want to put in some Randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do you want to put in some Randomness
+here some value R so that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some value R so that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here some value R so that when you
+encrypt the message multiple times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the message multiple times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt the message multiple times
+you'll get different results out each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get different results out each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get different results out each
+time so then it's not deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so then it's not deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so then it's not deterministic
+anymore and in order to defeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and in order to defeat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and in order to defeat this
+multiplicative property and other kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative property and other kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative property and other kinds
+of problems you're going to put in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems you're going to put in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems you're going to put in some
+fixed padding here you can sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed padding here you can sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed padding here you can sort of think
+of this as maybe an alternating sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as maybe an alternating sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as maybe an alternating sequence
+of one 0 one 0 one 0 you can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one 0 one 0 one 0 you can do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one 0 one 0 one 0 you can do better
+things but it's some predictable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it's some predictable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but it's some predictable
+sequence that you put in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that you put in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence that you put in here and
+whenever you decrypt you make sure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you decrypt you make sure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you decrypt you make sure the
+sequence is still there if you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is still there if you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is still there if you did
+multiplication then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication then it's going to
+destroy this bit pattern and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy this bit pattern and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroy this bit pattern and then you
+should declare that oh someone tampered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should declare that oh someone tampered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should declare that oh someone tampered
+with my message and reject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my message and reject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my message and reject
+it and if it's still there then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if it's still there then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and if it's still there then
+presumably sometimes provably no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably sometimes provably no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably sometimes provably no one
+tampered with your message and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with your message and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with your message and as a
+result you you should be able to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you you should be able to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result you you should be able to accept
+it and treat message as being correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and treat message as being correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and treat message as being correctly
+encrypted by someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted by someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted by someone
+make sense yeah the attacker knows how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense yeah the attacker knows how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense yeah the attacker knows how
+big the p is can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the p is can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big the p is can't
+they can't they put a one in the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they put a one in the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't they put a one in the lowest
+place and then a bunch of zeros so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and then a bunch of zeros so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and then a bunch of zeros so that
+youate the pad under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youate the pad under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+youate the pad under
+multiplication yeah maybe it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication yeah maybe it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication yeah maybe it's a little
+bit tricky because this Randomness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit tricky because this Randomness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit tricky because this Randomness is
+going to bleed over so the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bleed over so the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bleed over so the particular
+construction of this OE is a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of this OE is a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction of this OE is a little bit
+more sophisticated than this uh but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated than this uh but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated than this uh but if
+you imagine uh this is like integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine uh this is like integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine uh this is like integer
+multiplication not sort of bitwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication not sort of bitwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication not sort of bitwise
+multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and
+uh so you know this Randomness is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know this Randomness is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you know this Randomness is going
+to bleed over somewhere and it's uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bleed over somewhere and it's uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to bleed over somewhere and it's uh you
+can construct an O scheme such that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct an O scheme such that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct an O scheme such that this
+doesn't uh happen this is a somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't uh happen this is a somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't uh happen this is a somewhat
+simplified version make sense all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version make sense all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version make sense all right
+so it turns out basically you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out basically you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out basically you shouldn't
+really use this RSA math directly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use this RSA math directly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really use this RSA math directly you
+should use some library in practice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use some library in practice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use some library in practice that
+implements all this things correctly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements all this things correctly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements all this things correctly for
+you and use it just as an encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and use it just as an encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and use it just as an encrypt
+decrypt primitive but turns out these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt primitive but turns out these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt primitive but turns out these
+details will come in and matter for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details will come in and matter for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details will come in and matter for us
+because we're actually trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're actually trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're actually trying to figure
+out how how to break or how to attack an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how how to break or how to attack an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how how to break or how to attack an
+existing RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing RSA
+implementation so in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation so in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation so in particular the
+attack from this paper is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack from this paper is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack from this paper is going to
+exploit the fact that the server is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit the fact that the server is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit the fact that the server is
+going to check for this padding when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check for this padding when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to check for this padding when
+they get a message so this is how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a message so this is how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get a message so this is how we're
+going to time the how long it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to time the how long it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to time the how long it takes a
+server to decrypt we're going to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server to decrypt we're going to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server to decrypt we're going to send
+some random message or some carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random message or some carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some random message or some carefully
+constructed message but the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed message but the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed message but the message
+wasn't constructed by taking a real M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't constructed by taking a real M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't constructed by taking a real M
+and encrypting it we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encrypting it we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encrypting it we're going to
+construct a careful Cipher text integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a careful Cipher text integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a careful Cipher text integer
+value and the server is going to decrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the server is going to decrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and the server is going to decrypt
+it it's going to decrypt to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's going to decrypt to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's going to decrypt to some
+nonsense and the padding is going to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense and the padding is going to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense and the padding is going to not
+match with a very high probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with a very high probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match with a very high probability and
+immediately the server is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately the server is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately the server is going to
+reject it and the reason this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it and the reason this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reject it and the reason this is going
+to be good for us is because it'll tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be good for us is because it'll tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be good for us is because it'll tell
+us exactly how long it took the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us exactly how long it took the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us exactly how long it took the server
+to get to this point to just do the RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to this point to just do the RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to this point to just do the RSA
+decryption get this message check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption get this message check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption get this message check the
+padding and reject it so that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding and reject it so that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+padding and reject it so that's what
+we're going to be measuring in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be measuring in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be measuring in this
+attack from the paper that make sense so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack from the paper that make sense so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack from the paper that make sense so
+there's some Integrity component to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Integrity component to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some Integrity component to the
+message that allows us to to time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that allows us to to time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that allows us to to time the
+decryption leading up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption leading up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption leading up to
+it all right so now let's talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so now let's talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all right so now let's talk about how
+do you actually Implement RSA so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually Implement RSA so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you actually Implement RSA so the
+core of it is really this exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of it is really this exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of it is really this exponentiation
+which is not exactly trivial to do as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not exactly trivial to do as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is not exactly trivial to do as I
+was mentioning earlier because all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mentioning earlier because all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was mentioning earlier because all these
+numbers are very large integers so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are very large integers so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are very large integers so the
+message itself is going to be a at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message itself is going to be a at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message itself is going to be a at least
+in this paper a thousand bit integer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper a thousand bit integer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this paper a thousand bit integer and
+the exponent itself is also going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent itself is also going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent itself is also going to be
+pretty large the encryption exponent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large the encryption exponent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty large the encryption exponent is
+at least well known but the decryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least well known but the decryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least well known but the decryption
+exponent better be also a large integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent better be also a large integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent better be also a large integer
+also on the order of a thand bits so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the order of a thand bits so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the order of a thand bits so if
+you have a thousand bit integer you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a thousand bit integer you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a thousand bit integer you want
+to exponentiate it to another thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exponentiate it to another thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to exponentiate it to another thousand
+bit integer power modulo some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit integer power modulo some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit integer power modulo some other
+thousand bit integer n that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand bit integer n that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand bit integer n that's going to
+be a little messy uh if you just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little messy uh if you just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little messy uh if you just do the
+naive thing so almost everyone has lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive thing so almost everyone has lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive thing so almost everyone has lots
+of optimizations in their RSA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optimizations in their RSA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of optimizations in their RSA
+implementations to make this go a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations to make this go a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations to make this go a little
+bit faster and there's sort of four four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit faster and there's sort of four four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit faster and there's sort of four four
+optimizations that matter for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations that matter for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations that matter for the
+purpose of this attack there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this attack there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of this attack there's actually
+more tricks that you could play but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricks that you could play but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tricks that you could play but the
+most important ones are these so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important ones are these so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important ones are these so first
+there's something called the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's something called the Chinese
+remainder theorem or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder theorem or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder theorem or
+CRT and just remind you from like grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRT and just remind you from like grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRT and just remind you from like grade
+school or something high school maybe uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school or something high school maybe uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school or something high school maybe uh
+What uh this remainder theorem says um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What uh this remainder theorem says um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What uh this remainder theorem says um
+it actually says that if you have um two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually says that if you have um two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually says that if you have um two
+numbers and um so if you have some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and um so if you have some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and um so if you have some value
+X and you know that X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you know that X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you know that X is equal to
+A1 mod P and you know that X is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 mod P and you know that X is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 mod P and you know that X is equal to
+A2 Q mod Q where p and Q are prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 Q mod Q where p and Q are prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 Q mod Q where p and Q are prime
+numbers and this is you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and this is you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and this is you know this
+modular equality applied to the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular equality applied to the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular equality applied to the whole
+equation then it turns out that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then it turns out that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation then it turns out that there's
+a unique solution to this mod PQ so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique solution to this mod PQ so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a unique solution to this mod PQ so
+there are some you know x equals to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some you know x equals to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some you know x equals to some
+X Prime mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PQ and in fact there's a unique such X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ and in fact there's a unique such X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ and in fact there's a unique such X
+Prime and it's actually very efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and it's actually very efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and it's actually very efficient
+to compute so the P remainder theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute so the P remainder theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute so the P remainder theorem
+sort of also comes with an algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of also comes with an algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of also comes with an algorithm for
+how do you compute this unique X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you compute this unique X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you compute this unique X Prime
+that's equal to X Mod PQ given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to X Mod PQ given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to X Mod PQ given the
+values A1 and A2 mod P and Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values A1 and A2 mod P and Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values A1 and A2 mod P and Q
+respectively that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively that make sense
+roughly okay so how could you use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly okay so how could you use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly okay so how could you use this
+Chinese remainder theorem to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem to speed up
+modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular
+exponentiation so the way this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation so the way this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation so the way this is going
+to help us is that if you notice all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us is that if you notice all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us is that if you notice all the
+time we're doing this computation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're doing this computation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we're doing this computation of
+some ofu mod n which is p * q and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ofu mod n which is p * q and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ofu mod n which is p * q and the
+Chinese remainder theorem says that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem says that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem says that well
+if you want the value of something mod P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the value of something mod P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want the value of something mod P
+* Q it suffices to compute the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Q it suffices to compute the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Q it suffices to compute the value of
+that thing mod P and the value of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing mod P and the value of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that thing mod P and the value of that
+thing mod q and then use the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing mod q and then use the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing mod q and then use the Chinese
+remainder theorem to figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder theorem to figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder theorem to figure out the
+unique solution to what this thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution to what this thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique solution to what this thing is
+mod mod P *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod mod P *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod mod P *
+Q all right why is this faster seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q all right why is this faster seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q all right why is this faster seems
+like you're basically doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're basically doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you're basically doing the same
+thing twice and then some more work Rec
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice and then some more work Rec
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing twice and then some more work Rec
+combine it is this Gonna Save anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine it is this Gonna Save anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine it is this Gonna Save anything
+yeah if T Q are small enough to F inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if T Q are small enough to F inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if T Q are small enough to F inside
+machine size well they're certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine size well they're certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine size well they're certainly
+smaller they're not that small right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller they're not that small right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller they're not that small right so
+P so N is a th000 bits p and Q are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so N is a th000 bits p and Q are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so N is a th000 bits p and Q are both
+500 bits so they're not quite to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 bits so they're not quite to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 bits so they're not quite to the
+machine word size yet but it is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine word size yet but it is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine word size yet but it is going to
+help us because most of the stuff we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us because most of the stuff we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help us because most of the stuff we're
+doing in in this computation is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in in this computation is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in in this computation is all
+these multiplications and roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these multiplications and roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these multiplications and roughly
+multiplication is quadratic in the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is quadratic in the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is quadratic in the size
+of the thing you're multiplying because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing you're multiplying because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the thing you're multiplying because
+because like you know the sort of grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like you know the sort of grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because like you know the sort of grade
+school method of multiplication you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school method of multiplication you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school method of multiplication you take
+all the digits and you multiply by all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the digits and you multiply by all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the digits and you multiply by all
+the other digits in the number and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other digits in the number and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other digits in the number and as a
+result doing uh exponentiation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result doing uh exponentiation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result doing uh exponentiation and
+multiplication is roughly quadratic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is roughly quadratic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is roughly quadratic in
+the input size so if we shrink the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input size so if we shrink the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input size so if we shrink the value
+of P well we basically go from 1,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P well we basically go from 1,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P well we basically go from 1,000
+bits to 512 bits we've reduced the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to 512 bits we've reduced the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to 512 bits we've reduced the size
+of our input by two so this means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our input by two so this means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our input by two so this means that
+all this multiplication exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this multiplication exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this multiplication exponentiation
+is going to be roughly four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be roughly four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be roughly four times
+cheaper so even though we do it twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper so even though we do it twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaper so even though we do it twice
+each time is four times faster so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time is four times faster so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each time is four times faster so
+overall the CRT optimization is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the CRT optimization is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall the CRT optimization is going to
+give us basically a 2X performance boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us basically a 2X performance boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us basically a 2X performance boost
+for doing any RSA operations both on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing any RSA operations both on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for doing any RSA operations both on the
+encryption and decryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption and decryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption and decryption
+side that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side that make sense
+roughly all right so that's the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly all right so that's the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly all right so that's the sort of
+first optimization that uh most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first optimization that uh most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first optimization that uh most people
+use um the second thing that um most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um the second thing that um most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use um the second thing that um most
+implementations do is a technique called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations do is a technique called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementations do is a technique called
+sliding windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll sort of look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll sort of look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll sort of look at this
+optimization two steps so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization two steps so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization two steps so this
+optimization is going to be concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization is going to be concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization is going to be concerned
+with what basic operations are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what basic operations are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with what basic operations are going to
+perform to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform to do this
+exponentiation so suppose you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation so suppose you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation so suppose you have some
+Cipher Tex C that's now 500 bits because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cipher Tex C that's now 500 bits because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cipher Tex C that's now 500 bits because
+you've we're now doing mod P or mod Q so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've we're now doing mod P or mod Q so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've we're now doing mod P or mod Q so
+we have that 500 bit C and similarly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that 500 bit C and similarly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that 500 bit C and similarly you
+know roughly a 500 bit d as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know roughly a 500 bit d as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know roughly a 500 bit d as
+well so how do we raise C to the power D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so how do we raise C to the power D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so how do we raise C to the power D
+I guess the completely stupid way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the completely stupid way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess the completely stupid way to do
+it is to take C and keep multiplying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to take C and keep multiplying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to take C and keep multiplying it
+D times but D is very big it's two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D times but D is very big it's two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D times but D is very big it's two to
+the 500 so that's never going to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 500 so that's never going to finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 500 so that's never going to finish
+so a more amenable or more performant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a more amenable or more performant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a more amenable or more performant
+plan is to do what's called repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is to do what's called repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is to do what's called repeated
+squaring so that's sort of the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring so that's sort of the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring so that's sort of the step
+before sliding windows so this technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before sliding windows so this technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before sliding windows so this technique
+called repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called repeated
+squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kind of looks like this so if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looks like this so if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of looks like this so if you want
+to compute c um to you know the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute c um to you know the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute c um to you know the power
+two uh X then you could actually compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh X then you could actually compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two uh X then you could actually compute
+C to the X and then Square it so in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to the X and then Square it so in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to the X and then Square it so in our
+naive plan Computing C to the 2x would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive plan Computing C to the 2x would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive plan Computing C to the 2x would
+have involved us making twice as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have involved us making twice as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have involved us making twice as many
+iterations of multiplying because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of multiplying because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of multiplying because it's
+multiplying C twice as many times but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying C twice as many times but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying C twice as many times but in
+fact you can be clever and just compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can be clever and just compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you can be clever and just compute
+C to the X and then Square it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to the X and then Square it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to the X and then Square it later
+so this works well and you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this works well and you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this works well and you know this
+means that if you're Computing C to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you're Computing C to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that if you're Computing C to some
+even exponent this works and conversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even exponent this works and conversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even exponent this works and conversely
+if you're Computing C to some 2x + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're Computing C to some 2x + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're Computing C to some 2x + 1
+then you can imagine this is just C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine this is just C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can imagine this is just C to
+the x^ 2 times another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x^ 2 times another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x^ 2 times another
+C so this is what's called repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so this is what's called repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C so this is what's called repeated
+squaring and this now allows us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring and this now allows us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring and this now allows us to
+compute these exponentiations or modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these exponentiations or modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute these exponentiations or modular
+exponentiations in a time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiations in a time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiations in a time that's
+basically linear in the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically linear in the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically linear in the size of the
+exponent so for every bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so for every bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent so for every bit in the
+exponent we're going to either Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent we're going to either Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent we're going to either Square
+something or Square something and do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or Square something and do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something or Square something and do an
+extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra
+multiplication so that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so that's sort of the
+plan for uh repeated squaring so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for uh repeated squaring so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for uh repeated squaring so now we
+can you know at least have non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know at least have non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know at least have non-
+embarrassing run times for computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing run times for computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embarrassing run times for computing
+modular exponents does this make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular exponents does this make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular exponents does this make sense
+why this is working and why it's faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is working and why it's faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this is working and why it's faster
+all right so what's the sliding Windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's the sliding Windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what's the sliding Windows
+trick that the paper talks about so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that the paper talks about so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick that the paper talks about so this
+is a little bit uh more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit uh more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit uh more sophisticated
+than this repeated squaring business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this repeated squaring business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this repeated squaring business and
+basically the squaring is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the squaring is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the squaring is going to be
+pretty much inevitable but what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much inevitable but what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much inevitable but what the
+sliding Windows optimization is trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding Windows optimization is trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding Windows optimization is trying
+to do is reduce the overhead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is reduce the overhead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is reduce the overhead of
+multiplying by this extra C down here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by this extra C down here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by this extra C down here so
+suppose if you have some number that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if you have some number that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if you have some number that has
+several one bits in the exponent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several one bits in the exponent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several one bits in the exponent for
+every one bit in the exponent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one bit in the exponent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one bit in the exponent in the
+binary representation you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary representation you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary representation you're going to
+have to do this step instead of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this step instead of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this step instead of this
+step because for every sort of e odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because for every sort of e odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because for every sort of e odd
+number you're goingon to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you're goingon to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you're goingon to have to
+multiply by C so these guys would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by C so these guys would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by C so these guys would like
+to not multiply by this c as often So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not multiply by this c as often So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not multiply by this c as often So
+the plan is to precompute different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan is to precompute different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan is to precompute different
+powers of C so instead of so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of C so instead of so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powers of C so instead of so what we're
+going to do is we're going to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to generate a
+table that says well here's the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that says well here's the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that says well here's the value of
+C to the x uh sorry uh C to the 1 here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to the x uh sorry uh C to the 1 here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C to the x uh sorry uh C to the 1 here's
+the value of C to the 3 C to the 7 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of C to the 3 C to the 7 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of C to the 3 C to the 7 and I
+think in open as a cell it goes up to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in open as a cell it goes up to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in open as a cell it goes up to C
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+31st so this table is going to just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31st so this table is going to just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31st so this table is going to just be
+precomputed when you want to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precomputed when you want to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precomputed when you want to do some
+modular exponentiation you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular exponentiation you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modular exponentiation you're going to
+precompute all the slots in this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precompute all the slots in this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precompute all the slots in this table
+and then when you want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you want to do this
+exponentiation instead of doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation instead of doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiation instead of doing the
+repeated squaring and multiplying by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated squaring and multiplying by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated squaring and multiplying by
+this C every time what you're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C every time what you're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C every time what you're basically
+going to do is use a different formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is use a different formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is use a different formula
+it says well if if you have C to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says well if if you have C to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says well if if you have C to the
+32x plus some y well you can do C to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32x plus some y well you can do C to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32x plus some y well you can do C to the
+X and you can do repeated squaring you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you can do repeated squaring you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and you can do repeated squaring you
+know very much like before this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very much like before this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know very much like before this is to
+get to 32 this's like 5 poers of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to 32 this's like 5 poers of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to 32 this's like 5 poers of two
+here times C to the Y and C to the Y you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here times C to the Y and C to the Y you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here times C to the Y and C to the Y you
+can get out of this table so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out of this table so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get out of this table so you can see
+that we're doing the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're doing the same number of
+squarings as before here but we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squarings as before here but we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squarings as before here but we don't
+have to multiply by c as many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to multiply by c as many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to multiply by c as many times
+you're going to fish it out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to fish it out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to fish it out of this
+table and do several multiplies by C for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and do several multiplies by C for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and do several multiplies by C for
+the cost of a single multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of a single multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of a single multiply
+this make sense yeah how do youer X Y in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make sense yeah how do youer X Y in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this make sense yeah how do youer X Y in
+the first place how do you determine why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place how do you determine why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first place how do you determine why
+X and Y oh okay so yeah let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y oh okay so yeah let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and Y oh okay so yeah let's look at
+that so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so uh
+for for repeated squaring uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for repeated squaring uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for repeated squaring uh well
+actually in both cases what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in both cases what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in both cases what you want to
+do is you want to look at the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you want to look at the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you want to look at the exponent
+that you're trying to use in a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to use in a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're trying to use in a binary
+representation so suppose I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so suppose I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so suppose I'm trying to
+compute the value of C to the exponent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the value of C to the exponent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the value of C to the exponent I
+don't know one 0 1 1 0 1 0 and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know one 0 1 1 0 1 0 and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know one 0 1 1 0 1 0 and maybe
+there's more bits okay so if we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more bits okay so if we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more bits okay so if we want to
+do repeated squaring then you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do repeated squaring then you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do repeated squaring then you look at
+the lowest bit here it's zero so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest bit here it's zero so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest bit here it's zero so what
+you're going to write down is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to write down is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to write down is this is
+equal to C to the 1 0 1 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C to the 1 0 1 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to C to the 1 0 1 1
+01 squared okay so now you know if only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 squared okay so now you know if only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+01 squared okay so now you know if only
+you knew this value then you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew this value then you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you knew this value then you could just
+Square it okay now we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it okay now we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square it okay now we're going to
+compute this guy so C to the 1 0 1 1 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this guy so C to the 1 0 1 1 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute this guy so C to the 1 0 1 1 0 1
+is equal to well okay so here we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to well okay so here we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to well okay so here we can't
+use this rule because it's not 2x it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this rule because it's not 2x it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this rule because it's not 2x it's
+going to be 2 x + 1 so now we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 x + 1 so now we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be 2 x + 1 so now we're going
+to write okay this is C to the 1 0 1 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write okay this is C to the 1 0 1 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write okay this is C to the 1 0 1 1 0
+squared time another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared time another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared time another
+C because it's sort of this prefix * 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C because it's sort of this prefix * 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C because it's sort of this prefix * 2
+plus this one at the end so that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this one at the end so that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus this one at the end so that's how
+you fish it out for repeated squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fish it out for repeated squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you fish it out for repeated squaring
+and for sliding window you just grab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for sliding window you just grab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for sliding window you just grab
+more bits from the low end so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bits from the low end so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more bits from the low end so if you
+wanted to do the uh sliding window trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do the uh sliding window trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do the uh sliding window trick
+here instead of taking one C out suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here instead of taking one C out suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here instead of taking one C out suppose
+we do do uh you know instead of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do do uh you know instead of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do do uh you know instead of this
+giant table maybe we do three bits at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant table maybe we do three bits at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant table maybe we do three bits at a
+time so we go up to C to the 7th so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we go up to C to the 7th so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so we go up to C to the 7th so here
+you would grab the first three bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would grab the first three bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would grab the first three bits and
+that's what you would compute here C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you would compute here C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you would compute here C to
+the 101 to the e8th power and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 101 to the e8th power and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 101 to the e8th power and then the
+rest is C to the 101 power here it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is C to the 101 power here it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is C to the 101 power here it's a
+little unfortunate these are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little unfortunate these are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little unfortunate these are the same
+thing but really there's like more bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but really there's like more bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but really there's like more bits
+here uh but here this is the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh but here this is the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh but here this is the thing that
+you're going to look up in the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to look up in the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to look up in the table
+this is C to the 5th in De deal and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is C to the 5th in De deal and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is C to the 5th in De deal and this
+is you're going to keep doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to keep doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you're going to keep doing the
+sliding window to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding window to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding window to compute this
+value make sense all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value make sense all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value make sense all right so this is
+just saves on how many times you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saves on how many times you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just saves on how many times you have to
+multiply by C by pre-multiplying it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by C by pre-multiplying it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by C by pre-multiplying it a
+bunch of times and the opl guys at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times and the opl guys at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of times and the opl guys at least
+10 years ago thought that you know going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago thought that you know going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago thought that you know going
+up to 32 power was the best plan in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 32 power was the best plan in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 32 power was the best plan in
+terms of efficiency because there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of efficiency because there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of efficiency because there's some
+trade-off here right you know you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off here right you know you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off here right you know you you
+spend time pre-computing a stable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time pre-computing a stable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend time pre-computing a stable but
+then you know if the stable is too giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know if the stable is too giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know if the stable is too giant
+you're not going to use some entries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to use some entries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to use some entries
+because you know if you run this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you run this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if you run this table
+out to I don't know C to the 128 but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to I don't know C to the 128 but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to I don't know C to the 128 but
+you're Computing just like 512-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Computing just like 512-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're Computing just like 512-bit
+exponents maybe you're not going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents maybe you're not going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponents maybe you're not going to use
+all these entries it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these entries it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these entries it's going to be a
+waste of time question other than uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of time question other than uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waste of time question other than uh
+timing side channels is there a reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing side channels is there a reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing side channels is there a reason
+not to compute the table lazily so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to compute the table lazily so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to compute the table lazily so you
+like locate enough memory for 128
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like locate enough memory for 128
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like locate enough memory for 128
+entries and then you just fill them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and then you just fill them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and then you just fill them in
+whenever you end up needing them um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you end up needing them um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you end up needing them um it
+ends up being the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being the case
+that you don't want uh well there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want uh well there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want uh well there's two
+things going on one is that you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on one is that you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things going on one is that you'll have
+now code to check whether the entry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now code to check whether the entry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now code to check whether the entry is
+filled in or not and that'll probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in or not and that'll probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled in or not and that'll probably
+reduce your branch predictor accuracy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your branch predictor accuracy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce your branch predictor accuracy on
+the CPU so it'll run slower in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CPU so it'll run slower in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CPU so it'll run slower in the
+common case because you keep having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common case because you keep having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common case because you keep having to
+check whether the entry is there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether the entry is there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check whether the entry is there the
+other slightly annoying thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other slightly annoying thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other slightly annoying thing is that
+turns out this entry leaks stuff through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this entry leaks stuff through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out this entry leaks stuff through
+a different side Channel mean namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different side Channel mean namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different side Channel mean namely
+cash access patterns so if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash access patterns so if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash access patterns so if you have some
+other process on the same CPU you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other process on the same CPU you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other process on the same CPU you can
+sort of see which cash addresses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see which cash addresses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see which cash addresses are
+getting evicted out of the cach or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting evicted out of the cach or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting evicted out of the cach or are
+slower because someone accessed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower because someone accessed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower because someone accessed this
+entry or this entry and the bigger this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry or this entry and the bigger this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry or this entry and the bigger this
+table gets the easier it is to tell what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table gets the easier it is to tell what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table gets the easier it is to tell what
+the exponent bits were like in the limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent bits were like in the limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exponent bits were like in the limit
+this table is you know gigantic and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table is you know gigantic and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this table is you know gigantic and just
+telling just being able to tell which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling just being able to tell which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling just being able to tell which uh
+cache address on a CPU you know had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache address on a CPU you know had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache address on a CPU you know had a
+Miss tells you that the encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss tells you that the encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss tells you that the encryption
+process must have accessed that entry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process must have accessed that entry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process must have accessed that entry in
+the table and tells you that oh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and tells you that oh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table and tells you that oh that
+long bit sequence appears somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long bit sequence appears somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long bit sequence appears somewhere in
+your secret key exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your secret key exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your secret key exponent
+um so I guess the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I guess the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I guess the answer is
+mathematically you could totally fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically you could totally fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically you could totally fill
+this in on demand uh in practice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in on demand uh in practice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in on demand uh in practice you
+probably don't want it to be that giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want it to be that giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want it to be that giant
+and also if you if it has if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also if you if it has if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also if you if it has if it's
+particularly giant then you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly giant then you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly giant then you're going to
+be able to reuse entries as efficiently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to reuse entries as efficiently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to reuse entries as efficiently
+as well you can sort of re reuse these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well you can sort of re reuse these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well you can sort of re reuse these
+entries as you're Computing it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries as you're Computing it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries as you're Computing it right
+it's not actually that expensive because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually that expensive because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not actually that expensive because
+you use C to the cubed when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use C to the cubed when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use C to the cubed when you're
+Computing C to the 7th and and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing C to the 7th and and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing C to the 7th and and so on and
+so forth um so it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth um so it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth um so it's not that
+bad make sense other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions all right so this is the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so this is the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so this is the sort
+of repe uh repeated squaring and sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repe uh repeated squaring and sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of repe uh repeated squaring and sliding
+window optimization that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window optimization that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+window optimization that
+uh op SSL uh implements still does I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh op SSL uh implements still does I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh op SSL uh implements still does I
+don't actually know whether they still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know whether they still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know whether they still
+have the same size of the sliding wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same size of the sliding wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same size of the sliding wind
+or not but it does actually give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but it does actually give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not but it does actually give you a
+fair bit of speed up so before you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair bit of speed up so before you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair bit of speed up so before you had
+to square for every bit in the exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square for every bit in the exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to square for every bit in the exponent
+and then you'd have to have a multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd have to have a multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'd have to have a multiply
+for every one bit so if you have a 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one bit so if you have a 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every one bit so if you have a 500
+bit exponent then you're going to do 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit exponent then you're going to do 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit exponent then you're going to do 500
+squar rings and on average roughly 256
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar rings and on average roughly 256
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar rings and on average roughly 256
+multiplications by C so with sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications by C so with sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications by C so with sliding
+Windows you're going to still do the 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows you're going to still do the 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows you're going to still do the 512
+squarings because there's no sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squarings because there's no sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squarings because there's no sort of
+getting around that but instead of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting around that but instead of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting around that but instead of doing
+256 multiplies by C you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 multiplies by C you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+256 multiplies by C you're going to
+hopefully do way fewer uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully do way fewer uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully do way fewer uh maybe
+something on the order of like 32 maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of like 32 maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of like 32 maybe
+multiplies by some entry in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies by some entry in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies by some entry in this
+table so that's sort of the general plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so that's sort of the general plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table so that's sort of the general plan
+or that's why it's sort of save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's why it's sort of save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or that's why it's sort of save
+something not as dramatic as CRT not 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something not as dramatic as CRT not 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something not as dramatic as CRT not 2x
+but could save you like close to 1.5x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but could save you like close to 1.5x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but could save you like close to 1.5x
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+um well depending on exactly what uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well depending on exactly what uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well depending on exactly what uh the
+numbers look like make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers look like make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers look like make
+sense other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense other questions about
+this all right so these are the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so these are the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right so these are the sort of
+relatively easier optimizations um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easier optimizations um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easier optimizations um and
+then there's two sort of clever tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's two sort of clever tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's two sort of clever tricks
+playing with numbers for how to do just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with numbers for how to do just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing with numbers for how to do just
+a multiplication more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplication more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multiplication more
+efficiently so the first one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so the first one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiently so the first one of these
+optimizations that we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations that we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimizations that we're going to look
+at um I think I'll erase this board um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um I think I'll erase this board um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at um I think I'll erase this board um
+is called this Montgomery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called this Montgomery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called this Montgomery
+representation and we'll see in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and we'll see in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and we'll see in a second
+why it's particularly important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+us so the problem that this Montgomery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so the problem that this Montgomery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so the problem that this Montgomery
+representation op ization is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation op ization is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation op ization is trying to
+solve for us is the fact that every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for us is the fact that every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for us is the fact that every time
+we do a multiply we get a number that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a multiply we get a number that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do a multiply we get a number that
+keeps growing and growing and growing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps growing and growing and growing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps growing and growing and growing in
+particular you know both uh or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you know both uh or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you know both uh or in
+sliding windows or in repeated squaring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding windows or in repeated squaring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding windows or in repeated squaring
+actually you when you square you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you when you square you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually you when you square you do
+multiply two numbers together when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply two numbers together when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply two numbers together when you
+multiply by C to the Y you multiply two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by C to the Y you multiply two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by C to the Y you multiply two
+numbers together and the problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers together and the problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers together and the problem is that
+if the inputs to the multiplication were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the inputs to the multiplication were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the inputs to the multiplication were
+let's say 512 bits each then the result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 512 bits each then the result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 512 bits each then the result
+of the multiplication is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the multiplication is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the multiplication is going to be a
+th000 bits and then you take this 10,00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 bits and then you take this 10,00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 bits and then you take this 10,00
+bit result and you multiply It Again by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit result and you multiply It Again by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit result and you multiply It Again by
+something like 512 bits now it's 1500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 512 bits now it's 1500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 512 bits now it's 1500
+bits 2,000 bits 2500 bits and it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits 2,000 bits 2500 bits and it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits 2,000 bits 2500 bits and it keeps
+growing and growing and we really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and growing and we really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and growing and we really don't
+want this because multiplication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this because multiplication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this because multiplication is
+quadratic in the size of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in the size of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in the size of the number
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+multiplying so we have to keep the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying so we have to keep the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying so we have to keep the size
+of our number as small as possible which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our number as small as possible which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our number as small as possible which
+means basically 512 bits because all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means basically 512 bits because all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means basically 512 bits because all
+this computation is mod P or mod Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation is mod P or mod Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this computation is mod P or mod Q
+yeah what you want find is just AER so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what you want find is just AER so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what you want find is just AER so
+you can just take theer out that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just take theer out that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just take theer out that's right
+yeah so the cool thing is that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the cool thing is that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so the cool thing is that we can
+keep this number down because what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this number down because what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep this number down because what we do
+let's say we want to compute you know C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to compute you know C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to compute you know C
+to the X just from this example squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X just from this example squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the X just from this example squared
+squared again you know squared again so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared again you know squared again so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared again you know squared again so
+what you could do is you compute C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could do is you compute C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you could do is you compute C to
+the X then you take it mod P let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X then you take it mod P let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X then you take it mod P let's say
+right then you square it then you do mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you square it then you do mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then you square it then you do mod
+P again then you square it again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P again then you square it again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P again then you square it again and
+then you do mod P again and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do mod P again and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do mod P again and so on so
+this is basically what you're proposing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically what you're proposing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically what you're proposing
+so this is great and in fact it keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is great and in fact it keeps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is great and in fact it keeps
+the size of our numbers to basically 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of our numbers to basically 52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of our numbers to basically 52
+bits which is as small as we could get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits which is as small as we could get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits which is as small as we could get
+this is good in terms of keeping down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good in terms of keeping down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is good in terms of keeping down
+the size of these numbers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of these numbers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of these numbers for
+multiplication but it's actually kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication but it's actually kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication but it's actually kind of
+expensive to do with this mod P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to do with this mod P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to do with this mod P
+operation because the way that you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation because the way that you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation because the way that you do
+mod P something is you basically have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod P something is you basically have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod P something is you basically have to
+do division and division is way worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do division and division is way worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do division and division is way worse
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+multiplication I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication I'm not going to go
+through sort of the AL various algorith
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through sort of the AL various algorith
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through sort of the AL various algorith
+for division but it's uh really slow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for division but it's uh really slow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for division but it's uh really slow you
+really want to avoid division as much as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to avoid division as much as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to avoid division as much as
+possible because it's not even just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because it's not even just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because it's not even just sort
+of a straightforward quadratic thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a straightforward quadratic thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a straightforward quadratic thing you
+have to do some approximation algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some approximation algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do some approximation algorithm
+sort of like Newton's method of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like Newton's method of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like Newton's method of some
+sort and just keep it rating it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and just keep it rating it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort and just keep it rating it's going
+to be slow and in the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be slow and in the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be slow and in the naive
+implementation this actually turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation this actually turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation this actually turns out
+to be the slowest part of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the slowest part of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the slowest part of doing
+multiplications the multiplication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications the multiplication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications the multiplication is
+cheap but then doing mod P or mod Q to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap but then doing mod P or mod Q to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap but then doing mod P or mod Q to
+bring it back down in size is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back down in size is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it back down in size is going to
+be actually more expensive than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually more expensive than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually more expensive than the
+multiply so that's actually kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so that's actually kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply so that's actually kind of a
+bummer so the way that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer so the way that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer so the way that we're going to
+get around this is by doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around this is by doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get around this is by doing this
+multiplication in this clever other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in this clever other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication in this clever other
+representation and I'll sort of show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and I'll sort of show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and I'll sort of show you
+the trick here um let's see sort of well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick here um let's see sort of well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick here um let's see sort of well
+bear with me for a second and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me for a second and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bear with me for a second and then we'll
+sort of at the end see why it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at the end see why it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of at the end see why it's actually
+so fast to use this Montgomery trick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fast to use this Montgomery trick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so fast to use this Montgomery trick and
+the the basic idea is to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic idea is to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basic idea is to represent
+numbers so these are like regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so these are like regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers so these are like regular
+numbers that you might actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that you might actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers that you might actually want to
+multiply and we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and we're going to have a
+different representation for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different representation for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different representation for these
+numbers called the mtom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers called the mtom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers called the mtom
+representation and the representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and the representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and the representations
+which actually very easy uh we just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually very easy uh we just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually very easy uh we just take
+the value a and we multiply it by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value a and we multiply it by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value a and we multiply it by some
+magic value R I'll tell you what this R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic value R I'll tell you what this R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic value R I'll tell you what this R
+is in a second uh but let's first figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a second uh but let's first figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a second uh but let's first figure
+out if we picked some arbitrary value R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if we picked some arbitrary value R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out if we picked some arbitrary value R
+what's going to happen here so we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen here so we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen here so we take
+two numbers A and B they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers A and B they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers A and B they are
+representations are you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations are you know sort of
+expectedly a is a r b is BR R and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectedly a is a r b is BR R and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectedly a is a r b is BR R and if you
+want to compute the product of a * B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute the product of a * B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to compute the product of a * B
+well in Montgomery space you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in Montgomery space you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in Montgomery space you can also
+multiply these guys out you can take a r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply these guys out you can take a r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply these guys out you can take a r
+multiply by BR R and what you get here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by BR R and what you get here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by BR R and what you get here
+is a Ab * R 2 so there's two RS now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Ab * R 2 so there's two RS now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a Ab * R 2 so there's two RS now
+that's kind of annoying but you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of annoying but you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of annoying but you can sort
+of divide it back by R and we get AB *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divide it back by R and we get AB *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of divide it back by R and we get AB *
+r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r
+so this is probably weird in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is probably weird in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is probably weird in the sense
+that why why would you multiply by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why why would you multiply by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why why would you multiply by this
+extra number but let's first figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra number but let's first figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra number but let's first figure out
+why the whether this is correct and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the whether this is correct and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the whether this is correct and then
+we'll figure out why this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out why this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll figure out why this is going to be
+faster so it's correct in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so it's correct in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster so it's correct in the sense that
+it's very easy if we want to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy if we want to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very easy if we want to multiply
+some numbers we just multiply by this r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers we just multiply by this r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some numbers we just multiply by this r
+value and we get the mtom representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and we get the mtom representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and we get the mtom representation
+then we can do all these multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can do all these multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can do all these multiplications
+to these mtom forms and it's just every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these mtom forms and it's just every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to these mtom forms and it's just every
+time we multiply two numbers we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we multiply two numbers we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we multiply two numbers we have to
+divide by R we'll get the Montgomery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by R we'll get the Montgomery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by R we'll get the Montgomery
+form of the multiplication result and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the multiplication result and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the multiplication result and
+then when we're done doing all of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we're done doing all of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when we're done doing all of our
+squarings multiplication all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squarings multiplication all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squarings multiplication all this stuff
+we're going to move back to the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move back to the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move back to the normal
+regular form by just dividing by R One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular form by just dividing by R One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular form by just dividing by R One
+Last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Last
+Time nice number yeah so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time nice number yeah so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time nice number yeah so we're going to
+now pick R to be a very nice number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now pick R to be a very nice number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now pick R to be a very nice number and
+in particular we're going to pick R to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we're going to pick R to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we're going to pick R to
+be a very nice number to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very nice number to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a very nice number to make this
+division by R very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division by R very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division by R very
+fast and the cool thing is that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and the cool thing is that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and the cool thing is that if this
+division by R is going to be very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division by R is going to be very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division by R is going to be very fast
+then this is going to be a small number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to be a small number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then this is going to be a small number
+and we're not going to have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're not going to have to do this
+mod Q very often in particular AR let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod Q very often in particular AR let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod Q very often in particular AR let's
+say is also going to be roughly 500 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is also going to be roughly 500 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is also going to be roughly 500 bits
+because it's all actually mod P or mod Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all actually mod P or mod Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all actually mod P or mod Q
+so AR is 500 bits BR is going to be also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AR is 500 bits BR is going to be also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so AR is 500 bits BR is going to be also
+500 bits so this product is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 bits so this product is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 bits so this product is going to be
+a th000 bits this R is going to be this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th000 bits this R is going to be this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a th000 bits this R is going to be this
+nice 500 roughly bit number same size as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice 500 roughly bit number same size as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice 500 roughly bit number same size as
+p and if we can make this division to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and if we can make this division to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p and if we can make this division to be
+fast then the result is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast then the result is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast then the result is going to be
+roughly a 500 bit number here so we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly a 500 bit number here so we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly a 500 bit number here so we were
+able to do the multiply without having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do the multiply without having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do the multiply without having
+to do an extra divide dividing by R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an extra divide dividing by R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do an extra divide dividing by R
+cheaply gives us the small result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply gives us the small result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheaply gives us the small result
+getting us out of doing a mod P for most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us out of doing a mod P for most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting us out of doing a mod P for most
+situations okay so what is this weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay so what is this weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay so what is this weird
+number that I keep talking about well R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that I keep talking about well R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number that I keep talking about well R
+is just going to be 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be 2 to
+512 so it's going to be like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 so it's going to be like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 so it's going to be like one
+followed by a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by a ton of
+zeros so multiplying by it is easy you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so multiplying by it is easy you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so multiplying by it is easy you
+just append a bunch of zeros to a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just append a bunch of zeros to a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just append a bunch of zeros to a number
+dividing you know could be easy if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing you know could be easy if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing you know could be easy if the
+low bits of the result are all zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low bits of the result are all zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low bits of the result are all zeros
+right so if you have a value that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have a value that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have a value that's a
+bunch of bits followed by 512 zeros then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bits followed by 512 zeros then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of bits followed by 512 zeros then
+dividing by 2 the 512 is cheap you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by 2 the 512 is cheap you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dividing by 2 the 512 is cheap you just
+discard the zeros on the right hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard the zeros on the right hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard the zeros on the right hand side
+and that's actually a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's actually a correct
+divisiones that make sense so slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisiones that make sense so slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisiones that make sense so slight
+problem is that we actually don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that we actually don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that we actually don't have
+the zeros on the right hand side when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros on the right hand side when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeros on the right hand side when we
+do this multiplication we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this multiplication we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this multiplication we're going to
+get these are like real 512 bit numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these are like real 512 bit numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get these are like real 512 bit numbers
+with all the five 12 bits used so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the five 12 bits used so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all the five 12 bits used so this
+will be a thousand bit number with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a thousand bit number with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be a thousand bit number with all
+the bits also sort of set to randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits also sort of set to randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits also sort of set to randomly
+zero or one depending on what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one depending on what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or one depending on what's going on
+so we can't just discard the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't just discard the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can't just discard the low
+bits but the cleverness comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but the cleverness comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but the cleverness comes from the
+fact that the only thing we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the only thing we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the only thing we care about
+is the value of this thing mod P so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of this thing mod P so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value of this thing mod P so we
+can always add multiples of P to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always add multiples of P to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always add multiples of P to this
+value without changing it what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value without changing it what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value without changing it what it's
+equivalent to mod P and as a result we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to mod P and as a result we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to mod P and as a result we
+can add multiples of P to get the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add multiples of P to get the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add multiples of P to get the low
+bits to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to be all
+zeros so let's look through some simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so let's look through some simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros so let's look through some simple
+examples I'm not going to write out 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I'm not going to write out 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples I'm not going to write out 512
+bits on the board uh but uh suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits on the board uh but uh suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits on the board uh but uh suppose that
+here's a sort of a short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example suppose that we have a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose that we have a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose that we have a situation
+where our value R is 2 to 4th so it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our value R is 2 to 4th so it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where our value R is 2 to 4th so it's 1
+followed by 4 zos this is a much smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by 4 zos this is a much smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by 4 zos this is a much smaller
+example than the real thing but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example than the real thing but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example than the real thing but let's
+see actually how this Montgomery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually how this Montgomery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see actually how this Montgomery
+division is going to work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division is going to work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division is going to work out
+so suppose we're going to try to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we're going to try to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so suppose we're going to try to compute
+Stuff Mod Q uh where Q let's say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stuff Mod Q uh where Q let's say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stuff Mod Q uh where Q let's say is
+maybe 7 so this is one one one in binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 7 so this is one one one in binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe 7 so this is one one one in binary
+form and what we're going to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and what we're going to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and what we're going to try to do
+um is maybe we did some multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is maybe we did some multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is maybe we did some multiplication
+and this value a r * BR is equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this value a r * BR is equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this value a r * BR is equal to uh
+this binary representation 1 1 0 1 0 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this binary representation 1 1 0 1 0 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this binary representation 1 1 0 1 0 so
+this is going to be sort of the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be sort of the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be sort of the value of
+a r * BR how do we divide it by R so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a r * BR how do we divide it by R so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a r * BR how do we divide it by R so
+clearly the low four bits aren't all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the low four bits aren't all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the low four bits aren't all
+zero so we can just divide it out but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we can just divide it out but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so we can just divide it out but we
+can add multiples of Q in particular we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add multiples of Q in particular we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add multiples of Q in particular we
+can add 2 * Q so 2 Q is equal to 1 1 1 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add 2 * Q so 2 Q is equal to 1 1 1 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add 2 * Q so 2 Q is equal to 1 1 1 0
+and now what we get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now what we get is
+0 0 carryer one Z carrier one one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 carryer one Z carrier one one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 0 carryer one Z carrier one one uh
+carrier 1 0 1 hope I did that right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier 1 0 1 hope I did that right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier 1 0 1 hope I did that right so
+this is what we get so now we get a r BR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we get so now we get a r BR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what we get so now we get a r BR
+plus 2 q but we actually don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 q but we actually don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 2 q but we actually don't care
+about the plus 2 Q it's actually fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the plus 2 Q it's actually fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the plus 2 Q it's actually fine
+because all we care about is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all we care about is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all we care about is the value
+mod well Q or something right and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod well Q or something right and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod well Q or something right and now
+we're closer we have three zero bits at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're closer we have three zero bits at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're closer we have three zero bits at
+the bottom now we can add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom now we can add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom now we can add another
+multiple of Q this time it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of Q this time it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of Q this time it's going to be
+probably 8 Q so we add one one one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 8 Q so we add one one one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably 8 Q so we add one one one here
+0 Z and if we add it we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 Z and if we add it we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 Z and if we add it we're going to get
+let's say 0 0 0 at the end add these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 0 0 0 at the end add these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 0 0 0 at the end add these two
+guys zero carry a one zero carryer one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys zero carry a one zero carryer one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys zero carry a one zero carryer one
+one one I think that's right but now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one I think that's right but now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one I think that's right but now we
+have our original AR BR plus 2 Q + 8 Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our original AR BR plus 2 Q + 8 Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our original AR BR plus 2 Q + 8 Q
+is equal to this thing and finally we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this thing and finally we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to this thing and finally we
+can divide this thing by R very cheaply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide this thing by R very cheaply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can divide this thing by R very cheaply
+because we just discard the low four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just discard the low four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we just discard the low four
+zeros make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros make sense
+question arvr always going to end in i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question arvr always going to end in i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question arvr always going to end in i
+guess4 zos no and the reason is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess4 zos no and the reason is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess4 zos no and the reason is that a
+ah okay yeah here's the thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay yeah here's the thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay yeah here's the thing that's
+maybe confusing a was let's say 512 bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe confusing a was let's say 512 bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe confusing a was let's say 512 bits
+then you multiply it by R so here you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you multiply it by R so here you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you multiply it by R so here you're
+right this value is a 1,00 bit number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this value is a 1,00 bit number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this value is a 1,00 bit number
+where the high bit is a the high 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the high bit is a the high 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the high bit is a the high 512
+bits are a and the low bits are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are a and the low bits are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits are a and the low bits are all
+zeros but then you're going to do it mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros but then you're going to do it mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros but then you're going to do it mod
+Q to bring it down to make it smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q to bring it down to make it smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q to bring it down to make it smaller
+and in general this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general this is going to be the
+case because it only sort of has these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because it only sort of has these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case because it only sort of has these
+low zeros the first time you convert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low zeros the first time you convert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low zeros the first time you convert it
+but after you do a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after you do a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but after you do a couple of
+multiplications they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications they're going to be
+arbitrary bits um so these guys right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary bits um so these guys right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary bits um so these guys right so
+so yeah I really should have written you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I really should have written you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah I really should have written you
+know mod Q here and you compute this mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mod Q here and you compute this mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mod Q here and you compute this mod
+Q as soon as you do the conversion uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q as soon as you do the conversion uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q as soon as you do the conversion uh to
+keep the whole value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the whole value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep the whole value
+small make sense other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small make sense other question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small make sense other question
+expensive yeah so the initial conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive yeah so the initial conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive yeah so the initial conversion
+is expensive or at least it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expensive or at least it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expensive or at least it's as
+expensive as doing a regular mod modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive as doing a regular mod modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive as doing a regular mod modulus
+during the multiplication the cool thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the multiplication the cool thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the multiplication the cool thing
+is that you pay this cost just once when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you pay this cost just once when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you pay this cost just once when
+you do the conversion into Montgomery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the conversion into Montgomery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the conversion into Montgomery
+form and then instead of converting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and then instead of converting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form and then instead of converting it
+back at every step you just keep it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at every step you just keep it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back at every step you just keep it in
+Montgomery form so remember that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery form so remember that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery form so remember that in
+order to do an exponentiation to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do an exponentiation to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do an exponentiation to an
+exponent which has 500 bits we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent which has 500 bits we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent which has 500 bits we are
+saying we're going to have to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we're going to have to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we're going to have to do you
+know over 500 multiplications because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know over 500 multiplications because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know over 500 multiplications because we
+have to do at least 500 squarings plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do at least 500 squarings plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do at least 500 squarings plus
+then some so you do these mod Q twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some so you do these mod Q twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some so you do these mod Q twice
+and then you get a lot of cheap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get a lot of cheap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you get a lot of cheap
+divisions if you stay in this form and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions if you stay in this form and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divisions if you stay in this form and
+then you do a division by R to get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do a division by R to get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do a division by R to get back
+to this form again so instead of doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this form again so instead of doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this form again so instead of doing
+500 mod Q's for every multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 mod Q's for every multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 mod Q's for every multiplication
+step you do it twice mod q and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you do it twice mod q and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step you do it twice mod q and then you
+keep doing these divisions by R cheaply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing these divisions by R cheaply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep doing these divisions by R cheaply
+using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this
+trick question um so when you're adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question um so when you're adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick question um so when you're adding
+the multiples of Q and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diving ah because it's actually mod Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving ah because it's actually mod Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diving ah because it's actually mod Q
+means the remainder when you divide by Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the remainder when you divide by Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the remainder when you divide by Q
+so you know X plus you know y * Q mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know X plus you know y * Q mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know X plus you know y * Q mod
+Q is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so in this case uh dividing by so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in this case uh dividing by so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so in this case uh dividing by so
+another sort of nice property is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of nice property is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of nice property is that
+because it's all modulus a prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all modulus a prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's all modulus a prime number
+um it's also true that if you have x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's also true that if you have x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's also true that if you have x +
+yq ided R mod Q This is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yq ided R mod Q This is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yq ided R mod Q This is actually the
+same thing as x / R mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as x / R mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as x / R mod
+Q uh the way to sort of think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q uh the way to sort of think of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q uh the way to sort of think of it is
+that there's no real division in modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no real division in modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no real division in modular
+arithmetic it's just an inverse so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic it's just an inverse so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic it's just an inverse so what
+this really says is this is actually x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really says is this is actually x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this really says is this is actually x +
+yq times some number called R inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yq times some number called R inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yq times some number called R inverse
+and then you compute this whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you compute this whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you compute this whole thing
+mod q and then you could sort of think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q and then you could sort of think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod q and then you could sort of think
+of this as well x * R inverse mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as well x * R inverse mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as well x * R inverse mod
+Q Plus y q r inverse mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Plus y q r inverse mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Plus y q r inverse mod
+q and this thing cancels out because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and this thing cancels out because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and this thing cancels out because
+it's something times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Q make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q make
+sense all right and uh you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right and uh you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right and uh you know there's
+some closed form for this thing so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some closed form for this thing so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some closed form for this thing so here
+I did it like bid by bit okay well 2 Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it like bid by bit okay well 2 Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it like bid by bit okay well 2 Q
+then 8 Q Etc there's actually a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 8 Q Etc there's actually a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then 8 Q Etc there's actually a nice
+closed formula that you can compute it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed formula that you can compute it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed formula that you can compute it's
+an lecture note but it's not probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lecture note but it's not probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an lecture note but it's not probably
+worth spending time on the board here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth spending time on the board here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth spending time on the board here
+for how do you figure out what multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how do you figure out what multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how do you figure out what multiple
+of Q should you add to get all the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q should you add to get all the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q should you add to get all the low
+bits to turn to zero so then it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to turn to zero so then it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits to turn to zero so then it turns
+out that in order to do this division by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that in order to do this division by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that in order to do this division by
+R you just need to compute this magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R you just need to compute this magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R you just need to compute this magic
+multiple of Q add it and then discard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of Q add it and then discard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of Q add it and then discard
+the low bits and that brings your number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low bits and that brings your number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low bits and that brings your number
+back to 512 bits or whatever the sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 512 bits or whatever the sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to 512 bits or whatever the sizes
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+sense okay and here's the subtlety like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay and here's the subtlety like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay and here's the subtlety like
+the only reason we're talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason we're talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only reason we're talking about this
+is that there's something funny going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's something funny going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there's something funny going on
+here that is going to allow us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is going to allow us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that is going to allow us
+to learn timing information and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn timing information and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn timing information and in
+particular even though we divide it by R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular even though we divide it by R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular even though we divide it by R
+we know the result is going to be 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the result is going to be 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know the result is going to be 512
+bits but it still might be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but it still might be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits but it still might be greater than
+Q because Q isn't exactly 2 to 512 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q because Q isn't exactly 2 to 512 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q because Q isn't exactly 2 to 512 it's
+some 512 bit number so it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 512 bit number so it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 512 bit number so it might be a
+little bit less than R so it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less than R so it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit less than R so it might be
+that after we do this cheap division by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after we do this cheap division by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after we do this cheap division by
+R we might have to subtract out Q one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R we might have to subtract out Q one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R we might have to subtract out Q one
+more time because we get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time because we get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time because we get something
+that's small but not quite small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's small but not quite small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's small but not quite small enough
+so there's a chance that after doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a chance that after doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a chance that after doing
+this division we maybe have to also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this division we maybe have to also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this division we maybe have to also you
+know subtract Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know subtract Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know subtract Q
+again and this subtraction is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this subtraction is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and this subtraction is going to
+be part of what this attack is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of what this attack is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be part of what this attack is all about
+so it turns out that subtracting this Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that subtracting this Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that subtracting this Q
+adds time and someone figured out uh not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds time and someone figured out uh not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds time and someone figured out uh not
+these guys but some previous work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys but some previous work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys but some previous work
+actually showed that this probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually showed that this probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually showed that this probability of
+doing this thing this is called an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction um this probability uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction um this probability uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction um this probability uh sort of
+depends on the particular value that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the particular value that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the particular value that
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+exponentiating so if you're Computing x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating so if you're Computing x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating so if you're Computing x
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+D mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D mod
+Q the probability of an extra reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q the probability of an extra reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q the probability of an extra reduction
+at some point while Computing x to the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point while Computing x to the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point while Computing x to the D
+mod Q is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod Q is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod Q is going to
+equal to X Mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X Mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to X Mod
+Q / 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q / 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q / 2
+R all right so let me just of separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R all right so let me just of separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R all right so let me just of separate
+out so if we're going to be Computing x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so if we're going to be Computing x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so if we're going to be Computing x
+to the D mod Q then depending on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D mod Q then depending on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D mod Q then depending on what
+the value of x mod Q is whether it's big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of x mod Q is whether it's big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of x mod Q is whether it's big
+or small you're going to have either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or small you're going to have either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or small you're going to have either
+more or less of these extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less of these extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more or less of these extra
+reductions and just to show you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions and just to show you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions and just to show you where
+where this is going to fit in this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is going to fit in this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is going to fit in this is
+actually going to happen in the decrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to happen in the decrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to happen in the decrypt
+step because during the decrypt step the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because during the decrypt step the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because during the decrypt step the
+server is going to be Computing C to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is going to be Computing C to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is going to be Computing C to the
+D and this says that well the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and this says that well the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and this says that well the extra
+reductions are going to be proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions are going to be proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions are going to be proportional
+to how close X or C in this case is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how close X or C in this case is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how close X or C in this case is to
+the value Q so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value Q so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value Q so this is going to be
+worrisome right because the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome right because the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome right because the attacker
+gets to choose the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to choose the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets to choose the input
+C and the number of extra reductions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the number of extra reductions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C and the number of extra reductions is
+going to be proportional to how close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be proportional to how close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be proportional to how close
+the C is to one of the factors the Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C is to one of the factors the Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the C is to one of the factors the Q and
+this is how you're going to tell that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you're going to tell that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how you're going to tell that oh
+I'm getting close to the Q or I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting close to the Q or I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm getting close to the Q or I've
+overshot q and all of a sudden there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshot q and all of a sudden there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overshot q and all of a sudden there's
+no extra is probably because X Mod Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no extra is probably because X Mod Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no extra is probably because X Mod Q is
+very small because X is Q Plus a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small because X is Q Plus a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small because X is Q Plus a little
+Epsilon and it's very small so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and it's very small so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon and it's very small so that's
+one part of the timing attack we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the timing attack we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one part of the timing attack we're
+going to be looking at in a second make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at in a second make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be looking at in a second make
+sense I don't have any proof that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I don't have any proof that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I don't have any proof that this
+is actually true but we'll sort of take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually true but we'll sort of take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually true but we'll sort of take
+it on faith that these extra reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on faith that these extra reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on faith that these extra reductions
+work like this yeah question what happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like this yeah question what happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work like this yeah question what happen
+if you don't do this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't do this extra
+reduction ah what happens if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction ah what happens if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction ah what happens if you don't
+do this seual reduction yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this seual reduction yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this seual reduction yeah you know
+it's you can avoid this extra reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you can avoid this extra reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you can avoid this extra reduction
+uh and then you're just GNA have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you're just GNA have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you're just GNA have to do
+some extra you know probably modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extra you know probably modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some extra you know probably modular
+reductions later I think the math just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions later I think the math just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions later I think the math just
+works out nicer this way for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out nicer this way for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works out nicer this way for uh the
+Montgomery form I think for many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery form I think for many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery form I think for many of
+these things it's actually like once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's actually like once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things it's actually like once you
+look at it as a timing channel then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it as a timing channel then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it as a timing channel then
+you're thinking well yeah yeah maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking well yeah yeah maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking well yeah yeah maybe we
+should just like not do this at all or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just like not do this at all or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just like not do this at all or
+maybe we should uh do some other plan so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should uh do some other plan so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should uh do some other plan so
+you're right I think you can probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right I think you can probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're right I think you can probably
+avoid this extra reduction and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid this extra reduction and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid this extra reduction and probably
+just do the mod Q perhaps at the end I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the mod Q perhaps at the end I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the mod Q perhaps at the end I
+haven't actually tried implementing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually tried implementing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually tried implementing this
+but seems like it could work uh it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but seems like it could work uh it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but seems like it could work uh it might
+be that you just have to do mod Q once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that you just have to do mod Q once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that you just have to do mod Q once
+at the end which you'll have to probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end which you'll have to probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end which you'll have to probably
+do anyway so it's not super clear uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anyway so it's not super clear uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anyway so it's not super clear uh
+maybe it saves you a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it saves you a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it saves you a little bit of
+something but uh probably not huge so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but uh probably not huge so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but uh probably not huge so in
+light of the fact that the sty attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light of the fact that the sty attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light of the fact that the sty attack
+exists maybe you should avoid this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists maybe you should avoid this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists maybe you should avoid this
+U but I I actually I shouldn't speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but I I actually I shouldn't speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U but I I actually I shouldn't speak
+authoritative to this I haven't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritative to this I haven't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritative to this I haven't actually
+tried implementing this so maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried implementing this so maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried implementing this so maybe there's
+some like deep reason why this extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like deep reason why this extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some like deep reason why this extra
+reduction has to happen I couldn't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction has to happen I couldn't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction has to happen I couldn't think
+of one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one but
+uh all right other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all right other questions
+all right so here's the last piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's the last piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so here's the last piece of
+the puzzle for how op SSL this library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle for how op SSL this library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle for how op SSL this library
+that this paper attacks um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this paper attacks um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this paper attacks um
+implements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implements
+multiplication so this Montgomery trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so this Montgomery trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication so this Montgomery trick
+is great for avoiding the mod Q Part D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great for avoiding the mod Q Part D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is great for avoiding the mod Q Part D
+during modular multiplication but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during modular multiplication but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during modular multiplication but then
+there's a question of how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question of how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a question of how do you
+actually multiply two numbers together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually multiply two numbers together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually multiply two numbers together
+so we're like going lower and lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're like going lower and lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're like going lower and lower
+level so suppose you have um of the Raw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so suppose you have um of the Raw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so suppose you have um of the Raw
+multiplic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is not even modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not even modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is not even modular
+multiplication suppose you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication suppose you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication suppose you have two
+numbers A and B and both these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers A and B and both these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers A and B and both these guys are
+you know 512 bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 512 bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know 512 bit
+numbers how do you multiply them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers how do you multiply them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers how do you multiply them
+together when your machine is only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together when your machine is only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together when your machine is only a
+32-bit machine like the guys in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit machine like the guys in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit machine like the guys in the
+paper or 64-bit but still same thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or 64-bit but still same thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper or 64-bit but still same thing so
+how would you implement multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you implement multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you implement multiplication
+of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guys any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys any
+suggestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestions
+well I guess there's a straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess there's a straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess there's a straightforward
+plan which is you just represent a and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan which is you just represent a and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan which is you just represent a and b
+as a sequence of machine words and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sequence of machine words and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a sequence of machine words and then
+you just do the sort of quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do the sort of quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just do the sort of quadratic
+product of these two guys so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two guys so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of these two guys so let me just
+just see a simple example instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see a simple example instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see a simple example instead of
+thinking of 512-bit numbers let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of 512-bit numbers let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of 512-bit numbers let's think
+of these guys as 64-bit numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys as 64-bit numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys as 64-bit numbers and
+we're on a 32-bit machine right so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on a 32-bit machine right so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on a 32-bit machine right so we're
+going to have values the value a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have values the value a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have values the value a is
+going to be represented by two 32-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be represented by two 32-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be represented by two 32-bit
+things that's going to be uh let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's going to be uh let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that's going to be uh let's call
+it A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it A1
+and a z so a z is the low bits A1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a z so a z is the low bits A1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a z so a z is the low bits A1 is the
+High bits and similarly we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High bits and similarly we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High bits and similarly we're going to
+represent b as two things B1 B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent b as two things B1 B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent b as two things B1 B
+0 so then a naive way to represent AB is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so then a naive way to represent AB is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 so then a naive way to represent AB is
+going to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be to
+multiply uh all these guys out so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh all these guys out so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply uh all these guys out so it's
+going to be a three cell number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a three cell number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a three cell number right
+the high bit is going to be A1 B1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high bit is going to be A1 B1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high bit is going to be A1 B1 the
+low bit is going to be a0 b0 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low bit is going to be a0 b0 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low bit is going to be a0 b0 and the
+middle word is going to be A1 B 0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle word is going to be A1 B 0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle word is going to be A1 B 0 plus
+a0 B1 so this is how you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 B1 so this is how you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 B1 so this is how you do the
+multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication
+right make sense Yeah question so I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right make sense Yeah question so I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right make sense Yeah question so I was
+going to say so you getting to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say so you getting to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say so you getting to like
+using car method yeah so this is a there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using car method yeah so this is a there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using car method yeah so this is a there
+is like a clever method alternative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a clever method alternative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like a clever method alternative for
+doing multiplication which doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing multiplication which doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing multiplication which doesn't
+involve four steps so here we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve four steps so here we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve four steps so here we have to do
+four multiplications there's this clever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four multiplications there's this clever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four multiplications there's this clever
+other method caruba I don't know do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other method caruba I don't know do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other method caruba I don't know do they
+teach it in like 601 or something these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach it in like 601 or something these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach it in like 601 or something these
+days all for two excellent yeah so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days all for two excellent yeah so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days all for two excellent yeah so it's
+a very nice method and almost every uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice method and almost every uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very nice method and almost every uh
+cryptographic Library implements it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic Library implements it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic Library implements it uh
+and uh for those of you that I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for those of you that I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh for those of you that I guess
+weren't undergrads here since we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't undergrads here since we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't undergrads here since we have
+grad students maybe they haven't seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad students maybe they haven't seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad students maybe they haven't seen
+caruba I'll just sort of write it out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caruba I'll just sort of write it out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caruba I'll just sort of write it out on
+the board it's sort of a clever thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board it's sort of a clever thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board it's sort of a clever thing
+the first time you uh see it uh and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time you uh see it uh and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time you uh see it uh and what
+you can do is basically um compute out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is basically um compute out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is basically um compute out
+three values uh you're going to compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values uh you're going to compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three values uh you're going to compute
+A1 B1 you can also compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 B1 you can also compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 B1 you can also compute
+A1 minus B 0 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 minus B 0 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A1 minus B 0 *
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+B1 uh minus oop sorry A1 minus a0 B1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 uh minus oop sorry A1 minus a0 B1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 uh minus oop sorry A1 minus a0 B1
+minus B 0 and a0 B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 0 and a0 B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B 0 and a0 B
+0 and this does three multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this does three multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this does three multiplications
+instead of four and it turns out you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of four and it turns out you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of four and it turns out you can
+actually reconstruct this value from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reconstruct this value from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually reconstruct this value from
+these three multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three multiplication
+results uh and the particular way you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh and the particular way you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results uh and the particular way you do
+it is you sort of this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you sort of this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is you sort of this is going to be
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well here let me write it out in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here let me write it out in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well here let me write it out in a
+different form um so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form um so we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different form um so we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times
+um sorry 2 to the 64 + 2 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry 2 to the 64 + 2 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um sorry 2 to the 64 + 2 the
+32 time uh A1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 time uh A1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 time uh A1
+B1 plus um 2 to the 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 plus um 2 to the 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B1 plus um 2 to the 32
+times uh minus that little guy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh minus that little guy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh minus that little guy in the
+middle A1 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle A1 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle A1 minus
+a0 B1 minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 B1 minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a0 B1 minus B
+0 and finally we're going to do uh 2 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and finally we're going to do uh 2 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and finally we're going to do uh 2 32
++ 1 times a0 B
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 times a0 B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 times a0 B
+0 and it's a little messy but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and it's a little messy but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and it's a little messy but actually
+if you work through the details you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work through the details you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you work through the details you'll
+end up convincing yourself hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up convincing yourself hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up convincing yourself hopefully
+that this value is exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this value is exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this value is exactly the same as
+uh this value it's a little clever uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this value it's a little clever uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this value it's a little clever uh
+but uh nonetheless it saves you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh nonetheless it saves you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh nonetheless it saves you one
+multiplication and the way you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and the way you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and the way you apply
+this to doing much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to doing much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to doing much larger
+multiplications is that you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications is that you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications is that you just
+recursively keep going down so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively keep going down so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively keep going down so if you
+had 512-bit values you could break it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 512-bit values you could break it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 512-bit values you could break it
+down to 256-bit multiplication you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 256-bit multiplication you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to 256-bit multiplication you do
+three 256bit multiplications and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 256bit multiplications and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three 256bit multiplications and then
+each of those you're going to do using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those you're going to do using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those you're going to do using
+the same card subar trick uh recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same card subar trick uh recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same card subar trick uh recursively
+and eventually you'll get down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually you'll get down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually you'll get down to
+machine size which is you can just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine size which is you can just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine size which is you can just do
+with a single machine instruction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single machine instruction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single machine instruction and
+then sort of reconstruct the value at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of reconstruct the value at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sort of reconstruct the value at
+the top this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top this make
+sense so what's the timing attack here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so what's the timing attack here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so what's the timing attack here
+how do these guys exploit this car subba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these guys exploit this car subba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do these guys exploit this car subba
+multiplication well it turns out that op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication well it turns out that op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication well it turns out that op
+SSL worries about basically two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSL worries about basically two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSL worries about basically two kinds of
+multiplications that it might need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications that it might need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications that it might need to do
+one is a multiplication between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a multiplication between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is a multiplication between two
+large numbers that are about the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers that are about the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers that are about the same
+size so this happens a lot when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so this happens a lot when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size so this happens a lot when we're
+doing this modular exponentiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this modular exponentiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this modular exponentiation
+because all the values we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the values we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all the values we're going to be
+multiplying are all going to be roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying are all going to be roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying are all going to be roughly
+512 bits in size so when we doing mult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 bits in size so when we doing mult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+512 bits in size so when we doing mult
+multiplying by C to the Y or doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by C to the Y or doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying by C to the Y or doing a
+squaring we're multiplying two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring we're multiplying two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squaring we're multiplying two things
+that are about the same size and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are about the same size and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are about the same size and then
+this katuba trick makes a lot of sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this katuba trick makes a lot of sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this katuba trick makes a lot of sense
+because instead of computing stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of computing stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because instead of computing stuff in
+times squared of the input size katuba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times squared of the input size katuba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times squared of the input size katuba
+is roughly n to the 1.58 something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly n to the 1.58 something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly n to the 1.58 something like
+that so it's much faster but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's much faster but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so it's much faster but then
+there's this other situation where op
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this other situation where op
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this other situation where op
+SSL might be multiplying two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSL might be multiplying two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSL might be multiplying two numbers
+that are very different in size one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very different in size one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very different in size one
+that's very big and one that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very big and one that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very big and one that's very
+small and in that case you could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and in that case you could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and in that case you could use
+caruba but then it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caruba but then it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caruba but then it's going to be
+actually slower than doing the naive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slower than doing the naive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slower than doing the naive
+thing suppose you are trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing suppose you are trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing suppose you are trying to do
+multiply a 512-bit number by a 64-bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a 512-bit number by a 64-bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply a 512-bit number by a 64-bit
+number you'd rather just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you'd rather just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number you'd rather just do the
+straightforward thing where you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward thing where you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward thing where you just
+multiply by each of the things in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by each of the things in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by each of the things in the
+64-bit number that's 2N instead of n to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit number that's 2N instead of n to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+64-bit number that's 2N instead of n to
+the 1.58
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1.58
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1.58
+something so as a result the open cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so as a result the open cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so as a result the open cell
+guys try to be clever and that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys try to be clever and that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys try to be clever and that's where
+often you know problems start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you know problems start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often you know problems start
+uh they uh decided that they'll actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they uh decided that they'll actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they uh decided that they'll actually
+switch dynamically between this caruba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch dynamically between this caruba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch dynamically between this caruba
+efficient thing and this sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient thing and this sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient thing and this sort of you
+know grade school method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know grade school method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know grade school method of
+multiplication here and their heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication here and their heuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication here and their heuristic
+was basically if the two things you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically if the two things you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was basically if the two things you're
+multiplying are exactly the same number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying are exactly the same number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying are exactly the same number
+of machine words so that they basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machine words so that they basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of machine words so that they basically
+have the same number of bits up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of bits up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same number of bits up to
+32-bit units then they're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit units then they're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit units then they're going to do
+CBA and if the two things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBA and if the two things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBA and if the two things that are
+multiplying have a different number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying have a different number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying have a different number of
+32-bit units then they'll do the quad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit units then they'll do the quad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32-bit units then they'll do the quad
+quadratic or sort of straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic or sort of straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic or sort of straightforward
+regular normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular normal
+multiplication and there you could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and there you could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication and there you could sort
+of see well you know if you if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see well you know if you if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see well you know if you if your
+number all of a sudden you know switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all of a sudden you know switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number all of a sudden you know switches
+to being a little bit smaller then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being a little bit smaller then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to being a little bit smaller then
+you're going to switch from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to switch from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to switch from the
+efficient thing to this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient thing to this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient thing to this other
+multiplication method and presumably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication method and presumably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication method and presumably the
+cut off point isn't going to be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off point isn't going to be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off point isn't going to be exactly
+smooth so you'll be able to tell oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth so you'll be able to tell oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth so you'll be able to tell oh you
+all of a sudden it's now taking a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden it's now taking a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden it's now taking a lot
+longer to multiply or a lot shorter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to multiply or a lot shorter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to multiply or a lot shorter to
+multiply than before and that's what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply than before and that's what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply than before and that's what uh
+these guys sort of expl in their timing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys sort of expl in their timing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys sort of expl in their timing
+attack again that make sense what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack again that make sense what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack again that make sense what's
+going on with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on with those
+multiplies all right so I think I'm now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies all right so I think I'm now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies all right so I think I'm now
+done with sort of telling you about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with sort of telling you about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done with sort of telling you about all
+the weird implementation tricks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weird implementation tricks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weird implementation tricks that
+people play when implementing RSA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play when implementing RSA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people play when implementing RSA in
+practice so now let's try to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so now let's try to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so now let's try to put them
+back together into an entire web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together into an entire web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back together into an entire web server
+and figure out how do you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out how do you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figure out how do you you know
+tickle all these interesting bits of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle all these interesting bits of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickle all these interesting bits of the
+implementation from the input Network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation from the input Network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation from the input Network
+packet so what happens in a web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet so what happens in a web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packet so what happens in a web server
+is that uh the web server uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh the web server uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh the web server uh if you
+remember from the htps lecture has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from the htps lecture has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember from the htps lecture has a
+secret key and it uses the secret key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key and it uses the secret key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key and it uses the secret key to
+prove that it's the correct owner of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it's the correct owner of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that it's the correct owner of
+that certificate uh in this hgps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certificate uh in this hgps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that certificate uh in this hgps
+protocol or in TLS and the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol or in TLS and the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol or in TLS and the way this
+works is that uh the client sends some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that uh the client sends some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works is that uh the client sends some
+randomly chosen bits and the bits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly chosen bits and the bits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly chosen bits and the bits are
+encrypted using the server's public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted using the server's public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted using the server's public key
+and the server in this TLS protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server in this TLS protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server in this TLS protocol
+decrypts this message and if the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypts this message and if the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypts this message and if the message
+checks out it uses those random bits to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks out it uses those random bits to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks out it uses those random bits to
+establish a session key but in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a session key but in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish a session key but in this case
+the message isn't going to check out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message isn't going to check out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the message isn't going to check out the
+message is going to be carefully chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is going to be carefully chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message is going to be carefully chosen
+the padding bits aren't going to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the padding bits aren't going to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the padding bits aren't going to match
+and the server is going to return an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server is going to return an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server is going to return an
+error as soon as it finishes decrypting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error as soon as it finishes decrypting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error as soon as it finishes decrypting
+our message and that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our message and that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our message and that's what we're going
+to time here so the server you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time here so the server you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to time here so the server you can sort
+of think of it as this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of it as this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think of it as this is you know
+Apache uh with OP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apache uh with OP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apache uh with OP
+SSL it's going to get a message from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSL it's going to get a message from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSL it's going to get a message from the
+client and you can sort of think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and you can sort of think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client and you can sort of think of this
+as you know a cipher text C or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know a cipher text C or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you know a cipher text C or a
+hypothetical Cipher text that the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical Cipher text that the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical Cipher text that the client
+might have produced and the first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have produced and the first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have produced and the first thing
+we're going to do with a cipher Tex C we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do with a cipher Tex C we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do with a cipher Tex C we
+want to decrypt it using roughly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to decrypt it using roughly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to decrypt it using roughly this
+formula and if you remember the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and if you remember the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and if you remember the first
+optimization we're going to apply is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we're going to apply is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization we're going to apply is the
+Chinese remainder theorem so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem so the first
+thing we're going to do is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to do is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we're going to do is basically
+split our pipeline into two parts we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split our pipeline into two parts we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split our pipeline into two parts we're
+going to do one thing mod P another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do one thing mod P another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do one thing mod P another
+thing mod q and then recombine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing mod q and then recombine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing mod q and then recombine the
+results at the end of the day so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results at the end of the day so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results at the end of the day so the
+first thing we're going to do is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we're going to do is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing we're going to do is we're
+going to actually going to take C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually going to take C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually going to take C and
+we're going to compute uh let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute uh let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute uh let's call
+this c0 which is going to be equal to C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this c0 which is going to be equal to C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this c0 which is going to be equal to C
+Mod q and we're also going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mod q and we're also going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mod q and we're also going to have a
+different value let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different value let's call it
+C1 which is going to be C mod P and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 which is going to be C mod P and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 which is going to be C mod P and then
+we're going to do the same thing to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do the same thing to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do the same thing to each
+of these values to basically compute C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these values to basically compute C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these values to basically compute C
+to the D mod P and C to the D mod Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D mod P and C to the D mod Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D mod P and C to the D mod Q
+and here we're going to basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're going to basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we're going to basically
+initially we're going to start sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we're going to start sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially we're going to start sort of
+after CRT we're going to switch into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after CRT we're going to switch into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after CRT we're going to switch into
+Montgomery representation because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery representation because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Montgomery representation because that's
+going to make our multiplies very fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make our multiplies very fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make our multiplies very fast
+so the next thing op SSL is going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing op SSL is going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next thing op SSL is going to do
+to your number it's actually going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your number it's actually going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your number it's actually going to
+compute I'll denoted c0 Prime which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute I'll denoted c0 Prime which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute I'll denoted c0 Prime which is
+going to be c0 * R mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be c0 * R mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be c0 * R mod
+q and the same thing down here I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and the same thing down here I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and the same thing down here I'm not
+going to write out the bottom pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write out the bottom pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write out the bottom pipeline
+it's exactly the same and then now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same and then now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same and then now that
+we've switched into Montgomery form we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've switched into Montgomery form we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've switched into Montgomery form we
+can finally do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can finally do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can finally do our
+multiplications uh and here's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications uh and here's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications uh and here's where
+we're going to use the sliding window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the sliding window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the sliding window
+technique so once we have C Prime we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so once we have C Prime we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique so once we have C Prime we can
+actually try to compute the C Prime uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to compute the C Prime uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually try to compute the C Prime uh
+exponentiated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiated to
+D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D
+mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+q and here as we're Computing this value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and here as we're Computing this value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and here as we're Computing this value
+to the D we're going to be using sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D we're going to be using sliding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D we're going to be using sliding
+windows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows so
+here we're going to do sliding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+windows for the bits in this D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows for the bits in this D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+windows for the bits in this D
+exponent and also we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and also we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and also we're going to do
+katuba or regular multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katuba or regular multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katuba or regular multiplication
+depending on exactly what the sizes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on exactly what the sizes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on exactly what the sizes of
+our operands are so if it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our operands are so if it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our operands are so if it turns out that
+the thing we're multiplying c0 Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're multiplying c0 Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing we're multiplying c0 Prime and
+you know maybe the previously squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe the previously squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe the previously squared
+you know result are the same size we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know result are the same size we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know result are the same size we're
+going to do cart subba if c0 Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do cart subba if c0 Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do cart subba if c0 Prime is
+Tiny But some previous thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tiny But some previous thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tiny But some previous thing we're
+multiplying it to is Big then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it to is Big then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying it to is Big then we're
+going to do sort of quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do sort of quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do sort of quadratic
+multiplication normal multiplication so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication normal multiplication so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication normal multiplication so
+there's sort of sliding Windows coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of sliding Windows coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of sliding Windows coming
+in here here we also have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here here we also have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in here here we also have this
+katuba versus normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katuba versus normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+katuba versus normal
+multiply and also in this step the extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and also in this step the extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply and also in this step the extra
+reductions come in because at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions come in because at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions come in because at every
+multiply the extra reductions are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the extra reductions are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the extra reductions are going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+proportional to the thing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the thing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the thing we're
+exponentiating mod Q so just to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating mod Q so just to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentiating mod Q so just to sort of
+plug in that formula over here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in that formula over here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in that formula over here the
+probability of extra reduction is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of extra reduction is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of extra reduction is going
+to be proportional to the value of c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be proportional to the value of c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be proportional to the value of c0
+Prime mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime mod
+Q divided by 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q divided by 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q divided by 2
+R make sense so this is where the really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R make sense so this is where the really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R make sense so this is where the really
+timing sensitive bit is going to come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing sensitive bit is going to come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing sensitive bit is going to come in
+and there's actually two effects here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's actually two effects here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's actually two effects here
+there's a scuba versus normal Choice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scuba versus normal Choice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a scuba versus normal Choice and
+then there's the number of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the number of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's the number of extra
+reductions you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions you're going to be
+making but okay so we we'll see how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making but okay so we we'll see how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making but okay so we we'll see how we
+exploit this in a second but now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this in a second but now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploit this in a second but now that
+you get this result for mod Q you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this result for mod Q you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this result for mod Q you're
+going to get a similar result mod P you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a similar result mod P you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a similar result mod P you
+can finally recombine these guys from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can finally recombine these guys from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can finally recombine these guys from
+the top and the bottom and sort of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the bottom and sort of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top and the bottom and sort of you
+use CRT and what you get out from CRT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use CRT and what you get out from CRT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use CRT and what you get out from CRT is
+actually sorry I guess we need to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry I guess we need to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sorry I guess we need to uh
+first convert it back down into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first convert it back down into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first convert it back down into
+non- Montgomery form so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- Montgomery form so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- Montgomery form so we're going to
+get you know first uh we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know first uh we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you know first uh we're going to get
+Prime to the D divided by R mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime to the D divided by R mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime to the D divided by R mod
+q and this thing because c0 Prime was c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and this thing because c0 Prime was c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and this thing because c0 Prime was c0
+* R mod Q if we do this then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* R mod Q if we do this then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* R mod Q if we do this then we're going
+to get back out our value of C to the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back out our value of C to the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get back out our value of C to the D
+mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod
+q and we get C to the d q here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and we get C to the d q here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q and we get C to the d q here we're
+going to get C to the D mod P on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get C to the D mod P on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get C to the D mod P on the
+bottom version of this Pipeline and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom version of this Pipeline and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom version of this Pipeline and
+we're can use CRT to get the value of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're can use CRT to get the value of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're can use CRT to get the value of C
+to the D mod n sorry for the small type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D mod n sorry for the small type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the D mod n sorry for the small type
+here or font size but roughly it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or font size but roughly it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here or font size but roughly it's the
+same thing we're expecting here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we're expecting here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing we're expecting here we can
+finally get our result and we get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally get our result and we get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally get our result and we get our
+message M so the server takes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M so the server takes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message M so the server takes an
+incoming packet that it gets runs it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming packet that it gets runs it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming packet that it gets runs it
+through this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this whole
+pipeline does two parts of this pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline does two parts of this pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline does two parts of this pipeline
+ends up with a decrypt Ed message M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up with a decrypt Ed message M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up with a decrypt Ed message M
+that's equal to C to the D mod n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to C to the D mod n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equal to C to the D mod n and
+then it's going to check the padding on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to check the padding on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's going to check the padding on
+this message and in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message and in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message and in this particular
+attack because we're going to carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack because we're going to carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack because we're going to carefully
+construct this value C the padding is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this value C the padding is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct this value C the padding is
+going to actually not match up we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually not match up we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to actually not match up we're
+going to choose the value C According to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose the value C According to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to choose the value C According to
+some other heris that aren't uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other heris that aren't uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other heris that aren't uh
+encrypting a real message with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypting a real message with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypting a real message with the
+correct padding so the padding is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct padding so the padding is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct padding so the padding is going
+to be a mismatch and the server is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a mismatch and the server is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a mismatch and the server is going
+to immediately report an error back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to immediately report an error back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to immediately report an error back to
+the client and close the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client and close the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client and close the
+connection and that's the time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and that's the time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and that's the time that
+we're going to measure to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to measure to figure out how
+long this whole pipeline took that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this whole pipeline took that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long this whole pipeline took that make
+sense any questions about this pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense any questions about this pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense any questions about this pipeline
+putting all these optimizations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together
+c q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c q and
+C1 when you assembl them back yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 when you assembl them back yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 when you assembl them back yeah
+you're probably right yeah C1 to the D C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably right yeah C1 to the D C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably right yeah C1 to the D C
+0 to the D yeah right this is c0 yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the D yeah right this is c0 yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to the D yeah right this is c0 yeah
+cor question when you um divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor question when you um divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cor question when you um divide by
+R um isn't there and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R um isn't there and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R um isn't there and how many
+cues you have to add to get to get the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues you have to add to get to get the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cues you have to add to get to get the Z
+and also extra reduction yeah so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also extra reduction yeah so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also extra reduction yeah so there
+might be extra reductions in this Final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be extra reductions in this Final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be extra reductions in this Final
+Phase as well you're right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase as well you're right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phase as well you're right so
+potentially you know we have to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially you know we have to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially you know we have to do this
+divide by R correctly so we probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by R correctly so we probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by R correctly so we probably
+have to do exactly the same thing as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do exactly the same thing as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do exactly the same thing as we
+saw for the Montgomery reductions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw for the Montgomery reductions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw for the Montgomery reductions here
+when we do this divide by R to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this divide by R to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this divide by R to convert
+it back so it's not clear exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back so it's not clear exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it back so it's not clear exactly how
+many Q's we should add we should figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Q's we should add we should figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Q's we should add we should figure
+out how many Q's to add add that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many Q's to add add that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how many Q's to add add that many
+Kill the low zeros and then do mod Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kill the low zeros and then do mod Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kill the low zeros and then do mod Q
+again maybe an extra reduction so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again maybe an extra reduction so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again maybe an extra reduction so you're
+absolutely right this is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right this is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right this is exactly the
+same kind of divide by R mod Q as we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of divide by R mod Q as we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of divide by R mod Q as we do
+for every Montgomery multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every Montgomery multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every Montgomery multiplication
+step make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step make
+sense all right any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right any other
+questions all right so how do we exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so how do we exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right so how do we exploit
+this how does an attacker actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how does an attacker actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how does an attacker actually
+figure out what the secret key of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the secret key of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the secret key of the
+server is by measuring the time of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is by measuring the time of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is by measuring the time of this
+entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire
+pipeline so these guys have a plan that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline so these guys have a plan that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline so these guys have a plan that
+basically involves guessing one bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically involves guessing one bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically involves guessing one bit of
+the private key at a time and what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private key at a time and what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private key at a time and what they
+mean actually by guessing the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean actually by guessing the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean actually by guessing the private
+key is that you you might think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is that you you might think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is that you you might think the
+private key is this decryption exponent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key is this decryption exponent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key is this decryption exponent
+D because actually you know e you know n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D because actually you know e you know n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D because actually you know e you know n
+that's the public key the only thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the public key the only thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the public key the only thing you
+don't know is D but in fact in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know is D but in fact in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know is D but in fact in this
+attack they didn't go for the exponent D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack they didn't go for the exponent D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack they didn't go for the exponent D
+directly that's a little bit harder to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that's a little bit harder to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly that's a little bit harder to
+guess instead what they're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess instead what they're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess instead what they're going to go
+for is the value Q or the value P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is the value Q or the value P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for is the value Q or the value P
+doesn't really matter which one once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter which one once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter which one once you
+guess what the value P or Q is then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the value P or Q is then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess what the value P or Q is then you
+can given n you can factor into P * Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can given n you can factor into P * Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can given n you can factor into P * Q
+then if you know P * Q you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you know P * Q you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you know P * Q you can actually
+sorry if you know the values p and Q you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you know the values p and Q you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if you know the values p and Q you
+can compute that five function we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute that five function we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can compute that five function we saw
+before and it's going to allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and it's going to allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and it's going to allow you to
+get the value D from the value e so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value D from the value e so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the value D from the value e so this
+factorization of the value n is hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of the value n is hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization of the value n is hugely
+important it should be secret for RSA to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it should be secret for RSA to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important it should be secret for RSA to
+remain secure so these guys are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain secure so these guys are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain secure so these guys are actually
+going to go and try to guess what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go and try to guess what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go and try to guess what the
+value of Q is by timing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Q is by timing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of Q is by timing this
+pipeline all right so how do these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline all right so how do these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline all right so how do these guys
+actually do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do it
+well they construct carefully chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they construct carefully chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they construct carefully chosen
+inputs C into this Pipeline and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs C into this Pipeline and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs C into this Pipeline and you know
+I guess I keep saying they keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I keep saying they keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I keep saying they keep
+measuring the time for this guy uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the time for this guy uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring the time for this guy uh but
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+particular well so the there's two parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular well so the there's two parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular well so the there's two parts
+of the attack you have to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the attack you have to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the attack you have to sort of
+bootstrap it a little bit to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrap it a little bit to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bootstrap it a little bit to guess the
+first couple of bits and then once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of bits and then once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first couple of bits and then once you
+have the first couple of bits you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first couple of bits you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the first couple of bits you can
+sort of guess the next bit so let me not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of guess the next bit so let me not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of guess the next bit so let me not
+say exactly how they guess the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say exactly how they guess the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say exactly how they guess the first
+couple of bits uh because it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of bits uh because it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of bits uh because it's actually
+much more interesting to see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interesting to see how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more interesting to see how they
+guess the next bit and then we'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the next bit and then we'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the next bit and then we'll come
+back if we have time to look at how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if we have time to look at how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back if we have time to look at how we
+how do they guess the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they guess the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they guess the first couple of
+bits they say it in the paper uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits they say it in the paper uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits they say it in the paper uh but
+basically suppose you have a guess g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically suppose you have a guess g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically suppose you have a guess g
+about how what the bits are of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how what the bits are of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how what the bits are of this
+value Q so you know that Q you know has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Q so you know that Q you know has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value Q so you know that Q you know has
+some bits you know g0 G1 1 G2 Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bits you know g0 G1 1 G2 Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bits you know g0 G1 1 G2 Etc
+and actually I guess these are not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I guess these are not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually I guess these are not even
+G's these are the real Q bits so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's these are the real Q bits so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G's these are the real Q bits so let me
+sort of write it as that uh so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of write it as that uh so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of write it as that uh so you know
+that you know qit zero Q bit one Q bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know qit zero Q bit one Q bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know qit zero Q bit one Q bit
+two these are the highest bits of Q and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two these are the highest bits of Q and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two these are the highest bits of Q and
+then you're trying to guess lower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're trying to guess lower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're trying to guess lower and
+lower bits so suppose you know the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bits so suppose you know the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bits so suppose you know the value
+of Q up to bit J and from that point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q up to bit J and from that point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q up to bit J and from that point on
+your guess is actually all zeros you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your guess is actually all zeros you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your guess is actually all zeros you
+have no idea what the bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what the bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what the bits
+are so these guys are going to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so these guys are going to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so these guys are going to try
+to get this guest g into this place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this guest g into this place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this guest g into this place in
+the pipeline because this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline because this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline because this is where
+there's two timing effects this choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two timing effects this choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two timing effects this choice
+of car tuba versus normal multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of car tuba versus normal multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of car tuba versus normal multiplication
+and this choice of or this uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this choice of or this uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this choice of or this uh you know
+different number of extra reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of extra reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number of extra reductions
+depending of the value of c0 prime so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending of the value of c0 prime so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending of the value of c0 prime so
+they're going to actually try to get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to actually try to get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to actually try to get two
+different guest values into that place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different guest values into that place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different guest values into that place
+in the pipeline one that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pipeline one that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pipeline one that looks like
+this and one that they call G High which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and one that they call G High which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and one that they call G High which
+is all the same High
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the same High
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all the same High
+bits Q2 QJ and for the next bit which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits Q2 QJ and for the next bit which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits Q2 QJ and for the next bit which
+they don't know guess g is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know guess g is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't know guess g is going to have
+zero g high is going to have a bit one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero g high is going to have a bit one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero g high is going to have a bit one
+here and all zeros later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and all zeros later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and all zeros later
+on so how does it help these guys figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so how does it help these guys figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so how does it help these guys figure
+out what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going
+on so there's really sort of two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there's really sort of two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so there's really sort of two ways
+you can sort of think of it uh suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of think of it uh suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of think of it uh suppose
+that we get this guess g to be the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get this guess g to be the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get this guess g to be the value
+of c0 prime so you can sort of think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c0 prime so you can sort of think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of c0 prime so you can sort of think of
+this G and G High being the c0 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G and G High being the c0 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this G and G High being the c0 prime
+value on that left board over there it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value on that left board over there it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value on that left board over there it's
+actually fairly straightforward for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fairly straightforward for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fairly straightforward for them
+to do this right because c0 Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this right because c0 Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this right because c0 Prime is
+pretty deterministically computed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty deterministically computed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty deterministically computed from
+the input Cipher Tex c0 you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input Cipher Tex c0 you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input Cipher Tex c0 you just
+multiply it by R so in order for them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by R so in order for them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by R so in order for them to
+get some value into here as a guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some value into here as a guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some value into here as a guess they
+just need to take their guess and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to take their guess and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to take their guess and and
+first divided by R so divided by 2 512
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first divided by R so divided by 2 512
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first divided by R so divided by 2 512
+mod something and then they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod something and then they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod something and then they're going to
+inject it back and the server is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject it back and the server is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inject it back and the server is going
+to multiply by R and uh off you go make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by R and uh off you go make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by R and uh off you go make
+sense all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all
+right so suppose that we managed to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so suppose that we managed to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so suppose that we managed to get
+our particular chosen integer value into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particular chosen integer value into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our particular chosen integer value into
+that c0 Prime spot so what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c0 Prime spot so what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that c0 Prime spot so what's going to be
+the time to compute c0 Prime to the d q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to compute c0 Prime to the d q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to compute c0 Prime to the d q
+so there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two
+possible sort of options here where Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sort of options here where Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible sort of options here where Q
+Falls in this picture so it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls in this picture so it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls in this picture so it might be
+that Q is sort of between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Q is sort of between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Q is sort of between these two
+values because the next bit of Q is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because the next bit of Q is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because the next bit of Q is zero
+so this value is going to be less than q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this value is going to be less than q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this value is going to be less than q
+but this guy is going to be greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this guy is going to be greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this guy is going to be greater than
+Q so this this happens if the next bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so this this happens if the next bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q so this this happens if the next bit
+of Q is zero or it might be that Q lies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q is zero or it might be that Q lies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q is zero or it might be that Q lies
+above both of these values if the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above both of these values if the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above both of these values if the next
+bit of Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of Q is
+one so now we can try to tell okay like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so now we can try to tell okay like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so now we can try to tell okay like
+what's going to be the timing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be the timing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to be the timing of
+decrypting these two values if Q lies in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypting these two values if Q lies in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypting these two values if Q lies in
+between them or if Q lies above both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them or if Q lies above both of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them or if Q lies above both of
+them so if let's look at the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so if let's look at the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so if let's look at the situation
+where Q lies above both of them well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Q lies above both of them well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Q lies above both of them well in
+that case uh actually everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case uh actually everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case uh actually everything is
+pretty much the same right because both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same right because both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much the same right because both
+of these values are smaller than Q then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these values are smaller than Q then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these values are smaller than Q then
+the value of these things mod Q is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of these things mod Q is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of these things mod Q is going
+to be roughly the same they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be roughly the same they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be roughly the same they're going to
+be a little bit different uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit different uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit different uh because
+there extra bit but more or less they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there extra bit but more or less they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there extra bit but more or less they're
+sort of the same magnitude uh and uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the same magnitude uh and uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the same magnitude uh and uh the
+number of extra reductions is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of extra reductions is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of extra reductions is also
+probably not going to be hugely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to be hugely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not going to be hugely
+different because it's proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because it's proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because it's proportional to
+the value of this guy mod q and for both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of this guy mod q and for both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of this guy mod q and for both
+of these guys they're both a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys they're both a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these guys they're both a little bit
+smaller than Q so they're all about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than Q so they're all about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than Q so they're all about the
+same right neither of them is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right neither of them is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same right neither of them is going to
+exceed q and all of a sudden have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed q and all of a sudden have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceed q and all of a sudden have many
+fewer extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer extra
+reductions so if if Q is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions so if if Q is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions so if if Q is greater than
+both of these guesses then C sub versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these guesses then C sub versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these guesses then C sub versus
+normal is going to stay the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal is going to stay the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal is going to stay the same the
+server is going to do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is going to do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is going to do the same thing
+basically for both G and G high in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for both G and G high in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for both G and G high in terms
+of caruba versus normal and the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of caruba versus normal and the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of caruba versus normal and the server
+is going to do about the same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to do about the same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to do about the same number of
+extra reductions for both these guys as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra reductions for both these guys as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra reductions for both these guys as
+well so if you see that the server is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so if you see that the server is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so if you see that the server is
+taking the same amount of time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the same amount of time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the same amount of time to
+respond to these guesses then you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to these guesses then you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to these guesses then you should
+probably guess that oh Q probably has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably guess that oh Q probably has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably guess that oh Q probably has
+the bit one here on the other hand if Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit one here on the other hand if Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit one here on the other hand if Q
+lies in the middle then there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies in the middle then there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies in the middle then there's two
+possible things that could sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things that could sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible things that could sort of
+trigger and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigger and change the
+timing one possibility is that because G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing one possibility is that because G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing one possibility is that because G
+high is just a little bit larger than Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is just a little bit larger than Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high is just a little bit larger than Q
+then the number of extra reductions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the number of extra reductions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the number of extra reductions is
+going to be proportional to this guy mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be proportional to this guy mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be proportional to this guy mod
+Q which is very small because c0 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q which is very small because c0 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q which is very small because c0 Prime
+is Q Plus just a little bit in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Q Plus just a little bit in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Q Plus just a little bit in these
+extra bits so the number of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bits so the number of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bits so the number of extra
+reduction is going to plummet and all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is going to plummet and all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction is going to plummet and all of
+a sudden it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sudden it will be
+faster another possible thing that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster another possible thing that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster another possible thing that could
+happen is that maybe the server will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that maybe the server will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that maybe the server will
+decide oh now it's time to do normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide oh now it's time to do normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide oh now it's time to do normal
+multiplication instead of caruba maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication instead of caruba maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication instead of caruba maybe
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know for this value all these uh C to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for this value all these uh C to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for this value all these uh C to
+the 0 Prime was the same same number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 Prime was the same same number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 0 Prime was the same same number of
+bits as Q if it turns out that g high is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits as Q if it turns out that g high is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bits as Q if it turns out that g high is
+above Q then G High mod Q is potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above Q then G High mod Q is potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above Q then G High mod Q is potentially
+going to have fewer Bits And if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have fewer Bits And if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have fewer Bits And if this
+crosses a 32-bit boundary then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses a 32-bit boundary then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses a 32-bit boundary then the
+server is going to do normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is going to do normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server is going to do normal
+multiplication all of a sudden so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication all of a sudden so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication all of a sudden so that's
+going to be sort of in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sort of in the other
+direction so if you cross over then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so if you cross over then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so if you cross over then
+normal multiplication kicks in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal multiplication kicks in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal multiplication kicks in and
+things get a lot slower because Normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get a lot slower because Normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things get a lot slower because Normal
+multiplication is quadratic instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is quadratic instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication is quadratic instead of
+uh nicer faster caruba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nicer faster caruba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh nicer faster caruba
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+yeah because the number of X reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the number of X reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah because the number of X reduction
+is proportional to uh you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to uh you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to uh you know from
+above there to C 0 Prime mod Q so if c0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above there to C 0 Prime mod Q so if c0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above there to C 0 Prime mod Q so if c0
+Prime which is this value is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is this value is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime which is this value is just a
+little overow Q then this is tiny as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little overow Q then this is tiny as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little overow Q then this is tiny as
+opposed to this guy it's basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to this guy it's basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to this guy it's basically the
+same as Q or all all the High bits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Q or all all the High bits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as Q or all all the High bits are
+the same as q and then it's big so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as q and then it's big so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as q and then it's big so then
+there will be this difference that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be this difference that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be this difference that you
+can try to measure so there's this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to measure so there's this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try to measure so there's this one
+interesting thing actually a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing actually a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing actually a couple of
+interesting things these effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things these effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things these effects
+actually work in different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work in different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work in different directions
+right so if you hit a 32-bit boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you hit a 32-bit boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you hit a 32-bit boundary
+and card sub versus normal switches then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and card sub versus normal switches then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and card sub versus normal switches then
+all of a sudden it takes much longer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden it takes much longer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden it takes much longer to
+decrypt this message on other hand if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt this message on other hand if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt this message on other hand if
+you if it's not a 32bit boundary maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it's not a 32bit boundary maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if it's not a 32bit boundary maybe
+this effect will uh sort of tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect will uh sort of tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this effect will uh sort of tell you
+what's going on so you have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so you have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so you have to actually
+watch for different effect so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch for different effect so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch for different effect so if you're
+not guessing a bit that's a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not guessing a bit that's a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not guessing a bit that's a multiple of
+32 bits then you should probably expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 bits then you should probably expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+32 bits then you should probably expect
+the time to drop because of extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to drop because of extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to drop because of extra
+reductions on the other hand if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions on the other hand if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions on the other hand if you're
+trying to guess a bit that's a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to guess a bit that's a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to guess a bit that's a multiple
+of 32 then maybe you should be expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 32 then maybe you should be expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 32 then maybe you should be expecting
+for it to jump a lot or maybe drop if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to jump a lot or maybe drop if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it to jump a lot or maybe drop if
+it's already normal uh so I guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already normal uh so I guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's already normal uh so I guess what
+these guys look at in the paper is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys look at in the paper is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys look at in the paper is they
+say actually it doesn't really matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say actually it doesn't really matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say actually it doesn't really matter
+whether there's a jump up or a jump down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a jump up or a jump down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether there's a jump up or a jump down
+in time you should just expect if Q is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time you should just expect if Q is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time you should just expect if Q is
+if the next bit of Q is one you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the next bit of Q is one you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the next bit of Q is one you should
+expect these things to take almost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these things to take almost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect these things to take almost the
+same amount of time and if the next bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of time and if the next bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same amount of time and if the next bit
+of Q is zero then you should expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q is zero then you should expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Q is zero then you should expect
+these guys to have a noticeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys to have a noticeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys to have a noticeable
+difference even if it's big or small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference even if it's big or small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference even if it's big or small
+even if it's positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's positive or
+negative so they actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so they actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so they actually sort of
+measure the this and it turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the this and it turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the this and it turns out to
+actually work pretty well they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work pretty well they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work pretty well they have to
+do actually two interesting tricks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do actually two interesting tricks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do actually two interesting tricks to
+make this work out if you remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this work out if you remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this work out if you remember the
+timing difference was Tiny it's an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing difference was Tiny it's an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing difference was Tiny it's an order
+of 1 to two micros seconds so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 to two micros seconds so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 to two micros seconds so it's going
+to be hard to measure this over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be hard to measure this over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be hard to measure this over a
+network over an ethernet switch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network over an ethernet switch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network over an ethernet switch for
+example so what these do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so what these do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so what these do is they
+actually do two kinds of measurement uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do two kinds of measurement uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do two kinds of measurement uh
+two kinds of averaging so for each guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of averaging so for each guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of averaging so for each guest
+that they send they actually send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they send they actually send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they send they actually send it
+several times and then the paper they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times and then the paper they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several times and then the paper they
+say they send it like seven times or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they send it like seven times or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they send it like seven times or
+something so what kind of noise do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so what kind of noise do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so what kind of noise do you
+think this helps them with if they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this helps them with if they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this helps them with if they just
+like resend the same guess over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like resend the same guess over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like resend the same guess over and
+over yeah with the Jitter that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over yeah with the Jitter that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over yeah with the Jitter that there
+might be lat yeah so if the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be lat yeah so if the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be lat yeah so if the network
+keeps you know adding different latency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps you know adding different latency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps you know adding different latency
+you just try the same thing many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just try the same thing many times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just try the same thing many times
+the thing at the server should be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing at the server should be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing at the server should be taking
+exactly the same amount of time every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same amount of time every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same amount of time every
+time they just average out the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they just average out the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they just average out the network
+noise and the paper they say they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and the paper they say they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and the paper they say they take
+the median value I actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median value I actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the median value I actually don't
+understand why they take the median I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why they take the median I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why they take the median I
+think they should be taking the Min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they should be taking the Min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they should be taking the Min
+that's the real thing that's going on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the real thing that's going on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the real thing that's going on uh
+but anyway this lets them average out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway this lets them average out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway this lets them average out
+the network noise but then then they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network noise but then then they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network noise but then then they do
+this other weird thing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other weird thing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other weird thing which is
+that when they're sending a guess they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when they're sending a guess they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when they're sending a guess they
+don't just send the same guess seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just send the same guess seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't just send the same guess seven
+times they actually send a neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they actually send a neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times they actually send a neighborhood
+of guesses and each each each value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guesses and each each each value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guesses and each each each value in
+the neighborhood gets sent seven times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood gets sent seven times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighborhood gets sent seven times
+itself so they actually send G uh seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so they actually send G uh seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so they actually send G uh seven
+times then they send G + 1 also seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then they send G + 1 also seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then they send G + 1 also seven
+times then they send G+ 2 also seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then they send G+ 2 also seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times then they send G+ 2 also seven
+times Etc up to g plus 400 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Etc up to g plus 400 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Etc up to g plus 400 in the
+paper why do they do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper why do they do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper why do they do this kind of
+averaging as well over different G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging as well over different G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging as well over different G
+values instead of just sending G 7 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values instead of just sending G 7 time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values instead of just sending G 7 time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times seems more straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah by
+other yeah so actually what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other yeah so actually what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other yeah so actually what's going on
+right is like we're actually trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is like we're actually trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is like we're actually trying to
+measure exactly how long this piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure exactly how long this piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure exactly how long this piece of
+the computation will take but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation will take but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computation will take but there's
+lots of other stuff for example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other stuff for example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other stuff for example this
+other pipeline that's at the bottom it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pipeline that's at the bottom it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other pipeline that's at the bottom it's
+doing all the stuff mod P it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the stuff mod P it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing all the stuff mod P it's also
+going to take different amounts of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take different amounts of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take different amounts of time
+depending depending on what exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending depending on what exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending depending on what exactly the
+input is so the cool thing is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is so the cool thing is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input is so the cool thing is that if
+you perturb the value of your guest G by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perturb the value of your guest G by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you perturb the value of your guest G by
+adding one two three whatever it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding one two three whatever it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding one two three whatever it's just
+going to twiddle the low bits so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to twiddle the low bits so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to twiddle the low bits so the
+timing attack we just looked at just now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing attack we just looked at just now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timing attack we just looked at just now
+isn't going to change because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to change because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't going to change because that
+depended on this middle bit flipping but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on this middle bit flipping but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depended on this middle bit flipping but
+everything that's happening on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's happening on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's happening on the
+bottom side of the pipeline mod P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom side of the pipeline mod P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom side of the pipeline mod P is
+going to be totally randomized by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be totally randomized by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be totally randomized by this
+because when you do it mod P then adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you do it mod P then adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you do it mod P then adding
+you know an extra bit could you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an extra bit could you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know an extra bit could you know
+shift things around quite a bit mod P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift things around quite a bit mod P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift things around quite a bit mod P
+and you're going to uh it'll average out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to uh it'll average out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're going to uh it'll average out
+other kinds of sort of computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of sort of computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of sort of computational
+noise that's deterministic for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise that's deterministic for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise that's deterministic for a
+particular value but it's not related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value but it's not related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular value but it's not related to
+this part of the computation we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the computation we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the computation we're
+trying to go after make sense how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go after make sense how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go after make sense how do
+they do that when they try to guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that when they try to guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that when they try to guess the
+law of the bit Ah so actually they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of the bit Ah so actually they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law of the bit Ah so actually they use
+some other mathematical trick to only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other mathematical trick to only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other mathematical trick to only
+actually bother guessing the top half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bother guessing the top half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bother guessing the top half of
+the bits of Q it turns out if you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits of Q it turns out if you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bits of Q it turns out if you know
+the top half of the bits of Q there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top half of the bits of Q there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top half of the bits of Q there's
+some math you can rely on to factor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some math you can rely on to factor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some math you can rely on to factor the
+numbers and then you're in good shape so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then you're in good shape so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and then you're in good shape so
+you can always swi a little bits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always swi a little bits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can always swi a little bits and
+basically not worry about it make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically not worry about it make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically not worry about it make sense
+Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question well you're going to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well you're going to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question well you're going to construct
+this value c0 well you want the C 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value c0 well you want the C 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this value c0 well you want the C 0
+Prime you're going to construct a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime you're going to construct a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime you're going to construct a value
+C by basically taking your c0 Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C by basically taking your c0 Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C by basically taking your c0 Prime and
+multiplying it times R inverse mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n and then when the server takes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then when the server takes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then when the server takes this
+value it's going to push it through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's going to push it through here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value it's going to push it through here
+so it's going to compute C 0 it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to compute C 0 it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's going to compute C 0 it's going
+to be C Mod Q so that value is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be C Mod Q so that value is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be C Mod Q so that value is going to
+be c0 prime R inverse mod Q then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be c0 prime R inverse mod Q then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be c0 prime R inverse mod Q then you
+multiply it by R so you get rid of the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by R so you get rid of the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply it by R so you get rid of the r
+inverse and then you end up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and then you end up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse and then you end up with the
+guess exactly in this position so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess exactly in this position so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess exactly in this position so the
+cool thing is basically all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing is basically all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing is basically all the
+manipulations leading up to here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations leading up to here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulations leading up to here are
+just multiplying by this R and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplying by this R and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplying by this R and you know
+what R is going to be it's going to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what R is going to be it's going to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what R is going to be it's going to be 2
+to 512 so that's going to be relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 512 so that's going to be relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 512 so that's going to be relatively
+straightforward to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward to
+do sense other questions yeah could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sense other questions yeah could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sense other questions yeah could we
+just cancel out time from the bottom all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cancel out time from the bottom all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just cancel out time from the bottom all
+the pipeline I makeing change B be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline I makeing change B be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline I makeing change B be a
+mple of Q mple of P well if you knew P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mple of Q mple of P well if you knew P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mple of Q mple of P well if you knew P
+you'd be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be in
+business yeah so that's the thing yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business yeah so that's the thing yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business yeah so that's the thing yeah
+so you don't know what p is but you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't know what p is but you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't know what p is but you just
+want to sort of randomize it out yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of randomize it out yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sort of randomize it out yeah
+that's that's going on yeah other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's going on yeah other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's going on yeah other
+questions all right well we ran over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right well we ran over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions all right well we ran over a
+little bit but thanks for sticking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but thanks for sticking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit but thanks for sticking
+around so we'll start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so we'll start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so we'll start talking about
+other kinds of problems uh next week see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of problems uh next week see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other kinds of problems uh next week see
+you guys then
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/3xBTFOxtfNU.txt b/3xBTFOxtfNU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b46dcef8d8e84643710a01856c59167e25ead1cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/3xBTFOxtfNU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+so I'm gonna go just go over some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna go just go over some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna go just go over some very
+basic neuroscience mostly terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic neuroscience mostly terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic neuroscience mostly terminology
+just for people who have very little to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for people who have very little to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for people who have very little to
+no neuroscience background when you hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no neuroscience background when you hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no neuroscience background when you hear
+the rest of the talks you will think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the talks you will think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the talks you will think
+like what does it mean that that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what does it mean that that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what does it mean that that they're
+talking about spiking activity or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about spiking activity or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about spiking activity or what
+is fMRI measuring so that's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fMRI measuring so that's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fMRI measuring so that's like the
+level at which this is so so my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at which this is so so my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level at which this is so so my
+disclaimers are one like I said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclaimers are one like I said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclaimers are one like I said that
+it's very basic and to that it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very basic and to that it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very basic and to that it will be
+CBMM and vision centric because the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBMM and vision centric because the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CBMM and vision centric because the goal
+is to get you ready for the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get you ready for the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to get you ready for the rest of this
+course and so please don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and so please don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and so please don't think that
+this is an exhaustive or what I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exhaustive or what I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an exhaustive or what I think is
+an exhaustive summary of basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhaustive summary of basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exhaustive summary of basic
+neuroscience so just to give you a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience so just to give you a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience so just to give you a brief
+outline first we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline first we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline first we'll talk about the
+basics of neurons and their firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of neurons and their firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basics of neurons and their firing
+basic brain anatomy how people measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic brain anatomy how people measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic brain anatomy how people measure
+neural activity in the brain both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity in the brain both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity in the brain both
+invasively and non-invasively and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasively and non-invasively and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasively and non-invasively and then a
+brief rundown of the visual system this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief rundown of the visual system this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brief rundown of the visual system this
+is a neuron and it has dendrites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a neuron and it has dendrites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a neuron and it has dendrites and
+axons and the signal is propagated along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons and the signal is propagated along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axons and the signal is propagated along
+the axon and the axon terminates on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon and the axon terminates on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the axon and the axon terminates on
+another cell and when they - one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cell and when they - one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another cell and when they - one one
+neuron terminates on another tip neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron terminates on another tip neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron terminates on another tip neuron
+and they if they form what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they if they form what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they if they form what's called a
+synapse so here are some pictures sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse so here are some pictures sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse so here are some pictures sorry
+it's hard to see on the projectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to see on the projectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to see on the projectors of
+neurons synapsing on other neurons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons synapsing on other neurons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons synapsing on other neurons and
+that is how neurons communicate they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how neurons communicate they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how neurons communicate they
+send electrical activity down their axon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send electrical activity down their axon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send electrical activity down their axon
+and it reaches the next cell and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it reaches the next cell and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it reaches the next cell and the
+synapse is both an electrical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse is both an electrical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse is both an electrical and
+chemical phenomenon we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical phenomenon we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical phenomenon we're not going to
+get into the details of that but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the details of that but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the details of that but if
+you're interested I encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested I encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested I encourage you to
+Wikipedia neurons have a ion gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia neurons have a ion gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia neurons have a ion gradient
+across them so there is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across them so there is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across them so there is a different
+concentration of certain types of ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of certain types of ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of certain types of ions
+inside and outside of the cell and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and outside of the cell and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and outside of the cell and there
+are ion channels along the cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ion channels along the cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ion channels along the cell and
+these ion channels are voltage-gated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ion channels are voltage-gated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ion channels are voltage-gated so
+what happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is
+when when these ion channels open the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when these ion channels open the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when these ion channels open the
+voltage inside the cell changes and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage inside the cell changes and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage inside the cell changes and that
+eventually leads to a neuron to fire and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually leads to a neuron to fire and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually leads to a neuron to fire and
+they fire what is known as an action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fire what is known as an action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they fire what is known as an action
+potential so it's it's possible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so it's it's possible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so it's it's possible for
+neurons voltage to change a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons voltage to change a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons voltage to change a little bit
+and that is known as potentiation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is known as potentiation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is known as potentiation so
+they can get either excitatory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get either excitatory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can get either excitatory or
+inhibitory potentiation so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory potentiation so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inhibitory potentiation so that means
+either higher or lower activity as shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either higher or lower activity as shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either higher or lower activity as shown
+here and then once it reaches a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then once it reaches a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then once it reaches a certain
+threshold they fire what's known as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold they fire what's known as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold they fire what's known as an
+action potential so action potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potential so action potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action potential so action potentials
+are all or none firing and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all or none firing and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all or none firing and that's what
+is referred to as neural firing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referred to as neural firing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is referred to as neural firing or
+neural spiking it's this actual spike in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural spiking it's this actual spike in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural spiking it's this actual spike in
+the voltage that is all you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage that is all you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the voltage that is all you need to know
+like when people are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when people are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when people are talking about
+neural spiking they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural spiking they're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural spiking they're talking about
+that actual action potential but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actual action potential but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actual action potential but
+oftentimes we're not measuring things at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes we're not measuring things at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oftentimes we're not measuring things at
+the level of single spikes so I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of single spikes so I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level of single spikes so I'll get
+into in a little bit about what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in a little bit about what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into in a little bit about what people
+are actually measuring and what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually measuring and what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually measuring and what they're
+talking about when they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when they're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about when they're talking about
+different recording techniques all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different recording techniques all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different recording techniques all right
+this is some basic brain anatomy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some basic brain anatomy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is some basic brain anatomy this is
+a slice of the cortex and just to orient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slice of the cortex and just to orient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slice of the cortex and just to orient
+you I'm gonna put these all online just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm gonna put these all online just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I'm gonna put these all online just
+so you know the terminologies but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the terminologies but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know the terminologies but there
+are different lobes that occipital lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different lobes that occipital lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different lobes that occipital lobe
+is in the back that's where early visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the back that's where early visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in the back that's where early visual
+cortex is temporal lobe parietal lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is temporal lobe parietal lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex is temporal lobe parietal lobe
+and frontal lobe and if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frontal lobe and if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and frontal lobe and if people are
+talking about the inferior part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the inferior part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the inferior part of the
+brain they mean the bottom superior top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain they mean the bottom superior top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain they mean the bottom superior top
+etc and this is a rough layout of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and this is a rough layout of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and this is a rough layout of where
+different sensory it can people see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sensory it can people see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sensory it can people see that
+kind of okay different sensory and motor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of okay different sensory and motor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of okay different sensory and motor
+cortices and where they land on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortices and where they land on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortices and where they land on the
+cortex so Nancy's gonna give a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex so Nancy's gonna give a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex so Nancy's gonna give a really
+nice introduction to the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice introduction to the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice introduction to the functional
+specialization of the brain this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization of the brain this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialization of the brain this is just
+some basic anatomical terms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic anatomical terms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some basic anatomical terms to
+familiarize you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so neural recording so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so neural recording so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so neural recording so when
+we're talking about invasive neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about invasive neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about invasive neural
+recordings the first type that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings the first type that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recordings the first type that we'll
+talk about is electrophysiology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is electrophysiology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about is electrophysiology so
+single and multi-unit recordings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single and multi-unit recordings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single and multi-unit recordings and
+what that means is that somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that means is that somebody
+actually sticks an electrode into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sticks an electrode into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sticks an electrode into the
+brain of an animal and records their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain of an animal and records their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain of an animal and records their
+neural activity so this can either be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity so this can either be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity so this can either be a
+single unit recording which means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unit recording which means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single unit recording which means you
+are recording from a single neuron and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are recording from a single neuron and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are recording from a single neuron and
+either by sticking the electrode inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by sticking the electrode inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either by sticking the electrode inside
+or on top of the neuron or very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on top of the neuron or very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or on top of the neuron or very close to
+the neuron and that means that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron and that means that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neuron and that means that you're
+close enough that you're only picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough that you're only picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough that you're only picking up
+the changes in electrical activity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes in electrical activity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes in electrical activity from
+that one neuron but what's more commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one neuron but what's more commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one neuron but what's more commonly
+measured now or is multi unit activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured now or is multi unit activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured now or is multi unit activity
+that means that you stick an electrode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you stick an electrode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you stick an electrode
+in the brain and it's picking up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain and it's picking up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the brain and it's picking up
+activity from a bunch of neurons around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity from a bunch of neurons around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity from a bunch of neurons around
+it so you can either take that data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you can either take that data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so you can either take that data and
+get what's known as the local field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what's known as the local field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what's known as the local field
+potential so that is the changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so that is the changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so that is the changes in
+potential in general in that whole group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in general in that whole group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in general in that whole group
+of neurons and people often analyze that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neurons and people often analyze that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neurons and people often analyze that
+data or you can do some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or you can do some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or you can do some sort of
+pre-processing to figure out how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing to figure out how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-processing to figure out how many
+neural spikes you're getting so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural spikes you're getting so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural spikes you're getting so that's
+typically trying to look at the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically trying to look at the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically trying to look at the neural
+firing so from that activity you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing so from that activity you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing so from that activity you can
+either get the spiking pattern or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get the spiking pattern or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either get the spiking pattern or what
+people refer to as the local field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people refer to as the local field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people refer to as the local field
+potential and then you've probably heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and then you've probably heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential and then you've probably heard
+you will hear a lot about acog data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will hear a lot about acog data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will hear a lot about acog data from
+Gabrielle and others this time um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle and others this time um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle and others this time um so
+this is really exciting it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really exciting it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really exciting it's the
+opportunity to record from inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to record from inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to record from inside the
+human brain from patients who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain from patients who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human brain from patients who have
+interact pharmacological intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact pharmacological intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact pharmacological intractable
+epilepsy so sorry this is kind of gross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilepsy so sorry this is kind of gross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epilepsy so sorry this is kind of gross
+but to when people are having seizures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to when people are having seizures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to when people are having seizures
+if surgeons want to resect that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if surgeons want to resect that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if surgeons want to resect that area
+they first have to map very carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first have to map very carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they first have to map very carefully
+where the seizures are coming from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the seizures are coming from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the seizures are coming from and
+what else is around there to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is around there to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else is around there to make sure
+that they are helping the patient so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are helping the patient so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are helping the patient so to
+do that they place a grid of electrodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that they place a grid of electrodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that they place a grid of electrodes
+on the surface of the subjects cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of the subjects cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of the subjects cortex
+and then use leave that they're off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use leave that they're off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use leave that they're off in
+for a week for several days and while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a week for several days and while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a week for several days and while
+they do different types of mapping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do different types of mapping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do different types of mapping in
+that area so this provides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area so this provides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that area so this provides the
+opportunity for scientists like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for scientists like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for scientists like
+Gabrielle to then go and test the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle to then go and test the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle to then go and test the neural
+activity in those humans which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in those humans which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in those humans which is a very
+rare opportunity to be able to record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare opportunity to be able to record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare opportunity to be able to record
+invasively from humans and again since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasively from humans and again since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasively from humans and again since
+we're on the surface of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on the surface of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're on the surface of the
+brain this is not single unit activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain this is not single unit activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain this is not single unit activity
+so you get something that is more signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get something that is more signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get something that is more signal
+more similar to the lfp type signal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more similar to the lfp type signal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more similar to the lfp type signal and
+then what I and many other people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I and many other people in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what I and many other people in the
+center do is also neural imaging so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center do is also neural imaging so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center do is also neural imaging so this
+is non invasive often in humans although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non invasive often in humans although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is non invasive often in humans although
+people also do it in animals as well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also do it in animals as well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people also do it in animals as well and
+the main types you'll probably hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main types you'll probably hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main types you'll probably hear
+about at this course are M eg an EEG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at this course are M eg an EEG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at this course are M eg an EEG
+which are very similar and functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very similar and functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very similar and functional
+MRI so when many neurons fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI so when many neurons fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MRI so when many neurons fire
+synchronously so the neurons in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronously so the neurons in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronously so the neurons in your
+cortex have the nice property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex have the nice property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex have the nice property that
+they're all aligned in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all aligned in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all aligned in the same
+orientation so when they fire at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation so when they fire at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation so when they fire at the
+same time you actually get a weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time you actually get a weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time you actually get a weak
+electrical current and that electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical current and that electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical current and that electrical
+current causes a change in both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current causes a change in both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current causes a change in both the
+electric and magnetic field around it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic field around it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric and magnetic field around it
+and EEG and mu G measure the changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EEG and mu G measure the changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EEG and mu G measure the changes in
+electric e and magnetic M fields from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric e and magnetic M fields from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric e and magnetic M fields from
+those neuro firings but it's usually on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neuro firings but it's usually on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those neuro firings but it's usually on
+the order of like tens of millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of like tens of millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order of like tens of millions of
+neurons that need to be firing so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that need to be firing so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that need to be firing so we're
+now at a much larger scale than we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at a much larger scale than we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now at a much larger scale than we were
+with the invasive recordings and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the invasive recordings and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the invasive recordings and because
+the neurons ought to be firing at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons ought to be firing at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neurons ought to be firing at the
+same time usually they're not all firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time usually they're not all firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time usually they're not all firing
+an action potential because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action potential because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an action potential because if you
+remember it was just this very brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was just this very brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was just this very brief
+spike you're just measuring kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike you're just measuring kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike you're just measuring kind of the
+changes in the potentiation of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the potentiation of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in the potentiation of that
+whole group important cortical neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group important cortical neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group important cortical neurons
+so this is a very coarse measure but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very coarse measure but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a very coarse measure but
+it's a direct measure of neural firing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a direct measure of neural firing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a direct measure of neural firing
+so it has very good temporal resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has very good temporal resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has very good temporal resolution
+so the question was about I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was about I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was about I don't know
+if everyone heard the temporal scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone heard the temporal scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if everyone heard the temporal scale of
+MU G so it's it's millisecond temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU G so it's it's millisecond temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU G so it's it's millisecond temporal
+resolutions I think you can maybe even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolutions I think you can maybe even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolutions I think you can maybe even
+get higher after Moran the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get higher after Moran the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get higher after Moran the other hand
+usually has a temporal resolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually has a temporal resolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually has a temporal resolution of
+seconds a couple seconds but the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds a couple seconds but the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds a couple seconds but the spatial
+resolution of fMRI is on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of fMRI is on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of fMRI is on the order of
+millimeters whereas it's more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters whereas it's more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters whereas it's more like
+centimeters in Ameche and actually so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters in Ameche and actually so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters in Ameche and actually so
+the problem in mu G and EEG is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem in mu G and EEG is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem in mu G and EEG is you're
+recording from here's a picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording from here's a picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording from here's a picture of the
+MU G scanner so the patient or sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU G scanner so the patient or sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU G scanner so the patient or sorry
+subject sits in it and there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject sits in it and there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject sits in it and there's this
+helmet that goes around their head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helmet that goes around their head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helmet that goes around their head and
+that helmet has 306 sensors if it was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helmet has 306 sensors if it was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helmet has 306 sensors if it was an
+EEG they would be wearing a cap you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EEG they would be wearing a cap you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EEG they would be wearing a cap you've
+probably seen an EEG cap before and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen an EEG cap before and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably seen an EEG cap before and the
+electrodes would be directly contacting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes would be directly contacting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrodes would be directly contacting
+their scalp so you're measuring activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their scalp so you're measuring activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their scalp so you're measuring activity
+from a hundred to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a hundred to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a hundred to three
+censors and often you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censors and often you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+censors and often you're trying to
+measure estimate the activity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure estimate the activity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure estimate the activity in the
+cortex underneath and so that is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex underneath and so that is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex underneath and so that is on the
+order of like 10,000 sources and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of like 10,000 sources and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of like 10,000 sources and so it's
+a very ill posed problem meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very ill posed problem meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very ill posed problem meaning that
+there's not a unique solution to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a unique solution to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not a unique solution to go from
+sensors to cortex and so because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors to cortex and so because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensors to cortex and so because of that
+we don't actually that's why they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't actually that's why they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't actually that's why they say
+that the spatial scale is so poor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spatial scale is so poor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the spatial scale is so poor but
+actually it's not a well-defined problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not a well-defined problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not a well-defined problem
+so it's hard to even know where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard to even know where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's hard to even know where the
+activity is originating from but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is originating from but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is originating from but that's
+a very active area of research for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very active area of research for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very active area of research for how
+you can contribute it as being on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can contribute it as being on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can contribute it as being on the
+order of centimeters so the other main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of centimeters so the other main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of centimeters so the other main
+type of non-invasive neural imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of non-invasive neural imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of non-invasive neural imaging
+we'll talk about is functional MRI so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about is functional MRI so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about is functional MRI so
+here's a picture of an fMRI scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of an fMRI scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a picture of an fMRI scanner
+subjects laying there and often if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects laying there and often if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects laying there and often if we're
+doing a visual task they look at stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a visual task they look at stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a visual task they look at stimuli
+on a mirror that reflects from a screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a mirror that reflects from a screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a mirror that reflects from a screen
+where they're viewing this where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're viewing this where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're viewing this where we're
+presenting the stimuli so fMRI measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the stimuli so fMRI measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presenting the stimuli so fMRI measures
+the changes in blood flow that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes in blood flow that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changes in blood flow that happen
+when neurons fire and so as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when neurons fire and so as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when neurons fire and so as a result
+this is not a direct measure so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a direct measure so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a direct measure so this is
+not a direct measure of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a direct measure of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a direct measure of the actual
+neural firing so it's a it has a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural firing so it's a it has a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural firing so it's a it has a longer
+latency for the blood flow effects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency for the blood flow effects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latency for the blood flow effects to
+occur and so that's why it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and so that's why it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur and so that's why it has the
+temporal scale that's more like a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal scale that's more like a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temporal scale that's more like a couple
+of seconds but it has quite good spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seconds but it has quite good spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of seconds but it has quite good spatial
+resolution there's structural MRI which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution there's structural MRI which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution there's structural MRI which
+if any of you have ever been injured you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you have ever been injured you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if any of you have ever been injured you
+may have had an MRI and that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have had an MRI and that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have had an MRI and that that
+measures the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the actual
+it doesn't measure the blood flow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't measure the blood flow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't measure the blood flow it
+measures the actual structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the actual structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures the actual structures
+underneath I mean often people will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath I mean often people will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath I mean often people will do
+an MRI and a functional MRI and Co
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MRI and a functional MRI and Co
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an MRI and a functional MRI and Co
+register the two so you have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register the two so you have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register the two so you have a very
+precise anatomical image that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise anatomical image that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise anatomical image that you can
+then put the brain activity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I gone into this event so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I gone into this event so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I gone into this event so
+invasive electrophysiology is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasive electrophysiology is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasive electrophysiology is the
+highest resolution data both spatially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest resolution data both spatially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest resolution data both spatially
+and temporally I think that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temporally I think that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and temporally I think that most
+neuroscientists collect but it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists collect but it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscientists collect but it has some
+advantages one that it's invasive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages one that it's invasive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages one that it's invasive so
+it's hard to test questions in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to test questions in humans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to test questions in humans
+and just more difficult in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just more difficult in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just more difficult in general and
+to you're limited by brain coverage so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you're limited by brain coverage so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you're limited by brain coverage so
+you can only stick a grid or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only stick a grid or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only stick a grid or an
+electrode in a couple of brain regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode in a couple of brain regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrode in a couple of brain regions
+at once so you really can't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once so you really can't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once so you really can't get
+information from across the whole brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from across the whole brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from across the whole brain
+at this resolution with the technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this resolution with the technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this resolution with the technologies
+we currently have fry on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we currently have fry on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we currently have fry on the other hand
+has broad coverage and good spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has broad coverage and good spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has broad coverage and good spatial
+resolution but lower temporal resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution but lower temporal resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution but lower temporal resolution
+and EEG and ma G have high temporal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EEG and ma G have high temporal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and EEG and ma G have high temporal
+resolution broad brain coverage but low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution broad brain coverage but low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution broad brain coverage but low
+spatial information alright so a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial information alright so a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial information alright so a bit
+about visual processing in the brain um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about visual processing in the brain um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about visual processing in the brain um
+so this is a diagram can you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a diagram can you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a diagram can you see the
+colors okay a little sorry of roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors okay a little sorry of roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors okay a little sorry of roughly
+what people think of as visual cortex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people think of as visual cortex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people think of as visual cortex so
+the blue in the back is primary visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue in the back is primary visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the blue in the back is primary visual
+cortex or v1 that's the earliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex or v1 that's the earliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex or v1 that's the earliest
+cortical stage that where visual signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical stage that where visual signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortical stage that where visual signals
+originate and then there is what's known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate and then there is what's known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originate and then there is what's known
+as the ventral stream which is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ventral stream which is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the ventral stream which is often
+called the what pathway or where people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the what pathway or where people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the what pathway or where people
+roughly believe object recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly believe object recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly believe object recognition
+occurs and the dorsal stream which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and the dorsal stream which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and the dorsal stream which is
+often known as the where pathway which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often known as the where pathway which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often known as the where pathway which
+is thought to be more implicated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thought to be more implicated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thought to be more implicated in
+spatial information however this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial information however this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial information however this is an
+extreme oversimplification I think Tommy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme oversimplification I think Tommy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme oversimplification I think Tommy
+put up this wiring diagram the other day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up this wiring diagram the other day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up this wiring diagram the other day
+this is still a simplification but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still a simplification but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is still a simplification but a
+more realistic box diagram of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more realistic box diagram of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more realistic box diagram of all the
+different each box represents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different each box represents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different each box represents a
+different visual region you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different visual region you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different visual region you can see that
+there's connections between all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's connections between all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's connections between all of them
+between the ventral and dorsal stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ventral and dorsal stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the ventral and dorsal stream
+and while we roughly think of it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while we roughly think of it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while we roughly think of it as
+feed-forward which means that the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward which means that the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward which means that the input
+from one layer the output from one layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one layer the output from one layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one layer the output from one layer
+serves as input to the next often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as input to the next often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves as input to the next often
+there's feedback connections meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's feedback connections meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's feedback connections meaning
+that information can flow between areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information can flow between areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information can flow between areas
+so that's why it's such a challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it's such a challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why it's such a challenging
+been so challenging to probe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so challenging to probe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so challenging to probe with
+physiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so like I said there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like I said there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like I said there are many
+layers and I thought to be roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and I thought to be roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers and I thought to be roughly
+organized hierarchically into the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized hierarchically into the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized hierarchically into the first
+level primary visual cortex in that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level primary visual cortex in that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level primary visual cortex in that area
+you have cells that respond to oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have cells that respond to oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have cells that respond to oriented
+lines and edges so a cell will I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and edges so a cell will I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and edges so a cell will I'll show
+an example of this but fire for stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of this but fire for stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of this but fire for stimuli
+that it sees there that are in a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it sees there that are in a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it sees there that are in a certain
+orientation and a certain place and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and a certain place and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orientation and a certain place and that
+is known as the cells receptive field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known as the cells receptive field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is known as the cells receptive field
+and so it's often thought of as an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's often thought of as an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's often thought of as an edge
+detector it's very analogous to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector it's very analogous to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector it's very analogous to a lot of
+edge detection algorithms in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge detection algorithms in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge detection algorithms in computer
+vision for example but then at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for example but then at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vision for example but then at what's
+thought of to be the top layer of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of to be the top layer of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought of to be the top layer of the
+ventral stream inferior temporal cortex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream inferior temporal cortex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ventral stream inferior temporal cortex
+cells respond to fire in response to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells respond to fire in response to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells respond to fire in response to
+whole objects and it's not just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole objects and it's not just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole objects and it's not just a
+specific orientation that they like they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific orientation that they like they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific orientation that they like they
+will see this they will fire whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see this they will fire whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see this they will fire whether
+they see this object at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see this object at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they see this object at different
+positions and also have some tolerance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and also have some tolerance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and also have some tolerance
+to viewpoint and scale as well okay so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to viewpoint and scale as well okay so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to viewpoint and scale as well okay so a
+lot of what we know about the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we know about the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of what we know about the visual
+system stem from fugle and weasels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system stem from fugle and weasels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system stem from fugle and weasels
+seminal work in the 1960s looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal work in the 1960s looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal work in the 1960s looking at
+cells and cat reporting from cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and cat reporting from cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and cat reporting from cells and
+cat v1 this is the stimulus that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat v1 this is the stimulus that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat v1 this is the stimulus that they're
+showing to the cat it's an anesthetized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing to the cat it's an anesthetized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing to the cat it's an anesthetized
+cat and they're recording until you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and they're recording until you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat and they're recording until you'll
+hear a popping and those pops are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a popping and those pops are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear a popping and those pops are that
+other the neural activity that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the neural activity that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other the neural activity that they're
+recording so they're recording from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording so they're recording from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording so they're recording from a
+single cell right now so you see you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell right now so you see you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cell right now so you see you can
+hear any time they present that light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear any time they present that light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear any time they present that light
+bar in that specific position the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar in that specific position the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar in that specific position the cell
+fires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then as soon as they move it out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as soon as they move it out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as soon as they move it out of
+the bar the salt stopped firing so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar the salt stopped firing so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bar the salt stopped firing so that
+specific cell really likes this bar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cell really likes this bar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific cell really likes this bar in
+this orientation and they call this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orientation and they call this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orientation and they call this a
+simple cell maybe I can test for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cell maybe I can test for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cell maybe I can test for a
+little bit they also show okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit they also show okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit they also show okay and then
+they found that there were these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that there were these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that there were these other
+types of cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they showed that if you rotate it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed that if you rotate it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they showed that if you rotate it it
+doesn't fire at all and then they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fire at all and then they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fire at all and then they showed
+that there were these other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were these other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there were these other types of
+cells this is maybe not the myth you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this is maybe not the myth you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this is maybe not the myth you
+want there are other cells that fire not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there are other cells that fire not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want there are other cells that fire not
+only to that specific position but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to that specific position but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to that specific position but to
+slight shifts in that position as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight shifts in that position as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight shifts in that position as well
+and so it seemed like those cells formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it seemed like those cells formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it seemed like those cells formed
+an aggregate over the simple cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aggregate over the simple cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aggregate over the simple cells and
+they called those cells complex cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called those cells complex cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called those cells complex cells
+and then people did similar things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people did similar things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people did similar things in
+mostly macaque i.t and so they found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly macaque i.t and so they found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly macaque i.t and so they found
+that in contrast to a lot simple lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in contrast to a lot simple lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in contrast to a lot simple lines
+and edges cells here fired in response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and edges cells here fired in response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and edges cells here fired in response
+to hands so this is showing the cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hands so this is showing the cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hands so this is showing the cells
+response here so this this is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here so this this is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response here so this this is the number
+of spikes over time so it fires a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spikes over time so it fires a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of spikes over time so it fires a lot
+two hands and it fires to that hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hands and it fires to that hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hands and it fires to that hand the
+cell likes that hand no matter what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell likes that hand no matter what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell likes that hand no matter what
+position you show it in but it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you show it in but it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you show it in but it doesn't
+like these kind of other more simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these kind of other more simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these kind of other more simple
+objects and this one is not selected for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and this one is not selected for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and this one is not selected for
+faces so in IT there are cells that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces so in IT there are cells that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces so in IT there are cells that are
+selected for very high you would think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for very high you would think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for very high you would think
+of as high level objects and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as high level objects and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as high level objects and they're
+tolerant to changes in those objects so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerant to changes in those objects so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tolerant to changes in those objects so
+people have done many more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done many more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have done many more sophisticated
+studies of this this is an example from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of this this is an example from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of this this is an example from
+Gabrielle and Jim DeCarlo and chou-heung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle and Jim DeCarlo and chou-heung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gabrielle and Jim DeCarlo and chou-heung
+where they showed using neural decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they showed using neural decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they showed using neural decoding
+so applying a machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so applying a machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so applying a machine learning algorithm
+to the output of many cells that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output of many cells that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output of many cells that these
+cells were again very specific for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells were again very specific for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells were again very specific for
+certain objects but invariant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain objects but invariant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain objects but invariant to
+different transformations so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transformations so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different transformations so in
+particular here they showed this monkey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular here they showed this monkey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular here they showed this monkey
+face at different sizes and they showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face at different sizes and they showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face at different sizes and they showed
+that if you train they showed that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you train they showed that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you train they showed that the
+the self fired there was information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self fired there was information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the self fired there was information
+present in the population of neurons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the population of neurons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the population of neurons for
+this specific monkey face regardless of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific monkey face regardless of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this specific monkey face regardless of
+what size you showed it at so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what size you showed it at so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what size you showed it at so these
+cells are often thought to be of so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are often thought to be of so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are often thought to be of so it's
+often thought that as you move along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often thought that as you move along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often thought that as you move along the
+visual hierarchy cells become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual hierarchy cells become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual hierarchy cells become more
+selective so meaning they like more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective so meaning they like more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selective so meaning they like more
+specific objects and more invariant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific objects and more invariant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific objects and more invariant so
+more tolerant to changes in position in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tolerant to changes in position in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more tolerant to changes in position in
+different transformations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so the other thing I wanted to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the other thing I wanted to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the other thing I wanted to talk
+about was hierarchical feed-forward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was hierarchical feed-forward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was hierarchical feed-forward so
+computational models of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational models of the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational models of the visual
+system because Tommy mentioned this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because Tommy mentioned this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because Tommy mentioned this
+briefly and I think it'll tie into a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and I think it'll tie into a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly and I think it'll tie into a lot
+of the computer vision work you'll hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computer vision work you'll hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the computer vision work you'll hear
+about um so these are inspired by Hubel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um so these are inspired by Hubel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um so these are inspired by Hubel
+and Wiesel findings and visual cortex so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wiesel findings and visual cortex so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wiesel findings and visual cortex so
+meaning and I'm gonna talk both about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and I'm gonna talk both about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning and I'm gonna talk both about
+the hmx model which is the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hmx model which is the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hmx model which is the model
+developed by Tommy and others in his lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by Tommy and others in his lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by Tommy and others in his lab
+which is a simpler more biologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a simpler more biologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a simpler more biologically
+faithful model but this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithful model but this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faithful model but this sort of
+architecture is also true of deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is also true of deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture is also true of deep
+learning systems that you heard a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning systems that you heard a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning systems that you heard a lot
+about recently and that have had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about recently and that have had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about recently and that have had a lot
+of success in computer vision challenges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of success in computer vision challenges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of success in computer vision challenges
+to have an input image you can then have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an input image you can then have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have an input image you can then have
+a set of simple cells again these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of simple cells again these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of simple cells again these are
+inspired by Google and weasels findings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by Google and weasels findings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspired by Google and weasels findings
+so they are oriented lines and edges so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are oriented lines and edges so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they are oriented lines and edges so
+this cell will fire if you have an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell will fire if you have an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell will fire if you have an edge
+that's oriented like this at that part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's oriented like this at that part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's oriented like this at that part
+of the image and so again it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the image and so again it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the image and so again it's just a
+basic edge detector and so these perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic edge detector and so these perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic edge detector and so these perform
+template matching between their template
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template matching between their template
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+template matching between their template
+which is in this case an oriented bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in this case an oriented bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is in this case an oriented bar
+and the input image to build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the input image to build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the input image to build up
+selectivity and then there are complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity and then there are complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectivity and then there are complex
+cells and these complex cells pool or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and these complex cells pool or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and these complex cells pool or
+take a local aggregate measure to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a local aggregate measure to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a local aggregate measure to build
+up invariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up invariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up invariance
+and so what that means is if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what that means is if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what that means is if you have
+say this red cell here this complex cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this red cell here this complex cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this red cell here this complex cell
+would look at these four simple cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at these four simple cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look at these four simple cells so
+you are now selective to that oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are now selective to that oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are now selective to that oriented
+line not just at this position but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line not just at this position but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line not just at this position but at
+all of these positions and that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these positions and that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these positions and that gives
+you some tolerance to changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some tolerance to changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some tolerance to changes in
+position so you'd be able to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so you'd be able to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position so you'd be able to recognize
+the same object whether it have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same object whether it have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same object whether it have this
+feature whether it was presented at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature whether it was presented at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature whether it was presented at this
+corner or in a local area and so the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner or in a local area and so the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner or in a local area and so the way
+you do that is you take a max over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that is you take a max over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that is you take a max over the
+response of all those input cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of all those input cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of all those input cells and
+then you can repeat this for many layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can repeat this for many layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can repeat this for many layers
+and it's essentially the same thing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's essentially the same thing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's essentially the same thing as a
+multi-layer population convolutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer population convolutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-layer population convolutional
+neural network and at the end in this h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network and at the end in this h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural network and at the end in this h
+max model you take a global max over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max model you take a global max over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max model you take a global max over all
+scales and positions so in theory of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and positions so in theory of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales and positions so in theory of all
+these more complex features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more complex features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these more complex features
+that you can now respond to regardless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can now respond to regardless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can now respond to regardless
+of where in the image and how large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where in the image and how large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where in the image and how large
+their presented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/5Rj2Ga9Y7oU.txt b/5Rj2Ga9Y7oU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d72e1d9e6395928f0fa38487b83cc4d3edf6c569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/5Rj2Ga9Y7oU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16419 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+um hi everybody welcome welcome to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hi everybody welcome welcome to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hi everybody welcome welcome to the
+Center for transpal studies I'm loresa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center for transpal studies I'm loresa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center for transpal studies I'm loresa
+Harris the associate director um thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harris the associate director um thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harris the associate director um thanks
+for coming I am um very pleased to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming I am um very pleased to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming I am um very pleased to
+introduce Pia lyen who needs very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce Pia lyen who needs very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce Pia lyen who needs very
+introduction here um having not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction here um having not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction here um having not only
+taught here um but she actually received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught here um but she actually received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught here um but she actually received
+a master of science and visual studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a master of science and visual studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a master of science and visual studies
+here art at the visual art program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here art at the visual art program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here art at the visual art program in
+1999 um after coming to the States from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 um after coming to the States from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 um after coming to the States from
+Finland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finland
+onbre um he has practice stands video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onbre um he has practice stands video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onbre um he has practice stands video
+performance drawing and something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance drawing and something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance drawing and something that I
+like to call social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+engineering but tonight she'll walk us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering but tonight she'll walk us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering but tonight she'll walk us
+through three projects in which she uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through three projects in which she uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through three projects in which she uses
+her body to reenact in a way to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her body to reenact in a way to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her body to reenact in a way to learn
+captured images of of different of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured images of of different of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured images of of different of
+different types um in all her work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types um in all her work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types um in all her work
+there's this this boundless interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this this boundless interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this this boundless interest in
+and and faith in human capacity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and faith in human capacity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and faith in human capacity for
+learning engagement and change and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning engagement and change and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning engagement and change and this
+can be read not only in the end product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be read not only in the end product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be read not only in the end product
+but in every stage of the process um her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in every stage of the process um her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in every stage of the process um her
+engagement with three MIT undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement with three MIT undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement with three MIT undergraduates
+Caitlyn wheer Jen FIA and J Lee um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caitlyn wheer Jen FIA and J Lee um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caitlyn wheer Jen FIA and J Lee um as
+part of the undergraduate research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the undergraduate research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the undergraduate research
+opportunity program has shown me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity program has shown me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity program has shown me
+personally um what learning by doing can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally um what learning by doing can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally um what learning by doing can
+actually mean and of course this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mean and of course this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually mean and of course this is a
+classic MIT type learning way way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic MIT type learning way way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic MIT type learning way way of
+learning um and wanted to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um and wanted to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning um and wanted to mention that
+her time at the center has been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her time at the center has been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her time at the center has been very
+significantly supported by the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly supported by the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly supported by the MIT
+Council for the Arts um and I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council for the Arts um and I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Council for the Arts um and I say this
+not just to thank him but to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to thank him but to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to thank him but to recognize
+that they recognized how much and on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they recognized how much and on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they recognized how much and on how
+many levels she could enrich MIT um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many levels she could enrich MIT um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many levels she could enrich MIT um now
+just some statistics pia has shown her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some statistics pia has shown her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some statistics pia has shown her
+work performed and been in Residence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work performed and been in Residence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work performed and been in Residence
+around the world in New York City at PS1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world in New York City at PS1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world in New York City at PS1
+at the sculpture Center at the lman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sculpture Center at the lman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the sculpture Center at the lman
+cultural Council in Mexico City and Hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural Council in Mexico City and Hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural Council in Mexico City and Hell
+City Ino and vus um next week she'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Ino and vus um next week she'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City Ino and vus um next week she'll be
+performing in Andrew CS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing in Andrew CS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing in Andrew CS
+Gallery right that's a month sorry next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gallery right that's a month sorry next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gallery right that's a month sorry next
+month next Saturday it's going to be at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month next Saturday it's going to be at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month next Saturday it's going to be at
+the very center of Art and politics okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very center of Art and politics okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very center of Art and politics okay
+next week at the ver Center for art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week at the ver Center for art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week at the ver Center for art and
+politics that's in New York and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics that's in New York and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+politics that's in New York and then
+next month she'll be performing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next month she'll be performing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next month she'll be performing
+as as part of the as part of perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as part of the as part of perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as part of the as part of perform
+perform as part of this major new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform as part of this major new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform as part of this major new
+performance planning on perform 05
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance planning on perform 05
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance planning on perform 05
+that's also in New York um her videos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also in New York um her videos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's also in New York um her videos
+are in the collection of the Museum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the collection of the Museum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the collection of the Museum of
+Modern Art she has lectured widely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern Art she has lectured widely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Modern Art she has lectured widely on
+her work in this such as Columbia Ry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her work in this such as Columbia Ry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her work in this such as Columbia Ry
+Yale and NYU uh The Institute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale and NYU uh The Institute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yale and NYU uh The Institute of
+architecture Fones in Paris um after she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture Fones in Paris um after she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture Fones in Paris um after she
+presents I hope you could stay a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents I hope you could stay a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presents I hope you could stay a little
+bit to talk um people are very excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to talk um people are very excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to talk um people are very excited
+to see you thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you thank you for a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you for a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you thank you for a wonderful
+introduction um and thank you everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction um and thank you everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction um and thank you everybody
+for coming and I'm thrilled to see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming and I'm thrilled to see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for coming and I'm thrilled to see so
+many people here um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people here um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people here um I'm
+I've spent since summer I spent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've spent since summer I spent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've spent since summer I spent the
+summer and the fall here at MIT as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and the fall here at MIT as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer and the fall here at MIT as a
+fellow and um started working on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow and um started working on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fellow and um started working on this
+new project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new project that
+has really sort of evolved in ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really sort of evolved in ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has really sort of evolved in ways that
+I wasn't anticipating necessarily and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't anticipating necessarily and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wasn't anticipating necessarily and um
+this um really kind of in order for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um really kind of in order for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um really kind of in order for me
+to present that work for you I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present that work for you I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to present that work for you I really
+feel I need to show first two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I need to show first two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I need to show first two other
+projects that I've done um previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that I've done um previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects that I've done um previously
+that really led up to the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really led up to the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really led up to the assumptions
+and the ideas that I had when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ideas that I had when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the ideas that I had when I started
+this project and then I'll show what's G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project and then I'll show what's G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project and then I'll show what's G
+been going on and then sort of we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on and then sort of we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been going on and then sort of we can
+maybe all think about what where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all think about what where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe all think about what where the
+project might be going at this stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project might be going at this stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project might be going at this stage and
+uh what kind of new openings and Vistas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what kind of new openings and Vistas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what kind of new openings and Vistas
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+there having said this in other words uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there having said this in other words uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there having said this in other words uh
+this is definitely very much a work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is definitely very much a work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is definitely very much a work in
+progress so um I want to be quite dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress so um I want to be quite dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress so um I want to be quite dis
+discussion about it I want to um engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about it I want to um engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about it I want to um engage
+all of you as much as possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you as much as possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of you as much as possible in
+whatever you want to ask comment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to ask comment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want to ask comment or
+bring forth criticism Etc so I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forth criticism Etc so I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forth criticism Etc so I will
+welcome any kind of um utterance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome any kind of um utterance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome any kind of um utterance from
+the audience um and um I don't know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience um and um I don't know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience um and um I don't know if I
+should take responsibility of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take responsibility of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take responsibility of this term
+social engineering and just shortly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social engineering and just shortly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social engineering and just shortly
+briefly explain it a little bit um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly explain it a little bit um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly explain it a little bit um
+social engineering is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social engineering is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social engineering is definitely
+something that Lissa um worked out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Lissa um worked out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that Lissa um worked out to
+together with me when I was working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with me when I was working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with me when I was working with
+um projects like the sauna um the hybrid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um projects like the sauna um the hybrid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um projects like the sauna um the hybrid
+sauna and the public SAA the hybrid SAA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauna and the public SAA the hybrid SAA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauna and the public SAA the hybrid SAA
+here at MIT and the public SAA at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT and the public SAA at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT and the public SAA at
+PS1 and uh what came about from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS1 and uh what came about from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PS1 and uh what came about from that
+type of work where um I make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of work where um I make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of work where um I make an
+intervention into public sphere with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention into public sphere with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervention into public sphere with
+something that can be seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that can be seen as
+architectural but even more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural but even more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural but even more than just
+architectural um some sort of a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural um some sort of a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architectural um some sort of a social
+interaction Machinery or system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction Machinery or system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction Machinery or system
+so like for instance a Sona but um Sona
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like for instance a Sona but um Sona
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like for instance a Sona but um Sona
+is a social practice and by inserting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a social practice and by inserting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a social practice and by inserting it
+in unexpected places and by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unexpected places and by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in unexpected places and by um
+manipulating the architecture that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the architecture that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating the architecture that um
+gives the confines of that social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the confines of that social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the confines of that social
+interaction I made an attempt to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction I made an attempt to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction I made an attempt to um
+bring forth through social practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forth through social practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forth through social practice
+questions about nudity and public space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about nudity and public space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about nudity and public space
+and um gender politics so that's in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um gender politics so that's in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um gender politics so that's in a
+nutshell what social engineering can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell what social engineering can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutshell what social engineering can
+could be envisioned as and I I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be envisioned as and I I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be envisioned as and I I think
+that it's um not um totally irrelevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's um not um totally irrelevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's um not um totally irrelevant
+to mention about this in this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention about this in this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mention about this in this moment
+because um what this continued what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um what this continued what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um what this continued what the
+what this work that I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this work that I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this work that I'm going to be
+showing you has to do with has to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you has to do with has to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you has to do with has to do
+with exactly this sort of um intention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exactly this sort of um intention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exactly this sort of um intention
+and and attention to social interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and attention to social interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and attention to social interaction
+that I've always had in my work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've always had in my work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've always had in my work and
+um I personal feel that at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I personal feel that at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I personal feel that at this point
+the work has started to evolve in ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work has started to evolve in ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work has started to evolve in ways
+that um it starts to sort of also um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it starts to sort of also um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um it starts to sort of also um
+prompt questions about well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt questions about well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt questions about well what's
+social interaction here and um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social interaction here and um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social interaction here and um what
+where is that um initial tenant of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that um initial tenant of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is that um initial tenant of my
+practice going at this moment so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice going at this moment so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice going at this moment so uh I
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+start by talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by talking
+about my New York Times project it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my New York Times project it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my New York Times project it's
+there any questions at this point or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comments while we start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DVD yeah you can move up closer there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD yeah you can move up closer there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DVD yeah you can move up closer there's
+uh there's space here and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's space here and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's space here and there's some
+chairs here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chairs here as
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I got to do it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one seat here and one over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one seat here and one over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one seat here and one over there
+if somebody wants to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody wants to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody wants to be
+seated okay good so I'm starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seated okay good so I'm starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seated okay good so I'm starting with
+the New York Times project um and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times project um and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times project um and with
+the video called laicon that was um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video called laicon that was um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video called laicon that was um the
+first version the first stage of the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version the first stage of the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first version the first stage of the New
+York Times project um after 911 in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times project um after 911 in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times project um after 911 in New
+York where I live um I experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York where I live um I experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York where I live um I experienced
+something that I I think everybody in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I I think everybody in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I I think everybody in
+New York was was agreeing with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York was was agreeing with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York was was agreeing with that
+there was an immense Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an immense Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an immense Collective
+spontaneous Collective reaction from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous Collective reaction from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous Collective reaction from
+people to to go out every night every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to to go out every night every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to to go out every night every
+evening people went out during the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening people went out during the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evening people went out during the day
+as well and met up in the park there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and met up in the park there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well and met up in the park there was
+a certain kind of sense of of collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain kind of sense of of collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain kind of sense of of collective
+togetherness mourning and and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+togetherness mourning and and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+togetherness mourning and and sort of
+helping each other to deal with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping each other to deal with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping each other to deal with the the
+the constant I mean the two first weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant I mean the two first weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant I mean the two first weeks
+there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this
+constant anxiety no matter what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant anxiety no matter what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant anxiety no matter what the
+public media was trying to um say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public media was trying to um say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public media was trying to um say that
+there was resilience and resolve and da
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was resilience and resolve and da
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was resilience and resolve and da
+da da there was a certain Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da da there was a certain Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+da da there was a certain Collective
+reaction that I I I've never experienced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that I I I've never experienced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction that I I I've never experienced
+before and um it was expressed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and um it was expressed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and um it was expressed in the
+flowers in the candles in uh statues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers in the candles in uh statues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers in the candles in uh statues
+public statues being covered in peace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public statues being covered in peace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public statues being covered in peace
+marks and etc etc the police would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks and etc etc the police would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks and etc etc the police would not
+react would not take things things down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react would not take things things down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react would not take things things down
+I think they were up for maybe a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they were up for maybe a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they were up for maybe a month
+or so and after that slowly the police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and after that slowly the police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so and after that slowly the police
+started to clean up the city and go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to clean up the city and go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to clean up the city and go back
+to normal so that was a um Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normal so that was a um Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to normal so that was a um Collective
+ageing process I have um not seen uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ageing process I have um not seen uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ageing process I have um not seen uh you
+know the width of it and depth of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the width of it and depth of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the width of it and depth of it
+I've not seen before and and uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've not seen before and and uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've not seen before and and uh what
+really shocked me personally at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shocked me personally at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really shocked me personally at that
+time was how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was how the
+media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media
+really captured hijacked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really captured hijacked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really captured hijacked and
+transmuted that reality into uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmuted that reality into uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmuted that reality into uh
+something that they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that they could
+use uh to well they weren't actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh to well they weren't actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh to well they weren't actively
+using it for any kind of propaganda or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it for any kind of propaganda or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using it for any kind of propaganda or
+anything but it became one of the many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but it became one of the many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything but it became one of the many
+elements very very sort of easily used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements very very sort of easily used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements very very sort of easily used
+for arguing for action of the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for arguing for action of the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for arguing for action of the government
+or in the city that um I would say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the city that um I would say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in the city that um I would say that
+most of the people who were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the people who were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the people who were being
+photographs weren't agreeing with mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs weren't agreeing with mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographs weren't agreeing with mainly
+of course the sort of latest outcome is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the sort of latest outcome is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the sort of latest outcome is
+is the Iraq war that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Iraq war that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the Iraq war that
+um these kind of images just become so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these kind of images just become so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these kind of images just become so
+powerful as arguments even especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful as arguments even especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful as arguments even especially
+because they're irrational especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're irrational especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're irrational especially
+because they're based on uh Perce as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're based on uh Perce as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're based on uh Perce as
+authentic and spontaneous emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic and spontaneous emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentic and spontaneous emotional
+reactions they become as if they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions they become as if they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions they become as if they were
+neutral and personal they can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and personal they can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral and personal they can then
+before because of that they become so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because of that they become so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before because of that they become so
+vulnerable to be used in various public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to be used in various public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable to be used in various public
+ways in various political ways um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in various political ways um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in various political ways um
+they're like floating free floating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like floating free floating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like floating free floating
+markers that you can just then sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers that you can just then sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markers that you can just then sort of
+fix on some message and say this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix on some message and say this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix on some message and say this is what
+we got to do you know let's go bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to do you know let's go bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to do you know let's go bomb
+Afghanistan so this was my personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan so this was my personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan so this was my personal
+reaction to what happened there and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to what happened there and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to what happened there and I
+felt that because of this okay it's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that because of this okay it's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt that because of this okay it's time
+for me to to do a piece that um tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to to do a piece that um tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to to do a piece that um tries to
+analyze and re understand what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and re understand what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and re understand what does the
+media do when it does what it does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media do when it does what it does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media do when it does what it does and
+so for one year there was actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for one year there was actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for one year there was actually a
+year after 911 for that one year 2002 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year after 911 for that one year 2002 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year after 911 for that one year 2002 to
+2003 I collected images off the pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 I collected images off the pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2003 I collected images off the pages of
+the New York Times and solely of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times and solely of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times and solely of people
+grieving and I traced all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grieving and I traced all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grieving and I traced all of these
+images I think I traced maybe 600 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images I think I traced maybe 600 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images I think I traced maybe 600 of
+them um and then I reenacted these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and then I reenacted these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um and then I reenacted these
+images in front of the video camera in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images in front of the video camera in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images in front of the video camera in
+my in the sort of solitude of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my in the sort of solitude of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my in the sort of solitude of my
+studio so what you're seeing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio so what you're seeing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studio so what you're seeing in this
+video here is um me meticulously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video here is um me meticulously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video here is um me meticulously
+carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully
+reconstructing each of those images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing each of those images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructing each of those images
+basically the gesture of a grieving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the gesture of a grieving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the gesture of a grieving
+person and what I try to do is repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and what I try to do is repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person and what I try to do is repeat
+mechanically with my body I don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically with my body I don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically with my body I don't don't
+try to interpret I don't try to invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to interpret I don't try to invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to interpret I don't try to invest
+any emotion into it I just want to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any emotion into it I just want to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any emotion into it I just want to look
+at the gesture as it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the gesture as it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the gesture as it was a
+language uh almost like trying to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language uh almost like trying to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language uh almost like trying to um
+bring forth the alphabet of grieving as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forth the alphabet of grieving as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring forth the alphabet of grieving as
+it is being presented by the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Times and in this video I feel it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times and in this video I feel it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times and in this video I feel it's very
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+that you can see the construction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see the construction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can see the construction of the
+gesture and you can see that moment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture and you can see that moment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture and you can see that moment of
+striking the pose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking the pose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+striking the pose
+and uh potentially also be struck by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh potentially also be struck by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh potentially also be struck by the
+effective uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective uh
+effect of the uh of that image that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the uh of that image that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the uh of that image that has
+um been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um been
+reconstructed um having the I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed um having the I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstructed um having the I mean
+there's this video goes on and on for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this video goes on and on for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this video goes on and on for an
+hour there's um 400 of the gestures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour there's um 400 of the gestures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour there's um 400 of the gestures that
+I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have
+reenacted um it was important to me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenacted um it was important to me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenacted um it was important to me to
+wear gray and have all the props that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear gray and have all the props that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear gray and have all the props that I
+used be of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used be of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used be of the same
+gray um the idea was that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray um the idea was that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray um the idea was that you know
+people were showing pictures of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were showing pictures of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were showing pictures of their
+lost loved ones they were holding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost loved ones they were holding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost loved ones they were holding up
+Flags they could be any kind of flag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flags they could be any kind of flag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flags they could be any kind of flag
+they because these are from all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they because these are from all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they because these are from all over the
+world and from all over all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and from all over all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and from all over all these
+different situations children men women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations children men women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different situations children men women
+uh I had to come up with some way of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had to come up with some way of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I had to come up with some way of an
+ostensibly at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostensibly at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostensibly at least
+neutral um physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral um physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral um physical
+um apparatus in a way where then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um apparatus in a way where then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um apparatus in a way where then you can
+really just focus on the gesture itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just focus on the gesture itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just focus on the gesture itself
+rather than oh this must be from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than oh this must be from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than oh this must be from
+Afghanistan oh this must be an American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan oh this must be an American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Afghanistan oh this must be an American
+from 911 because there would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 911 because there would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 911 because there would be the
+colors or the particulars of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors or the particulars of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors or the particulars of of the
+context so uh it's kind of like the 18%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so uh it's kind of like the 18%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context so uh it's kind of like the 18%
+gray of the neutral gray of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray of the neutral gray of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gray of the neutral gray of the
+photographer it could also be seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer it could also be seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographer it could also be seen as
+the uh the gray of the the newspaper s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the gray of the the newspaper s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the gray of the the newspaper s
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+um undistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um undistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um undistinguishable
+but then when I had finished the video I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when I had finished the video I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when I had finished the video I
+printed out stills from the video and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed out stills from the video and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed out stills from the video and
+based on those Stills I then draw drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those Stills I then draw drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those Stills I then draw drew
+again the gestures so I have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the gestures so I have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the gestures so I have these
+instruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction
+books of um 100 gestures each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books of um 100 gestures each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books of um 100 gestures each of these
+various uh images and um I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh images and um I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various uh images and um I'm going to
+actually show that to you now um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show that to you now um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually show that to you now um that
+was the Second Step stage of the project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Second Step stage of the project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the Second Step stage of the project
+and for me the drawings were the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for me the drawings were the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for me the drawings were the sort of
+end result in the beginning I thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end result in the beginning I thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end result in the beginning I thought
+they would be the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would be the end
+result where I really was hoping to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result where I really was hoping to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result where I really was hoping to get
+exactly the alphabet of the gestures 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the alphabet of the gestures 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the alphabet of the gestures 400
+gestures as signs like these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures as signs like these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures as signs like these are the
+ones that are used in New York Times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are used in New York Times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that are used in New York Times and
+they can be arranged and put together in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be arranged and put together in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can be arranged and put together in
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+combinations but what happened when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations but what happened when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations but what happened when I
+showed this piece to a lot of people was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed this piece to a lot of people was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed this piece to a lot of people was
+that because of their very laconic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I'm sorry I have to find the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sorry I have to find the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm sorry I have to find the right
+spot here because of the laconic quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot here because of the laconic quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot here because of the laconic quality
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+drawings especially when they weren
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings especially when they weren
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings especially when they weren
+there was no information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no information about the
+context there was no caption there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context there was no caption there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context there was no caption there was
+no uh spe particular sort of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh spe particular sort of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no uh spe particular sort of information
+people started to invest their emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started to invest their emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people started to invest their emotion
+into these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these
+drawings what I tried to take away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings what I tried to take away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings what I tried to take away and
+discard in order to analyze people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard in order to analyze people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discard in order to analyze people were
+putting back in so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting back in so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting back in so it
+became um another a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became um another a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became um another a different kind of
+process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of
+emotional quality that I had not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional quality that I had not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional quality that I had not
+foreseen and in a way sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreseen and in a way sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreseen and in a way sort of
+reinstalling some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinstalling some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinstalling some sort of
+um some sort of a psychological iCal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some sort of a psychological iCal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some sort of a psychological iCal
+process that definitely is not happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that definitely is not happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that definitely is not happening
+when you're reading through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're reading through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're reading through the
+newspaper when you're just browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper when you're just browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspaper when you're just browsing
+through the newspaper you don't pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the newspaper you don't pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the newspaper you don't pay
+attention to the the the images you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the the the images you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the the the images you're
+combining it with the the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining it with the the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining it with the the various
+information that come out but this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that come out but this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that come out but this way
+something else happened um you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else happened um you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else happened um you have to
+start thinking why is this woman in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking why is this woman in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking why is this woman in this
+particular way is it a woman actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way is it a woman actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular way is it a woman actually is
+it a man uh who did she lose and uh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a man uh who did she lose and uh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a man uh who did she lose and uh why
+is she crying where in the world is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is she crying where in the world is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is she crying where in the world is this
+what situation is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what situation is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what situation is this
+depicting um and I like that actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicting um and I like that actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depicting um and I like that actually I
+I felt that you know I was just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt that you know I was just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I felt that you know I was just going to
+end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up with
+cold uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold uh
+emotionless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionless
+images that could be um that then could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that could be um that then could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images that could be um that then could
+be used as this sort of clear-cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used as this sort of clear-cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used as this sort of clear-cut
+information about well this is how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about well this is how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about well this is how the
+media uses it or whatever but instead I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media uses it or whatever but instead I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media uses it or whatever but instead I
+ended up with something that was totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up with something that was totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up with something that was totally
+blow blowing off of my hands because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow blowing off of my hands because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow blowing off of my hands because
+people felt things when they watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people felt things when they watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people felt things when they watched
+this when they looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when they looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when they looked at
+this so um that got me into thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so um that got me into thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so um that got me into thinking
+about what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what is
+emotion and what does it mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and what does it mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and what does it mean that
+people have to hold here when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to hold here when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to hold here when when
+somebody's lost their son and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's lost their son and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's lost their son and they're
+standing next to the body of of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing next to the body of of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing next to the body of of their
+son they they the mother has to hold her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son they they the mother has to hold her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+son they they the mother has to hold her
+heart what does that mean where where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart what does that mean where where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart what does that mean where where is
+it coming from um how much is there this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it coming from um how much is there this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it coming from um how much is there this
+biological reality to it that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological reality to it that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological reality to it that actually
+your heart feels like it's breaking how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heart feels like it's breaking how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your heart feels like it's breaking how
+much is it that it's a learned cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is it that it's a learned cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is it that it's a learned cultural
+thing where you've been socialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you've been socialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing where you've been socialized
+into um expressing your emotion in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um expressing your emotion in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into um expressing your emotion in a
+with a physical gesture and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a physical gesture and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a physical gesture and actually
+getting into a stage where the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into a stage where the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into a stage where the physical
+gesture then produces that emotion how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture then produces that emotion how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture then produces that emotion how
+much is it this way how much much is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is it this way how much much is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is it this way how much much is it
+um um um can one say that there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um um can one say that there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um um can one say that there actually
+is any biological reality to emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any biological reality to emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any biological reality to emotion
+what kind of neurological processes take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of neurological processes take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of neurological processes take
+place in the body why do we physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the body why do we physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the body why do we physically
+feel something when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel something when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel something when we
+grief so I was left with these questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief so I was left with these questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief so I was left with these questions
+and I don't have any answers maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have any answers maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have any answers maybe maybe
+somebody else has um and um then it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else has um and um then it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else has um and um then it got
+me into thinking more about also um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me into thinking more about also um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me into thinking more about also um well
+grief is kind of clear it's such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief is kind of clear it's such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief is kind of clear it's such a
+strong uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong uh
+sensation uh that the gestures become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation uh that the gestures become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation uh that the gestures become
+very obvious and we can really talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very obvious and we can really talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very obvious and we can really talk
+about physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about physical
+pain um but what about other kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain um but what about other kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pain um but what about other kinds of
+situations where we uh have some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where we uh have some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where we uh have some sort of
+an effective relationship to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective relationship to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective relationship to our
+environment that makes us act in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that makes us act in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment that makes us act in a
+certain way in response to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way in response to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain way in response to that
+environment in expectance of having some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in expectance of having some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment in expectance of having some
+kind of retro um um reciprocal sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of retro um um reciprocal sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of retro um um reciprocal sort of
+interaction going on um I was interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction going on um I was interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction going on um I was interested
+in people like gofman and later uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people like gofman and later uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in people like gofman and later uh
+writers as well about how um we perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers as well about how um we perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writers as well about how um we perform
+ourselves on an everyday basis we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on an everyday basis we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves on an everyday basis we
+um we we we do what we do we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we we do what we do we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we we we do what we do we do the
+gestures we use the voice in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures we use the voice in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures we use the voice in these
+particular ways because we've learned to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ways because we've learned to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular ways because we've learned to
+expect our audience to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect our audience to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect our audience to be able to
+respond to to uh these gestures and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to to uh these gestures and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to to uh these gestures and and
+voices in the way in a certain way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices in the way in a certain way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voices in the way in a certain way so
+who I am really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I am really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who I am really
+becomes an A A an equation of how I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an A A an equation of how I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an A A an equation of how I'm
+being reflected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being reflected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being reflected by
+you and this has become for me something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and this has become for me something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and this has become for me something
+that then can be faceted into various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then can be faceted into various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then can be faceted into various
+situations that prompt us to perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that prompt us to perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations that prompt us to perform
+ourselves as ourselves in different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves as ourselves in different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves as ourselves in different ways
+a certain kind of splitting of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain kind of splitting of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain kind of splitting of our
+identity that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity that comes from
+various contexts that change the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various contexts that change the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various contexts that change the way we
+um actually literally feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually literally feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um actually literally feel about
+ourselves and identify ourselves but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and identify ourselves but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and identify ourselves but it
+is about this interaction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about this interaction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about this interaction so
+um grief and especially public trauma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um grief and especially public trauma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um grief and especially public trauma
+public uh Global trauma situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public uh Global trauma situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public uh Global trauma situation where
+you have to at the same time grief on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to at the same time grief on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to at the same time grief on a
+personal level but at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal level but at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal level but at the same time
+you're being photographed by global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being photographed by global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being photographed by global
+media what does that mean to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media what does that mean to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media what does that mean to your
+performance to your identity that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to your identity that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance to your identity that was
+the first one that I was asking and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one that I was asking and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one that I was asking and then
+I started to think about well what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started to think about well what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started to think about well what are
+the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other
+Frameworks um for instance um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks um for instance um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frameworks um for instance um
+corporations um where as an employee a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations um where as an employee a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporations um where as an employee a
+person has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has to
+um very well be aware of their uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very well be aware of their uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um very well be aware of their uh
+hierarchical position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchical position
+their ethnic and racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ethnic and racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ethnic and racial
+position um their their sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position um their their sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position um their their sort of
+expectancies of how they are supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancies of how they are supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectancies of how they are supposed to
+move up or down on the ladder inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up or down on the ladder inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up or down on the ladder inside
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+cooperation and also you're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation and also you're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation and also you're sort of
+situated within a framework of um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated within a framework of um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated within a framework of um a
+certain kind of economic Society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of economic Society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of economic Society
+capitalist corporate Society so you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist corporate Society so you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist corporate Society so you you
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+embeded uh within a certain framework of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeded uh within a certain framework of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeded uh within a certain framework of
+beliefs and social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs and social
+interactions so um how do you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so um how do you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions so um how do you then
+Express Yourself um what is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express Yourself um what is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express Yourself um what is your
+identity in a situation like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in a situation like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity in a situation like a
+corporation and that's why I did the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation and that's why I did the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation and that's why I did the the
+next piece which was um uh a residency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next piece which was um uh a residency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next piece which was um uh a residency
+artisting residence in the uh in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artisting residence in the uh in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artisting residence in the uh in the in
+a capitalist Corporation in downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capitalist Corporation in downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a capitalist Corporation in downtown
+Manhattan and I asked the employees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan and I asked the employees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Manhattan and I asked the employees of
+this I literally had an office inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I literally had an office inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I literally had an office inside
+their office so it was a working office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their office so it was a working office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their office so it was a working office
+and I went every day as everybody else I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I went every day as everybody else I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I went every day as everybody else I
+walked into the office and I stayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked into the office and I stayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walked into the office and I stayed
+there all day for a month and I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all day for a month and I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all day for a month and I actually
+had to really carefully also think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to really carefully also think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to really carefully also think about
+what I was wearing and how I would prod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was wearing and how I would prod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was wearing and how I would prod
+you know present myself because I had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know present myself because I had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know present myself because I had to
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+only I actually had to sign a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I actually had to sign a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only I actually had to sign a an
+agreement form where they said that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement form where they said that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement form where they said that I
+commit to wearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit to wearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit to wearing
+appropriate corporate tire at all times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate corporate tire at all times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate corporate tire at all times
+I think they might have seen my sauna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they might have seen my sauna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think they might have seen my sauna
+piece and were afraid that I might come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and were afraid that I might come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece and were afraid that I might come
+naked there or something someday so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked there or something someday so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked there or something someday so but
+I signed it and and I actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I signed it and and I actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I signed it and and I actually really
+had to spend quite a while thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to spend quite a while thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to spend quite a while thinking
+about what should I wear because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what should I wear because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what should I wear because I don't
+I don't think I should wear what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I should wear what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think I should wear what they
+wear it's not me infiltrating I Am the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear it's not me infiltrating I Am the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wear it's not me infiltrating I Am the
+Artist in this environment I should play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artist in this environment I should play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artist in this environment I should play
+that card of being something else but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that card of being something else but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that card of being something else but I
+can't be too crazy I have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be too crazy I have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be too crazy I have to be
+approachable I can't scare them off so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approachable I can't scare them off so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approachable I can't scare them off so I
+ended up having these nice loose Ellen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having these nice loose Ellen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having these nice loose Ellen
+Fisher pants and a T-shirt and sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher pants and a T-shirt and sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fisher pants and a T-shirt and sort of a
+little more colorful but not too bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more colorful but not too bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more colorful but not too bright
+and not too crazy it was I think it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not too crazy it was I think it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not too crazy it was I think it was
+very successful so I'm sitting in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful so I'm sitting in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful so I'm sitting in my
+office with a window that shows into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office with a window that shows into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office with a window that shows into the
+the rest of the space and um I sent out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the space and um I sent out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the space and um I sent out
+emails to everybody that anytime you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails to everybody that anytime you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emails to everybody that anytime you
+want to walk in come to my office and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to walk in come to my office and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to walk in come to my office and
+we'll do an interview and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do an interview and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do an interview and I would
+interview each of the employees when if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview each of the employees when if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview each of the employees when if
+they came for quite a while I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came for quite a while I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came for quite a while I would
+really interview them and try to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interview them and try to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really interview them and try to find
+out what they um what they are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they um what they are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what they um what they are you know
+like what's their education what's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's their education what's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's their education what's their
+position in the in the company uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the in the company uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the in the company uh what's
+their values how do they feel about life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their values how do they feel about life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their values how do they feel about life
+and how do they feel about their work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do they feel about their work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do they feel about their work
+all these different questions and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different questions and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different questions and then
+eventually we would step into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we would step into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we would step into this
+situation where I had the camera film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I had the camera film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where I had the camera film
+myself and they they would then direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and they they would then direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself and they they would then direct
+me as I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me as I would
+reenact the gestures that they perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenact the gestures that they perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenact the gestures that they perceive
+themselves to be doing on an everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to be doing on an everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves to be doing on an everyday
+basis in the office a lot of times we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in the office a lot of times we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis in the office a lot of times we
+would have to simulate situations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to simulate situations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to simulate situations I
+would be like okay so you're walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like okay so you're walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be like okay so you're walking
+down the hallway and you're seeing your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the hallway and you're seeing your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the hallway and you're seeing your
+boss and you know you screwed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss and you know you screwed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boss and you know you screwed up
+something excuse me the word uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something excuse me the word uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something excuse me the word uh
+something you know the previous day so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know the previous day so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you know the previous day so
+how do you talk to your boss at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you talk to your boss at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you talk to your boss at that
+moment or you know um you're bored at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment or you know um you're bored at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment or you know um you're bored at a
+client you're talking on the phone how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client you're talking on the phone how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client you're talking on the phone how
+do you talk how what what do you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you talk how what what do you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you talk how what what do you do
+and um here's then some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results and again I use the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and again I use the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results and again I use the same
+technique of um reenacting in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique of um reenacting in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique of um reenacting in front of
+the camera and then uh also making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and then uh also making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera and then uh also making
+Stills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stills
+drawings but uh what I'm showing now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings but uh what I'm showing now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings but uh what I'm showing now is
+just the video of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the video of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the video of some of the
+reenactments I again there's hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenactments I again there's hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenactments I again there's hundreds of
+the gestures but this is just a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gestures but this is just a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gestures but this is just a sort of
+distilled version of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled version of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distilled version of the whole
+thing the place was called the global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the place was called the global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the place was called the global
+Consulting Group how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appropriate takes a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate takes a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate takes a little bit of
+acrobatics of your mouth I have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I would then show this in my office in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would then show this in my office in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would then show this in my office in a
+monitor and then I would also have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor and then I would also have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor and then I would also have the
+drawings on the walls and it was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings on the walls and it was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings on the walls and it was quite
+interesting to have the employees in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to have the employees in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to have the employees in the
+office come in to my office and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office come in to my office and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office come in to my office and
+recognize themselves in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize themselves in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize themselves in the
+drawings which is me you know these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings which is me you know these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings which is me you know these are
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+me and the other thing was for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and the other thing was for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and the other thing was for instance
+uh um how people were I mean I at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um how people were I mean I at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um how people were I mean I at least
+having spent so much time on this can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having spent so much time on this can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having spent so much time on this can
+really say what's the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say what's the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really say what's the social
+stratification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratification of the
+gestures what is a typical receptionist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures what is a typical receptionist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures what is a typical receptionist
+gesture what is a typical um kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture what is a typical um kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture what is a typical um kind of a
+mid-range uh um actioners gestures what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-range uh um actioners gestures what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid-range uh um actioners gestures what
+is a CEO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for instance when I showed the drawings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance when I showed the drawings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance when I showed the drawings
+of this particular gesture now showing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particular gesture now showing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this particular gesture now showing I
+asked uh uh the employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked uh uh the employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked uh uh the employees
+um who they think that this might be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who they think that this might be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um who they think that this might be and
+they said oh it must be one of the CEOs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said oh it must be one of the CEOs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said oh it must be one of the CEOs
+and uh the truth is that a CEO would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the truth is that a CEO would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the truth is that a CEO would
+never use a gesture like that it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never use a gesture like that it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never use a gesture like that it would
+be way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be way too
+patronizing absolutely ever never uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patronizing absolutely ever never uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patronizing absolutely ever never uh
+that was the receptionist talking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the receptionist talking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the receptionist talking to the
+maintenance guy that you know you piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance guy that you know you piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintenance guy that you know you piece
+of something something go and clean up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something something go and clean up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of something something go and clean up
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+bathroom so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom so
+um that I found interesting in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I found interesting in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that I found interesting in that
+sense that I think that most people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that I think that most people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that I think that most people
+still link authority to mother and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still link authority to mother and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still link authority to mother and
+father to this kind of um very sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father to this kind of um very sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father to this kind of um very sort of
+uh patronizing uh ways of body language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh patronizing uh ways of body language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh patronizing uh ways of body language
+and that they are easily still sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they are easily still sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they are easily still sort of
+um uh seduced or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or uh taken in by uh for instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh taken in by uh for instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uh taken in by uh for instance the
+CEO is never using those kind of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO is never using those kind of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CEO is never using those kind of uh
+bodily uh Expressions a CEO would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily uh Expressions a CEO would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bodily uh Expressions a CEO would be
+much much more sort of um uh expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much more sort of um uh expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much more sort of um uh expressing
+certain interest you know and and time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain interest you know and and time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain interest you know and and time
+for you know attention but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know attention but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you know attention but at the same
+time a certain kind of um I'm giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a certain kind of um I'm giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a certain kind of um I'm giving you
+five minutes of my time that's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes of my time that's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five minutes of my time that's a lot of
+time for me you know so you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for me you know so you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time for me you know so you better
+respect it and and but never showing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect it and and but never showing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect it and and but never showing any
+kind of direct um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of direct um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of direct um
+authoritarian um gesture that's how I uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritarian um gesture that's how I uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authoritarian um gesture that's how I uh
+realized at least while I was in global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized at least while I was in global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized at least while I was in global
+Consulting Group however it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting Group however it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consulting Group however it might be
+different in some other company you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some other company you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in some other company you
+never know and also definitely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know and also definitely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never know and also definitely different
+in different parts of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different parts of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different parts of the
+world um do you have any questions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um do you have any questions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world um do you have any questions at
+this point or anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that NOP MH do you any direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NOP MH do you any direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that NOP MH do you any direct
+observation of people or was it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of people or was it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation of people or was it all
+their interpreted view of themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interpreted view of themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their interpreted view of themselves
+yeah this is a good question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is a good question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this is a good question because
+when I did the New York time space I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did the New York time space I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I did the New York time space I
+used images that I got off the pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used images that I got off the pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used images that I got off the pages of
+New York Times which means that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times which means that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times which means that I was
+not not the person who went there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not the person who went there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not not the person who went there and
+took those snapshots of people in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took those snapshots of people in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took those snapshots of people in their
+very intimate moments of grief these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intimate moments of grief these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intimate moments of grief these
+were images that had already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were images that had already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were images that had already been
+published and they they definitely those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and they they definitely those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published and they they definitely those
+people must have been aware of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people must have been aware of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people must have been aware of the fact
+that they were being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were being
+photographed um and so when I went into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed um and so when I went into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographed um and so when I went into
+this Co Corporation I really felt like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Co Corporation I really felt like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Co Corporation I really felt like I
+don't want to be a spy I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be a spy I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to be a spy I don't want to
+be um snatching their MO private moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um snatching their MO private moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um snatching their MO private moments
+or anything I want what I'm looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything I want what I'm looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything I want what I'm looking at
+is identification what I'm looking at is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identification what I'm looking at is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identification what I'm looking at is
+how do you see yourself in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you see yourself in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you see yourself in this
+Corporation so therefore I thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation so therefore I thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corporation so therefore I thought that
+it was totally fine to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was totally fine to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was totally fine to
+exactly um for the work that I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um for the work that I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly um for the work that I'm doing
+to have them tell me through interviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have them tell me through interviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have them tell me through interviews
+what it is that they do I have to Grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that they do I have to Grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it is that they do I have to Grant
+it though that a lot of times I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though that a lot of times I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it though that a lot of times I would
+have them some of somewhere very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them some of somewhere very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have them some of somewhere very very
+sort of easy outspoken in their verb in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of easy outspoken in their verb in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of easy outspoken in their verb in
+their bodily language so there was no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bodily language so there was no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their bodily language so there was no
+problem but a lot of them would just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but a lot of them would just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but a lot of them would just be
+well I don't know and I you I don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know and I you I don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know and I you I don't you
+know and so we would talk and I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so we would talk and I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and so we would talk and I would
+actually look at them and then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at them and then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually look at them and then I would
+say well you know you do a lot this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you know you do a lot this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well you know you do a lot this so
+what is this you know so how so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this you know so how so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this you know so how so I would
+help them and then find a little more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them and then find a little more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help them and then find a little more of
+what their gestures were there were very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their gestures were there were very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what their gestures were there were very
+interesting moments for instance um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting moments for instance um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting moments for instance um the
+the computer consultant guy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer consultant guy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer consultant guy of the
+company he would never he was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company he would never he was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company he would never he was so
+unmoving but then he had this one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmoving but then he had this one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmoving but then he had this one thing
+he would go like this like I thought he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would go like this like I thought he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he would go like this like I thought he
+was going to snap his fingers he kept on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to snap his fingers he kept on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to snap his fingers he kept on
+pressing them down the table and I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing them down the table and I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing them down the table and I asked
+him why why he was doing that and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him why why he was doing that and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him why why he was doing that and he
+said that well when you are taught how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that well when you are taught how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that well when you are taught how
+to teach people in a company about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach people in a company about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach people in a company about how
+they should be using their computer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be using their computer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should be using their computer you
+should never go over and show you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never go over and show you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should never go over and show you should
+never lean over you should never take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never lean over you should never take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never lean over you should never take
+their seat you you only have to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their seat you you only have to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their seat you you only have to you know
+hold your hands behind your back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold your hands behind your back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold your hands behind your back and
+tell them what they need to do so he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them what they need to do so he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them what they need to do so he had
+developed this sort of I think he had an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this sort of I think he had an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this sort of I think he had an
+urge to go over to the screen and no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urge to go over to the screen and no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urge to go over to the screen and no no
+press this button and so he he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press this button and so he he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press this button and so he he had
+developed this way of suppressing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this way of suppressing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed this way of suppressing that
+urge by pressing those fingers towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urge by pressing those fingers towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urge by pressing those fingers towards
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+desk um so you know you come across a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk um so you know you come across a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk um so you know you come across a
+lot of various things um but no I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of various things um but no I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of various things um but no I would
+not want to go and um just sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to go and um just sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not want to go and um just sort of um
+well two things I don't want to spy on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well two things I don't want to spy on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well two things I don't want to spy on
+people I don't want to find their most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I don't want to find their most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people I don't want to find their most
+intimate moments when they're picking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate moments when they're picking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimate moments when they're picking
+their nose and then make a gesture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their nose and then make a gesture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their nose and then make a gesture of
+that um but I also don't think that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but I also don't think that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um but I also don't think that what
+I'm doing I mean what I'm doing has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing I mean what I'm doing has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing I mean what I'm doing has a
+little bit to do with anthropology but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to do with anthropology but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to do with anthropology but I
+don't think I have to follow any sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I have to follow any sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think I have to follow any sort
+of system of you know system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of system of you know system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of system of you know system of
+collecting information that then can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting information that then can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting information that then can be
+sort of pro used as evidence for stating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pro used as evidence for stating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of pro used as evidence for stating
+certain claims I am um I'm still just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain claims I am um I'm still just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain claims I am um I'm still just
+making art and um leaving it open for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making art and um leaving it open for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making art and um leaving it open for
+the process to tell me what what I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process to tell me what what I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process to tell me what what I what
+I find out and how I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find out and how I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I find out and how I'm going to make
+that into something Vis visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into something Vis visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into something Vis visible
+something for you to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for you to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for you to look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+okay both both cases You' been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay both both cases You' been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay both both cases You' been talking
+about structur very very you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about structur very very you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about structur very very you're also
+Liv creative scope I to say um you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liv creative scope I to say um you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Liv creative scope I to say um you're
+focusing and you're also making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing and you're also making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing and you're also making a
+decision the minute you open the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision the minute you open the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision the minute you open the New
+York say is this an expression of G yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York say is this an expression of G yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York say is this an expression of G yeah
+that's that's very good question you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's very good question you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's very good question you're
+already you already you already said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already you already you already said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already you already you already said the
+typology of g j yeah and so maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typology of g j yeah and so maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typology of g j yeah and so maybe you
+didn't see a gesture of maybe on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see a gesture of maybe on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see a gesture of maybe on the
+sports pages when somebody missed the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports pages when somebody missed the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sports pages when somebody missed the uh
+you got the last strike yeah I I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the last strike yeah I I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got the last strike yeah I I had a
+long time to think about that yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to think about that yeah oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time to think about that yeah oh
+yeah yeah yeah absolutely yeah no I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah absolutely yeah no I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah absolutely yeah no I and
+I I spent a lot of time thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I spent a lot of time thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I spent a lot of time thinking about
+that what it because first decision was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what it because first decision was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what it because first decision was
+to just find images of grief and then as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just find images of grief and then as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just find images of grief and then as
+soon as I started doing that I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as I started doing that I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soon as I started doing that I started
+to realize well how do I Define that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize well how do I Define that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize well how do I Define that
+first of all New York Times has filtered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all New York Times has filtered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all New York Times has filtered
+their own set of gestures that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own set of gestures that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own set of gestures that they
+approve and then there's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve and then there's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approve and then there's going to be a
+second filter and that is me no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second filter and that is me no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second filter and that is me no matter
+what I choose to do it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I choose to do it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I choose to do it's going to be a
+filter so I had to kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so I had to kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter so I had to kind of in the
+process think about that exactly how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process think about that exactly how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process think about that exactly how is
+it that I'm you know collecting these I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that I'm you know collecting these I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that I'm you know collecting these I
+included images of mothers and fathers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included images of mothers and fathers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included images of mothers and fathers
+of teenage African-Americans who who had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teenage African-Americans who who had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of teenage African-Americans who who had
+been shot by the police because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shot by the police because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shot by the police because I
+perceived that that was um um well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived that that was um um well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived that that was um um well yeah
+now I'm jumping into concl I I realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm jumping into concl I I realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm jumping into concl I I realized
+at some point that most of the images in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point that most of the images in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point that most of the images in
+New York Times if they showed grief was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times if they showed grief was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New York Times if they showed grief was
+of um of political content it was either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of political content it was either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um of political content it was either
+war or terrorism a few times you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war or terrorism a few times you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war or terrorism a few times you would
+have natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have natural
+catastrophes and I made made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophes and I made made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catastrophes and I made made that
+decision then that I wouldn't include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision then that I wouldn't include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision then that I wouldn't include
+the natural catastrophes into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural catastrophes into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the natural catastrophes into my
+selection and of course now I've totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and of course now I've totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection and of course now I've totally
+changed my mind after new orans because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my mind after new orans because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my mind after new orans because
+I started to think that okay I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started to think that okay I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I started to think that okay I'm going
+to choose the the images that are of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the the images that are of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose the the images that are of
+political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political
+content uh so I I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content uh so I I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content uh so I I did
+leave you can see that in on the SP P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you can see that in on the SP P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave you can see that in on the SP P
+Pages you would have some at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages you would have some at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pages you would have some at some point
+and they could also have political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could also have political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they could also have political
+content but on the whole I decided to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content but on the whole I decided to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content but on the whole I decided to to
+sort of narrow it down a little bit this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of narrow it down a little bit this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of narrow it down a little bit this
+way because there was so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because there was so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way because there was so much
+um but then exactly um I open it up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then exactly um I open it up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but then exactly um I open it up in
+situations like for instance the police
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like for instance the police
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations like for instance the police
+abuse cases I included the images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse cases I included the images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse cases I included the images
+because I I perceive that to be police I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I perceive that to be police I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I perceive that to be police I
+mean State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean State
+terrorism so um but to your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorism so um but to your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorism so um but to your question
+about narrowing um the project down I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about narrowing um the project down I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about narrowing um the project down I do
+think that I often times start with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I often times start with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I often times start with some
+tenants that um almost like a mind game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants that um almost like a mind game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenants that um almost like a mind game
+like look if I look at this this way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look if I look at this this way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like look if I look at this this way and
+I just sort of narrow it down to looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just sort of narrow it down to looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just sort of narrow it down to looking
+at this particular strain of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this particular strain of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this particular strain of this
+particular thing and then I see where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing and then I see where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thing and then I see where it
+takes me and even if I narrate down very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes me and even if I narrate down very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes me and even if I narrate down very
+very carefully I will always end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully I will always end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully I will always end up
+having these problems um basically that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these problems um basically that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having these problems um basically that
+it's impossible to follow the line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to follow the line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to follow the line of
+thinking or the the categories that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking or the the categories that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking or the the categories that I've
+set up for myself and that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for myself and that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up for myself and that sort of
+forces me to rethink the whole thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces me to rethink the whole thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces me to rethink the whole thing and
+and I see that as a way to really kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see that as a way to really kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I see that as a way to really kind
+of go someplace in with the thinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go someplace in with the thinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of go someplace in with the thinking and
+definitely it is in in um in dialogue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely it is in in um in dialogue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely it is in in um in dialogue
+with the work the the what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the work the the what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the work the the what actually
+comes out of the work itself which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the work itself which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the work itself which is
+something I want to talk about when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I want to talk about when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I want to talk about when I
+start talking about the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the MIT
+project oh just a quick question how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project oh just a quick question how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project oh just a quick question how
+certain these images has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+affected I I was even more animated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I I think I've
+I've can I reenact myself as the 14year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've can I reenact myself as the 14year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've can I reenact myself as the 14year
+old um that might be one of the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old um that might be one of the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old um that might be one of the biggest
+challenges of my life I I could say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of my life I I could say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges of my life I I could say that
+um and I should maybe do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I should maybe do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I should maybe do it
+um I think that um what was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that um what was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I think that um what was really
+important for me was that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for me was that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for me was that um that
+question of emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of emotion
+affect authenticity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect authenticity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect authenticity of
+emotion um physical gestures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion um physical gestures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion um physical gestures are
+perceived to be more sort of inadvertent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived to be more sort of inadvertent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceived to be more sort of inadvertent
+and spontaneous almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spontaneous almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spontaneous almost
+unconscious whilst whilst verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious whilst whilst verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious whilst whilst verbal
+expression would be something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression would be something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression would be something that we
+knowingly do and I think that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowingly do and I think that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowingly do and I think that um
+gestures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+huh I think that gestures are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh I think that gestures are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh I think that gestures are just
+equally language and equally um a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally language and equally um a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equally language and equally um a sort
+of um a repertoire that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um a repertoire that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um a repertoire that we've
+learned however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned however
+um um I'm still struggling with the that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I'm still struggling with the that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um I'm still struggling with the that
+relationship and I'm I'm not sure where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and I'm I'm not sure where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship and I'm I'm not sure where
+it's going to go I I want to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go I I want to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to go I I want to have a
+dream panel one day where I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream panel one day where I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream panel one day where I'm going to
+have a neurobiologist with me and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neurobiologist with me and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neurobiologist with me and then a
+psychologist and then an artist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist and then an artist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologist and then an artist and
+whatnot to really kind of hash that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot to really kind of hash that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot to really kind of hash that out
+what is biological about emotion what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is biological about emotion what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is biological about emotion what is
+cultural about emotion but I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural about emotion but I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural about emotion but I do
+definitely think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely think that
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um uh with this process of the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with this process of the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh with this process of the New York
+Times piece and the corpcom at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times piece and the corpcom at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times piece and the corpcom at the same
+time What a what was really affecting me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time What a what was really affecting me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time What a what was really affecting me
+was that I got deeper and deeper into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I got deeper and deeper into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I got deeper and deeper into
+this questioning that I think is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this questioning that I think is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this questioning that I think is very
+very important to my whole life to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to my whole life to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to my whole life to my
+whole personal life um this um problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole personal life um this um problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole personal life um this um problem
+of self- representation identity and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self- representation identity and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of self- representation identity and um
+a sense of wholeness of emotion which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of wholeness of emotion which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of wholeness of emotion which I
+sely severely and sincerely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sely severely and sincerely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sely severely and sincerely
+doubt so did that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any there was a one day Symposium in New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any there was a one day Symposium in New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any there was a one day Symposium in New
+York City Saturday it was part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City Saturday it was part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City Saturday it was part
+of the separate part we called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the separate part we called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the separate part we called
+um York Academy time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um York Academy time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um York Academy time
+NY and and the reason I mention because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NY and and the reason I mention because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NY and and the reason I mention because
+it's to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to your
+bringing Crossing disciplines and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing Crossing disciplines and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing Crossing disciplines and with
+art um and the Vitality of Art and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art um and the Vitality of Art and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art um and the Vitality of Art and
+usually artists do already incorporate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually artists do already incorporate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually artists do already incorporate
+several disciplines um unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several disciplines um unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several disciplines um unlike
+Specialists here in MIT very expert at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specialists here in MIT very expert at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Specialists here in MIT very expert at
+narrow scope in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sence Al I don't to say MIT is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sence Al I don't to say MIT is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sence Al I don't to say MIT is one of
+the more sort of crossover kind of cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more sort of crossover kind of cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more sort of crossover kind of cross
+disciplinary places I've ever been to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary places I've ever been to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplinary places I've ever been to
+talking most russan Arts versus science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Tey website because they will be putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tey website because they will be putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tey website because they will be putting
+up what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up what they
+call synops U briefings of one page or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call synops U briefings of one page or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call synops U briefings of one page or
+something plus Little Cook of each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something plus Little Cook of each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something plus Little Cook of each of
+the panels so the artist and they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panels so the artist and they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the panels so the artist and they were
+cross R so people from MIT working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross R so people from MIT working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross R so people from MIT working with
+now movement in Optical camera movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+biolog you to something you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and then share with sort of similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then share with sort of similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and then share with sort of similar
+attemp because those those can be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attemp because those those can be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attemp because those those can be and
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+be and so we can maybe talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and so we can maybe talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and so we can maybe talk a little
+after discussion and and I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after discussion and and I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after discussion and and I would like to
+get the website that would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the website that would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the website that would be very
+interesting um speaking of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um speaking of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um speaking of the
+biological origins of emotion um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological origins of emotion um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological origins of emotion um there
+have been a lot of studies of that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a lot of studies of that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a lot of studies of that I
+don't know if you're familiar if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you're familiar if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if you're familiar if you use
+that you know as part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know as part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know as part of your
+inspiration but when you were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration but when you were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration but when you were doing
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+projects uh did you feel any of that did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh did you feel any of that did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh did you feel any of that did
+you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel
+that you know putting yourself in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know putting yourself in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know putting yourself in you
+know the the position of grief did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the position of grief did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the position of grief did you
+feel oh or oh yeah that's a that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel oh or oh yeah that's a that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel oh or oh yeah that's a that's
+another thing I we won't have time I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing I we won't have time I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing I we won't have time I was
+going to show you some of the live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you some of the live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you some of the live
+performances that I've done in in public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances that I've done in in public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performances that I've done in in public
+spaces in New York in Vienna in Mexico
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces in New York in Vienna in Mexico
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces in New York in Vienna in Mexico
+City where I perform these gestures live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City where I perform these gestures live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City where I perform these gestures live
+and and um a lot of times I have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um a lot of times I have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and um a lot of times I have people
+come up to me after the performance like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to me after the performance like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up to me after the performance like
+oh my God you must be exhausted so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God you must be exhausted so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my God you must be exhausted so much
+emotion and I'm just like that was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and I'm just like that was you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and I'm just like that was you
+it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wasn't
+me um I just focus on performing it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um I just focus on performing it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me um I just focus on performing it I
+focus on reenacting it repeating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on reenacting it repeating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on reenacting it repeating the
+gesture and my body remembers already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture and my body remembers already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture and my body remembers already
+very well I when when I did it once I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well I when when I did it once I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well I when when I did it once I
+have 10 hours of me just really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 hours of me just really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 10 hours of me just really
+meticulously reconstructing every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meticulously reconstructing every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meticulously reconstructing every single
+thing about those gestures it got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about those gestures it got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about those gestures it got
+registered into my body it's quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered into my body it's quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registered into my body it's quite
+amazing I had no idea it was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing I had no idea it was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing I had no idea it was that
+effective but now when I see that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective but now when I see that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective but now when I see that same
+image it's very quick for me to put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image it's very quick for me to put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image it's very quick for me to put out
+the same thing again um and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing again um and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing again um and I don't
+think about it that much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it that much um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it that much um
+so all that emotional that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all that emotional that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all that emotional that comes from
+you seeing the gesture but of course yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seeing the gesture but of course yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you seeing the gesture but of course yes
+you could also say there's that old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also say there's that old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could also say there's that old
+saying of you know first you been first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying of you know first you been first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying of you know first you been first
+you bend down on your knees and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bend down on your knees and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you bend down on your knees and then you
+pray meaning that you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pray meaning that you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pray meaning that you don't get
+religious sentiments before you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious sentiments before you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religious sentiments before you do the
+gesture and so one could imagine that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture and so one could imagine that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture and so one could imagine that if
+I was like this I could actually feel it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like this I could actually feel it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was like this I could actually feel it
+and I I'm sure if I wanted to I would I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm sure if I wanted to I would I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I'm sure if I wanted to I would I
+could evoke it you know I could bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could evoke it you know I could bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could evoke it you know I could bring it
+forth but I I don't because I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but I I don't because I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth but I I don't because I have to
+perform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perform
+um but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+H your you know the point of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H your you know the point of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H your you know the point of the
+decision to do that thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to do that thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision to do that thing with
+91 people their victim well well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 people their victim well well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+91 people their victim well well the
+reenactment of all of these gestures is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenactment of all of these gestures is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenactment of all of these gestures is
+not 9911 um it's all people all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 9911 um it's all people all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not 9911 um it's all people all kinds of
+people from all over the world over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from all over the world over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from all over the world over the
+course of one year of the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of one year of the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of one year of the New York Times
+so it's not specifically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not specifically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not specifically about
+but the decision to do this was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the decision to do this was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the decision to do this was really
+initially I just wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to shed off all that effective thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shed off all that effective thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shed off all that effective thing
+that we have when we look at an image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have when we look at an image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have when we look at an image of
+context of um flags of lar pictures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of um flags of lar pictures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of um flags of lar pictures of
+loved one just all that paraphernalia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved one just all that paraphernalia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved one just all that paraphernalia
+that comes with producing emotion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes with producing emotion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes with producing emotion
+producing um empathy and just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing um empathy and just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing um empathy and just look at
+the politics of what that is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the politics of what that is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the politics of what that is that
+language like for instance when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like for instance when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language like for instance when
+um over that whole year there were maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over that whole year there were maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um over that whole year there were maybe
+five six uh incidents in Middle East um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six uh incidents in Middle East um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six uh incidents in Middle East um
+some bombing in Israel retaliation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bombing in Israel retaliation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bombing in Israel retaliation in
+some areas in Palestine and you ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some areas in Palestine and you ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some areas in Palestine and you ended up
+having an article of course reporting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an article of course reporting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an article of course reporting on
+that and you every single time you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you every single time you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and you every single time you would
+have a closeup of an Israeli mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a closeup of an Israeli mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a closeup of an Israeli mother
+grieving over a over a coffin um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grieving over a over a coffin um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grieving over a over a coffin um you
+know of over some lost blood one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of over some lost blood one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of over some lost blood one and
+then you would have a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would have a picture of
+Palestinian funeral of maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian funeral of maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palestinian funeral of maybe some
+pre-team boy but what you would see was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-team boy but what you would see was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-team boy but what you would see was
+just a mass a black mass of Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a mass a black mass of Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a mass a black mass of Palestinian
+angry men throwing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry men throwing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry men throwing
+stones um now the Palestinians turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones um now the Palestinians turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stones um now the Palestinians turn
+their funerals into riots because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their funerals into riots because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their funerals into riots because they
+use that as a platform for political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as a platform for political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that as a platform for political
+message equally this Israeli mother is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message equally this Israeli mother is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message equally this Israeli mother is
+used as a platform for a political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a platform for a political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used as a platform for a political
+message um and the the article might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message um and the the article might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message um and the the article might
+actually sort of write about everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of write about everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of write about everything
+in very very objective way and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very very objective way and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in very very objective way and really
+kind of talk about how the Palestinian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of talk about how the Palestinian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of talk about how the Palestinian
+boy was innocently killed and whatnot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy was innocently killed and whatnot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy was innocently killed and whatnot
+but what what is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what is going to be the
+immediate effect of that article is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate effect of that article is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate effect of that article is
+these two images that are placed next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two images that are placed next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two images that are placed next to
+one another where you have a closeup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another where you have a closeup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another where you have a closeup of
+something that really evokes empathy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really evokes empathy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that really evokes empathy and
+then you have angry mob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have angry mob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have angry mob
+so it's very clear how um this is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very clear how um this is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's very clear how um this is a way
+of using images in an effective way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using images in an effective way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using images in an effective way so
+what I did was I would take I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did was I would take I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I did was I would take I would
+reenact the mother and I would reenact a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenact the mother and I would reenact a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenact the mother and I would reenact a
+throwing of the stone and then I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing of the stone and then I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing of the stone and then I would
+make a drawing of them they would be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a drawing of them they would be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a drawing of them they would be on
+the same level they would have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level they would have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same level they would have the same
+language they would not be specific to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language they would not be specific to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language they would not be specific to
+context they would just show that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context they would just show that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context they would just show that these
+are two different sort of um uh signs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different sort of um uh signs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two different sort of um uh signs in
+that alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that alphabet
+and it's not that I'm saying that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not that I'm saying that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not that I'm saying that by
+this I could say that from now on we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I could say that from now on we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I could say that from now on we're
+going to think about the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to think about the the the the
+news reporting in a different way it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news reporting in a different way it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news reporting in a different way it's
+just about pointing at this um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about pointing at this um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just about pointing at this um the
+different ways that these images are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that these images are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways that these images are
+being circulating there and how how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being circulating there and how how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being circulating there and how how they
+are being sort of embedded or changed or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being sort of embedded or changed or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being sort of embedded or changed or
+transmuted I don't know if that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmuted I don't know if that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmuted I don't know if that was
+really very empty you know good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very empty you know good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very empty you know good
+explanation but something along those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but something along those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation but something along those
+lines I don't know be but I think it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines I don't know be but I think it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines I don't know be but I think it's a
+15 well no mob us has been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 well no mob us has been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 well no mob us has been an
+experimental Black Box platform that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental Black Box platform that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental Black Box platform that you
+no no longer have a permanent space but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no longer have a permanent space but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no longer have a permanent space but
+what one of the artists doing what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one of the artists doing what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what one of the artists doing what what
+you're talking about if you're here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about if you're here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about if you're here for
+art ranges for yearly party they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art ranges for yearly party they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art ranges for yearly party they also
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+perance AR and one is of pictures from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perance AR and one is of pictures from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perance AR and one is of pictures from
+newspapers specifically narrowing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers specifically narrowing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers specifically narrowing a
+subject to bomb cars okay and inserting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to bomb cars okay and inserting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to bomb cars okay and inserting
+in uh a different image in so you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh a different image in so you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh a different image in so you think
+you it looks very the Montage is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it looks very the Montage is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it looks very the Montage is quite
+marful when you seeing it up close and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marful when you seeing it up close and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marful when you seeing it up close and
+then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're
+realizing question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing question
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assumtion also the Atlas Group and W Rod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumtion also the Atlas Group and W Rod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumtion also the Atlas Group and W Rod
+who's done this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's done this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's done this uh
+whole fantastic work on on uh duping as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole fantastic work on on uh duping as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole fantastic work on on uh duping as
+in terms of news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of news
+reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting
+um yep I know we have to move on uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yep I know we have to move on uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yep I know we have to move on uh you
+no so you remember I talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you remember I talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so you remember I talked about the
+um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the
+um of of this idea of different frames
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of of this idea of different frames
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of of this idea of different frames
+different contexts creating prompting us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contexts creating prompting us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contexts creating prompting us
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+um perform an a partial us a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perform an a partial us a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um perform an a partial us a partial
+identity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity of
+ourselves um in different ways so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves um in different ways so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves um in different ways so that
+you know in a way we we are there we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a way we we are there we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in a way we we are there we are
+who we are we really are in that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we are we really are in that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who we are we really are in that moment
+but we are also performing at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are also performing at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are also performing at the same
+time a a c so that we can play in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a a c so that we can play in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time a a c so that we can play in that
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+Network and um so what I wanted to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and um so what I wanted to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network and um so what I wanted to then
+start looking at um here at MIT having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at um here at MIT having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at um here at MIT having
+done The Grieving part having done the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done The Grieving part having done the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done The Grieving part having done the
+coroporation you could imagine maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coroporation you could imagine maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coroporation you could imagine maybe
+doing religion I started to think well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing religion I started to think well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing religion I started to think well
+what about scientists what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about scientists what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about scientists what about
+researchers what about uh people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers what about uh people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers what about uh people who
+work in in Academia and specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in in Academia and specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in in Academia and specifically
+people who uh worked with who work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who uh worked with who work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who uh worked with who work with
+finding out about things they don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out about things they don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding out about things they don't know
+about and that being a relationship to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that being a relationship to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and that being a relationship to
+something an object be it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something an object be it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something an object be it
+abstract uh a concept or a real physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract uh a concept or a real physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract uh a concept or a real physical
+object and I I felt that you know we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and I I felt that you know we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and I I felt that you know we we
+we already know that there's this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know that there's this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already know that there's this idea
+of of course this IR rational thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of course this IR rational thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of course this IR rational thinking
+and scientific thinking where you build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientific thinking where you build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and scientific thinking where you build
+an argument by by basing it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument by by basing it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument by by basing it on
+experiments and finding out facts but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and finding out facts but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments and finding out facts but at
+the same time um everybody who's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time um everybody who's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time um everybody who's working
+with finding out something of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with finding out something of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with finding out something of things
+that they don't know they they also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't know they they also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't know they they also have
+an effective relationship to that object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective relationship to that object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effective relationship to that object
+um they they also function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they they also function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they they also function
+as psychological entities not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as psychological entities not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as psychological entities not just
+rational thinkers but they also engage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational thinkers but they also engage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational thinkers but they also engage
+in this whole thing with other levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this whole thing with other levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this whole thing with other levels of
+their um mind rather than just IR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um mind rather than just IR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their um mind rather than just IR
+rational so again gestures being this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational so again gestures being this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational so again gestures being this
+inadvertent and unawares kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertent and unawares kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadvertent and unawares kind of
+language as we think I thought that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as we think I thought that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language as we think I thought that this
+would be interesting to look at how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting to look at how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting to look at how
+through gestures a researcher might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through gestures a researcher might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through gestures a researcher might
+Express something of this relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express something of this relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Express something of this relationship
+to the object of study that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the object of study that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the object of study that they're
+studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um that might reveal or might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that might reveal or might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that might reveal or might
+not something of the the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something of the the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not something of the the things that
+don't come across in that dissertation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come across in that dissertation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't come across in that dissertation
+or in that paper that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in that paper that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in that paper that they're
+writing so I wanted to be here at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing so I wanted to be here at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing so I wanted to be here at MIT
+and go into Laboratories and sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go into Laboratories and sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go into Laboratories and sit down
+and work with uh scientists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work with uh scientists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work with uh scientists
+researchers and just see how they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers and just see how they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers and just see how they do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+interaction um and this is now the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction um and this is now the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction um and this is now the part
+that's very much a work in progress so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very much a work in progress so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very much a work in progress so
+that this is where I'm going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is where I'm going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is where I'm going to be
+threading on thin eyes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threading on thin eyes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threading on thin eyes and
+um I uh I want to show you just a a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I uh I want to show you just a a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I uh I want to show you just a a few
+examples of uh what I did in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of uh what I did in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of uh what I did in the
+beginning over the summer I went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning over the summer I went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning over the summer I went to
+various groups of people and interviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various groups of people and interviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various groups of people and interviewed
+them pretty much in the same idea as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them pretty much in the same idea as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them pretty much in the same idea as I
+was doing with the ccom that I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing with the ccom that I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing with the ccom that I'll just
+interview them and we'll see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview them and we'll see how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview them and we'll see how they
+talk about it and I'll I'll see where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it and I'll I'll see where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it and I'll I'll see where I
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+um but it has changed anyway so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it has changed anyway so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but it has changed anyway so here are
+some steals by um and this is Mitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steals by um and this is Mitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some steals by um and this is Mitch
+yakim who's a a designer um from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yakim who's a a designer um from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yakim who's a a designer um from um
+School of Architecture and I definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Architecture and I definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School of Architecture and I definitely
+think that in terms of animated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that in terms of animated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that in terms of animated
+speech I I've met my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech I I've met my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech I I've met my
+match here he is describing a a car that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match here he is describing a a car that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match here he is describing a a car that
+he has worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on is Mitch here he said it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is Mitch here he said it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is Mitch here he said it's going to
+come but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come but maybe
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+um and I really kind of you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I really kind of you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and I really kind of you know they're
+hilarious right but I also really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious right but I also really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious right but I also really like
+the fact that here we are he's talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that here we are he's talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that here we are he's talking
+about a car that does not exist he only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a car that does not exist he only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a car that does not exist he only
+imagines it and he uses his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagines it and he uses his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagines it and he uses his
+body he uses his body to really become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body he uses his body to really become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body he uses his body to really become
+it that's fantastic that's really you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's fantastic that's really you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it that's fantastic that's really you
+know an unknown that he imagines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an unknown that he imagines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know an unknown that he imagines and
+this is the same car being now reviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same car being now reviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the same car being now reviewed
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+um what happens here is also interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens here is also interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what happens here is also interesting
+that it's almost like a wave of gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's almost like a wave of gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's almost like a wave of gesture
+that I give this to you and then Bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I give this to you and then Bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I give this to you and then Bill
+Mitchell picks it up and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell picks it up and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mitchell picks it up and then you know
+another person picks it up and it go it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person picks it up and it go it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another person picks it up and it go it
+goes on and it repeats itself and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on and it repeats itself and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes on and it repeats itself and it
+becomes a collective idea you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a collective idea you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a collective idea you know uh
+and here also what I found interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here also what I found interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here also what I found interesting
+was that I'm just quickly going to pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I'm just quickly going to pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that I'm just quickly going to pause
+here um this the tall lean guy here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this the tall lean guy here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here um this the tall lean guy here is
+from the General Motors so he's the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the General Motors so he's the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the General Motors so he's the main
+sponsor of of uh this project and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor of of uh this project and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sponsor of of uh this project and um
+he's of course an Oldtimer he knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's of course an Oldtimer he knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's of course an Oldtimer he knows
+everything about serial production of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about serial production of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything about serial production of
+cars and designing cars and all that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and designing cars and all that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars and designing cars and all that so
+he does appear more sort of laidback and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does appear more sort of laidback and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he does appear more sort of laidback and
+cautious these are the few moments when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious these are the few moments when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious these are the few moments when
+I saw him make any gestures but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw him make any gestures but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I saw him make any gestures but this is
+very much the way he would be most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the way he would be most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much the way he would be most of
+the time kind of taking in this position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time kind of taking in this position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time kind of taking in this position
+of I'm just observing and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm just observing and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm just observing and you know
+there's definitely a sense of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely a sense of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's definitely a sense of power
+position in this and and I also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in this and and I also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in this and and I also like
+this picture very much when they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture very much when they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture very much when they're all
+peeping in like that and this is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeping in like that and this is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeping in like that and this is also
+then um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then um how
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um research is one thing but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um research is one thing but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um research is one thing but also
+engineering and design in invols also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and design in invols also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and design in invols also
+envisioning something that does not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisioning something that does not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+envisioning something that does not yet
+exist and so you are building and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and so you are building and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist and so you are building and
+working with things that you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with things that you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with things that you're you're
+imagining at the same time as you're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining at the same time as you're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining at the same time as you're you
+know part of it you know you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know part of it you know you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know part of it you know you know how to
+weld or you know that this is this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weld or you know that this is this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weld or you know that this is this and
+this metal but you are doing something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this metal but you are doing something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this metal but you are doing something
+that has not yet been there so you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has not yet been there so you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has not yet been there so you are
+partially knowing something partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially knowing something partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially knowing something partially
+working with something unknown and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with something unknown and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with something unknown and I
+really like the the sense of um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like the the sense of um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like the the sense of um the the
+intensity of attention and sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of attention and sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of attention and sensitivity
+of of these people when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of these people when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of these people when they were
+working on the car it was quite intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the car it was quite intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on the car it was quite intense
+to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at
+them so um having followed this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so um having followed this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so um having followed this process
+over the summer with the Gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the summer with the Gary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the summer with the Gary
+car um and some other works as well I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um and some other works as well I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car um and some other works as well I I
+sort of started to um wonder where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of started to um wonder where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of started to um wonder where I'm
+going with this and uh I I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with this and uh I I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going with this and uh I I actually
+haven't worked on the gy car after that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't worked on the gy car after that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't worked on the gy car after that
+um I I totally could reenact this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I totally could reenact this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I totally could reenact this and
+make drawings but it didn't seem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make drawings but it didn't seem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make drawings but it didn't seem like
+the most important thing to do at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important thing to do at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important thing to do at this
+moment and um I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and um I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and um I also
+became more and more interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more and more interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became more and more interested in the
+sort of relationship of this object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of relationship of this object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of relationship of this object and
+this idea of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of this
+um that um uh ion hacking it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that um uh ion hacking it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that um uh ion hacking it was
+actually Caroline Jones I interviewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Caroline Jones I interviewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Caroline Jones I interviewed
+Caroline Jones about um ideas of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caroline Jones about um ideas of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caroline Jones about um ideas of uh
+working with scientists and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with scientists and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with scientists and how
+scientist relate to the objects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist relate to the objects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist relate to the objects of
+knowledge and she said that iron hacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and she said that iron hacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge and she said that iron hacking
+has written this book where he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has written this book where he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has written this book where he's
+basically saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically saying that
+um uh scientists relate to their object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh scientists relate to their object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh scientists relate to their object
+of knowledge through two very of distant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge through two very of distant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of knowledge through two very of distant
+ways like rarely do they relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways like rarely do they relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways like rarely do they relate to the
+object directly so it would be either by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object directly so it would be either by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object directly so it would be either by
+representation models temp sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation models temp sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation models temp sort of
+showing a model of something or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing a model of something or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing a model of something or by
+changing the conditions in which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the conditions in which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the conditions in which this
+object is and then measuring it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is and then measuring it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object is and then measuring it with
+instruments so it's always by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so it's always by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments so it's always by
+instruments and different sort of um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and different sort of um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruments and different sort of um uh
+things in between the object and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in between the object and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in between the object and the
+researcher itself that the researcher is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher itself that the researcher is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researcher itself that the researcher is
+interacting with the object on a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the object on a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with the object on a general
+h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h
+uh now I went to see Rodney Brooks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now I went to see Rodney Brooks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now I went to see Rodney Brooks at
+Cale computer science and artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cale computer science and artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cale computer science and artificial
+intelligence lab and talked to him about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence lab and talked to him about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence lab and talked to him about
+the work that I'm doing and wondered if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that I'm doing and wondered if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that I'm doing and wondered if
+I could work with any of his researchers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could work with any of his researchers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could work with any of his researchers
+and that's when I really kind of came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when I really kind of came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when I really kind of came
+into this conclusion that well if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this conclusion that well if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this conclusion that well if we
+think about what iron hacking has said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what iron hacking has said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what iron hacking has said
+what is interesting about these humano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is interesting about these humano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is interesting about these humano
+robots if anything is exactly this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots if anything is exactly this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots if anything is exactly this that
+at the same time as it is the instrument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time as it is the instrument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time as it is the instrument
+it is the object itself and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the object itself and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the object itself and those
+researchers do interact directly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers do interact directly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers do interact directly with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+object so I kind of went into seale and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so I kind of went into seale and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object so I kind of went into seale and
+into the humanoid robotics group and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the humanoid robotics group and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the humanoid robotics group and
+that's where I'm paused with my work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I'm paused with my work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where I'm paused with my work and
+looked at it much more carefully so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it much more carefully so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at it much more carefully so
+first introducing Merz and legion's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first introducing Merz and legion's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first introducing Merz and legion's
+Legion Aranda's um project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legion Aranda's um project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legion Aranda's um project
+Merz oh now I have to put some volume up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merz oh now I have to put some volume up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merz oh now I have to put some volume up
+um this is actually Merz is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is actually Merz is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is actually Merz is sort of a
+followup up of kismet by Cynthia Brazil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup up of kismet by Cynthia Brazil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followup up of kismet by Cynthia Brazil
+so Merz is um a face a head that can uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Merz is um a face a head that can uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Merz is um a face a head that can uh
+make facial expressions based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make facial expressions based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make facial expressions based on
+affect and uh it's um interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect and uh it's um interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect and uh it's um interesting and
+something that I might not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I might not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I might not want to
+venture into uh is the Des description
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture into uh is the Des description
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture into uh is the Des description
+of How It's been programmed but as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of How It's been programmed but as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of How It's been programmed but as far
+as I understand it's fairly sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I understand it's fairly sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I understand it's fairly sort of
+simple um operations of uh um like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um operations of uh um like um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um operations of uh um like um
+merch speaks to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merch speaks to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merch speaks to you
+the one that's trying to learn work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+part but it doesn't necessarily know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but it doesn't necessarily know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but it doesn't necessarily know
+what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying it reacts to the your tone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it reacts to the your tone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it reacts to the your tone of
+voice your facial expression and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice your facial expression and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice your facial expression and then in
+a way mirrors back now mirrors back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way mirrors back now mirrors back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way mirrors back now mirrors back to
+you meaning like if you speak angrily to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you meaning like if you speak angrily to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you meaning like if you speak angrily to
+it it will get you know angry maybe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it will get you know angry maybe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it will get you know angry maybe but
+the way it seems to be working is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it seems to be working is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way it seems to be working is that
+it's impossible to tell why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to tell why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to tell why it's
+reacting what way in what instance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting what way in what instance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacting what way in what instance in
+any case so there's a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case so there's a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case so there's a lot of um
+different functions and different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions and different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different functions and different
+variables that interact at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that interact at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that interact at the same time
+so that Its Behavior really becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that Its Behavior really becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that Its Behavior really becomes
+confounding and definitely like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding and definitely like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confounding and definitely like an
+infant so you're like is it constipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant so you're like is it constipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infant so you're like is it constipated
+why is it making that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it making that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is it making that you know you
+really kind of um have to start relating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of um have to start relating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of um have to start relating
+to it um as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it um as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it um as an
+unknown and um another thing is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and um another thing is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown and um another thing is is that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh this is a situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is a situation where
+um Legion went to talk to a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Legion went to talk to a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Legion went to talk to a group of
+people that came to see it but merch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that came to see it but merch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that came to see it but merch is
+left alone so this is now and merch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left alone so this is now and merch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left alone so this is now and merch is
+not aware of the camera Merz does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware of the camera Merz does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not aware of the camera Merz does
+recognize if you try to look at look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize if you try to look at look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize if you try to look at look it
+into the into its eyes it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into its eyes it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the into its eyes it will
+eventually see look at you into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually see look at you into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually see look at you into your
+eyes so you feel like you have eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes so you feel like you have eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes so you feel like you have eye
+contact with it so you really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with it so you really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with it so you really kind of
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+you get this sense of having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this sense of having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this sense of having an
+interaction with somebody more than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with somebody more than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with somebody more than just
+a machine now but it does not recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine now but it does not recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine now but it does not recognize
+camera as I so um I have the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera as I so um I have the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera as I so um I have the camera
+filming Merz while nobody else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming Merz while nobody else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filming Merz while nobody else is
+looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Ms so this this is the teenage group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms so this this is the teenage group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms so this this is the teenage group
+interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+each you want your yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you want your yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you want your yeah
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+I for some reason merch really liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for some reason merch really liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for some reason merch really liked
+this one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one particular
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+girl so this teenage girl and where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected
+don't get mad and get glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get mad and get glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get mad and get glad
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+um okay I'm just going to let it roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I'm just going to let it roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay I'm just going to let it roll
+for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now so Domo is another of these humano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so Domo is another of these humano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so Domo is another of these humano
+robotic robots and um domma has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic robots and um domma has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robotic robots and um domma has the same
+capacity of of being able to see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of of being able to see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity of of being able to see you
+look you in the eye but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you in the eye but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you in the eye but this is
+particularly now specialized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly now specialized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly now specialized in
+recognizing objects moving around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing objects moving around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing objects moving around and
+then picking them up and learning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then picking them up and learning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then picking them up and learning about
+them as it holds it them in his its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as it holds it them in his its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them as it holds it them in his its
+hands and this is one of the very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and this is one of the very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands and this is one of the very very
+early efforts I think that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early efforts I think that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early efforts I think that this is
+actually yeah do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually yeah do
+they they learn in the sense are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they learn in the sense are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they learn in the sense are
+they important question yes um do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they important question yes um do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they important question yes um do they
+take information in and then recute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take information in and then recute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take information in and then recute it
+so the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next
+time they can reuse the same information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they can reuse the same information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time they can reuse the same information
+it feels so insecure talking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels so insecure talking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it feels so insecure talking about this
+things because I know they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because I know they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because I know they're all
+sitting over there but um my answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting over there but um my answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting over there but um my answer
+would be yes I mean the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be yes I mean the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be yes I mean the idea is that
+they they do accumulate that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they do accumulate that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they do accumulate that information
+and can reprocess it and use it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can reprocess it and use it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can reprocess it and use it in the
+future will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rea H well I don't know if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rea H well I don't know if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rea H well I don't know if there's any
+gesture recognition going on no but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture recognition going on no but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture recognition going on no but it's
+more this the merch can merch can learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this the merch can merch can learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more this the merch can merch can learn
+words if you wave a yellow thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if you wave a yellow thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words if you wave a yellow thing in
+front of it and say yellow merch will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of it and say yellow merch will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of it and say yellow merch will
+learn yellow and then when it sees a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn yellow and then when it sees a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn yellow and then when it sees a
+yellow object it will say yellow but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow object it will say yellow but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow object it will say yellow but if
+I approach push my hand into it face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I approach push my hand into it face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I approach push my hand into it face
+it'll probably PR yeah I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll probably PR yeah I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll probably PR yeah I mean this is
+and would repeat that gesture again make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would repeat that gesture again make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and would repeat that gesture again make
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+gesture so it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture so it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gesture so it's not it's not
+actually it doesn't learn in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it doesn't learn in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it doesn't learn in the sense
+that you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you and I
+would you sort of extended sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you sort of extended sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you sort of extended sense of
+learning the sense it would it would uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the sense it would it would uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning the sense it would it would uh
+store information that could be reused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store information that could be reused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store information that could be reused
+in a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar
+situation they they do in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they they do in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation they they do in a very
+specialized specialized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized specialized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized specialized
+case their bodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M so yeah it makes a difference it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so yeah it makes a difference it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so yeah it makes a difference it does
+make a difference um and um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference um and um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a difference um and um it's
+certainly has made a difference for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has made a difference for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly has made a difference for me
+because I've gotten more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've gotten more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've gotten more and more
+interested in in what this means for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in what this means for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in what this means for my
+interaction with them or anybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with them or anybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with them or anybody's
+interaction with these characters these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with these characters these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction with these characters these
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+robots um and um so my first idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots um and um so my first idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots um and um so my first idea was
+that okay I'm I'm filming this I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'm I'm filming this I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay I'm I'm filming this I want to
+film the researchers as they interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the researchers as they interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film the researchers as they interact
+with them now I noticed that okay I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them now I noticed that okay I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them now I noticed that okay I can
+also have these these visitors how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have these these visitors how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have these these visitors how do
+they re interact with these um robots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they re interact with these um robots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they re interact with these um robots
+and then I realized that but I also want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I realized that but I also want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I realized that but I also want
+to reenact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reenact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reenact the
+robot because because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot because because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot because because
+um um first of all when we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um first of all when we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um first of all when we make this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+humanoid entities we are doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanoid entities we are doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanoid entities we are doing it
+because we want to mirror ourselves we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to mirror ourselves we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we want to mirror ourselves we
+want a mirror for ourselves and U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a mirror for ourselves and U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a mirror for ourselves and U
+there's different levels of when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different levels of when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's different levels of when the
+mirrorin becomes too perfected so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrorin becomes too perfected so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrorin becomes too perfected so that
+it becomes scary and uh thus you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes scary and uh thus you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes scary and uh thus you get the
+Frankenstein kind of syndrome or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frankenstein kind of syndrome or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Frankenstein kind of syndrome or
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H
+um and you know so the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know so the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know so the there's
+definitely this constant balancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely this constant balancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely this constant balancing
+between uh human to human all to human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh human to human all to human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh human to human all to human
+or machine and thus other or two human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or machine and thus other or two human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or machine and thus other or two human
+does other too and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does other too and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does other too and
+um so I really felt like I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I really felt like I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I really felt like I I want to
+start understanding more exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start understanding more exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start understanding more exactly the
+robot itself as the mirror as this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot itself as the mirror as this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot itself as the mirror as this um
+what we desire kind of thing um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we desire kind of thing um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we desire kind of thing um and so
+having done some reenactments of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having done some reenactments of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having done some reenactments of the
+robot and then making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot and then making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot and then making these
+drawings I realized that uh I I I I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings I realized that uh I I I I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings I realized that uh I I I I went
+through classical training of of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through classical training of of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through classical training of of human
+you know life model studies I I I train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know life model studies I I I train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know life model studies I I I train
+years of human body how to draw a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of human body how to draw a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of human body how to draw a human
+body and whenever I draw myself after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and whenever I draw myself after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and whenever I draw myself after
+reenacting or even another body I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenacting or even another body I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenacting or even another body I can do
+it pretty quickly I can get from to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pretty quickly I can get from to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pretty quickly I can get from to
+simple keys I can I can sort of figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple keys I can I can sort of figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple keys I can I can sort of figure
+out what's going on but with the robot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on but with the robot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on but with the robot I
+realized that I I I'm totally at a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that I I I'm totally at a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that I I I'm totally at a loss
+I don't know this thing I don't know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know this thing I don't know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know this thing I don't know how
+to draw it and so um that's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw it and so um that's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw it and so um that's the next
+step I realized that I have to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I realized that I have to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step I realized that I have to learn
+this object and so I started making life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object and so I started making life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object and so I started making life
+model studies for the first time in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model studies for the first time in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model studies for the first time in 20
+years but this I'm off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but this I'm off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years but this I'm off the
+robot and drawing for me really is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot and drawing for me really is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot and drawing for me really is a way
+to analyze what is there it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze what is there it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze what is there it's not just
+looking it's really looking through it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking it's really looking through it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking it's really looking through it's
+about understanding what's behind what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about understanding what's behind what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about understanding what's behind what
+I'm seeing as well as what's in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing as well as what's in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing as well as what's in front of
+it and so um it in a way it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so um it in a way it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and so um it in a way it's a very
+sort of bodily way of knowing to me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bodily way of knowing to me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bodily way of knowing to me and
+that's why I've been doing this um after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I've been doing this um after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I've been doing this um after
+having done these drawings I felt more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having done these drawings I felt more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having done these drawings I felt more
+confident in going back to the drafting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident in going back to the drafting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident in going back to the drafting
+board with the re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board with the re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board with the re
+ments and um this is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ments and um this is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ments and um this is definitely
+something I have to continue with I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I have to continue with I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I have to continue with I I
+still don't know it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't know it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still don't know it well
+enough um and also when you make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um and also when you make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough um and also when you make these
+drawings I I really feel like I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings I I really feel like I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings I I really feel like I can
+start understanding what what works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start understanding what what works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start understanding what what works
+effectively in this what is machine and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in this what is machine and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively in this what is machine and
+what is what is that in those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what is that in those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is what is that in those things
+that make you look at them and want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make you look at them and want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make you look at them and want to
+talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to
+them and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so
+um and here Al I think this these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here Al I think this these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here Al I think this these are
+very nice deals from a research video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice deals from a research video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice deals from a research video
+that eron made with Jeff that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eron made with Jeff that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eron made with Jeff that
+um how this sort of touching the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how this sort of touching the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how this sort of touching the robot
+is this attempt is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this attempt is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this attempt is this
+question um actually before I showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um actually before I showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um actually before I showed
+that um that's the other thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's the other thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um that's the other thing that's
+very interesting with Domo is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting with Domo is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very interesting with Domo is that it's
+not just a machine that you know if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a machine that you know if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just a machine that you know if it
+puts its hands out hand out if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts its hands out hand out if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts its hands out hand out if something
+comes in the way it will just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in the way it will just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in the way it will just go
+straight through that's what a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through that's what a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through that's what a machine
+does right this one actually has a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right this one actually has a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does right this one actually has a way
+of sensing that there's something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensing that there's something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sensing that there's something in the
+way and will respond you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and will respond you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and will respond you know it's not
+like it's just going to machinic go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's just going to machinic go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's just going to machinic go
+through so when you do touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so when you do touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through so when you do touch
+Domo there's there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Domo there's there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Domo there's there is a
+dialogue and so here's me for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and so here's me for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and so here's me for the first
+time interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Domo Gra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I just really think it's amazing how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just really think it's amazing how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just really think it's amazing how
+Domo keeps looking around as I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Domo keeps looking around as I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Domo keeps looking around as I'm going
+about trying to understand it it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trying to understand it it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about trying to understand it it's like
+what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+pardon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pardon
+Domo yeah I don't know what Domo means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Domo yeah I don't know what Domo means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Domo yeah I don't know what Domo means
+do can can you say AR uh it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do can can you say AR uh it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do can can you say AR uh it's just a
+it's a Japanese word as a reference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+song something and then you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song something and then you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song something and then you want to
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah yeah yeah
+yeah somebody and talk about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah somebody and talk about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah somebody and talk about something
+and then get some information or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then get some information or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then get some information or
+whatever you know he doesn't like or he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know he doesn't like or he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you know he doesn't like or he
+doesn't like it we can just say oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't like it we can just say oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't like it we can just say oh you
+know and then we can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glare smoing out yeah smoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out that's that's good yes so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's that's good yes so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that's that's good yes so you
+mentioned that you're using uh drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that you're using uh drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that you're using uh drawing
+as a way of uh uh getting to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of uh uh getting to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of uh uh getting to understand
+how robot works and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how robot works and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how robot works and so on and so forth
+there was a question earlier about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a question earlier about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a question earlier about
+whether you reenacting some gestions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you reenacting some gestions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you reenacting some gestions
+triggers emotions in you uh would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers emotions in you uh would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers emotions in you uh would you
+actually um following that line of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um following that line of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um following that line of
+reasoning think that uh um if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning think that uh um if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning think that uh um if you were
+to you know gain some ground in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know gain some ground in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you know gain some ground in terms of
+uh understanding through drawing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understanding through drawing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh understanding through drawing and
+other means um how a robot act you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other means um how a robot act you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other means um how a robot act you could
+also reverse engineer the codes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reverse engineer the codes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also reverse engineer the codes that
+generates this behavior for the robot do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates this behavior for the robot do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates this behavior for the robot do
+you think you would be able to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you would be able to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you would be able to do that
+and how would you go about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how would you go about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how would you go about it
+well that would be very very daring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that would be very very daring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that would be very very daring of
+me to say but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to say but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to say but
+um with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the
+drawing um like I said it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing um like I said it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing um like I said it's not
+necessarily learning to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily learning to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily learning to understand how
+it functions how it works it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it functions how it works it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it functions how it works it's more
+about learning what it is uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about learning what it is uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about learning what it is uh you know
+relating to it and I actually think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to it and I actually think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relating to it and I actually think that
+um in this process of making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this process of making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this process of making these
+robots it is useful for the maker to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots it is useful for the maker to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots it is useful for the maker to
+know what it is you know like what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is you know like what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what it is you know like what what
+is it that it's doing on another level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that it's doing on another level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that it's doing on another level
+than just um the function what is it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just um the function what is it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than just um the function what is it you
+know how and I I know that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how and I I know that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how and I I know that this is
+something that um surely is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um surely is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um surely is being
+discussed and is being you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and is being you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed and is being you know
+considered um this that what does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered um this that what does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered um this that what does it
+look like and like it's not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and like it's not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and like it's not um
+coincidence that mer looks like a baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence that mer looks like a baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence that mer looks like a baby
+face it's but it's also not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it's but it's also not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face it's but it's also not a
+coincidence that it doesn't have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence that it doesn't have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coincidence that it doesn't have a a
+furry tail you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furry tail you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furry tail you know
+like expiration is not in understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expiration is not in understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like expiration is not in understanding
+what makes that thing do what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes that thing do what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes that thing do what it does
+but it's sort of a self- exploration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of a self- exploration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's sort of a self- exploration
+you're trying to find means to access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find means to access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're trying to find means to access
+your own you know the things of like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own you know the things of like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own you know the things of like I
+looked it in the eyes it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked it in the eyes it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked it in the eyes it's sort of a
+projection of sorts is oh yeah yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of sorts is oh yeah yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection of sorts is oh yeah yeah yeah
+and I'm really kind of wanting to uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm really kind of wanting to uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm really kind of wanting to uh I
+think on the bigger hole that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on the bigger hole that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think on the bigger hole that is very
+much around what I'm working that how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much around what I'm working that how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much around what I'm working that how do
+we project and why do we project and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we project and why do we project and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we project and why do we project and
+what does it do and how how can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do and how how can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it do and how how can I
+intervene in that projection because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in that projection because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervene in that projection because I I
+think that um it's always something good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um it's always something good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that um it's always something good
+to be looking at a little critically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at a little critically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be looking at a little critically um
+because um if you don't think critically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um if you don't think critically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um if you don't think critically
+about what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what you
+project uh you are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh you are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh you are going to be
+manipulable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulable
+yeah I see something very interesting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I see something very interesting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I see something very interesting in
+comparing what you're doing now to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing what you're doing now to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing what you're doing now to the
+the the earlier project you're empty you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the earlier project you're empty you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the earlier project you're empty you
+empty out those to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty out those to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty out those to other
+emotion and now you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and now you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion and now you're looking at
+something performing you're projecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something performing you're projecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something performing you're projecting
+into it yeah it see it seems to seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it yeah it see it seems to seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it yeah it see it seems to seems to
+you're s switching positions a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're s switching positions a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're s switching positions a little
+bit in terms I mean just thinking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in terms I mean just thinking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in terms I mean just thinking in
+that in that might what you're doing I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that might what you're doing I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in that might what you're doing I I
+think that I'm oscillating between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I'm oscillating between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that I'm oscillating between the
+two positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two positions
+constantly and um and definitely yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly and um and definitely yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly and um and definitely yes I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+um I'm I'm trying to look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm I'm trying to look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm I'm trying to look at what
+happens in that relationship and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in that relationship and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in that relationship and what
+are the different projections not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different projections not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the different projections not just
+me but others as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but others as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me but others as well
+um well let me just show this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let me just show this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well let me just show this because
+this relates to what you were saying so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relates to what you were saying so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this relates to what you were saying so
+this is now me um you saw that the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now me um you saw that the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now me um you saw that the video
+where Domo is catching the ball this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Domo is catching the ball this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Domo is catching the ball this is
+me now reenacting those gestures I chose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me now reenacting those gestures I chose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me now reenacting those gestures I chose
+specifically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically this
+overall of course because I um the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall of course because I um the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall of course because I um the robot
+is sort of displacing and replacing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of displacing and replacing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of displacing and replacing the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mechanical uh work you know the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical uh work you know the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical uh work you know the car
+mechanic worker so um the robot is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic worker so um the robot is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic worker so um the robot is
+taking on the the dress of that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking on the the dress of that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking on the the dress of that it's a
+little bit of a internal pun or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a internal pun or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a internal pun or an
+internal joke but I also think that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal joke but I also think that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal joke but I also think that it
+works nicely as a some sort of a costume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works nicely as a some sort of a costume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works nicely as a some sort of a costume
+you have to have some sort of costume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when I was making this I wasn't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I was making this I wasn't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when I was making this I wasn't quite
+sure how this was going to pan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how this was going to pan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how this was going to pan
+out but as you can see exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but as you can see exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out but as you can see exactly the
+drawings that are on this side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings that are on this side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings that are on this side of the
+the walls are now the drawings that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls are now the drawings that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the walls are now the drawings that came
+out of this video and then putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this video and then putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this video and then putting them
+in a mirror relationship to Domo as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a mirror relationship to Domo as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a mirror relationship to Domo as it
+is doing the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is doing the same
+gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course here I have to fill in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course here I have to fill in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course here I have to fill in a
+lot of blanks like physically I can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of blanks like physically I can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of blanks like physically I can't do
+what Domo was doing with his three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Domo was doing with his three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Domo was doing with his three
+fingers um I have a mouth and a nose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers um I have a mouth and a nose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers um I have a mouth and a nose
+Domo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but I think that doesn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter
+and then the next one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the next one was
+um and this is me now reenacting merch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is me now reenacting merch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and this is me now reenacting merch
+merch's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merch's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merch's
+facial expressions as he is interact it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial expressions as he is interact it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facial expressions as he is interact it
+is interacting with Legion in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interacting with Legion in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interacting with Legion in the very
+first video that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I noticed that I think that there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I noticed that I think that there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I noticed that I think that there was
+something wrong with Mer's neck at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with Mer's neck at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something wrong with Mer's neck at that
+time and it was constantly sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it was constantly sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and it was constantly sort of
+tilting back so for me it was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilting back so for me it was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilting back so for me it was pretty
+hard to reproduce that tilt constantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to reproduce that tilt constantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to reproduce that tilt constantly
+but I was doing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I really like Mer's eyes when they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really like Mer's eyes when they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really like Mer's eyes when they were
+like this this sort of very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this sort of very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this this sort of very very
+um intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eyebrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+lingin in U and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingin in U and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lingin in U and I'm
+reenacting the same exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenacting the same exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenacting the same exactly the same
+still of I mean this is just one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still of I mean this is just one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still of I mean this is just one of the
+many Stills but this is in direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Stills but this is in direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many Stills but this is in direct
+relationship to one of the gestures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to one of the gestures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to one of the gestures of
+Merz as Legion is is looking at Merz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merz as Legion is is looking at Merz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merz as Legion is is looking at Merz and
+Merz is looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Legion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here this is the teenage girl that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here this is the teenage girl that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here this is the teenage girl that
+um it was such a messy video so it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was such a messy video so it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it was such a messy video so it was
+maybe hard to notice but there was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe hard to notice but there was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe hard to notice but there was that
+teenage girl that really connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenage girl that really connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teenage girl that really connected to
+mer and in the very beginning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mer and in the very beginning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mer and in the very beginning of the
+video actually Legion says that Merz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video actually Legion says that Merz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video actually Legion says that Merz
+must think that you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must think that you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must think that you're the
+mother and I picked out all the gestures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother and I picked out all the gestures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother and I picked out all the gestures
+that the teen well many of the Gest that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the teen well many of the Gest that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the teen well many of the Gest that
+this particular girl was doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular girl was doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular girl was doing in
+relation to Merz this is when when she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to Merz this is when when she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to Merz this is when when she's
+actually touching Mer's neck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um and here definitely coming full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here definitely coming full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here definitely coming full
+circle from The New York Times piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle from The New York Times piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle from The New York Times piece
+because here this particular moment I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here this particular moment I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here this particular moment I'm
+trying to really reproduce this Look of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to really reproduce this Look of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to really reproduce this Look of
+Love That this teenage girl had and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love That this teenage girl had and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love That this teenage girl had and I
+mean she was just she was fascinated it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean she was just she was fascinated it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean she was just she was fascinated it
+was quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was quite
+amazing um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing um
+and here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here are
+now some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+drawings she she kind of touched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings she she kind of touched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings she she kind of touched the
+neck not sure sure whether she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck not sure sure whether she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neck not sure sure whether she was
+allowed to she could have sneaked over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to she could have sneaked over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to she could have sneaked over
+to touch it and looked at him with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch it and looked at him with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to touch it and looked at him with this
+very very meaningful gaze it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very meaningful gaze it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very meaningful gaze it was very
+strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+moment and here is now mer and Legion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and here is now mer and Legion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and here is now mer and Legion
+which is me reenacting both of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is me reenacting both of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is me reenacting both of them and
+then placing them on the same page so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then placing them on the same page so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then placing them on the same page so
+this is actually the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually the same as the
+video and so these are the same stills
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and so these are the same stills
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video and so these are the same stills
+from the same moment but because I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same moment but because I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same moment but because I'm
+reenacting them separately putting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenacting them separately putting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenacting them separately putting them
+together it was kind of interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it was kind of interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together it was kind of interesting to
+notice that I couldn't of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I couldn't of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I couldn't of course I
+couldn't fit them they don't look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't fit them they don't look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't fit them they don't look like
+they're from the same video anymore and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're from the same video anymore and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're from the same video anymore and
+they actually look like they they to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually look like they they to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually look like they they to me
+they're like as if they were each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like as if they were each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're like as if they were each
+other's thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bubbles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it
+um this is how far I've gotten this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far I'm just
+curious process is going from thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious process is going from thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious process is going from thinking
+about the scientists and their object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the scientists and their object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the scientists and their object
+and the interaction with the object and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interaction with the object and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interaction with the object and
+then going to the object itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to the object itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going to the object itself and
+trying to re the object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to re the object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to re the object
+itself and then the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and then the way
+that SLI into one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SLI into one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that SLI into one another
+curious how how you're trying to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious how how you're trying to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious how how you're trying to sort
+through all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all that
+yeah um I just really very very recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um I just really very very recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um I just really very very recently
+did this reenactment of Merz and Legion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this reenactment of Merz and Legion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this reenactment of Merz and Legion
+and put them on the same page and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them on the same page and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them on the same page and it
+came out as a shock for myself what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out as a shock for myself what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out as a shock for myself what what
+it looks like because it looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like because it looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like because it looks very
+strange um but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange um but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange um but for
+me I I feel like it is um potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I I feel like it is um potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me I I feel like it is um potentially
+really expressing I mean I felt that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expressing I mean I felt that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really expressing I mean I felt that the
+way I was in a way becoming it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I was in a way becoming it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I was in a way becoming it's not
+that I was becoming merched but I felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was becoming merched but I felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I was becoming merched but I felt
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um I was doing what merch would be if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was doing what merch would be if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I was doing what merch would be if
+merch was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merch was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merch was
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+potentially and I was putting myself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially and I was putting myself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially and I was putting myself in
+this position situation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position situation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this position situation that
+um um when you then look at it next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um when you then look at it next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um when you then look at it next to
+Legion it's like Legion is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legion it's like Legion is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Legion it's like Legion is actually very
+emotive very much relating and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotive very much relating and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotive very much relating and you know
+and then there's this sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this sort of this
+character who just sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who just sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character who just sort of um
+responds the way it wants to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds the way it wants to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responds the way it wants to you know
+it's like it's much more unwilling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's much more unwilling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like it's much more unwilling
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+reciprocate and I don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocate and I don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocate and I don't think that
+that that feeling would have come just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that feeling would have come just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that feeling would have come just
+from looking at the video itself but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at the video itself but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from looking at the video itself but
+actually from going through this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from going through this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually from going through this process
+of trying to um be both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them potentially that's that's I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them potentially that's that's I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them potentially that's that's I mean
+that's a kind of a realization that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a kind of a realization that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a kind of a realization that I
+have um I wonder if you're also asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um I wonder if you're also asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um I wonder if you're also asking
+about this quality of embodiment what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this quality of embodiment what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this quality of embodiment what it
+means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means
+or well also just thinking about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or well also just thinking about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or well also just thinking about the the
+the gesture that it took to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gesture that it took to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gesture that it took to make the
+robot try to catch fall and the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot try to catch fall and the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot try to catch fall and the decision
+to focus on the robot response versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on the robot response versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to focus on the robot response versus
+the the gesture of trying to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the gesture of trying to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the gesture of trying to get the
+robot to Heaven a gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot to Heaven a gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot to Heaven a gesture
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have to repeat that I I couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to repeat that I I couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to repeat that I I couldn't
+quite it to the extent that the you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite it to the extent that the you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite it to the extent that the you're
+focusing on for example the robot CCH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on for example the robot CCH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing on for example the robot CCH
+fall then there's a whole series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall then there's a whole series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall then there's a whole series of
+gestures to try to get that reaction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures to try to get that reaction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures to try to get that reaction in
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first
+place um yeah yeah yeah yeah to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um yeah yeah yeah yeah to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place um yeah yeah yeah yeah to produce
+it to have the robot produce it and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to have the robot produce it and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to have the robot produce it and like
+SLI over Focus the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Rob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob
+study together that that's and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study together that that's and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study together that that's and this is
+where the whole code question comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the whole code question comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the whole code question comes in
+as well because that is not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well because that is not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well because that is not necessarily
+like yes there is that this person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yes there is that this person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like yes there is that this person who's
+waving the ball definitely and yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving the ball definitely and yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waving the ball definitely and yes I
+haven't done it yet I you know I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done it yet I you know I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done it yet I you know I have
+yet to come to that situation where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to come to that situation where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet to come to that situation where I
+have one camera filming the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one camera filming the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one camera filming the other and
+you know from other Ang def but I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from other Ang def but I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from other Ang def but I have
+definitely realized that I have to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely realized that I have to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely realized that I have to do it
+I have to get two cameras and I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to get two cameras and I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to get two cameras and I have to
+really kind of put together this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of put together this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really kind of put together this whole
+situation um but also there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation um but also there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation um but also there's there's
+this whole other gesture that's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole other gesture that's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole other gesture that's going on
+which is the coding which is the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the coding which is the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the coding which is the the
+designing of the thinking and um and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing of the thinking and um and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing of the thinking and um and I
+actually do want to work with that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do want to work with that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do want to work with that as
+well and see how that comes but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and see how that comes but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and see how that comes but I don't
+know code I don't know how to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know code I don't know how to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know code I don't know how to work with
+that so um I have luckily this Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um I have luckily this Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so um I have luckily this Europe
+Caitlyn Miller who hopefully will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caitlyn Miller who hopefully will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Caitlyn Miller who hopefully will help
+me figure that out we'll see but um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me figure that out we'll see but um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me figure that out we'll see but um this
+is I I wasn't even going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I wasn't even going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I I wasn't even going to talk about
+this part because it's it's another very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part because it's it's another very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part because it's it's another very
+very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very big
+alley you know like highway to to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alley you know like highway to to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alley you know like highway to to go
+into that um how do we produce this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that um how do we produce this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that um how do we produce this but
+even with that I it's still about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with that I it's still about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with that I it's still about the
+same thing it is about us wanting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it is about us wanting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing it is about us wanting to
+have this mirror so it is us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this mirror so it is us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this mirror so it is us uh
+reflecting our own gesture in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting our own gesture in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting our own gesture in a
+way there also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way there also a
+control that you want to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that you want to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control that you want to control the
+opposite by certain responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite by certain responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite by certain responses
+you responses in sense control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you responses in sense control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you responses in sense control the
+object Rob I this just a negative not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object Rob I this just a negative not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object Rob I this just a negative not
+even only controlling the object I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even only controlling the object I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even only controlling the object I'm
+trying to control the researches the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to control the researches the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to control the researches the
+whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole
+situation the S trying to something from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the S trying to something from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation the S trying to something from
+from the you know re might react in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the you know re might react in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the you know re might react in a
+certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+stimulate yes I mean and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate yes I mean and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulate yes I mean and and
+um you know like well that your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know like well that your question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know like well that your question
+goes to so many it's mirror gets to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to so many it's mirror gets to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to so many it's mirror gets to be
+okay I want this to move in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want this to move in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I want this to move in that
+direction the mirror becomes even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the mirror becomes even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction the mirror becomes even more
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you mean that the robot completes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean that the robot completes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean that the robot completes is
+more complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complete
+mirror I don't know how to react that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror I don't know how to react that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror I don't know how to react that's
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+question if they react erratically well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if they react erratically well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question if they react erratically well
+that's the thing often then then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing often then then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the thing often then then of
+course it's not the but if they react to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's not the but if they react to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's not the but if they react to
+certain things in similar ways all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things in similar ways all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain things in similar ways all the
+time then you learn you yourself learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then you learn you yourself learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time then you learn you yourself learn
+how to control this motions I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to control this motions I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to control this motions I mean I
+suppose you you have you have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you you have you have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you you have you have a whole
+set of things that you do you certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things that you do you certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things that you do you certainly
+learn how to act very particular ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to act very particular ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to act very particular ways
+make it do what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it do what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it do what you want to
+do naive if person comes to interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do naive if person comes to interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do naive if person comes to interact
+with it they can't get it to generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it they can't get it to generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it they can't get it to generate
+behavior that absolutely yeah yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that absolutely yeah yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that absolutely yeah yeah and
+and that's like you know you you meet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's like you know you you meet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's like you know you you meet a
+strange dog or you meet a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange dog or you meet a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange dog or you meet a
+strange you know like a a a child and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange you know like a a a child and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange you know like a a a child and
+you know you can assume certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can assume certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can assume certain
+interactions will fly but others won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions will fly but others won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions will fly but others won't
+um in that sense it definitely works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that sense it definitely works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in that sense it definitely works
+um as trying to relate to something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as trying to relate to something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as trying to relate to something that
+is also partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also partially
+unknown but um I think that it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown but um I think that it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown but um I think that it's a very
+very tricky question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tricky question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tricky question because
+nevertheless they are being designed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless they are being designed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless they are being designed you
+know they're being made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're being made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they're being made
+so and that's the first gesture is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and that's the first gesture is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and that's the first gesture is that
+deciding of what kind of programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding of what kind of programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding of what kind of programming
+what kind of you know what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of you know what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of you know what kind of
+eyelids do we put on this thing you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyelids do we put on this thing you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyelids do we put on this thing you know
+so there's a lot of that kind of control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of that kind of control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of that kind of control
+as well but what is really hilarious is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but what is really hilarious is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well but what is really hilarious is
+that there are moments when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are moments when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are moments when it's
+surprising you know like it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising you know like it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising you know like it's it's not
+behaving in an expected way or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving in an expected way or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving in an expected way or anything
+like that but in any case that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but in any case that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that but in any case that can
+happen with almost any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with almost any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen with almost any kind of
+situation um okay yeah um well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation um okay yeah um well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation um okay yeah um well you
+talked about are you sort of touched on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about are you sort of touched on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about are you sort of touched on
+it briefly but your choice of bre um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it briefly but your choice of bre um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it briefly but your choice of bre um you
+know you said it was sort of a joke but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you said it was sort of a joke but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you said it was sort of a joke but
+actually seems pretty relevant oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seems pretty relevant oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually seems pretty relevant oh yeah
+you know in terms of I you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in terms of I you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in terms of I you're
+interacting with with the robot on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with with the robot on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with with the robot on the
+one-onone but then there's like a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-onone but then there's like a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-onone but then there's like a larger
+interaction maybe why why I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction maybe why why I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction maybe why why I wanted to
+belittle this whole costume Choice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belittle this whole costume Choice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belittle this whole costume Choice thing
+is because I feel like any costume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because I feel like any costume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because I feel like any costume that
+I choose is still so rudimentary in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose is still so rudimentary in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose is still so rudimentary in time
+if that's the right word it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the right word it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the right word it's
+like any costume is referring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any costume is referring to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like any costume is referring to
+something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that has sort of these societal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that has sort of these societal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that has sort of these societal
+meanings and I always you can't get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings and I always you can't get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings and I always you can't get rid
+of that and um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and um it
+just you know like the researcher has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know like the researcher has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know like the researcher has a
+costume that is referring to um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume that is referring to um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costume that is referring to um uh
+medical uh act Auctioneer you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical uh act Auctioneer you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical uh act Auctioneer you know like
+somebody who's in a hospital but is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's in a hospital but is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's in a hospital but is the
+administrator uh or the the the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrator uh or the the the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrator uh or the the the car
+mechanic is again referring to this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic is again referring to this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic is again referring to this sort
+of obsolete sort of activity of Mach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obsolete sort of activity of Mach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of obsolete sort of activity of Mach
+masculine machine treatment um there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine machine treatment um there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masculine machine treatment um there
+seems to be very little of any dresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be very little of any dresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be very little of any dresses
+that would not have connotations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not have connotations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would not have connotations that
+automatically will bring in questions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically will bring in questions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically will bring in questions of
+power and society as we know it into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and society as we know it into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and society as we know it into it
+so that's why I'm kind of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I'm kind of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I'm kind of a little
+joking about it because it feels like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joking about it because it feels like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joking about it because it feels like I
+can't get away from that so I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get away from that so I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get away from that so I have to
+play it I have to play the game right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it I have to play the game right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play it I have to play the game right
+well it's just that I mean it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just that I mean it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's just that I mean it's sort of
+real you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real you know
+robots do sometimes take place of him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots do sometimes take place of him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots do sometimes take place of him
+and then it's been an issue you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's been an issue you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's been an issue you know
+it's kind of then what does it mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of then what does it mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of then what does it mean for
+the technology that they're making out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what how do you mean what is what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how do you mean what is what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how do you mean what is what is it
+that these ders are going to do um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these ders are going to do um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these ders are going to do um like
+how will they function you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will they function you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how will they function you know in
+relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to
+society uh you know like um that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society uh you know like um that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society uh you know like um that is a
+relevant question question and obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant question question and obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant question question and obviously
+it's in the back of it's kind of part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the back of it's kind of part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the back of it's kind of part of
+the platform from where I also started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the platform from where I also started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the platform from where I also started
+to do what I'm doing but um I I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what I'm doing but um I I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do what I'm doing but um I I feel
+like I want to ask more this question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want to ask more this question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I want to ask more this question of
+of of mirroring our narcissistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of mirroring our narcissistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of mirroring our narcissistic
+selves because even I I feel that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selves because even I I feel that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selves because even I I feel that that
+is even further uh Elemental if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even further uh Elemental if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even further uh Elemental if you want
+to use that word like that is playing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that word like that is playing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that word like that is playing a
+huge part in all of that that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge part in all of that that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge part in all of that that we're
+doing in both the the being scared of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in both the the being scared of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in both the the being scared of it
+as well as wanting to promote it um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as wanting to promote it um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as wanting to promote it um we
+there's there are so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there are so many different
+things that are going on at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going on at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are going on at the same
+time military interests and economical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time military interests and economical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time military interests and economical
+interest um biom medicine and um all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest um biom medicine and um all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest um biom medicine and um all
+these questions that have huge impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions that have huge impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions that have huge impact on
+everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's
+lives but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives but um
+and they definitely walk along next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they definitely walk along next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they definitely walk along next to
+all of the stuff that I'm doing but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the stuff that I'm doing but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the stuff that I'm doing but I
+feel like at this moment it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like at this moment it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like at this moment it
+really uh it's sort of we're still just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh it's sort of we're still just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really uh it's sort of we're still just
+sort of working in that s same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of working in that s same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of working in that s same sort of
+ontological question you know like we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontological question you know like we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ontological question you know like we we
+we urge to do these things because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we urge to do these things because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we urge to do these things because we
+want to um see it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um see it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to um see it happen
+and and it's sort of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's sort of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it's sort of um
+I think it's the the most sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's the the most sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's the the most sort of
+strangest ridiculous thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangest ridiculous thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangest ridiculous thing that we're
+stuck on it and uh but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck on it and uh but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck on it and uh but it's still
+working it's still that's the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working it's still that's the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working it's still that's the one that's
+uh in the back of it to to a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the back of it to to a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the back of it to to a great
+extent um is that answering your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent um is that answering your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent um is that answering your
+question yeah I'm wondering if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah I'm wondering if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question yeah I'm wondering if I can
+kind of reverse the clo a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reverse the clo a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reverse the clo a little bit and
+ask what sense you get of what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what sense you get of what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what sense you get of what your
+subjects might learn from you learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects might learn from you learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subjects might learn from you learning
+from them whether corcom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them whether corcom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from them whether corcom
+work yeah you're getting any sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah you're getting any sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah you're getting any sense that
+your subjects are actually learning from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your subjects are actually learning from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your subjects are actually learning from
+you imitating and learning from them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imitating and learning from them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imitating and learning from them
+um I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure um if I may just a little bit I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um if I may just a little bit I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure um if I may just a little bit I I
+think that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that with
+um with the copc com it was more clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the copc com it was more clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the copc com it was more clear
+that um people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um people had
+some first of all they really like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some first of all they really like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some first of all they really like this
+opportunity to um they they saw me as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to um they they saw me as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity to um they they saw me as a
+different Channel as a as an open door
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Channel as a as an open door
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Channel as a as an open door
+to um Express themselves and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um Express themselves and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um Express themselves and talk about
+themselves in ways that they usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in ways that they usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves in ways that they usually
+can't do in a in a corporation so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do in a in a corporation so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do in a in a corporation so to
+them it was very sort of in instant kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it was very sort of in instant kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them it was very sort of in instant kind
+of um coffee break kind of thing and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um coffee break kind of thing and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um coffee break kind of thing and and
+that was fine but it was not what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was fine but it was not what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was fine but it was not what I
+needed right so it wasn't it was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed right so it wasn't it was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed right so it wasn't it was just a
+kind of a byproduct of what I was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a byproduct of what I was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a byproduct of what I was doing
+that extend to more day today like did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extend to more day today like did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that extend to more day today like did
+they reconsider what they were doing yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reconsider what they were doing yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they reconsider what they were doing yes
+that's what I'm thinking that I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm thinking that I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'm thinking that I I
+obviously I left after that one month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I left after that one month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously I left after that one month
+but um I did get some sense of this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I did get some sense of this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um I did get some sense of this that
+when they walked into the room and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they walked into the room and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they walked into the room and they
+were able to recognize themselves in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to recognize themselves in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to recognize themselves in my
+drawings and then they were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings and then they were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings and then they were able to
+start looking at all the other gestures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at all the other gestures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking at all the other gestures
+something interesting might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something interesting might have
+happened in terms of their um thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in terms of their um thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in terms of their um thinking
+of their own position and their self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their own position and their self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their own position and their self
+representation and identification in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and identification in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and identification in the
+corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation
+potentially I can't prove it I can't say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially I can't prove it I can't say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially I can't prove it I can't say
+that this is right but I I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is right but I I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is right but I I think that
+there was an there was an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an there was an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an there was an opportunity
+there um The New York Times piece is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um The New York Times piece is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there um The New York Times piece is a
+very different question I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different question I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different question I think
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+there the the PO most powerful thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the the PO most powerful thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the the PO most powerful thing was
+that people were able to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were able to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people were able to process
+emotion um looking at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion um looking at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotion um looking at those
+images I was a lot of times afraid as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images I was a lot of times afraid as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images I was a lot of times afraid as
+still can be but not as badly anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can be but not as badly anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still can be but not as badly anymore
+because I've been doing it for two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've been doing it for two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I've been doing it for two years
+now but in the beginning when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but in the beginning when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now but in the beginning when I was
+performing in public I was afraid that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing in public I was afraid that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing in public I was afraid that
+people might attack me because um I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might attack me because um I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people might attack me because um I was
+afraid that somebody might suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid that somebody might suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid that somebody might suddenly
+recognize their own grieving selves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize their own grieving selves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize their own grieving selves in
+the newspaper being repeated by me I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper being repeated by me I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper being repeated by me I was
+afraid that they would think that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid that they would think that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid that they would think that I'm
+mocking their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mocking their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mocking their
+grief um which is not what I'm doing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief um which is not what I'm doing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief um which is not what I'm doing but
+I can kind of see that somebody might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can kind of see that somebody might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can kind of see that somebody might
+react that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react that way
+so I don't know what that's takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know what that's takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't know what that's takes
+anybody um with the U with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody um with the U with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody um with the U with the
+robots I I think that maybe some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots I I think that maybe some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robots I I think that maybe some
+valuable thing can come out of this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable thing can come out of this um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable thing can come out of this um
+exactly this sort of um investigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this sort of um investigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly this sort of um investigation
+into you know like putting in a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you know like putting in a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you know like putting in a third
+mirror into this mirroring of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror into this mirroring of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror into this mirroring of each other
+and and really kind of try and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really kind of try and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and really kind of try and see what
+is it that we're looking for in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that we're looking for in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it that we're looking for in these
+objects you know as as as not as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you know as as as not as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects you know as as as not as some
+kind of entity rather than oh it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of entity rather than oh it works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of entity rather than oh it works
+this way oh it does this and this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way oh it does this and this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way oh it does this and this and
+this um is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this um is this
+okay the same question I guess the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the same question I guess the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the same question I guess the one
+of the scientists could answer that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scientists could answer that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scientists could answer that that
+again the same exact question one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the same exact question one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the same exact question one of the
+scientist one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist one
+here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the
+spot uh you know I'd say that one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot uh you know I'd say that one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot uh you know I'd say that one thing
+is it certainly gave me a better sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it certainly gave me a better sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it certainly gave me a better sense
+of how uh the human body and our actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how uh the human body and our actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how uh the human body and our actions
+related to the robot there a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the robot there a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to the robot there a lot of
+design choices that are made that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design choices that are made that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design choices that are made that not
+arbitrary but you don't give a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but you don't give a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but you don't give a lot of
+thought to them while you're doing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to them while you're doing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought to them while you're doing and
+you're being very functional about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being very functional about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're being very functional about it
+and then when you see a person actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you see a person actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when you see a person actually
+trying to recreate that movement you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to recreate that movement you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to recreate that movement you
+realize well if I designed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize well if I designed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize well if I designed it
+differently maybe be more better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fit well thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+when you said U the third miror I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you said U the third miror I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you said U the third miror I think
+really helpful um strategy to take It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful um strategy to take It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helpful um strategy to take It's
+Not Unusual for even even just to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not Unusual for even even just to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not Unusual for even even just to help
+be help with a third person or the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be help with a third person or the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be help with a third person or the third
+uh can be part of Technology um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be part of Technology um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be part of Technology um for
+years now they have classes in you refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now they have classes in you refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years now they have classes in you refer
+to corporations and and there's class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to corporations and and there's class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to corporations and and there's class
+class workation skills I know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class workation skills I know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class workation skills I know I
+and even the fact of having a camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the fact of having a camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even the fact of having a camera
+allowed a techology allowed a thing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed a techology allowed a thing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed a techology allowed a thing out
+there this video going of themselves was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this video going of themselves was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this video going of themselves was
+allowing them to be open to seeing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing them to be open to seeing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing them to be open to seeing and
+learning from something out there not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from something out there not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from something out there not
+the little girl telling this successful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little girl telling this successful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the little girl telling this successful
+guy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy you know
+anything it was it was helping dissolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it was it was helping dissolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it was it was helping dissolve
+that wall that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wall that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wall that with
+extend your your tur you know it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend your your tur you know it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend your your tur you know it's not
+not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a
+b put the right thing on that it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b put the right thing on that it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b put the right thing on that it's it's
+part of our wiring and part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our wiring and part of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of our wiring and part of our
+social Society but when we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social Society but when we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social Society but when we have this
+third thing out there like video or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third thing out there like video or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third thing out there like video or for
+anything especially for controversial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything especially for controversial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything especially for controversial uh
+and learning issues it really can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning issues it really can can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learning issues it really can can
+help pay attention should I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help pay attention should I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help pay attention should I should
+reenact some of those features when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenact some of those features when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reenact some of those features when they
+are trying to show you how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to show you how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to show you how to
+emphatically talk to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphatically talk to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphatically talk to somebody
+convincingly I mean it's definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincingly I mean it's definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincingly I mean it's definitely
+something that um has come up before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um has come up before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that um has come up before and
+um I I feel like I I I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I feel like I I I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I I feel like I I I would like to
+think that my work is antithetical to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that my work is antithetical to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that my work is antithetical to
+that you know not trying to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know not trying to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know not trying to convince
+anybody that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody that
+way but but what to the point what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but but what to the point what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but but what to the point what you
+just said about trying to um control by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said about trying to um control by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said about trying to um control by
+by using a language and language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using a language and language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by using a language and language of
+gestures um but on the side is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures um but on the side is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gestures um but on the side is the
+mirror in which in social sciences is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror in which in social sciences is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror in which in social sciences is
+noticed as an attempt to communicate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed as an attempt to communicate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed as an attempt to communicate to
+find that common language because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that common language because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that common language because we
+cannot read each other's thoughts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot read each other's thoughts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot read each other's thoughts and
+intentions and that's why email turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions and that's why email turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentions and that's why email turns
+into blaming so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into blaming so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into blaming so
+often different interaction with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often different interaction with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often different interaction with the
+robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+communication because communication was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication because communication was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication because communication was
+a robot is still on I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robot is still on I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a robot is still on I would say
+rudimentary level so the communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary level so the communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rudimentary level so the communication
+is not of imparting something so much it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not of imparting something so much it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not of imparting something so much it
+is getting the robot to react the robot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting the robot to react the robot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting the robot to react the robot
+is reacting rather than then thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reacting rather than then thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is reacting rather than then thinking
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this
+communication understands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication understands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication understands
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but point I really ear think work so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but point I really ear think work so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but point I really ear think work so
+well um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well um
+you know I try to get to think about V's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I try to get to think about V's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I try to get to think about V's
+Abby Bar's iconology and the way he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abby Bar's iconology and the way he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Abby Bar's iconology and the way he was
+dealing with with uh with images and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with with uh with images and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with with uh with images and a
+central a couple Central formula in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central a couple Central formula in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central a couple Central formula in that
+one of them is called um light shot dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is called um light shot dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is called um light shot dis
+mentions which is The Treasure of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions which is The Treasure of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentions which is The Treasure of of
+human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human
+passions um and this is and how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passions um and this is and how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passions um and this is and how they're
+communicated over over the generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated over over the generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated over over the generations
+repeated and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated and this is
+when you're deal with a robot I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're deal with a robot I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're deal with a robot I think
+it's very difficult to to insert this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very difficult to to insert this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very difficult to to insert this
+sort of and he sees that as a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and he sees that as a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of and he sees that as a very
+communicative structure over Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative structure over Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicative structure over Generations
+over centuries um and the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over centuries um and the other thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over centuries um and the other thing is
+AOS form and there you might get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AOS form and there you might get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AOS form and there you might get
+something with a robot could repe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a robot could repe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a robot could repe that
+form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+forming in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming in any
+way I know Andrea has been telling me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I know Andrea has been telling me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I know Andrea has been telling me to
+look at this for the longest time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+IDE idea actually looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE idea actually looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IDE idea actually looking
+at character of these of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at character of these of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at character of these of the
+communication in the gesture and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication in the gesture and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication in the gesture and how
+it's repeated in various ways and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's repeated in various ways and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's repeated in various ways and what
+what it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be well I think that that that's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well I think that that that's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well I think that that that's um
+maybe one of the things is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one of the things is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe one of the things is that um
+uh to some degree we are familiar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to some degree we are familiar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to some degree we are familiar with
+our own repertoire of gestures and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own repertoire of gestures and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our own repertoire of gestures and the
+history of that but what is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of that but what is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of that but what is kind of
+interesting exactly is this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting exactly is this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting exactly is this this is a
+robot that first of all we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot that first of all we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot that first of all we're trying to
+make it do what we do but then it fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it do what we do but then it fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it do what we do but then it fails
+and it does things that are unknown to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does things that are unknown to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it does things that are unknown to
+us and that's when it becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and that's when it becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and that's when it becomes
+interesting because it is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because it is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because it is doing
+something else to us than exactly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to us than exactly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else to us than exactly a
+complete mirror and um I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete mirror and um I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete mirror and um I think that
+that's why I'm I might be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm I might be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why I'm I might be exactly
+interested in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in it
+um I can look at War Borg's gestures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can look at War Borg's gestures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can look at War Borg's gestures and
+recognize them I wouldn't find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize them I wouldn't find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize them I wouldn't find it
+interesting to repeat them because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to repeat them because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting to repeat them because
+they're already they're already indexed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already they're already indexed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're already they're already indexed
+by him you know what I mean so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by him you know what I mean so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by him you know what I mean so in that
+sense I don't I don't necessarily know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I don't I don't necessarily know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense I don't I don't necessarily know
+what process I could try and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what process I could try and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what process I could try and see what
+process comes out of that but if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process comes out of that but if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process comes out of that but if you if
+you understand this is also why I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand this is also why I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you understand this is also why I did
+the New York Times piece the way I did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times piece the way I did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the New York Times piece the way I did I
+took them from something that is seen as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took them from something that is seen as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took them from something that is seen as
+live you know as something as part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live you know as something as part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live you know as something as part of
+life rather than an an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life rather than an an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life rather than an an an
+index and um yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and um yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index and um yeah
+quality communication I in sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality communication I in sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality communication I in sense
+communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication
+robot the question question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot the question question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robot the question question
+is about understanding exactly where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about understanding exactly where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about understanding exactly where the
+where what the communication is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what the communication is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where what the communication is where
+where it's limited not yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's limited not yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's limited not yeah you
+understand I think yeah I think I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I think yeah I think I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand I think yeah I think I do
+um there's this I mean with those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's this I mean with those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's this I mean with those
+drawings Legion told me that whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings Legion told me that whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawings Legion told me that whenever
+she's interacting with um merch she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's interacting with um merch she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's interacting with um merch she
+feels like she has to go down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like she has to go down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like she has to go down to the
+basement with it because she finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement with it because she finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basement with it because she finds
+herself talking to it like a mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself talking to it like a mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself talking to it like a mother
+talks to an infant she's she's very she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to an infant she's she's very she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks to an infant she's she's very she
+becomes very animated and emphatic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very animated and emphatic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes very animated and emphatic and
+there's a lot of emotion coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of emotion coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of emotion coming out
+because you are trying exactly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are trying exactly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you are trying exactly to
+manipulate it to behave the way she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it to behave the way she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulate it to behave the way she
+wants it and she feels vulnerable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants it and she feels vulnerable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants it and she feels vulnerable and
+she feels that it's an intimate moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she feels that it's an intimate moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she feels that it's an intimate moment
+and I think that that is exactly one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that that is exactly one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that that is exactly one of
+those things that I think is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that I think is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things that I think is very
+interesting because because Mertz is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because because Mertz is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting because because Mertz is not
+responding as you would expect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding as you would expect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding as you would expect it
+because it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine yeah yeah well as it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine yeah yeah well as it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine yeah yeah well as it should
+according to the codes that we wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the codes that we wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the codes that we wrote
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but because of this sort of failure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of this sort of failure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because of this sort of failure and
+difficulty it does bring out even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty it does bring out even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty it does bring out even more
+of the human trying to enact its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human trying to enact its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the human trying to enact its own
+humanness in this situation if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanness in this situation if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanness in this situation if that's
+making any sense and that's what I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any sense and that's what I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making any sense and that's what I feel
+about this those drawings over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this those drawings over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this those drawings over there
+where where there's a disjuncture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where there's a disjuncture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where there's a disjuncture in
+that res that mirroring and it brings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that res that mirroring and it brings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that res that mirroring and it brings
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+something new something different than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new something different than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something new something different than I
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+thinking or that would be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking or that would be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking or that would be sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+expected just in terms of looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected just in terms of looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected just in terms of looking at a
+particular kind of gesture if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of gesture if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular kind of gesture if that's
+helping but I mean I I totally you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping but I mean I I totally you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helping but I mean I I totally you know
+agree with what you're saying and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with what you're saying and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with what you're saying and I want
+to look into it a little more you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look into it a little more you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look into it a little more you can
+talk more about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about it
+definitely are we done anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely are we done anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely are we done anybody
+else I think thank you very much thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I think thank you very much thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I think thank you very much thank
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+oh you didn't get to back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/61ZVXmh6ae0.txt b/61ZVXmh6ae0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98044afbe37e91185dd93828757e3f0a303d99ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/61ZVXmh6ae0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4011 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu hello and welcome to 507
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello and welcome to 507
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu hello and welcome to 507
+biochemistry online I'm Dr bdan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry online I'm Dr bdan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biochemistry online I'm Dr bdan
+fideles this video is about oxal 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fideles this video is about oxal 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fideles this video is about oxal 5
+phosphate or PLP an essential metabolism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate or PLP an essential metabolism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate or PLP an essential metabolism
+co-actor derived from vitamin B6 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor derived from vitamin B6 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor derived from vitamin B6 all
+animals are oxitop for PLP meaning they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are oxitop for PLP meaning they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are oxitop for PLP meaning they
+need to supplement their diet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to supplement their diet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to supplement their diet with
+vitamin B6 in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin B6 in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin B6 in order to
+survive PLP is one of the most ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive PLP is one of the most ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive PLP is one of the most ancient
+co-actors and surprisingly it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors and surprisingly it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actors and surprisingly it can
+catalyze chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze chemical
+transformation such as a transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation such as a transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation such as a transamination
+even without an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without an
+enzyme PLP is actually involved in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme PLP is actually involved in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme PLP is actually involved in a
+staggering number of biochemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering number of biochemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staggering number of biochemical
+Transformations this video summarizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations this video summarizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations this video summarizes
+the most important reactions involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important reactions involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important reactions involving
+PLP that you will see in 507 and we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP that you will see in 507 and we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP that you will see in 507 and we also
+show you how to write the complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to write the complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you how to write the complete
+curved Arrow mechanisms for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved Arrow mechanisms for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curved Arrow mechanisms for these
+Transformations let's talk about PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations let's talk about PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transformations let's talk about PLP
+catalyzed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed
+reactions as we just mentioned PLP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions as we just mentioned PLP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions as we just mentioned PLP is
+the co-actor derived from vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-actor derived from vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the co-actor derived from vitamin
+B6 this go factor is very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B6 this go factor is very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B6 this go factor is very important for
+a number of reactions in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of reactions in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of reactions in this course
+we're going to look particularly at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look particularly at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look particularly at the
+transamination reaction this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination reaction this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination reaction this is a
+crucial reaction for the metabolism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial reaction for the metabolism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial reaction for the metabolism of
+all amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all amino
+acids and we're also going to encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and we're also going to encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids and we're also going to encounter
+this reaction when we replenish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction when we replenish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction when we replenish the
+intermediates in the TCA cycle what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates in the TCA cycle what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediates in the TCA cycle what we
+call anapleurotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call anapleurotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call anapleurotic
+reactions and we're also going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and we're also going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions and we're also going to see
+PLP involved in reactions in the Mallet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP involved in reactions in the Mallet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP involved in reactions in the Mallet
+aspartate shuttle that transfers Redux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate shuttle that transfers Redux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate shuttle that transfers Redux
+equivalent reducing equivalence between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent reducing equivalence between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent reducing equivalence between
+my mitochondria and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mitochondria and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mitochondria and
+cytool let's take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytool let's take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cytool let's take a look at the
+structure of vitamin B6 or also known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of vitamin B6 or also known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of vitamin B6 or also known as
+perod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perod
+doxine this is the molecule that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doxine this is the molecule that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doxine this is the molecule that uh we
+ingest when I get our daily vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingest when I get our daily vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ingest when I get our daily vitamin
+supplement now in the body this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement now in the body this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement now in the body this gets
+oxidized to form the intermediate called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized to form the intermediate called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized to form the intermediate called
+perod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doxal notice the Alid group here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doxal notice the Alid group here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doxal notice the Alid group here which
+is going to be the business end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the business end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the business end of the
+molecule now the active co-actor PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule now the active co-actor PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule now the active co-actor PLP
+it's actually the phosphorate version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the phosphorate version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually the phosphorate version of
+paradoxal this requires one molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxal this requires one molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradoxal this requires one molecule of
+ATP and the enzyme perod doxal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and the enzyme perod doxal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ATP and the enzyme perod doxal
+kinase and we get PLP or peroxy 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase and we get PLP or peroxy 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinase and we get PLP or peroxy 5
+phosphate the name PLP comes from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate the name PLP comes from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphate the name PLP comes from the
+initials as outlined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initials as outlined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initials as outlined
+here now this nitrogen on the purin ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now this nitrogen on the purin ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now this nitrogen on the purin ring
+tends to be protonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be protonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be protonated
+because it's PKA it's close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's PKA it's close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's PKA it's close to
+physiological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological
+pH between six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH between six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pH between six and
+seven now for the rest of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven now for the rest of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven now for the rest of this
+presentation we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation we're going to be
+abbreviating this phosphate group as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviating this phosphate group as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviating this phosphate group as
+such and throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such and throughout the
+course now a related molecule is peridox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course now a related molecule is peridox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course now a related molecule is peridox
+amine 5 phosphate which we'll see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine 5 phosphate which we'll see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine 5 phosphate which we'll see it's
+an intermediate in the mechanism of PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediate in the mechanism of PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediate in the mechanism of PLP
+catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reactions also known as PMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions also known as PMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions also known as PMP
+now notice the PMP has an Aman group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice the PMP has an Aman group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now notice the PMP has an Aman group
+here which replaces the Alid Group which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which replaces the Alid Group which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which replaces the Alid Group which
+is the business end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the business end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the business end of the
+molecule now in all reactions with PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule now in all reactions with PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule now in all reactions with PLP
+this co-actor is actually calent bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this co-actor is actually calent bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this co-actor is actually calent bound
+to the enzyme that uses it typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enzyme that uses it typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the enzyme that uses it typically
+there's a lysine in the active side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lysine in the active side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lysine in the active side of
+the enzyme as you remember lysine has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme as you remember lysine has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme as you remember lysine has an
+Aman group and this can form a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aman group and this can form a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aman group and this can form a shift
+base with the alahh the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base with the alahh the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base with the alahh the reaction
+proceeds in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+steps first we form a tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate as such and then we form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate as such and then we form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate as such and then we form
+the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+so this will be the enzyme bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be the enzyme bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be the enzyme bound
+PLP and this is where all the PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP and this is where all the PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP and this is where all the PLP
+catalyzer reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start let's take a closer look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start let's take a closer look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start let's take a closer look at the
+transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination
+reaction transamination reaction occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction transamination reaction occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction transamination reaction occurs
+between an amino acid and an alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an amino acid and an alpha keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between an amino acid and an alpha keto
+acid we have here amino acid 1 where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid we have here amino acid 1 where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid we have here amino acid 1 where we
+highlighted the amine group and Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted the amine group and Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighted the amine group and Alpha
+keto acid 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid 2
+as you can see there's a keto group next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see there's a keto group next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see there's a keto group next
+to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the
+carboxy now in a transamination reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy now in a transamination reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy now in a transamination reaction
+catalyzed by PLP the Amin group moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by PLP the Amin group moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed by PLP the Amin group moves
+from the amino acid to the keto carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the amino acid to the keto carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the amino acid to the keto carbon
+of the alpha keto acid and we obtain a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alpha keto acid and we obtain a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the alpha keto acid and we obtain a
+new Alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Alpha keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new Alpha keto
+acid and a new amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid so in effect the PLP catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so in effect the PLP catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid so in effect the PLP catalyze
+transamination reaction facilitates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination reaction facilitates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination reaction facilitates the
+transfer of the amine group from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer of the amine group from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer of the amine group from an
+amino acid to an alpha kilo acid now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid to an alpha kilo acid now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid to an alpha kilo acid now
+this reaction actually occurs in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction actually occurs in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this reaction actually occurs in two
+steps in the first step the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in the first step the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in the first step the amino acid
+transfers the group to to the co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+itself so if you remember from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so if you remember from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so if you remember from the
+previous Slide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Slide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous Slide the
+PMP uh contains an amino group and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMP uh contains an amino group and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMP uh contains an amino group and that
+will actually contain this amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually contain this amino group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will actually contain this amino group
+that was taken from the amino acid one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was taken from the amino acid one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was taken from the amino acid one
+now in the Second Step PMP will transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the Second Step PMP will transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the Second Step PMP will transfer
+its amino group to a different Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its amino group to a different Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its amino group to a different Alpha
+keto acid to generate a new amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid now there are enzymes for virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid now there are enzymes for virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid now there are enzymes for virtually
+every single amino acid that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single amino acid that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single amino acid that can
+accomplish this First Transformation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish this First Transformation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accomplish this First Transformation
+where by using PLP they transfer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where by using PLP they transfer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where by using PLP they transfer the
+amine group and form an alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine group and form an alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amine group and form an alpha keto acid
+and the PMP now in the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the PMP now in the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the PMP now in the second part of
+the reaction however the alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction however the alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reaction however the alpha keto acid
+2 is typically alpha ketoglutarate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is typically alpha ketoglutarate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 is typically alpha ketoglutarate or
+oxaloacetate so in this case not any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate so in this case not any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate so in this case not any
+Alpha keto acid can can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+function of autog glutarate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of autog glutarate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of autog glutarate or
+oxaloacetate now let's take a look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate now let's take a look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate now let's take a look at an
+example for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+is going to be our amino acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oxaloacetate is going to be our Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is going to be our Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxaloacetate is going to be our Alpha
+keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto
+acid and in the PLP catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and in the PLP catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid and in the PLP catalyze
+transformation we will obtain the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation we will obtain the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation we will obtain the alpha
+keto acid corresponding to glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid corresponding to glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid corresponding to glutamate
+which is Alpha ketoglutarate and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Alpha ketoglutarate and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Alpha ketoglutarate and the
+amino acid corresponding to oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid corresponding to oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid corresponding to oxaloacetate
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aspartate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate
+this enzyme that catalyzes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme that catalyzes this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this enzyme that catalyzes this
+transformation is in fact ubiquitous and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is in fact ubiquitous and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation is in fact ubiquitous and
+it's found both in the liver in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's found both in the liver in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's found both in the liver in the
+muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles
+and it is in fact a uh we can call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is in fact a uh we can call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is in fact a uh we can call it
+depending on the product we can call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the product we can call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the product we can call it
+aspartate transaminase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate transaminase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspartate transaminase
+or um glutamate oxaloacetate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um glutamate oxaloacetate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or um glutamate oxaloacetate
+transaminase in fact if we find this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminase in fact if we find this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminase in fact if we find this in
+the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the
+bloodstream this enzyme acts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream this enzyme acts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bloodstream this enzyme acts as a
+biomarker and it tells us about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomarker and it tells us about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomarker and it tells us about some
+damage that might have occurred in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage that might have occurred in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage that might have occurred in
+muscle or liver which forc the cells to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle or liver which forc the cells to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscle or liver which forc the cells to
+spill out their contents this biomarker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill out their contents this biomarker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spill out their contents this biomarker
+is you'll often see as escot serum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll often see as escot serum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll often see as escot serum
+glutamate oxy aate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate oxy aate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate oxy aate
+transaminase and this is just one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminase and this is just one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaminase and this is just one of the
+the biomarkers that are measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biomarkers that are measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the biomarkers that are measured in
+blood tests that tells us about heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood tests that tells us about heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood tests that tells us about heart
+disease or liver disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's take a look at the mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the mechanism of
+the transamination reaction and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transamination reaction and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transamination reaction and in
+particular we're going to take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular we're going to take a look at
+part one which as we discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one which as we discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part one which as we discussed before
+the amino acid reacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid reacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amino acid reacts with
+PLP to form an alpha keto acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PMP here is our co-actor PLP coent ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMP here is our co-actor PLP coent ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMP here is our co-actor PLP coent ly
+bound to the lysine in the active side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the lysine in the active side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound to the lysine in the active side
+of the enzyme via a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enzyme via a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the enzyme via a shift
+space and here is our amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and here is our amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and here is our amino
+acid the starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+material so in the first step the lysine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so in the first step the lysine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material so in the first step the lysine
+that forms a shift base with a co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forms a shift base with a co-actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that forms a shift base with a co-actor
+is going to be replaced by the amine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be replaced by the amine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be replaced by the amine
+functionality of the amino acid and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality of the amino acid and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality of the amino acid and it
+will form a new shift base with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will form a new shift base with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will form a new shift base with the
+co-actor this starts with the amine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor this starts with the amine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor this starts with the amine
+group attack on the paradoxal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbon to form a tetraedro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate and following an additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and following an additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and following an additional
+proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton
+transfer the lysing can be kicked off to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the lysing can be kicked off to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer the lysing can be kicked off to
+form the new shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base
+so far we have started with the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we have started with the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far we have started with the shift
+space corresponding to the PLP bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space corresponding to the PLP bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space corresponding to the PLP bound to
+the enzyme and we now obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme and we now obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the enzyme and we now obtained
+a a co-actor forming a shift base with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a co-actor forming a shift base with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a co-actor forming a shift base with
+the incoming amino acid one so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming amino acid one so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming amino acid one so this
+portion of the mechanism is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the mechanism is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion of the mechanism is called
+transimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transimination
+because we're starting with one e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're starting with one e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're starting with one e and
+we're forming a different emine now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're forming a different emine now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're forming a different emine now
+let's take a look at the alpha proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the alpha proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the alpha proton
+attached to to the alpha carbon which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to to the alpha carbon which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to to the alpha carbon which
+we're going to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to highlight
+here this proton is now in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this proton is now in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this proton is now in between
+two carbonal like groups here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbonal like groups here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two carbonal like groups here is the
+carboxy group and here is the shift base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy group and here is the shift base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carboxy group and here is the shift base
+group so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group so it
+becomes acidic enough they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes acidic enough they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes acidic enough they can be
+removed by an active side base for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed by an active side base for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed by an active side base for
+example the lysine in the active side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the lysine in the active side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the lysine in the active side
+this will generate a carban alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon
+this carbanion can only form because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbanion can only form because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this carbanion can only form because it
+is resonance stabilized and indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is resonance stabilized and indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is resonance stabilized and indeed the
+PLP ring system it's highly conjugated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP ring system it's highly conjugated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP ring system it's highly conjugated
+and it's a good electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a good electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a good electron
+sync for this carbanion we can write in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync for this carbanion we can write in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sync for this carbanion we can write in
+fact many different resonance structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact many different resonance structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact many different resonance structures
+let's take a look at one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them this symbol denotes resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notice in this structure the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in this structure the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice in this structure the the
+positive charge on the purine nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge on the purine nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive charge on the purine nitrogen
+is now gone and highlights the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now gone and highlights the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now gone and highlights the fact that
+this is a good electron sink and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good electron sink and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good electron sink and the
+ring now looks more like a quinone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring now looks more like a quinone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring now looks more like a quinone
+that's why we call this a quinoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we call this a quinoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why we call this a quinoid
+structure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure or
+intermediate this quinoid structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate this quinoid structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate this quinoid structure
+shows us a glimpse into how the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us a glimpse into how the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows us a glimpse into how the reaction
+will proceed because the alpha carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will proceed because the alpha carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will proceed because the alpha carbon
+now it's doubly bonded to a nitrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's doubly bonded to a nitrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's doubly bonded to a nitrogen
+which anticipates how this Alpha carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which anticipates how this Alpha carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which anticipates how this Alpha carbon
+will become a keto group and a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become a keto group and a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become a keto group and a product
+of reaction will be an alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction will be an alpha keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reaction will be an alpha keto
+acid what happens the quinoid structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid what happens the quinoid structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid what happens the quinoid structure
+can be reprotonated but at a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reprotonated but at a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reprotonated but at a different
+place for example on the uh aldic carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for example on the uh aldic carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place for example on the uh aldic carbon
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+peroxy to highlight that these in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxy to highlight that these in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxy to highlight that these in fact
+these structures are in fact resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures are in fact resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these structures are in fact resonance
+structures we're going to put them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Brackets so let's take a look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brackets so let's take a look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brackets so let's take a look at what
+happened in this past uh couple of steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in this past uh couple of steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in this past uh couple of steps
+so we had an alpha proton that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had an alpha proton that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we had an alpha proton that was
+fairly acidic it was able to be removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly acidic it was able to be removed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly acidic it was able to be removed
+by the active side lysine and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the active side lysine and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the active side lysine and then this
+proton came back to a different position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton came back to a different position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton came back to a different position
+so all just happened in this couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all just happened in this couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all just happened in this couple of
+steps was a proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps was a proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps was a proton
+transfer now looking at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer now looking at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer now looking at this
+intermediate we can see that in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate we can see that in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate we can see that in fact the
+shift space or the Ean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift space or the Ean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift space or the Ean of the
+PMP form of the co-actor and the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMP form of the co-actor and the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMP form of the co-actor and the alpha
+keto acid corresponding to amino acid 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid corresponding to amino acid 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keto acid corresponding to amino acid 1
+so via hydrolysis reaction these two can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so via hydrolysis reaction these two can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so via hydrolysis reaction these two can
+come apart so in the first step an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come apart so in the first step an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come apart so in the first step an
+activator water molecule attacks Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbon forming a tedro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate and one more proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and one more proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and one more proton
+transfer and we can kick off the pamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and we can kick off the pamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and we can kick off the pamine
+form of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+co-actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and notice we obtain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice we obtain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice we obtain
+PMP and the alpha keto acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMP and the alpha keto acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMP and the alpha keto acid
+corresponding to the to the amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the to the amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to the to the amino acid
+one this last step is in fact just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this last step is in fact just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this last step is in fact just a
+hydrolysis reaction of a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base now let's take a look at the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base now let's take a look at the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base now let's take a look at the second
+part of the PLP transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the PLP transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the PLP transamination
+reaction the part one left us off with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the part one left us off with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction the part one left us off with
+formation of PMP so in this uh second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of PMP so in this uh second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation of PMP so in this uh second
+part PMP will react with a new alphao
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part PMP will react with a new alphao
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part PMP will react with a new alphao
+acid to gen regenerate PLP and a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to gen regenerate PLP and a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid to gen regenerate PLP and a new
+amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+acid in fact this part of the mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid in fact this part of the mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid in fact this part of the mechanism
+it's the exact reverse of part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the exact reverse of part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the exact reverse of part
+one here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here is
+PMP and our Alpha kilo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMP and our Alpha kilo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PMP and our Alpha kilo
+acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid
+in the first step we're going to form as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first step we're going to form as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first step we're going to form as
+we've gotten used so far to a new Ean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten used so far to a new Ean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gotten used so far to a new Ean
+between the keto group of aleto acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the keto group of aleto acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the keto group of aleto acid and
+the mean group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+PLP as usual first we're going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP as usual first we're going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP as usual first we're going to get a
+tetraedro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate and one more proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and one more proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and one more proton
+transfer and we can kick off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and we can kick off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer and we can kick off
+the O group to form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+E now this portion of the reaction is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E now this portion of the reaction is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E now this portion of the reaction is in
+fact em information which is the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact em information which is the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact em information which is the reverse
+of the hydrolisis step that we saw in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrolisis step that we saw in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hydrolisis step that we saw in
+part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part
+one now as you remember there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now as you remember there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one now as you remember there's an
+active side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lysing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysing
+which can act as a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can act as a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can act as a general
+base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deprotonate one of these two protons on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonate one of these two protons on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprotonate one of these two protons on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+perox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+r the reason we can form this carbanion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the reason we can form this carbanion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r the reason we can form this carbanion
+here is because this negative charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is because this negative charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is because this negative charge is
+delocalized throughout the entire ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized throughout the entire ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delocalized throughout the entire ring
+system and let's show one important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and let's show one important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and let's show one important
+resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+structure which is none other than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is none other than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure which is none other than the
+quinoid structure we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quinoid structure we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quinoid structure we saw
+before just as before the lysine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before just as before the lysine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before just as before the lysine the
+protonated lysine can now donate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated lysine can now donate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonated lysine can now donate the
+proton on a different position for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton on a different position for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton on a different position for
+example the alpha carbon of the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the alpha carbon of the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the alpha carbon of the alpha
+keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid as you can see here now the proton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as you can see here now the proton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as you can see here now the proton
+is on the alpha position and now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the alpha position and now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the alpha position and now we're
+this starts to look more like the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starts to look more like the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this starts to look more like the shift
+space formed by the an amino acid with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space formed by the an amino acid with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space formed by the an amino acid with
+the PLP version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PLP version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PLP version of the
+co-actor so from here on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor so from here on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor so from here on
+onwards we're just going to substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards we're just going to substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onwards we're just going to substitute
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+PLP uh the amino acid bound to the PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP uh the amino acid bound to the PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP uh the amino acid bound to the PLP
+with the active side lysine in a trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the active side lysine in a trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the active side lysine in a trans
+imination reaction uh that we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imination reaction uh that we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imination reaction uh that we saw
+before so first the lysin can attack at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so first the lysin can attack at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before so first the lysin can attack at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carbon forming a tetrahedral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+intermediate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate and
+then the following some protein transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the following some protein transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the following some protein transfer
+we can kick off the amino acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can kick off the amino acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can kick off the amino acid and
+generate the shift space corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the shift space corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the shift space corresponding
+to the PLP co-actor bound to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enzyme so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme so here we have
+PLP enzyme bound and the new amino acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP enzyme bound and the new amino acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP enzyme bound and the new amino acid
+2 we mentioned PLP is a very versatile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 we mentioned PLP is a very versatile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 we mentioned PLP is a very versatile
+co-actor so let's take look what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor so let's take look what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor so let's take look what other
+reactions besides transamination can PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions besides transamination can PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions besides transamination can PLP
+catalyze one interesting reaction used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze one interesting reaction used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyze one interesting reaction used
+especially by bacteria is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially by bacteria is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially by bacteria is
+rization this involves taking an L amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rization this involves taking an L amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rization this involves taking an L amino
+acid for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example L
+alanine and converting it via a PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and converting it via a PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alanine and converting it via a PLP
+catalyzed reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dealine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is an important reaction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important reaction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important reaction for
+bacteria as they incorporate the alanine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria as they incorporate the alanine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria as they incorporate the alanine
+into the cell walls which make it very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell walls which make it very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the cell walls which make it very
+hard to recognize by the immune system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to recognize by the immune system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to recognize by the immune system
+and makes it very hard to digest by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes it very hard to digest by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes it very hard to digest by the
+host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host
+proteases let's take a look at a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases let's take a look at a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteases let's take a look at a key
+intermediate in the PLP catalyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in the PLP catalyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate in the PLP catalyze
+reaction as before L alanine is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction as before L alanine is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction as before L alanine is going to
+react with the PLP bound to the enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with the PLP bound to the enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react with the PLP bound to the enzyme
+and it's going to form an emine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we're highlighting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're highlighting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're highlighting the
+sterochemistry of the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hydrogen and here is our active active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and here is our active active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and here is our active active
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+lysine as we've seen before this Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine as we've seen before this Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine as we've seen before this Alpha
+hydrogen is acidic enough they can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is acidic enough they can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen is acidic enough they can be
+removed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lysine and it's going to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine and it's going to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine and it's going to form a
+carbanion at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+position now this carbanion as we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now this carbanion as we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now this carbanion as we've
+seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+before is able to form because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is able to form because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before is able to form because the
+charge is in fact delocalized through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is in fact delocalized through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge is in fact delocalized through
+the entire system of the peroxy ring so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire system of the peroxy ring so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire system of the peroxy ring so
+for this structure we can we can write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this structure we can we can write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this structure we can we can write a
+number of resonance structures which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of resonance structures which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of resonance structures which
+we're not going to mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to mention
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+now this car carbanion could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this car carbanion could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this car carbanion could be
+reprotonated and here we had a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprotonated and here we had a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprotonated and here we had a certain
+the hydrogen was pointing up on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen was pointing up on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen was pointing up on top of
+the uh plane of the page but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh plane of the page but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh plane of the page but we can
+reprotonate it from the bottom and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprotonate it from the bottom and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reprotonate it from the bottom and that
+will uh change the sterochemistry at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh change the sterochemistry at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will uh change the sterochemistry at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+carbon so if that reprotonation happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so if that reprotonation happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon so if that reprotonation happens
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom
+we will obtain the shift base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will obtain the shift base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will obtain the shift base
+corresponding to the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Aline so by being able to generate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aline so by being able to generate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aline so by being able to generate this
+carbanion at the alpha position the p uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbanion at the alpha position the p uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbanion at the alpha position the p uh
+reaction and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and
+co-actor allows the inversion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor allows the inversion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor allows the inversion of the
+configuration of the alpha carbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the alpha carbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration of the alpha carbon
+converting the line to dine now another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting the line to dine now another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting the line to dine now another
+interesting reaction that requires PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting reaction that requires PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting reaction that requires PLP
+is decarbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+silation here we're looking at an amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silation here we're looking at an amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silation here we're looking at an amino
+acid for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glutamate then a PLP catalyzed reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate then a PLP catalyzed reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate then a PLP catalyzed reaction
+it can lose this CO2 group and form this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecule which is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule which is called
+gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma
+amino butc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid or
+Gaba this is in fact a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaba this is in fact a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaba this is in fact a very important
+neurotransmitter and inhibitory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter and inhibitory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter and inhibitory
+neurotransmitter that uh is required in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter that uh is required in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurotransmitter that uh is required in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+brain so let's take a look how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so let's take a look how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so let's take a look how this
+decarbox silation is catalyzed by PLP as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbox silation is catalyzed by PLP as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbox silation is catalyzed by PLP as
+always have seen so far the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glutamate
+would react with PLP Bound in the active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would react with PLP Bound in the active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would react with PLP Bound in the active
+side of the enzyme to form a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the enzyme to form a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of the enzyme to form a shift
+base here is the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+base like that now instead of De
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base like that now instead of De
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base like that now instead of De
+pronating at the alpha position the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronating at the alpha position the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronating at the alpha position the
+CO2 is activated to leave because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 is activated to leave because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CO2 is activated to leave because it
+will live behind a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+carban such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that and as we seen before a carbanion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and as we seen before a carbanion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and as we seen before a carbanion
+form a disposition can delize throughout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a disposition can delize throughout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a disposition can delize throughout
+the entire paradoxal ring and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire paradoxal ring and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire paradoxal ring and therefore
+it stabilized and it can exist long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stabilized and it can exist long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stabilized and it can exist long
+enough and we're not going to draw but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and we're not going to draw but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and we're not going to draw but
+they you can imagine there a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you can imagine there a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they you can imagine there a number of
+different resonance structures now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different resonance structures now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different resonance structures now this
+carbanion again get protonated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbanion again get protonated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbanion again get protonated
+quickly by a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly by a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly by a general
+acid and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generate this structure which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this structure which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this structure which is just
+the shift base corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift base corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shift base corresponding to the
+gamma amino butc acid with PLP and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma amino butc acid with PLP and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma amino butc acid with PLP and now
+from here a transimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here a transimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here a transimination
+where the actor side Li we remove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the actor side Li we remove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the actor side Li we remove the
+PLP and free up the Gaba uh products of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP and free up the Gaba uh products of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP and free up the Gaba uh products of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction in this video we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in this video we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in this video we talked about
+PLP catalyzed reactions PLP is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP catalyzed reactions PLP is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP catalyzed reactions PLP is the
+co-actor that comes from vitamin B6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor that comes from vitamin B6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-actor that comes from vitamin B6
+here's vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's vitamin
+B6 what we call perod doxine which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B6 what we call perod doxine which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B6 what we call perod doxine which is
+the molecule that we we find in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule that we we find in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the molecule that we we find in our
+vitamin pills now in the body peroxin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin pills now in the body peroxin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vitamin pills now in the body peroxin
+forms peroxy which is activated to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms peroxy which is activated to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms peroxy which is activated to form
+peroxy 5 phosphate or PLP and typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxy 5 phosphate or PLP and typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peroxy 5 phosphate or PLP and typically
+when it reacts PLP is found as a shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it reacts PLP is found as a shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it reacts PLP is found as a shift
+bace Bound in the active site via a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bace Bound in the active site via a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bace Bound in the active site via a
+lysine PLP is very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine PLP is very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lysine PLP is very important for
+transamination reactions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination reactions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination reactions which are
+essential for the metabolism of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for the metabolism of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential for the metabolism of all
+amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino
+acids we have seen the transamination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids we have seen the transamination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids we have seen the transamination
+reaction where an amino acid one reacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction where an amino acid one reacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction where an amino acid one reacts
+with Alpha keto acid 2 and Via p LP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Alpha keto acid 2 and Via p LP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Alpha keto acid 2 and Via p LP
+catalyzed reaction forms an alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed reaction forms an alpha keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzed reaction forms an alpha keto
+acid 1 and amino acid 2 essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid 1 and amino acid 2 essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid 1 and amino acid 2 essentially
+transferring the group the amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring the group the amino group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferring the group the amino group
+from the amino acid to the alpha keto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the amino acid to the alpha keto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the amino acid to the alpha keto
+acid the reaction occurs in two steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid the reaction occurs in two steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid the reaction occurs in two steps
+where first the amino acid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where first the amino acid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where first the amino acid is
+transferred to PLP to form PMP then PMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to PLP to form PMP then PMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transferred to PLP to form PMP then PMP
+transfers this group the amino group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers this group the amino group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfers this group the amino group
+back to a alpha keto acid to generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a alpha keto acid to generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to a alpha keto acid to generate a
+new amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+acid as we saw the mechanism of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as we saw the mechanism of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid as we saw the mechanism of
+transamination involves multiple steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination involves multiple steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transamination involves multiple steps
+the first step is a trans imination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaction where the shift bace that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction where the shift bace that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction where the shift bace that's
+formed between the active side lense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed between the active side lense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed between the active side lense and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+PLP is becomes a shift Bas between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP is becomes a shift Bas between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP is becomes a shift Bas between the
+incoming amino acid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming amino acid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming amino acid and
+PLP next we have a proton transfer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP next we have a proton transfer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PLP next we have a proton transfer which
+is allowed by the ability of the PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowed by the ability of the PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is allowed by the ability of the PLP
+ring to stabilize a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring to stabilize a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ring to stabilize a negative
+charge and moves the proton from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and moves the proton from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge and moves the proton from the
+alpha position to somewhere on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha position to somewhere on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha position to somewhere on the
+on the PLP ring via quinoid quinoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the PLP ring via quinoid quinoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the PLP ring via quinoid quinoid
+structure and finally the the resulting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and finally the the resulting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure and finally the the resulting
+shift base is hydrolized to generate PMP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift base is hydrolized to generate PMP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift base is hydrolized to generate PMP
+and an alpha keto acid in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an alpha keto acid in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an alpha keto acid in the second
+part of the reaction PMP now reacts with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reaction PMP now reacts with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the reaction PMP now reacts with
+Alpha keto acid to form a new shift base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha keto acid to form a new shift base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha keto acid to form a new shift base
+and then the proone transfer happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the proone transfer happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the proone transfer happens in
+Reverse via again Aquino structure to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reverse via again Aquino structure to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reverse via again Aquino structure to
+generate the shift base corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the shift base corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate the shift base corresponding to
+the PLP and and the new amino acid 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PLP and and the new amino acid 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the PLP and and the new amino acid 2
+which via a transimination reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which via a transimination reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which via a transimination reaction
+would generate amino acid 2 and the PLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would generate amino acid 2 and the PLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would generate amino acid 2 and the PLP
+enzyme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enzyme
+bound finally we mentioned that PLP is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound finally we mentioned that PLP is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound finally we mentioned that PLP is
+very versatile and it can catalyze allly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very versatile and it can catalyze allly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very versatile and it can catalyze allly
+reactions such as rization for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions such as rization for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions such as rization for example
+switching the configuration of the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching the configuration of the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching the configuration of the alpha
+carbon from L alanine to D alanine or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon from L alanine to D alanine or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon from L alanine to D alanine or
+decarbox generating Alpha amino acid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbox generating Alpha amino acid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decarbox generating Alpha amino acid or
+Gaba an important neurotransmitter from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaba an important neurotransmitter from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaba an important neurotransmitter from
+glutamate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6EPDzvUNCd0.txt b/6EPDzvUNCd0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c646906a70e42ffb7b1f3da88857c94d5854efe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6EPDzvUNCd0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello and welcome this module on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome this module on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello and welcome this module on
+protected attributes and fairness one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected attributes and fairness one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected attributes and fairness one
+awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness
+my name is mikey oderescu i'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is mikey oderescu i'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my name is mikey oderescu i'm an
+assistant professor of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professor of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assistant professor of information
+systems at boston college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems at boston college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems at boston college
+as well as a visiting scholar in my td
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as a visiting scholar in my td
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as a visiting scholar in my td
+lab but this module will cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab but this module will cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab but this module will cover
+will be examples of laws that codify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be examples of laws that codify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be examples of laws that codify
+protected attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected attributes
+as well as the base case scenario for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the base case scenario for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the base case scenario for
+fairness and machine learning which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and machine learning which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness and machine learning which is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+fairness run awareness the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness run awareness the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairness run awareness the use of
+machine learning presents both risks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning presents both risks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning presents both risks and
+opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+machine learning can reduce costs by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning can reduce costs by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning can reduce costs by
+automating repetitive tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automating repetitive tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automating repetitive tasks
+but could also introduce biases certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but could also introduce biases certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but could also introduce biases certain
+individual attributes are commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual attributes are commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual attributes are commonly
+labeled as protected attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as protected attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled as protected attributes
+as they can be sources of social bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they can be sources of social bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they can be sources of social bias
+these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are
+race religion national origin gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race religion national origin gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race religion national origin gender
+marital status age and socio-economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marital status age and socio-economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marital status age and socio-economic
+status
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status
+in the united states discrimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states discrimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the united states discrimination
+based on these protected attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these protected attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on these protected attributes
+in housing lending and employment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in housing lending and employment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in housing lending and employment is
+illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal
+some of the laws are listed here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the laws are listed here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the laws are listed here for
+your reference however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reference however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your reference however
+regardless of legal framework machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of legal framework machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of legal framework machine
+learning still has the potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning still has the potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning still has the potential to
+intentionally bet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally bet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally bet
+bias in this lecture we look at a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in this lecture we look at a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias in this lecture we look at a few
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples
+in the next lecture we'll explore some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture we'll explore some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next lecture we'll explore some
+approaches to mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches to mitigate
+unintentional bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even large companies could intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even large companies could intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even large companies could intentionally
+discriminate for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discriminate for example
+amazon used the machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon used the machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon used the machine learning
+algorithm to screen resumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to screen resumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm to screen resumes
+and later found out that the algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later found out that the algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later found out that the algorithm
+is discriminating against female
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discriminating against female
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discriminating against female
+applicants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in another example descent from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another example descent from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another example descent from the
+criminal justice system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal justice system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminal justice system
+machine learning is used to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is used to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning is used to determine
+the risk of recidivism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of recidivism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk of recidivism
+this system has been questioned in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system has been questioned in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system has been questioned in a
+variety of studies in particular with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of studies in particular with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of studies in particular with
+the reference to the protected attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference to the protected attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference to the protected attribute
+of race and gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in another example of a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another example of a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another example of a large
+organization employing machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization employing machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization employing machine learning
+this time to display ads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time to display ads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time to display ads
+facebook has been named a suit over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook has been named a suit over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook has been named a suit over
+alleged violations of the fair housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleged violations of the fair housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleged violations of the fair housing
+act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+therefore even large organizations like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore even large organizations like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore even large organizations like
+amazon facebook find machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon facebook find machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon facebook find machine learning
+fast challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast challenging
+we hope this course will be helpful in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope this course will be helpful in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we hope this course will be helpful in
+preparing software engineers to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing software engineers to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preparing software engineers to better
+address machine learning fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+generally speaking before you implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking before you implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking before you implement
+a machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine learning algorithm
+you need to collect data the trainer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to collect data the trainer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to collect data the trainer's
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+this data set would have your outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set would have your outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data set would have your outcome
+variable in this figure y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in this figure y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable in this figure y
+for example decision to hire or not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example decision to hire or not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example decision to hire or not to
+hire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hire
+as well as all of the predictors for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as all of the predictors for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as all of the predictors for
+example features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example features
+collected from resumes this complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected from resumes this complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected from resumes this complete
+data set would then have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set would then have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set would then have to be
+split in a training set on which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split in a training set on which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split in a training set on which the
+model would learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model would learn
+and a test set on which we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a test set on which we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a test set on which we would
+determine the model performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the model performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the model performance
+there are other details like cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other details like cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other details like cross
+validation which we'll not cover here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation which we'll not cover here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation which we'll not cover here
+but i encourage you to read more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flavor starts with a good quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor starts with a good quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor starts with a good quality
+training set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training set
+low quality data generally speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low quality data generally speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low quality data generally speaking
+leads to bad predictions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to bad predictions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to bad predictions
+the individuals labeling the data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individuals labeling the data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individuals labeling the data for
+example managers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example managers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example managers
+labeling a resume as a higher or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling a resume as a higher or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling a resume as a higher or no
+higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher
+may carry biases which are then picked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may carry biases which are then picked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may carry biases which are then picked
+up by the machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by the machine learning algorithm
+training data may not be representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data may not be representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data may not be representative
+of all groups which could lead to bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all groups which could lead to bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all groups which could lead to bias
+and there may be hidden correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there may be hidden correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there may be hidden correlations
+input data for example in a protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input data for example in a protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input data for example in a protected
+attribute another predictor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute another predictor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attribute another predictor
+that can also lead to bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can also lead to bias
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can also lead to bias
+individuals labeling and training there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals labeling and training there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals labeling and training there
+may misremember past situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may misremember past situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may misremember past situations
+a phenomenon known as selective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phenomenon known as selective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a phenomenon known as selective
+perception which may in itself become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception which may in itself become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception which may in itself become a
+source of bias
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the default fairness method machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default fairness method machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default fairness method machine
+learning is fairness to unawareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is fairness to unawareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning is fairness to unawareness
+fitness one awareness refers to leaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitness one awareness refers to leaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fitness one awareness refers to leaving
+out protected attributes such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out protected attributes such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out protected attributes such as
+gender race and other characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender race and other characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender race and other characteristics
+team sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team sensitive
+and while it was thought to erase an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while it was thought to erase an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and while it was thought to erase an
+equality it was found actually to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality it was found actually to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equality it was found actually to
+perpetuate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuate it
+it may do so by for example having other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may do so by for example having other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may do so by for example having other
+attributes that are correlated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that are correlated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes that are correlated with the
+protect database in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect database in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect database in the data
+which by ignoring the protect attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by ignoring the protect attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which by ignoring the protect attributes
+we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just
+still include in our model this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still include in our model this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still include in our model this could
+actually perpetuate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perpetuate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually perpetuate
+inequality when race gender and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality when race gender and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality when race gender and other
+sensitive variables ideas protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive variables ideas protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive variables ideas protected
+other variables such as college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variables such as college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other variables such as college
+attendant hometown or other resume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendant hometown or other resume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendant hometown or other resume
+indicators that we may not protect it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators that we may not protect it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicators that we may not protect it
+may still be highly correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may still be highly correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may still be highly correlated with
+these protected attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these protected attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these protected attributes
+thus ignoring the protected attributes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus ignoring the protected attributes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus ignoring the protected attributes
+altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altogether
+may not reveal these hidden correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not reveal these hidden correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not reveal these hidden correlations
+and data this is called the guidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data this is called the guidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and data this is called the guidance
+coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding
+in one example researchers at carnegie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one example researchers at carnegie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one example researchers at carnegie
+mellon university found that gender
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mellon university found that gender
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mellon university found that gender
+caused an unintentional change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused an unintentional change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused an unintentional change in
+google's advertising system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google's advertising system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google's advertising system
+such that ad listings targeted for users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that ad listings targeted for users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that ad listings targeted for users
+seeing high-income jobs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing high-income jobs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing high-income jobs
+or presented to men and nearly six times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or presented to men and nearly six times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or presented to men and nearly six times
+the rate represented to women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate represented to women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate represented to women
+this may be an example of fairness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be an example of fairness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may be an example of fairness to
+unawareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here are some review questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some review questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are some review questions about
+this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this material
+what are the sensitive attributes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sensitive attributes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sensitive attributes in the
+context in which you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context in which you work
+do you think that the current list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that the current list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think that the current list of
+protected attributes is exhaustive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected attributes is exhaustive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected attributes is exhaustive
+what is fairness to unawareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is fairness to unawareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is fairness to unawareness
+what variables might lead to biased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what variables might lead to biased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what variables might lead to biased
+predictions for machine learning hiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for machine learning hiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for machine learning hiring
+systems in your country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in your country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems in your country
+what are some risks to an organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some risks to an organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some risks to an organization
+choosing unawareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'd like to thank my co-authors lily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to thank my co-authors lily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to thank my co-authors lily
+morris gerald kane and yazid awad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morris gerald kane and yazid awad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morris gerald kane and yazid awad
+for a study that helped me put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a study that helped me put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a study that helped me put together
+also these slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also these slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also these slides
+as well as usaid for a grant on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as usaid for a grant on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as usaid for a grant on
+appropriate use of machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate use of machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate use of machine learning
+developing countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing countries
+and the cal school management question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cal school management question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cal school management question
+college for research funding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college for research funding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college for research funding
+i'd also like to thank everyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd also like to thank everyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd also like to thank everyone who
+helped contribute with feedback to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped contribute with feedback to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped contribute with feedback to these
+videos as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos as well as
+the accompanying manuscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'd like to share with you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to share with you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to share with you some
+reference i found helpful and i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference i found helpful and i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference i found helpful and i was
+saying this material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying this material
+i hope you will read more about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you will read more about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you will read more about this and
+i'd like to thank you for your attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to thank you for your attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to thank you for your attention
+in watching this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in watching this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in watching this video
+thank you so much for watching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for watching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much for watching this
+video we hope you find it useful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we hope you find it useful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video we hope you find it useful and
+you'll continue watching the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/6I26_r1BKd8.txt b/6I26_r1BKd8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a66aebf26b1431fa9c185ae1c00f5bcfd38da25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/6I26_r1BKd8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11632 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to talk about
+analyzing tasks parallel algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing tasks parallel algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing tasks parallel algorithms
+multi-threaded algorithms and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-threaded algorithms and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-threaded algorithms and this is
+gonna rely on the fact that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna rely on the fact that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna rely on the fact that everybody
+has taken an algorithms class ok and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has taken an algorithms class ok and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has taken an algorithms class ok and so
+I want to remind you of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to remind you of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to remind you of some of the
+stuff you learned in your algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you learned in your algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you learned in your algorithms
+class and if you don't remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and if you don't remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and if you don't remember this
+then it's probably good to bone up on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's probably good to bone up on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's probably good to bone up on it
+a little bit because it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit because it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit because it's going to be
+essential and that is the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential and that is the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essential and that is the topic of
+divide and conquer recurrences everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer recurrences everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer recurrences everybody
+remember divide and conquer recurrences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember divide and conquer recurrences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember divide and conquer recurrences
+these are and there's a general method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are and there's a general method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are and there's a general method
+for solving them that we'll deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving them that we'll deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for solving them that we'll deal with
+most of the ones we've one called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the ones we've one called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the ones we've one called the
+master method and it deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master method and it deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master method and it deals with
+recurrences the form T of n equals a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences the form T of n equals a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrences the form T of n equals a
+times T of n over B plus F of N and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T of n over B plus F of N and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times T of n over B plus F of N and this
+is generally interpreted as I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally interpreted as I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is generally interpreted as I have a
+problem of size n I can solve it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of size n I can solve it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of size n I can solve it by
+solving a problems of size n over B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a problems of size n over B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving a problems of size n over B and
+it cost me F of n work to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cost me F of n work to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cost me F of n work to do that
+division and accumulate that whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and accumulate that whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and accumulate that whatever
+the results are of that to make my final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are of that to make my final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results are of that to make my final
+result ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result ok
+for all these recurrences the unstated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these recurrences the unstated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all these recurrences the unstated
+base case is that is that you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case is that is that you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base case is that is that you know this
+is sort of a running time so T of n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a running time so T of n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of a running time so T of n is
+its constant if if n is small does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its constant if if n is small does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its constant if if n is small does that
+make sense everybody familiar with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense everybody familiar with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense everybody familiar with this
+right ok well we're gonna review it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ok well we're gonna review it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right ok well we're gonna review it
+anyway because I don't like to go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway because I don't like to go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway because I don't like to go ahead
+and just assume and then leave 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just assume and then leave 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just assume and then leave 20
+percent of you or more or less left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of you or more or less left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of you or more or less left
+behind in the woods so let's just remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind in the woods so let's just remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind in the woods so let's just remind
+ourselves of what this means so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves of what this means so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves of what this means so it's
+easy to understand this in terms of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand this in terms of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to understand this in terms of a
+recursion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion
+tree okay I start out and the idea is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay I start out and the idea is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree okay I start out and the idea is a
+recursion tree is to take the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree is to take the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursion tree is to take the the the
+running time here and to reexpress it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time here and to reexpress it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running time here and to reexpress it
+using the recurrence so if I really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the recurrence so if I really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the recurrence so if I really have
+an f of n I can put an effort in at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an f of n I can put an effort in at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an f of n I can put an effort in at the
+root and have a copies of T of n over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and have a copies of T of n over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root and have a copies of T of n over B
+and that's exactly the same amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly the same amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly the same amount of
+work as I had or running time as I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as I had or running time as I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work as I had or running time as I had
+in the T of n I've just simply expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the T of n I've just simply expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the T of n I've just simply expressed
+it with the right-hand side and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the right-hand side and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with the right-hand side and then I
+do it again at every level okay so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again at every level okay so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it again at every level okay so I I
+expand all the leaves I only expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand all the leaves I only expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand all the leaves I only expanded
+one here because I ran out of space okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here because I ran out of space okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one here because I ran out of space okay
+and you keep doing that till you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep doing that till you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you keep doing that till you get
+down to T of one okay and so then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to T of one okay and so then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to T of one okay and so then the
+trick of looking at these recurrences is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick of looking at these recurrences is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick of looking at these recurrences is
+to add across the rows so the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add across the rows so the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add across the rows so the first row
+adds up to F of n the second row rad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up to F of n the second row rad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up to F of n the second row rad
+adds up to a times f of n over B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up to a times f of n over B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adds up to a times f of n over B the
+third one is a squared F of n over B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one is a squared F of n over B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one is a squared F of n over B
+squared and so forth and the height here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and so forth and the height here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and so forth and the height here
+now since I'm taking in and dividing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since I'm taking in and dividing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now since I'm taking in and dividing it
+by B each time how many times can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B each time how many times can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B each time how many times can I
+divide by B till I get to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by B till I get to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by B till I get to something
+that's constant size that's just log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's constant size that's just log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's constant size that's just log
+base B of n okay so so far review any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B of n okay so so far review any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B of n okay so so far review any
+any questions here for anybody okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions here for anybody okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions here for anybody okay
+so I'll I get the height and then I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll I get the height and then I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll I get the height and then I look
+at how many if I've got T of one work at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how many if I've got T of one work at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how many if I've got T of one work at
+every leaf how many leaves are there hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every leaf how many leaves are there hmm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every leaf how many leaves are there hmm
+and for this analysis we're gonna sue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this analysis we're gonna sue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this analysis we're gonna sue
+everything works out everything 2n is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works out everything 2n is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works out everything 2n is a
+perfect you know power of B and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect you know power of B and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect you know power of B and so forth
+so if I go down k levels how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I go down k levels how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I go down k levels how many
+subproblems are there at K levels a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems are there at K levels a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subproblems are there at K levels a to
+the K so how many levels am I going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K so how many levels am I going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K so how many levels am I going down
+H which is log base B of n so I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which is log base B of n so I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H which is log base B of n so I end up
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+to the log base B of n times what's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log base B of n times what's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log base B of n times what's at
+the leaf which is T of 1 okay and T of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaf which is T of 1 okay and T of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaf which is T of 1 okay and T of 1
+is constant a log base B of n that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant a log base B of n that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant a log base B of n that's the
+same as n to the log base B of A ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as n to the log base B of A ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as n to the log base B of A ok
+that's just a little bit of exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a little bit of exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a little bit of exponential
+algebra ok and you can one way to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra ok and you can one way to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra ok and you can one way to see
+that is take the log of both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is take the log of both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is take the log of both sides of
+both equations you realize that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both equations you realize that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both equations you realize that all
+that's used there's the commutative law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used there's the commutative law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's used there's the commutative law
+because if you take the log base if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take the log base if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you take the log base if you
+take log of a log BN you get log B n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take log of a log BN you get log B n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take log of a log BN you get log B n
+times log if you take a base B log ba
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log if you take a base B log ba
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times log if you take a base B log ba
+and you get the same thing if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the same thing if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get the same thing if you take
+the log base B of the what I have is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log base B of the what I have is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the log base B of the what I have is the
+result then you get the exponent log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result then you get the exponent log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result then you get the exponent log
+base B a times log base B of n so same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B a times log base B of n so same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B a times log base B of n so same
+thing just in different orders okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just in different orders okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just in different orders okay so
+that's just a little bit of math because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a little bit of math because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a little bit of math because
+this is basically we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically we're interested in
+what's the growth in n so we prefer not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the growth in n so we prefer not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the growth in n so we prefer not
+to have log ins and the diameter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have log ins and the diameter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have log ins and the diameter we
+prefer to have ends and sorry in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to have ends and sorry in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to have ends and sorry in the
+exponent we prefer to have ends okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent we prefer to have ends okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent we prefer to have ends okay so
+that's basically the the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the the number of
+things and so then the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so then the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so then the question is how
+much work is there if I add up all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work is there if I add up all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work is there if I add up all of
+these guys all the way down there how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys all the way down there how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys all the way down there how
+much work is in is in all those levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work is in is in all those levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work is in is in all those levels
+ok and it turns out there's a trick ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and it turns out there's a trick ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok and it turns out there's a trick ok
+and the trick is to compare log base B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trick is to compare log base B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the trick is to compare log base B
+of n to the log base B of A with F of N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the log base B of A with F of N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n to the log base B of A with F of N
+and there are three cases that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are three cases that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are three cases that are very
+commonly arising and for the most part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly arising and for the most part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly arising and for the most part
+that's what we're going to see is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to see is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to see is just
+these three cases okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three cases okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three cases okay
+so case one is that is the case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so case one is that is the case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so case one is that is the case where
+log base B n to the log base B of A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B n to the log base B of A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B n to the log base B of A is
+much bigger than F of n ok and by much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than F of n ok and by much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger than F of n ok and by much
+bigger I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger I mean it's
+bigger by a polynomial amount in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger by a polynomial amount in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger by a polynomial amount in other
+words there's an epsilon such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words there's an epsilon such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words there's an epsilon such that the
+ratio between the two is is at least n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between the two is is at least n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between the two is is at least n
+to the epsilon there's an epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the epsilon there's an epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the epsilon there's an epsilon
+greater than zero in other words F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero in other words F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero in other words F of n
+is o of n to the log base B of a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is o of n to the log base B of a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is o of n to the log base B of a minus
+epsilon in the in the numerator there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon in the in the numerator there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon in the in the numerator there
+okay which is the same as n log base B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is the same as n log base B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which is the same as n log base B
+of a divided by n via Epsilon in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a divided by n via Epsilon in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a divided by n via Epsilon in that
+case this is geometrically increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is geometrically increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case this is geometrically increasing
+and so all the weight the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the weight the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so all the weight the constant
+fraction of the weight is in the leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the weight is in the leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the weight is in the leaves
+okay so then the answer is T of n is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then the answer is T of n is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so then the answer is T of n is n
+to the log base B of A so if n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log base B of A so if n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the log base B of A so if n to the
+log base B of A is bigger than F of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of A is bigger than F of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of A is bigger than F of n
+the answer is n to the log base B of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is n to the log base B of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is n to the log base B of a
+as long as it's bigger by a polynomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as it's bigger by a polynomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as it's bigger by a polynomial
+amount okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount okay
+now case two is is in is the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now case two is is in is the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now case two is is in is the situation
+where we're into the log base B of A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're into the log base B of A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're into the log base B of A is
+approximately equal to F of n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to F of n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to F of n okay
+they're very similar in in growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very similar in in growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very similar in in growth and
+specifically we're going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we're going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically we're going to look at the
+case where F of n is n to the log base B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where F of n is n to the log base B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where F of n is n to the log base B
+of A times a log or a poly logarithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A times a log or a poly logarithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of A times a log or a poly logarithmic
+factor log to the K of n for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor log to the K of n for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor log to the K of n for some
+constant K greater than or equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K greater than or equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant K greater than or equal to zero
+that greater than or equal to zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that greater than or equal to zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that greater than or equal to zero is
+very important okay you can't do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important okay you can't do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important okay you can't do this
+for negative K okay even though negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for negative K okay even though negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for negative K okay even though negative
+K is defined and meaningful this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is defined and meaningful this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K is defined and meaningful this is not
+the answer when K is negative but if K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer when K is negative but if K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer when K is negative but if K
+is greater than equal to zero then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than equal to zero then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than equal to zero then it
+turns out that what's happening is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that what's happening is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that what's happening is the
+it's growing arithmetic aliy from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's growing arithmetic aliy from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's growing arithmetic aliy from
+beginning to end and so when you solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to end and so when you solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to end and so when you solve
+it what happens is you essentially add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what happens is you essentially add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what happens is you essentially add
+an extra log term so the answer is since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra log term so the answer is since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extra log term so the answer is since
+if f of n is n to the log base B of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f of n is n to the log base B of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if f of n is n to the log base B of a
+log to the K n the answer is n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the K n the answer is n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log to the K n the answer is n to the
+log base B of a log to the k plus 1 of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of a log to the k plus 1 of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log base B of a log to the k plus 1 of n
+ok so you you kick in one extra log ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so you you kick in one extra log ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so you you kick in one extra log ok
+and and basically it's like on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and basically it's like on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and basically it's like on average
+there's basically you know I it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically you know I it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's basically you know I it's almost
+all equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all equal
+and their log layers okay that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their log layers okay that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their log layers okay that's not
+quite the math but it's but it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the math but it's but it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite the math but it's but it's good
+intuition okay they're almost all equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition okay they're almost all equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition okay they're almost all equal
+and their log layers so you tack on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their log layers so you tack on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their log layers so you tack on an
+extra log okay and then finally a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra log okay and then finally a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra log okay and then finally a case
+three is the case when an to log base B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is the case when an to log base B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three is the case when an to log base B
+is much less than f of N and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than f of N and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is much less than f of N and in
+pacifically where it is smaller by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacifically where it is smaller by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pacifically where it is smaller by a
+once again a polynomial factor by an end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again a polynomial factor by an end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again a polynomial factor by an end
+to the epsilon factor for epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the epsilon factor for epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the epsilon factor for epsilon
+greater than zero it's also the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero it's also the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than zero it's also the case
+here the F has to satisfy what's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the F has to satisfy what's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the F has to satisfy what's called
+a regularity condition and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regularity condition and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a regularity condition and this is a
+condition that's satisfied by all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that's satisfied by all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition that's satisfied by all the
+functions we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions we're going to look at
+polynomials and polynomials times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and polynomials times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polynomials and polynomials times
+logarithms and things of that nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms and things of that nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithms and things of that nature
+okay it's not satisfied for weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not satisfied for weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not satisfied for weird
+functions like you know sines and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like you know sines and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions like you know sines and
+cosines and things like that it's also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines and things like that it's also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines and things like that it's also
+not more relevantly it's not satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not more relevantly it's not satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not more relevantly it's not satisfied
+if you have things like Exponential's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have things like Exponential's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have things like Exponential's
+okay so so this is but for all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is but for all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so this is but for all the
+things we're gonna look at that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're gonna look at that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're gonna look at that's that's
+the case and in that case things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and in that case things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case and in that case things are
+geometrically decreasing and so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically decreasing and so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometrically decreasing and so all the
+work is at the root okay and the root is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is at the root okay and the root is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is at the root okay and the root is
+basically costs f of n so the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically costs f of n so the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically costs f of n so the solution
+is theta f of n ok so we're gonna hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta f of n ok so we're gonna hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is theta f of n ok so we're gonna hand
+out a cheat sheet so if you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a cheat sheet so if you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a cheat sheet so if you could
+conscription of the TAS to get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscription of the TAS to get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conscription of the TAS to get that
+distributed as quickly as possible okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed as quickly as possible okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed as quickly as possible okay
+so let's do a little a little puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do a little a little puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's do a little a little puzzle
+here okay so so here's the cheat sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so so here's the cheat sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so so here's the cheat sheet
+that's basically what's on it okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically what's on it okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically what's on it okay and
+we'll do a little little quiz in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a little little quiz in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do a little little quiz in class
+quiz self quiz okay so we have T of n as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz self quiz okay so we have T of n as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz self quiz okay so we have T of n as
+for T of n over 2 plus N and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for T of n over 2 plus N and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for T of n over 2 plus N and the
+solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the thing that as a computer scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that as a computer scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that as a computer scientist
+you just memorize this so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just memorize this so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just memorize this so that you can
+in any situation you don't have to even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any situation you don't have to even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any situation you don't have to even
+look at the cheat sheet you just know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cheat sheet you just know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the cheat sheet you just know it
+it's one of these basic things that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of these basic things that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one of these basic things that all
+computer scientists should know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists should know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientists should know it's
+kind of like you know what's two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you know what's two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like you know what's two to the
+fifteenth what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes and interestingly that's my office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and interestingly that's my office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes and interestingly that's my office
+number I'm in 32 - G seven six eight I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm in 32 - G seven six eight I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number I'm in 32 - G seven six eight I'm
+the only one in the Stata Center with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one in the Stata Center with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only one in the Stata Center with a
+power of two office number and that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two office number and that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power of two office number and that was
+totally unplanned okay so if you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally unplanned okay so if you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally unplanned okay so if you need to
+remember my office number two to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my office number two to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember my office number two to the
+15th okay so what's the solution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+his case well case one and what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his case well case one and what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his case well case one and what's the
+solution N squared very good yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution N squared very good yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution N squared very good yeah so
+into the log base B of A is n to the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the log base B of A is n to the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the log base B of A is n to the log
+base four let base 2 of 4 log base 2 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base four let base 2 of 4 log base 2 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base four let base 2 of 4 log base 2 of
+4 is 2 so that's N squared that's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is 2 so that's N squared that's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 is 2 so that's N squared that's much
+bigger than n so it's case 1 and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n so it's case 1 and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than n so it's case 1 and the
+answer is Theta N squared okay pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is Theta N squared okay pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is Theta N squared okay pretty
+easy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy okay
+how about this one yeah yeah it's N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about this one yeah yeah it's N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about this one yeah yeah it's N
+squared log in once again the first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared log in once again the first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared log in once again the first part
+is the same and to the log base B of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same and to the log base B of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same and to the log base B of A
+is N squared n squared is N squared log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is N squared n squared is N squared log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is N squared n squared is N squared log
+to the zero and so it's case two with K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zero and so it's case two with K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the zero and so it's case two with K
+equals zero and so you just tack on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and so you just tack on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero and so you just tack on an
+extra log factor okay so it's N squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra log factor okay so it's N squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra log factor okay so it's N squared
+log in okay and then of course we got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in okay and then of course we got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in okay and then of course we got to
+do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah NQ because once again into log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah NQ because once again into log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah NQ because once again into log
+base B of A is N squared that's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B of A is N squared that's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base B of A is N squared that's much
+less than n cubed n cubes bigger so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than n cubed n cubes bigger so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than n cubed n cubes bigger so that
+dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominates
+so we have theta N squared okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have theta N squared okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have theta N squared okay what
+about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no that's not the answer which case do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not the answer which case do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's not the answer which case do
+you think it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k-stew okay nope yeah it's none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-stew okay nope yeah it's none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k-stew okay nope yeah it's none of the
+cases it's a trick question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it's a trick question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases it's a trick question
+oh I'm a nasty guy I'm a nasty guy okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm a nasty guy I'm a nasty guy okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I'm a nasty guy I'm a nasty guy okay
+this is one where the master method does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one where the master method does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one where the master method does
+not apply this would be case two but K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not apply this would be case two but K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not apply this would be case two but K
+has to be greater than equal to 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be greater than equal to 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be greater than equal to 0 and
+here K is minus 1 so case 2 doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here K is minus 1 so case 2 doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here K is minus 1 so case 2 doesn't
+apply okay and case 1 doesn't apply okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply okay and case 1 doesn't apply okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply okay and case 1 doesn't apply okay
+where we're comparing N squared to N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're comparing N squared to N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're comparing N squared to N
+squared over login because the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over login because the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over login because the ratio
+there is 1 over log N and that is sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is 1 over log N and that is sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is 1 over log N and that is sorry
+there the ratio there is is log in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the ratio there is is log in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the ratio there is is log in and
+log in is smaller than any n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in is smaller than any n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in is smaller than any n to the
+epsilon and you need to have an end to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and you need to have an end to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon and you need to have an end to
+the epsilon separation okay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon separation okay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the epsilon separation okay there's
+actually a more the actual answer is N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a more the actual answer is N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a more the actual answer is N
+squared log log in for that one by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared log log in for that one by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared log log in for that one by the
+way which you can prove by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which you can prove by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way which you can prove by the
+substitution method and it uses the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution method and it uses the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution method and it uses the same
+idea you just do a little bit different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you just do a little bit different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea you just do a little bit different
+math there's a more general solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math there's a more general solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+math there's a more general solution to
+this kind of recurrence called the aqua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of recurrence called the aqua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of recurrence called the aqua
+bazi method but but for most of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bazi method but but for most of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bazi method but but for most of what
+we're going to see it's sufficient to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see it's sufficient to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see it's sufficient to
+just applying the Aqua Bazzi method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just applying the Aqua Bazzi method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just applying the Aqua Bazzi method is
+more complicated than simply you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than simply you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated than simply you know
+doing the sort of table lookup of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the sort of table lookup of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the sort of table lookup of which
+is bigger and if it's sufficiently big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger and if it's sufficiently big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger and if it's sufficiently big
+it's one or the other or the common case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one or the other or the common case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's one or the other or the common case
+where they're about the same so within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're about the same so within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're about the same so within a
+log factor so we're gonna use the master
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log factor so we're gonna use the master
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log factor so we're gonna use the master
+method but there are more general ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but there are more general ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method but there are more general ways
+of solving these kinds of things okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving these kinds of things okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving these kinds of things okay
+let's talk about some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about some some
+multi-threaded algorithms the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-threaded algorithms the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-threaded algorithms the first
+thing I want to do is talk about loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do is talk about loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to do is talk about loops
+because loops are are a great thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because loops are are a great thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because loops are are a great thing to
+analyze and understand because so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and understand because so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and understand because so many
+programs have loops probably 90% or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs have loops probably 90% or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs have loops probably 90% or more
+of the programs that are paralyzed are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the programs that are paralyzed are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the programs that are paralyzed are
+paralyzed by making parallel loops ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyzed by making parallel loops ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyzed by making parallel loops ok
+the spawn and sink types of parallels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawn and sink types of parallels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spawn and sink types of parallels in
+the sub routine type parallelism you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub routine type parallelism you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sub routine type parallelism you
+not done that frequently in in code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done that frequently in in code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not done that frequently in in code
+usually it's loops so what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's loops so what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually it's loops so what we're gonna
+look at is a is a code to do an in-place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is a is a code to do an in-place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is a is a code to do an in-place
+matrix transpose okay as an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transpose okay as an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix transpose okay as an example of
+this so if you look at this code I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you look at this code I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so if you look at this code I want
+to swap the lower side of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swap the lower side of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to swap the lower side of the matrix
+with the upper side of the matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the upper side of the matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the upper side of the matrix and
+here's some code to do it where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some code to do it where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's some code to do it where I
+paralyze the outer loop okay so so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze the outer loop okay so so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze the outer loop okay so so we're
+running the outer index from I equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the outer index from I equals 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the outer index from I equals 1
+to 2 n I'm actually running the indexes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 n I'm actually running the indexes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2 n I'm actually running the indexes
+from 0 from 0 to n minus 1 okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 from 0 to n minus 1 okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 0 from 0 to n minus 1 okay and then
+the inner loop goes from 0 up to I minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner loop goes from 0 up to I minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner loop goes from 0 up to I minus
+1 now I've seen people write transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now I've seen people write transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 now I've seen people write transpose
+code this is one of these trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code this is one of these trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code this is one of these trick
+questions they give you in interviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they give you in interviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions they give you in interviews
+where they say write the transpose of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they say write the transpose of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they say write the transpose of a
+matrix with nested loops and what many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with nested loops and what many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix with nested loops and what many
+people will do is the inner loop they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will do is the inner loop they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people will do is the inner loop they'll
+run to n rather than running to I okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to n rather than running to I okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to n rather than running to I okay
+and what happens if you run the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens if you run the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens if you run the inner
+loop to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a very expensive identity function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very expensive identity function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very expensive identity function
+okay and there's an easier faster way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's an easier faster way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and there's an easier faster way to
+compute identity then with doubly nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute identity then with doubly nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute identity then with doubly nested
+loops where you swap everything you swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops where you swap everything you swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops where you swap everything you swap
+them all back okay so it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all back okay so it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all back okay so it's important
+that the iteration space here what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the iteration space here what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the iteration space here what's the
+shape of the iteration space if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the iteration space if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of the iteration space if you look
+at the I and J values and you map them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the I and J values and you map them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the I and J values and you map them
+out on the plane what's the shape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the plane what's the shape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out on the plane what's the shape that
+you get it's not a square which it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it's not a square which it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get it's not a square which it would
+be if they were both going from from 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if they were both going from from 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be if they were both going from from 1
+to N or 0 to n minus 1 what's the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N or 0 to n minus 1 what's the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to N or 0 to n minus 1 what's the shape
+of of this iteration space yeah it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this iteration space yeah it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of this iteration space yeah it's a
+triangle okay it's basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle okay it's basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle okay it's basically you know
+we're gonna run through all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna run through all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna run through all the things
+in the lower you know in this lower area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lower you know in this lower area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lower you know in this lower area
+that's the idea right and we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea right and we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea right and we're gonna
+swap it with the things in the upper one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap it with the things in the upper one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap it with the things in the upper one
+but the iteration space runs through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the iteration space runs through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the iteration space runs through
+just the lower triangle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the lower triangle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the lower triangle or
+correspondingly it runs through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly it runs through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly it runs through the
+upper triangle if you want to view it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangle if you want to view it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangle if you want to view it
+from that point of view but doesn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point of view but doesn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that point of view but doesn't go
+through both triangles because then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through both triangles because then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through both triangles because then you
+will get an identity so anyway that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get an identity so anyway that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will get an identity so anyway that's
+just a tip when you're interviewing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a tip when you're interviewing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a tip when you're interviewing you
+know double-check that they've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know double-check that they've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know double-check that they've got the
+loop indices to be what they ought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop indices to be what they ought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop indices to be what they ought to be
+okay and here what we've done is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here what we've done is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and here what we've done is we've
+paralyze the outer loop which means how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze the outer loop which means how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze the outer loop which means how
+much work is on each iteration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work is on each iteration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much work is on each iteration of this
+loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know how much well how much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much well how much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how much well how much time
+does it take to execute each iteration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take to execute each iteration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it take to execute each iteration
+of loop for a given value of I what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loop for a given value of I what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of loop for a given value of I what does
+it cost us to to execute the loop yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cost us to to execute the loop yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cost us to to execute the loop yeah
+yes theta I write which means that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes theta I write which means that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes theta I write which means that if
+you think about this if you've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this if you've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about this if you've got a
+certain number of processors you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of processors you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain number of processors you don't
+want to just chunk it up so that each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just chunk it up so that each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just chunk it up so that each
+processor gets an equal range of i2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor gets an equal range of i2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processor gets an equal range of i2 to
+work on you need something that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on you need something that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on you need something that's going
+to load balanced okay and this is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load balanced okay and this is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load balanced okay and this is where
+the Silk technology you know is best is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silk technology you know is best is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Silk technology you know is best is
+when when there are these unbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when there are these unbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when there are these unbalanced
+things because it does the right thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because it does the right thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things because it does the right thing
+okay as we'll see now so let's talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as we'll see now so let's talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as we'll see now so let's talk a
+little bit about how loops are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how loops are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about how loops are actually
+implemented by the open silk compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented by the open silk compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented by the open silk compiler
+and runtime system okay so what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and runtime system okay so what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and runtime system okay so what happens
+is we have this doubly nested loop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have this doubly nested loop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have this doubly nested loop here
+but the only one that we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only one that we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the only one that we're interested
+in is the the outer loop basically and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is the the outer loop basically and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is the the outer loop basically and
+what it does is it creates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it creates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it does is it creates this
+recursive program for the loop okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive program for the loop okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive program for the loop okay and
+what is this program doing so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this program doing so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this program doing so I'm
+highlighting essentially this part this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting essentially this part this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highlighting essentially this part this
+is basically the loop body here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the loop body here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically the loop body here which
+has been lifted into this program this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been lifted into this program this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been lifted into this program this
+recursive program and what it's doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive program and what it's doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive program and what it's doing is
+it is finding a midpoint and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is finding a midpoint and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is finding a midpoint and then
+recursively calling itself on the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively calling itself on the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively calling itself on the two
+sides until it gets down to in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides until it gets down to in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides until it gets down to in this case
+an a one element iteration and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a one element iteration and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an a one element iteration and then it
+executes the inner the body of the loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes the inner the body of the loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executes the inner the body of the loop
+which in this case is itself a for loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case is itself a for loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case is itself a for loop
+but not a parallel for loop okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a parallel for loop okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not a parallel for loop okay
+so it's doing divide and conquer it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's doing divide and conquer it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's doing divide and conquer it's
+just basically tree splitting so so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically tree splitting so so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically tree splitting so so let
+me so so basically it's got this control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so so basically it's got this control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so so basically it's got this control
+on top of it and if I take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of it and if I take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of it and if I take a look at
+what's going on in the control it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the control it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in the control it looks
+something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this
+okay so this is using the the dag model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is using the the dag model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is using the the dag model
+that we saw before and now what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw before and now what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw before and now what I have
+here highlighted is the is the body the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here highlighted is the is the body the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here highlighted is the is the body the
+lifted body of the loop that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted body of the loop that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifted body of the loop that's just
+sorry is the control and then down below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is the control and then down below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is the control and then down below
+in the purple I have the lifted body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the purple I have the lifted body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the purple I have the lifted body and
+what it's doing is it's basically saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing is it's basically saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's doing is it's basically saying
+let me divide it into two parts and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me divide it into two parts and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me divide it into two parts and then
+I call one I spawn one recurrence and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call one I spawn one recurrence and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I call one I spawn one recurrence and I
+call the other and I just keep dividing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the other and I just keep dividing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the other and I just keep dividing
+like that till I get down to the bot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that till I get down to the bot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that till I get down to the bot
+base condition and then the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base condition and then the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base condition and then the work that
+I'm doing I've sort of illustrated here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing I've sort of illustrated here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing I've sort of illustrated here
+the work I'm doing in each iteration a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work I'm doing in each iteration a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work I'm doing in each iteration a
+loop is growing from one to n okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is growing from one to n okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is growing from one to n okay I'm
+showing it for eight but in general this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it for eight but in general this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it for eight but in general this
+is working from 1 to N for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working from 1 to N for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is working from 1 to N for this
+particular one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one okay
+so that is that clear so that's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is that clear so that's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is that clear so that's what's
+actually going on so the the open silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going on so the the open silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going on so the the open silk
+runtime system does not have a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime system does not have a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime system does not have a loop
+primitive okay doesn't have doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive okay doesn't have doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive okay doesn't have doesn't have
+loops it only has essentially this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops it only has essentially this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops it only has essentially this
+ability to spawn and so forth and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to spawn and so forth and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to spawn and so forth and so
+things effectively are translated into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things effectively are translated into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things effectively are translated into
+this divide and conquer and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this divide and conquer and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this divide and conquer and that's the
+way that you need to think about loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you need to think about loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that you need to think about loops
+when you're thinking in parallel ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thinking in parallel ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're thinking in parallel ok
+makes sense and so one of the questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense and so one of the questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense and so one of the questions
+is well what what ok that seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what what ok that seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well what what ok that seems like a
+lot of code to write for a simple loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of code to write for a simple loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of code to write for a simple loop
+what did we pay for that ok how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we pay for that ok how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did we pay for that ok how much
+does that cost us so let's analyze this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that cost us so let's analyze this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that cost us so let's analyze this
+a little bit analyze parallel loops ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit analyze parallel loops ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit analyze parallel loops ok
+so as you know we analyze things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you know we analyze things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as you know we analyze things in
+terms of work and span ok so what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of work and span ok so what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of work and span ok so what is the
+work of this computation hmm well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of this computation hmm well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of this computation hmm well what's
+the work before you get there what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work before you get there what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work before you get there what's the
+work of the original computation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of the original computation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of the original computation the
+doubly nested loop okay if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly nested loop okay if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly nested loop okay if you just
+think about it in terms of loops okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in terms of loops okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it in terms of loops okay if
+they were serial loops how much work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were serial loops how much work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were serial loops how much work
+would be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right doubly nested loop in a loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right doubly nested loop in a loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right doubly nested loop in a loop and
+iterations interlinear iteration you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations interlinear iteration you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations interlinear iteration you're
+doing I work some of I I equals 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I work some of I I equals 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I work some of I I equals 1 to n
+what do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you get
+yes theta n squared right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes theta n squared right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes theta n squared right
+doubly nested group and although you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly nested group and although you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly nested group and although you're
+not doing half the work you know you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing half the work you know you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing half the work you know you are
+doing the other half of the work of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the other half of the work of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the other half of the work of the
+of the N squared work that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the N squared work that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the N squared work that you might
+think was there if you wrote the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was there if you wrote the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think was there if you wrote the the
+unfortunate identity function okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate identity function okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate identity function okay so so
+the question is how much work is in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how much work is in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is how much work is in this
+particular computation because now I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular computation because now I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular computation because now I've
+got this whole tree spawning business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this whole tree spawning business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this whole tree spawning business
+going on in addition to the work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in addition to the work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on in addition to the work that
+I'm doing in the leaves okay so the leaf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing in the leaves okay so the leaf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing in the leaves okay so the leaf
+work here okay along the along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here okay along the along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work here okay along the along the
+bottom here okay that's all going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here okay that's all going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here okay that's all going to be
+order n squared work right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n squared work right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n squared work right because
+that's the same as in the as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as in the as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as in the as in the
+serial loop case how much does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial loop case how much does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serial loop case how much does that
+other stuff up top asset it looks it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff up top asset it looks it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff up top asset it looks it
+looks huge right it's bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks huge right it's bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks huge right it's bigger than the
+other stuff isn't it how much is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basic computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's theta ven why is it Theta then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's theta ven why is it Theta then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's theta ven why is it Theta then
+in the upper part yep yeah so going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper part yep yeah so going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper part yep yeah so going from
+the leaves to the root every level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves to the root every level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves to the root every level is
+having so it's geometric so it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having so it's geometric so it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having so it's geometric so it's the
+total number of leaves because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of leaves because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total number of leaves because there's
+constant work in each of those phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant work in each of those phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant work in each of those phrases
+so the total amount is theta n squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total amount is theta n squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the total amount is theta n squared
+okay another way of thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another way of thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another way of thinking about this
+is you know you've got a complete binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know you've got a complete binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know you've got a complete binary
+tree that we've created with n leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that we've created with n leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree that we've created with n leaves
+how many internal nodes are there in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many internal nodes are there in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many internal nodes are there in a
+complete binary tree with n leaves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete binary tree with n leaves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete binary tree with n leaves in
+this case there's actually an over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there's actually an over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there's actually an over
+I used to say there's n leaves yeah how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to say there's n leaves yeah how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I used to say there's n leaves yeah how
+many internal nodes are there if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many internal nodes are there if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many internal nodes are there if I have
+n leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n leaves
+how many internal nodes to the tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many internal nodes to the tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many internal nodes to the tree that
+his nodes that have children there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his nodes that have children there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his nodes that have children there's
+exactly n minus one that's a property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly n minus one that's a property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly n minus one that's a property
+that's true of any full binary tree that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true of any full binary tree that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true of any full binary tree that
+is any binary tree in which every non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any binary tree in which every non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any binary tree in which every non
+leaf has two children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf has two children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf has two children
+there's exactly n minus one okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly n minus one okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly n minus one okay
+so nice tree properties nice computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nice tree properties nice computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so nice tree properties nice computer
+science properties right we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science properties right we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science properties right we like
+computer science that's why we're here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science that's why we're here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science that's why we're here
+not because we're gonna make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because we're gonna make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not because we're gonna make a lot of
+money okay okay let's look at the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay okay let's look at the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay okay let's look at the span
+of this hmm what's the span of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this hmm what's the span of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this hmm what's the span of this
+calculation okay because that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay because that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation okay because that's how we
+understand parallelism is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand parallelism is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand parallelism is by
+understanding work and span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I see some familiar hands okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see some familiar hands okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see some familiar hands okay
+theta in yeah how did you get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so we're basically the the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're basically the the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we're basically the the longest
+path is basically take going from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is basically take going from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is basically take going from here
+down down down to eight and then back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down down down to eight and then back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down down down to eight and then back up
+okay and so the eight is really n in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the eight is really n in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so the eight is really n in the
+general case right so that's really n in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case right so that's really n in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general case right so that's really n in
+the general case and so we basically are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general case and so we basically are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general case and so we basically are
+going down and and so the span of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down and and so the span of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down and and so the span of the
+loop control is login and that's the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop control is login and that's the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop control is login and that's the key
+takeaway here the span of loop control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway here the span of loop control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway here the span of loop control
+is login when I do divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is login when I do divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is login when I do divide and conquer
+like that if I an infinite number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if I an infinite number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that if I an infinite number of
+processors I could get it all done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors I could get it all done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors I could get it all done in
+logarithmic time okay but the ape there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic time okay but the ape there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic time okay but the ape there
+is linear that's order in case in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear that's order in case in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear that's order in case in this
+case n is 8 but okay so that's order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case n is 8 but okay so that's order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case n is 8 but okay so that's order n
+so then it's log n plus order log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it's log n plus order log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then it's log n plus order log in
+which is therefore order n ok and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is therefore order n ok and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is therefore order n ok and so the
+the so what's the parallelism here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta n it's the ratio of the two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta n it's the ratio of the two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta n it's the ratio of the two right
+it's the ratio of two is Theta n is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ratio of two is Theta n is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the ratio of two is Theta n is that
+good well parallelism of N squared you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good well parallelism of N squared you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good well parallelism of N squared you
+mean or is this good parallelism yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or is this good parallelism yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean or is this good parallelism yeah
+that's pretty good right that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good right that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty good right that's pretty
+good because typically you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because typically you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because typically you're going to
+be working on you know systems that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working on you know systems that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be working on you know systems that have
+maybe if you are working on a big big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you are working on a big big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you are working on a big big
+system you've got maybe you know sixty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you've got maybe you know sixty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you've got maybe you know sixty
+four cores or 128 cores or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cores or 128 cores or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four cores or 128 cores or something
+that's pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty big
+ok so whereas this is saying if and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so whereas this is saying if and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so whereas this is saying if and if
+you're doing that you better have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing that you better have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing that you better have a
+problem that's really big that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's really big that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that's really big that you're
+running it on ok and so typically n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it on ok and so typically n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running it on ok and so typically n is
+way bigger than then not you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way bigger than then not you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way bigger than then not you know the
+number of processors for a problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors for a problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of processors for a problem like
+this ok not always the case but here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ok not always the case but here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ok not always the case but here it
+is ok any questions about this so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ok any questions about this so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ok any questions about this so so we
+can use our work and span analysis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use our work and span analysis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use our work and span analysis to
+understand that hey the work overhead is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that hey the work overhead is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that hey the work overhead is
+a constant factor and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant factor and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant factor and we're going to
+talk more about the overhead of of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about the overhead of of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk more about the overhead of of work
+but basically from an asymptotic point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically from an asymptotic point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically from an asymptotic point
+of view our work is N squared just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view our work is N squared just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view our work is N squared just like
+the original code ok and we have a fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original code ok and we have a fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original code ok and we have a fair
+amount of parallelism we have order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of parallelism we have order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of parallelism we have order n
+parallelism okay how about if we if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism okay how about if we if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism okay how about if we if we
+make the inner loop be parallel as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the inner loop be parallel as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the inner loop be parallel as well
+ok so rather than just paralyze in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so rather than just paralyze in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so rather than just paralyze in the
+outer loop we're also going to paralyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loop we're also going to paralyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loop we're also going to paralyze
+the inner loop ok so how much work do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner loop ok so how much work do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner loop ok so how much work do we
+have for this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so hint all work questions are trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hint all work questions are trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hint all work questions are trivial
+or at least no harder than they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least no harder than they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least no harder than they were
+when you were doing ordinary cereal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were doing ordinary cereal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you were doing ordinary cereal
+algorithms okay so maybe we can come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay so maybe we can come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms okay so maybe we can come up
+with a trick question on the exam where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a trick question on the exam where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a trick question on the exam where
+the work changes but almost always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work changes but almost always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work changes but almost always the
+work doesn't change so what's the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work doesn't change so what's the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work doesn't change so what's the work
+yeah N squared right okay parallelizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah N squared right okay parallelizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah N squared right okay parallelizing
+stuff doesn't change the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff doesn't change the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff doesn't change the work
+what it hopefully does is reduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it hopefully does is reduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it hopefully does is reduce the
+span of the calculation okay and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of the calculation okay and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of the calculation okay and by
+reducing the span we get big parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the span we get big parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the span we get big parallelism
+that's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the idea
+now sometimes it's the case when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sometimes it's the case when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sometimes it's the case when you
+paralyze stuff that you add work and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze stuff that you add work and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze stuff that you add work and
+that's unfortunate because it means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unfortunate because it means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unfortunate because it means that
+even if you if you end up taking your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you if you end up taking your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you if you end up taking your
+pelo program and running it on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pelo program and running it on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pelo program and running it on one
+processing core you're not going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing core you're not going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing core you're not going to get
+any speed up it's going to be a slowdown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any speed up it's going to be a slowdown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any speed up it's going to be a slowdown
+compared to the original algorithm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the original algorithm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the original algorithm so
+we're actually interested generally in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually interested generally in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're actually interested generally in
+work efficient parallel algorithms which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work efficient parallel algorithms which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work efficient parallel algorithms which
+we'll talk more about later so generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about later so generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk more about later so generally
+we're after work efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're after work efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're after work efficiency
+okay what's the span of this it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the span of this it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what's the span of this it is not
+still theta n what was your thinking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still theta n what was your thinking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still theta n what was your thinking to
+say it was Theta Ven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was Theta Ven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it was Theta Ven
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now notice that eight is now not is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now notice that eight is now not is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now notice that eight is now not is
+a for-loop itself okay not quite but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for-loop itself okay not quite but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for-loop itself okay not quite but but
+but so this is so this man is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so this is so this man is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so this is so this man is
+commendable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commendable okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commendable okay
+okay absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay absolutely
+okay this is commendable okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is commendable okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is commendable okay because
+this is this is why I try to have a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is why I try to have a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is why I try to have a bit
+of a Socratic method in here where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Socratic method in here where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a Socratic method in here where we're
+you know I'm asking questions as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm asking questions as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm asking questions as opposed
+to just sitting here lecturing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sitting here lecturing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sitting here lecturing and
+having that go over your heads okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that go over your heads okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having that go over your heads okay you
+have the opportunity to ask questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opportunity to ask questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opportunity to ask questions
+and to have your particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have your particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have your particular
+misunderstandings or whatever correct it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstandings or whatever correct it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misunderstandings or whatever correct it
+okay that's how you learn okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's how you learn okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's how you learn okay and so
+I'm really in favor of anybody who wants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really in favor of anybody who wants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really in favor of anybody who wants
+to come here and learn okay that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come here and learn okay that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come here and learn okay that's my
+that's my desire and that's my job is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my desire and that's my job is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my desire and that's my job is to
+teach people who want to learn okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach people who want to learn okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach people who want to learn okay so I
+hope that that this is a safe space for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that that this is a safe space for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that that this is a safe space for
+you folks to sort of be willing to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you folks to sort of be willing to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you folks to sort of be willing to put
+yourself out there and not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself out there and not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself out there and not necessarily
+get stuff right okay I can't tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuff right okay I can't tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuff right okay I can't tell you
+how many times I've screwed up okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times I've screwed up okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many times I've screwed up okay and
+it's only by airing it and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only by airing it and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only by airing it and so forth
+having somebody say no I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having somebody say no I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having somebody say no I don't think
+it's like that Charles you know this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like that Charles you know this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like that Charles you know this is
+this is like this I said oh yeah you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like this I said oh yeah you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like this I said oh yeah you're
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+god that was stupid you know but but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god that was stupid you know but but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+god that was stupid you know but but the
+fact is that I no longer beat my head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that I no longer beat my head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact is that I no longer beat my head
+when I'm when I'm being stupid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm when I'm being stupid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm when I'm being stupid okay
+that's our natural state is stupidity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our natural state is stupidity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our natural state is stupidity
+okay we have to work hard not to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have to work hard not to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have to work hard not to be
+stupid okay right right he's hard work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid okay right right he's hard work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid okay right right he's hard work
+not to be stupid okay yeah question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but usually when my experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but usually when my experience is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but usually when my experience is
+and this is let me tell you from I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is let me tell you from I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is let me tell you from I've
+been in MIT almost 38 years okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in MIT almost 38 years okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been in MIT almost 38 years okay my
+experience is that one one person has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is that one one person has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience is that one one person has a
+question there's all these other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there's all these other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question there's all these other people
+in the room have the same question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room have the same question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the room have the same question and
+it's by you articulating it you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by you articulating it you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's by you articulating it you're
+actually helping them out if I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helping them out if I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helping them out if I think
+you're going too slow okay if things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going too slow okay if things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going too slow okay if things are
+going too slow that we're wasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too slow that we're wasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going too slow that we're wasting
+people's time that's my job as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's time that's my job as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's time that's my job as the
+lecturer to make sure that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer to make sure that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecturer to make sure that doesn't
+happen and I'll say let's take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and I'll say let's take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and I'll say let's take this
+offline you can talk after class okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline you can talk after class okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offline you can talk after class okay
+but I appreciate your point of view that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I appreciate your point of view that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I appreciate your point of view that
+you know because that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because that's that's
+considerate but actually it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerate but actually it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerate but actually it's more
+consideration okay if you're willing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration okay if you're willing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration okay if you're willing to
+air what you think and have have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air what you think and have have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air what you think and have have other
+people say you know I had that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say you know I had that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people say you know I had that same
+question certainly they're gonna be as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question certainly they're gonna be as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question certainly they're gonna be as
+people in the class who say roll their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the class who say roll their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the class who say roll their
+eyes or whatever okay but look I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes or whatever okay but look I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes or whatever okay but look I don't
+teach to the top 10% I try to teach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach to the top 10% I try to teach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach to the top 10% I try to teach the
+top 90% okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 90% okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top 90% okay
+and believe me believe me you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe me believe me you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and believe me believe me you know that
+you know I get I get farther with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I get I get farther with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I get I get farther with
+students and have more people enjoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and have more people enjoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students and have more people enjoying
+the course and learning the stuff which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course and learning the stuff which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course and learning the stuff which
+is not necessarily easy stuff after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily easy stuff after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily easy stuff after the
+fact you're gonna discover this is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you're gonna discover this is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you're gonna discover this is easy
+okay but while you're learning it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but while you're learning it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but while you're learning it it's
+not easy this is what what Steven Pinker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not easy this is what what Steven Pinker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not easy this is what what Steven Pinker
+calls the curse of knowledge okay once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the curse of knowledge okay once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls the curse of knowledge okay once
+you know something you have a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something you have a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know something you have a really
+high time putting yourself in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high time putting yourself in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high time putting yourself in the
+position of not of what it was like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of not of what it was like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of not of what it was like to
+not know it okay and and so it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know it okay and and so it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not know it okay and and so it's very
+easy to learn something and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to learn something and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to learn something and then it's
+like when somebody doesn't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when somebody doesn't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when somebody doesn't understand
+it's like oh you know whatever okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like oh you know whatever okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like oh you know whatever okay but
+but the fact of the matter is that most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact of the matter is that most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the fact of the matter is that most
+of us you know it's that empathy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us you know it's that empathy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us you know it's that empathy that's
+what makes for you to be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes for you to be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what makes for you to be a good
+communicator okay and all of you I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicator okay and all of you I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicator okay and all of you I know
+are at some point going to have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at some point going to have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at some point going to have to do
+communication with other people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with other people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication with other people who are
+not as technically sophisticated as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as technically sophisticated as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as technically sophisticated as you
+folks are okay and so this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks are okay and so this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks are okay and so this is really
+good to sort of appreciate how important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to sort of appreciate how important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to sort of appreciate how important
+it is to you know to to recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to you know to to recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to you know to to recognize that
+this stuff isn't necessarily easy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff isn't necessarily easy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff isn't necessarily easy when
+you're learning it okay later you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning it okay later you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're learning it okay later you can
+learn it and then it'll be easy but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it and then it'll be easy but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn it and then it'll be easy but that
+doesn't mean it's necessarily easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean it's necessarily easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't mean it's necessarily easy for
+somebody else so those of you who who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else so those of you who who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else so those of you who who
+think that some of these answers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that some of these answers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that some of these answers are
+like come on move along move along okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like come on move along move along okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like come on move along move along okay
+please be patient with your with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please be patient with your with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please be patient with your with the
+other people in the class if they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in the class if they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people in the class if they learn
+better they're gonna be better teammates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they're gonna be better teammates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better they're gonna be better teammates
+on projects and so forth okay and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on projects and so forth okay and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on projects and so forth okay and we'll
+all learn nobody's in competition with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learn nobody's in competition with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all learn nobody's in competition with
+anybody here for grades or anything okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here for grades or anything okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody here for grades or anything okay
+nobody's in competition we all set it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's in competition we all set it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody's in competition we all set it up
+so we're going against benchmarks and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going against benchmarks and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going against benchmarks and so
+forth you're not in competition so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth you're not in competition so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth you're not in competition so we
+want to make this something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make this something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make this something where
+everybody helps everybody learn I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody helps everybody learn I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody helps everybody learn I
+probably spent too much time on that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spent too much time on that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spent too much time on that but
+in some sense not nearly enough okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense not nearly enough okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense not nearly enough okay so
+the span is not order in we got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span is not order in we got that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span is not order in we got that
+much who else would like to hazard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much who else would like to hazard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much who else would like to hazard a
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it is login what's your reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is login what's your reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is login what's your reasoning
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep log n plus log and good and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep log n plus log and good and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep log n plus log and good and then
+what about the leaves what's that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the leaves what's that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about the leaves what's that you
+got to add in the span of the leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to add in the span of the leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to add in the span of the leaves
+that was just the span of the control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the leaves are just one okay right boom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves are just one okay right boom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves are just one okay right boom
+so the span of the outer loop is our to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the span of the outer loop is our to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the span of the outer loop is our to
+log in the inner loop is order log in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in the inner loop is order log in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log in the inner loop is order log in
+and the span of the body is order one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the span of the body is order one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the span of the body is order one
+because we're going down to the body now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going down to the body now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going down to the body now
+it's just doing what iteration of serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just doing what iteration of serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just doing what iteration of serial
+execution it's not doing i iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution it's not doing i iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution it's not doing i iterations
+it's only doing one iteration and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only doing one iteration and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only doing one iteration and so I
+add all that together and I get login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay does that make sense okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make sense okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay does that make sense okay so the
+parallelism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this why should every hand in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why should every hand in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this why should every hand in the room
+should be up waiting to call on me call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be up waiting to call on me call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be up waiting to call on me call
+on me sure yeah and squared over login
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me sure yeah and squared over login
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on me sure yeah and squared over login
+okay that's the ratio of the two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the ratio of the two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's the ratio of the two okay
+good any questions about that okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any questions about that okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good any questions about that okay so
+the parallelism is N squared over log N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallelism is N squared over log N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parallelism is N squared over log N
+and this is more parallel than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is more parallel than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is more parallel than the
+previous one but it turns out you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one but it turns out you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one but it turns out you got to
+remember even though it's more parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember even though it's more parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember even though it's more parallel
+is it a better algorithm in practice not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a better algorithm in practice not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a better algorithm in practice not
+necessarily because parallelism is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily because parallelism is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily because parallelism is like
+a threshold enough parallelism beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold enough parallelism beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a threshold enough parallelism beyond
+the number of processors that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of processors that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of processors that you have
+right the parallel slackness remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the parallel slackness remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the parallel slackness remember
+okay so you have to have the number the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have to have the number the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you have to have the number the
+amount of parallelism if it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of parallelism if it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of parallelism if it's much
+greater than the number of processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the number of processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the number of processors
+you're good so for something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good so for something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're good so for something like this
+if with order n parallelism your bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if with order n parallelism your bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if with order n parallelism your bigger
+way bigger than the number of processors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way bigger than the number of processors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way bigger than the number of processors
+you don't need to parallel wise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to parallel wise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need to parallel wise the
+inner loop okay you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loop okay you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loop okay you don't need to
+paralyze the inner loop you'll be fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze the inner loop you'll be fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze the inner loop you'll be fine
+and in fact we're going to talking a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we're going to talking a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact we're going to talking a
+little bit about overheads and I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about overheads and I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about overheads and I'm gonna
+do that with an example from using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that with an example from using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that with an example from using
+vector addition okay so here's a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector addition okay so here's a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector addition okay so here's a really
+simple piece of code it's a vector add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple piece of code it's a vector add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple piece of code it's a vector add
+two vectors together two arrays and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors together two arrays and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors together two arrays and all
+it does is it adds B into a you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it adds B into a you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does is it adds B into a you can see
+every every position as being a and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every position as being a and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every every position as being a and I'm
+going to paralyze this by putting a silk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to paralyze this by putting a silk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to paralyze this by putting a silk
+four in front rather than an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four in front rather than an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four in front rather than an ordinary
+four and what that does is it gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and what that does is it gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and what that does is it gives us
+this divide-and-conquer tree once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this divide-and-conquer tree once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this divide-and-conquer tree once again
+with with n leaves and the work here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with n leaves and the work here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with n leaves and the work here is
+order n because that's we got n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n because that's we got n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n because that's we got n
+iterations of constant time and the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of constant time and the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations of constant time and the span
+is just the control login and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the control login and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just the control login and so the
+parallelism is n over log n okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism is n over log n okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism is n over log n okay
+is that so this is basically easier than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so this is basically easier than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that so this is basically easier than
+what we just did okay so now if I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just did okay so now if I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we just did okay so now if I look
+at this though the work here includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this though the work here includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this though the work here includes
+some substantial overhead because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some substantial overhead because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some substantial overhead because
+they're all these function calls it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all these function calls it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all these function calls it may
+be order in okay and that's good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be order in okay and that's good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be order in okay and that's good enough
+if you're certain kinds of theoreticians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're certain kinds of theoreticians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're certain kinds of theoreticians
+this kind of theoretician that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of theoretician that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of theoretician that's not
+good enough okay I want to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough okay I want to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough okay I want to understand
+where these overheads are going so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these overheads are going so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these overheads are going so the
+first thing that I might do to to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that I might do to to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing that I might do to to get
+rid of that overhead so because so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that overhead so because so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of that overhead so because so in
+this case what I'm saying is that as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what I'm saying is that as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case what I'm saying is that as I
+do the divide-and-conquer if I go all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the divide-and-conquer if I go all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the divide-and-conquer if I go all
+the way down to N equals 1 what am i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to N equals 1 what am i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way down to N equals 1 what am i
+doing in a leaf how much work is in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in a leaf how much work is in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing in a leaf how much work is in one
+of these leaves here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these leaves here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these leaves here okay
+it's a it's an ad it's 2 minute you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's an ad it's 2 minute you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a it's an ad it's 2 minute you know
+it's to memory fetches and a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to memory fetches and a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's to memory fetches and a memory
+store and an ad the memory operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and an ad the memory operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and an ad the memory operations
+are going to be the most expensive thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the most expensive thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be the most expensive thing
+there okay that's all that's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay that's all that's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay that's all that's going on
+and yet right before then I've done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet right before then I've done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet right before then I've done a
+subroutine call okay a parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine call okay a parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine call okay a parallel
+subroutine call mind you okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine call mind you okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine call mind you okay and that's
+going to have substantial overhead okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have substantial overhead okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have substantial overhead okay
+and so the question is do you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is do you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the question is do you do a
+subroutine call to add two numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine call to add two numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine call to add two numbers
+together that's pretty expensive so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's pretty expensive so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together that's pretty expensive so
+let's take a look at how we can optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at how we can optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at how we can optimize
+away some of this overhead okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away some of this overhead okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away some of this overhead okay and so
+this gets more into the realm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets more into the realm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gets more into the realm of
+engineering so the open silk system has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so the open silk system has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering so the open silk system has
+a pragma so pragma is a compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pragma so pragma is a compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pragma so pragma is a compiler
+directive suggestion to the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive suggestion to the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directive suggestion to the compiler
+where can suggest in this case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can suggest in this case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where can suggest in this case that
+there be a grain size up here of gee for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be a grain size up here of gee for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be a grain size up here of gee for
+whatever you set G to and the grain size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you set G to and the grain size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you set G to and the grain size
+is essentially we're going to use and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially we're going to use and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially we're going to use and it
+shows up here in the code as instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up here in the code as instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up here in the code as instead of
+ending up it used to be high greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending up it used to be high greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending up it used to be high greater
+than low plus one so that you ended with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than low plus one so that you ended with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than low plus one so that you ended with
+a single element now it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single element now it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single element now it's going to be
+plus G so that at the leaves I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G so that at the leaves I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus G so that at the leaves I'm going
+to have up to G elements per chunk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have up to G elements per chunk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have up to G elements per chunk that
+I do when I'm doing my divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do when I'm doing my divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do when I'm doing my divide and
+conquer so therefore I can take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer so therefore I can take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conquer so therefore I can take my
+subroutine overhead and amortize it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine overhead and amortize it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subroutine overhead and amortize it
+across G iterations rather than amortize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across G iterations rather than amortize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across G iterations rather than amortize
+me across one iteration okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me across one iteration okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me across one iteration okay so that's
+that's korsun anow if the green size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's korsun anow if the green size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's korsun anow if the green size
+pragma is not specified the silk runtime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragma is not specified the silk runtime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pragma is not specified the silk runtime
+system makes its best guess to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system makes its best guess to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system makes its best guess to minimize
+the overhead okay so what it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overhead okay so what it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overhead okay so what it actually
+does it run time is it figures out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it run time is it figures out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it run time is it figures out for
+the loop how many cores it's running on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop how many cores it's running on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loop how many cores it's running on
+and makes a good guess as to the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes a good guess as to the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes a good guess as to the actual
+how much to run serially at the leafs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much to run serially at the leafs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much to run serially at the leafs
+and how much to do in parallel does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much to do in parallel does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much to do in parallel does that
+make sense okay so it's basically trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense okay so it's basically trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense okay so it's basically trying
+to overcome that so let's analyze this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome that so let's analyze this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to overcome that so let's analyze this a
+little bit so let's let I be the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so let's let I be the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit so let's let I be the time
+for one iteration of the loop body okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one iteration of the loop body okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one iteration of the loop body okay
+so this is I for iteration this is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I for iteration this is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I for iteration this is of
+the of this particular loop body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of this particular loop body so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of this particular loop body so
+basically the cost of those three memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the cost of those three memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the cost of those three memory
+operations plus an add okay and let's G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations plus an add okay and let's G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations plus an add okay and let's G
+is the green size okay and now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the green size okay and now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the green size okay and now let's
+take a look at another variable here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at another variable here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at another variable here
+which is the time to perform a spawn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the time to perform a spawn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the time to perform a spawn and
+return okay I'm gonna call the spawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return okay I'm gonna call the spawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return okay I'm gonna call the spawn
+return is basically the overhead for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is basically the overhead for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return is basically the overhead for
+spawning okay so if I look at the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawning okay so if I look at the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawning okay so if I look at the work
+in this context I can view it as I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context I can view it as I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context I can view it as I've
+got t1 work which is n here times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got t1 work which is n here times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got t1 work which is n here times the
+number of iterations because I got 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of iterations because I got 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of iterations because I got 1 2 3
+up to n iterations and then I have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n iterations and then I have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to n iterations and then I have and
+those are just the normal iterations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just the normal iterations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are just the normal iterations and
+then since I have n over G minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since I have n over G minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then since I have n over G minus 1
+there's n over G leaves here of size G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n over G leaves here of size G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's n over G leaves here of size G
+okay so I have n over G minus 1 internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have n over G minus 1 internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have n over G minus 1 internal
+nodes which are my subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes which are my subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes which are my subject
+overhead that's s so the total work is n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead that's s so the total work is n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead that's s so the total work is n
+times I plus n over G minus 1 times s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I plus n over G minus 1 times s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I plus n over G minus 1 times s
+now in the original code effectively the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the original code effectively the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in the original code effectively the
+work is what if I had the code without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is what if I had the code without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is what if I had the code without
+the soak for loop how much work is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before I put in all this parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I put in all this parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I put in all this parallel
+control stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control stuff
+what would the work be yeah n times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the work be yeah n times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would the work be yeah n times I
+we're just doing an iterations and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just doing an iterations and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just doing an iterations and yeah
+there's a little bit of loop control but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of loop control but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of loop control but
+that loop control is really cheap ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loop control is really cheap ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that loop control is really cheap ok and
+on a modern out of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a modern out of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a modern out of order
+you know processor the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know processor the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know processor the cost of
+incrementing a variable and testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing a variable and testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incrementing a variable and testing
+against it's bound is like dwarfed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it's bound is like dwarfed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against it's bound is like dwarfed by
+the stuff going on inside the loop ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff going on inside the loop ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff going on inside the loop ok so
+it's n I so this part here okay whoops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n I so this part here okay whoops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's n I so this part here okay whoops
+what did I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did I do
+oops I went back where I see so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops I went back where I see so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops I went back where I see so this
+part here this part here there we go ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here this part here there we go ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part here this part here there we go ok
+is all overhead okay this is what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all overhead okay this is what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is all overhead okay this is what it
+costs this part here is what cost me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs this part here is what cost me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs this part here is what cost me
+originally okay so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally okay so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally okay so let's take a look at
+the span of this ok so the span is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span of this ok so the span is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span of this ok so the span is going
+to be well if I add up what's at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well if I add up what's at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be well if I add up what's at the
+leaves that's just G times I ok and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves that's just G times I ok and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves that's just G times I ok and now
+I've got the overhead here okay for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the overhead here okay for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got the overhead here okay for any
+of these paths which is a basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these paths which is a basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these paths which is a basically
+proportional I'm ignoring constants here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional I'm ignoring constants here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional I'm ignoring constants here
+to make it easier log of n over G times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it easier log of n over G times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it easier log of n over G times
+s because it's going log levels and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s because it's going log levels and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s because it's going log levels and I've
+got n over G chunks because each I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n over G chunks because each I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got n over G chunks because each I've
+got G things that iterations in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got G things that iterations in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got G things that iterations in each
+leaf so therefore the number of leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf so therefore the number of leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf so therefore the number of leaves
+is n over G and I've got n minus 1 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n over G and I've got n minus 1 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n over G and I've got n minus 1 of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+sorry I've got log n of those actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I've got log n of those actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I've got log n of those actually
+to log in to log n over G of those times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to log in to log n over G of those times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to log in to log n over G of those times
+s actually maybe I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s actually maybe I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s actually maybe I don't
+have login because I'm gonna count it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have login because I'm gonna count it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have login because I'm gonna count it
+going down and going up it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down and going up it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down and going up it's actually
+constant of one is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of one is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant of one is fine
+okay who's confused okay let's have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who's confused okay let's have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who's confused okay let's have some
+questions you have a question okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you have a question okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions you have a question okay I
+know you're confused so believe me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're confused so believe me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're confused so believe me I
+spend one of that one of my great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend one of that one of my great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend one of that one of my great
+successes in life was discovering it Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes in life was discovering it Oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successes in life was discovering it Oh
+confusion is how I usually am okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion is how I usually am okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion is how I usually am okay and
+then it's getting unconfused that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's getting unconfused that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's getting unconfused that is you
+know that's the that's the thing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the that's the thing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's the that's the thing because
+I see so many people going through life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see so many people going through life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see so many people going through life
+thinking they're not confused but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking they're not confused but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking they're not confused but you
+know what they're confused okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they're confused okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what they're confused okay and
+that's a worse state of affairs to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a worse state of affairs to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a worse state of affairs to be in
+then than knowing that you're confused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then than knowing that you're confused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then than knowing that you're confused
+let's ask some questions people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask some questions people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's ask some questions people who are
+confused let's ask them questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused let's ask them questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused let's ask them questions okay
+because I want to make sure this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to make sure this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I want to make sure this that
+everybody gets this okay and for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody gets this okay and for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody gets this okay and for those
+who who think you think know it already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who think you think know it already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who think you think know it already
+sometimes it helps them to know it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it helps them to know it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it helps them to know it a
+little bit even better when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit even better when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit even better when we go
+through a discussion like this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a discussion like this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a discussion like this so
+somebody asked me a question yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay is the second half of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay is the second half of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay is the second half of the work
+part okay so the second half of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so the second half of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part okay so the second half of the work
+part n over G minus one so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part n over G minus one so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part n over G minus one so the first
+thing is if I've got G iterations at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if I've got G iterations at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if I've got G iterations at the
+leaves of a binary tree how many leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of a binary tree how many leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves of a binary tree how many leaves
+do I have if I've got a total of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have if I've got a total of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have if I've got a total of n
+iterations and over G right okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations and over G right okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations and over G right okay so
+that's the first thing the second thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first thing the second thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the first thing the second thing
+is a fact about binary trees of any full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fact about binary trees of any full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a fact about binary trees of any full
+binary tree but in particular complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree but in particular complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary tree but in particular complete
+binary trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary trees
+how many internal nodes are there in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many internal nodes are there in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many internal nodes are there in a
+complete binary tree if n is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete binary tree if n is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete binary tree if n is the number
+of leaves that's n minus 1 here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leaves that's n minus 1 here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of leaves that's n minus 1 here the
+number of leaves is n over G so it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of leaves is n over G so it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of leaves is n over G so it's n
+over G minus 1 that clear up something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G minus 1 that clear up something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G minus 1 that clear up something
+for some people ok good ok so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some people ok good ok so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some people ok good ok so that's
+where that and now each of those I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that and now each of those I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that and now each of those I've
+got to do those three colorful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do those three colorful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to do those three colorful
+operations which is what I'm calling s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations which is what I'm calling s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations which is what I'm calling s
+so you got the work down okay who has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got the work down okay who has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got the work down okay who has a
+question about span spans my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work is good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is good right
+work is work is more important actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is work is more important actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is work is more important actually
+in most contexts but what span is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most contexts but what span is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in most contexts but what span is so
+cool yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so what I'm saying well I think what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what I'm saying well I think what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so what I'm saying well I think what
+I was saying I think I was miss saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying I think I was miss saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was saying I think I was miss saying
+something probably there but the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something probably there but the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something probably there but the point
+is that the span is basically starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the span is basically starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the span is basically starting
+at the top here and taking any path down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top here and taking any path down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top here and taking any path down
+to a leaf and then going back up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a leaf and then going back up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a leaf and then going back up right
+and so if I look at that that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I look at that that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if I look at that that's going to
+be then log of the number of leaves well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be then log of the number of leaves well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be then log of the number of leaves well
+the number of leaves as we agreed was n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of leaves as we agreed was n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of leaves as we agreed was n
+over G okay and then each of those is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G okay and then each of those is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G okay and then each of those is at
+most s to do the the subroutine calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most s to do the the subroutine calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most s to do the the subroutine calling
+and so forth that's bookkeeping that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth that's bookkeeping that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth that's bookkeeping that's
+in that note does that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that note does that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that note does that makes sense
+still still I didn't answer the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still still I didn't answer the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still still I didn't answer the question
+or it could be any of the paths but take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be any of the paths but take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or it could be any of the paths but take
+a look at all the paths go down and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at all the paths go down and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at all the paths go down and back
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+there's no path that's like going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no path that's like going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no path that's like going down
+and around and up and so forth this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around and up and so forth this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and around and up and so forth this is a
+dag so if you just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag so if you just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag so if you just look at the
+directions of the arrows you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of the arrows you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions of the arrows you've got to
+follow the directions of the arrows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the directions of the arrows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the directions of the arrows you
+can't go down and up you're either going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go down and up you're either going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go down and up you're either going
+down or you've started back up okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or you've started back up okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or you've started back up okay so
+it's always going to be essentially down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to be essentially down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always going to be essentially down
+through a set of subroutines and back up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a set of subroutines and back up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a set of subroutines and back up
+through a set of subroutines that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a set of subroutines that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a set of subroutines that makes
+sense if you think about the code the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you think about the code the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense if you think about the code the
+the recursive code like what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive code like what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the recursive code like what's happening
+when you do divide and conquer if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do divide and conquer if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you do divide and conquer if you
+were operating with a stack how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were operating with a stack how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were operating with a stack how many
+things would get stacked up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would get stacked up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things would get stacked up and then
+unstacked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstacked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstacked
+right so the the the path down and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the the path down and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so the the the path down and back
+up which would also be logarithmic at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which would also be logarithmic at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up which would also be logarithmic at
+most okay does that make sense so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most okay does that make sense so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most okay does that make sense so I
+don't have a situation if I had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a situation if I had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a situation if I had one
+subtree here for example dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree here for example dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtree here for example dependent on
+whoops that's that's not the mode I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops that's that's not the mode I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops that's that's not the mode I want
+to be in so one subtree here dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in so one subtree here dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in so one subtree here dependent
+on another subtree then indeed the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another subtree then indeed the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another subtree then indeed the span
+would grow okay but the whole point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would grow okay but the whole point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would grow okay but the whole point is
+not to have these two things to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to have these two things to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to have these two things to make
+these two things independent so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things independent so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two things independent so I can
+run them at the same time okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them at the same time okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run them at the same time okay so
+there's no dependency there okay what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no dependency there okay what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no dependency there okay what we
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay so so here I have the work and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here I have the work and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so here I have the work and the
+span I had the I have two things I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span I had the I have two things I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span I had the I have two things I want
+out of this number one I want the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this number one I want the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this number one I want the work
+to be small I want to be work to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small I want to be work to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small I want to be work to be
+close to the work of the the end times I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the work of the the end times I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the work of the the end times I
+the work of the ordinary serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of the ordinary serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work of the ordinary serial
+algorithm okay and I want the span to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay and I want the span to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm okay and I want the span to be
+small so it's as parallel as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so it's as parallel as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small so it's as parallel as possible
+those things are working in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are working in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things are working in opposite
+directions okay because if you look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay because if you look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions okay because if you look the
+dominant term for G in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant term for G in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant term for G in the first
+equation okay is as dividing in so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay is as dividing in so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay is as dividing in so if I
+want that to be the work to be small I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to be the work to be small I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want that to be the work to be small I
+want G to be what big okay the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want G to be what big okay the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want G to be what big okay the dominant
+term for G in the span is the G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for G in the span is the G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term for G in the span is the G
+multiplied by the I there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the I there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the I there is another
+term there but that's a lower order term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term there but that's a lower order term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term there but that's a lower order term
+so if I want the span to be small I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want the span to be small I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I want the span to be small I want
+G to be small if they're going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G to be small if they're going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G to be small if they're going in
+opposite directions okay so what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite directions okay so what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite directions okay so what we're
+interested in is picking a finding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is picking a finding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in is picking a finding a
+medium place okay so you want G to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium place okay so you want G to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium place okay so you want G to be
+and in particular if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular if you look at this
+what I want is G to be at least s over I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want is G to be at least s over I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I want is G to be at least s over I
+Y if I if I make G be it will be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y if I if I make G be it will be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y if I if I make G be it will be much
+bigger than s over I okay so if G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than s over I okay so if G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than s over I okay so if G is
+bigger than s over I then this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than s over I then this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than s over I then this term
+multiplied by s ends up being much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by s ends up being much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by s ends up being much less
+than this term you see that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this term you see that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this term you see that that's
+algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra
+okay so do you see that if I make G be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so do you see that if I make G be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so do you see that if I make G be
+if if G is much less than s over I okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if G is much less than s over I okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if G is much less than s over I okay
+so get rid of the minus one that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so get rid of the minus one that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so get rid of the minus one that doesn't
+matter okay so that's really n times s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay so that's really n times s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter okay so that's really n times s
+over G so therefore s over G that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G so therefore s over G that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G so therefore s over G that's
+basically much smaller than I so I end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically much smaller than I so I end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically much smaller than I so I end
+up with something where the result is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with something where the result is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with something where the result is
+much smaller than ni
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than ni
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller than ni
+does that make sense okay how we doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay how we doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense okay how we doing
+on time okay I'm gonna get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time okay I'm gonna get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time okay I'm gonna get through
+everything that I expect to get through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I expect to get through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that I expect to get through
+despite my rant okay okay so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite my rant okay okay so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite my rant okay okay so does that
+make sense we want G to be much greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense we want G to be much greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense we want G to be much greater
+than s over I then the overhead is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than s over I then the overhead is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than s over I then the overhead is going
+to be small because I'm going to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small because I'm going to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be small because I'm going to do a
+whole bunch of iterations that are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of iterations that are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of iterations that are going
+to make it so that that function call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it so that that function call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it so that that function call
+was just like and who cares okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like and who cares okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just like and who cares okay that's
+the idea okay so so that's the goal so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea okay so so that's the goal so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea okay so so that's the goal so
+let's take a look at let's see what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at let's see what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at let's see what was
+the so uh so let me just see here did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so uh so let me just see here did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so uh so let me just see here did I
+somehow I feel like I have something out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I feel like I have something out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I feel like I have something out
+of order here okay because because now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order here okay because because now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of order here okay because because now I
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I think maybe that is where I left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think maybe that is where I left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I think maybe that is where I left
+it okay I think we come back to this let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I think we come back to this let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay I think we come back to this let
+me just let me see I'm gonna lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just let me see I'm gonna lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just let me see I'm gonna lecture on
+okay okay so here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so here's another
+implementation of a of a of the for loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a of a of the for loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of a of a of the for loop
+to add two vectors okay and what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add two vectors okay and what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add two vectors okay and what this is
+going to use as a subroutine I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use as a subroutine I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use as a subroutine I have this
+this operator called V add which itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator called V add which itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator called V add which itself
+does just a serial vector add and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does just a serial vector add and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does just a serial vector add and now
+what I'm going to do is run through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is run through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is run through the
+loop here okay and spawn off additions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop here okay and spawn off additions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop here okay and spawn off additions
+okay and the min there is just for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the min there is just for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the min there is just for a
+boundary condition I'm going to spun off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition I'm going to spun off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary condition I'm going to spun off
+spin off things in groups of G okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin off things in groups of G okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin off things in groups of G okay so I
+spin off do a vector out of size G go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin off do a vector out of size G go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin off do a vector out of size G go on
+vector out of size G vector out of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector out of size G vector out of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector out of size G vector out of size
+G jumping G each time okay so let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G jumping G each time okay so let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G jumping G each time okay so let's take
+a look at the analysis of that so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the analysis of that so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look at the analysis of that so now
+what I've got is I've got G iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've got is I've got G iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I've got is I've got G iterations
+each of which costs me I and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which costs me I and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which costs me I and this is
+sort of this the the dag structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this the the dag structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this the the dag structure that
+I've got because the the for loop here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got because the the for loop here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got because the the for loop here
+that has the silk spawn in it is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the silk spawn in it is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has the silk spawn in it is going
+along and notice that the silk spawn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and notice that the silk spawn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and notice that the silk spawn is
+in a the silk spawn is in a loop and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a the silk spawn is in a loop and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a the silk spawn is in a loop and so
+it's basically going it's spawning off G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically going it's spawning off G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically going it's spawning off G
+iterations say it's spawning off the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations say it's spawning off the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations say it's spawning off the V
+vector ad which is going to do G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector ad which is going to do G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector ad which is going to do G
+iterations okay because I'm giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations okay because I'm giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations okay because I'm giving
+basically G because the boundary case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically G because the boundary case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically G because the boundary case
+let's not worry about okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry about okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's not worry about okay and then
+spawn off G spawn off G spawn off G and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn off G spawn off G spawn off G and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spawn off G spawn off G spawn off G and
+so forth so what's the work of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so what's the work of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so what's the work of this
+let's see well let's make things easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see well let's make things easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see well let's make things easy to
+begin with let's assume G is 1 okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with let's assume G is 1 okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin with let's assume G is 1 okay and
+analyze it and then and this is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it and then and this is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze it and then and this is a common
+thing by the ways you look to assume the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing by the ways you look to assume the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing by the ways you look to assume the
+grain size is 1 and analyze it and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain size is 1 and analyze it and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain size is 1 and analyze it and then
+as a practical matter coercing it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a practical matter coercing it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a practical matter coercing it to
+make it more efficient so if G is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more efficient so if G is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more efficient so if G is 1
+what's the work of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah what's order n right because those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's order n right because those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what's order n right because those
+other two things are constant so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two things are constant so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other two things are constant so yeah
+exactly right okay it's order n okay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right okay it's order n okay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right okay it's order n okay in
+fact this is what's a technique by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is what's a technique by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is what's a technique by the
+way that's called strip mining if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's called strip mining if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that's called strip mining if you
+take away the parallel thing will you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away the parallel thing will you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take away the parallel thing will you
+take a loop of length N and you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a loop of length N and you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a loop of length N and you really
+have it nested loops here one that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it nested loops here one that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it nested loops here one that is
+going has n over G iterations and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going has n over G iterations and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going has n over G iterations and one
+that has G iterations and you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has G iterations and you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has G iterations and you're going
+through exactly the same stuff okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through exactly the same stuff okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through exactly the same stuff okay and
+that's the same as going through n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as going through n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as going through n
+iterations but you're replacing a singly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations but you're replacing a singly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations but you're replacing a singly
+nested loop by a doubly nested loop and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested loop by a doubly nested loop and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nested loop by a doubly nested loop and
+the only difference here is that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference here is that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only difference here is that in the
+inner loop I'm actually spawning off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loop I'm actually spawning off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loop I'm actually spawning off
+work okay so here the work is order n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so here the work is order n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so here the work is order n
+because I basically if I'm spinning off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I basically if I'm spinning off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I basically if I'm spinning off
+just if G is one then I'm spinning off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if G is one then I'm spinning off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if G is one then I'm spinning off
+you know one piece of work and I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one piece of work and I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know one piece of work and I'm going
+to n minus 1 for spinning off one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus 1 for spinning off one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus 1 for spinning off one so
+I've got order n work up here and order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got order n work up here and order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got order n work up here and order
+and work down below okay what's the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work down below okay what's the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and work down below okay what's the span
+for this after all I got n spans there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this after all I got n spans there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this after all I got n spans there
+now sorry n spawns not in spans and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sorry n spawns not in spans and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now sorry n spawns not in spans and
+spawns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the span gonna be yeah sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the span gonna be yeah sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the span gonna be yeah sorry
+sorry I couldn't hear it enough theta s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I couldn't hear it enough theta s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I couldn't hear it enough theta s
+no it's bigger than that yeah you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's bigger than that yeah you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's bigger than that yeah you'd
+think gee I just have to do one thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think gee I just have to do one thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think gee I just have to do one thing to
+go down and up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down and up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down and up
+but the span is the longest path in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the span is the longest path in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the span is the longest path in the
+whole dag okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the longest path on the whole dag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the longest path on the whole dag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the longest path on the whole dag
+so where's the longest path in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where's the longest path in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so where's the longest path in the whole
+dag start upper left right and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag start upper left right and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dag start upper left right and where
+does it end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it end
+upper right how long is that path what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right how long is that path what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper right how long is that path what's
+the longest one it's gonna go all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest one it's gonna go all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longest one it's gonna go all the
+way down the backbone of the top there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down the backbone of the top there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way down the backbone of the top there
+and then flip down and back up so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then flip down and back up so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then flip down and back up so how
+many things are in the if G is one how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things are in the if G is one how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things are in the if G is one how
+many things am i spawning off their end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things am i spawning off their end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things am i spawning off their end
+thing so the span is order n okay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the span is order n okay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so the span is order n okay right
+let's order n its long okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's order n its long okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's order n its long okay so what's
+the parallelism here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's order one and what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's order one and what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's order one and what do we call
+that sad it right but there's a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sad it right but there's a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sad it right but there's a more
+technical name okay they call that puny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay it's like we went through all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's like we went through all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's like we went through all this
+work spawned off all that stuff added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work spawned off all that stuff added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work spawned off all that stuff added
+all this overhead and it didn't go any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this overhead and it didn't go any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this overhead and it didn't go any
+faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster
+I can't tell you how many times I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't tell you how many times I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't tell you how many times I've
+seen people do this okay when they start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen people do this okay when they start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen people do this okay when they start
+parallel programming oh but I spawned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel programming oh but I spawned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel programming oh but I spawned
+off all this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off all this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off all this stuff
+yeah but it you didn't reduce the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it you didn't reduce the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it you didn't reduce the span
+okay so let's now that was analyzed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's now that was analyzed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's now that was analyzed in
+terms of uh n sorry in terms of GE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh n sorry in terms of GE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh n sorry in terms of GE
+equals one now let's increase the grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one now let's increase the grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals one now let's increase the grain
+size okay and analyze it in terms of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size okay and analyze it in terms of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size okay and analyze it in terms of G
+so once again what's the work now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again what's the work now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once again what's the work now the
+work is always a gimme yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is always a gimme yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is always a gimme yeah
+and same as before n the work doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same as before n the work doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and same as before n the work doesn't
+change when you paralyze things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when you paralyze things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when you paralyze things
+differently and stuff like that okay I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and stuff like that okay I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently and stuff like that okay I'm
+doing I'm doing order and iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'm doing order and iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I'm doing order and iterations
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+oh but what's the span this is a tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but what's the span this is a tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh but what's the span this is a tricky
+one yeah close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah close
+that's half right that's half right good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's half right that's half right good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's half right that's half right good
+that's half right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's half right yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's half right yeah
+n over G Plus G don't forget that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over G Plus G don't forget that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n over G Plus G don't forget that other
+term so the the path that we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so the the path that we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term so the the path that we care about
+is it goes along the top here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it goes along the top here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it goes along the top here and then
+goes down there and this has span G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down there and this has span G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down there and this has span G
+right so we've got n over G here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've got n over G here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've got n over G here because
+I'm doing chunks of G Plus G so it's n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing chunks of G Plus G so it's n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing chunks of G Plus G so it's n
+over G plus n over G okay and now how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G plus n over G okay and now how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G plus n over G okay and now how
+can I choose G to minimize the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I choose G to minimize the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I choose G to minimize the span
+there's nothing to choose to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to choose to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing to choose to minimize
+the work except there's some work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work except there's some work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work except there's some work
+overhead that we're not that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead that we're not that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead that we're not that we're
+trying to do but how can I choose G to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do but how can I choose G to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do but how can I choose G to
+minimize the span what's the best value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the span what's the best value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the span what's the best value
+for G here yeah you got it square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for G here yeah you got it square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for G here yeah you got it square root
+of n okay so one of these is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n okay so one of these is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n okay so one of these is increasing
+okay if G is increasing and over G is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if G is increasing and over G is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if G is increasing and over G is
+decreasing where do they cross when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing where do they cross when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing where do they cross when
+they're equal that's when in G equals n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal that's when in G equals n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're equal that's when in G equals n
+over G or G is square root of n okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G or G is square root of n okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over G or G is square root of n okay so
+this actually has decent pit for n big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually has decent pit for n big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually has decent pit for n big
+enough square root of n that's not bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough square root of n that's not bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough square root of n that's not bad
+so it is okay to spawn things off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is okay to spawn things off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is okay to spawn things off in
+chunks just don't make the chunks real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks just don't make the chunks real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunks just don't make the chunks real
+little okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little okay
+what's the parallelism just one C n this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the parallelism just one C n this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the parallelism just one C n this
+is always a gaming it's the ratio so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a gaming it's the ratio so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always a gaming it's the ratio so
+square root of n okay quiz on parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n okay quiz on parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of n okay quiz on parallel
+loops okay I'm gonna let you folks do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops okay I'm gonna let you folks do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops okay I'm gonna let you folks do
+this offline okay here's the answers if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this offline okay here's the answers if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this offline okay here's the answers if
+you if you quickly write it down you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you quickly write it down you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you quickly write it down you
+don't have to think about it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so take a look at the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so take a look at the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so take a look at the notes
+afterwards and you can try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and you can try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards and you can try to figure out
+why those things are so okay so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why those things are so okay so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why those things are so okay so there's
+some performance tips that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some performance tips that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some performance tips that make sense
+when you're programming with loops one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're programming with loops one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're programming with loops one
+is minimize the span to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimize the span to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minimize the span to maximize the
+parallelism because the spans in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism because the spans in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism because the spans in the
+denominator and generally you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and generally you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and generally you want to
+generate ten times more parallelism than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate ten times more parallelism than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate ten times more parallelism than
+processors if you want near perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors if you want near perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processors if you want near perfect
+linear speed-up okay so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up okay so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear speed-up okay so if you have a
+lot more parallelism than the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more parallelism than the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more parallelism than the number of
+process we talked about that last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we talked about that last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we talked about that last time
+you get good speed-up if you have plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get good speed-up if you have plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get good speed-up if you have plenty
+of parallelism try to trade some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parallelism try to trade some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parallelism try to trade some of it
+off to reduce the work overhead okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to reduce the work overhead okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off to reduce the work overhead okay so
+the idea was for any of these things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was for any of these things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea was for any of these things you
+can fill with the fiddle with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fill with the fiddle with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fill with the fiddle with the
+numbers okay to the grain size in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay to the grain size in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay to the grain size in
+particular to reduce it reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular to reduce it reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular to reduce it reduces the
+parallelism but it also reduces the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism but it also reduces the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism but it also reduces the
+overhead and as long as you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead and as long as you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead and as long as you've got
+sufficient parallelism your code run is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient parallelism your code run is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient parallelism your code run is
+going to run just fine parallel okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run just fine parallel okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run just fine parallel okay
+it's only when you're sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only when you're sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only when you're sort of in the
+place where you I don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you I don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where you I don't have enough
+parallelism and I don't want to pay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism and I don't want to pay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism and I don't want to pay the
+overhead those are the sticky ones okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead those are the sticky ones okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead those are the sticky ones okay
+but most of the time you're you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the time you're you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but most of the time you're you're gonna
+be in the case where you've got way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the case where you've got way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be in the case where you've got way more
+parallelism than you need and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism than you need and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism than you need and the
+question is how can you reduce some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how can you reduce some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how can you reduce some of
+it in order to get reduced the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in order to get reduced the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in order to get reduced the work
+overhead generally you should use divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead generally you should use divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead generally you should use divide
+and conquer is your recursion or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer is your recursion or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and conquer is your recursion or
+parallel loops rather than spawning one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel loops rather than spawning one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel loops rather than spawning one
+small thing after another so it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thing after another so it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small thing after another so it's better
+to do the Silk 4 which already is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the Silk 4 which already is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the Silk 4 which already is doing
+divide and conquer parallelism than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer parallelism than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide and conquer parallelism than
+doing the spawn off one thing at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the spawn off one thing at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the spawn off one thing at a time
+type of strategy unless you can chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of strategy unless you can chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of strategy unless you can chunk
+them so that you have relatively few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that you have relatively few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so that you have relatively few
+things that you're spawning off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're spawning off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you're spawning off this
+would be fine the thing I say not this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fine the thing I say not this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fine the thing I say not this
+would be fine if foo of I was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fine if foo of I was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be fine if foo of I was really
+expensive fine then we'll have lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive fine then we'll have lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive fine then we'll have lots of
+perrilyn because there's a lot of work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perrilyn because there's a lot of work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perrilyn because there's a lot of work
+there okay but generally it's better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay but generally it's better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay but generally it's better to
+do the divide and conquer generally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the divide and conquer generally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the divide and conquer generally you
+should make sure that the number work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make sure that the number work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should make sure that the number work
+that you're doing per number of spawns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing per number of spawns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're doing per number of spawns
+is sufficiently large so this bonds say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently large so this bonds say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently large so this bonds say
+it well how much are you busting your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well how much are you busting your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well how much are you busting your
+your your work into in terms of chunks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your work into in terms of chunks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your work into in terms of chunks
+because the spawn has an overhead and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the spawn has an overhead and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the spawn has an overhead and so
+the question is well how big is that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is well how big is that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is well how big is that and
+so you can do course and by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do course and by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can do course and by using
+function calls and inlining near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls and inlining near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function calls and inlining near the
+leaves generally better to paralyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves generally better to paralyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves generally better to paralyze
+outer loop as opposed to inner loops if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loop as opposed to inner loops if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loop as opposed to inner loops if
+you're forced to make a choice because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to make a choice because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're forced to make a choice because
+the inner loops there the overhead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner loops there the overhead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner loops there the overhead
+you're incurring every single time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're incurring every single time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're incurring every single time the
+outer loops you can amortize it against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loops you can amortize it against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer loops you can amortize it against
+the work that's going on inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that's going on inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that's going on inside that
+doesn't have the overhead and watch out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the overhead and watch out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the overhead and watch out
+for scheduling overheads so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scheduling overheads so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for scheduling overheads so here's an
+example of two codes that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of two codes that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of two codes that have
+parallelism to and one of them is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism to and one of them is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism to and one of them is an
+efficient code and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient code and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient code and the other one is
+lousy code okay the the top one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy code okay the the top one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy code okay the the top one is
+efficient because I have two iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient because I have two iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient because I have two iterations
+and each of them that I run in parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them that I run in parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them that I run in parallel
+and each of them does a lot of work okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them does a lot of work okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each of them does a lot of work okay
+so that there's only one scheduling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there's only one scheduling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that there's only one scheduling
+operation that happens the bottom one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that happens the bottom one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation that happens the bottom one I
+have I have n iterations and each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have n iterations and each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I have n iterations and each
+iteration does work to soive n over so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration does work to soive n over so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration does work to soive n over so I
+basically have n iterations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have n iterations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically have n iterations with
+overhead and so if you just look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead and so if you just look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead and so if you just look at
+these look at the overhead you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look at the overhead you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these look at the overhead you can see
+what the difference is okay I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the difference is okay I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the difference is okay I want to
+talk a little bit about Mason I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about Mason I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about Mason I actually
+have a whole bunch of things here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of things here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a whole bunch of things here that
+I'm not going to get to but I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to get to but I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to get to but I didn't
+expect to get to them but I do want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get to them but I do want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect to get to them but I do want to
+get to some of matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to some of matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to some of matrix multiplication
+people familiar with this problem okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people familiar with this problem okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people familiar with this problem okay
+we're gonna assume for simplicity that N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna assume for simplicity that N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna assume for simplicity that N
+is a power of two so here's a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a power of two so here's a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a power of two so here's a typical
+way of paralyzing matrix multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of paralyzing matrix multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of paralyzing matrix multiplication
+I take the the two outer loops and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the the two outer loops and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I take the the two outer loops and I
+paralyze them I can't easily paralyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze them I can't easily paralyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze them I can't easily paralyze
+the inner loop because if I do I get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner loop because if I do I get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inner loop because if I do I get a
+race condition because I'll have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race condition because I'll have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+race condition because I'll have two
+iterations that are both trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations that are both trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterations that are both trying to
+update C of IJ okay so I can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update C of IJ okay so I can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update C of IJ okay so I can't just
+paralyze K so I'm just gonna paralyze I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze K so I'm just gonna paralyze I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze K so I'm just gonna paralyze I
+and J okay the work for this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+triply nested loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n cubed everybody knows make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed everybody knows make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n cubed everybody knows make some
+multiplication unless you do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication unless you do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication unless you do something
+clever like Strassen or one of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever like Strassen or one of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clever like Strassen or one of the more
+recent Virgie williams algorithm there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent Virgie williams algorithm there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent Virgie williams algorithm there's
+you know that the running time is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the running time is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that the running time is for
+the standard algorithm is n cubed okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard algorithm is n cubed okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard algorithm is n cubed okay
+the span for this is what yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span for this is what yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span for this is what yeah that
+inner loop is linear size and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loop is linear size and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner loop is linear size and then
+you've got two logins log n plus log n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two logins log n plus log n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two logins log n plus log n
+plus n ok so it's order n ok so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n ok so it's order n ok so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus n ok so it's order n ok so the
+parallelism is around N squared ok if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism is around N squared ok if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism is around N squared ok if I
+ignore a constants and I said I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore a constants and I said I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore a constants and I said I was
+working on matrices of say a thousand by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on matrices of say a thousand by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on matrices of say a thousand by
+a thousand or so the parallelism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand or so the parallelism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a thousand or so the parallelism is
+something like n square roots about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like n square roots about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like n square roots about a
+thousand squared is a million Wow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand squared is a million Wow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand squared is a million Wow that's
+a lot of parallelism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of parallelism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of parallelism
+how many processor you're running on ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many processor you're running on ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many processor you're running on ok
+is it bigger than ten times the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it bigger than ten times the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it bigger than ten times the number
+of processors by a little bit ok now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processors by a little bit ok now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of processors by a little bit ok now
+there's another strategy that one can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another strategy that one can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another strategy that one can
+use which is called divide and conquer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which is called divide and conquer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use which is called divide and conquer
+and this is the strategy that's used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the strategy that's used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the strategy that's used in
+stress and we're not going to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and we're not going to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress and we're not going to do the
+Strassen salad we're just going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strassen salad we're just going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Strassen salad we're just going to use
+the eight multiply version of this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight multiply version of this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eight multiply version of this for
+people who know stress and more power to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who know stress and more power to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who know stress and more power to
+you it's great algorithm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's great algorithm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's great algorithm really
+surprising really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising really
+really amazing and it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing and it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing and it's actually
+worthwhile doing in practice by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile doing in practice by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worthwhile doing in practice by the way
+for sufficiently large matrices see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sufficiently large matrices see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sufficiently large matrices see the
+idea here is I can multiply two n by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is I can multiply two n by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is I can multiply two n by n
+matrices by doing eight multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices by doing eight multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices by doing eight multiplications
+of n over two by n over two matrices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over two by n over two matrices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n over two by n over two matrices and
+then add two n by n matrices ok so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add two n by n matrices ok so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then add two n by n matrices ok so when
+we start talking matrices this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking matrices this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start talking matrices this is a
+little bit of a diversion from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a diversion from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a diversion from the
+algorithms but so important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but so important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms but so important because
+representation of matrices is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of matrices is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of matrices is one of the
+things that gets people into trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that gets people into trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that gets people into trouble
+when they're doing any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're doing any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're doing any kind of
+two-dimensional coding and stuff okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional coding and stuff okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional coding and stuff okay
+and so I want to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to talk a little bit about
+indexing we're going to talk about more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing we're going to talk about more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indexing we're going to talk about more
+this more later when we do cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more later when we do cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more later when we do cache
+behavior and such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and such
+how do you represent sub-matrices the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you represent sub-matrices the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you represent sub-matrices the
+standard way of representing is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way of representing is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard way of representing is either
+in row major or column major order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in row major or column major order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in row major or column major order
+depending upon the language you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the language you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the language you use
+Fortran uses column major ordering so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran uses column major ordering so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fortran uses column major ordering so
+there are a lot of subroutines that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of subroutines that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of subroutines that are
+column major but for the most part C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column major but for the most part C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column major but for the most part C
+which we're using is is row major and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're using is is row major and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're using is is row major and so
+the question is if I take a sub matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is if I take a sub matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is if I take a sub matrix
+of a large matrix how do I calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a large matrix how do I calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a large matrix how do I calculate
+where the IJ element of the of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the IJ element of the of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the IJ element of the of that
+matrix is here I have the IJ element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is here I have the IJ element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is here I have the IJ element
+here I've got a matrix M which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got a matrix M which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I've got a matrix M which is
+embedded and by row major remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded and by row major remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded and by row major remember that
+means I just take row after row and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I just take row after row and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means I just take row after row and I
+just put them in linear order through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put them in linear order through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just put them in linear order through
+the memory okay so every two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory okay so every two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the memory okay so every two-dimensional
+matrix you can index as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you can index as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix you can index as a
+one-dimensional matrix because you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional matrix because you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one-dimensional matrix because you all
+you have to do is which is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is which is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do is which is exactly what
+the code is doing you need to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code is doing you need to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the code is doing you need to know the
+beginning of the matrix but if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the matrix but if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of the matrix but if you have
+a sub matrix it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub matrix it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub matrix it's a little more
+complicated okay so here's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay so here's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated okay so here's the idea
+suppose that you have a sub matrix M so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you have a sub matrix M so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that you have a sub matrix M so
+starting in location M of this outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in location M of this outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting in location M of this outer
+matrix so here we okay here we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so here we okay here we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so here we okay here we have the
+outer matrix which has length n sub M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer matrix which has length n sub M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer matrix which has length n sub M
+this is the outer the big matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the outer the big matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the outer the big matrix
+actually I should have called that M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should have called that M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should have called that M
+okay I should not have called this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should not have called this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I should not have called this in
+and so M should have called it in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so M should have called it in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so M should have called it in some
+something else because this is my M that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else because this is my M that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else because this is my M that
+I'm interested in which is this location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in which is this location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in which is this location
+here okay and what I'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and what I'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and what I'm interested in
+doing is finding out yeah I named these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is finding out yeah I named these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is finding out yeah I named these
+variables stupidly okay it's finding out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables stupidly okay it's finding out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables stupidly okay it's finding out
+where is the IJ element of this sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the IJ element of this sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the IJ element of this sub
+matrix M if I tell you the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix M if I tell you the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix M if I tell you the beginning
+what do I add to get to IJ and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I add to get to IJ and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I add to get to IJ and the
+answer is that I've got to add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that I've got to add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is that I've got to add the
+number of rows that comes down here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rows that comes down here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of rows that comes down here well
+that's I times the width of the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I times the width of the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's I times the width of the full
+matrix that you're taking it out of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that you're taking it out of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that you're taking it out of not
+the width of your local sub matrix okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of your local sub matrix okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width of your local sub matrix okay
+and then you have to add in the the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to add in the the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have to add in the the and
+then you add in our n J from that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you add in our n J from that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you add in our n J from that point
+okay there we go okay so I have to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there we go okay so I have to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there we go okay so I have to add
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the length of the long matrix plus J for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the long matrix plus J for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the long matrix plus J for
+each each row I does that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each row I does that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each each row I does that make sense
+okay because it's embedded in there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it's embedded in there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because it's embedded in there you
+have to skip over full rows of the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to skip over full rows of the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to skip over full rows of the outer
+matrix so you can't generally just pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so you can't generally just pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix so you can't generally just pass
+a sub matrix and expect to do indexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub matrix and expect to do indexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub matrix and expect to do indexing
+on that when it's embedded in a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that when it's embedded in a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that when it's embedded in a large
+matrix if you make a copy sure then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix if you make a copy sure then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix if you make a copy sure then you
+can index it according to whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can index it according to whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can index it according to whatever the
+new copy is but if you want to operate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new copy is but if you want to operate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new copy is but if you want to operate
+in place on matrices which is often the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place on matrices which is often the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in place on matrices which is often the
+case then you have to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then you have to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case then you have to understand that
+every row you have to jump a row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row you have to jump a row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every row you have to jump a row of the
+outer matrix not a row of whatever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer matrix not a row of whatever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer matrix not a row of whatever your
+sub matrix is when you're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub matrix is when you're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub matrix is when you're doing the
+divide-and-conquer okay so when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide-and-conquer okay so when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide-and-conquer okay so when we look
+at doing divide and conquer I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at doing divide and conquer I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at doing divide and conquer I have a
+matrix here which is which I want to now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here which is which I want to now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix here which is which I want to now
+divide into four sub matrices of size M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide into four sub matrices of size M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide into four sub matrices of size M
+over two and the question is where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two and the question is where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over two and the question is where is
+the starting corners of each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting corners of each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the starting corners of each of those
+matrices so M 0 0 that starts at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so M 0 0 that starts at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices so M 0 0 that starts at the
+same places in okay that upper left one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same places in okay that upper left one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same places in okay that upper left one
+where does m 0 1 start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whereas MZ ro1 start yeah m plus n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas MZ ro1 start yeah m plus n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas MZ ro1 start yeah m plus n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does m10 start this is the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does m10 start this is the tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does m10 start this is the tricky
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay here's the answer okay am+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the answer okay am+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the answer okay am+
+the long matrix times n over two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long matrix times n over two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the long matrix times n over two because
+I'm going down M over two rows and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going down M over two rows and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going down M over two rows and I've
+got to go down the number of rows of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go down the number of rows of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to go down the number of rows of the
+outer matrix and then M 1 1 is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer matrix and then M 1 1 is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer matrix and then M 1 1 is the same
+as as the two there so here's the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as the two there so here's the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as the two there so here's the in
+general for for row and column being 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for for row and column being 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for for row and column being 0
+and 1 in some sense okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 in some sense okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 in some sense okay this is a
+general formula it matches up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula it matches up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general formula it matches up with that
+ok where where I plug in 0 1 for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok where where I plug in 0 1 for each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok where where I plug in 0 1 for each
+one and now here's my code and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now here's my code and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and now here's my code and I just
+want to point out a couple things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out a couple things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out a couple things and
+then we'll we'll quit and I'll let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll quit and I'll let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll quit and I'll let you
+take a look at the the rest of this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the the rest of this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the the rest of this on
+your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's my divide and conquer matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my divide and conquer matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my divide and conquer matrix
+multiply okay I use restrict so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply okay I use restrict so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply okay I use restrict so
+everybody familiar with restrict says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody familiar with restrict says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody familiar with restrict says
+don't tells the compiler these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tells the compiler these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tells the compiler these things
+you can assume are not aliased okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume are not aliased okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can assume are not aliased okay so
+that when you change one you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you change one you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you change one you're not
+changing other that lights the compiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing other that lights the compiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing other that lights the compiler
+produce better code and then the row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce better code and then the row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce better code and then the row
+sizes are gonna be n sub c and sub a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes are gonna be n sub c and sub a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes are gonna be n sub c and sub a and
+n sub B and then the matrices that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub B and then the matrices that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sub B and then the matrices that we're
+taking them out of those are the sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking them out of those are the sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking them out of those are the sizes
+of the sub matrix the outer matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sub matrix the outer matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sub matrix the outer matrix is
+going to have size n by n okay for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have size n by n okay for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have size n by n okay for which
+when I have my recursion I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have my recursion I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have my recursion I want to talk
+about sub matrices they're embedded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sub matrices they're embedded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sub matrices they're embedded in
+this larger out side matrix here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this larger out side matrix here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this larger out side matrix here is a
+great piece of bit tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great piece of bit tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great piece of bit tricks
+this says N is a power of two okay so go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says N is a power of two okay so go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this says N is a power of two okay so go
+back and remind yourself of what the bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and remind yourself of what the bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and remind yourself of what the bit
+tricks are but that's a clever bit trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks are but that's a clever bit trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks are but that's a clever bit trick
+to say that N is a power of two very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that N is a power of two very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that N is a power of two very
+quick and and so take a look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and and so take a look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick and and so take a look at that
+okay and then we're going to course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we're going to course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we're going to course in
+the leaves with a base case the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves with a base case the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaves with a base case the base
+case just goes through and solves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case just goes through and solves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case just goes through and solves the
+problem for small ant just with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for small ant just with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for small ant just with a
+typical triply nested loop okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical triply nested loop okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical triply nested loop okay and what
+we're gonna do is allocate a temporary n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is allocate a temporary n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna do is allocate a temporary n
+by n array and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n array and then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by n array and then we're going to
+define the temporary array to having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the temporary array to having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define the temporary array to having to
+having underlying row size n and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having underlying row size n and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having underlying row size n and then
+here is this fabulous macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this fabulous macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this fabulous macro
+that makes all the index calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes all the index calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes all the index calculations
+easy it uses the sharp sharp operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it uses the sharp sharp operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy it uses the sharp sharp operator
+which pastes together tokens so that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pastes together tokens so that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which pastes together tokens so that I
+can paste in sub C when I pass or and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can paste in sub C when I pass or and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can paste in sub C when I pass or and C
+it passes whatever value I pass for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it passes whatever value I pass for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it passes whatever value I pass for that
+it pastes it together so it allows me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pastes it together so it allows me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pastes it together so it allows me to
+do the indexing of the and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the indexing of the and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the indexing of the and have the
+right thing so that for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing so that for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thing so that for each of these
+address calculations I'm able to to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address calculations I'm able to to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address calculations I'm able to to do
+them by just saying X of and just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by just saying X of and just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them by just saying X of and just give
+the formulas there otherwise you'd get V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas there otherwise you'd get V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formulas there otherwise you'd get V
+driven nuts by the formula so take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven nuts by the formula so take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven nuts by the formula so take a
+look at that macro because that may help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that macro because that may help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that macro because that may help
+you in some of your other things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in some of your other things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in some of your other things and
+then I sync and then add it up okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I sync and then add it up okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I sync and then add it up okay and
+the addition is just going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addition is just going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the addition is just going to be a
+doubly nested parallel addition and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly nested parallel addition and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubly nested parallel addition and then
+I free it so what I would like you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I free it so what I would like you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I free it so what I would like you to do
+is go home and take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go home and take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is go home and take a look at the
+analysis of this and it turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of this and it turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis of this and it turns out this
+has way more parallelism than you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has way more parallelism than you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has way more parallelism than you need
+and if you reduce the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you reduce the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you reduce the amount of
+parallelism you get much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism you get much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallelism you get much better
+performance and there's several other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and there's several other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and there's several other
+algorithms like put in there as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms like put in there as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms like put in there as well
+okay so I'll try to get this posted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll try to get this posted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'll try to get this posted
+tonight thanks very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7b3FKRPVg9o.txt b/7b3FKRPVg9o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aac376284f23d73e4e0d8d3adcdb5c5867b95c39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7b3FKRPVg9o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+people being put out of work um with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people being put out of work um with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people being put out of work um with the
+advancement of these technologies is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancement of these technologies is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advancement of these technologies is
+hugely concerning and I know one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely concerning and I know one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hugely concerning and I know one that
+you're concerned about because it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're concerned about because it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're concerned about because it seems
+like in everything you do it all comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in everything you do it all comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in everything you do it all comes
+back to people and the impact on people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to people and the impact on people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to people and the impact on people.
+Um I'm wondering where that drive comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm wondering where that drive comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I'm wondering where that drive comes
+from. Where did your interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Where did your interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from. Where did your interest in
+leveraging finance to positively impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging finance to positively impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leveraging finance to positively impact
+people's lives come from? Because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives come from? Because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's lives come from? Because it
+didn't have to. there's a lot you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to. there's a lot you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to. there's a lot you can do
+with with money and not worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with money and not worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with money and not worry about
+positively impacting people. So tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively impacting people. So tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively impacting people. So tell us
+a little bit about that. Well, yeah, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about that. Well, yeah, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about that. Well, yeah, I
+have to say that um that was really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say that um that was really not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to say that um that was really not
+something that I had planned. Much of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I had planned. Much of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I had planned. Much of my
+early career was focused on applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early career was focused on applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early career was focused on applying
+mathematical and statistical models to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and statistical models to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical and statistical models to
+investment problems, developing trading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment problems, developing trading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment problems, developing trading
+strategies, risk management policies,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies, risk management policies,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies, risk management policies,
+various kinds of systemic risk measures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of systemic risk measures.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various kinds of systemic risk measures.
+It was really all geared around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was really all geared around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was really all geared around the
+amazing impact that this technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing impact that this technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing impact that this technology
+could have on the field itself on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have on the field itself on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have on the field itself on
+finance making finance better and uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance making finance better and uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance making finance better and uh in
+some of the things that I did in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that I did in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the things that I did in
+practice on the commercial side um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice on the commercial side um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice on the commercial side um
+started up my own asset management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started up my own asset management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started up my own asset management
+company and ultimately implemented some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and ultimately implemented some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company and ultimately implemented some
+of these strategies for various kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these strategies for various kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these strategies for various kinds of
+hedge funds and uh investors and um at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge funds and uh investors and um at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hedge funds and uh investors and um at
+some point I mean it was very satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point I mean it was very satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point I mean it was very satisfying
+but at some point I started to wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point I started to wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point I started to wonder
+whether or not um you know this was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not um you know this was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not um you know this was uh
+this was it. this is, you know, what um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was it. this is, you know, what um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was it. this is, you know, what um
+I was meant to do. And around that time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was meant to do. And around that time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was meant to do. And around that time,
+it was about 20 years ago, a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about 20 years ago, a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was about 20 years ago, a number of
+friends and family uh all developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and family uh all developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and family uh all developed
+cancer at the same time. Within seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer at the same time. Within seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer at the same time. Within seven
+years, six people close to me all died,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, six people close to me all died,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years, six people close to me all died,
+including my mother. You know, I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including my mother. You know, I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including my mother. You know, I I
+really never dealt with death up close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really never dealt with death up close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really never dealt with death up close
+and personal before that. And so, it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and personal before that. And so, it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and personal before that. And so, it was
+a big wakeup call. And through that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big wakeup call. And through that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a big wakeup call. And through that
+process realized that uh finance plays a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process realized that uh finance plays a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process realized that uh finance plays a
+pretty big role in cancer drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big role in cancer drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty big role in cancer drug
+development. You know, I was pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. You know, I was pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development. You know, I was pretty
+naive at the time. I just thought that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive at the time. I just thought that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naive at the time. I just thought that
+if there was a patient in need and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was a patient in need and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there was a patient in need and there
+was some great technology that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some great technology that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some great technology that could
+help that patient, that somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help that patient, that somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help that patient, that somehow
+magically money would just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically money would just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically money would just come
+sprinkling down and develop the drug.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkling down and develop the drug.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprinkling down and develop the drug.
+Um, but when I looked into it and talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but when I looked into it and talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but when I looked into it and talked
+to my colleagues uh here in Cambridge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my colleagues uh here in Cambridge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my colleagues uh here in Cambridge,
+uh, it became very obvious to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, it became very obvious to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, it became very obvious to me that
+that was not the case. That that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not the case. That that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was not the case. That that there
+were many examples of good drugs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many examples of good drugs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were many examples of good drugs that
+could help lots of patients that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help lots of patients that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help lots of patients that will
+never ever see it to market because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever see it to market because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never ever see it to market because
+there was not enough financing to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was not enough financing to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was not enough financing to bring
+that to the patients. So that's when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the patients. So that's when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to the patients. So that's when I
+started uh thinking about how finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh thinking about how finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started uh thinking about how finance
+could play a role in that and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play a role in that and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could play a role in that and it was
+actually totally selfish. I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually totally selfish. I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually totally selfish. I wanted to
+figure out how to help my friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to help my friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how to help my friends and
+family uh and how to get better drugs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh and how to get better drugs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family uh and how to get better drugs to
+them. uh but in doing so it just made me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. uh but in doing so it just made me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. uh but in doing so it just made me
+realize the power of finance and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the power of finance and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize the power of finance and and the
+responsibility that we have uh given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility that we have uh given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility that we have uh given
+that we understand the kind of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand the kind of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand the kind of things
+that other people don't about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people don't about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that other people don't about how to
+finance certain kinds of projects about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance certain kinds of projects about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance certain kinds of projects about
+how to bring money to a particular area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to bring money to a particular area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to bring money to a particular area
+and really make it go faster. Um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really make it go faster. Um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really make it go faster. Um that
+that we also have a responsibility to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we also have a responsibility to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we also have a responsibility to
+take some of these ideas and implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of these ideas and implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some of these ideas and implement
+them for those really high impact high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for those really high impact high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for those really high impact high
+societal impact kinds of uh uh pursuits.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal impact kinds of uh uh pursuits.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+societal impact kinds of uh uh pursuits.
+Um so I started with that and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I started with that and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so I started with that and then one
+thing led to another and I began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing led to another and I began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing led to another and I began
+thinking more broadly about how finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more broadly about how finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking more broadly about how finance
+uh impacts society in general and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impacts society in general and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh impacts society in general and
+realizing that there are many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that there are many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizing that there are many things
+that we can do to further all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do to further all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can do to further all sorts of
+different goals climate change uh energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goals climate change uh energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different goals climate change uh energy
+transition. There are so many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. There are so many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition. There are so many different
+issues that really are crying out for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that really are crying out for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues that really are crying out for
+new business models and financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new business models and financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new business models and financing
+strategies and these are you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and these are you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies and these are you know
+well-known tools that all financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known tools that all financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known tools that all financial
+economists know but we haven't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists know but we haven't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economists know but we haven't really
+spent time thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent time thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent time thinking about the
+applications. So that's been a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. So that's been a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications. So that's been a really
+rewarding aspect of my current focus.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding aspect of my current focus.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewarding aspect of my current focus.
+Yeah. Could you give an example of how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Could you give an example of how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Could you give an example of how a
+different business model might radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different business model might radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different business model might radically
+change the climate trajectory that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the climate trajectory that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the climate trajectory that we're
+on? Sure. Let's talk about energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on? Sure. Let's talk about energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on? Sure. Let's talk about energy
+transition because clearly we are not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition because clearly we are not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition because clearly we are not in
+the process of transitioning very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of transitioning very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of transitioning very
+quickly. That's right. In fact, right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. That's right. In fact, right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. That's right. In fact, right
+now about 82% of the world's energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about 82% of the world's energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about 82% of the world's energy
+usage is in the form of fossil fuels. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage is in the form of fossil fuels. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage is in the form of fossil fuels. I
+think that might be down from 83 or 84%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that might be down from 83 or 84%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that might be down from 83 or 84%
+10 years ago. It's not enough and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago. It's not enough and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago. It's not enough and we're
+not making a difference fast enough. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making a difference fast enough. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not making a difference fast enough. A
+number of people who know a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who know a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of people who know a lot more
+about the issues than I do have said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the issues than I do have said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the issues than I do have said
+that we're not really right now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not really right now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're not really right now in the
+business of transitioning because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of transitioning because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business of transitioning because it's
+not as if we're declining our usage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as if we're declining our usage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as if we're declining our usage of
+energy. If anything, it's growing. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. If anything, it's growing. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. If anything, it's growing. So,
+what we need to do is to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do is to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need to do is to come up with
+new sources of energy. Energy addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sources of energy. Energy addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sources of energy. Energy addition
+as opposed to energy transition. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to energy transition. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to energy transition. Oh,
+that's interesting. And so what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting. And so what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's interesting. And so what do you
+do with that? Where do you go? There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with that? Where do you go? There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with that? Where do you go? There are
+three totally green sources of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three totally green sources of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three totally green sources of energy
+that my colleagues tell me right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my colleagues tell me right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my colleagues tell me right now
+that that are um not in the renewable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are um not in the renewable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that are um not in the renewable
+space. Obviously solar, wind, hydro is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Obviously solar, wind, hydro is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. Obviously solar, wind, hydro is
+important, but they're not always there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important, but they're not always there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important, but they're not always there
+when we need it. We need to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we need it. We need to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we need it. We need to develop
+better battery technologies and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better battery technologies and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better battery technologies and that's
+all happening. That's good, but again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all happening. That's good, but again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all happening. That's good, but again,
+not enough. So if we want to speed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough. So if we want to speed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough. So if we want to speed up
+the process of energy addition, we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of energy addition, we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process of energy addition, we need
+new sources of green energy. And there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sources of green energy. And there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new sources of green energy. And there
+are three. There's nuclear fision.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three. There's nuclear fision.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are three. There's nuclear fision.
+nuclear fusion and geothermal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fusion and geothermal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fusion and geothermal.
+And all of these should be areas that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And all of these should be areas that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And all of these should be areas that we
+pursue. And so imagine if we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue. And so imagine if we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue. And so imagine if we could
+support all sorts of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support all sorts of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support all sorts of different
+investment projects in all three areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment projects in all three areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment projects in all three areas
+and really make a concerted effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really make a concerted effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and really make a concerted effort to
+develop these new sources of green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop these new sources of green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop these new sources of green
+energy. That's an example of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. That's an example of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy. That's an example of what
+finance can do. But we need to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance can do. But we need to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance can do. But we need to develop
+the the political will to be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the political will to be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the political will to be able to do
+that. And and even part of that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And and even part of that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And and even part of that can be
+uh hastened by finance because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hastened by finance because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hastened by finance because if you
+can show that governments can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that governments can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can show that governments can actually
+save money in the long run by investing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save money in the long run by investing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save money in the long run by investing
+in these if they can get a good rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these if they can get a good rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these if they can get a good rate of
+return on these investments, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on these investments, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return on these investments, they're
+much more likely to be able to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to be able to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more likely to be able to write the
+checks that we need now. Yeah, it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks that we need now. Yeah, it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks that we need now. Yeah, it really
+does all come down to money.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all come down to money.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does all come down to money.
+Unfortunately, um in most cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, um in most cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unfortunately, um in most cases that
+seems to be true. Uh but fortunately the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be true. Uh but fortunately the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be true. Uh but fortunately the
+world has become wealthier and largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has become wealthier and largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world has become wealthier and largely
+that's happened because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happened because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's happened because of
+industrialization and the innovations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization and the innovations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization and the innovations in
+technology that we have pioneered. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we have pioneered. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology that we have pioneered. Uh
+but the wealth is not equally spread.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the wealth is not equally spread.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the wealth is not equally spread.
+There's definitely winners and losers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's definitely winners and losers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's definitely winners and losers
+and I would argue that the wealth is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would argue that the wealth is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I would argue that the wealth is not
+necessarily being allocated in the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily being allocated in the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily being allocated in the most
+efficient way. If we were to change some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way. If we were to change some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient way. If we were to change some
+of that allocation, we could actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that allocation, we could actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that allocation, we could actually
+get better outcomes for everybody.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better outcomes for everybody.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better outcomes for everybody.
+Nobody has to lose.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/7v-YVpGxTtc.txt b/7v-YVpGxTtc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db0fc0e24e9015e09a18201b537cfcd8d2308474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/7v-YVpGxTtc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+Thank you
+
+Ich eow thankie
+
+Thank you
+
+Xie xie
+
+Thank you
+
+Merci
+
+Thank you
+
+Gracias
+
+Thank you
+
+Dhanyavad
+
+Thank you
+
+Thank you
+
+Thank you
+
+(Thank you)
+
+Thank you
+
+Thank you
+
+Mulțumesc
+
+Thank you
+
+Hi! I just want to take a minute
+
+to say thank you to the thousands of you
+
+that have contributed to OCW over the last year
+
+and in particular during this current campaign.
+
+You guys are our heroes.
+
+You give us so much energy
+
+from the support you provide.
+
+Thank you so much!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/87zifNe2tjc.txt b/87zifNe2tjc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a70fb6182a84b1b9e960698b7ca1f382226feff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/87zifNe2tjc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+OEERS. What are they? How can I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OEERS. What are they? How can I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OEERS. What are they? How can I find
+them? What do I do with them? Glad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them? What do I do with them? Glad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them? What do I do with them? Glad you
+asked. Hello, my name is Carlos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked. Hello, my name is Carlos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked. Hello, my name is Carlos
+Gutierrez and I'm an intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gutierrez and I'm an intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gutierrez and I'm an intellectual
+property coordinator for the online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property coordinator for the online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property coordinator for the online
+worldwide learning services or ALS team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide learning services or ALS team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worldwide learning services or ALS team
+at MIT Open Learning. The focus of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT Open Learning. The focus of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at MIT Open Learning. The focus of this
+video is to introduce you to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video is to introduce you to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video is to introduce you to open
+educational resources or OEERS and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources or OEERS and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational resources or OEERS and then
+engage in a practical exercise using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in a practical exercise using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engage in a practical exercise using a
+resource guide. It was developed by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource guide. It was developed by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource guide. It was developed by MIT
+libraries and anyone can use it to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and anyone can use it to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+libraries and anyone can use it to find
+and source OEARS. But first, let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and source OEARS. But first, let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and source OEARS. But first, let's go
+over a brief disclaimer. The purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a brief disclaimer. The purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a brief disclaimer. The purpose of
+this video is informative, meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is informative, meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video is informative, meaning
+nothing I say here should be construed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I say here should be construed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing I say here should be construed
+as legal advice. All right, with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as legal advice. All right, with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as legal advice. All right, with that
+out of the way, let's outline what we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the way, let's outline what we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the way, let's outline what we'll
+cover. What is an OEAR? The OEAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover. What is an OEAR? The OEAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover. What is an OEAR? The OEAR
+resource guide. What can an OEAR be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource guide. What can an OEAR be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource guide. What can an OEAR be used
+for? A walkthrough of the resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for? A walkthrough of the resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for? A walkthrough of the resource
+guide. And then finally, we'll try an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide. And then finally, we'll try an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide. And then finally, we'll try an
+activity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity.
+Let's start with some definitions. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's start with some definitions. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's start with some definitions. What
+are OEARS? OEARS are free and openly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are OEARS? OEARS are free and openly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are OEARS? OEARS are free and openly
+licensed educational materials. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensed educational materials. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensed educational materials. This
+could be books, articles, diagrams,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be books, articles, diagrams,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be books, articles, diagrams,
+presentation slides, assignments, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation slides, assignments, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation slides, assignments, and
+the like. And they can be used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like. And they can be used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the like. And they can be used for
+teaching, learning, research, and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching, learning, research, and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching, learning, research, and other
+purposes. You'll notice that free part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes. You'll notice that free part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes. You'll notice that free part
+first. The idea is that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. The idea is that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. The idea is that they're not
+offered for profit. The openly licensed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered for profit. The openly licensed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered for profit. The openly licensed
+part pertains to its copyright status,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part pertains to its copyright status,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part pertains to its copyright status,
+which we'll cover further in the video.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll cover further in the video.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we'll cover further in the video.
+Now within the category of OEARS, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now within the category of OEARS, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now within the category of OEARS, we
+have to make a distinction between open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a distinction between open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make a distinction between open
+access materials versus open license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access materials versus open license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access materials versus open license
+materials. Open access as a term relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Open access as a term relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials. Open access as a term relates
+to content that can be viewed by anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to content that can be viewed by anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to content that can be viewed by anyone
+free of charge without any other barrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free of charge without any other barrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free of charge without any other barrier
+except perhaps registering for a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except perhaps registering for a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except perhaps registering for a website
+account or logging into one. Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account or logging into one. Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account or logging into one. Open
+license relates to reuse and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license relates to reuse and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license relates to reuse and what
+obligations, if any, we need to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations, if any, we need to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligations, if any, we need to follow
+to engage in that reuse. In some cases,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage in that reuse. In some cases,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to engage in that reuse. In some cases,
+open access and open license rights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open access and open license rights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open access and open license rights
+overlap, which means you are both free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap, which means you are both free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap, which means you are both free
+to view and free to reuse. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view and free to reuse. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view and free to reuse. In other
+cases, they don't overlap and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases, they don't overlap and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases, they don't overlap and some
+restrictions do apply. The OAR resource
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions do apply. The OAR resource
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions do apply. The OAR resource
+guide is a tool for others interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide is a tool for others interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide is a tool for others interested in
+finding OAR materials. It was put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding OAR materials. It was put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding OAR materials. It was put
+together by one of MIT libraries expert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by one of MIT libraries expert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together by one of MIT libraries expert
+librarians, Nicholas Alba, who helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+librarians, Nicholas Alba, who helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+librarians, Nicholas Alba, who helps
+source many OAR repository options.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source many OAR repository options.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source many OAR repository options.
+The MIT open resource guide compiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The MIT open resource guide compiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The MIT open resource guide compiles
+OARS by category and shows you where to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OARS by category and shows you where to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OARS by category and shows you where to
+find them. It includes books, articles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them. It includes books, articles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them. It includes books, articles,
+teaching resources, and news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching resources, and news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching resources, and news
+organizations. Okay, so now that we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations. Okay, so now that we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations. Okay, so now that we know
+what an OEAR is and we have a tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an OEAR is and we have a tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an OEAR is and we have a tool to
+find it, but here's another question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it, but here's another question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it, but here's another question.
+What can OEARS be used for? They can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What can OEARS be used for? They can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What can OEARS be used for? They can be
+used to teach workshops or provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to teach workshops or provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to teach workshops or provide
+reference assistance. They can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference assistance. They can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference assistance. They can
+supplement materials for massive online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement materials for massive online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement materials for massive online
+open courses or other course types. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courses or other course types. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courses or other course types. and
+they can aid with educational content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can aid with educational content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can aid with educational content
+creation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation in
+general. Now, here's the thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. Now, here's the thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general. Now, here's the thing with
+OEARS. Remember when I said they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OEARS. Remember when I said they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OEARS. Remember when I said they could
+be either under open access or open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either under open access or open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be either under open access or open
+license or both? Well, that's the tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license or both? Well, that's the tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license or both? Well, that's the tricky
+part. It's not always clear. So, once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. It's not always clear. So, once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part. It's not always clear. So, once we
+have a resource that could potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a resource that could potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a resource that could potentially
+be an OEER, we need to determine its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an OEER, we need to determine its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an OEER, we need to determine its
+license type. To do so, we need to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license type. To do so, we need to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license type. To do so, we need to first
+identify copyright ownership and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify copyright ownership and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify copyright ownership and any
+restrictions that apply.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions that apply.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions that apply.
+Something that can help is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something that can help is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Something that can help is that the
+repositories or databases linked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repositories or databases linked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repositories or databases linked in the
+guide may have openlicicensed and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide may have openlicicensed and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide may have openlicicensed and all
+rights reserved materials categorized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights reserved materials categorized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights reserved materials categorized in
+their search results. However, open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their search results. However, open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their search results. However, open
+licenses can still carry obligations. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licenses can still carry obligations. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licenses can still carry obligations. In
+the exercise, I'll go over how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercise, I'll go over how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exercise, I'll go over how to
+determine what those obligations are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what those obligations are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine what those obligations are and
+how to parse them out. For now, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to parse them out. For now, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to parse them out. For now, let's
+focus on finding OEARS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on finding OEARS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on finding OEARS.
+The resource guide can be helpful to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The resource guide can be helpful to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The resource guide can be helpful to the
+sourcing process since it's a gateway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sourcing process since it's a gateway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sourcing process since it's a gateway
+for various OAR options all in one place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various OAR options all in one place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for various OAR options all in one place
+and therefore can prove useful for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore can prove useful for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore can prove useful for those
+who create educational content. Here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who create educational content. Here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who create educational content. Here are
+some of the main repositories it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the main repositories it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the main repositories it
+compiles. There are article options like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles. There are article options like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiles. There are article options like
+core and the digital commons network.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and the digital commons network.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and the digital commons network.
+OAR book options are also included like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OAR book options are also included like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OAR book options are also included like
+the directory of open access books as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directory of open access books as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directory of open access books as
+well as teaching resources and news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as teaching resources and news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as teaching resources and news
+organizations including one you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations including one you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations including one you may be
+familiar with called open courseware or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with called open courseware or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with called open courseware or
+OCW. So now that we know all this, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW. So now that we know all this, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCW. So now that we know all this, we
+can engage with the resource guide in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can engage with the resource guide in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can engage with the resource guide in an
+activity and put everything I've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and put everything I've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and put everything I've talked
+about into action. The first activity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about into action. The first activity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about into action. The first activity is
+a simple search for a specific OAR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple search for a specific OAR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple search for a specific OAR
+article in the core online database. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in the core online database. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article in the core online database. The
+purpose is to find the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is to find the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is to find the copyright
+information related to the article and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information related to the article and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information related to the article and
+then examine how open the article is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then examine how open the article is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then examine how open the article is.
+Here it's important to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here it's important to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here it's important to know the
+difference between open access and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between open access and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between open access and open
+license. Let's go ahead and do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license. Let's go ahead and do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license. Let's go ahead and do that.
+Navigate to core and search for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navigate to core and search for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Navigate to core and search for this
+article. Quote the role of synthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article. Quote the role of synthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article. Quote the role of synthetic
+biology in NASA's missions. End quote.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in NASA's missions. End quote.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology in NASA's missions. End quote.
+Or use the keyword synthetic plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or use the keyword synthetic plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Or use the keyword synthetic plus
+biology plus NASA. Once you find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology plus NASA. Once you find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology plus NASA. Once you find the
+article, locate any copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article, locate any copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article, locate any copyright
+information you can spot. If you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can spot. If you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you can spot. If you get
+stuck, you can find a direct link to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck, you can find a direct link to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck, you can find a direct link to the
+article by clicking download from data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article by clicking download from data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article by clicking download from data
+provider. Based on what you found,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider. Based on what you found,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider. Based on what you found,
+answer this question. How open is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question. How open is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer this question. How open is the
+resource? If you want, you can hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource? If you want, you can hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource? If you want, you can hit the
+pause button and come back to this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause button and come back to this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause button and come back to this video
+once you Finished.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Great. That article is in the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. That article is in the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great. That article is in the public
+domain, which is often the case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain, which is often the case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain, which is often the case with
+resources created by the federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources created by the federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources created by the federal
+government. Now, let's try something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government. Now, let's try something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government. Now, let's try something a
+little different. For our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different. For our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different. For our second
+exercise, we're going to go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise, we're going to go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise, we're going to go back to the
+resource guide and navigate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource guide and navigate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource guide and navigate to the
+digital commons network. Once there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital commons network. Once there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital commons network. Once there,
+search for these keywords. quote Salish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for these keywords. quote Salish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for these keywords. quote Salish
+C end quote. Click on the keyword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C end quote. Click on the keyword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C end quote. Click on the keyword
+filters on the left to sort out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters on the left to sort out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters on the left to sort out the
+results. Find quote the toxicity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. Find quote the toxicity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. Find quote the toxicity of
+dopamine on Salish C phytolanton end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine on Salish C phytolanton end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine on Salish C phytolanton end
+quote by Allison Lombardo and locate any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote by Allison Lombardo and locate any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote by Allison Lombardo and locate any
+copyright information you can find in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright information you can find in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright information you can find in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+results. Once you've done that, answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. Once you've done that, answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results. Once you've done that, answer
+this question. Is this article allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question. Is this article allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question. Is this article allowed
+to be used for commercial purposes? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used for commercial purposes? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be used for commercial purposes? You
+can pause here and come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pause here and come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pause here and come back to the
+video once you're done like before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That paper is free to use for scholarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That paper is free to use for scholarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That paper is free to use for scholarly
+purposes. So if you wanted to use it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes. So if you wanted to use it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes. So if you wanted to use it as
+part of a presentation or assigned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a presentation or assigned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a presentation or assigned
+reading, you're good. But if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, you're good. But if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading, you're good. But if you want to
+use it for a commercial purposes, say by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for a commercial purposes, say by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for a commercial purposes, say by
+selling it as part of an educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it as part of an educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selling it as part of an educational
+product, you need permission from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product, you need permission from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product, you need permission from the
+author. For our final exercise, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author. For our final exercise, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author. For our final exercise, we're
+going to try more of a free form type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try more of a free form type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try more of a free form type of
+approach. I'll help you get there, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. I'll help you get there, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. I'll help you get there, but
+what you find is completely up to you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is completely up to you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is completely up to you.
+Return to the resource guide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Return to the resource guide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Return to the resource guide and
+navigate to core. Pick a tool keyword
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate to core. Pick a tool keyword
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate to core. Pick a tool keyword
+combination to search for. It can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination to search for. It can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination to search for. It can be
+whatever you want. Then select a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want. Then select a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you want. Then select a
+resource from your search results. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource from your search results. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resource from your search results. Now,
+attempt to locate the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to locate the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to locate the copyright
+information in the result and determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the result and determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in the result and determine
+how open the resource is. You can pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how open the resource is. You can pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how open the resource is. You can pause
+here and come back for the final part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and come back for the final part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and come back for the final part of
+the video.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video.
+Hopefully in the last exercise, you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully in the last exercise, you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully in the last exercise, you got
+to put what you've learned to use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put what you've learned to use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put what you've learned to use and
+maybe even found a resource you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even found a resource you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even found a resource you can use
+in your own teaching environment. I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own teaching environment. I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own teaching environment. I hope
+this walkthrough and the resource guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this walkthrough and the resource guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this walkthrough and the resource guide
+have been useful in helping you delve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been useful in helping you delve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been useful in helping you delve
+into the world of OEARS and I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the world of OEARS and I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the world of OEARS and I want to
+thank you for your time and attention.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8CCFPgd_P1w.txt b/8CCFPgd_P1w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc4dfb2908000b67857e5bb8c9dc91cb3ed4c20c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8CCFPgd_P1w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+sh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+algebra and we go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hamiltonian b^2 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian b^2 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian b^2 over 2
+m + 12 M Omega 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x² and what we do is observe that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² and what we do is observe that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² and what we do is observe that is
+some sort of sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+p² over M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p² over M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p² over M
+um p^2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um p^2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um p^2 over
+m² Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squ yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so sum of two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sum of two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared
+now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the
+idea that we have now is to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we have now is to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that we have now is to try to
+factorize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorize the
+hamiltonian and what do we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and what do we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and what do we call
+factorizing the hamiltonian is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorizing the hamiltonian is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorizing the hamiltonian is when you
+write your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your
+hamiltonian as the product of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian as the product of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian as the product of two
+factors V * W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors V * W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors V * W
+well actually that's not quite the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually that's not quite the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well actually that's not quite the
+factorization you want kind of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+factor and not even that you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and not even that you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and not even that you sort of
+wanted this be the her Mission conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this be the her Mission conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted this be the her Mission conjugate
+of that and if there is a number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and if there is a number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that and if there is a number here
+that's okay adding numbers to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay adding numbers to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay adding numbers to a
+hamiltonian doesn't change the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian doesn't change the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian doesn't change the problem
+at all the ener IES are all shifted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the ener IES are all shifted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all the ener IES are all shifted and
+it's just how you're defining the zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just how you're defining the zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just how you're defining the zero
+of your potential it's doing nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your potential it's doing nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your potential it's doing nothing
+else but that so factorizing A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but that so factorizing A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but that so factorizing A
+hamiltonian is writing it in this way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is writing it in this way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is writing it in this way as
+v dger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v and you would say why v dager v uh why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you would say why v dager v uh why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and you would say why v dager v uh why
+not v v dagger or VV or V dagger V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not v v dagger or VV or V dagger V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not v v dagger or VV or V dagger V
+dagger well uh you want the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger well uh you want the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger well uh you want the hamiltonian
+to be her Mission and this thing is her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be her Mission and this thing is her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be her Mission and this thing is her
+Mission you may recall that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission you may recall that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission you may recall that
+AB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB
+dagger the Herm Mission conjugate of ab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger the Herm Mission conjugate of ab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger the Herm Mission conjugate of ab
+dagger is B dagger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dagger so the Herm Mission conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so the Herm Mission conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger so the Herm Mission conjugate of
+this product is V dagger times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product is V dagger times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this product is V dagger times the
+dagger of V dagger Dagger of a dagger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger of V dagger Dagger of a dagger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger of V dagger Dagger of a dagger is
+the same operator where you dagger it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same operator where you dagger it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same operator where you dagger it
+twice you get the same so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice you get the same so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice you get the same so this is
+permission V dagger * V is a permission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission V dagger * V is a permission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission V dagger * V is a permission
+operator and that's a very good thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and that's a very good thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and that's a very good thing so
+and there will be great simplifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be great simplifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be great simplifications
+if you ever succeed in writing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever succeed in writing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you ever succeed in writing a
+hamiltonian this way you've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian this way you've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian this way you've gone
+90% of the way to solving the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of the way to solving the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90% of the way to solving the whole
+problem it has become infinitely easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it has become infinitely easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it has become infinitely easy
+here as you will see in a second if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as you will see in a second if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as you will see in a second if you
+could just write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just write this
+factorization um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization um so
+uh if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you had
+X X2 minus this you would say oh clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X X2 minus this you would say oh clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X X2 minus this you would say oh clearly
+that's a 2 - b 2 is a - b * A + B but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 2 - b 2 is a - b * A + B but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a 2 - b 2 is a - b * A + B but
+there's no such thing here it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such thing here it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no such thing here it's almost
+like a 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b² and and how do you sort of factorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b² and and how do you sort of factorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b² and and how do you sort of factorize
+it well actually since we have complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well actually since we have complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it well actually since we have complex
+numbers this could be a minus I * a +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I that is correctly a s + b s and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that is correctly a s + b s and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I that is correctly a s + b s and uh
+complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex
+numbers are supposed to be friends in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are supposed to be friends in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are supposed to be friends in
+mechanics so having eyes there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so having eyes there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so having eyes there's
+probably no complication there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably no complication there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably no complication there
+so let's try that um I write it so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try that um I write it so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's try that um I write it so here
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+x² + p^ 2 over m^2 Omega 2 and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² + p^ 2 over m^2 Omega 2 and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² + p^ 2 over m^2 Omega 2 and I will
+try to write it as x - i p/ m Omega * X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to write it as x - i p/ m Omega * X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to write it as x - i p/ m Omega * X
+Plus i p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus i p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plus i p
+m Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m Omega
+let's put a question mark before we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a question mark before we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a question mark before we are
+so sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+works well uh some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well uh some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works well uh some things
+work um the only danger here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um the only danger here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work um the only danger here is that
+these are operators and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are operators and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are operators and they don't
+commute and when we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and when we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute and when we do
+this in one case in the cross terms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in one case in the cross terms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in one case in the cross terms the
+a is to the left of B but in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is to the left of B but in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is to the left of B but in the other
+product the B is to the left of a so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the B is to the left of a so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the B is to the left of a so we
+may run into some trouble this may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may run into some trouble this may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may run into some trouble this may not
+be exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be exactly
+true so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this x with X fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this x with X fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this x with X fine
+x² this term p with p is correct plus p^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² this term p with p is correct plus p^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x² this term p with p is correct plus p^
+2 over m^2 Omega 2 but then we get + I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over m^2 Omega 2 but then we get + I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over m^2 Omega 2 but then we get + I
+over M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over M
+Omega X x with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega X x with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega X x with
+P minus p with X so the X P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P minus p with X so the X P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P minus p with X so the X P
+commutator so factorization of operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator so factorization of operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator so factorization of operators
+in quantum mechanics can miss a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum mechanics can miss a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quantum mechanics can miss a few
+constants because things don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants because things don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants because things don't
+commute so the cross terms give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute so the cross terms give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute so the cross terms give you
+that and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and this
+XP is I bar so this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP is I bar so this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XP is I bar so this whole
+term will give us the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will give us the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will give us the following
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+statement what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+learned is that um what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned is that um what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned is that um what we
+wanted x² + p^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted x² + p^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted x² + p^
+2/ 2/ m 2 Omega squ is equal to um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/ 2/ m 2 Omega squ is equal to um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2/ 2/ m 2 Omega squ is equal to um so
+I'm equating this line to the Top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm equating this line to the Top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm equating this line to the Top
+Line is equal to x - i t/ m Omega * x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line is equal to x - i t/ m Omega * x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Line is equal to x - i t/ m Omega * x +
+i p/ m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega and
+then from this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then from this whole
+term I with I is minus so it's h bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I with I is minus so it's h bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term I with I is minus so it's h bar
+over m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over m
+Omega so I'll put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so I'll put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so I'll put it in
+um it's a minus H over M Omega so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a minus H over M Omega so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a minus H over M Omega so here
+is plus um H bar over M Omega that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus um H bar over M Omega that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is plus um H bar over M Omega that's the
+unit Factor if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay so
+this is very good in fact we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very good in fact we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very good in fact we can
+call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call
+this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this V
+dagger and this V better call this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and this V better call this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and this V better call this V
+first and then ask what is the dagger of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then ask what is the dagger of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then ask what is the dagger of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+operator now you may remember that how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator now you may remember that how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator now you may remember that how
+did we Define dagers if you have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we Define dagers if you have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we Define dagers if you have five
+with s and the inner product the interal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with s and the inner product the interal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with s and the inner product the interal
+five star if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five star if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five star if you have an
+A here that's equal to a d 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so an operator is acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so an operator is acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so an operator is acting on the
+second wave function moves as a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second wave function moves as a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second wave function moves as a dagger
+into the first wave function and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the first wave function and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the first wave function and you
+know that X moves without any problem X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that X moves without any problem X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that X moves without any problem X
+is her Mission we've discussed that P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is her Mission we've discussed that P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is her Mission we've discussed that P is
+her Mission as well moves to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Mission as well moves to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Mission as well moves to the other
+side so the conjugate the her Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so the conjugate the her Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side so the conjugate the her Mission
+conjugate of this operator is X the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of this operator is X the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of this operator is X the P
+remains P but the I becomes minus I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains P but the I becomes minus I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains P but the I becomes minus I so
+this is correct if this second operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct if this second operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct if this second operator
+is called V the first operator should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called V the first operator should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called V the first operator should be
+called V dagger that is a correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called V dagger that is a correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called V dagger that is a correct
+statement one is the dagger of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement one is the dagger of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement one is the dagger of the other
+one so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hamiltonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian is
+12 M Omega squar times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 M Omega squar times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 M Omega squar times
+this sum of squares which is now equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum of squares which is now equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum of squares which is now equal
+to v d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v d
+v+ h bar over M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+om so H is now 12 M om the squar v d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+om so H is now 12 M om the squar v d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+om so H is now 12 M om the squar v d
+v plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v plus a
+sum which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum which is
+plus 12 H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega so we did it we factorized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so we did it we factorized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega so we did it we factorized the
+hamiltonian v dger v and uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian v dger v and uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian v dger v and uh this is
+uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite
+useful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so
+the v's however have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v's however have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the v's however have
+units and you probably are aware that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and you probably are aware that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and you probably are aware that we
+like things without units so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things without units so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like things without units so that we can
+see the units better this term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the units better this term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the units better this term is
+perfectly nice it's a number added to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly nice it's a number added to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly nice it's a number added to
+the hamiltonian is H Omega it has units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian is H Omega it has units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian is H Omega it has units
+of energy but this is still a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy but this is still a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy but this is still a little
+messy so let's try to clean up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy so let's try to clean up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy so let's try to clean up those
+vs and the way I'll do it is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs and the way I'll do it is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vs and the way I'll do it is by
+Computing their commutator to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with so let's compute the commutator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so let's compute the commutator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so let's compute the commutator of
+V and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dagger and see how much is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+commutator it's a simple commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator it's a simple commutator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commutator it's a simple commutator
+because it involves factors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves factors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it involves factors of
+X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and
+P so is the commutator of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so is the commutator of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so is the commutator of
+x + i p/ m Omega that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + i p/ m Omega that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x + i p/ m Omega that's
+V with x - i m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega
+so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first
+X talks only to the second P so it's -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X talks only to the second P so it's -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X talks only to the second P so it's -
+i/ M Omega XP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for the second case you have plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the second case you have plus I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the second case you have plus I
+over M Omega p with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X this is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar and this is minus I bar each term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and this is minus I bar each term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar and this is minus I bar each term
+will contribute the same I * - I is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contribute the same I * - I is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contribute the same I * - I is plus
+so H bar over M Omega *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H bar over M Omega *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H bar over M Omega *
+two that is v d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that is v d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two that is v d
+v v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v 2 H bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+M so time to change names a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so time to change names a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M so time to change names a little bit
+let's do the following let's put Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the following let's put Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do the following let's put Square
+< TK of M Omega / 2 H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of M Omega / 2 H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+< TK of M Omega / 2 H bar
+V have square root of M Omega / 2 h v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V have square root of M Omega / 2 h v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V have square root of M Omega / 2 h v
+diag commute to give you one that's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diag commute to give you one that's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diag commute to give you one that's a a
+nice commutator it's one number or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice commutator it's one number or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice commutator it's one number or an
+operator is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is the same
+thing so I brought the square root into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so I brought the square root into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so I brought the square root into
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we'll
+call the first term because of Reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the first term because of Reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the first term because of Reason
+we'll see very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um uh the destruction operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the destruction operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the destruction operator
+a square < TK of M Omega over 2 H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square < TK of M Omega over 2 H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square < TK of M Omega over 2 H
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+V it's called the destruction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V it's called the destruction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V it's called the destruction
+operator and the dagger is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and the dagger is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and the dagger is going to be a
+dagger some people put hats in them um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger some people put hats in them um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger some people put hats in them um I
+sometimes do to oh there I'm too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do to oh there I'm too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes do to oh there I'm too
+tired 2 H bar V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dagger and those a and a daggers are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and those a and a daggers are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger and those a and a daggers are now
+unit free and you can check that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit free and you can check that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit free and you can check that because
+they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same
+units and a with a dagger is the nicest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and a with a dagger is the nicest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and a with a dagger is the nicest
+commutator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+is a a Herm Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+operator is it no a is not her Mission a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is it no a is not her Mission a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is it no a is not her Mission a
+dagger is different from a a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger is different from a a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dagger is different from a a is
+basically this thing a dagger is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thing a dagger is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this thing a dagger is this
+thing so not her Mission so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so not her Mission so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so not her Mission so we're going
+to work with these operators they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with these operators they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with these operators they're not
+her Mission I I need to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Mission I I need to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Mission I I need to write the
+following equations it's very you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following equations it's very you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following equations it's very you know
+it it takes a a little bit of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it takes a a little bit of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it takes a a little bit of writing
+but uh they should be recorded they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh they should be recorded they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh they should be recorded they will
+always make it to the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make it to the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always make it to the formula
+sheet and it's the basic relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and it's the basic relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet and it's the basic relation
+between a a dagger and x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a a dagger and x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between a a dagger and x and
+P A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P A is
+this a dagger as you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a dagger as you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a dagger as you know is
+xus I over M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus I over M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xus I over M
+Omega since I'm copying I better copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega since I'm copying I better copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega since I'm copying I better copy
+them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right
+uh X of the other hand is square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X of the other hand is square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh X of the other hand is square < TK of
+h bar/ 2 m Omega a + a dagger and P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar/ 2 m Omega a + a dagger and P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h bar/ 2 m Omega a + a dagger and P is
+equal to I square otk of M Omega h bar/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I square otk of M Omega h bar/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to I square otk of M Omega h bar/
+2 a dagger minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a dagger minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 a dagger minus
+a so these four equations a and a dagger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so these four equations a and a dagger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so these four equations a and a dagger
+in terms of X and P and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of X and P and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of X and P and vice
+versa are important uh they will show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa are important uh they will show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa are important uh they will show
+up all the time here are the things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the time here are the things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up all the time here are the things to
+notice a dagger is visibly clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a dagger is visibly clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a dagger is visibly clear that
+one is the complex the Herm Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the complex the Herm Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is the complex the Herm Mission
+conjugate of the other here x is her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of the other here x is her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of the other here x is her
+Mission and indeed a plus a dagger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and indeed a plus a dagger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and indeed a plus a dagger is
+her Mission when you do the Herm Mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Mission when you do the Herm Mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her Mission when you do the Herm Mission
+conjugate of a plus a dagger the first a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of a plus a dagger the first a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of a plus a dagger the first a
+becomes an a dagger the second a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an a dagger the second a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an a dagger the second a with
+another her Mission conjugation becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another her Mission conjugation becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another her Mission conjugation becomes
+a so this is her Mission but p is her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this is her Mission but p is her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so this is her Mission but p is her
+Mission and here we have a dagger minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and here we have a dagger minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission and here we have a dagger minus
+a this is not her Mission it changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is not her Mission it changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is not her Mission it changes
+sign well the I is there for that reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign well the I is there for that reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign well the I is there for that reason
+and makes it her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes it her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and makes it her
+Mission so there they are they're her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission so there they are they're her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mission so there they are they're her
+Mission they're good
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8Zq9TKaCV-A.txt b/8Zq9TKaCV-A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e42c91733bb7384ab6b3c3971b6a82bf35a94d01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8Zq9TKaCV-A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,811 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+as we have already discussed we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have already discussed we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we have already discussed we can
+estimate an unknown mean of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate an unknown mean of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate an unknown mean of a certain
+random variable by generating several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable by generating several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable by generating several
+independent samples of that random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent samples of that random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent samples of that random
+variable and taking their average and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and taking their average and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable and taking their average and
+this procedure is well justified because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure is well justified because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this procedure is well justified because
+of the weak law of large numbers which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weak law of large numbers which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weak law of large numbers which
+tells us that this estimator converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that this estimator converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that this estimator converges
+when n goes to infinity in probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n goes to infinity in probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when n goes to infinity in probability
+to the true mean now we can apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the true mean now we can apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the true mean now we can apply this
+idea more generally suppose we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea more generally suppose we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea more generally suppose we want to
+estimate the expected value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the expected value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the expected value of a
+function of a random variable X now G of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a random variable X now G of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a random variable X now G of
+X is itself a random variable so if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is itself a random variable so if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is itself a random variable so if we
+have samples of G of X we can use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have samples of G of X we can use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have samples of G of X we can use the
+same procedure how do we do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same procedure how do we do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same procedure how do we do that we
+generate independent samples of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate independent samples of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate independent samples of X and
+these give us independent samples of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these give us independent samples of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these give us independent samples of G
+of X we use those independent samples we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X we use those independent samples we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X we use those independent samples we
+average them and by the weak law of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average them and by the weak law of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average them and by the weak law of
+large numbers this quantity as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers this quantity as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large numbers this quantity as n goes to
+infinity will converge in probability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity will converge in probability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity will converge in probability to
+the expected value of G of X we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of G of X we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of G of X we already
+used an idea of this form when we tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used an idea of this form when we tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used an idea of this form when we tried
+to estimate an unknown variance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate an unknown variance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to estimate an unknown variance a
+variance is defined as an expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is defined as an expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is defined as an expectation
+and now we can generate samples of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can generate samples of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we can generate samples of X
+many independent samples calculate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many independent samples calculate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many independent samples calculate this
+quantity and take the average however we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and take the average however we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and take the average however we
+might not know the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not know the mean of the
+distribution so instead of the true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so instead of the true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution so instead of the true mean
+we use an estimated mean which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use an estimated mean which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use an estimated mean which is
+estimated the usual way using a sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated the usual way using a sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated the usual way using a sample
+average so when n is large this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so when n is large this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average so when n is large this
+estimated mean is close to the true mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated mean is close to the true mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated mean is close to the true mean
+so using the estimated mean here will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using the estimated mean here will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so using the estimated mean here will
+not make a substantial difference and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make a substantial difference and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make a substantial difference and
+then we have essentially independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have essentially independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we have essentially independent
+samples of this quantity and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of this quantity and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples of this quantity and by
+averaging them we obtain an estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging them we obtain an estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging them we obtain an estimate of
+the variance which asymptotically as n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance which asymptotically as n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance which asymptotically as n
+goes to infinity will be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity will be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity will be equal to the
+true variance now we can push this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true variance now we can push this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true variance now we can push this idea
+even further suppose we wish to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further suppose we wish to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further suppose we wish to estimate
+a covariance quite a natural way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covariance quite a natural way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a covariance quite a natural way of
+doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the
+we can generate independent samples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generate independent samples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generate independent samples of
+the pair of the random variables x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair of the random variables x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pair of the random variables x and y
+so this will be a typical independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be a typical independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be a typical independent
+sample and replace the expected value by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and replace the expected value by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample and replace the expected value by
+a sample average that is we take our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample average that is we take our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sample average that is we take our
+eyes sample our eyes pair and calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes sample our eyes pair and calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes sample our eyes pair and calculate
+this quantity which looks very much like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity which looks very much like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity which looks very much like
+the quantity in here except that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity in here except that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quantity in here except that we're
+using the estimated means in place of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the estimated means in place of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the estimated means in place of
+the true means we obtain these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true means we obtain these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the true means we obtain these
+quantities and average and of them again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and average and of them again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and average and of them again
+using the weak law of large numbers one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the weak law of large numbers one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the weak law of large numbers one
+can argue that this estimate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue that this estimate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue that this estimate will
+converge to the true value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to the true value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge to the true value of the
+covariance as n goes to infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance as n goes to infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covariance as n goes to infinity and
+once we have estimates of a covariance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have estimates of a covariance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have estimates of a covariance
+and of variance then we can use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of variance then we can use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of variance then we can use that to
+estimate correlation coefficients look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate correlation coefficients look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate correlation coefficients look
+at this formula which is the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this formula which is the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this formula which is the definition
+of the correlation coefficient if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the correlation coefficient if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the correlation coefficient if we
+just replace all quantities involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace all quantities involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace all quantities involved
+here by corresponding estimates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by corresponding estimates this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by corresponding estimates this
+gives us an estimate of the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an estimate of the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us an estimate of the correlation
+coefficient all of these ways of forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient all of these ways of forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient all of these ways of forming
+estimates can be shown we are omitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates can be shown we are omitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates can be shown we are omitting
+the details of the argument but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of the argument but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the details of the argument but
+hopefully you get the idea by now all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you get the idea by now all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully you get the idea by now all of
+these quantities are consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities are consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantities are consistent
+estimators that is when the sample size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators that is when the sample size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimators that is when the sample size
+goes to infinity they approach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity they approach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to infinity they approach the
+correct values of what we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct values of what we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct values of what we're trying to
+estimate so this is just an opening of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so this is just an opening of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate so this is just an opening of
+what else a statistician might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else a statistician might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else a statistician might be
+interested in and if you are wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and if you are wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in and if you are wondering
+what's the further agenda after this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the further agenda after this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the further agenda after this
+point it would be something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it would be something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it would be something like the
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+typically a statistician might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a statistician might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically a statistician might want to
+say as much as possible about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as much as possible about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say as much as possible about the
+probability distribution of an estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of an estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution of an estimator
+for example we have here an estimate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we have here an estimate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example we have here an estimate of
+the covariance this estimate is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance this estimate is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the covariance this estimate is going to
+be a random variable because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a random variable because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a random variable because it is
+determined by random quantities what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by random quantities what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determined by random quantities what is
+the probability distribution of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability distribution of this
+quantity can we describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity can we describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity can we describe it
+approximately what is the mean squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately what is the mean squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately what is the mean squared
+error associated with this estimator and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error associated with this estimator and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error associated with this estimator and
+if you wish to construct confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish to construct confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you wish to construct confidence
+intervals how would you do it these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals how would you do it these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals how would you do it these are
+all topics that statisticians have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all topics that statisticians have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all topics that statisticians have
+studied in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied in
+and you could see more about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could see more about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could see more about these
+topics if you were to take a further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics if you were to take a further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics if you were to take a further
+class on statistics and inference but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on statistics and inference but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on statistics and inference but we
+will not go any deeper in this course
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/8kcvyoHsXrw.txt b/8kcvyoHsXrw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..932037dabf44b39d7e1e52b03167a83116e74169
--- /dev/null
+++ b/8kcvyoHsXrw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so welcome back everybody to ao3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome back everybody to ao3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so welcome back everybody to ao3 so
+today we are going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we are going to continue
+discussions on the examples which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions on the examples which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussions on the examples which we
+asked our start the last time song waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked our start the last time song waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked our start the last time song waves
+and this time en waves which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time en waves which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this time en waves which can be
+described by wave equations so so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by wave equations so so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by wave equations so so far
+what we have learned is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have learned is that there are
+three different kinds of systems we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different kinds of systems we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different kinds of systems we
+discussed in a lecture or in a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in a lecture or in a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed in a lecture or in a textbook
+the first one is a string in a very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is a string in a very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is a string in a very long
+string as system withstand constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as system withstand constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string as system withstand constant
+tension and mass on this string and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension and mass on this string and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension and mass on this string and the
+behavior of this string up a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of this string up a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of this string up a wave
+equation can be described by a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can be described by a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can be described by a wave
+equation we also have we also can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we also have we also can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we also have we also can
+produce a density wave with spring and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a density wave with spring and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a density wave with spring and
+basically a density wave of spring I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a density wave of spring I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a density wave of spring I can
+also be described by wave equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be described by wave equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be described by wave equations so
+that's actually described in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually described in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually described in the
+textbook finally last time we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook finally last time we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook finally last time we actually
+discussed some waves we have open pipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed some waves we have open pipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed some waves we have open pipe
+and we can have air inside a pipe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can have air inside a pipe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can have air inside a pipe and
+the behavior of the air or the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the air or the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of the air or the molecules
+inside of organ pipe can be described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of organ pipe can be described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of organ pipe can be described by
+wave equations so what we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equations so what we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave equations so what we are going to
+do today is to discuss with you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today is to discuss with you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do today is to discuss with you a
+special kind of wave which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of wave which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special kind of wave which is
+electromagnetic waves and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic waves and that's
+actually slightly different from what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly different from what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually slightly different from what we
+have learned in the last few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned in the last few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned in the last few lectures
+and we will see what is as difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will see what is as difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will see what is as difference
+today in a lecture all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in a lecture all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today in a lecture all right so this is
+a reminder of Maxwell's equations so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reminder of Maxwell's equations so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reminder of Maxwell's equations so
+basically what is written here at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what is written here at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what is written here at the
+differential form of Maxwell's equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form of Maxwell's equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form of Maxwell's equations
+so the first law is Gauss law this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first law is Gauss law this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first law is Gauss law this is
+the divergence of e the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of e the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of e the electric field
+is equal to Rho which is the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Rho which is the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to Rho which is the charge
+density as a specific point divided by F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as a specific point divided by F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density as a specific point divided by F
+zero which you said should the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which you said should the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero which you said should the constant
+or co-ed from a bigamy activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or co-ed from a bigamy activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or co-ed from a bigamy activity
+this constant okay which actually relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant okay which actually relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant okay which actually relate
+the divergence of E and the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of E and the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the divergence of E and the density of
+the charge at a specific point and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge at a specific point and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge at a specific point and the
+second law is actually counselor for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law is actually counselor for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law is actually counselor for
+magnetism this is actually divergence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism this is actually divergence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetism this is actually divergence of
+P equal to zero so divergence of P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equal to zero so divergence of P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P equal to zero so divergence of P is
+always equal to zero because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to zero because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always equal to zero because we don't
+have yet discover the magnetic monopole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yet discover the magnetic monopole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yet discover the magnetic monopole
+yet right so maybe you have you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet right so maybe you have you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet right so maybe you have you will
+discover it one time yes at some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover it one time yes at some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover it one time yes at some time
+and you were in your experiment and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you were in your experiment and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you were in your experiment and
+please stop me now okay I would I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please stop me now okay I would I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please stop me now okay I would I want
+to be the first to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the first to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the first to know
+all right so promise me the third one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so promise me the third one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so promise me the third one is
+holidays law is curl of e equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holidays law is curl of e equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holidays law is curl of e equal to minus
+partial P partial T and the P as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial T and the P as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial T and the P as a
+reminder is a magnetic field vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder is a magnetic field vector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder is a magnetic field vector okay
+and in the last law is actually amperes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the last law is actually amperes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the last law is actually amperes
+law and said to the curl P equal to MU 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and said to the curl P equal to MU 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and said to the curl P equal to MU 0
+mu 0 is a constant permeability and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu 0 is a constant permeability and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu 0 is a constant permeability and and
+which relate the recurrent displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which relate the recurrent displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which relate the recurrent displacement
+curve run F from 0 partial G partial T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve run F from 0 partial G partial T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve run F from 0 partial G partial T
+to the curl of B ok and I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curl of B ok and I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the curl of B ok and I would like to
+draw your attention that this turn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw your attention that this turn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw your attention that this turn this
+very important time is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important time is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important time is actually
+Maxwell's addition ok without Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's addition ok without Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's addition ok without Maxwell's
+addition to be no electromagnetic wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to be no electromagnetic wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to be no electromagnetic wave
+then you cannot see me okay all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you cannot see me okay all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you cannot see me okay all right so
+what we are going to discuss today is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to discuss today is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to discuss today is a
+simpler case at the beginning so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler case at the beginning so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler case at the beginning so what
+will happen if we go to vacuum ok go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen if we go to vacuum ok go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will happen if we go to vacuum ok go to
+vacuuming there will be no material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuuming there will be no material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuuming there will be no material
+charges floating around and diamonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges floating around and diamonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges floating around and diamonds
+robic equal to zero therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robic equal to zero therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robic equal to zero therefore the
+divergence of e will be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of e will be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence of e will be equal to zero
+and also in the in the last equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in the in the last equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also in the in the last equation
+amperes law say which is the the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amperes law say which is the the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amperes law say which is the the current
+density will be equal to 0 therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density will be equal to 0 therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density will be equal to 0 therefore the
+functional form become a curl P equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form become a curl P equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form become a curl P equal to
+MU 0 epsilon 0 partial Y partial T ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU 0 epsilon 0 partial Y partial T ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU 0 epsilon 0 partial Y partial T ok so
+before we go into the discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go into the discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we go into the discussion of
+Maxwell's equations is implication I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations is implication I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equations is implication I
+would like to remind you about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to remind you about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to remind you about some
+mathematics which will be used will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics which will be used will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics which will be used will be
+which will be used in this lecture I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be used in this lecture I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be used in this lecture I
+hope you have seen this in other course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you have seen this in other course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you have seen this in other course
+or ao2 so as you can see we use tail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ao2 so as you can see we use tail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ao2 so as you can see we use tail
+here which is a vector this vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is a vector this vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which is a vector this vector is
+defined as partial X partial Y and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as partial X partial Y and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as partial X partial Y and
+partial Z in the x y&z direction ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Z in the x y&z direction ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Z in the x y&z direction ok so
+this is a some kind of operator operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a some kind of operator operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a some kind of operator operator
+which you will see that again a lot more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you will see that again a lot more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you will see that again a lot more
+of operators in AO 4 and we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operators in AO 4 and we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of operators in AO 4 and we make this
+definition because I'm lazy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because I'm lazy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because I'm lazy right
+because I don't want to write so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to write so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't want to write so many
+partial partial X partial partial Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial X partial partial Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial X partial partial Y
+partial partial Z again again right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial Z again again right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial partial Z again again right
+therefore we define there which is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we define there which is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore we define there which is like
+this it looks really crazy but it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it looks really crazy but it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it looks really crazy but it really
+makes our life much easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes our life much easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes our life much easier
+ok so that's the whole reason ok lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's the whole reason ok lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so that's the whole reason ok lots of
+physicists and we as we discussed before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and we as we discussed before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists and we as we discussed before
+we we have divergence which is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have divergence which is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have divergence which is defined
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+there are times a post of the nut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are times a post of the nut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are times a post of the nut
+vectors one is operator back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors one is operator back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors one is operator back to the
+other one says really really really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one says really really really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one says really really really a
+vector you basically get partial X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you basically get partial X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector you basically get partial X
+partial X plus partial Y partial y plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X plus partial Y partial y plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial X plus partial Y partial y plus
+partial H Z plus with Z so basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial H Z plus with Z so basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial H Z plus with Z so basically you
+just multiply them like normal operation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply them like normal operation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply them like normal operation
+and you can HD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can HD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can HD
+get this equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this equation okay
+then finally this Curl Curl is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally this Curl Curl is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally this Curl Curl is actually
+like this it's actually del cross a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's actually del cross a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this it's actually del cross a okay
+so basically maybe in the past you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically maybe in the past you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically maybe in the past you see
+this complicated formula you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complicated formula you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this complicated formula you know you
+have maybe no meaning to you and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maybe no meaning to you and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have maybe no meaning to you and one
+easy way to remember this curl is to not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to remember this curl is to not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy way to remember this curl is to not
+do not care about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not care about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not care about this
+you know don't look at the right-hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know don't look at the right-hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know don't look at the right-hand
+side part but just remember that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side part but just remember that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side part but just remember that you can
+actually construct this curl by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct this curl by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct this curl by
+determinant of a matrix the matrix I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a matrix the matrix I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of a matrix the matrix I can
+feel the first row by x y&z univac Terr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the first row by x y&z univac Terr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel the first row by x y&z univac Terr
+and the second row I filled it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second row I filled it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second row I filled it with the
+counting of tail finally I feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting of tail finally I feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting of tail finally I feel the
+content of the matrix with a vector then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the matrix with a vector then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of the matrix with a vector then
+you will be able to determine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to determine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to determine you
+calculate the determinant of this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the determinant of this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the determinant of this matrix
+then you naturally will get this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you naturally will get this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you naturally will get this very
+long ish formula okay so you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ish formula okay so you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long ish formula okay so you don't
+really need to remember the formula but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to remember the formula but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need to remember the formula but
+you'll be able to know how to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to know how to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to know how to calculate
+that really easily okay okay so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really easily okay okay so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really easily okay okay so we
+talked about divergence we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about divergence we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about divergence we talked about
+curl we have what does that mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl we have what does that mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl we have what does that mean I
+divergence curl what does that mean okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence curl what does that mean okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divergence curl what does that mean okay
+so divergence is actually some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so divergence is actually some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so divergence is actually some kind of
+measure which measure how much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which measure how much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure which measure how much the
+vector V okay spread out or diverge from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V okay spread out or diverge from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector V okay spread out or diverge from
+a point of interest right so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point of interest right so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point of interest right so in this
+example this vector feel better feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this vector feel better feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example this vector feel better feel
+means at any point in the space in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means at any point in the space in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means at any point in the space in any
+point of in the space okay which are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of in the space okay which are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of in the space okay which are in
+discussing there is a vector associated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing there is a vector associated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing there is a vector associated
+with that and I call it vector field we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and I call it vector field we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that and I call it vector field we
+know scatter feel very much right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know scatter feel very much right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know scatter feel very much right for
+example the temperature as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the temperature as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the temperature as a function of
+position is a scalar field right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is a scalar field right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position is a scalar field right so
+every point you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every point you have
+scared of responding to that point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared of responding to that point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scared of responding to that point and
+in the case of vector field every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of vector field every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of vector field every point
+you have a vector connected to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a vector connected to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a vector connected to that
+point okay and if I arrange the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay and if I arrange the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point okay and if I arrange the vector
+field like that each arrow is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field like that each arrow is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field like that each arrow is actually a
+three-dimensional vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional vector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional vector okay
+then if I evaluate the divergence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I evaluate the divergence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I evaluate the divergence and
+you see the heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the heart
+it looks like son C is really spreading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like son C is really spreading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks like son C is really spreading
+out from the center of that graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the center of that graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out from the center of that graph and
+that will give you positive divergence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you positive divergence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give you positive divergence
+okay so that's the physical meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the physical meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the physical meaning of
+this formula and second formula which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and second formula which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula and second formula which we
+discuss is the curl right so curl is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss is the curl right so curl is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss is the curl right so curl is
+actually tail cross a it's a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tail cross a it's a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tail cross a it's a measurement
+of how things are curling around a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how things are curling around a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how things are curling around a point
+of interest okay so so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest okay so so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest okay so so you can see that
+if I arrange my vectors in in the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I arrange my vectors in in the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I arrange my vectors in in the space
+in the inner space like that then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inner space like that then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the inner space like that then you
+will see that really like it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that really like it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see that really like it's like
+something is really rotating around a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is really rotating around a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is really rotating around a
+specific point therefore if we evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific point therefore if we evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific point therefore if we evaluate
+the curl you will get a nonzero value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl you will get a nonzero value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curl you will get a nonzero value
+okay so that's actually the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's actually the physics
+intuition which we can say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition which we can say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition which we can say the
+mathematics intuition which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics intuition which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics intuition which we can
+actually get when we discuss before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get when we discuss before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get when we discuss before we
+the discussion of the Maxwell's equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of the Maxwell's equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of the Maxwell's equation
+okay so if you accept those ideas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you accept those ideas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you accept those ideas and
+let's take a look at what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at what we have here
+especially in the vacuum case okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the vacuum case okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the vacuum case okay
+so in a vacuum case you have a curl of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a vacuum case you have a curl of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a vacuum case you have a curl of e
+equal to minus partial P partial T okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus partial P partial T okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to minus partial P partial T okay
+what does that mean that means if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means if you
+change the magnitude of the vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the magnitude of the vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the magnitude of the vector of
+the vector field magnetic field if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field magnetic field if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector field magnetic field if you
+change the magnitude of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the magnitude of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the magnitude of the magnetic
+field okay now we'll introduce a curling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay now we'll introduce a curling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay now we'll introduce a curling
+around thing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around thing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around thing in
+I feel okay so if you change the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel okay so if you change the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel okay so if you change the the
+size of the B field thence the Ethio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the B field thence the Ethio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the B field thence the Ethio
+will start to curl around doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to curl around doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start to curl around doing this
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and on the other hand if you change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand if you change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other hand if you change the
+electric field and that would induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and that would induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and that would induce
+something which is courier run in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is courier run in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is courier run in the
+ppl okay all right so do you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppl okay all right so do you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ppl okay all right so do you have any
+questions I hope everybody's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I hope everybody's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I hope everybody's are
+familiar with this notation so from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this notation so from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with this notation so from here
+actually max will see the light can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually max will see the light can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually max will see the light can you
+see it maybe not yet maybe well slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it maybe not yet maybe well slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it maybe not yet maybe well slightly
+slower than Maxwell but but we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than Maxwell but but we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower than Maxwell but but we will see
+that together in this lecture okay for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together in this lecture okay for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together in this lecture okay for
+that I will need as usual the help from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will need as usual the help from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I will need as usual the help from
+the math department right so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math department right so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the math department right so we are
+going to use this identity this identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this identity this identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this identity this identity
+is curl of curl of a will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is curl of curl of a will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is curl of curl of a will be equal to
+tell divergence of a - tale to tell a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is an identity which we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an identity which we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an identity which we learn
+from the math department and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the math department and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the math department and of course
+if you are patient enough you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are patient enough you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are patient enough you can
+actually expand all those terms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually expand all those terms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually expand all those terms and
+compare the left hand side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the left hand side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the left hand side of the
+formula and write since I hope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and write since I hope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and write since I hope the
+formula and you will see that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and you will see that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and you will see that really
+this works okay so I'm not going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works okay so I'm not going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works okay so I'm not going to do
+that here in front of you so if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here in front of you so if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that here in front of you so if you are
+set this is an identity and the dirty we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this is an identity and the dirty we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this is an identity and the dirty we
+have tail taught when we have del x del
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tail taught when we have del x del
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tail taught when we have del x del
+we call it Laplace and unity will write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it Laplace and unity will write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it Laplace and unity will write
+it as del square okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as del square okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as del square okay
+so with this formula I can now put my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this formula I can now put my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with this formula I can now put my
+electric field into this formula right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field into this formula right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field into this formula right
+so if I put D that okay assuming that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I put D that okay assuming that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I put D that okay assuming that I
+mean I'm working in a situation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm working in a situation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I'm working in a situation of
+vacuum okay and I practice my electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay and I practice my electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum okay and I practice my electric
+field into that formula then this is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field into that formula then this is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field into that formula then this is as
+you what I go to get curl of E and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I go to get curl of E and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I go to get curl of E and this
+will be equal to the divergence of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to the divergence of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to the divergence of e
+minus del square okay and the base on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus del square okay and the base on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus del square okay and the base on
+the four Maxwell's not Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four Maxwell's not Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the four Maxwell's not Maxwell's
+equations we can immediately recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we can immediately recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations we can immediately recognize
+that divergence of E is equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that divergence of E is equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that divergence of E is equal to zero
+right because I don't have charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I don't have charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because I don't have charges
+around therefore you cannot introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around therefore you cannot introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around therefore you cannot introduce a
+gradient or a divergent okay you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient or a divergent okay you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient or a divergent okay you cannot
+introduce positive divergence in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce positive divergence in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce positive divergence in the in
+the electric field therefore when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field therefore when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field therefore when you
+evaluate the divergence of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the divergence of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the divergence of the electric
+field that is equal to zero okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that is equal to zero okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that is equal to zero okay
+according to that formula Gauss law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to that formula Gauss law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to that formula Gauss law and
+you can also take a look at here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also take a look at here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also take a look at here we have
+curl of e according to this formula okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl of e according to this formula okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curl of e according to this formula okay
+basically you can actually conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can actually conclude that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you can actually conclude that
+this will be equal to partial P minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be equal to partial P minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be equal to partial P minus
+partial P partial T according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial T according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial T according to
+Faraday's law okay so if I look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law okay so if I look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law okay so if I look at the
+left hand side okay that would be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side okay that would be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side okay that would be equal
+to curl of minus partial P partial T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to curl of minus partial P partial T and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to curl of minus partial P partial T and
+this will be equal to basically I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be equal to basically I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be equal to basically I can
+take the minus sign out and and take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the minus sign out and and take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the minus sign out and and take the
+partial P partial partial T out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial partial T out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial partial T out
+and the basically you have curl of B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basically you have curl of B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basically you have curl of B
+right and according to embrace law this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and according to embrace law this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and according to embrace law this
+will be equal to minus mu 0 epsilon 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to minus mu 0 epsilon 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to minus mu 0 epsilon 0
+partial square e hardships ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial square e hardships ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial square e hardships ok
+everybody's following alright so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's following alright so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's following alright so
+basically what I have be doing is copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I have be doing is copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I have be doing is copy
+the lap inside and make use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lap inside and make use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lap inside and make use of the
+amperes law then basically you get minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amperes law then basically you get minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amperes law then basically you get minus
+mu 0 epsilon 0 patches square e partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu 0 epsilon 0 patches square e partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu 0 epsilon 0 patches square e partial
+T squared ok and this thing the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T squared ok and this thing the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T squared ok and this thing the left
+hand side is equal to the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is equal to the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side is equal to the right hand
+side right okay the right hand side what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right okay the right hand side what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right okay the right hand side what
+is left this is equal to 0 so this come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left this is equal to 0 so this come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left this is equal to 0 so this come
+and what is I should the remaining part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is I should the remaining part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is I should the remaining part
+is actually minus this is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+del square key I can get you cancel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del square key I can get you cancel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+del square key I can get you cancel the
+minus sign the basically what I am going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign the basically what I am going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign the basically what I am going
+to get is they are square e and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is they are square e and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is they are square e and this
+will be equal to mu 0 epsilon 0 pi Chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to mu 0 epsilon 0 pi Chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to mu 0 epsilon 0 pi Chi
+square e t square okay wow this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square e t square okay wow this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square e t square okay wow this is what
+this looks like what wave equation again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like what wave equation again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this looks like what wave equation again
+oh my god but there's some difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god but there's some difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh my god but there's some difference
+right this is different from what we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is different from what we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is different from what we see
+before right before the wave equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right before the wave equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before right before the wave equation is
+only having partial partial X partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only having partial partial X partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only having partial partial X partial
+square partial X square this time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square partial X square this time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square partial X square this time you
+have this del square very strange right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this del square very strange right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this del square very strange right
+so what is this del square is HD v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this del square is HD v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is this del square is HD v
+square partial X square plus partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square partial X square plus partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square partial X square plus partial
+square partial Y square plus partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square partial Y square plus partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square partial Y square plus partial
+square partial Z square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square partial Z square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square partial Z square
+it's an operator which we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an operator which we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an operator which we have three
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+and basically if you do this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically if you do this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically if you do this calculation
+you are going to have how many times how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to have how many times how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are going to have how many times how
+many times will you have if you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times will you have if you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many times will you have if you do this
+they are square e how many times you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are square e how many times you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are square e how many times you
+have you have many anybody helping three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have many anybody helping three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you have many anybody helping three
+turns yeah but you have three turns in X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns yeah but you have three turns in X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns yeah but you have three turns in X
+Direction you have three times in Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you have three times in Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction you have three times in Y
+direction you have three times in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you have three times in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction you have three times in
+direction therefore how many tests you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction therefore how many tests you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction therefore how many tests you
+have nine times right okay because each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine times right okay because each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine times right okay because each
+operator is acting out the vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is acting out the vector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator is acting out the vector okay
+so so very important so because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so very important so because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so very important so because this is
+a common mistake right okay so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common mistake right okay so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common mistake right okay so you have
+90 turns okay and it looks really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 turns okay and it looks really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90 turns okay and it looks really like
+wavy question it tastes like equation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavy question it tastes like equation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavy question it tastes like equation it
+looks like equation it feels like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like equation it feels like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like equation it feels like
+equation that wave equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that wave equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that wave equation and
+therefore is really a wave equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is really a wave equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore is really a wave equation
+right okay so this is a three time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so this is a three time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so this is a three time
+mention now wave equation oh very cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention now wave equation oh very cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention now wave equation oh very cool
+so we are increasing the dimension okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are increasing the dimension okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are increasing the dimension okay
+so I can write it down more explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can write it down more explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I can write it down more explicitly
+so basically what I'm getting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what I'm getting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what I'm getting this
+partial square e by X square X square Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial square e by X square X square Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial square e by X square X square Y
+square partial square e Phi G Square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square partial square e Phi G Square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square partial square e Phi G Square and
+this is equal to MU 0 epsilon 0 I 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to MU 0 epsilon 0 I 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to MU 0 epsilon 0 I 2
+square e by 2 T Square okay so Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square e by 2 T Square okay so Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square e by 2 T Square okay so Maxwell
+sees this when he actually add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees this when he actually add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees this when he actually add this
+additional time here ok as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional time here ok as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional time here ok as you can see
+if I don't have this additional turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't have this additional turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I don't have this additional turn the
+displacement curve current from Maxwell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement curve current from Maxwell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement curve current from Maxwell
+what is going to happen this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen this
+this curl P will be equal to 0 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curl P will be equal to 0 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this curl P will be equal to 0 right so
+what is going to happen to this identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen to this identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen to this identity
+so that so that so this Latin sy part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that so this Latin sy part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that so that so this Latin sy part
+will be equal to 0 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to 0 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to 0 the
+we'll be no electromagnetic waves okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be no electromagnetic waves okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be no electromagnetic waves okay
+so that's really thanks to Maxwell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really thanks to Maxwell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's really thanks to Maxwell's
+work and this is actually really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and this is actually really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and this is actually really a
+equation which changed the world right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which changed the world right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which changed the world right
+because that actually give us a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that actually give us a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that actually give us a lot of
+insights about how we can send energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights about how we can send energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insights about how we can send energy
+how we can actually understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can actually understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can actually understand the
+phenomena related to light so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena related to light so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomena related to light so what is
+actually the velocity of this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the velocity of this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the velocity of this wave
+equation the velocity VP will be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the velocity VP will be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the velocity VP will be equal
+to we usually call EC right because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we usually call EC right because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we usually call EC right because you
+have been using this a constant for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been using this a constant for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been using this a constant for a
+long time and that would be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time and that would be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time and that would be equal to
+square one over square root of mu 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square one over square root of mu 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square one over square root of mu 0
+epsilon 0 okay and to measure the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0 okay and to measure the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0 okay and to measure the speed
+of light it takes a long time to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light it takes a long time to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light it takes a long time to achieve
+that okay that's actually take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that's actually take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that's actually take a look at
+the history so in the first attempt was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history so in the first attempt was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history so in the first attempt was
+a done by Galileo so 1613 a 1638 he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a done by Galileo so 1613 a 1638 he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a done by Galileo so 1613 a 1638 he was
+doing an experiment and he was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an experiment and he was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing an experiment and he was trying to
+extract the speed of light but he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the speed of light but he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract the speed of light but he was
+not super successful so his conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not super successful so his conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not super successful so his conclusion
+was that if this this has the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if this this has the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that if this this has the speed of
+light is not instantaneous then easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is not instantaneous then easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light is not instantaneous then easy
+says she's super fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says she's super fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says she's super fast
+he says you at least 10 times faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says you at least 10 times faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says you at least 10 times faster
+than the speed of light so at this he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the speed of light so at this he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the speed of light so at this he
+said okay this is super awesome very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay this is super awesome very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay this is super awesome very
+fast okay and at these 10 types of speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay and at these 10 types of speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay and at these 10 types of speed
+up the speed of sound as we don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the speed of sound as we don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the speed of sound as we don't like
+okay all right so that's what he found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's what he found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay all right so that's what he found
+and later older HD make up use the orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later older HD make up use the orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and later older HD make up use the orbit
+of the opiate of the Jupiter okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the opiate of the Jupiter okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the opiate of the Jupiter okay so
+basically you use the two bitter and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you use the two bitter and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you use the two bitter and
+Jupiter's satellites to measure the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter's satellites to measure the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jupiter's satellites to measure the
+speed of light so when the earth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light so when the earth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light so when the earth is
+closer to Jupiter then somehow this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to Jupiter then somehow this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to Jupiter then somehow this the
+satellite of the Jupiter appear faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite of the Jupiter appear faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satellite of the Jupiter appear faster
+then when the the earth is issue away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the the earth is issue away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when the the earth is issue away
+from the tutitu bit awry because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tutitu bit awry because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the tutitu bit awry because the
+light have to travel through additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light have to travel through additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light have to travel through additional
+time okay two times of the radius of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay two times of the radius of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay two times of the radius of the
+orbit of the earth right so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit of the earth right so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orbit of the earth right so basically
+that's actually the message he was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the message he was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the message he was using
+and he is actually making the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he is actually making the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he is actually making the first
+quantitative the first imagine of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative the first imagine of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative the first imagine of the
+speed of light and what level number he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light and what level number he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light and what level number he
+found is like 2 times 10 to an AI meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is like 2 times 10 to an AI meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found is like 2 times 10 to an AI meter
+per second okay and finally again using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second okay and finally again using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second okay and finally again using
+the star and the observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star and the observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the star and the observation
+Sarris up operation as a tool to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarris up operation as a tool to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarris up operation as a tool to
+actually calculate speed of light change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate speed of light change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate speed of light change
+they should know it and he found a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should know it and he found a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they should know it and he found a value
+which is really close to the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really close to the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really close to the current
+understanding of the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the speed of light
+which is 3 times 10 to the 9 meter per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 3 times 10 to the 9 meter per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 3 times 10 to the 9 meter per
+second okay so therefore if you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so therefore if you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so therefore if you also
+calculate using all those constant here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate using all those constant here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate using all those constant here
+you will be able to see that indeed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to see that indeed from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will be able to see that indeed from
+Maxwell's equation you get up you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equation you get up you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell's equation you get up you should
+be a 3 times 10 to the 8 knots - at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 3 times 10 to the 8 knots - at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a 3 times 10 to the 8 knots - at
+night ok I was saying 10 to the 9 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night ok I was saying 10 to the 9 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night ok I was saying 10 to the 9 you
+should be 3 times 10 to the 8 meter per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 3 times 10 to the 8 meter per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 3 times 10 to the 8 meter per
+second okay so so indeed this equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so so indeed this equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so so indeed this equation
+is actually predicting the the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually predicting the the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually predicting the the speed of
+light to be a 3 times 10 to the 8 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to be a 3 times 10 to the 8 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light to be a 3 times 10 to the 8 is
+actually matching the experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matching the experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matching the experimental
+result ok so so that is actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result ok so so that is actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result ok so so that is actually pretty
+nice and you may ask a question right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and you may ask a question right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and you may ask a question right so
+wait a second you say that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a second you say that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a second you say that this is
+actually electromagnetic wave right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually electromagnetic wave right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually electromagnetic wave right so
+that's actually what I was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what I was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what I was talking about
+but this equation only talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this equation only talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this equation only talked about
+electric field right what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field right what is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field right what is happening
+to the magnet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the magnet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the magnet
+they feel what what happened right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel what what happened right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they feel what what happened right so
+can we actually choose arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we actually choose arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we actually choose arbitrary
+magnetic field is the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is the magnetic field
+also obey as a magnetic field also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also obey as a magnetic field also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also obey as a magnetic field also
+described by the three-dimensional wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by the three-dimensional wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by the three-dimensional wave
+equation right the answer is that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right the answer is that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation right the answer is that indeed
+you can actually do the same exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do the same exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually do the same exercise
+you can now instead of plugging in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now instead of plugging in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now instead of plugging in
+electric field you can plug in magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field you can plug in magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field you can plug in magnetic
+field and you will extract exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and you will extract exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and you will extract exactly the
+same conclusion you can CUDA tell square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same conclusion you can CUDA tell square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same conclusion you can CUDA tell square
+P will be equal to MU 0 epsilon 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P will be equal to MU 0 epsilon 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P will be equal to MU 0 epsilon 0
+partial square P ok so it essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial square P ok so it essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial square P ok so it essentially
+very important to see that the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to see that the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important to see that the magnetic
+field also obey this wave equation ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field also obey this wave equation ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field also obey this wave equation ok
+and also from Maxwell's equation ok you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also from Maxwell's equation ok you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also from Maxwell's equation ok you
+can see that the changing electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the changing electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the changing electric field
+will produce a curl around magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will produce a curl around magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will produce a curl around magnetic
+field the same thing also happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the same thing also happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the same thing also happens here
+the changing magnetic field also produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changing magnetic field also produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the changing magnetic field also produce
+according around electric field right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according around electric field right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according around electric field right so
+what does that mean that means E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean that means E
+electric field create magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field create magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field create magnetic field
+magnetic field create electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field create electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field create electric field and
+this happens all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happens all the time
+therefore one cannot live without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore one cannot live without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore one cannot live without the
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ok they are living together they are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok they are living together they are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok they are living together they are all
+together forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together forever
+ok all right so so what is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok all right so so what is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok all right so so what is actually
+oscillating they should be post electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating they should be post electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating they should be post electric
+field and magnetic field right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and magnetic field right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and magnetic field right so you
+may ask okay we are talking about vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may ask okay we are talking about vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may ask okay we are talking about vacuum
+right vacuum means there is no material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right vacuum means there is no material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right vacuum means there is no material
+no charge no whatsoever in in vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no charge no whatsoever in in vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no charge no whatsoever in in vacuum
+right so what is actually oscillating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is actually oscillating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what is actually oscillating
+who is oscillating is the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is oscillating is the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who is oscillating is the electric field
+and the magnetic field ok is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field ok is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field ok is this
+so-called field all those vectors which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called field all those vectors which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called field all those vectors which
+are actually oscillating is now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually oscillating is now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually oscillating is now the
+material but all those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but all those vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material but all those vectors
+associated with the space which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the space which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the space which is
+actually oscillating up in da okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually oscillating up in da okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually oscillating up in da okay
+alright so originally I would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so originally I would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so originally I would like to
+show you a pulse of light in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a pulse of light in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you a pulse of light in front of
+you and the so that it's moving but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the so that it's moving but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and the so that it's moving but
+still too fast right so I couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still too fast right so I couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still too fast right so I couldn't do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fortunately we have photos which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we have photos which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortunately we have photos which we
+photos are actually collected recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photons emitted from from the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons emitted from from the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons emitted from from the from the
+aperture of interest right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of interest right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aperture of interest right so this is
+actually how we make applesauce at NIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how we make applesauce at NIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually how we make applesauce at NIT
+we should put it through the airport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should put it through the airport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should put it through the airport and
+we have the sauce but not sure if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the sauce but not sure if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the sauce but not sure if that's
+tasty enough or not but that's how we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasty enough or not but that's how we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasty enough or not but that's how we do
+it in NIT NIT style okay and the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in NIT NIT style okay and the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in NIT NIT style okay and the good
+thing is that this kind of technique is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this kind of technique is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that this kind of technique is
+improved dramatically these days I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved dramatically these days I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved dramatically these days I would
+like to show you a short video which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to show you a short video which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to show you a short video which is
+actually recording a video it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recording a video it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually recording a video it is so
+recording experiment which you shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording experiment which you shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording experiment which you shoot
+some pink of light through some plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pink of light through some plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pink of light through some plastic
+container okay okay and the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container okay okay and the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+container okay okay and the speed of
+this recording corresponds to 1 trillion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recording corresponds to 1 trillion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this recording corresponds to 1 trillion
+friend per second okay so this super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend per second okay so this super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend per second okay so this super
+fast recording and they can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast recording and they can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast recording and they can actually
+contract the propagation of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract the propagation of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract the propagation of the light
+through this a bottle and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this a bottle and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this a bottle and this is
+actually the credits issue to the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the credits issue to the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the credits issue to the media
+lab camera a cultural group okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab camera a cultural group okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab camera a cultural group okay and
+let's take a look at the video just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the video just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a look at the video just one
+second okay so this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay so this is actually
+recording a track 1,000,000,000,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording a track 1,000,000,000,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording a track 1,000,000,000,000
+friend per second so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend per second so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friend per second so you can see that
+there's a lighthouse a very short house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lighthouse a very short house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lighthouse a very short house
+created and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and
+really pass through the the bottle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pass through the the bottle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really pass through the the bottle and
+it can be recorded with the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be recorded with the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be recorded with the technique
+created by Media Lab okay so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by Media Lab okay so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by Media Lab okay so you can see
+that the pulse is really public getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pulse is really public getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the pulse is really public getting
+through it and the reason why we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and the reason why we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it and the reason why we can see
+the pulse is because their air their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse is because their air their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pulse is because their air their
+material which way should the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material which way should the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material which way should the change of
+the direction of the light okay and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the light okay and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the light okay and that
+therefore those are recorded by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore those are recorded by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore those are recorded by the
+camera and they take trillions friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and they take trillions friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and they take trillions friends
+of this thing and put them together then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing and put them together then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing and put them together then
+basically they take many many friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they take many many friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically they take many many friends
+and put them together to recount try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them together to recount try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put them together to recount try
+this movie so as you can see that indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this movie so as you can see that indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this movie so as you can see that indeed
+you can see the propagation of the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the propagation of the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the propagation of the light
+through this kind of video okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this kind of video okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this kind of video okay so I
+hope you enjoy this video and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you enjoy this video and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you enjoy this video and that's
+actually take a look at some concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take a look at some concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take a look at some concrete
+example which make use of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which make use of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which make use of the wave
+equation which we add we derive here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we add we derive here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation which we add we derive here
+okay so that's consider a prank wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's consider a prank wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's consider a prank wave
+solution right since we are entered in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right since we are entered in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution right since we are entered in a
+three-dimensional world so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional world so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional world so that's
+actually consider so-called a plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in this example I am considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this example I am considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in this example I am considered
+in the electric field you say should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the electric field you say should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the electric field you say should be
+equal to the real part of e 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the real part of e 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the real part of e 0
+exponential I K Z minus Omega T and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I K Z minus Omega T and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential I K Z minus Omega T and this
+electric field I should consider here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field I should consider here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field I should consider here is
+in the X direction okay and if I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction okay and if I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction okay and if I write
+all the turns from this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the turns from this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the turns from this expression
+explicitly basically what I am getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly basically what I am getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly basically what I am getting
+is okay the X component will be e 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay the X component will be e 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay the X component will be e 0
+cosine KZ minus Omega T 0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine KZ minus Omega T 0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine KZ minus Omega T 0 and
+hi so what does this mean what is issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi so what does this mean what is issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi so what does this mean what is issue
+a prayer wave the prang wave basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prayer wave the prang wave basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prayer wave the prang wave basically
+is actually filled in the whole space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually filled in the whole space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually filled in the whole space
+what I mean by Prem wave is I feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by Prem wave is I feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by Prem wave is I feel the
+whole space with electric field this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space with electric field this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space with electric field this
+electric field only have one only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field only have one only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field only have one only one
+direction have nonzero value okay which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction have nonzero value okay which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction have nonzero value okay which
+is X direction in the example okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X direction in the example okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is X direction in the example okay and
+the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction
+there's no the magnitude says u equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no the magnitude says u equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no the magnitude says u equal to
+zero okay so that so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so that so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so that so that's actually
+what I mean by Prem wave and and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by Prem wave and and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by Prem wave and and also
+the the electric field is fielding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the electric field is fielding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the electric field is fielding a
+whole space in in the discussion in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space in in the discussion in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole space in in the discussion in the
+example which I discuss here and if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which I discuss here and if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which I discuss here and if I
+defined my coordinate system like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined my coordinate system like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined my coordinate system like this
+axis in the horizontal direction then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis in the horizontal direction then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis in the horizontal direction then
+that means everything is as to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means everything is as to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means everything is as to the other
+other electric field is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electric field is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electric field is actually
+pointing to to work the X direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to to work the X direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to to work the X direction okay
+in this in this coordinate system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this coordinate system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this in this coordinate system okay
+so we have discussed focusing wave in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have discussed focusing wave in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have discussed focusing wave in
+the past few lectures right can somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past few lectures right can somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past few lectures right can somebody
+as you tell me the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you tell me the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you tell me the direction of
+propagation of this brain wave so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of this brain wave so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of this brain wave so so the
+hint is that this is actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint is that this is actually equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint is that this is actually equal to
+e0 that the magnitude of the X component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 that the magnitude of the X component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 that the magnitude of the X component
+is equal to e zero cosine KZ minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e zero cosine KZ minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to e zero cosine KZ minus Omega
+T right what is actually the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right what is actually the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T right what is actually the direction
+of propagation of this electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagation of this electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of propagation of this electric field is
+in the Z direction yeah very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z direction yeah very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Z direction yeah very good
+because we know that this is going in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that this is going in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know that this is going in
+the positive z direction right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive z direction right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive z direction right because
+this is actually KZ minus right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually KZ minus right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually KZ minus right there's
+a minus I Omega T therefore it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus I Omega T therefore it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus I Omega T therefore it's going
+to work the positive Z Direction not X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work the positive Z Direction not X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work the positive Z Direction not X
+Direction X Direction is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction X Direction is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction X Direction is where the
+electric field is pointing to and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is pointing to and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is pointing to and the
+direction of propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation
+is to work that the interaction okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to work that the interaction okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to work that the interaction okay so
+there's a clear there's a difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clear there's a difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a clear there's a difference
+okay so first thing which I would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first thing which I would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so first thing which I would like
+to do is to check if this so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to check if this so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to check if this so-called
+prang wave solution actually satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prang wave solution actually satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prang wave solution actually satisfy the
+the equation the wave equation which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation the wave equation which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation the wave equation which we
+derived here right del square e equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived here right del square e equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived here right del square e equal to
+MU 0 epsilon 0 r square e partial T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU 0 epsilon 0 r square e partial T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MU 0 epsilon 0 r square e partial T
+Square so I can now plug that in to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so I can now plug that in to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square so I can now plug that in to the
+to that equation I can now plug in a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that equation I can now plug in a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that equation I can now plug in a to
+this equation if I plug in the wave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation if I plug in the wave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation if I plug in the wave the
+plane wave solution which I have here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave solution which I have here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave solution which I have here to
+the mm basically I can get the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mm basically I can get the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mm basically I can get the left hand
+side the left hand side of the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the left hand side of the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the left hand side of the equation
+you will get minus e0 okay only one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get minus e0 okay only one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get minus e0 okay only one term
+which contribute is the partial square e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contribute is the partial square e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which contribute is the partial square e
+partial Z square term which can trip you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Z square term which can trip you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Z square term which can trip you
+right because the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the magnitude of the
+electric field only depends on Z and T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field only depends on Z and T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field only depends on Z and T
+right therefore you get minus e 0 K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore you get minus e 0 K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore you get minus e 0 K
+square cosine KZ minus Omega T in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square cosine KZ minus Omega T in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square cosine KZ minus Omega T in the
+Lapid side of the wave equation okay how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lapid side of the wave equation okay how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lapid side of the wave equation okay how
+about the right hand side right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the right hand side right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the right hand side right hand
+side basically you are taking partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side basically you are taking partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side basically you are taking partial
+derivative we should read to T basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we should read to T basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative we should read to T basically
+you get minus mu 0 mu 0 epsilon 0 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus mu 0 mu 0 epsilon 0 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get minus mu 0 mu 0 epsilon 0 a
+copied from the founder formula there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied from the founder formula there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied from the founder formula there
+and you basically get of Omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you basically get of Omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you basically get of Omega square
+out of it because of the partial square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it because of the partial square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it because of the partial square
+partial T squared operator and the UPC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T squared operator and the UPC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T squared operator and the UPC
+diecut cosine KZ minus Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diecut cosine KZ minus Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diecut cosine KZ minus Omega
+and of course I missed the easier to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I missed the easier to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I missed the easier to 0
+should be copied from on there ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be copied from on there ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be copied from on there ok
+alright so now I can show that ok this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now I can show that ok this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so now I can show that ok this
+can so I pasted this is the same cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so I pasted this is the same cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can so I pasted this is the same cosine
+KZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ
+- omega-t right and easy ro also cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- omega-t right and easy ro also cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- omega-t right and easy ro also cancel
+and I can cancel the minus sign okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can cancel the minus sign okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can cancel the minus sign okay
+what I'm going to get is K square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to get is K square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to get is K square is
+equal to mu 0 epsilon 0 Omega square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mu 0 epsilon 0 Omega square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to mu 0 epsilon 0 Omega square
+okay so that means there should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means there should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that means there should be a
+fixed relation between K and Omega okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed relation between K and Omega okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed relation between K and Omega okay
+which is actually Omega over K will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually Omega over K will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually Omega over K will be
+equal to 1 over square root of mu 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over square root of mu 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 over square root of mu 0
+epsilon 0 and this is equal to see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0 and this is equal to see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon 0 and this is equal to see if
+this is satisfied then the prang wave if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is satisfied then the prang wave if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is satisfied then the prang wave if
+a solution to the wave equation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution to the wave equation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution to the wave equation okay
+only when this is actually satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when this is actually satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when this is actually satisfied
+okay otherwise you can you can write an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay otherwise you can you can write an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay otherwise you can you can write an
+arbitrary frame wave equation but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary frame wave equation but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary frame wave equation but they
+are not the solution of that equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not the solution of that equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not the solution of that equation
+from Maxwell's equation okay so now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Maxwell's equation okay so now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Maxwell's equation okay so now I
+have derived the electric field and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have derived the electric field and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have derived the electric field and also
+know the relation between Omega the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the relation between Omega the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the relation between Omega the
+angular frequency and the K the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency and the K the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency and the K the wave
+number and now what the bow magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and now what the bow magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and now what the bow magnetic
+field right so I just mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right so I just mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right so I just mentioned before
+right magnetic field cannot live without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right magnetic field cannot live without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right magnetic field cannot live without
+electric field and electric field cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and electric field cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and electric field cannot
+live without magnetic field right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live without magnetic field right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live without magnetic field right so
+what is it responding magnetic field we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it responding magnetic field we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it responding magnetic field we
+can easily evaluate that right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily evaluate that right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can easily evaluate that right so the
+other question is what it says with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question is what it says with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question is what it says with the
+magnetic field and how is that vary as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and how is that vary as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and how is that vary as a
+function of time in us as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time in us as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time in us as a function of
+position in the space okay so we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the space okay so we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the space okay so we are
+facing a choice okay so so there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing a choice okay so so there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing a choice okay so so there are two
+equations which relate electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which relate electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations which relate electric field
+and the magnetic field right okay it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field right okay it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field right okay it is
+actually very important you make a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very important you make a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very important you make a right
+choice when you start your calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice when you start your calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice when you start your calculation
+right so we can use validates law we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can use validates law we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we can use validates law we
+can also use amperes law but this one d1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use amperes law but this one d1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also use amperes law but this one d1
+which is actually much easier to derive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually much easier to derive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually much easier to derive
+the solution which is the choice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution which is the choice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution which is the choice of
+Faraday's law okay if you choose to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law okay if you choose to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faraday's law okay if you choose to use
+amperes law to evaluate P then you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amperes law to evaluate P then you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amperes law to evaluate P then you are
+going to get a really super complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a really super complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get a really super complicated
+problem to solve okay but on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve okay but on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve okay but on the other
+hand if you choose to use Faraday's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you choose to use Faraday's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand if you choose to use Faraday's law
+to solve this problem then you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem then you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this problem then you can see
+that the unknown the unknown is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the unknown the unknown is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the unknown the unknown is the
+magnetic field the the field which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field the the field which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field the the field which I
+would like to evaluate right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to evaluate right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to evaluate right and the
+expression for the P is as you read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the P is as you read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression for the P is as you read the
+simple is actually just a partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is actually just a partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple is actually just a partial
+derivative partial P partial T right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative partial P partial T right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative partial P partial T right so
+it's pretty simple and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty simple and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty simple and you can actually
+evaluate the know impart this curl looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the know impart this curl looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the know impart this curl looks
+pretty complicated right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty complicated right so you can
+actually evaluate that because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evaluate that because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually evaluate that because you know
+what is the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the electric field
+okay on the other hand if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on the other hand if you use
+Empress Empress law then you are you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empress Empress law then you are you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Empress Empress law then you are you're
+being trouble right because you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being trouble right because you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being trouble right because you don't
+know what is a P X py and PZ and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is a P X py and PZ and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is a P X py and PZ and you
+have to evaluate curl and you get a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to evaluate curl and you get a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to evaluate curl and you get a lot
+of turns and that is su equal to sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turns and that is su equal to sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turns and that is su equal to sound
+something from the information from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from the information from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from the information from the
+electric field and that would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and that would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and that would be very
+difficult to evaluate okay so therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to evaluate okay so therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to evaluate okay so therefore
+what we are going to do is to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to do is to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we are going to do is to use a
+validates law curl of e to be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validates law curl of e to be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validates law curl of e to be equal to
+minus partial P partial T right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus partial P partial T right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus partial P partial T right so
+basically as I mentioned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as I mentioned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically as I mentioned in the
+beginning we can make use of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we can make use of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning we can make use of the
+equations the determinant of matrix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the determinant of matrix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations the determinant of matrix to
+evaluate the curl right so therefore I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the curl right so therefore I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the curl right so therefore I'm
+going to use that and what I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that and what I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use that and what I am going to
+get is X Y the UNIVAC surface fill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is X Y the UNIVAC surface fill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get is X Y the UNIVAC surface fill the
+first row and partial partial X I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row and partial partial X I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row and partial partial X I so
+partial Y partial partial Z which filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Y partial partial Z which filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial Y partial partial Z which filled
+the second row of the matrix then I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row of the matrix then I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row of the matrix then I get
+e^x 0 0 right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e^x 0 0 right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e^x 0 0 right because
+the electric field is only in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field is only in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field is only in the X
+direction okay and this will be equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and this will be equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and this will be equal to
+only two turns right right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two turns right right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two turns right right because
+because of these two zeros I saw a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these two zeros I saw a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of these two zeros I saw a lot
+of turns are killed and only two turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turns are killed and only two turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of turns are killed and only two turns
+are now zero the first turn it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now zero the first turn it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now zero the first turn it says
+should the partial VX partial Z Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the partial VX partial Z Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the partial VX partial Z Y
+direction okay and the second turn is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and the second turn is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and the second turn is
+actually - actually X Y so Y in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually - actually X Y so Y in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually - actually X Y so Y in the Z
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+any questions and I couldn't are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions and I couldn't are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions and I couldn't are too
+fast okay all right so you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay all right so you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast okay all right so you can see that
+the electric field only depends the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field only depends the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field only depends the
+position Z is independent of Y right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Z is independent of Y right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position Z is independent of Y right
+therefore partial Y partial X partial Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore partial Y partial X partial Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore partial Y partial X partial Y
+is actually equal to zero Wow this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to zero Wow this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually equal to zero Wow this
+become much much easier right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much much easier right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become much much easier right because
+there's only one turn which is surviving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one turn which is surviving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one turn which is surviving
+this operator okay and then basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator okay and then basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this operator okay and then basically
+what we're going to get is I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to get is I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to get is I can now
+calculate partial X partial Z right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate partial X partial Z right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate partial X partial Z right
+based on the equation y 0 cosine KZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the equation y 0 cosine KZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the equation y 0 cosine KZ
+minus Omega T then basically why I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T then basically why I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T then basically why I can
+get this - I get a K out of it is 0 sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this - I get a K out of it is 0 sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this - I get a K out of it is 0 sine
+KZ minus Omega T okay so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ minus Omega T okay so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ minus Omega T okay so this is
+actually the result of the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the result of the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the result of the left hand
+side the right hand side okay of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the right hand side okay of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the right hand side okay of the
+equation of the follow this law is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the follow this law is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of the follow this law is minus
+partial P partial T right so this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial T right so this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial P partial T right so this will
+give you equal to minus partial P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you equal to minus partial P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you equal to minus partial P
+partial T ok and and ok so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T ok and and ok so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial T ok and and ok so very
+important I don't want to drop the white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I don't want to drop the white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I don't want to drop the white
+direction right so this is y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so this is y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction right so this is y direction
+okay and this is your vector and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is your vector and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is your vector and this is
+also a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also a vector
+okay so what I could do is to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I could do is to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what I could do is to to
+integration over tea and also cancel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over tea and also cancel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over tea and also cancel a
+minus sign alright so if I integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign alright so if I integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign alright so if I integrate
+over tea then basically what I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over tea then basically what I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over tea then basically what I'm going
+to get is K over Omega e 0 cosine KZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is K over Omega e 0 cosine KZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get is K over Omega e 0 cosine KZ
+minus Omega T in the y direction only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T in the y direction only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T in the y direction only
+okay so I'm doing the integration over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm doing the integration over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm doing the integration over T
+cancel the minus sign and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the minus sign and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel the minus sign and this is what
+you all I get and of course K over W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all I get and of course K over W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all I get and of course K over W
+over Omega sorry K over Omega is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega sorry K over Omega is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega sorry K over Omega is
+actually 1 over C right so therefore you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1 over C right so therefore you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1 over C right so therefore you
+have Ichiro you can simplify this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Ichiro you can simplify this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Ichiro you can simplify this
+expression and this is actually equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and this is actually equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and this is actually equal to
+e0 over C cosine KZ minus Omega T in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 over C cosine KZ minus Omega T in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e0 over C cosine KZ minus Omega T in the
+white okay look at what we have learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white okay look at what we have learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white okay look at what we have learned
+from here okay what we have learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here okay what we have learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here okay what we have learn from
+here is that okay I got started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that okay I got started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that okay I got started with a
+prank wave solution of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prank wave solution of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prank wave solution of the electric
+field and I can show that only when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and I can show that only when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field and I can show that only when
+Omega over K is equal to the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over K is equal to the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over K is equal to the speed of
+light this is a solution to my wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light this is a solution to my wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light this is a solution to my wave
+equation okay and also because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and also because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation okay and also because the
+electric field and magnetic field have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and magnetic field have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and magnetic field have
+to satisfy the Maxwell's equation all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy the Maxwell's equation all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy the Maxwell's equation all
+the time right because that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time right because that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time right because that's the
+fundamental law therefore I can see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental law therefore I can see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental law therefore I can see I
+can use those equations to evaluate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use those equations to evaluate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use those equations to evaluate and
+to find what is issued a corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find what is issued a corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find what is issued a corresponding
+magnetic field and using Faraday's law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and using Faraday's law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and using Faraday's law
+and practicing and the solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practicing and the solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and practicing and the solving the
+equation I will be able to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I will be able to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation I will be able to figure out
+that B is also what kind of wave P is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B is also what kind of wave P is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that B is also what kind of wave P is
+also what kind of wave I was talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what kind of wave I was talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what kind of wave I was talking
+about Oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plane wave rice is also playing wave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave rice is also playing wave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave rice is also playing wave you
+see so if I start just starting with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so if I start just starting with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so if I start just starting with a
+plane wave in the electric field side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave in the electric field side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane wave in the electric field side
+and I also get a plane wave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also get a plane wave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I also get a plane wave in the
+magnetic field side okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field side okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field side okay
+they are proportional to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are proportional to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are proportional to each other
+originally the magnitude of the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the magnitude of the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the magnitude of the electric
+field is e zero the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is e zero the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is e zero the corresponding
+magnetic field the magnitude is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field the magnitude is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field the magnitude is
+proportional to e zero but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to e zero but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to e zero but there is a
+factor of one over C difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of one over C difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of one over C difference between
+the magnetic field amplitude and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field amplitude and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field amplitude and the
+electric field amplitude okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field amplitude okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field amplitude okay
+the third thing which we learn from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third thing which we learn from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third thing which we learn from here
+is that okay electric field is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay electric field is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay electric field is actually
+in the X Direction P feel is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction P feel is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X Direction P feel is essentially
+not in the X Direction is in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the X Direction is in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the X Direction is in the Y
+Direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction okay
+so actually what we have what we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually what we have what we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually what we have what we learn
+from here is that the direction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here is that the direction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from here is that the direction of the
+PCO okay can be determined by a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCO okay can be determined by a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PCO okay can be determined by a simple
+calculation so basically the B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so basically the B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so basically the B is
+proportional the magnitude of B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional the magnitude of B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional the magnitude of B is
+proportional to the electric field but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the electric field but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the electric field but
+you have to multiply the magnitude by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to multiply the magnitude by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to multiply the magnitude by
+one over C and also this is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over C and also this is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over C and also this is actually not
+correct because the P is actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because the P is actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct because the P is actually in the
+Y direction right so the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y direction right so the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y direction right so the original
+direction of the electric field is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field is in
+the x direction also we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x direction also we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x direction also we know the
+direction of a propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of a propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of a propagation
+okay is in the z direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is in the z direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay is in the z direction okay
+therefore if I take unit vector K okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if I take unit vector K okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore if I take unit vector K okay
+case I show you the web number but now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I show you the web number but now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I show you the web number but now I
+make it a vector and I take the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a vector and I take the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it a vector and I take the unit
+vector is equal to Z the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is equal to Z the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is equal to Z the direction of
+propagation okay if I make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation okay if I make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation okay if I make this
+definition then I can now rewrite this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition then I can now rewrite this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition then I can now rewrite this
+relation basically I can express the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation basically I can express the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation basically I can express the
+magnitude of P by K hat which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of P by K hat which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of P by K hat which is the
+direction of propagation cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the e-field okay and we can check this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e-field okay and we can check this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the e-field okay and we can check this
+and basically what you are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what you are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically what you are going to get
+is e cross e then we actually really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e cross e then we actually really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is e cross e then we actually really
+really the cross X you are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the cross X you are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the cross X you are going to get
+y direction okay and that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction okay and that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y direction okay and that is actually
+telling you that p and the e have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that p and the e have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you that p and the e have a
+rather simple relation and also you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather simple relation and also you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather simple relation and also you
+don't really need to go through all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to go through all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really need to go through all
+those calculation again because now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those calculation again because now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those calculation again because now you
+can see that if you know the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that if you know the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that if you know the direction
+of publication and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of publication and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of publication and you know the
+direction of the electric field then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the electric field then you
+can already build you a what will be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already build you a what will be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can already build you a what will be in
+the B field okay okay so we would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B field okay okay so we would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the B field okay okay so we would take
+by a mini-break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a mini-break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a mini-break
+we come come back in twenty nine and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come come back in twenty nine and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come come back in twenty nine and we
+will continue the discussion of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue the discussion of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue the discussion of this
+solution let me know if you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution let me know if you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution let me know if you have any
+questions about the content we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we'll pump back everybody so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll pump back everybody so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll pump back everybody so we
+will continue a discussion of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue a discussion of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will continue a discussion of what we
+have learned on the equation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned on the equation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have learned on the equation so
+basically we start with Prem wave in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we start with Prem wave in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we start with Prem wave in the
+electric field and the electric fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and the electric fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and the electric fields
+in the X direction and we evaluated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction and we evaluated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction and we evaluated the
+responding B field which is in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding B field which is in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding B field which is in the Y
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction
+right and what we found is that actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what we found is that actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what we found is that actually
+we can find the simple relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find the simple relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can find the simple relation between
+electric field and the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and the magnetic field
+which is actually magnetic field vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually magnetic field vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually magnetic field vector
+is equal to 1 over C K hat cross e and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over C K hat cross e and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 over C K hat cross e and
+the K hat now which is defined here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K hat now which is defined here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K hat now which is defined here is
+actually the direction of propagation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the direction of propagation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the direction of propagation so
+basically in this case in the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in this case in the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically in this case in the discussion
+we have before the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have before the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have before the direction of
+propagation is in the positive Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation is in the positive Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation is in the positive Z
+Direction ok so if I go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction ok so if I go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction ok so if I go ahead and
+visualize the whole lot of solution prat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the whole lot of solution prat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the whole lot of solution prat
+the magnetic field and the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field and the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field and the electric
+field as a function of Z X and the y ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as a function of Z X and the y ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field as a function of Z X and the y ok
+ok as a function of Z actually here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok as a function of Z actually here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok as a function of Z actually here and
+I only evaluate the value at s equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only evaluate the value at s equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only evaluate the value at s equal to
+0 and y equal to 0 and basically this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and y equal to 0 and basically this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and y equal to 0 and basically this is
+what you have so basically you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have so basically you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have so basically you have two
+sine wave one is a should be pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave one is a should be pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave one is a should be pointing to
+the X direction and the other one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction and the other one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the X direction and the other one is
+actually pointing to the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pointing to the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pointing to the Y direction
+which is the B field ok and those lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the B field ok and those lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the B field ok and those lines
+that mean a lot because if you lose is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean a lot because if you lose is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean a lot because if you lose is
+you just connect connecting the the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just connect connecting the the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just connect connecting the the end
+point of all those vectors right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of all those vectors right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of all those vectors right so you
+you s you can see that the sine wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you s you can see that the sine wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you s you can see that the sine wave
+structure of cosine wave structure when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of cosine wave structure when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of cosine wave structure when
+you connect all those vectors and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you connect all those vectors and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you connect all those vectors and keep
+in mind that those are evaluated at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that those are evaluated at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind that those are evaluated at x
+and y equal to 0 therefore what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y equal to 0 therefore what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y equal to 0 therefore what we
+actually get is actually a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get is actually a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually get is actually a lot of
+vectors okay so those individual arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so those individual arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors okay so those individual arrows
+are vectors and this whole thing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vectors and this whole thing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vectors and this whole thing this
+whole electromagnetic wave is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole electromagnetic wave is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole electromagnetic wave is
+propagating to the positive z direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to the positive z direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating to the positive z direction
+and both electric field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both electric field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and both electric field and
+and the magnetic field are propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field are propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field are propagating
+at the speed of light which is C and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the speed of light which is C and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the speed of light which is C and
+also you can see that the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can see that the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also you can see that the magnitude
+because I proudly here the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I proudly here the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I proudly here the magnitude
+there is no phase difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no phase difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is no phase difference between
+electric field and and magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and and magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field and and magnetic field
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+this is actually not always the case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not always the case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually not always the case and
+which we will show an example of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will show an example of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will show an example of it
+later in the lecture so in general what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the lecture so in general what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the lecture so in general what
+we can actually do is to write down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually do is to write down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can actually do is to write down a
+general expression for the Elector for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general expression for the Elector for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general expression for the Elector for
+the prang wave so for example I can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prang wave so for example I can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the prang wave so for example I can have
+a prang wave which is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prang wave which is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prang wave which is actually
+propagating in some direction which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in some direction which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating in some direction which is
+actually given by this K vector okay K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually given by this K vector okay K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually given by this K vector okay K
+vector is actually giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is actually giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is actually giving you
+information about the wave number and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the wave number and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the wave number and
+also the direction of publication okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the direction of publication okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the direction of publication okay
+and in this case what I am trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case what I am trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case what I am trying to
+construct is a solution which is a ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct is a solution which is a ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct is a solution which is a ship
+propagating along in the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating along in the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating along in the direction of
+the K vector and the and the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K vector and the and the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the K vector and the and the electric
+field is actually going to be pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is actually going to be pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is actually going to be pointing
+to a direction perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a direction perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a direction perpendicular to the
+direction of the K vector okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the K vector okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the K vector okay so
+basically what why I can do is I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what why I can do is I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what why I can do is I can
+write this prime wave in this functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this prime wave in this functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this prime wave in this functional
+form is 0 is actually a vector which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is 0 is actually a vector which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is 0 is actually a vector which is
+actually telling you that the ration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling you that the ration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually telling you that the ration of
+the electric field okay e0 the vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field okay e0 the vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field okay e0 the vector is
+actually have the dysfunctional form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the dysfunctional form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have the dysfunctional form
+okay and and the K vector is expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and the K vector is expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and and the K vector is expressed
+in the exponential function inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exponential function inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exponential function inside the
+exponential function exponential I K dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function exponential I K dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential function exponential I K dot
+R minus Omega T ok and what it says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R minus Omega T ok and what it says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R minus Omega T ok and what it says you
+are are essentially X X hat plus y Y hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are essentially X X hat plus y Y hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are essentially X X hat plus y Y hat
+plus cz hat okay and Omega is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cz hat okay and Omega is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus cz hat okay and Omega is actually
+the angular frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angular frequency
+which we are familiar with and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are familiar with and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we are familiar with and
+essentially equal to C times the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially equal to C times the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially equal to C times the wave
+the magnitude of K which is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of K which is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude of K which is actually the
+wave number okay and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave number okay and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave number okay and you can actually
+show that okay indeed this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that okay indeed this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that okay indeed this expression
+can satisfy the wave equation which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can satisfy the wave equation which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can satisfy the wave equation which we
+derived for the electric field and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived for the electric field and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived for the electric field and of
+course there are some requirement which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are some requirement which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are some requirement which
+is actually that that the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually that that the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually that that the direction of
+the electric field have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field have to be
+perpendicular to the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the direction of
+propagation okay which you can usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation okay which you can usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation okay which you can usually
+write that and finally this expression p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that and finally this expression p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that and finally this expression p
+0 equal to 1 over C cake which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 equal to 1 over C cake which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 equal to 1 over C cake which is the
+direction of propagation cross e field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation cross e field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of propagation cross e field
+is still valid because basically we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still valid because basically we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still valid because basically we have
+shown that it works for the pram we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that it works for the pram we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown that it works for the pram we're
+pointing to the X direction propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the X direction propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing to the X direction propagating
+to the z direction we can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the z direction we can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the z direction we can always
+redefine a coordinate system right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine a coordinate system right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redefine a coordinate system right
+facility which we can Rachel rotate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility which we can Rachel rotate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facility which we can Rachel rotate this
+coordinate system and and the physics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and and the physics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system and and the physics or
+should have changed right there for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have changed right there for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have changed right there for you
+you must see that this expression must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must see that this expression must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must see that this expression must
+be still valid and also the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be still valid and also the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be still valid and also the direction of
+the electric field okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electric field okay
+which is actually proportional to e 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually proportional to e 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually proportional to e 0
+must be perpendicular to the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be perpendicular to the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be perpendicular to the direction
+of publication okay so that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of publication okay so that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of publication okay so that is actually
+what we can actually learn general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can actually learn general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can actually learn general
+description of electric field pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of electric field pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of electric field pointing
+to some random direction okay so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some random direction okay so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some random direction okay so we have
+talked about a progressing wave solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a progressing wave solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about a progressing wave solution
+and also the pram wave and and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the pram wave and and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also the pram wave and and those are
+the corresponding magnetic field I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding magnetic field I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding magnetic field I hope
+that you can issue a pride this like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can issue a pride this like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can issue a pride this like
+techne which we learned here if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techne which we learned here if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techne which we learned here if you are
+given a magnetic field you must know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a magnetic field you must know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given a magnetic field you must know
+that there must be a corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there must be a corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there must be a corresponding
+electric field because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field because the
+not be separated from each other and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be separated from each other and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be separated from each other and you
+can actually obtain the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually obtain the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually obtain the corresponding
+electric field if you are given magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field if you are given magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field if you are given magnetic
+field by using Maxwell's questions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field by using Maxwell's questions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field by using Maxwell's questions okay
+so what is going to happen is that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is going to happen is that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is going to happen is that now
+if I omit this photon or say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I omit this photon or say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I omit this photon or say this
+electromagnetic wave from a light source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave from a light source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic wave from a light source
+for example that one okay the one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that one okay the one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that one okay the one of
+which is pointing at my face okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pointing at my face okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is pointing at my face okay
+basically my face is going to bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically my face is going to bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically my face is going to bounce
+some of the electron electromagnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the electron electromagnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the electron electromagnetic
+field around and someday I should go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field around and someday I should go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field around and someday I should go out
+of the window right and then when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the window right and then when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the window right and then when they
+call the window maybe they're lucky they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the window maybe they're lucky they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the window maybe they're lucky they
+are not hitting any building in nit then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not hitting any building in nit then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not hitting any building in nit then
+what is going to happen is that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen is that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen is that they are
+going to propagate forever toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to propagate forever toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to propagate forever toward the
+end of the universe really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the universe really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the universe really the
+constraint forever as you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint forever as you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint forever as you can see from
+this solution it's like some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution it's like some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this solution it's like some kind of
+wave propagating forever at the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagating forever at the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave propagating forever at the speed of
+light if you later encounter anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light if you later encounter anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light if you later encounter anything
+before the end of the end of the life of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the end of the end of the life of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the end of the end of the life of
+the electromagnetic wave is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electromagnetic wave is going to be
+propagating forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating forever
+- were that direction okay excape in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- were that direction okay excape in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- were that direction okay excape in
+from the window okay so so that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the window okay so so that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the window okay so so that is
+actually fascinating and but we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fascinating and but we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually fascinating and but we would
+like to introduce some more excitement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to introduce some more excitement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to introduce some more excitement
+right to see what it is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to see what it is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to see what it is going to happen
+so what I'm going to do is now instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is now instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what I'm going to do is now instead
+of only discussing about the prime wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of only discussing about the prime wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of only discussing about the prime wave
+what I'm going to do is that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do is that I would
+like to add a perfect conductor into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add a perfect conductor into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to add a perfect conductor into the
+game and see what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and see what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and see what is going to happen
+okay so what do I mean by a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do I mean by a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what do I mean by a perfect
+conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor
+okay a perfect conductor can be seen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a perfect conductor can be seen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a perfect conductor can be seen in
+the in the musical concert but one which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the musical concert but one which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the musical concert but one which
+I am talking about is that that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am talking about is that that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am talking about is that that one
+which is also fascinating but that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also fascinating but that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also fascinating but that this
+is a different system the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different system the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different system the interesting
+thing is that both the conductors in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that both the conductors in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that both the conductors in the
+cancer and this wine is very busy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and this wine is very busy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer and this wine is very busy right
+it's a very busy system okay what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very busy system okay what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very busy system okay what do I
+mean by perfect conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by perfect conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by perfect conductor
+okay that means all the detail changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means all the detail changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that means all the detail changes
+inside the conductor can move 3d so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the conductor can move 3d so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the conductor can move 3d so if
+we move the tongue actually cause any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move the tongue actually cause any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we move the tongue actually cause any
+energy okay they can move around all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay they can move around all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy okay they can move around all the
+electrons inside the car data can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons inside the car data can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons inside the car data can be
+moved freely without posting anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved freely without posting anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved freely without posting anything
+okay without any this energy dissipation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay without any this energy dissipation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay without any this energy dissipation
+so that's actually what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's actually what I mean by
+perfect conductor okay what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect conductor okay what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect conductor okay what do I mean by
+a very busy system that means whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very busy system that means whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very busy system that means whenever
+there are any distortion on the electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any distortion on the electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are any distortion on the electric
+field okay any electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay any electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field okay any electric field
+approaching to this conductor what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching to this conductor what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching to this conductor what is
+going to happen is that this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen is that this country
+that this energy field so I have to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this energy field so I have to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this energy field so I have to move
+from some of my electron then you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of my electron then you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some of my electron then you were
+going it's going to cancel order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going it's going to cancel order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going it's going to cancel order that
+you feel inside the conductor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel inside the conductor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you feel inside the conductor right
+because it costs nothing right so so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it costs nothing right so so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it costs nothing right so so you
+will fast really fast to react to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fast really fast to react to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fast really fast to react to this
+change in the electric field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the electric field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the electric field and the
+really care for the arranged or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care for the arranged or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really care for the arranged or the
+electrons and so that they let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so that they let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and so that they let it
+actually feels canceled right otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually feels canceled right otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually feels canceled right otherwise
+all those electrons that will continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those electrons that will continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those electrons that will continue
+to move around okay until this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move around okay until this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move around okay until this happens
+it is a cancellation happens okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a cancellation happens okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a cancellation happens okay so now
+see what I mean by a busy world and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean by a busy world and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I mean by a busy world and what
+I mean by a perfect come daughter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by a perfect come daughter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean by a perfect come daughter okay
+if I put this conductor into the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put this conductor into the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I put this conductor into the game
+what is going to happen what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is going to happen what is going to
+happen is that if I consider a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that if I consider a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that if I consider a situation
+if I have my axis defined here pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have my axis defined here pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have my axis defined here pointing
+up to P the x axis pointing to a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to P the x axis pointing to a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to P the x axis pointing to a right
+to the z axis pointing to the two where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the z axis pointing to the two where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the z axis pointing to the two where
+u is a to the y axis okay so I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is a to the y axis okay so I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u is a to the y axis okay so I can now
+again take the Prem wave which I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again take the Prem wave which I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again take the Prem wave which I started
+with okay do a pure Prem wave like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay do a pure Prem wave like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with okay do a pure Prem wave like this
+and it's going to work a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to work a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to work a piece of
+perfect conductor what is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect conductor what is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect conductor what is going to
+happen is that as I actually mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that as I actually mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen is that as I actually mentioned
+before there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there are many
+charges over the place they are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges over the place they are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges over the place they are going to
+quickly rearrange those all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly rearrange those all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly rearrange those all those
+charges to cancel the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges to cancel the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charges to cancel the electric field
+right so if you have a pram wave going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have a pram wave going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you have a pram wave going
+to work the perfect conductor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work the perfect conductor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work the perfect conductor and the
+surface of the proper conductor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the proper conductor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the proper conductor the
+electric field will become zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field will become zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field will become zero right
+okay but if you have only one prang wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you have only one prang wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if you have only one prang wave
+it cannot be the magnitude cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be the magnitude cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot be the magnitude cannot be
+equal to zero right because I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero right because I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero right because I know the
+function of one I know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one I know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of one I know that the
+functional form of the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional form of the electric field is
+e zero cosine KZ minus Omega T right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e zero cosine KZ minus Omega T right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e zero cosine KZ minus Omega T right if
+I praise this perfect conductor at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I praise this perfect conductor at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I praise this perfect conductor at Z
+equal to 0 then I can evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 then I can evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 then I can evaluate the
+electric field is not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is not equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field is not equal to zero
+right because it's actually equal to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's actually equal to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it's actually equal to e
+zero cosine minus Omega T so what can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero cosine minus Omega T so what can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero cosine minus Omega T so what can I
+do to cancel the electric field this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to cancel the electric field this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to cancel the electric field this is
+actually very similar to the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very similar to the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very similar to the situation
+when you have a progressing wave and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a progressing wave and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have a progressing wave and the
+string hitting a wall right because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string hitting a wall right because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string hitting a wall right because the
+magnitude of the string okay which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the string okay which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of the string okay which is
+fed to the equilibrium position is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed to the equilibrium position is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fed to the equilibrium position is
+actually equal to zero okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to zero okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to zero okay that's
+actually what we have learned in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we have learned in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what we have learned in the
+last few lectures and this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few lectures and this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last few lectures and this is actually
+exactly the same situation right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same situation right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same situation right you
+have a progressing wave and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a progressing wave and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a progressing wave and there is
+some kind of boundary which actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of boundary which actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of boundary which actually
+when this poquessing prime web encounter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this poquessing prime web encounter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when this poquessing prime web encounter
+this propria conductor there that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this propria conductor there that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this propria conductor there that you'd
+like to feel the boundary condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition has to be it e is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition has to be it e is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition has to be it e is actually
+zero zero zero e sorry eat X Y zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero zero e sorry eat X Y zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero zero e sorry eat X Y zero
+which is actually the position of the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually the position of the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is actually the position of the Z
+of the of the perfect conductor as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the perfect conductor as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the perfect conductor as a
+function of time will be equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time will be equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of time will be equal to zero
+okay the whole plan will have zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the whole plan will have zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the whole plan will have zero
+electric field okay so that means there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field okay so that means there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field okay so that means there
+must be what kind of wave there must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be what kind of wave there must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be what kind of wave there must be
+a refractive wave right because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a refractive wave right because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a refractive wave right because of the
+presence of the perfect conductor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the perfect conductor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presence of the perfect conductor right
+it's actually similar to the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually similar to the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually similar to the situation
+which we discussed there's a progressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we discussed there's a progressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we discussed there's a progressing
+with hitting the wall and I'm this a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hitting the wall and I'm this a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with hitting the wall and I'm this a
+stream water system there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream water system there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream water system there will be a
+refractive wave okay coming out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive wave okay coming out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive wave okay coming out of it
+okay so therefore what we are expecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore what we are expecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so therefore what we are expecting
+is some kind of refractive wave which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some kind of refractive wave which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some kind of refractive wave which I
+should cancel the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cancel the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should cancel the magnitude of the
+electric field at Z equal to 0 okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at Z equal to 0 okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field at Z equal to 0 okay and
+this C wave is going to the love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C wave is going to the love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this C wave is going to the love
+inside direction okay so now I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside direction okay so now I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside direction okay so now I can
+actually write down the incident wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+expression the incident wave I call it e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the incident wave I call it e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression the incident wave I call it e
+I okay this is e I it's expressed as e0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay this is e I it's expressed as e0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay this is e I it's expressed as e0
+over 2 cosine KZ minus Omega T this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 cosine KZ minus Omega T this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 cosine KZ minus Omega T this is
+actually what I put in to the system the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I put in to the system the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually what I put in to the system the
+magnitude is e zero over two and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is e zero over two and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude is e zero over two and it's
+actually propagating to where the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually propagating to where the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually propagating to where the Z
+direction as you can see from here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as you can see from here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction as you can see from here and
+the direction of the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction of the electric field is
+in the X direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction okay
+and of course the Ethio will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the Ethio will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course the Ethio will have a
+corresponding magnetic field which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding magnetic field which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding magnetic field which is a
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+you can actually write it down directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually write it down directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually write it down directly
+using this formula right P equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this formula right P equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this formula right P equal to 1
+over C K cross E K here is Z right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C K cross E K here is Z right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over C K cross E K here is Z right
+therefore you can quickly evaluate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can quickly evaluate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore you can quickly evaluate and
+conclude that the the magnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the the magnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that the the magnetic field
+must be in the Y direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be in the Y direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be in the Y direction
+and under the magnitude of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under the magnitude of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and under the magnitude of the magnetic
+field will be e 0 divided by 2 C cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will be e 0 divided by 2 C cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field will be e 0 divided by 2 C cosine
+KZ and as Omega okay so that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ and as Omega okay so that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ and as Omega okay so that is actually
+the incident wave and of course I'd also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident wave and of course I'd also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident wave and of course I'd also
+need as I discussed there must be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as I discussed there must be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need as I discussed there must be a
+refractive wave er which actually cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive wave er which actually cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refractive wave er which actually cancel
+the election field at Z equal to 0 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the election field at Z equal to 0 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the election field at Z equal to 0 okay
+if that cancels the incident wave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that cancels the incident wave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that cancels the incident wave that
+means the magnitude must be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the magnitude must be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the magnitude must be in the
+opposite direction of the incident wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction of the incident wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite direction of the incident wave
+right therefore I can quickly write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore I can quickly write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right therefore I can quickly write down
+will be the resulting refractive wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the resulting refractive wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the resulting refractive wave
+that will be equal to minus e0 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be equal to minus e0 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be equal to minus e0 over 2
+cosine minus KZ and this Omega in the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine minus KZ and this Omega in the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine minus KZ and this Omega in the X
+direction and the luck responding be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the luck responding be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and the luck responding be
+feel I can also write it down using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I can also write it down using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel I can also write it down using
+exactly the same formula right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same formula right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same formula right and the
+basically what I conclude is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I conclude is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I conclude is that this
+will be equal to p0 over 2 C cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to p0 over 2 C cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be equal to p0 over 2 C cosine
+minus KZ minus Omega T in the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus KZ minus Omega T in the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus KZ minus Omega T in the Y
+direction okay so you can actually check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so you can actually check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so you can actually check
+this expression after the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now I would like to check what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I would like to check what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I would like to check what would
+be the magnitude of the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the magnitude of the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the magnitude of the electric field
+at Z equal to zero so basically at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z equal to zero so basically at Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Z equal to zero so basically at Z
+equal to 0 you have something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 you have something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 you have something which is
+proportional to cosine minus Omega T for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to cosine minus Omega T for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to cosine minus Omega T for
+the incident wave and the magnitude is e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident wave and the magnitude is e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incident wave and the magnitude is e
+zero my over 2 and if you evaluate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero my over 2 and if you evaluate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero my over 2 and if you evaluate the
+equal to zero basically you get huh - is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero basically you get huh - is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero basically you get huh - is
+zero over 2 cosine a minus Omega T right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero over 2 cosine a minus Omega T right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero over 2 cosine a minus Omega T right
+therefore they'd really cancel and give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they'd really cancel and give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they'd really cancel and give
+you the desired boundary condition which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the desired boundary condition which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the desired boundary condition which
+is actually e equal to 0 at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually e equal to 0 at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually e equal to 0 at the surface
+of the perfect conductor okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the perfect conductor okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the perfect conductor okay so that's
+really nice and this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice and this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice and this is actually the
+physics which we already learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics which we already learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics which we already learned from
+this string wall system ok so what I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string wall system ok so what I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this string wall system ok so what I can
+do now is to calculate the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is to calculate the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is to calculate the total
+electric field if I add them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field if I add them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field if I add them together
+basically I will get a total electric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I will get a total electric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I will get a total electric
+field which is actually overlapping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is actually overlapping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field which is actually overlapping the
+incident and the refracted wave what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and the refracted wave what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and the refracted wave what I
+am going to get is e i+ ER okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am going to get is e i+ ER okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am going to get is e i+ ER okay and
+basically what I get is 0 over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I get is 0 over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically what I get is 0 over 2
+okay because the incident wave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the incident wave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the incident wave and
+refracted wave the electric field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted wave the electric field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refracted wave the electric field is
+always in the X direction therefore I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in the X direction therefore I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always in the X direction therefore I
+only need to take care of the X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to take care of the X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to take care of the X
+direction so basically I have cosine KZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so basically I have cosine KZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction so basically I have cosine KZ
+minus Omega T - right because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T - right because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Omega T - right because there's a
+minus sign here minus cosine minus KZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign here minus cosine minus KZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign here minus cosine minus KZ
+minus Omega T in the X direction okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and of course this is a cosine minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is a cosine minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this is a cosine minus
+cosine right so we have all the formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine right so we have all the formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine right so we have all the formulas
+I want from for example Wikipedia or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want from for example Wikipedia or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want from for example Wikipedia or
+from your textbook right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your textbook right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from your textbook right
+so you can actually calculate this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually calculate this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can actually calculate this you
+rewrite this expression to be e 0 sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this expression to be e 0 sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this expression to be e 0 sine
+Omega T sine K and the DCCCD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T sine K and the DCCCD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T sine K and the DCCCD
+in the X direction okay everybody is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction okay everybody is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the X direction okay everybody is
+following I hope it's not too fast all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I hope it's not too fast all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I hope it's not too fast all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and of course I can also calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I can also calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course I can also calculate the
+corresponding P fill right so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding P fill right so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding P fill right so it's
+actually again exactly the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually again exactly the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually again exactly the same thing
+the I plus PR and basically I I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I plus PR and basically I I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I plus PR and basically I I will
+skip the step basically you can add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip the step basically you can add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip the step basically you can add this
+turn and not turn okay and you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and not turn okay and you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn and not turn okay and you will be
+able to conclude that the PCO will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to conclude that the PCO will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to conclude that the PCO will be
+equal to e 0 over C cosine Omega T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e 0 over C cosine Omega T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to e 0 over C cosine Omega T
+cosine KZ in the Y direction this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine KZ in the Y direction this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine KZ in the Y direction this is
+actually pretty interesting if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty interesting if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty interesting if you look
+at this if you look at this result I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this if you look at this result I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this if you look at this result I
+have electric field which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electric field which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electric field which is
+proportional to e 0 the magnitude sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to e 0 the magnitude sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to e 0 the magnitude sine
+Omega T and sine KZ okay what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T and sine KZ okay what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega T and sine KZ okay what does that
+mean this is some a special kind of wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is some a special kind of wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is some a special kind of wave
+which we learned before what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we learned before what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we learned before what kind of
+wave is this is it's a standing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is this is it's a standing wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave is this is it's a standing wave
+right because the shape is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the shape is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the shape is actually
+fixed is sine KZ and the magnitudes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed is sine KZ and the magnitudes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed is sine KZ and the magnitudes are
+essentially changing up and down at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially changing up and down at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially changing up and down at the
+angular frequency Omega T it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency Omega T it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular frequency Omega T it's a
+standing wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+another thing which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing which is really
+interesting is that if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that if you look at the
+expression electric field and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression electric field and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression electric field and the
+magnetic field if you compare that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field if you compare that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field if you compare that when
+you see a sign sign the otherwise cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a sign sign the otherwise cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see a sign sign the otherwise cosine
+cosine okay that's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine okay that's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine okay that's kind of interesting
+because this is actually different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is actually different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is actually different from
+what we actually usually learn from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually usually learn from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually usually learn from the
+progressing wave solution or traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing wave solution or traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progressing wave solution or traveling
+web solution where the electric field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web solution where the electric field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web solution where the electric field
+and the magnetic field are in phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field are in phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnetic field are in phase
+right there is no phase difference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is no phase difference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is no phase difference in
+the case of the superposition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the superposition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case of the superposition of the
+incident and the refracted wave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and the refracted wave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident and the refracted wave the
+solution of a standing wave actually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a standing wave actually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of a standing wave actually you
+can see that the face of the P field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the face of the P field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the face of the P field and
+the Evo are different okay finally very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Evo are different okay finally very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Evo are different okay finally very
+important you see that look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you see that look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important you see that look at this
+expression P equal to 1 over C K cross E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression P equal to 1 over C K cross E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression P equal to 1 over C K cross E
+this only work that means this only work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only work that means this only work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this only work that means this only work
+for travelling wave right clear D this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for travelling wave right clear D this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for travelling wave right clear D this
+doesn't work for standing waves okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for standing waves okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work for standing waves okay so
+very important so don't blindly apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important so don't blindly apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important so don't blindly apply
+this expression this is only useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression this is only useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression this is only useful for
+the travelling wave solution and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the travelling wave solution and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the travelling wave solution and you can
+see a very concrete example here instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a very concrete example here instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a very concrete example here instead
+of work for standing waves okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work for standing waves okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work for standing waves okay okay
+that's kind of interesting and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of interesting and if you
+look at this result you see that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this result you see that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this result you see that if I
+don't have magnetic field okay if I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have magnetic field okay if I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have magnetic field okay if I only
+have the electric field there will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the electric field there will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the electric field there will be
+instant of time for example T equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant of time for example T equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant of time for example T equal to
+zero when T is equal to zero sine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when T is equal to zero sine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero when T is equal to zero sine is
+equal to zero what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero what is going to happen
+you will have no electric field okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have no electric field okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have no electric field okay
+that means it'll feel completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it'll feel completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means it'll feel completely
+disappear right because we are operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear right because we are operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear right because we are operating
+this sustaining in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sustaining in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sustaining in
+right there's nowhere to hide where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's nowhere to hide where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's nowhere to hide where is
+the energy right the energy fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy right the energy fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy right the energy fortunately
+you'll actually feel have a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually feel have a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll actually feel have a very good
+partner which is as your P feel okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner which is as your P feel okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner which is as your P feel okay all
+the all the magnet other energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the magnet other energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the all the magnet other energy is
+actually stored in the form of magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stored in the form of magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually stored in the form of magnetic
+field right you can see that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right you can see that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field right you can see that now
+magnetic field is reaching the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is reaching the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is reaching the maximum
+okay so of course I can now calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so of course I can now calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so of course I can now calculate
+the pointing vector okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing vector okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pointing vector okay
+pointing vector is e cross P divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector is e cross P divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector is e cross P divided by
+mu zero and this will be equal to 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu zero and this will be equal to 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu zero and this will be equal to 1 over
+mu zero e X P Y the interaction there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu zero e X P Y the interaction there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mu zero e X P Y the interaction there is
+only one trunk which survive so pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one trunk which survive so pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one trunk which survive so pointing
+back there is not pointing vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there is not pointing vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there is not pointing vector
+okay it's not pointing around okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not pointing around okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's not pointing around okay it's
+a there's a gentleman which called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a gentleman which called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a there's a gentleman which called
+pointing and he has a vector and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing and he has a vector and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing and he has a vector and this
+back there is a direction no energy flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there is a direction no energy flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back there is a direction no energy flux
+is a directional energy flux or the rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a directional energy flux or the rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a directional energy flux or the rate
+of energy transfer per unit per unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy transfer per unit per unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy transfer per unit per unit
+area okay so that is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area okay so that is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area okay so that is actually the
+different meaning of pointing vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meaning of pointing vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different meaning of pointing vector and
+the it's magnitude is proportional to e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's magnitude is proportional to e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's magnitude is proportional to e
+cross B divided by mu zero okay so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross B divided by mu zero okay so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross B divided by mu zero okay so I can
+calculate that basically I have the e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that basically I have the e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that basically I have the e
+and the PX and py then I can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the PX and py then I can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the PX and py then I can calculate
+that would be equal to p0 square over mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be equal to p0 square over mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be equal to p0 square over mu
+zero sine Omega T cosine Omega T cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero sine Omega T cosine Omega T cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero sine Omega T cosine Omega T cosine
+KZ sine KZ in the literature okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ sine KZ in the literature okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KZ sine KZ in the literature okay
+because I have X cross Y I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have X cross Y I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have X cross Y I'm going to
+write okay and I can simplify this I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write okay and I can simplify this I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write okay and I can simplify this I can
+have the cosine a sine cosine and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cosine a sine cosine and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cosine a sine cosine and also
+have cosine sine like basically you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cosine sine like basically you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cosine sine like basically you can
+simplify this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplify this expression
+get a zero squared divided by 4 mu 0 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a zero squared divided by 4 mu 0 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a zero squared divided by 4 mu 0 C
+sine 2 Omega T sine 2 K Z in the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine 2 Omega T sine 2 K Z in the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine 2 Omega T sine 2 K Z in the Z
+direction okay so you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay so you can see that the
+directional energy flux okay is in the z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional energy flux okay is in the z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directional energy flux okay is in the z
+direction okay and it has a pair it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and it has a pair it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction okay and it has a pair it has
+a vector it has a wave number 2 times of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector it has a wave number 2 times of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector it has a wave number 2 times of
+the original wave number and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original wave number and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original wave number and it's
+actually going up and down 2 times of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going up and down 2 times of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going up and down 2 times of
+the speed of the oscillation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of the oscillation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of the oscillation of the
+original electromagnetic wave okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original electromagnetic wave okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original electromagnetic wave okay and
+this energy is actually vibrating up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy is actually vibrating up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy is actually vibrating up and
+down and the shape of this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the shape of this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the shape of this energy
+transfer pointing vector is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer pointing vector is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer pointing vector is actually a
+sine wave okay so that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave okay so that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine wave okay so that is actually
+exactly how the micro wave actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how the micro wave actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how the micro wave actually
+works right so basically what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right so basically what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works right so basically what we are
+doing is to have generate microwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to have generate microwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is to have generate microwave
+inside your device and in the oven this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your device and in the oven this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside your device and in the oven this
+microwave is bouncing back and forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave is bouncing back and forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microwave is bouncing back and forth
+because you have metal walls which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have metal walls which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have metal walls which I
+should be punished electromagnetic field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be punished electromagnetic field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be punished electromagnetic field
+back and forth and it really can cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and it really can cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and it really can cook
+the food by vibrating the molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food by vibrating the molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the food by vibrating the molecules
+inside the food back and forth right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the food back and forth right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the food back and forth right so
+as you can see the magnitude of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the magnitude of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see the magnitude of the
+pointing vector is actually up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector is actually up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing vector is actually up
+oscillating up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillating up and down
+now as you caused additional vibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you caused additional vibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as you caused additional vibration
+and I heat up the food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I heat up the food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I heat up the food
+so after this lecture you will be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after this lecture you will be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so after this lecture you will be able
+to say proudly that you understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say proudly that you understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say proudly that you understand the
+physics of microwave oven okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of microwave oven okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics of microwave oven okay thank you
+very much I hope you enjoyed the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much I hope you enjoyed the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very much I hope you enjoyed the lecture
+today and you have any questions I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you have any questions I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and you have any questions I'll be
+here
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/A4R2PQOHT2w.txt b/A4R2PQOHT2w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f5767c1f18d85adc3f0bdc18a0bc21296a24bbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/A4R2PQOHT2w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7211 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to talk about some work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about some work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about some work that
+we're doing to try to study language in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing to try to study language in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing to try to study language in
+the brain actually to be honest this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain actually to be honest this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain actually to be honest this is
+part of a grander plan so here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a grander plan so here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of a grander plan so here's what
+I'm really doing with my research life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really doing with my research life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really doing with my research life
+I'm interested in language and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in language and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in language and so I'm
+involved in two different research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in two different research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in two different research
+projects one of them is to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects one of them is to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects one of them is to build a
+computer to learn to read and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to learn to read and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer to learn to read and we have a
+project which we call our never-ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which we call our never-ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which we call our never-ending
+language learner which is an attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language learner which is an attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language learner which is an attempt to
+build a computer program to learn to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a computer program to learn to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a computer program to learn to
+read the web now we call it has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the web now we call it has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the web now we call it has been
+running non-stop 24 hours a day since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running non-stop 24 hours a day since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running non-stop 24 hours a day since
+2010 so now is now 5 years old if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 so now is now 5 years old if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2010 so now is now 5 years old if you
+have very good eyesight you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very good eyesight you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very good eyesight you can tell
+that everybody's t-shirt there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody's t-shirt there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody's t-shirt there and the
+group is wearing a nel 5th birthday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is wearing a nel 5th birthday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group is wearing a nel 5th birthday
+party t-shirt but on it's an effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party t-shirt but on it's an effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party t-shirt but on it's an effort to
+try to understand what it would be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what it would be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand what it would be like
+to build a computer program that runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a computer program that runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a computer program that runs
+forever and gets better every day in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and gets better every day in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and gets better every day in
+this case this job is to learn to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this job is to learn to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case this job is to learn to read
+the web it it is getting better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web it it is getting better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web it it is getting better and
+currently has about a hundred million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently has about a hundred million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently has about a hundred million
+beliefs that it has read from the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs that it has read from the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beliefs that it has read from the web
+it's learning to infer new beliefs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's learning to infer new beliefs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's learning to infer new beliefs from
+old beliefs it's a better reader today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old beliefs it's a better reader today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old beliefs it's a better reader today
+than it was last year it was better last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was last year it was better last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it was last year it was better last
+year than it was the year before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year than it was the year before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year than it was the year before it's
+still not anything like as competent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not anything like as competent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still not anything like as competent as
+you and I but it's one line of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I but it's one line of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and I but it's one line of research
+that you can follow if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can follow if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can follow if you're interested
+in understanding language understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding language understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding language understand the
+other thread which is what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thread which is what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thread which is what I'm going to
+talk about tonight which is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about tonight which is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about tonight which is in the
+bottom half here is to study how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom half here is to study how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom half here is to study how the
+brain processes language by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain processes language by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain processes language by putting
+people in brain imaging scanners of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in brain imaging scanners of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in brain imaging scanners of
+different types and showing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types and showing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types and showing them
+language stimuli and getting them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language stimuli and getting them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language stimuli and getting them to
+read so I'm going to focus really on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so I'm going to focus really on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read so I'm going to focus really on the
+bottom part but I can't really talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom part but I can't really talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom part but I can't really talk
+about this honestly unless I fess up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this honestly unless I fess up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this honestly unless I fess up to
+the fact that my goal is for these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that my goal is for these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that my goal is for these two
+projects to collide in a monstrous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to collide in a monstrous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects to collide in a monstrous
+collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collision
+they haven't yet although you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't yet although you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't yet although you'll see
+some signs I hope tonight of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some signs I hope tonight of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some signs I hope tonight of some of the
+cross fertilization between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross fertilization between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross fertilization between the two
+areas when it comes to the brain imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas when it comes to the brain imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas when it comes to the brain imaging
+work we have a very great team of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we have a very great team of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work we have a very great team of people
+one of them Nicole rafidhi is sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them Nicole rafidhi is sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them Nicole rafidhi is sitting
+right here some of you have already met
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here some of you have already met
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here some of you have already met
+her this week and so what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her this week and so what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her this week and so what I'm going to
+present is really the group work of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present is really the group work of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present is really the group work of
+quite a few people and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few people and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a few people and the idea is
+simpler but here's the brain teaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler but here's the brain teaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler but here's the brain teaser
+suppose you're interested in how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're interested in how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're interested in how the
+brain processes language and you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain processes language and you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain processes language and you have
+access to some scanning machines then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to some scanning machines then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to some scanning machines then
+what would you do and so we started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do and so we started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you do and so we started out
+by showing people in a scanner stimuli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by showing people in a scanner stimuli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by showing people in a scanner stimuli
+like these may be single words initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these may be single words initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like these may be single words initially
+nouns like hammer and drill and house
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns like hammer and drill and house
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns like hammer and drill and house
+and saw sometimes pictures sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saw sometimes pictures sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saw sometimes pictures sometimes
+pictures with words under them but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures with words under them but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures with words under them but just
+showing people stimuli to get them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing people stimuli to get them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing people stimuli to get them to
+think about some concept and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some concept and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about some concept and then we
+collect a brain image like this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a brain image like this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect a brain image like this one
+which we collected when person was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we collected when person was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we collected when person was
+looking at this particular stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this particular stimulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this particular stimulus
+bottle and this is posterior this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle and this is posterior this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle and this is posterior this is the
+back of the head at top this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the head at top this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the head at top this is the
+front of the head at the bottom here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the head at the bottom here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the head at the bottom here and
+these four slices are four out of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four slices are four out of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four slices are four out of about
+22 slices of the brain that make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 slices of the brain that make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+22 slices of the brain that make up the
+three-dimensional image and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional image and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional image and so you can
+see here what the brain activity looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here what the brain activity looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here what the brain activity looks
+like kind of blotchy when one particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of blotchy when one particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like kind of blotchy when one particular
+person thinks about bottle so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person thinks about bottle so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person thinks about bottle so you might
+ask what does it look like if they think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what does it look like if they think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask what does it look like if they think
+about something else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about something else
+well I can show you what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can show you what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I can show you what it looks like
+on average if we average over 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average if we average over 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average if we average over 60
+different words then here's the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words then here's the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words then here's the brain
+activity and you can see that it looks a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and you can see that it looks a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and you can see that it looks a
+lot like bottle but maybe there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like bottle but maybe there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot like bottle but maybe there are some
+differences and in fact if I subtract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and in fact if I subtract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differences and in fact if I subtract
+out this mean activity from the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this mean activity from the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this mean activity from the image
+that we get the brain image we give her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get the brain image we give her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get the brain image we give her
+bottle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottle the
+and you can see the residue here there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the residue here there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the residue here there
+are in fact some differences in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact some differences in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in fact some differences in the
+activity we see for bottle compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity we see for bottle compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity we see for bottle compared to
+the mean activity over many words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean activity over many words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean activity over many words
+whether that signal or noise I guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that signal or noise I guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that signal or noise I guess you
+can't tell by looking at this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell by looking at this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell by looking at this picture
+but that's the kind of data that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the kind of data that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the kind of data that we have
+if we use fMRI to capture brain activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we use fMRI to capture brain activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we use fMRI to capture brain activity
+while people read words so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while people read words so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while people read words so the first
+thing you might think of doing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might think of doing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you might think of doing if you
+had this kind of data would be to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this kind of data would be to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had this kind of data would be to train
+a machine learning program to decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine learning program to decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a machine learning program to decode
+from these brain images which word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these brain images which word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from these brain images which word
+somebody's thinking about and so we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's thinking about and so we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody's thinking about and so we in
+fact began that way by training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact began that way by training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact began that way by training
+classifiers where we'd give them a brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers where we'd give them a brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers where we'd give them a brain
+image and during training time we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and during training time we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and during training time we would
+tell them which word that brain image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them which word that brain image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them which word that brain image
+corresponds to and then after training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to and then after training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to and then after training
+we could test the classifier to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could test the classifier to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could test the classifier to see
+whether indeed it had learned the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether indeed it had learned the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether indeed it had learned the right
+pattern of activity by showing it new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of activity by showing it new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of activity by showing it new
+brain images and having it tell us for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain images and having it tell us for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain images and having it tell us for
+example is this person reading the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is this person reading the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is this person reading the word
+hammer or bottle and in fact that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer or bottle and in fact that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer or bottle and in fact that works
+that works quite well and in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works quite well and in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works quite well and in fact if you
+try it over several different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it over several different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it over several different
+participants in our study you can see we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants in our study you can see we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants in our study you can see we
+get classification accuracies for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get classification accuracies for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get classification accuracies for a
+boolean classification problem are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean classification problem are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean classification problem are they
+reading a word about - a tool word like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a word about - a tool word like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a word about - a tool word like
+hammer saw chisel or a building word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer saw chisel or a building word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer saw chisel or a building word
+like house palace hotel then depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like house palace hotel then depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like house palace hotel then depending
+on the individual person we can get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the individual person we can get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the individual person we can get in
+the high 90% accuracy or a little worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high 90% accuracy or a little worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high 90% accuracy or a little worse
+in fact if you ask why it's not the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you ask why it's not the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact if you ask why it's not the same
+for all people it turns out the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all people it turns out the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all people it turns out the accuracy
+that we get correlates very well with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get correlates very well with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we get correlates very well with
+measure of head motion in the machine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of head motion in the machine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of head motion in the machine so
+a lot of this is noise but the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this is noise but the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of this is noise but the bottom
+line here is good fMRI actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here is good fMRI actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line here is good fMRI actually has
+enough resolution to resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough resolution to resolve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough resolution to resolve
+the differences in neural activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences in neural activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the differences in neural activity
+between say thinking about house versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between say thinking about house versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between say thinking about house versus
+hammer and machine learning methods can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer and machine learning methods can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hammer and machine learning methods can
+discover those distinctions so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover those distinctions so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover those distinctions so that's
+that's a good basis and so given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good basis and so given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good basis and so given that
+you can start asking a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start asking a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start asking a number of
+interesting questions like we could ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions like we could ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions like we could ask
+well what about you and me do we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about you and me do we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what about you and me do we have
+the same pattern of brain activity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pattern of brain activity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same pattern of brain activity to
+encode hammer and house and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode hammer and house and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode hammer and house and all the
+other concepts or do each of this do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other concepts or do each of this do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other concepts or do each of this do
+something different and we can convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different and we can convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different and we can convert
+that into a machine learning question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into a machine learning question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that into a machine learning question
+right we could say well what if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we could say well what if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we could say well what if we
+trained on people on that side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on people on that side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on people on that side of the
+room we'll collect their brain data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we'll collect their brain data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room we'll collect their brain data and
+train our program then we'll collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train our program then we'll collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train our program then we'll collect
+brain data from these people and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain data from these people and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain data from these people and try to
+decode which were they're reading based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode which were they're reading based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode which were they're reading based
+on the patterns that we learned from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the patterns that we learned from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the patterns that we learned from
+those people if that works then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people if that works then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those people if that works then that's
+overwhelming evidence that we have very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming evidence that we have very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overwhelming evidence that we have very
+similar neural encodings of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar neural encodings of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar neural encodings of different
+word meanings right so we tried that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word meanings right so we tried that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word meanings right so we tried that and
+in fact it works in fact here you see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it works in fact here you see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact it works in fact here you see in
+black the accuracy is just like on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black the accuracy is just like on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black the accuracy is just like on the
+first slide how well we can decode which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slide how well we can decode which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first slide how well we can decode which
+word a person is reading in black if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word a person is reading in black if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word a person is reading in black if we
+train on data from the same person we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train on data from the same person we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train on data from the same person we're
+testing on but in white you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing on but in white you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing on but in white you see the
+accuracies we get if we train on no data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracies we get if we train on no data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracies we get if we train on no data
+at all from this person but instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all from this person but instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all from this person but instead
+train on the data from all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train on the data from all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train on the data from all the other
+participants and you see on average we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants and you see on average we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants and you see on average we
+do about as well with the white bars as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about as well with the white bars as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do about as well with the white bars as
+we do with the black bars in fact in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with the black bars in fact in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do with the black bars in fact in
+some cases we do better training on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases we do better training on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases we do better training on
+other people that might be for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people that might be for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people that might be for example
+because we get to use more training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get to use more training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we get to use more training
+examples we get to use all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we get to use all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples we get to use all the other
+participants data instead of just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants data instead of just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants data instead of just one
+participants data but again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants data but again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participants data but again the
+important thing here is this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing here is this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing here is this is very
+strong evidence that even though we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong evidence that even though we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong evidence that even though we're
+all very different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all very different people
+we have remarkably similar neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have remarkably similar neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have remarkably similar neural
+codings when we think about common nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codings when we think about common nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codings when we think about common nouns
+which is something that really say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that really say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is something that really say in
+the year 2000 I think anybody understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year 2000 I think anybody understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the year 2000 I think anybody understood
+so I want to kind of wrap up this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to kind of wrap up this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I want to kind of wrap up this idea
+so I'm gonna go through basically four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna go through basically four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna go through basically four
+ideas in this talk idea number one is G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in this talk idea number one is G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas in this talk idea number one is G
+we could train classifiers to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could train classifiers to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could train classifiers to try to
+decode from the neural activity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode from the neural activity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode from the neural activity which
+word a person is reading and if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word a person is reading and if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word a person is reading and if we do
+that then we can actually ask some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we can actually ask some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then we can actually ask some
+interesting scientific questions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting scientific questions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting scientific questions like
+are the patterns similar across our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the patterns similar across our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the patterns similar across our
+brains doesn't depend whether it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains doesn't depend whether it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains doesn't depend whether it's a
+picture or a word and in fact you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture or a word and in fact you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture or a word and in fact you can
+think of this technique of training and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this technique of training and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this technique of training and
+classifier as the way I think of it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier as the way I think of it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier as the way I think of it is
+it's a way of building a virtual sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of building a virtual sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a way of building a virtual sensor
+of information content in the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information content in the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of information content in the neural
+signal so I think the fMRI was truly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so I think the fMRI was truly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal so I think the fMRI was truly a
+revolution in the study of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in the study of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revolution in the study of the brain
+because for the first time we could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for the first time we could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for the first time we could look
+inside and see the activity but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and see the activity but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside and see the activity but I think
+these classifiers give us a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classifiers give us a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classifiers give us a different
+thing now we can look inside and see not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now we can look inside and see not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing now we can look inside and see not
+just the neural activity but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the neural activity but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the neural activity but the
+information encoded in that neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information encoded in that neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information encoded in that neural
+activity and so it's a different kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and so it's a different kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity and so it's a different kind of
+sensor and you can design your own and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor and you can design your own and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor and you can design your own and
+train it and then use it to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train it and then use it to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train it and then use it to study
+information represented in the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information represented in the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information represented in the neural
+signal in the brain so account opens up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in the brain so account opens up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal in the brain so account opens up
+a very large set of methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large set of methods and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very large set of methods and
+techniques and experiments that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and experiments that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and experiments that we can
+now run with brain imaging where instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now run with brain imaging where instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now run with brain imaging where instead
+of looking just at the activity we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking just at the activity we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking just at the activity we now
+can look at the information content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so on that's idea number one if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so on that's idea number one if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so on that's idea number one if we
+were quite pleased with ourselves when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite pleased with ourselves when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were quite pleased with ourselves when
+we were doing this work but in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing this work but in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were doing this work but in the back
+of the back of our mind was kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the back of our mind was kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the back of our mind was kind of a
+knowing question of well this is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing question of well this is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing question of well this is good
+now we have maybe we've trained on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have maybe we've trained on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have maybe we've trained on a
+couple hundred words so we have a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hundred words so we have a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple hundred words so we have a couple
+hundred different neural patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred different neural patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred different neural patterns of
+activity we have kind of a list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity we have kind of a list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity we have kind of a list of the
+neural codes for a couple hundred words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural codes for a couple hundred words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural codes for a couple hundred words
+but that's not really a theory of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not really a theory of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not really a theory of neural
+encodings of meaning it's a list what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodings of meaning it's a list what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodings of meaning it's a list what
+would it mean to have a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it mean to have a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it mean to have a theory
+well scientific theories are logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well scientific theories are logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well scientific theories are logical
+systems that can make predictions and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that can make predictions and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that can make predictions and if
+there are interesting theories they make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are interesting theories they make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are interesting theories they make
+experimental experimentally testable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental experimentally testable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental experimentally testable
+predictions so in our case it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions so in our case it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions so in our case it would be
+nice if we want to study representations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if we want to study representations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if we want to study representations
+of meanings to have a theory where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of meanings to have a theory where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of meanings to have a theory where we
+could input an arbitrary noun and get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could input an arbitrary noun and get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could input an arbitrary noun and get it
+to predict for us what would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict for us what would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict for us what would be the
+neural representation for that now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural representation for that now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural representation for that now at
+least that would be better than a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that would be better than a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least that would be better than a list
+that would be a generative theory or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a generative theory or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be a generative theory or
+model and so we're interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so we're interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and so we're interested in this
+and we've worked on this for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've worked on this for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've worked on this for a while
+came up with our first version of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with our first version of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with our first version of this
+looked like this it's a computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like this it's a computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like this it's a computational
+model that was trained and once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that was trained and once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that was trained and once it's
+trained it would make a prediction for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained it would make a prediction for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained it would make a prediction for
+any input word like telephone in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any input word like telephone in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any input word like telephone in two
+steps in step one if you gave it a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in step one if you gave it a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps in step one if you gave it a word
+like telephone for example step one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like telephone for example step one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like telephone for example step one it
+would look up the word 12 telephone in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look up the word 12 telephone in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look up the word 12 telephone in a
+trillion words of text collected from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion words of text collected from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trillion words of text collected from
+the web and represent that word by a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web and represent that word by a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web and represent that word by a set
+of statistics about how telephone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statistics about how telephone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statistics about how telephone is
+used in our case statistics about which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in our case statistics about which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in our case statistics about which
+verbs Co occurred with that noun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs Co occurred with that noun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs Co occurred with that noun and
+then in the second step it would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the second step it would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in the second step it would use
+that vector which approximates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector which approximates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector which approximates the
+meaning of the input noun as the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the input noun as the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of the input noun as the basis
+for predicting in each of twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predicting in each of twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for predicting in each of twenty
+thousand locations in the brain how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand locations in the brain how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand locations in the brain how much
+activity will there be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity will there be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity will there be
+so let me push on that a little bit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me push on that a little bit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me push on that a little bit so
+when I say in step one we look up for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say in step one we look up for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I say in step one we look up for a
+word like salary which verbs that occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like salary which verbs that occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word like salary which verbs that occur
+with well here the statistics that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well here the statistics that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well here the statistics that we
+get this is normalized to be a vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this is normalized to be a vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this is normalized to be a vector of
+length one but you can see for celery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one but you can see for celery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one but you can see for celery
+the most common verb is eat and taste is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common verb is eat and taste is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most common verb is eat and taste is
+second most common but celery doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second most common but celery doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second most common but celery doesn't
+occur very often with ride on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur very often with ride on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur very often with ride on the other
+hand airplane occurs a lot with ride and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand airplane occurs a lot with ride and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand airplane occurs a lot with ride and
+not very much with manipulate and rub so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very much with manipulate and rub so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very much with manipulate and rub so
+these are the verb statistics extracted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the verb statistics extracted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the verb statistics extracted
+from the web for two typical nouns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the web for two typical nouns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the web for two typical nouns and
+step one of the model was just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one of the model was just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step one of the model was just to
+collect those statistics for whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect those statistics for whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect those statistics for whatever
+now and we give it to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we give it to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we give it to make the
+prediction step two is then to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction step two is then to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction step two is then to predict
+at each location in the brain what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each location in the brain what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each location in the brain what the
+activity with the neural activity will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity with the neural activity will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity with the neural activity will
+be there the fMRI activity as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there the fMRI activity as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be there the fMRI activity as a function
+of those statistics we just collected so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those statistics we just collected so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those statistics we just collected so
+for the word celery now that it we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the word celery now that it we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the word celery now that it we know
+it occurs point eight for with eat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs point eight for with eat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it occurs point eight for with eat and
+point three five with the verb taste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three five with the verb taste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point three five with the verb taste
+we're now going to make a prediction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to make a prediction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now going to make a prediction of
+this voxel in particular the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voxel in particular the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voxel in particular the prediction
+at voxel V is the sum over those 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at voxel V is the sum over those 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at voxel V is the sum over those 25
+verbs that we're using of how frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that we're using of how frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs that we're using of how frequently
+verb I occurs with the input now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb I occurs with the input now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb I occurs with the input now and
+celery in this case times some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celery in this case times some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celery in this case times some
+coefficient that we have to learn from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that we have to learn from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient that we have to learn from
+training and this coefficient tells us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and this coefficient tells us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training and this coefficient tells us
+how a voxel V is influenced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a voxel V is influenced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a voxel V is influenced by
+co-occurring with verb I and we have 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-occurring with verb I and we have 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-occurring with verb I and we have 25
+verbs 20,000 voxels so we have 50 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs 20,000 voxels so we have 50 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs 20,000 voxels so we have 50 500
+thousand of these coefficients to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand of these coefficients to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand of these coefficients to learn
+we learn them by taking nouns collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn them by taking nouns collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn them by taking nouns collecting
+the brain the same data we use to train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain the same data we use to train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain the same data we use to train
+those classifiers so we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those classifiers so we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those classifiers so we have a
+collection of nouns and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of nouns and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of nouns and their
+corresponding brain images for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding brain images for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding brain images for each of
+those nouns we can look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nouns we can look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nouns we can look up the
+statistics and then we can train on app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and then we can train on app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and then we can train on app
+data to estimate all these half-million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to estimate all these half-million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to estimate all these half-million
+coefficients when you put those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients when you put those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients when you put those
+coefficients together safer eat this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients together safer eat this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients together safer eat this is
+actually a plot of the coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a plot of the coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a plot of the coefficient
+values here's one of those coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here's one of those coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values here's one of those coefficients
+for the verb eat and a particular voxel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the verb eat and a particular voxel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the verb eat and a particular voxel
+right there so you can think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so you can think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there so you can think of the
+coefficients for associated with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for associated with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients for associated with each
+verb is forming forming a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb is forming forming a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb is forming forming a kind of
+activity map for that bird and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity map for that bird and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity map for that bird and a
+weighted linear sum of those verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted linear sum of those verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted linear sum of those verb
+associated activity maps gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated activity maps gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated activity maps gives us
+prediction for celery you could ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for celery you could ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction for celery you could ask how
+well do these predictions work one way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do these predictions work one way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well do these predictions work one way I
+could answer that is to show you here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could answer that is to show you here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could answer that is to show you here
+when we trained on 58 other nouns not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we trained on 58 other nouns not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we trained on 58 other nouns not
+including celery not including airplane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including celery not including airplane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including celery not including airplane
+and then we had the system predict these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had the system predict these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we had the system predict these
+novel to it words celery it predicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel to it words celery it predicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel to it words celery it predicted
+this image airplane it predicted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image airplane it predicted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this image airplane it predicted this
+image unbeknownst to it here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image unbeknownst to it here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image unbeknownst to it here are the
+actual observed images for celery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual observed images for celery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual observed images for celery and
+airplane so you can see it pick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so you can see it pick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplane so you can see it pick it
+correctly predicts some of the structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly predicts some of the structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly predicts some of the structure
+this is by the way fusiform gyrus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by the way fusiform gyrus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is by the way fusiform gyrus but
+not all this structure so it captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all this structure so it captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all this structure so it captures
+some of what's going on I can in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what's going on I can in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of what's going on I can in a more
+quantitative way tell you how well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative way tell you how well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative way tell you how well it's
+working by we can test the program this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working by we can test the program this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working by we can test the program this
+way we can say here are two words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can say here are two words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way we can say here are two words you
+have not seen here are two images you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not seen here are two images you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not seen here are two images you
+have not seen one of them is celery one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not seen one of them is celery one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not seen one of them is celery one
+is airplane you the program tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is airplane you the program tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is airplane you the program tell me
+which if it was just working a chance it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if it was just working a chance it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which if it was just working a chance it
+would get an accuracy of 50% if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get an accuracy of 50% if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get an accuracy of 50% if you just
+guess randomly you'll get half of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess randomly you'll get half of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess randomly you'll get half of those
+right by chance in its case averaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by chance in its case averaged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right by chance in its case averaged
+over nine different subjects in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over nine different subjects in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over nine different subjects in the
+experiment we got 79 percent accuracy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we got 79 percent accuracy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we got 79 percent accuracy so
+what does this mean what this means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean what this means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean what this means is
+three times out of four 79% we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times out of four 79% we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times out of four 79% we could
+give this trained model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this trained model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this trained model to
+new nouns that it has never seen two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new nouns that it has never seen two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new nouns that it has never seen two
+fMRI images for those nouns and it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fMRI images for those nouns and it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fMRI images for those nouns and it could
+tell us three times out of four which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us three times out of four which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell us three times out of four which
+was which so this model is extrapolating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which so this model is extrapolating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was which so this model is extrapolating
+beyond the words on which it was trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the words on which it was trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the words on which it was trained
+and it's extrapolating not perfectly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's extrapolating not perfectly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's extrapolating not perfectly but
+somewhat successfully to other nouns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat successfully to other nouns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat successfully to other nouns
+now why what's the basis on which it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why what's the basis on which it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why what's the basis on which it's
+doing that extrapolation what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that extrapolation what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that extrapolation what are the
+assumptions built into this model well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions built into this model well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions built into this model well
+for one thing it's assuming that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing it's assuming that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one thing it's assuming that you can
+predict the neural representation of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the neural representation of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the neural representation of any
+word based on corpus statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word based on corpus statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word based on corpus statistics
+summarizing how that word is used on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing how that word is used on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizing how that word is used on the
+web furthermore it's assuming that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web furthermore it's assuming that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web furthermore it's assuming that any
+now you can think of has a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can think of has a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can think of has a neural
+representation which lives in a twenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which lives in a twenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation which lives in a twenty
+five dimensional vector space where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dimensional vector space where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five dimensional vector space where each
+dimension corresponds to one of those 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension corresponds to one of those 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension corresponds to one of those 25
+verbs and every image is some point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs and every image is some point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbs and every image is some point in
+this 25 dimensional vector space that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 25 dimensional vector space that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 25 dimensional vector space that's
+what that linear equation is doing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that linear equation is doing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that linear equation is doing when
+it's combining the some weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's combining the some weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's combining the some weighted
+combination of these 25 axes to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these 25 axes to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of these 25 axes to predict
+that image so I don't actually believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image so I don't actually believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that image so I don't actually believe
+that everything you think lives in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything you think lives in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything you think lives in the
+25 dimensional space where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 dimensional space where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25 dimensional space where the
+dimensions are those verbs but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions are those verbs but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions are those verbs but the
+interesting thing is that the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is that the model
+works and so it does mean that there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and so it does mean that there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and so it does mean that there is
+some more primitive set of meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more primitive set of meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more primitive set of meaning
+components out of which these neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components out of which these neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components out of which these neural
+patterns are being constructed right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns are being constructed right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns are being constructed right
+they're not just it's not just the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just it's not just the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not just it's not just the big
+hash code where every word gets its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash code where every word gets its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash code where every word gets its own
+pattern if that were the case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern if that were the case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern if that were the case we
+wouldn't be able to extrapolate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to extrapolate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to extrapolate and
+predict new ones as the basis of the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict new ones as the basis of the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict new ones as the basis of the by
+adding together these different 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding together these different 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding together these different 25
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+so patterns are being built up out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so patterns are being built up out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so patterns are being built up out of
+more primitive semantic components and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more primitive semantic components and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more primitive semantic components and
+this model is crudely only 79% capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is crudely only 79% capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this model is crudely only 79% capturing
+some of that substructure that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that substructure that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that substructure that gets
+combined when you think about an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined when you think about an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined when you think about an entire
+word and the substructure the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and the substructure the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and the substructure the different
+meaning components the point here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning components the point here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning components the point here I
+think is here's a model that's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is here's a model that's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is here's a model that's different
+from training a classifier this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from training a classifier this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from training a classifier this is
+actually a generative model it can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a generative model it can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a generative model it can make
+predictions that extrapolate beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that extrapolate beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions that extrapolate beyond the
+training words on which it was trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training words on which it was trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training words on which it was trained
+it is assuming that there is a space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+semantic primitives out of which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic primitives out of which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic primitives out of which the
+patterns of neural activity are built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of neural activity are built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns of neural activity are built
+and it is assuming that that space is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is assuming that that space is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is assuming that that space is at
+least spanned by the corpus statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least spanned by the corpus statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least spanned by the corpus statistics
+of the noun and since then we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the noun and since then we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the noun and since then we've
+extended this work and we no longer use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended this work and we no longer use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended this work and we no longer use
+just that list of 25 verbs we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that list of 25 verbs we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that list of 25 verbs we actually
+use a very high hundred million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a very high hundred million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a very high hundred million
+dimensional vector which has which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector which has which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vector which has which is
+generally very sparse but where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally very sparse but where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally very sparse but where every
+feature is a comes from a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is a comes from a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature is a comes from a much more
+precise parse of text on the web and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise parse of text on the web and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise parse of text on the web and for
+example when I say parse I mean if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when I say parse I mean if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example when I say parse I mean if we
+have a simple sentence like he booked a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple sentence like he booked a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple sentence like he booked a
+ticket this would be a dependency parse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket this would be a dependency parse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket this would be a dependency parse
+that's showing for example that booked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showing for example that booked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's showing for example that booked
+is a verb whose subject is he and whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a verb whose subject is he and whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a verb whose subject is he and whose
+direct object is ticket and now each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct object is ticket and now each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct object is ticket and now each of
+these edges in the parse becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges in the parse becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges in the parse becomes a
+feature in our new representation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in our new representation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature in our new representation of the
+word so instead of using verbs we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so instead of using verbs we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so instead of using verbs we use
+dependency parse features and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency parse features and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency parse features and this
+actually increases slightly the accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increases slightly the accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually increases slightly the accuracy
+of our former model from 79 up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our former model from 79 up a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our former model from 79 up a little
+bit but importantly it also lets us work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but importantly it also lets us work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit but importantly it also lets us work
+with all parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all parts of
+so now we're not restricted to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're not restricted to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're not restricted to just
+using nouns we can use these dependency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nouns we can use these dependency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using nouns we can use these dependency
+parse vectors for adjectives and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse vectors for adjectives and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parse vectors for adjectives and all
+parts of speech so in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of speech so in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of speech so in terms of
+broadening the model to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening the model to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadening the model to be able to
+handle different types of words this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle different types of words this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle different types of words this is
+helpful so at this point you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful so at this point you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful so at this point you could say
+well this is kind of interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is kind of interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is kind of interesting because
+what have we seen I think the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we seen I think the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have we seen I think the main
+points so far are G different people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so far are G different people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points so far are G different people
+have very similar patterns of neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very similar patterns of neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very similar patterns of neural
+activity that their brains use to encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that their brains use to encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity that their brains use to encode
+meaning furthermore those patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning furthermore those patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning furthermore those patterns of
+neural activity decompose into more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity decompose into more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity decompose into more
+primitive semantic components and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive semantic components and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive semantic components and we can
+train models that extrapolate to new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train models that extrapolate to new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train models that extrapolate to new
+words on which they weren't trained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words on which they weren't trained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words on which they weren't trained by
+by learning those more primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by learning those more primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by learning those more primitive
+semantic components and how to combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic components and how to combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic components and how to combine
+them for novel words based on corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for novel words based on corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them for novel words based on corpus
+statistics so that's kind of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so that's kind of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics so that's kind of interesting
+but everything that I've said so far is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everything that I've said so far is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but everything that I've said so far is
+really about the static spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about the static spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really about the static spatial
+distribution of neural activity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of neural activity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of neural activity that
+encodes these things now in truth your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes these things now in truth your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encodes these things now in truth your
+neural activity is not just one little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity is not just one little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity is not just one little
+snapshot when you understand a word do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot when you understand a word do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot when you understand a word do
+you know how long it takes you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how long it takes you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how long it takes you to
+understand a word about 400 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a word about 400 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a word about 400 milliseconds
+takes about 400 milliseconds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes about 400 milliseconds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes about 400 milliseconds to
+understand a word well it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a word well it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a word well it turns out
+there is interesting brain activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is interesting brain activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is interesting brain activity
+dynamics during those 400 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics during those 400 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics during those 400 milliseconds
+and let me show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me show you
+so in up till now we were looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in up till now we were looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in up till now we were looking at
+fMRI data but here's some Agneta and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fMRI data but here's some Agneta and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fMRI data but here's some Agneta and
+Selig Rafi data and this data has a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selig Rafi data and this data has a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Selig Rafi data and this data has a time
+resolution of one millisecond so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of one millisecond so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution of one millisecond so I'll
+show you this movie which begins 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this movie which begins 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you this movie which begins 20
+milliseconds before a word appears on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds before a word appears on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds before a word appears on
+the screen in this case the word is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen in this case the word is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen in this case the word is the
+word hand and this brain is about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word hand and this brain is about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word hand and this brain is about to
+read the word hand you'll see a 550
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the word hand you'll see a 550
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the word hand you'll see a 550
+milliseconds of brain activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds of brain activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds of brain activity
+I'll read out the numbers so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll read out the numbers so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll read out the numbers so you can
+just watch the activity over here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watch the activity over here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just watch the activity over here okay
+so here we go twenty milliseconds before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go twenty milliseconds before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we go twenty milliseconds before
+the word appears on the screen zero 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+200 milliseconds 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+400 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+500 okay so it wasn't a static snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 okay so it wasn't a static snapshot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 okay so it wasn't a static snapshot
+of activity your brain is doing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity your brain is doing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of activity your brain is doing a lot of
+things there's a lot of dynamism during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there's a lot of dynamism during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things there's a lot of dynamism during
+that 400 milliseconds you're reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 400 milliseconds you're reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 400 milliseconds you're reading the
+word fMRI captures an image about once a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word fMRI captures an image about once a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word fMRI captures an image about once a
+second but because of the oxygen blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but because of the oxygen blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second but because of the oxygen blood
+oxygen level dependent mechanism that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen level dependent mechanism that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxygen level dependent mechanism that it
+uses to capture that it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses to capture that it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses to capture that it's kind of
+smeared out over time so we can't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smeared out over time so we can't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smeared out over time so we can't see
+this dynamics with fMRI but with Meg we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dynamics with fMRI but with Meg we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dynamics with fMRI but with Meg we
+can and so now we can ask all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and so now we can ask all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and so now we can ask all kinds of
+interesting questions like well what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions like well what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions like well what was
+the information encoded in that movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information encoded in that movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information encoded in that movie
+that we just saw I just showed you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw I just showed you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we just saw I just showed you a
+movie of neural activity but I want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie of neural activity but I want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie of neural activity but I want a
+movie of data flow in the brain I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie of data flow in the brain I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie of data flow in the brain I want
+to know what info I want the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what info I want the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what info I want the movie
+showing me what information is encoded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing me what information is encoded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing me what information is encoded
+over time given this data what could we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time given this data what could we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time given this data what could we
+do well here's one thing we could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well here's one thing we could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do well here's one thing we could do
+that Gus sudra did this for his PhD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gus sudra did this for his PhD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Gus sudra did this for his PhD
+thesis he said I want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis he said I want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesis he said I want to know what
+information is flowing around the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is flowing around the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is flowing around the brain
+there so I'm going to train roughly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I'm going to train roughly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so I'm going to train roughly a
+million different classifiers I'll train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different classifiers I'll train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million different classifiers I'll train
+classifiers that look at just a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers that look at just a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifiers that look at just a hundred
+milliseconds worth of that movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds worth of that movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds worth of that movie and
+look at just one of 70 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at just one of 70 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at just one of 70 or so
+anatomically defined brain regions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomically defined brain regions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomically defined brain regions and
+I'll use a set of features he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use a set of features he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll use a set of features he wasn't
+using our verbs anymore he was using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our verbs anymore he was using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our verbs anymore he was using a
+set of 229 features that we had made up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of 229 features that we had made up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of 229 features that we had made up
+manually and that were inspired by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually and that were inspired by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manually and that were inspired by the
+game 20 questions so these were features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game 20 questions so these were features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game 20 questions so these were features
+of the word not like how often does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word not like how often does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word not like how often does a
+court does it co-occur with the verb eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court does it co-occur with the verb eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court does it co-occur with the verb eat
+but instead features like would you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead features like would you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but instead features like would you eat
+it yes or no is it bigger than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes or no is it bigger than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yes or no is it bigger than a
+breadbox yes or no and so forth so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadbox yes or no and so forth so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breadbox yes or no and so forth so he
+had a set of 218 questions like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a set of 218 questions like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a set of 218 questions like that and
+every word could be described by a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every word could be described by a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every word could be described by a set
+of 218 answers to those questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 218 answers to those questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 218 answers to those questions
+in in analogous to the verbs and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in analogous to the verbs and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in analogous to the verbs and so what
+Gus did is for every one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gus did is for every one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gus did is for every one of those
+features every one of those 218 features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features every one of those 218 features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features every one of those 218 features
+like is a bigger than a breadbox he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is a bigger than a breadbox he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is a bigger than a breadbox he
+trained a classifier to try to decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained a classifier to try to decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained a classifier to try to decode
+the value of that for the word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that for the word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the value of that for the word that
+you're reading from just a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading from just a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading from just a hundred
+milliseconds worth of this movie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds worth of this movie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds worth of this movie and
+looking at just one of seventy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at just one of seventy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at just one of seventy
+anatomically defined regions and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomically defined regions and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomically defined regions and so when
+he did that he ended up being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did that he ended up being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did that he ended up being able to
+make us a movie of what information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us a movie of what information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make us a movie of what information is
+coated in which part of the brain went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated in which part of the brain went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coated in which part of the brain went
+and he ran this every 50 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he ran this every 50 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he ran this every 50 milliseconds
+he'd moved forward and used 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd moved forward and used 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he'd moved forward and used 100
+millisecond window starting there so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond window starting there so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millisecond window starting there so he
+found that during the first 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that during the first 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that during the first 50
+milliseconds after the word appears on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds after the word appears on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds after the word appears on
+the screen none of those classifiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen none of those classifiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen none of those classifiers
+could reliably in a cross validated way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reliably in a cross validated way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could reliably in a cross validated way
+produce any reliable predictions meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce any reliable predictions meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce any reliable predictions meaning
+the neural signal seems to not encode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural signal seems to not encode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural signal seems to not encode
+any of those semantic features during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those semantic features during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of those semantic features during
+the first 50 milliseconds by timing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 50 milliseconds by timing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 50 milliseconds by timing out
+to 100 milliseconds there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 milliseconds there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 100 milliseconds there were no
+semantic features but you could decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic features but you could decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic features but you could decode
+things like the number of letters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the number of letters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the number of letters in the
+word the word length at 150 milliseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word the word length at 150 milliseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word the word length at 150 milliseconds
+at 200 milliseconds you got the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 200 milliseconds you got the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 200 milliseconds you got the first
+semantic feature is it Harry I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic feature is it Harry I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic feature is it Harry I think
+this is actually a stand-in for is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a stand-in for is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a stand-in for is it
+alive but the feature he have in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive but the feature he have in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive but the feature he have in the
+uncover was is it Harry at 200 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncover was is it Harry at 200 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncover was is it Harry at 200 million
+200 milliseconds at 250 now we start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 milliseconds at 250 now we start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 milliseconds at 250 now we start to
+see more semantic features 300 350 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more semantic features 300 350 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see more semantic features 300 350 400
+450 so literally these are that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 so literally these are that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+450 so literally these are that these
+are the features the semantic features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the features the semantic features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the features the semantic features
+trickling in over time during this 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickling in over time during this 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickling in over time during this 500
+milliseconds that's the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds that's the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds that's the movie
+that corresponds to the neural activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to the neural activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds to the neural activity
+that I showed you in that first movie so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you in that first movie so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I showed you in that first movie so
+this is a kind of data flow picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of data flow picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of data flow picture of
+what information is flowing around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information is flowing around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what information is flowing around in
+the brain in that neural activity during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain in that neural activity during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brain in that neural activity during
+that 450 milliseconds so far here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 450 milliseconds so far here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that 450 milliseconds so far here's the
+set out of those 218 questions here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out of those 218 questions here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set out of those 218 questions here are
+the 20 most decodable features so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 most decodable features so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 most decodable features so the
+number one feature that's most decodable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one feature that's most decodable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one feature that's most decodable
+is it bigger than a loaf of bread but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it bigger than a loaf of bread but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it bigger than a loaf of bread but
+actually if you look at those questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you look at those questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you look at those questions
+you see many of the most decodable ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see many of the most decodable ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see many of the most decodable ones
+are really sized and many of the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really sized and many of the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really sized and many of the next
+are manipulative and many others are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are manipulative and many others are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are manipulative and many others are
+anima c and some are shelter in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anima c and some are shelter in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anima c and some are shelter in fact
+we've across a diverse set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've across a diverse set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've across a diverse set of
+experiments keep seeing these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments keep seeing these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments keep seeing these kind of
+features sized manipul ability anima c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features sized manipul ability anima c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features sized manipul ability anima c
+shelter edibility are the recurring as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter edibility are the recurring as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shelter edibility are the recurring as
+features that have their own they seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that have their own they seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that have their own they seem
+to be kind of naturally some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of naturally some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be kind of naturally some of the
+primitive components and they have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive components and they have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitive components and they have their
+corresponding neural signatures out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding neural signatures out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding neural signatures out of
+which the encoding of the full word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the encoding of the full word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the encoding of the full word is
+built so if you if you ask me right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built so if you if you ask me right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built so if you if you ask me right now
+what's my best guess of what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my best guess of what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's my best guess of what are the
+semantic primitives out of which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic primitives out of which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic primitives out of which the
+neural codes are built I'd say I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural codes are built I'd say I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural codes are built I'd say I don't
+really know but these features plus ed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know but these features plus ed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know but these features plus ed
+ability for example keep recurring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability for example keep recurring in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability for example keep recurring in
+what we're seeing and they have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing and they have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're seeing and they have their
+own spatial regions where the codes seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own spatial regions where the codes seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own spatial regions where the codes seem
+to live because I want to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live because I want to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to live because I want to get to the
+final part which is so far we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final part which is so far we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final part which is so far we've talked
+about just single words and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just single words and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about just single words and there's
+plenty of interesting questions we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of interesting questions we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of interesting questions we can
+ask about single words but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about single words but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask about single words but really
+language is about multiple words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is about multiple words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is about multiple words
+and so I want to show you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to show you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I want to show you a couple
+examples of some more recent work where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of some more recent work where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of some more recent work where
+we've been looking at semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been looking at semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been looking at semantic
+composition with adjectives noun phrases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition with adjectives noun phrases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition with adjectives noun phrases
+this is the work of Alana fish and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the work of Alana fish and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the work of Alana fish and what
+she did is she presented people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did is she presented people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she did is she presented people with
+just simple adjective noun sequences we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple adjective noun sequences we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simple adjective noun sequences we
+should put an adjective on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put an adjective on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should put an adjective on the screen
+like tasty leave it there for half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tasty leave it there for half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tasty leave it there for half a
+second then noun like tomato and she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second then noun like tomato and she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second then noun like tomato and she was
+interested in the question of well where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the question of well where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the question of well where
+and when is the neural encoding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when is the neural encoding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when is the neural encoding of the
+these two words and what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two words and what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two words and what does that
+encoding look like so I'll show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding look like so I'll show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding look like so I'll show you a
+couple things one is here is a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things one is here is a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple things one is here is a picture
+of the classifier weights that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classifier weights that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the classifier weights that were
+learned to decode the adjective and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to decode the adjective and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned to decode the adjective and one
+and you have to think of it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to think of it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have to think of it this way
+here's time and this is the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's time and this is the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's time and this is the time the
+first 500 milliseconds when the edge tip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 500 milliseconds when the edge tip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first 500 milliseconds when the edge tip
+is on the screen then there's 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the screen then there's 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the screen then there's 300
+milliseconds of dead air then 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds of dead air then 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds of dead air then 500
+milliseconds when the noun is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds when the noun is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds when the noun is on the
+screen and then more dead air this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and then more dead air this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen and then more dead air this the
+vertical axis are different locations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis are different locations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis are different locations in
+the sensor helmet of the make scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor helmet of the make scanner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor helmet of the make scanner
+and there are about three hundred six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are about three hundred six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are about three hundred six of
+those the intensity here is showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the intensity here is showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those the intensity here is showing the
+weight of a trained classifier that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of a trained classifier that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight of a trained classifier that was
+trained to decode the adjective and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to decode the adjective and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained to decode the adjective and in
+fact this is the pattern of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is the pattern of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact this is the pattern of activity
+associated with the adjective and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the adjective and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the adjective and
+gentle-like gentle there and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle-like gentle there and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gentle-like gentle there and so what you
+see here is that there's neural activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is that there's neural activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here is that there's neural activity
+out here when the noun is on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here when the noun is on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here when the noun is on the screen
+long after the adjective has disappeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long after the adjective has disappeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long after the adjective has disappeared
+from the screen that's quite relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the screen that's quite relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the screen that's quite relevant to
+decoding what the adjective was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this is just kind of a quick look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just kind of a quick look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just kind of a quick look
+you can see that there's if I put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's if I put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's if I put an
+attitude if I say tasty tomato even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude if I say tasty tomato even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude if I say tasty tomato even when
+you're reading the word tomato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading the word tomato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading the word tomato
+there's neural activity here when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's neural activity here when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's neural activity here when you're
+looking at that noun that encodes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that noun that encodes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at that noun that encodes what
+the adjective had been and we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjective had been and we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjective had been and we can see
+that in fact it's a different pattern of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact it's a different pattern of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in fact it's a different pattern of
+neural activity than was here when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity than was here when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity than was here when the
+adjective was on and in fact one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective was on and in fact one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective was on and in fact one thing
+that Ilana got interested in is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ilana got interested in is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Ilana got interested in is given
+that you can decode across time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can decode across time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can decode across time what
+that adjective was is your brain using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adjective was is your brain using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that adjective was is your brain using
+the same neural encoding across time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same neural encoding across time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same neural encoding across time or
+is it a different neural encoding for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a different neural encoding for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it a different neural encoding for
+different maybe for different purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different maybe for different purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different maybe for different purposes
+across time so what she did let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time so what she did let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time so what she did let me
+explain what she did she she trained a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what she did she she trained a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what she did she she trained a
+classifier at one time in this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier at one time in this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classifier at one time in this time
+series of adjectives now and then she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of adjectives now and then she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of adjectives now and then she
+would test it at some other time point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would test it at some other time point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would test it at some other time point
+and if you could train at this time like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you could train at this time like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you could train at this time like
+let's say right when the adjective comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say right when the adjective comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say right when the adjective comes
+on the screen and use it successfully to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen and use it successfully to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen and use it successfully to
+decode the adjective way down here when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode the adjective way down here when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode the adjective way down here when
+the noun is on the screen then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun is on the screen then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noun is on the screen then we can
+know that it's the same neural encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's the same neural encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that it's the same neural encoding
+because that's what it's doing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what it's doing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's what it's doing and then
+she made a plot a two-dimensional plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she made a plot a two-dimensional plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she made a plot a two-dimensional plot
+where you could plot let's say the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could plot let's say the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could plot let's say the time
+at which you train the classifier on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you train the classifier on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at which you train the classifier on the
+vertical axis and the time at which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis and the time at which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis and the time at which you
+test it on the horizontal axis and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it on the horizontal axis and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it on the horizontal axis and then
+we could make show at each train test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could make show at each train test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could make show at each train test
+time whether you could train at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time whether you could train at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time whether you could train at this
+time and then decode at this time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then decode at this time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then decode at this time and
+that'll tell us whether there's a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll tell us whether there's a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll tell us whether there's a stable
+neural encoding of the adjective meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural encoding of the adjective meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural encoding of the adjective meaning
+across time when she did that here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time when she did that here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time when she did that here's
+what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so here we have on the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have on the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here we have on the vertical
+axis the time at which she trained this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the time at which she trained this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis the time at which she trained this
+is when the adjective is on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the adjective is on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when the adjective is on the screen
+the first 500 milliseconds when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 500 milliseconds when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first 500 milliseconds when the
+nouns on the screen hears then using any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns on the screen hears then using any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns on the screen hears then using any
+of these trained classifiers for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these trained classifiers for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these trained classifiers for
+decoding the adjectives here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding the adjectives here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding the adjectives here's a
+different time at which he tried to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time at which he tried to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time at which he tried to use
+it and again here's when the adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and again here's when the adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and again here's when the adjectives
+on the screen the noun and so what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen the noun and so what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen the noun and so what you
+see all this intense stuff means high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all this intense stuff means high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all this intense stuff means high
+decoding accuracy it shows that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding accuracy it shows that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoding accuracy it shows that if you
+train when the edge' t'v is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train when the edge' t'v is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train when the edge' t'v is on the
+screen you can use that to decode other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen you can use that to decode other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen you can use that to decode other
+times in which the adjectives on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in which the adjectives on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in which the adjectives on the
+screen it's good so we can decode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen it's good so we can decode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen it's good so we can decode
+adjectives but if you try to use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives but if you try to use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives but if you try to use that to
+decode the adjective when the nouns on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode the adjective when the nouns on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode the adjective when the nouns on
+the screen it fails blue means failure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen it fails blue means failure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen it fails blue means failure
+no statistically significant decoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no statistically significant decoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no statistically significant decoding
+accuracy on the other hand when the noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy on the other hand when the noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy on the other hand when the noun
+is on the screen if you train using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the screen if you train using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the screen if you train using the
+neural patterns when denounced on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural patterns when denounced on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural patterns when denounced on the
+screen then you can in fact decode what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen then you can in fact decode what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen then you can in fact decode what
+the adjective had been wild a noun is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjective had been wild a noun is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjective had been wild a noun is on
+the screen so it's like there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen so it's like there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the screen so it's like there are two
+different encodings of the adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different encodings of the adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different encodings of the adjective
+being used here one when the adjectives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used here one when the adjectives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being used here one when the adjectives
+on the screen that lets you successfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen that lets you successfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen that lets you successfully
+decode it when the adjectives on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode it when the adjectives on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decode it when the adjectives on the
+screen but it doesn't work when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen but it doesn't work when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen but it doesn't work when the
+nouns on the screen and then the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns on the screen and then the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nouns on the screen and then the second
+one that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that works
+another neural encoding that you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another neural encoding that you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another neural encoding that you can use
+to decode with the adjective had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decode with the adjective had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decode with the adjective had been
+when the noun is on the screen and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the noun is on the screen and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the noun is on the screen and then
+interestingly there's also this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly there's also this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly there's also this other
+region here it says if you train when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here it says if you train when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region here it says if you train when
+the adjective was on the screen you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjective was on the screen you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjective was on the screen you
+can't use that to successfully decode it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use that to successfully decode it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't use that to successfully decode it
+when the nouns on the screen but later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the nouns on the screen but later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the nouns on the screen but later
+on when nothing is on the screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when nothing is on the screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on when nothing is on the screen
+the phrase is gone your brain is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phrase is gone your brain is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phrase is gone your brain is still
+thinking about the edge' t'v in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the edge' t'v in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the edge' t'v in a way
+that's using this neural encoding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's using this neural encoding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's using this neural encoding the
+very first of those neural encodings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first of those neural encodings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first of those neural encodings
+this is evidence that the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is evidence that the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is evidence that the neural
+encoding of the adjective that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding of the adjective that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding of the adjective that was
+present when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present when you
+saw the adjective is reemerging now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the adjective is reemerging now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw the adjective is reemerging now a
+couple seconds later after that thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple seconds later after that thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple seconds later after that thing is
+off the screen but the neural encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the screen but the neural encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the screen but the neural encoding
+of the adjective when the now was on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adjective when the now was on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the adjective when the now was on the
+screen doesn't seem to get used again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen doesn't seem to get used again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen doesn't seem to get used again
+most recently we've also been looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recently we've also been looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most recently we've also been looking at
+stories and passages and much of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and passages and much of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories and passages and much of this
+not all of it is the work of Lela webby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of it is the work of Lela webby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all of it is the work of Lela webby
+another PhD student and here's what she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another PhD student and here's what she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another PhD student and here's what she
+did she put people in fMRI and in m EG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did she put people in fMRI and in m EG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did she put people in fMRI and in m EG
+scanners and she showed them the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners and she showed them the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanners and she showed them the
+following kind of stimulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this goes on for about 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this goes on for about 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this goes on for about 40
+minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes
+chapter one chapter of a Harry Potter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter one chapter of a Harry Potter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter one chapter of a Harry Potter
+story and word by word every 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and word by word every 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and word by word every 500
+milliseconds we know exactly when you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds we know exactly when you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milliseconds we know exactly when you've
+seen every word so she collected this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen every word so she collected this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen every word so she collected this
+data in fMRI and in mhe to try to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in fMRI and in mhe to try to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in fMRI and in mhe to try to study
+the jumble of activity that goes on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jumble of activity that goes on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the jumble of activity that goes on in
+your brain when you're reading not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain when you're reading not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your brain when you're reading not an
+isolated word but a whole story and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated word but a whole story and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated word but a whole story and so
+for her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for her
+with the fMRI we get an image every two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fMRI we get an image every two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fMRI we get an image every two
+seconds so four words go by and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so four words go by and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds so four words go by and we get
+an fMRI image so here's the kind of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an fMRI image so here's the kind of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an fMRI image so here's the kind of data
+that she had she trained a model that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had she trained a model that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that she had she trained a model that's
+very analogous to the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very analogous to the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very analogous to the very first
+generative model I talked about where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative model I talked about where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generative model I talked about where we
+would input a word coat it with verbs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would input a word coat it with verbs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would input a word coat it with verbs
+and then use that to predict neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that to predict neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use that to predict neural
+activity in her case she took an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in her case she took an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in her case she took an
+approach where for every word she would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where for every word she would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where for every word she would
+encode that word with a big feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode that word with a big feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode that word with a big feature
+vector and that vector could summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and that vector could summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and that vector could summarize
+both the the meaning of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the the meaning of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the the meaning of the individual
+word but it also could have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word but it also could have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word but it also could have other
+features that capture the context or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that capture the context or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that capture the context or the
+various properties of the story at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various properties of the story at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various properties of the story at that
+point in time but the general framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time but the general framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in time but the general framework
+was to convert the time series of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to convert the time series of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to convert the time series of words
+into a time series of feature vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a time series of feature vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a time series of feature vectors
+that capture individual word meanings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capture individual word meanings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that capture individual word meanings
+plus story content at that time and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus story content at that time and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus story content at that time and then
+to use that to predict the fMRI and mega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that to predict the fMRI and mega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that to predict the fMRI and mega
+activity so when she did this here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so when she did this here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so when she did this here are
+some of the kind of features that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kind of features that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the kind of features that we
+ended up using so some of you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up using so some of you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up using so some of you like
+motions of the characters like was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions of the characters like was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motions of the characters like was there
+somebody flying this was a Harry Potter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody flying this was a Harry Potter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody flying this was a Harry Potter
+story somebody manipulating or moving or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story somebody manipulating or moving or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story somebody manipulating or moving or
+physically colliding what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically colliding what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically colliding what were the
+emotions being experienced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions being experienced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions being experienced by the
+characters in the story that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in the story that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters in the story that you're
+focused on at this point in time what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on at this point in time what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on at this point in time what
+were the parts of speech of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the parts of speech of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the parts of speech of the
+different words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different words and
+other syntactic features what were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other syntactic features what were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other syntactic features what were the
+semantic content we also used the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic content we also used the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic content we also used the
+dependency parse statistics that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency parse statistics that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependency parse statistics that I
+mentioned that capture semantics of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that capture semantics of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that capture semantics of
+individual words so altogether she had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual words so altogether she had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual words so altogether she had a
+feature vector with about 200 features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vector with about 200 features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vector with about 200 features
+some manually annotated some captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some manually annotated some captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some manually annotated some captured by
+corpus statistics and for every word in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus statistics and for every word in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus statistics and for every word in
+the story we then had this feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story we then had this feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the story we then had this feature
+vector then she trained this model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then she trained this model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector then she trained this model that
+literally would take is put a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally would take is put a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally would take is put a sequence
+of words convert that into the features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words convert that into the features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words convert that into the features
+feature sequence and then using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature sequence and then using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature sequence and then using the
+trained regression predict the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained regression predict the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained regression predict the time
+series of brain activity from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of brain activity from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of brain activity from those
+feature vectors so this allowed her to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vectors so this allowed her to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature vectors so this allowed her to
+then test analogous to what we did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then test analogous to what we did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then test analogous to what we did with
+our single word noun generative model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our single word noun generative model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our single word noun generative model to
+test to see did the model learn well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to see did the model learn well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test to see did the model learn well
+enough that we could give it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we could give it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that we could give it two
+different passages and then one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different passages and then one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different passages and then one
+real-time series of observed data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time series of observed data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-time series of observed data and
+asked it to tell us which passage was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked it to tell us which passage was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked it to tell us which passage was
+reading and these would be novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and these would be novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and these would be novel
+passages that were not part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages that were not part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passages that were not part of the
+training data and she found that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data and she found that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training data and she found that it was
+in fact possible imperfectly but three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact possible imperfectly but three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact possible imperfectly but three
+times out of four to take a passage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times out of four to take a passage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times out of four to take a passage
+which was not part of two passages which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was not part of two passages which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was not part of two passages which
+had never been painting and a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been painting and a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had never been painting and a time
+series of neural activity never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of neural activity never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of neural activity never seen
+during training and three times out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during training and three times out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during training and three times out of
+four tell us which of those two passages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four tell us which of those two passages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four tell us which of those two passages
+they correspond to so she's capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they correspond to so she's capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they correspond to so she's capturing
+some of the structure here interestingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the structure here interestingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the structure here interestingly
+it's a side-effect of that we end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a side-effect of that we end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a side-effect of that we end up
+with a map of different cortical regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a map of different cortical regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a map of different cortical regions
+and which of these two hundred features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which of these two hundred features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and which of these two hundred features
+are encoded in different cortical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are encoded in different cortical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are encoded in different cortical
+regions so from one analysis of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so from one analysis of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions so from one analysis of people
+reading this very complicated complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this very complicated complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading this very complicated complex
+story and this analysis we end up you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and this analysis we end up you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story and this analysis we end up you
+can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go
+features and color codes some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and color codes some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and color codes some of them
+have to do with syntax like part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with syntax like part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do with syntax like part of
+speech and sentence length some have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and sentence length some have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech and sentence length some have to
+do with dialogue some have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with dialogue some have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with dialogue some have to do
+physical visual properties or characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical visual properties or characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical visual properties or characters
+and the stories and you can see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stories and you can see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the stories and you can see here is
+a map of where those different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map of where those different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map of where those different types of
+information were decodable from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information were decodable from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information were decodable from the
+neural activity interestingly here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity interestingly here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural activity interestingly here's a
+slightly earlier piece of work that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly earlier piece of work that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly earlier piece of work that
+showed from F Federico showing where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed from F Federico showing where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed from F Federico showing where
+there's neural activity that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's neural activity that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's neural activity that's
+selectively associated with language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively associated with language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selectively associated with language
+processing the difference and in Leila's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the difference and in Leila's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing the difference and in Leila's
+work she was also able to indicate not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work she was also able to indicate not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work she was also able to indicate not
+just where the activity was but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just where the activity was but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just where the activity was but what
+information is encoded there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is encoded there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information is encoded there and then
+again you can drill down on some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can drill down on some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can drill down on some of
+these if you don't know more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you don't know more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these if you don't know more about
+syntax we could actually look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax we could actually look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syntax we could actually look at the
+different syntax features and see well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different syntax features and see well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different syntax features and see well
+where's the part of speech encoded what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the part of speech encoded what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's the part of speech encoded what
+about the length of the sentence what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the length of the sentence what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the length of the sentence what
+about the specific dependency role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specific dependency role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the specific dependency role in
+the parse of the word that we're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parse of the word that we're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parse of the word that we're reading
+right now and so forth so this gives us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and so forth so this gives us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and so forth so this gives us
+a way then of starting to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way then of starting to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way then of starting to look
+simultaneously at very complex cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously at very complex cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously at very complex cognitive
+function right you're reading a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right you're reading a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right you're reading a story
+you're perceiving the words you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're perceiving the words you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're perceiving the words you're
+figuring out what part of speech you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what part of speech you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figuring out what part of speech you're
+parsing the sentence you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsing the sentence you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsing the sentence you're thinking
+about the plot you're fitting this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the plot you're fitting this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the plot you're fitting this into
+the plot you're feeling sorry for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot you're feeling sorry for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plot you're feeling sorry for the
+hero who just had their broom stolen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero who just had their broom stolen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hero who just had their broom stolen and
+all kinds of stuff going on in your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of stuff going on in your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of stuff going on in your head
+here's analysis that attempts to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's analysis that attempts to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's analysis that attempts to
+simultaneously analyze diverse range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously analyze diverse range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously analyze diverse range of
+these features and I think with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features and I think with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features and I think with some
+success there are still remain problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success there are still remain problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success there are still remain problems
+of correlations between different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlations between different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of correlations between different
+features and so it might be hard to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and so it might be hard to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and so it might be hard to know
+whether we're decoding the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're decoding the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're decoding the fact that
+somebody is being shouted at versus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is being shouted at versus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is being shouted at versus the
+fact that their ears are hurting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that their ears are hurting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that their ears are hurting
+to speak but there could be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak but there could be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to speak but there could be two
+different properties we're thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different properties we're thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different properties we're thinking that
+are highly correlated and so it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly correlated and so it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are highly correlated and so it can
+still be hard to tease those apart but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be hard to tease those apart but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be hard to tease those apart but I
+think that to me the interesting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that to me the interesting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that to me the interesting thing
+about Layla's analysis here is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Layla's analysis here is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Layla's analysis here is that it
+flips from a style that I would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips from a style that I would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips from a style that I would call
+reductionist one one way that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist one one way that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductionist one one way that people
+often study language in the brain is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often study language in the brain is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often study language in the brain is
+they pick one phenomena and then run a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick one phenomena and then run a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they pick one phenomena and then run a
+carefully controlled experiment to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully controlled experiment to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully controlled experiment to just
+vary that one dimension like we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary that one dimension like we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vary that one dimension like we use
+words and we'll use letter strings that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and we'll use letter strings that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and we'll use letter strings that
+are pronounceable that are not words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pronounceable that are not words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pronounceable that are not words and
+then words and we'll just look at what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then words and we'll just look at what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then words and we'll just look at what's
+different in those two almost identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in those two almost identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in those two almost identical
+situations here instead we have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations here instead we have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations here instead we have people
+doing natural reading complex cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing natural reading complex cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing natural reading complex cognitive
+function and try to use a multivariate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and try to use a multivariate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and try to use a multivariate
+analysis to simultaneously model many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to simultaneously model many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to simultaneously model many
+all of those different functions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those different functions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those different functions and so
+I think this is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think this is an interesting
+methodologically position to take and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologically position to take and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methodologically position to take and it
+also gives a chance to start looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gives a chance to start looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also gives a chance to start looking at
+some of these phenomena and story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these phenomena and story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these phenomena and story
+reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AKDkrI6BCcw.txt b/AKDkrI6BCcw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0fb18c7a07be801cb492ee9aee6d8c638dbf6b46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AKDkrI6BCcw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5275 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: So we'll start off
+by going over the Quiz Two
+
+practice questions.
+
+So, (1.1).
+
+In Python a subclass could
+override methods of its
+
+superclass.
+
+What say you all?
+
+True?
+
+All right.
+
+There are some repeat people
+from last night, so they know
+
+these already.
+
+Standard deviation, coefficient
+of variation are
+
+different names for
+the same thing.
+
+True or false?
+
+AUDIENCE: False.
+
+PROFESSOR: False.
+
+All right. (1.3.)
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you go over
+what the coefficient
+
+of variation is?
+
+PROFESSOR: So, coefficient
+of variation.
+
+It is--
+
+I have to write big
+for the camera.
+
+Is that right?
+
+People who haven't
+asked a question.
+
+It's the other way
+around, right?
+
+Coefficient of variation is the
+standard deviation divided
+
+by the mean.
+
+What does this tell you?
+
+Like, what sort of information
+does the coefficient of
+
+variation tell you?
+
+Anyone?
+
+So, it's another way of telling
+if your distribution
+
+is very widely spread.
+
+So, what it's getting at is--
+
+it's trying to help you
+compare your standard
+
+deviation against your mean.
+
+Because, let's say that I have a
+distribution and its mean is
+
+all the way out at 1.
+
+Let's pick a very
+large number.
+
+So it's got a really big
+mean, but say its
+
+standard deviation is--
+
+I don't know--
+
+100.
+
+Would you say that that's
+widely spread out?
+
+It's pretty tight.
+
+If you're taking--
+
+if this were like, I don't know,
+an observatory taking
+
+measurements of deep space and
+you've got a fluctuation of
+
+100 for each standard deviation,
+you'd probably say
+
+that was pretty good.
+
+And you wouldn't be too
+concerned about it, because
+
+you've got a planet out there
+that's billions of light years
+
+away or something.
+
+So on the other hand, let's
+say that I have another
+
+measurement, and its mean is
+somewhere around, say, 50.
+
+And its standard deviation
+is 100.
+
+So it's a lot fatter.
+
+You would say that this has a
+much wider spread, right?
+
+So it's a way of relating
+the standard
+
+deviation to the mean.
+
+And, rule of thumb is if this
+is less than or equal to 1,
+
+we're going to say that it's
+not too widespread, there's
+
+not a lot of variation.
+
+That's a standard that
+Professor Guttag has.
+
+Depending on your purposes
+maybe that's too large or
+
+whatever, so but that's what
+coefficient of variation is.
+
+Everyone clear on it?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the difference
+between variance
+
+and standard deviation?
+
+PROFESSOR: The difference
+between variance
+
+and standard deviation?
+
+Standard deviation is the
+square root of variance.
+
+All right.
+
+Unit testing is useful
+for debugging.
+
+What does the audience say?
+
+AUDIENCE: True.
+
+AUDIENCE: True.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+You know what unit testing
+is, can you define it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, unit testing is
+when you use other code to
+
+test your code.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So say you've broken your code
+up into nice little functions
+
+like a good programmer.
+
+And you want to make sure that
+those functions are giving you
+
+the right values.
+
+What you're doing with unit
+testing is, you're writing a
+
+bunch of other code.
+
+Or a little bit of code.
+
+Sometimes a lot, it depends on
+how thorough you want to be in
+
+your testing.
+
+And what you have is known
+input and known output.
+
+And you're going to feed your
+input to the functions you're
+
+testing, and you're going to
+make sure that they give you
+
+the output that you're
+expecting.
+
+And if they don't give you the
+output that you're expecting,
+
+that indicates that there's
+probably a bug.
+
+Which also kind of supports the
+idea that unit testing is
+
+good for debugging.
+
+And if you are very
+conscientious about your code
+
+and doing unit testing, you're
+going to run your unit tests
+
+every time you either run your
+code or make a change.
+
+Because you might have
+inadvertently introduced a bug
+
+into the code that
+you're modifying.
+
+So it's a way of verifying, it's
+a way of detecting bugs,
+
+and also verifying that any
+changes you make in the
+
+process of writing more
+functions for your program or
+
+modifying functionality in your
+program don't introduce
+
+other bugs.
+
+So in Python, functions cannot
+be used as actual parameters.
+
+False.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, you could just
+rephrase the question.
+
+But a better answer
+is that functions
+
+are first class citizens.
+
+So they are objects in and of
+themselves, and so you can
+
+pass them around to a function
+and functions
+
+can make use of them.
+
+So we might see an example of
+that later on if you want.
+
+All right.
+
+1.5.
+
+Increasing the size of a hash
+table typically increases the
+
+amount of time needed to
+locate a variable or
+
+value in the table.
+
+False.
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: It is Constant type.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+The hashing function is
+generally constant.
+
+OK.
+
+So, what does this code print?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Six?
+
+AUDIENCE: 11.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's 11.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So what is the
+string x actually?
+
+AUDIENCE: Binary?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the binary
+representation of an integer.
+
+And all this code is
+doing is, it's just
+
+converting it to a decimal.
+
+And because I came prepared
+tonight--
+
+sorta kind of--
+
+I have the code here.
+
+And we can verify it.
+
+Any burning questions
+on that problem?
+
+Moving on.
+
+What is the expected
+value of g1?
+
+Anyone?
+
+Well, look at what
+the code's doing.
+
+Did someone--
+
+AUDIENCE: What's "gauze,"
+that function?
+
+We haven't used that one.
+
+PROFESSOR: Gauss is--
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, Gauss.
+
+PROFESSOR: --a method on the
+random object that draws a
+
+random value from a Gaussian
+distribution
+
+that has a mean at--
+
+well, in this case, mean--
+
+and a standard deviation
+of s-t-d-dev,
+
+whatever you put in there.
+
+So maybe for this example, if
+I wanted to draw a random
+
+value from this distribution,
+which I said had a mean of 50
+
+and a standard deviation
+of 100, I would say
+
+random.Gauss 50, 100.
+
+So, in answering the question
+(3.1), what do people think?
+
+What about (3.2)?
+
+100,000.
+
+So they're both the same.
+
+But they both have a different
+standard deviation.
+
+So what this is getting
+at is, it's getting
+
+you to look at this.
+
+So this code is straight
+from the question.
+
+And all I'm going to do is, I'm
+going to plot a histogram
+
+of what this function
+produces.
+
+And also I'm going to run it a
+number of times and verify
+
+that I am getting 100,000
+in general.
+
+Python.
+
+There we go.
+
+So it's not exactly 100,000,
+but it's close enough.
+
+I mean, we're not going
+to be too upset.
+
+So this picture here shows the
+actual values that were drawn
+
+when I repeated the experiment
+a number of times.
+
+So I don't know if you can see
+on the screen but there's this
+
+big, really thin, vertical
+line here.
+
+Those are the results from
+the Gaussian with
+
+a 0 standard deviation.
+
+So everything was
+100,000 exactly.
+
+And then these red blocks
+here, this is with the
+
+standard deviation of 20.
+
+Any questions on this?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the difference
+between a normal
+
+distribution and a Gaussian
+distribution?
+
+PROFESSOR: The name.
+
+The question was, what's the
+difference between a normal
+
+distribution and a Gaussian
+distribution.
+
+And it's just, it's
+a different name.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: How I
+came across it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+How are we supposed to see
+that in this problem,
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, if you look
+at the plots, which I
+
+apparently killed--
+
+so let me pull them up again--
+
+All right.
+
+So the thing that you want
+to know about Gaussian
+
+distributions is that, at the
+mean, is the value that's the
+
+most probable.
+
+So its peak is at the mean.
+
+And so if you're taking a
+1000 numbers from this
+
+distribution, then if you know
+which number you're expecting
+
+to see with the highest
+probability--
+
+I'm not sure if this sentence
+is grammatical any more--
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+So really standard deviation
+doesn't really have anything
+
+to do with it.
+
+PROFESSOR: What it's going
+to affect is, it's
+
+going to tell you that--
+
+like, if you have a standard
+deviation of 10 versus 20,
+
+it's just going to tell
+you what the spread
+
+of the curve is.
+
+But it's not going to change
+the expected value.
+
+So, why don't I actually
+demonstrate that?
+
+Because I'm a fan of visuals
+and not necessarily good at
+
+English tonight.
+
+All right.
+
+So all I did in the code was,
+I just changed the standard
+
+deviation of the first
+distribution to
+
+be 10 versus 20.
+
+And what you can see from the
+plots are that the value with
+
+the highest probability is still
+centered at 100,000.
+
+But the first plot, as opposed
+to the first time we ran this
+
+with a 0 standard deviation,
+is a little
+
+bit more spread out.
+
+And the plot with 20, for the
+standard deviation, is even
+
+more spread out, than it.
+
+But they both have the highest
+probability at 100,000 or
+
+centered at 100,000.
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's like, if you
+have a mean for g1 of 100, or
+
+g2 of 200, then you would
+expect 200,000 for g2?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So if instead you had a mean
+of, say, 200 for the second
+
+distribution, versus 100,
+you'd expect them in two
+
+completely separate places.
+
+And you'd get an expected
+value that's
+
+100,000 versus 200,000.
+
+So here close to 100,000, close
+to 200,000 and then see
+
+what my distribution is.
+
+All right.
+
+We good on this?
+
+So moving on.
+
+Question (4).
+
+What is the probability of the
+final value of num6 being 0?
+
+AUDIENCE: 9/10 to the 10.
+
+PROFESSOR: 9 over 10,
+the whole thing to
+
+the 10th power, right?
+
+OK.
+
+So does anyone not see
+why that's the case?
+
+So I'm going to explain
+that anyway.
+
+So what this code is doing is,
+for 10 times its drawing an
+
+integer from 0 to 9.
+
+A random integer.
+
+It's a uniform distribution.
+
+And it's counting the number
+of times that the integer
+
+drawn is 6.
+
+And it's incrementing
+a counter.
+
+So the question can be rephrased
+as, what's the
+
+probability that no 6's were
+drawn 10 times out of a pool
+
+of 10 integers?
+
+And the way you can figure it
+out is on one pool where, say
+
+I had a 10 sided dice.
+
+On one roll, what's
+the probability of
+
+not getting a 6?
+
+It's going to be 9
+over 10, right?
+
+And if you do that 10 times.
+
+9 over 10 times 9 over 10 times
+9 over 10, that gives
+
+you 9 over 10 to
+the 10th power.
+
+And because this is a code
+class, we have a
+
+demonstration.
+
+So here's the answer that
+we hand-jammed or
+
+that we just discussed.
+
+And now here is a function
+count of 6.
+
+And it's the code that you
+see in problem (4).
+
+And all I'm going to
+do is, I'm going to
+
+run a number of trials.
+
+And I'm going to count the
+number of trials that come up
+
+0, and increment a
+count numzero's.
+
+And then I'm going to say,
+this is what I think the
+
+probability of getting a 0 is.
+
+And then we'll compare
+the two numbers.
+
+OK so that's the probability
+that we count
+
+9/10 to the 10th power.
+
+And then this is the estimated
+probability that we got from
+
+running this function
+100,000 times.
+
+So we good on this problem?
+
+AUDIENCE: Instead of solving
+it the way that you guys
+
+solved it, can you solve
+it by saying that
+
+the problem's also--
+
+that it's 1 minus the
+probability that 6
+
+will always be picked?
+
+PROFESSOR: That you will
+see at least one 6?
+
+1 minus the probability that
+you'll see at least one 6?
+
+AUDIENCE: No, never mind.
+
+PROFESSOR: You can solve
+it in different ways.
+
+It's just this way is--
+
+I think, probably, this way of
+thinking about it is probably
+
+more intuitive.
+
+AUDIENCE: When would you want to
+solve this kind of problem
+
+with [INAUDIBLE], instead
+of when it says it's not
+
+something, to use 1 minus
+the probability?
+
+That it is [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, my answer
+would be when it
+
+makes sense to you.
+
+Some problems are easier viewed
+in the negative light,
+
+which is what you're saying
+as 1 minus whatever.
+
+And some problems are
+better solved in a
+
+straightforward fashion.
+
+So it's whatever tool
+gets the job done.
+
+I don't have a general rule
+of thumb for you.
+
+Maybe there's a course
+18 person who does.
+
+AUDIENCE: So this problem, would
+we possibly be asked,
+
+what is the probability that
+it'll end up being 1?
+
+Or does it necessarily matter
+which of those 10 came up 6?
+
+And how would you show that, if
+we were going to be asked
+
+that question?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well.
+
+One, I haven't seen the quiz.
+
+So I can't give you
+a definite.
+
+But you could be asked,
+instead of using
+
+6, maybe say, 1.
+
+Is that going to really
+change anything?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+I guess I meant that one
+of those 10 outcomes
+
+ends up being a 6.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: I can do it if, they
+say the fifth trial is a 6.
+
+But just 1 of those 10 trials
+being a 6, I don't know how to
+
+write properly?
+
+PROFESSOR: So what's the
+probability that you get 1 of
+
+the trials as exactly 6?
+
+Or exactly 1 of the trials
+comes up as 6?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, one way of
+thinking of it is-- so we
+
+calculated 9/10.
+
+That's the probability that
+6 doesn't come up, right?
+
+So what's the probability
+that 6 will come up?
+
+1/10.
+
+So instead of doing 9/10 to the
+10th power, it would be
+
+9/10 to the 9th power
+times 1/10, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: OK, that'll
+account for.
+
+Thanks
+
+PROFESSOR: And because I'm never
+very comfortable with
+
+this stuff, why don't
+we do a simulation?
+
+So this is what we're saying.
+
+Exactly one 6 comes up.
+
+And I'm going to
+set this to 1.
+
+AUDIENCE: Isn't that saying that
+it's less likely that one
+
+6 comes up than zero
+6s come up?
+
+Is it?
+
+That's true?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Because you're looking
+for exactly--
+
+you're looking for a sequence
+of 10 events where exactly 1
+
+of those of events is a 6.
+
+Which seems more unlikely than,
+say, getting everything
+
+that's not a 6.
+
+So I want to verify this.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is it 9/10
+to the 9th [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Because we're
+asking, if I roll this
+
+10-sided dice 10 times, what's
+the probability that exactly
+
+one of those rolls is going
+to come up with 6?
+
+And so what we're asking is,
+what is the probability that I
+
+roll the dice 9 times and it
+doesn't come up with 6?
+
+And then what's the probability
+that on the
+
+remaining roll, that
+it comes up as 6?
+
+Which is 1/10.
+
+So let's see if I'm
+in the ballpark.
+
+Did I make a mistake?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+where if there's ten different
+ways-- so it would be like--
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, yeah.
+
+So yeah, you're right.
+
+That's why I don't
+like that stuff.
+
+So yeah, it's a little bit more
+complicated than that.
+
+AUDIENCE: You only counted
+one case of getting--
+
+PROFESSOR: That's right.
+
+So in this, I'm only
+counting one case.
+
+There's multiple ways that
+exactly one dice
+
+could come up 6.
+
+So the answer is more
+complicated.
+
+AUDIENCE: So would you
+just multiply by 10?
+
+Because there's 10
+different places?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So actually, that's
+what we got, so--
+
+we'll just do this.
+
+Well, of course that's
+going to come up.
+
+But the simulation gives us the
+same answer as what we've
+
+just come up with discussing.
+
+OK, problem solved.
+
+Did that work?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Probability
+can be tricky.
+
+AUDIENCE: So essentially,
+you could just take the
+
+probability that 9 of
+the rolls aren't 6,
+
+and leave it at that?
+
+Because you multiply it
+by 10 [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You can also do it that way.
+
+So again, there's
+multiple ways to
+
+think about the problem.
+
+So she was saying, instead
+of multiplying by
+
+10, we just say that--
+
+we take the probability that we
+have 9 rolls that aren't 6.
+
+And that works too.
+
+That's what she just
+pointed out.
+
+So these parts cancel
+each other out.
+
+It's basically--
+
+it is the same thing as this.
+
+Yay.
+
+All right.
+
+Are we good on this question?
+
+All right.
+
+Problem (5).
+
+It was matching plots.
+
+So you have three
+functions here.
+
+You have a polynomial,
+or two polynomials.
+
+One's a cubic, one's
+a quintic.
+
+And one's an exponential.
+
+There are a couple ways that
+you could go about
+
+solving this one.
+
+One is to plug values
+in and kind of match
+
+them up with the plots.
+
+Another is to look at the
+axis of the plots.
+
+So this exponential function
+here, if we were to have it on
+
+two linear axes, the x-axis
+and the y-axis for both
+
+linear, you'd see the expected
+curve upward sharply.
+
+But if you notice, a couple
+of the plots are
+
+in a semi-log y-axis.
+
+So if you put an exponential
+with a linear x-axis and a
+
+logarithmic y-axis, what
+would you expect the
+
+plot to look like?
+
+It would be a straight
+line, right.
+
+So what that tells us is that if
+we look at the bottom plot,
+
+we have something with
+a straight line.
+
+So, bottom plot is the
+third function.
+
+So, exponential.
+
+And then for the remaining two
+functions, there are a couple
+
+methods that you would use,
+or you could use.
+
+One is to plug values in and see
+where the points wind up
+
+and compare them
+with the plots.
+
+Another way to think about it is
+that one of the plots is on
+
+a semi-log and another plot is
+on just both linear axes.
+
+And if you plot a polynomial
+that's not exponential on a
+
+logarithmic y-axis, what
+would you expect the
+
+curve to look like?
+
+It should look somewhat similar
+to a logarithm.
+
+So with that in mind,
+you could then start
+
+plugging points in.
+
+And what you would come up
+with is that the second
+
+function is this
+top plot here.
+
+And the middle plot here
+is the first function.
+
+Is there anyone who's
+lost on that?
+
+Uh-oh.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, why?
+
+So you have two quadratic
+functions, right?
+
+One and two are quadratic?
+
+PROFESSOR: They're
+polynomials.
+
+They're not exponential.
+
+AUDIENCE: OK.
+
+And then the third one's
+exponential.
+
+And the reason why the third
+one's linear is because when
+
+you plot an exponential--
+
+PROFESSOR: If you plot an
+exponential with a linear
+
+x-axis and a logarithmic
+y-axis, it should be a
+
+straight line.
+
+Right?
+
+Or a straightish line.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the way
+the math works out.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Any other
+questions?
+
+All right, we'll move
+onto the next one.
+
+What does the following
+code print?
+
+AUDIENCE: 16.
+
+And then square root
+of [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Close.
+
+So I don't actually
+have the answer.
+
+Well, not written down.
+
+But I have the code, so I'm just
+going to run the code.
+
+So you're close.
+
+Shall we spend some time
+stepping through this code,
+
+understanding it?
+
+All right.
+
+So, what question (6) does is,
+it creates a class hierarchy.
+
+And at the top of it, it
+has the shape class.
+
+Which has just two methods,
+double underbar EQ and double
+
+underbar GE.
+
+That was just defined as
+equals operator and the
+
+greater than or equal
+operator for shapes.
+
+In terms of their area.
+
+So what this is saying is that
+two shapes are equal if their
+
+areas are equal, and a shape S1
+is going to be larger than
+
+another shape if its area is
+larger than the other shape.
+
+So if I had--
+
+well let's go down and
+we'll get to that.
+
+Square, subclass of shape.
+
+It is what it says it is.
+
+It's a square.
+
+And it has a side.
+
+And its area is what
+you'd expect it to
+
+be, the side squared.
+
+And circle is just defined--
+
+it just has a radius, and its
+area is what you would
+
+expect it to be.
+
+There is a function here, f.
+
+And it takes a parameter, l.
+
+And I --
+
+if you look at the code here and
+you kind of walk through
+
+it -- l would have to
+be either a list
+
+or a tuple of elements.
+
+Doesn't have to necessarily
+be shapes.
+
+But this first line is just
+going to return none if the
+
+list is empty.
+
+And then these next lines are
+going to, one it's going to
+
+set the first element equal to
+x, and then iterate through
+
+each element in l.
+
+And then if the element it's
+looking at is larger than x
+
+it's going to set x
+to the element.
+
+So what this function is doing
+is finding the largest element
+
+in the list.
+
+Everyone follow that?
+
+So, this should be pretty
+straightforward.
+
+As should this.
+
+This part my trip
+some people up.
+
+So, this obviously creates
+an empty list.
+
+What this does is, it creates
+a dictionary of class names.
+
+And what it's saying is
+that for a key of 0,
+
+the class is circle.
+
+And for a key of one the
+class is square.
+
+Everyone see that?
+
+This loop here iterates
+for 10 times.
+
+And it appends 10 elements.
+
+And then each of those elements
+are defined by this
+
+shapes dictionary.
+
+On each iteration, it's going to
+take the modulus of i, the
+
+index, or the number.
+
+And if it's a 0, it's going to
+construct whatever class the
+
+dictionary of shapes returns.
+
+So if it's an even number,
+it's going to be circle.
+
+And if it's an odd number
+is going to be a square.
+
+Everyone follow that?
+
+Does no-one follow that?
+
+OK.
+
+Or does anyone not
+follow that?
+
+Got my logic messed up.
+
+All right.
+
+So now what we have here
+is a list of shapes.
+
+And then all this does is it's
+going to print which shape.
+
+Is it going to be the fourth
+or the fifth shape?
+
+Fifth, right?
+
+Because we've started
+indexing it at 0.
+
+So this number is
+obviously even.
+
+So this should be a circle
+shape, or a circle class.
+
+And what should its radius be?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+And then this line here is just
+going call the function
+
+f, which is going to find
+the larger shape.
+
+Which is determined
+by its area.
+
+And in this particular instance,
+it's going to be a
+
+circle with radius eight.
+
+Once you figure out what f does,
+this is actually not
+
+such a hard problem.
+
+So the key to understanding this
+one is figuring out what
+
+f is actually doing.
+
+And you'll probably see a
+problem or two on the exam
+
+that's written like this, where
+the function has been
+
+obfuscated.
+
+So it doesn't have nice
+little variable names.
+
+If we were writing this
+for real, it would be
+
+something like that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, what was
+the radius on L?
+
+It was--
+
+PROFESSOR: Radius on L?
+
+AUDIENCE: Or not radius.
+
+Like, L4 was circled.
+
+And was that all it was,
+it was just a circle?
+
+PROFESSOR: With radius 4.
+
+AUDIENCE: With radius 4?
+
+OK, that's what I thought.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+AUDIENCE: How many of those
+special underbar functions
+
+have we seen?
+
+Have we seen anything besides
+edit string and [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: So, how many
+of the double underbar
+
+functions have you seen?
+
+That's a good question.
+
+You've seen a lot, right?
+
+The ones that I would be
+familiar with definitely INIT
+
+definitely EQ, GE and
+definitely STR.
+
+You might want to be familiar
+with this, LE.
+
+So what is LE?
+
+What do you think that does?
+
+Less than or equal to.
+
+Less than.
+
+So it's this the opposite
+of GE, right?
+
+I think there's also an
+LT, so less than.
+
+And GT.
+
+It's fairly logical.
+
+And historically you don't need
+to have these memorized.
+
+I've never seen a question where
+you've actually had to
+
+produce code that uses double
+underbar on the quiz.
+
+You just have to understand
+what it's doing
+
+if you can see it.
+
+Like, in a code reading
+exercise.
+
+And the conventions are fairly
+straightforward to understand.
+
+Can I move on?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you scroll
+down a little bit?
+
+Where it says print L4,
+or I guess print FL.
+
+Does it automatically just print
+the string function?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So you're asking why
+I don't have this.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: So in this flavor
+of Python, and if you don't
+
+have an explicit conversion to
+string, Python will look for
+
+the underbar STR function
+if it exists.
+
+If it doesn't exist then you get
+that weird object at blah,
+
+blah, blah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+PROFESSOR: Any other
+questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: What list are
+you reading up on top?
+
+PROFESSOR: Are you confused
+because it's the same name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Maybe.
+
+I don't know.
+
+So the third thing
+that [INAUDIBLE].
+
+I understand the second thing,
+circle with radius 4.
+
+But how do you get that
+circle of radius 8?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, the way we
+get that is, f of l--
+
+f is the function, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: Right, and it produces
+the largest element
+
+of the list.
+
+And the list, L, contains
+0 to 9?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+So we could actually print
+out what L contains.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why isn't it square?
+
+Isn't 9 [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Why don't we do it?
+
+All right.
+
+So all it's going to do is, it's
+going to print out all
+
+the shapes in the list
+and their areas.
+
+I've got stuff at the top.
+
+So this is the first shape.
+
+And then, as we move down the
+list, we have square with side
+
+1, circle with radius 2, 3, et
+cetera, et cetera, et cetera.
+
+And then, this is the area of
+the circle with radius 8
+
+versus the area of a
+square with side 9.
+
+So, and it depends on--
+
+the reason why it works this
+way is that this is greater
+
+than or equal to operator is
+defined in terms of the area
+
+method of the shapes.
+
+Does that--
+
+AUDIENCE: So wait.
+
+What is this doing then?
+
+L is a list of areas?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, L is
+a list of shapes.
+
+It's a list of subclasses
+of shapes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you're feeding
+f this list of shapes.
+
+Oh, and to compare if S and
+L [? into that list ?]
+
+is greater.
+
+And for equal to x, do you have
+to use the greater than
+
+or equal to--
+
+PROFESSOR: Operator, right.
+
+AUDIENCE: --method, the
+class of shapes
+
+which compares areas?
+
+PROFESSOR: Mm-hm.
+
+Now, I might regret this.
+
+I think this'll work.
+
+Yep.
+
+It works.
+
+So, you see this weirdness
+I have here?
+
+It's showing pretty explicitly
+that I'm
+
+calling this a GE operator.
+
+It's just so--
+
+this is really just shorthand
+for that.
+
+Syntactic sugar.
+
+It's easier to look at.
+
+Easier to understand.
+
+And to even drive that
+point further home--
+
+whenever that GE, whenever that
+comparison is done, it's
+
+going to print out I'm here.
+
+So it is actually getting
+called and not
+
+just blowing smoke.
+
+Have we beaten this
+problem to death?
+
+Last problem.
+
+So, I'm actually not a huge
+fan of this problem.
+
+But the way I think of it
+is, it's the number
+
+guessing game, right?
+
+So I say to you, I'm thinking of
+a number between 0 and 100.
+
+Or in this case, maxVal.
+
+And your job is to guess, as
+quickly as possible, what
+
+number I'm thinking of.
+
+The only thing I can tell you
+is that you give me a guess
+
+and I'll tell you if it's higher
+or lower, or if it is
+
+the answer.
+
+So if I'm thinking of a
+number between 0 and
+
+100, what's the strategy?
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Binary search.
+
+AUDIENCE: Binary search, yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Binary
+search, right?
+
+So you're going to start
+in the middle.
+
+You're going to start at 50, and
+you're going to say-- and
+
+I'm going to say, well,
+no, the number I'm
+
+thinking of is lower.
+
+So now you're going to guess
+between 0 and 50, 25.
+
+And I'm going to say
+it's higher.
+
+Now you're going to guess
+between 25 and 50.
+
+I don't know, I didn't actually
+think of a number.
+
+But you get the idea, right?
+
+So this problem is asking you to
+implement a binary search.
+
+And comp.guess here
+is functioning
+
+as me in this problem.
+
+It knows a number and you write
+a program that's going
+
+to guess it, which
+is find.number.
+
+So, there are multiple ways
+to do this problem.
+
+Here is my solution.
+
+This is just an implementation
+of comp guess.
+
+At the beginning, set a maximum
+value of 100,000.
+
+And I'm going to guess the magic
+number, or I'm going to
+
+choose a random number
+from between-- yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: When you say binary
+search, is that the same thing
+
+as bisection search?
+
+PROFESSOR: It's the same idea.
+
+But the way that I differentiate
+binary search
+
+from bisection search is that
+you do a binary search on a
+
+finite list of elements,
+of sorted elements.
+
+So I might have a list of names
+in alphabetical order,
+
+or a list of numbers
+in ascending order.
+
+And I would do a binary
+search on that list.
+
+With bisection search, it's not
+necessarily a finite list
+
+of numbers or elements
+that I'm looking at.
+
+It's, I know that the answer
+exists within a lower and an
+
+upper bound, and I'm going to
+divide that search space in
+
+half successively or iteratively
+to find that
+
+actual value.
+
+But it's not necessarily a
+finite list of elements
+
+between those bounds.
+
+That's good?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: So this is
+one implementation.
+
+You can do it any
+number of ways.
+
+This numSteps thing, you
+wouldn't need to have.
+
+It's just for me to illustrate
+some stuff.
+
+So I'm going to start
+at 0, and I'm
+
+going to start at maxVal.
+
+And then I'm going to
+keep iterating.
+
+While I don't have,
+or while I haven't
+
+reached the answer, basically.
+
+So, I'm going to make my
+guess in the middle.
+
+And then if comp.guess tells me
+that it's higher, or that
+
+my guess is too low, basically,
+then I'm going to
+
+set my upper--
+
+sorry, if my guess is too high,
+then I'm going to set my
+
+upper bound to my guess.
+
+And then I'm going to search
+in the middle from there.
+
+And then if it tells me that my
+guess is too high, then I'm
+
+going to search in
+the upper region.
+
+Otherwise, that means I've
+made the correct
+
+guess and I'm done.
+
+So, very simple.
+
+The key part of this problem
+that tells you that you should
+
+use binary search, though, is
+that it stipulates you need to
+
+have a log maxVal algorithm.
+
+And binary search is
+a log N algorithm.
+
+I mean, you could do find number
+in a linear search, but
+
+it would be fairly
+inefficient.
+
+All right?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] just guess
+one number, then go--
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, start at 0--
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+guess 1, you guess
+
+2, then guess 3.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+So you just keep incrementing
+by one.
+
+AUDIENCE: If it didn't specify,
+oh, it should run log
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE], would it be
+OK if we had used the word
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: If it didn't specify
+the complexity, then
+
+yeah, you could use whatever
+search you deemed appropriate.
+
+But because it said it
+needs to be log N --
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah, yeah.
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you going
+to [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Not in this
+particular case.
+
+Because we're dealing with
+integers anyway.
+
+So all these operations
+are going to
+
+result in integer results.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you going to ever
+be able to get to the
+
+highest number?
+
+PROFESSOR: So if it were,
+like, 99,000?
+
+Is that what you're asking?
+
+AUDIENCE: If the number
+were maxVal.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, we'll see.
+
+I might have it wrong in my
+
+implementation, always possible.
+
+If I do, I'd probably take
+one point off me.
+
+Yeah, so I have a bug.
+
+So I am actually--
+
+AUDIENCE: When it divides, it
+rounds it down [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So I have a bug.
+
+And I'm not going to try and
+fix it right now, but yeah.
+
+If I were grading this and this
+were my solution, I'd
+
+dock me a point or two.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's your error?
+
+PROFESSOR: My error is that
+because of this the way that I
+
+get my guess here, I'm never
+going to get to max val.
+
+If the computer chose maxVal as
+its guess, then I'd never
+
+get to that.
+
+So yeah, you caught me.
+
+AUDIENCE: A friend of mine
+looked at this and was like,
+
+oh, you should define another
+function to solve it.
+
+Is that kind of thing actually
+allowed on the
+
+exam at all, or no?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, why did your
+friend think you need to find
+
+another function?
+
+AUDIENCE: I'm not
+exactly sure.
+
+It was supposed to be
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Did they say define
+a recursive function?
+
+AUDIENCE: I think that's what
+I was trying to do.
+
+PROFESSOR: So I'm solving
+it iteratively.
+
+You really can write a
+recursive function.
+
+And in this case, because
+we've given you the
+
+specification for find number,
+you'd probably write something
+
+like find number helper, and
+have whatever additional
+
+parameters you needed in order
+to support the recursion.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you can
+do that or no?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+We'd be fine with that.
+
+The point is that you write a
+function that runs in log
+
+maxVal time.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because at the top it
+says that the magic number
+
+is in range maxVal, doesn't
+that mean that the number
+
+would not ever be maxVal?
+
+PROFESSOR: Let me see.
+
+Actually, yeah.
+
+Because it would be 0 to 999--
+
+or 999,999.
+
+Well, I'm not sure
+if this actually
+
+constitutes a bug or not.
+
+So I'd have to do
+unit testing.
+
+I don't have any test cases.
+
+Which is, again, back
+to unit testing.
+
+You have a question or--?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Could you do this by saying
+your guess equals choose a
+
+random number between
+high and low?
+
+PROFESSOR: You could.
+
+But it would have--
+
+the analyzing complexity would
+be problematic, I would think.
+
+Doing it this way, by guessing
+right in the middle, you know
+
+it's going to be log
+maxVal complexity.
+
+If you were to choose a random
+number between low and high,
+
+I'm not sure what that would
+do to the complexity.
+
+It would make the analysis a
+little bit more intricate.
+
+And if this were the actual quiz
+and you put that as your
+
+answer we'd probably take
+a fair number of
+
+points off for it.
+
+There are people who
+do study algorithms
+
+that do that, though.
+
+They use random numbers in
+order to [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+the values.
+
+So we're done with the quiz.
+
+And now we've got a list
+of topics to go over.
+
+So, let's start at the top.
+
+The first subject that was
+listed-- so all you got the
+
+list of quiz topics for the
+quiz, I'm assuming?
+
+Did all of you look at it?
+
+The first topic is algorithms.
+
+And I have big-O notation,
+exhaustive enumeration, guess
+
+and check, successive
+approximation, divide and
+
+conquer, binary search, merge
+sort, hashing, orders of
+
+growth, and amortized
+analysis.
+
+So, first come, first serve.
+
+What do people want to see?
+
+AUDIENCE: Hashing.
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Hashing and amortized
+analysis.
+
+PROFESSOR: Hashing and
+amortized analysis.
+
+OK.
+
+So why don't I start with
+hashing, because
+
+that's pretty easy.
+
+The idea behind hashing is that
+you have a function, and
+
+it's going to take some input.
+
+And it's going to compute
+an address of some sort.
+
+And let's imagine that I have
+a data structure that has a
+
+number of buckets arranged
+one after the other.
+
+What hashing does is, it says I
+have this input s, or a key,
+
+if you will.
+
+And I'm going to compute
+an address like a
+
+number of some sort.
+
+And it's going to, say,
+wind up here.
+
+And this relates to Python
+because this is how
+
+dictionaries are implemented.
+
+So this s here is going to be
+the key that you give the
+
+dictionary.
+
+And then it'll compute a
+location for this bucket where
+
+it's going to put the value.
+
+So, the idea--
+
+what makes these hashing
+functions valuable, especially
+
+with respect to dictionaries, is
+that you can check for the
+
+presence of a key or a value
+in constant time.
+
+Because the hashing function
+is more or less constant.
+
+And once you have an address
+into the data structure, it's
+
+very easy to compute the
+location where you're going to
+
+put something.
+
+So, I'm not sure--
+
+does that kind of help you?
+
+You don't need to know hashing
+in great detail.
+
+You're not going to need to know
+the hashing function for
+
+like a string, or the hashing
+function for a tuple or
+
+something like that.
+
+The main points that you need to
+get from hashing is that it
+
+computes an address into
+this data structure.
+
+It's a constant time thing.
+
+And that's about it, actually.
+
+If you have those two
+concepts down--
+
+well, also, three that that's
+how dictionaries are
+
+implemented--
+
+if you have those in your mind
+for hashing, you'll be good.
+
+Anyone have any other questions
+for hashing?
+
+AUDIENCE: So we never have to
+like write a hashing function.
+
+It's more like [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: This is so that you
+know what it is, and when you
+
+see it in the future, if you see
+it in the future, you're
+
+not totally lost.
+
+You have an idea of
+what it's doing.
+
+You can define your own hash
+functions, but we're not going
+
+to require that of you
+in this course.
+
+So that's hashing, basically.
+
+And all you need to
+know for the quiz.
+
+So for amortized analysis, the
+idea behind amortized analysis
+
+is that you have--
+
+maybe you have a known sequence
+of operations.
+
+And you're trying to find what
+the worst case runtime for
+
+that sequence of
+operations is.
+
+And you might have a bunch of
+operations that are really,
+
+really low cost, or
+low complexity.
+
+And one really expensive one.
+
+And for our purposes, we're
+trying to find this--
+
+find which of these operations
+is the dominating factor for
+
+the complexity.
+
+So the example I would use is,
+let's say that I have the task
+
+of searching for an element
+in a big list of elements.
+
+So we know two basic search
+algorithms for this, right?
+
+We know a linear search, where
+we go one at a time through
+
+each of the elements.
+
+And what's the complexity
+of that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Just the length
+of [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: It's going to be
+linear in terms of the number
+
+of elements in the list.
+
+We also know binary search.
+
+What's the complexity
+of binary search?
+
+AUDIENCE: Log N.
+
+PROFESSOR: Log N. Now, there's
+a problem with binary search.
+
+It has a requirement.
+
+Will binary search work on a
+list that is not sorted?
+
+No.
+
+You require it to be sorted.
+
+So, we've talked about
+sorting in class.
+
+He covered it during
+the lecture.
+
+For basic sorting that we've
+seen, the lower bound, the
+
+complexity of the sorting
+algorithms is N log N. So
+
+merge sort will be an
+N log N algorithm.
+
+So, when--
+
+let's say that we just need
+to do one search, right?
+
+Do I really want to
+use binary search?
+
+Why?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Because I have
+to sort it first.
+
+And if I just do--
+
+if I do I have to sort
+and then search, and
+
+this is going to be--
+
+whereas if I do a linear search,
+I just have search.
+
+And for just a single search,
+for binary search, this is
+
+going to dominate
+my complexity.
+
+But, let's say that I'm going
+to do a million searches.
+
+Now, it might behoove me to
+actually sort this first.
+
+Because I only have to
+sort the list once.
+
+And then I can do as many
+searches as I want.
+
+So, in the grand scheme of
+things, if I'm doing a million
+
+searches, then linear search
+is a really poor choice.
+
+And binary search would
+be my best option.
+
+And this is about as deep
+as we want to go
+
+with amortized analysis.
+
+It's this idea that there's a
+certain point at which one
+
+algorithm becomes more important
+than another
+
+algorithm, because the
+composition of its operations
+
+kind of determines, it changes
+as you increase the number of
+
+elements you're working with
+the number of times you're
+
+going to do the operation.
+
+That's kind of what you
+need to understand
+
+for amortized analysis.
+
+And it can be used in other
+types of analyses, but we're
+
+not going to get into that.
+
+All right.
+
+What other topics do we want
+to go over for algorithms?
+
+We've got big-O notation,
+exhaustive enumeration, divide
+
+and conquer.
+
+Successive approximation,
+merge sort,
+
+and orders of growth.
+
+AUDIENCE: Can we go
+over merge sort?
+
+PROFESSOR: You want to
+go over merge sort?
+
+OK.
+
+So-- and today actually,
+I have my code.
+
+So merge sort is a divide
+and conquer algorithm.
+
+And the idea is that
+I am going to
+
+take a list of elements.
+
+And I'm going to divide
+the list in half.
+
+So I'm going to get a left list
+and a right list, and
+
+they're unsorted.
+
+And then I'm going to call
+merge.sort on them.
+
+And I'm going to keep
+recursively calling merge sort
+
+until I have one element or
+no elements in the list.
+
+And then I'm going to
+return the list.
+
+After I do a merge sort on the
+left and right halves, I'm
+
+going to merge them.
+
+And the merge operation is just
+going to start at the
+
+beginning of the left and right
+halves of the list, and
+
+it's going to append the
+smaller element at the
+
+beginning of each of the lists
+to result until it gets to the
+
+end of the lists.
+
+So I'll try a blackboard
+demonstration in a second.
+
+Or explanation in a second.
+
+So, this before parameter,
+all this is doing is it's
+
+determining the order
+of the elements.
+
+So it's saying that left should
+come before right.
+
+It'll return true if left should
+come before right, and
+
+false if right should
+come before left.
+
+So, intuitively, because I don't
+think that was a very
+
+good explanation,
+let's say that I
+
+have a list of elements.
+
+And they're unsorted.
+
+All right.
+
+So it's an unsorted
+list of elements.
+
+When merge.sort first starts,
+it's going to divide this list
+
+into left and right halves.
+
+So basically it's going to
+take the middle here.
+
+And then it's going to call
+itself, on this left half and
+
+then on this right half.
+
+And it's going to
+keep doing this.
+
+It's going to divide this
+half into say --
+
+5, 2, 1.
+
+Now, when it gets to these
+little single elements, it's
+
+going to do something
+interesting.
+
+It's going to merge these two.
+
+So when it gets down to these
+single elements, it's just
+
+going to return the list as
+is, it's not going to do
+
+anything to them.
+
+And then the code after
+this, division, is
+
+going to merge them.
+
+And the way it merges them is,
+it's going to start at the
+
+beginning of these two lists.
+
+And it's going to say, is this
+element larger or smaller than
+
+this element?
+
+Or is it going to come
+before this element?
+
+And it's going to construct
+a merged list.
+
+And then return that
+as its result.
+
+So this is going to come down.
+
+So now at this point it's
+popping back up the stack.
+
+It's going to return this.
+
+It's going to merge
+these two lists.
+
+Starts at the beginning
+of both lists.
+
+One comes before two.
+
+And then this list is done,
+so now it only has
+
+this list to do.
+
+After each merge step, these
+lists are going to be sorted.
+
+So now where are we at?
+
+So now let's do this guy.
+
+So this guy gets merged
+into 6 and 9.
+
+And then this guy, I
+didn't divide up.
+
+So, bad on me.
+
+So we're going to merge those
+two single element lists.
+
+Now these get merged.
+
+So these guys are going
+to get merged.
+
+So, this is going to become, I
+think my tree got messed up a
+
+little bit.
+
+Now we're going to merge
+these lists.
+
+So we're going to start
+at the beginning.
+
+1 comes before 3.
+
+First element is 1.
+
+2 comes before 3.
+
+Now we're here in this list.
+
+We're still at the beginning
+of this list.
+
+3 comes before 5.
+
+5 comes before 7.
+
+And we're here.
+
+6 comes before 7.
+
+Then we have 7.
+
+And then 9 comes before 10.
+
+Now we're done with this list.
+
+So now we have 10, 13.
+
+And at the end of the last
+merge the list is sorted.
+
+So, I'm not sure how
+clear that was.
+
+AUDIENCE: What happens if
+there's [UNINTELLIGIBLE] to
+
+begin with?
+
+Like all of your split equally
+into [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+What if there's one more
+element at the top,
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+Do you know what I mean, like,
+there'd be one left over?
+
+PROFESSOR: What do you mean?
+
+So there's an odd number of
+elements in the list?
+
+So you would just get
+an uneven split.
+
+So your left sub-list might
+have 6 elements.
+
+Say you have 11 elements
+in the list.
+
+Left element would have 6,
+or left list would have 6
+
+elements and then the right
+list would have 5.
+
+AUDIENCE: [UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+then that would
+
+split with 3 and 2.
+
+And then the 2 would split to
+1 and 1, the 3 would split
+
+into 1 and 2, and then the
+2 would split again?
+
+PROFESSOR: And then the 1 would
+actually make a call,
+
+but it would be an empty list.
+
+It would split, but one of them
+would be an empty list.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+So and then it would
+just get--
+
+PROFESSOR: And that's kind of
+what happened with my tree.
+
+I didn't go all the way
+down on some of the
+
+branches of my tree.
+
+I mean, the main idea behind
+merge.sort is that you split
+
+the list in half, whatever
+size it this.
+
+And then you merge sort
+those separate halves.
+
+And merge sort is going to do
+the same thing with those
+
+separate halves.
+
+It's going to split
+them in half.
+
+And sort those halves until it
+gets to the smallest case,
+
+which is an empty list or
+just a single element.
+
+And then it's just going to
+start merging these lists.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right, I was just
+wondering what happened
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you'd split it
+into 2 and 1, and then that
+
+merge sort would be
+like 1 and 1.
+
+And then this 1 would split it
+into a list of 1 and nothing.
+
+That's all.
+
+And then the merge between
+that's obvious, right?
+
+AUDIENCE: So in the merge sort
+lecture notes, at one point,
+
+lambda is used.
+
+Can you explain a bit
+how this works?
+
+PROFESSOR: Does he actually
+use a lambda?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+Why is it useful?
+
+I guess [UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Ah.
+
+He used lambda.
+
+OK, Python has these functions
+called lambda functions.
+
+And what they are essentially
+are like one-liner bits of
+
+code that return a value.
+
+So let's see.
+
+I can't believe he
+used lambda.
+
+I'm trying to think of where
+I would actually use them.
+
+Like, an example.
+
+And I don't have one off
+the top of my head.
+
+You're not going to see
+a lambda on the quiz.
+
+The syntax is not
+too difficult.
+
+It's basically, so,
+like lambda x.
+
+And then it's going to return,
+like, x-squared.
+
+This is going to create
+a function.
+
+And it can be something like, I
+assign this lambda function
+
+to a variable square.
+
+And I'm going to pull
+up a separate--
+
+So I'm creating a
+function square.
+
+But instead of writing something
+like this, I write
+
+it as this.
+
+And ...
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you have to save it
+before it lets you run it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's, again, what I'm doing.
+
+I'm just trying to think
+of a witty name.
+
+I'm actually stunned that he
+whipped lambda out in lecture.
+
+So really it's a
+way of defining
+
+these one-liner functions.
+
+Python's lambda functions are
+kind of broken, at least in
+
+the 2.5, 2.6, 2.7,
+2.x versions.
+
+3.0, 3.x versions of Python, I
+think, actually do away with
+
+lambda because they
+were broken.
+
+You find lambda functions in
+a lot of other programming
+
+languages like Lisp or Scheme.
+
+And you're never going to
+see this on a quiz.
+
+But if you want to learn
+more about them you
+
+can look it up online.
+
+AUDIENCE: While you're running
+the function, what is the
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+The same thing?
+
+Oh, OK.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+I had it there as an
+illustration that the
+
+functions are-- they're
+functionally equivalent.
+
+And it actually serves to
+illustrate another point, that
+
+functions are objects and you
+can sign them and pass them
+
+around and stuff.
+
+But lambda functions on their
+own, you're not going to need
+
+to know that piece of linguistic
+Python, Pythonese.
+
+Bad sentence.
+
+You're not going to
+need to know it.
+
+Does that work?
+
+OK.
+
+I'm going to have to ask him
+about that, because I can't
+
+believe he used lambda
+in lecture.
+
+AUDIENCE: In one of the
+lecture notes, he used
+
+something called x-range.
+
+PROFESSOR: x-range.
+
+AUDIENCE: What does that do?
+
+PROFESSOR: Did he talk about
+generator objects or iterate?
+
+Or yield?
+
+You haven't seen those?
+
+OK.
+
+So what you're asking is,
+something like that.
+
+He used something like that.
+
+The difference between range
+and x-range is that range
+
+returns a list of integers,
+and x-range returns in
+
+generator object.
+
+And I know that really meant
+a whole lot to you.
+
+So let's say that I assign ...
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah. that's what
+I'm going to show.
+
+So if I do print list of
+integers, or list of numbers,
+
+it's actually going to print
+the list of numbers.
+
+Someone fall back there?
+
+So it's actually going
+to print that list.
+
+Now, if I do something like--
+
+pretty sure this is not
+going to print the...
+
+The reason is that if you look
+at the type of the object
+
+that's returned, it's--
+
+well, x-range doesn't really
+help much either.
+
+Why does he do this to me?
+
+It's a way of-- so let's say
+that you have a list of a
+
+billion elements, or numbers,
+or things that you need to
+
+iterate over in a for loop.
+
+It's probably not a good idea
+to bring all of those into
+
+memory at once.
+
+So, or to necessarily keep
+them all around.
+
+You want--
+
+that's where things like
+x-range come in.
+
+So, let's do this.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] for i
+in x-range 10 [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So if I do this, it's going
+to be the same as if
+
+I were to do this.
+
+It's going to have the same
+functional effect, but the
+
+difference comes in-- let's
+say that I were to do
+
+something like this.
+
+Lot of numbers, right?
+
+I'm hoping Python crashes
+on this, because
+
+this is my whole point.
+
+Yeah, so there's
+too many items.
+
+But let's see if I do
+it with x-range.
+
+I should probably comment
+this out.
+
+I chose a really too large
+number, didn't I?
+
+I'm going to find a number
+that has too many list
+
+elements, but Python can still
+feel comfortable constructing
+
+an x-range out of...
+
+The point is that there's
+a certain
+
+point, a certain number.
+
+I don't know if it's going
+to do that comfortably.
+
+So you see this little delay
+that's occurring?
+
+Actually, this kind
+of a long delay?
+
+It's actually hanging up
+on this range command.
+
+Because it's actually
+constructing this list object
+
+with all these integers in it.
+
+So, let's say I do this.
+
+Are you going to need to know
+the exact difference?
+
+No.
+
+Is there a difference?
+
+Yes.
+
+Am I prepared to explain
+it exactly, right now?
+
+Not really.
+
+Previous iterations of this
+class have covered the yield
+
+statement in Python, which
+allows you to create functions
+
+that create generator
+objects that...
+
+You did yield?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: All right, then you
+should know about this.
+
+So range is going to give
+you a list of integers.
+
+x-range is going to give you a
+generator object that uses
+
+yields to produce
+these integers.
+
+So let me see if can
+rescue my machine.
+
+All right.
+
+So, he covered something
+like that with yield?
+
+So if I were to, say,
+do i in my x-range--
+
+back to where I was.
+
+My x-range does the exact same
+thing that x-range does.
+
+Now, as I said before, if I do
+a list, or if I do range,
+
+that's going to be
+a list, right?
+
+If I assign this to ...
+
+see that?
+
+That's what the yield statement
+does for you.
+
+It produces that generator and
+that's how x-range functions.
+
+So, basically it allows you to
+do some interesting things.
+
+Like, in this case, it's not too
+interesting because it's
+
+just returning one integer
+after the other.
+
+But let's say that
+I wanted to do --
+
+def my_squares.
+
+All that's going to do is return
+these squares of all
+
+the numbers between 0 and max N.
+So if I were to do this, it
+
+should print out all
+the squares--
+
+or the square root of all the
+numbers between 0 and 9.
+
+Make sense?
+
+So that's what yield gets you.
+
+Those are generator objects.
+
+And that's how x-range works.
+
+That's how it's different
+than range.
+
+Does that make sense
+to everyone?
+
+OK.
+
+I don't need to beat that
+to death any longer?
+
+I was not expecting
+that question.
+
+OK.
+
+What should we go over next?
+
+Is everyone comfortable
+with orders of growth?
+
+All right.
+
+The next major topic area I
+have is linguistic issues.
+
+So, this covers stuff like
+exceptions, polymorphism,
+
+classes and objects.
+
+So people want to
+go over classes?
+
+Objects?
+
+Polymorphism?
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's polymorphism?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, we'll
+get to that.
+
+So before my computer
+crashed--
+
+all right.
+
+So here are some class
+definitions.
+
+So I have a shape object, and
+I've defined two methods, area
+
+and perimeter.
+
+They currently do nothing
+except for raise not
+
+implemented errors.
+
+And now I have to find
+a class hierarchy.
+
+I have a rectangle class that
+inherits from shape.
+
+So shape is a superclass
+of rectangle.
+
+Rectangle is a subclass
+of shape.
+
+This also says--
+
+well, let me ask the question,
+is shape a rectangle?
+
+It's not rhetorical.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Not necessarily.
+
+Is rectangle a shape?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+It's an easy question.
+
+It's not a trick question.
+
+In the rectangle class,
+I have an INIT method.
+
+It just takes the length
+and the width.
+
+So computing the area
+is really easy.
+
+And then computing the perimeter
+is also very easy.
+
+And now I have a string
+representation which is just
+
+rectangle with the
+length and width.
+
+Ellipse inherits from shape
+and it has one radius--
+
+or one, the long axis
+and the short axis.
+
+And computing the area for
+that is pretty easy.
+
+Computing the perimeter, on the
+other hand, I had to look
+
+it up online.
+
+So if you're interested in the
+formula I used go take a look
+
+at this website.
+
+Again, I have a string method.
+
+And then now we have a square
+which inherits from rectangle.
+
+Because square is just a special
+case of a rectangle.
+
+And so I'm going to reuse it.
+
+I'm just going to make both
+lengths the same.
+
+That make sense to everyone?
+
+And I don't need to override the
+area and perimeter because
+
+they're pretty easy
+to understand.
+
+Or they're the same.
+
+And then circle.
+
+It just inherits from ellipse,
+and same thing.
+
+I'm just going to reuse the
+stuff that I have in ellipse.
+
+All right.
+
+I've defined a bag
+of shapes here.
+
+Circles, squares, rectangles.
+
+Rectangles.
+
+Lots of stuff.
+
+Now, to answer your question,
+what polymorphism allows me to
+
+do is, it allows me to treat
+subclasses that share a
+
+particular superclass, or a
+parent class, the same.
+
+So I've defined an area method
+on the shape class.
+
+And all of my subclasses,
+rectangle, ellipse, circle and
+
+square, inherit from
+this superclass.
+
+And some of them override area,
+some of them don't.
+
+It doesn't really
+matter to me.
+
+What matters to me is that if I
+have a bag of these shapes,
+
+I know that I have
+an area method.
+
+And I don't need to know the
+particular or the type of the
+
+object that I'm calling
+the area method on.
+
+Right?
+
+Python is going to take
+care of that for me.
+
+I can just iterate through this
+bag of shapes, call the
+
+area method, and I can get
+a sum of the areas.
+
+That's what polymorphism gives
+to me, is it allows me to
+
+treat objects uniformly.
+
+It allows the objects to change
+their behavior based on
+
+the particular type of object
+that I'm using.
+
+But I don't need to know
+the particular details.
+
+So it's pretty powerful.
+
+So it's like, if I were to
+create a racing game and I
+
+wanted to drive a car, I could
+have different models of car.
+
+But my game engine wouldn't need
+to know to drive method
+
+to call for.
+
+Like, a Ford car versus a
+Chevrolet, all that stuff.
+
+That kind of answer
+your question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: So if there's not an
+area function that overrides
+
+it, what is it going to sum
+if it just raises a
+
+non-implemented error?
+
+Yeah, if you haven't
+redefined.
+
+PROFESSOR: In this example, I'm
+using all what are known
+
+as concrete classes.
+
+So they're not abstract.
+
+They all have implementations
+of area.
+
+But if I were to say, for some
+reason I decided that I wanted
+
+to make something amorphous.
+
+This should raise
+an error, right?
+
+Unless I have invalid syntax.
+
+So when it gets to
+there, yeah.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+AUDIENCE: So what's the
+difference between inheritance
+
+and [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: They're related.
+
+But what inheritance means is
+that if I say that rectangle
+
+inherits from shape, that
+means it gets all of its
+
+methods and attributes.
+
+But it's not necessarily
+polymorphic in that case.
+
+It's just, it's like saying a
+rectangle is a shape so it has
+
+all these characteristics of
+a shape and then some.
+
+The polymorphism comes in when I
+override the area method and
+
+then I can treat all shapes,
+whether they're rectangles,
+
+squares, circles, uniformly
+with the area method.
+
+You might--
+
+I'm trying to think of an
+example where it would be.
+
+So let's say that I didn't do
+this in a class or entered a
+
+way or using classes.
+
+And so I had a really naive
+implementation that said,
+
+let's represent them
+as dictionaries.
+
+So I have two really stupid
+functions here.
+
+And they say they make a circle
+and they make a square.
+
+And so really all it's doing
+is representing these as
+
+dictionaries.
+
+And the key is side
+and radius.
+
+Now, let's say that I want to
+have my list of shapes.
+
+I make a square.
+
+I'm going to make a circle.
+
+Another square.
+
+OK, so now I've got a bag or
+shapes or a list of shapes.
+
+What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can you [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Spending too
+much time on that one.
+
+All right.
+
+So if I were to take
+a look at this.
+
+It's going to print out a
+bunch of dictionaries.
+
+Now, the question is, what if I
+wanted to compute the areas
+
+of these data types?
+
+Using polymorphism, I can just
+call dot area on each shape.
+
+But if I wanted to do the same
+thing with this code, I would
+
+have to have square area
+s, return, d, side.
+
+And then def circle, area,
+c, return, 3.14.
+
+9 times c--
+
+I'm already getting
+tripped up.
+
+So even this is not so bad,
+because if I do something like
+
+this, I can still get
+the areas, right?
+
+And I can do this because I know
+what's in those positions
+
+in the list.
+
+So.
+
+AUDIENCE: You forgot to close
+your parentheses.
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+OK.
+
+So it's going to work.
+
+But now, if I want to print out
+all the areas of all the
+
+shapes in this loop here, how
+am I going to do that?
+
+Because I can't just call square
+area of s, because what
+
+if s is a circle It's going to
+give me an error, right?
+
+I could get around this by
+saying, if radius in s, then I
+
+know it's a circle, right?
+
+Or, side in s.
+
+But you see how the code is
+getting kind of ugly now?
+
+I have to know details about
+how these different objects
+
+are implemented, how square and
+circle are implemented in
+
+the dictionary.
+
+I have to know what type
+they are before I
+
+compute their area.
+
+And I can do it, but
+it's kind of ugly.
+
+Whereas if I invest a little
+bit of time in a class
+
+hierarchy, I can do this
+much more easily.
+
+Much more cleanly.
+
+It's a way of abstracting
+from the problem.
+
+You don't have to worry
+about the details of
+
+the individual shapes.
+
+Did I kill that?
+
+And beat it into the ground.
+
+AUDIENCE: Just for
+clarification.
+
+So the point of polymorphism
+is just like inheritance,
+
+essentially, kind
+of boiled down?
+
+PROFESSOR: The point of
+polymorphism is that if you
+
+have a class hierarchy of
+objects, you don't need to
+
+know the details of the objects,
+of what specific type
+
+an object is.
+
+As long as you know that
+in the case of--
+
+AUDIENCE: So long as there
+exists a method
+
+that you want to use.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Where it inherits
+from that class,
+
+you could use it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So in this particular example,
+shape has an area method.
+
+And I have a bunch of concrete
+subclasses of shape that have
+
+all overridden the
+area method.
+
+And they do it in
+different ways.
+
+You compute the area differently
+for a rectangle
+
+versus an ellipse.
+
+I don't have to worry about
+which particular shape it is.
+
+I just call the area method, and
+I don't have to do all the
+
+checking that I do here.
+
+Where I look at, is this a
+circle, is this a square.
+
+I don't know, so I'm not
+going to compute that.
+
+AUDIENCE: How do you
+avoid the checking?
+
+[INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: So--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: See?
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh, OK, Great.
+
+Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Anyone lost?
+
+Any other questions?
+
+So that actually touched
+on a couple of topics.
+
+So we saw exceptions here.
+
+Is there anyone who wants
+to see anything else on
+
+exceptions?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the difference
+
+between pass and continue?
+
+PROFESSOR: Pass and continue?
+
+OK.
+
+So the question is what's
+the difference
+
+between pass and continue.
+
+So when you have pass, this is
+basically a null command.
+
+It's a do nothing command.
+
+I can actually run this
+code right now.
+
+And it will do absolutely
+nothing useful.
+
+But it also won't complain.
+
+It's a placeholder.
+
+Sometimes--
+
+so a lot of times you'll
+see in your code
+
+something like this.
+
+Let's x equals 150.
+
+If x mod 2 equals 0, pass else,
+do something useful.
+
+So we see this a lot
+in your p-sets.
+
+It's not a slam on
+you or anything.
+
+But you could simplify
+this by saying--
+
+but the way that you
+conceptualize a problem forced
+
+you to have this if statement.
+
+And then you didn't have
+anything useful to put in
+
+here, so you had to put
+a pass in order to
+
+make Python not complain.
+
+So, let's be a little less
+flip and more concrete.
+
+It's getting late, I'm
+getting punchy.
+
+All right.
+
+So if I were to run this now,
+it's not going to print
+
+anything because it hit
+the pass command.
+
+Now let's make this on.
+
+So if we've verified that this
+code works and that I'm not
+
+blowing smoke.
+
+Now, let's take out the pass.
+
+Python's going to complain.
+
+Why?
+
+Because after this if
+line, here it's
+
+expecting a block of code.
+
+But there's nothing there.
+
+The pass keyword give you
+a do nothing command.
+
+It says, I don't really have
+anything to say here, but you
+
+want me to put something
+here so I'm going to
+
+put something here.
+
+But it doesn't do anything.
+
+So that's pass.
+
+so It's a placeholder,
+is the basic answer.
+
+Now, continue is different.
+
+Because continue actually has
+a function that is useful.
+
+Let's say that I'm not too
+familiar with the range
+
+command, and I don't know that
+I can specify a step.
+
+And I want to print out
+all the odd integers.
+
+And I also am going to restrict
+myself and say that I
+
+can't use an else or something
+of that nature.
+
+So I'm going to handicap
+myself.
+
+This x-range --
+
+is x-range cool?
+
+So.
+
+I only want to print
+out odd numbers.
+
+Or we can do it like this.
+
+Either/or, it doesn't matter.
+
+So, comment this.
+
+What continue does is it, if
+you're within a loop, as we
+
+are here with this for loop,
+tells Python if it sees a
+
+continue statement, do not
+continue beyond this point
+
+within the block of the loop.
+
+Go instead and perform the next
+iteration of this loop.
+
+Go to the top of this loop.
+
+So, what this code should do,
+I'm hoping, in case I don't--
+
+I might have a bug--
+
+it should print out
+the odd integers.
+
+So what's happening is that when
+the integer is even, it's
+
+hitting this continue
+statement.
+
+And this is telling Python, go
+back up to the top of this for
+
+loop and do the next
+iteration.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you were to
+have [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: So if I
+just had pass?
+
+It'll print all the integers.
+
+That work?
+
+Anyone confused?
+
+AUDIENCE: You could also have
+your code if not that
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, but
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+There are some schools of
+thought that say that continue
+
+is something that disturbs
+the flow of code
+
+and should be avoided.
+
+I don't subscribe to that.
+
+I think that if it makes your
+code clearer, then use it.
+
+Which is to say that, yeah, you
+can rewrite a lot of your
+
+code to not use continue.
+
+OK, do we need to
+go over anything
+
+with linguistic issues?
+
+Are we good on classes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Can we go over
+exceptions, please?
+
+PROFESSOR: So there is a
+question on exceptions.
+
+So exceptions are another
+way of flow control.
+
+And if I can pull up my source
+file, I have an example of
+
+handling exceptions.
+
+There we go.
+
+Exceptions give you
+a way of handling
+
+certain errors that occur.
+
+So, the easiest one to come
+up with is division by 0.
+
+So normally, if you would
+do a division by 0 --
+
+so I'm going trying
+to divide 10 by 0.
+
+The universe won't end, but
+Python will be very unhappy.
+
+In programs that are more
+complex that the ones that
+
+we've been writing, division
+by 0 happens but you don't
+
+necessarily want the program
+to crash, right?
+
+You want to be able to handle
+that error in a
+
+semi-graceful way.
+
+And in this particular example,
+with a division by 0,
+
+we can do that with
+exceptions.
+
+So let's say that instead of the
+program crashing I want to
+
+print out a nicer error message
+rather than everything
+
+in big red.
+
+I say, well, you divided by 0
+so maybe you should change
+
+your numbers.
+
+The way I capture, or catch this
+exception, is I have a
+
+tribe keyword, a colon,
+and then I have
+
+this block of code.
+
+This is the code that could
+potentially raise an exception
+
+where the error might occur.
+
+This code could be-- in this
+case, it's just straight up
+
+assignment and division.
+
+It could be a function that
+raises the exception.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+The point is that there's an
+exception that might occur.
+
+If an exception occurs, then
+Python is going to look past
+
+this block of code here at
+these except statements.
+
+And it's going to look at the
+type of exception it has.
+
+In this case it's a by 0
+division error, and it's going
+
+to match the exception against
+whatever type this is.
+
+And you can put inside here
+whatever code you want in
+
+order to handle this
+exception.
+
+So in this case I'm just
+printing divided by 0.
+
+I could be rude and
+I could say--
+
+see, can't even spell.
+
+So I can handle this exception
+however I want.
+
+But the program's not
+going to crash.
+
+And this program's actually not
+going to really convince
+
+you of that, but you see that--
+the first thing you see
+
+here is that there's no big red
+blaring message that says
+
+you have an exception.
+
+It's all code that
+I've written.
+
+And I could even be
+silent about it.
+
+I could say, I'm not going
+to say anything.
+
+I'm just going to
+fail silently.
+
+Tell me it's all good.
+
+It's not going to tell
+me I divided by 0.
+
+It can come in handy if I
+like have an input loop.
+
+So let's say I'm going to do a
+little bit more, be a little
+
+bit more creative and do--
+
+oh.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+How does it [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: That's an internal
+Python thing.
+
+So if you want to learn about
+all the wonderful exceptions
+
+that Python provides you in its
+class library, you can go
+
+to the Python documentation.
+
+Or you can even do
+a Google search.
+
+Of course, Chrome is being very
+slow, and the network's
+
+probably down.
+
+So built-in exceptions.
+
+So these are all the exceptions
+that Python has.
+
+And you can use these too.
+
+Let's say that, let me get back
+to my contrived example.
+
+I want to create a
+loop that says--
+
+let's say that I want to catch,
+I don't want to divide
+
+even numbers for some reason.
+
+What do we have here?
+
+What can we find?
+
+I think there's a value error.
+
+There we go.
+
+So let's say that I'm going
+to raise a value error.
+
+And I am actually going
+to do this this way.
+
+So I've created a function
+that's not going to allow me
+
+to input even numbers.
+
+It's going to raise a value
+error if I enter in a 2 or a 4
+
+or whatever.
+
+But, if I do enter in an odd
+number it is just going to
+
+return that number to me.
+
+So I'm going to use
+that function now.
+
+And I'm just going to do the
+silly thing and divide, do a
+
+division, and print it out.
+
+So if I comment out this code
+up here and I comment this
+
+out, and I run this, so--
+
+let's do 3.
+
+That's interesting.
+
+Apparently Python is a little
+constipated right now.
+
+We edit this during the summer,
+so we can take that
+
+out, I think.
+
+All right.
+
+So it does what we
+expected it to.
+
+It's going to keep on prompting
+us for numbers and
+
+it's going to divide them for
+us and give us the answers.
+
+So we've got a really dumb
+calculator here.
+
+Except when I try to do even
+numbers, because my calculator
+
+is really, really dumb.
+
+So it's going to raise
+a value error.
+
+And it raises the value error
+in this function here.
+
+I can handle this, though,
+because I know how.
+
+So what should I type here?
+
+OK.
+
+AUDIENCE: If you wanted to
+specifically catch that error.
+
+But you could just leave
+it as except, and it
+
+would catch any error?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+AUDIENCE: So if any error
+were to be thrown, then
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+But if you wanted specifically
+to say, OK, the value error
+
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So what she was saying is
+that I could do this.
+
+I don't have to specify what
+error I'm expecting.
+
+I could say--
+
+But it's not going
+to give me any
+
+detail about what happened.
+
+And what I'm going to do is,
+I'm going to say that if I
+
+have an exception then I'm
+just going to repeat my
+
+getting of the numbers.
+
+So, let's say that I do this.
+
+Something happened, not
+really specific.
+
+Nothing happened?
+
+OK, I divided all right.
+
+AUDIENCE: What if you put
+in [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: What's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+Would it also come back in
+case something happened?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That's a good question.
+
+Something happened, but
+we don't know what.
+
+We know we have a bug, because
+an exception was thrwn.
+
+But we don't know what it is.
+
+AUDIENCE: Because it's
+never going to crash.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+It's never going to crash.
+
+AUDIENCE: So a useful example
+of when to use this, would
+
+that be like [INAUDIBLE], and
+you have the list to choose
+
+from the letters [INAUDIBLE]
+it would
+
+remove each of the guesses?
+
+If you accidentally guess
+something that
+
+you've already guessed?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah, you can raise
+an exception to say, already
+
+guessed this.
+
+AUDIENCE: As opposed to the
+program, that first one I ran,
+
+I accidentally did the same
+letter again, and the whole
+
+program just crashed.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yep.
+
+AUDIENCE: So you can raise an
+exception for whoever's
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+You can catch any errors
+that were raised.
+
+So we've got a couple
+of exceptions
+
+that are raised here.
+
+And actually this program
+can crash.
+
+Oh, wait.
+
+No, it can't.
+
+Because [INAUDIBLE].
+
+It thinks [INAUDIBLE].
+
+Silly Python.
+
+So it's not going
+to crash at all.
+
+We did a really good
+job, right?
+
+So now we want to get a little
+bit more specific so I'm going
+
+to catch a value error.
+
+So I'm only going to handle this
+one type of exception.
+
+Because--
+
+so it still works.
+
+A, something happened.
+
+But now we know that it's
+because I did something silly.
+
+And, now I can break the program
+because this keyboard
+
+interrupt, that's actually
+an exception.
+
+When you hit Control-C,
+it's going to break
+
+you out of the program.
+
+But because we're catching
+that exception
+
+it just kept going.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+make an exception [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+AUDIENCE: Wait, what?
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: I'm quoting the
+girls over there, so.
+
+AUDIENCE: Are you?
+
+PROFESSOR: Uh-oh.
+
+So something happened.
+
+Oh, wow.
+
+How did that happen?
+
+Oh, I know how that happened.
+
+What am I missing here?
+
+So I caught the keyboard
+interrupt, right?
+
+I didn't go to the
+top of the loop.
+
+So what happened is, it tried
+to execute this, but num2
+
+hadn't been defined.
+
+So we're going to kick
+me back up to the
+
+top of the loop here.
+
+AUDIENCE: Oh.
+
+It's a clingy program.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+It is a clingy program.
+
+Anyway.
+
+So, does everyone get the idea
+of what the exceptions are?
+
+So I don't have to
+go any more?
+
+AUDIENCE: In this except up
+there, there's always
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: But what does
+this [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: So When you get an
+exception, when an exception
+
+is raised, it's actually
+an object.
+
+So there's an object that's
+associated with it.
+
+And in a lot of cases you
+really don't have to be
+
+concerned about it, but
+sometimes you want some
+
+additional information.
+
+So these are not very
+interesting exceptions, but
+
+some exceptions might have some
+additional diagnostic
+
+information.
+
+So if you were, say, logging
+the run of your program.
+
+And you wanted to diagnose any
+exceptions that you caught?
+
+Like, say, you got a generic
+exception or you got something
+
+that was kind of odd that
+weren't expecting, you could
+
+print out additional
+information.
+
+And so E is the name
+of that object.
+
+So, I can do this.
+
+Well.
+
+This is because --
+
+if you give it a primer like
+that, it's going to put that
+
+message into the exception.
+
+So now I can retrieve it when
+the exception is raised.
+
+So if I'm raising the exception,
+I can provide
+
+additional information.
+
+So that's the message that I've
+put into the exception
+
+when I raised it.
+
+Does that make sense?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, how is that
+different-- so is it the same
+
+thing as saying print,
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So this is a really [INAUDIBLE]
+example.
+
+So this is just going to
+print out whatever
+
+message I passed in.
+
+So when I say this and point to
+my screen, I really meant
+
+this and highlighted this.
+
+So, this line is going to print
+out this message that I
+
+passed in when I raised
+the exception.
+
+Because what I'm actually doing
+is, I'm creating a value
+
+error object that has this
+message associated with it.
+
+And that's what gets passed up
+this exception chain until I
+
+finally handle it. here.
+
+And E holds the reference to
+that value error object.
+
+AUDIENCE: So E is
+an actual value?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+So if I do something
+like this--
+
+and I print out the type--
+you can see that?
+
+It's pretty neat.
+
+But did that answer
+your question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: Could
+it be anything?
+
+So let's think of something
+like this.
+
+Like a list.
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+I meant in your accept value
+error dash E. Could you put
+
+any variable there, or
+does it have to be E?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh, any name?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: I've always used E.
+That's kind of a convention.
+
+But I think you'd be
+fine doing that.
+
+E is the convention that
+I use, but some
+
+people don't like that.
+
+They're like, you should
+name it something
+
+a little bit better.
+
+But honestly, why bother?
+
+Ok.
+
+Are we good with exceptions?
+
+That answer your question?
+
+Any other questions
+on exceptions?
+
+AUDIENCE: Is there a built-in
+amount of errors you can have?
+
+Like value errors,
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE], can you make
+
+up your own?
+
+PROFESSOR: Can you make up
+your own exceptions?
+
+Yes.
+
+You can do that.
+
+You can say--
+
+but--
+
+and--
+
+I think this is going to work.
+
+It's been while since I've
+defined my own exceptions.
+
+So and again, I can handle it.
+
+So if you ever work on big
+systems, a lot of times
+
+they'll have their own exception
+hierarchies that
+
+define all sorts of exceptions
+for the specific application
+
+you're working on.
+
+Python's built in exceptions
+are pretty rich, so--
+
+there we go.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: I don't
+think you do.
+
+It's convention.
+
+I could probably do
+this, I think.
+
+Oh, wait.
+
+The only difference--
+
+or the only problem
+is, is that now--
+
+see I expect my exception to
+have a message attribute.
+
+And I don't have anything
+on this.
+
+So I have to do this.
+
+Or something similar, right?
+
+I have to define message
+on this.
+
+And I think this'll work.
+
+Well, actually, it does
+guard against it.
+
+So yes, you do have to inherit
+from exception.
+
+It's one of the few
+things that Python
+
+seems to guard against.
+
+So, does that answer
+your question?
+
+So we're getting kind of late.
+
+The only other topics that we
+have are the simulations and
+
+the distributions and
+that's about it.
+
+So, are there any questions
+on Monte Carlo methods?
+
+We've kind of done those
+to death, right?
+
+Real quick, someone humor me,
+what is a Monte Carlo method?
+
+AUDIENCE: An algorithm that
+uses random sampling for
+
+trials to [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So, it's--
+
+what's that?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+PROFESSOR: It computes some
+value or solution to a problem
+
+using a random process
+and repeated trials.
+
+So--
+
+AUDIENCE: Is it almost
+brute force?
+
+PROFESSOR: No, it's not what
+we call brute force.
+
+I mean, it's like we computed
+pi by throwing a dart at a
+
+chalkboard or something
+like that.
+
+And it landed in a square, and
+we used some sort of analysis
+
+to figure out what pi was based
+on that throwing a dart
+
+at a board a million times.
+
+So that's what a Monte
+Carlo method is.
+
+Anything that uses random stuff
+to compute a value.
+
+A random simulation.
+
+Where'd my chalk go?
+
+And we actually a couple of
+Monte Carlo methods when I
+
+showed the solutions
+for problems (3)
+
+and (4) on the quiz.
+
+I used a random number generator
+in order to figure
+
+out the probabilities
+of not rolling a 6
+
+and all that stuff.
+
+And I used the Monte Carlo
+method to show me that I was
+
+wrong on my initial answer for
+rolling exactly one 6.
+
+So, is everyone comfortable with
+coefficient of variation?
+
+Because I did that
+first, initially.
+
+Confidence intervals
+and levels?
+
+Does anyone have any
+questions on that?
+
+AUDIENCE: What is a confidence
+interval?
+
+PROFESSOR: What is a confidence
+interval and a
+
+confidence level?
+
+OK.
+
+So, let's say I do
+a political poll.
+
+Let's say I do a political poll
+and I sample 1,000 people
+
+in the population.
+
+And I say 46% of them will
+vote for Candidate X. My
+
+margin of error is plus
+or minus 4, and my
+
+confidence is 95.
+
+What this is saying is that if
+I conduct this poll, the same
+
+poll, sampling 1,000
+random people at a
+
+time, over 100 trials--
+
+so I do 100 polls--
+
+what I'm saying is that 95 out
+of 100 of those times, my
+
+level of support for Candidate
+X will be between
+
+42% and 50%, right?
+
+Basically what you
+need to know for
+
+confidence levels and intervals.
+
+The other thing that you need to
+know for confidence levels
+
+and intervals is that if you
+have a normal distribution,
+
+with a standard deviation
+sigma, then 1 standard
+
+deviation from the mean
+is going to have--
+
+is that 66 or 67?
+
+Is it 68?
+
+I wrote it down, 68.
+
+Thank you.
+
+And then 2 standard deviations
+is going to be 95.
+
+And then 3 standard deviations
+is going to be what, 97?
+
+Or is it 99.7?
+
+99.7.
+
+So, but you need to just know
+that for normal distributions.
+
+So if this is one standard
+deviation, it's saying that 68
+
+of the sample points are going
+to be within 1 standard
+
+deviation of this mean.
+
+And then if you have 2 sigma,
+then that means 95 are going
+
+to be within 2 sigma
+of the mean.
+
+And then if you have 3 sigma,
+then 99.7 are going to be
+
+within 3 standard deviations
+of the mean.
+
+So I think that's all you
+really need to know for
+
+confidence intervals and levels,
+and also for normal
+
+distributions.
+
+So we're actually kind of at the
+end of the review session.
+
+So does anyone have
+any questions
+
+that I haven't answered?
+
+No?
+
+All right.
+
+I'm done.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AODj-jM3-XI.txt b/AODj-jM3-XI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acf682cd323dc8542652aa1cccd1439a2dd76582
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AODj-jM3-XI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3373 @@
+There were a couple of areas that have been
+discussed a little bit, which I wanted to
+
+elaborate on because I think it is significant.
+
+One of them relates to intact aborts.
+
+The question of a crew escape system and whether
+that should be automated, whether the crew
+
+should have control and what is required if
+you actually have the crew take control.
+
+I think Chris Kraft gave an interesting perspective
+with the idea that because of the difficulties,
+
+or given the requirements, really, the impossibility
+of incorporating a capsule escape system for
+
+the Shuttle, the project basically took the
+point of view that the Shuttle itself was
+
+the escape pod, which means that you have
+to recover the Shuttle intact regardless of
+
+any engine failures.
+
+Now that, of course, requires 100% reliability
+of the solid rocket boosters which we never
+
+did achieve with Challenger.
+
+Although, of course, had we operated it within
+its spec limits it might be another story.
+
+But, in any case, I want to go through some
+of the details of a return to launch site
+
+abort and then I will describe an incident
+which occurred on our last flight to give
+
+you an idea of what is involved in the actual
+operation of abort modes.
+
+The idea is you have the two solid rocket
+boosters which have to light.
+
+And they are going to perform no matter what.
+
+If one of those boosters doesn't light and
+the other does it is a bad day.
+
+What can you say?
+
+And, obviously, if one of them fails during
+flight it is a bad day.
+
+And, which was more of a design problem, if
+they don't tail off at just the identical
+
+rate so that you get asymmetric thrust greater
+than a certain capability of the Shuttle to
+
+control, you have had a bad day.
+
+And because of the requirement to have symmetric
+thrust, I don't think if this was discussed
+
+before, when the solid rocket boosters are
+poured, they mix a batch of propellant sort
+
+of like you mix bread dough.
+
+And then they pour the propellant into both
+the left and the right booster segments at
+
+the same time so each booster segment has
+the identical batch of propellant in it.
+
+It may not be the same from the bottom to
+the top, but it is the same from the left
+
+to the right.
+
+And that is critical.
+
+And then they always reserve a certain proportion
+of the propellant.
+
+And they do tests on that to make sure that
+there are no process control problems.
+
+OK.
+
+You still need the three main engines to have
+enough thrust.
+
+The boosters each give you about 2.5 million
+pounds thrust, so that is about five million
+
+pounds to get off the ground.
+
+These give you about a half a million pound
+thrust at vacuum, four hundred and some odd
+
+thousand pounds thrust, so still over a million
+pounds thrust.
+
+And, of course, the problem you have during
+first stage is you have big gravity losses.
+
+The Shuttle on the pad weighs about 5.5 million
+pounds with all the propellant.
+
+If you don't fire your main engines you are
+barely going to lift off the ground.
+
+Actually, I guess it is a little bit less
+than five million pounds.
+
+But, in any case, without the three main engines
+firing you don't have enough thrust to get
+
+into orbit.
+
+Now, remember we talked about for deorbit
+burn, normally we fire both OMS engines.
+
+If one of the OMS engines is out you can fire
+one engine for twice as long.
+
+Or, if they are both out, you can fire the
+four RCS thrusters for twice as long again.
+
+Because you are in orbit, you are weightless,
+you don't have gravity losses, so firing half
+
+as many engines for twice as long is completely
+equivalent.
+
+When you are taking off against gravity that
+is not true.
+
+I mean if you only have five million pounds
+of thrust for a five million pound payload
+
+you are just going to sit on the pad and burn
+all your fuel.
+
+OK.
+
+You need your three engines.
+
+And, in fact, another interesting point, the
+attachment between the external tank and the
+
+Shuttle, that is stressed to assume that you
+have at least one engine burning.
+
+They tell me that if the Shuttle took off
+with just the solid boosters and you didn't
+
+have any thrust, sort of keeping the Shuttle
+up with the external tank, that the structural
+
+attachment points would fail.
+
+Anyway, you need your engines.
+
+What happens if you lose an engine early on?
+
+If you are far enough into the launch, you
+are over the main gravity loss segment usually
+
+starting at about 3.5 to 4 minutes into launch.
+
+If you lose one engine you can make it over
+the ocean, And that is called a Trans-Atlantic
+
+Abort.
+
+And, when you do that, you are basically flying
+upside down.
+
+You will do a roll maneuver, drop your external
+tank and come in and land.
+
+And you are basically going in the same direction
+which is nice when you are flying a rocket.
+
+These things are hard to turn around.
+
+But if you are going to do a return to launch
+site abort that is exactly what you have to
+
+do.
+
+So, this is a procedure that has been analyzed
+to death in many, many computer simulations.
+
+The basic procedure is you take off and you
+lose an engine.
+
+Now, it doesn't matter when you lose an engine
+in the first 2.5 minutes.
+
+You don't do anything while the solid rocket
+boosters are firing.
+
+They basically have open loop guidance.
+
+There is a certain projector programmed in
+and you cannot readjust that trajectory with
+
+a closed loop guidance solution to accommodate
+for any sort of a malfunction.
+
+So, you don't even declare an RTLS abort.
+
+And that, by the way, is done by the crew
+punching a button which essentially is a protected
+
+button.
+
+You punch that.
+
+And you can also do it via a computer input
+if something goes wrong with the button.
+
+You declare an RTLS abort after SRB separation.
+
+Immediately what happens is your trajectory
+increases because you want to gain altitude,
+
+and you will see why in a minute.
+
+But what happens now is you've got a pretty
+hefty downrange velocity already and you have
+
+got to turn around and come back.
+
+You have also got to worry about the disposal
+of your external tank.
+
+If you turn around and you come back, you
+are still burning your engines, you are still
+
+riding your tank, and you don't want the tank
+coming down on Melbourne or Disney World or
+
+anything like that.
+
+The basic procedure is as follows.
+
+You are going out, you loft your trajectory
+a bit, once you get far enough out now what
+
+you do is you do a powered pitch around.
+
+A very sporty maneuver.
+
+The external tank is here.
+
+Now you are flying backwards into your plume
+and everybody has speculated on what that
+
+would actually look like.
+
+Now you are flying backwards decelerating.
+
+And, as you decelerate, of course, gravity
+is starting to push you down so you've got
+
+to increase your pitch velocity until finally
+you basically have no more horizontal velocity
+
+and are just sitting statically on top of
+your exhaust.
+
+And now you gradually pitch forward and you
+start to fly back.
+
+Again, you have got to plan your trajectory
+so that when you drop the tank it is going
+
+to come down in the ocean.
+
+And then, if all that goes well, now you enter
+the heading alignment circle.
+
+And, of course, you are a heavy weight vehicle
+because you also, in the process of the RTLS,
+
+dump your OMS tanks and your RCS propellant
+so that you want to make sure you are as light
+
+as possible.
+
+Plus, in case you have any problem with landing
+you don't want your hypergolic propellant
+
+tanks to rupture.
+
+If all that goes well, now you enter the heading
+alignment circle and you have hopefully a
+
+nominal landing.
+
+As I say, this has been analyzed in high-fidelity
+dynamic simulations.
+
+The crew practices it over and over again.
+
+Everybody knows the procedures.
+
+Nobody wants to be the first crew to try this
+out.
+
+Before STS-1, you remember we talked about
+how there were lots of problems with the tiles
+
+falling off.
+
+I remember one of the people very high up
+in NASA, I don't remember if it was the administrator
+
+or one of the deputies, suggested that maybe
+the safest thing to do would be to do a planned
+
+RTLS because an RTLS, of course, you don't
+get up to those high velocities.
+
+And so you don't have any thermal problems.
+
+And so if a whole bunch of tiles had fallen
+off on the launch pad you could safely do
+
+an RTLS.
+
+Well, obviously, they did not appreciate the
+difficulties of doing an RTLS and that suggestion
+
+was not taken up.
+
+We basically decided we were not going to
+fly until we had confidence that the tiles
+
+were going to stay on.
+
+Cut forward to February of 1996, which was
+my fifth and final Shuttle flight.
+
+I was the second flight engineer so I was
+sitting right behind the pilot who is responsible
+
+for the main engine performance.
+
+Now, I should tell you, we have had, in the
+course of the 114 Shuttle flights we have
+
+had four pad shutdowns, pad aborts.
+
+And I think we talked about that briefly.
+
+The main engines turn on six seconds before
+the solids.
+
+Just reviewing that does two things.
+
+It gives the engines time to come up to full
+thrust and then you can perform checks on
+
+them to make sure that they are operating
+properly before you commit yourself to flight.
+
+And, of course, it gives time, because of
+the asymmetric thrust, for what we call the
+
+"twang" that the whole Shuttle stack goes
+forward and then back.
+
+And then, when you get to the vertical, you
+light the boosters.
+
+In fact, when they had the first test firing
+on the pad before STS-1, one of the reasons
+
+that they wanted to do that, in addition to
+just confirming that everything was working
+
+right, is they really wanted precise timing
+on the twang.
+
+People had calculated it, but that is not
+something you want to get wrong.
+
+So, they wanted an experimental verification.
+
+Of the four pad shutdowns, two of them were
+caused by instrumentation and two of them
+
+were real engine problems.
+
+I remember the first one was the last flight
+before what would have been my first flight
+
+back in 1984.
+
+And the main engine cutoff is called MECO.
+
+So, 8.5 minutes into the flight.
+
+After they had a pad abort the flight engineer
+called to Mission Control we have MECO, somehow
+
+I thought we would be a little bit higher.
+
+And, of course, when that happens now you've
+got to pull all the engines out, take them
+
+back to the shop, bring in new engines and
+it is about a two or three week stand down.
+
+And the crew has to go back to Houston.
+
+And, of course, all of your friends and family
+are there and they have to go home.
+
+It is no fun.
+
+I mean nobody complains if it is safe.
+
+We're sitting on the pad, we're counting down
+and everything was on schedule.
+
+In fact, the first of my five flights it had
+zero problems, zero delays.
+
+We were going on the day that was predicted
+on the time.
+
+Countdown to six seconds.
+
+You can feel the engines.
+
+Everything starts to rumble.
+
+The engines start up.
+
+There is what we call a steam gage, a vertical
+bar which shows the engine power.
+
+Center and right engines come up to 100%.
+
+The left engine comes up to 40%.
+
+The pilot calls out left engine at 40%.
+
+In times like this, your mind is working pretty
+fast.
+
+I remember thinking to myself oh, damn, we
+are going to have a pad shutdown, we have
+
+got to go back to Houston and back to the
+simulators.
+
+I mean stupid things to be thinking about
+at that time, but that is sort of the way
+
+it works.
+
+And all of a sudden kaboom.
+
+I feel this big kick in my back.
+
+The solids have lit.
+
+What in the hell is going on?
+
+We were supposed to have a pad abort.
+
+Now we are going with an engine.
+
+And, actually, when you are going through
+maximum dynamic pressure, max q, the engines
+
+throttle down to about 65%.
+
+And there is a malfunction if one of your
+engines gets stuck it is called getting stuck
+
+in the thrust bucket.
+
+If it doesn't come back to full power you
+are RTLS abort.
+
+Well, we were taking off with one engine at
+40%.
+
+It sort of dawned on me that we were going
+to be the first crew to do an RTLS, so at
+
+that point I start going through my checklists.
+
+And the pilot calls to the ground we have
+ignition, left engine at 40%.
+
+And so, for about the first 15 seconds or
+so, I just had barely time to get out the
+
+RTLS checklist and start getting ready to
+read the procedures.
+
+And then it turns out that the ground has
+more insight than the crew does.
+
+And it turns out that there are several sensors,
+one of which feeds that gauge.
+
+But, in fact, that sensor had gone bad.
+
+And, in fact, the left engine was performing
+nominally and the ground was able to confirm
+
+that both by the other sensors and by looking
+at the acceleration.
+
+And so, everything was OK, I put away the
+checklist and enjoyed the ride.
+
+But, first of all, it was kind of a scary
+situation.
+
+But it also shows the difficulty.
+
+Now, suppose we, as the crew, had been responsible
+for declaring an abort.
+
+If you are going to build in a system where
+this is the crew's responsibility then you
+
+better design your instrumentation so that
+the crew has all the instrumentation required
+
+to make that decision correctly.
+
+Similarly, if this were to be an automatic
+abort, you've got to have failure detection,
+
+identification, reconfiguration.
+
+The last thing you want is to go into an abort
+situation when you don't have to because there
+
+is no way that an abort is going to be anywhere
+near as safe as a nominal mission.
+
+Obviously, it's just a good story now.
+
+But I think it does have something to inform
+about how you are going to have to design
+
+abort systems.
+
+And, as both Aaron Cohen and Chris Kraft said,
+although the astronauts always felt comfortable
+
+with their abort system but I am not sure
+that all the people in Mission Control were
+
+quite so comfortable knowing the things that
+might go wrong with it.
+
+And, in fact, as he said, they always breathe
+a sigh of relief after first stage when the
+
+abort rocket would detach and fire itself
+away.
+
+Yeah.
+
+If one of the engines is not working or not
+working properly, I guess the other two engines
+
+try to do the work [NOISE OBSCURES].
+
+Well, they certainly will throttle up to 109%
+if they need to, but they cannot make up for
+
+the first engine when you're in the first
+stage and you have lots of gravity losses.
+
+In fact, when you get, like I said, to about
+3.5, 4 minutes then you have enough altitude
+
+and downrange velocity to make it across.
+
+And then at some point you get to the situation
+where you basically gained your altitude.
+
+And, although you are not at orbital velocity
+yet so you still have some gravity losses,
+
+the gravity losses are small enough that if
+you have a loss of an engine you can still
+
+make it to a lower orbit.
+
+That is called abort to orbit, ATO.
+
+And you will hear the call press to ATO means
+that you can now make it to a lower orbit
+
+which is the safest thing to do with two engines.
+
+And then a little bit later on you will hear
+like single engine TAL which means if you
+
+lose two engines with only one engine you
+can make it across the Atlantic.
+
+And then later on you will hear single engine
+ATO and then finally single engine.
+
+Then you will also hear press to MECO which
+means at this point if you lose an engine
+
+you can make it through your nominal orbit.
+
+And usually about the last call a single engine
+press to MECO which means even if you lose
+
+two engines you can still make it to MECO.
+
+What happens then if there 
+
+is an instrumentation problem [NOISE OBSCURES]?
+
+The crew will never declare an abort on their
+own because it is just realized that the ground
+
+has so much more information.
+
+The only exception is if you lose comm.
+
+If we had lost comm.
+
+and we saw our engine at 40%, I mean there
+were a few other displays which the pilot
+
+was starting to call up.
+
+And it could be that he would have figured
+it out perhaps, perhaps not, but that is the
+
+only circumstance under which the crew would
+make that call.
+
+There was abort at some stage.
+
+What happened to that?
+
+Did they manage to make it [OVERLAPPING VOICES]?
+
+I was trying to remember.
+
+Did I talk about that in class?
+
+Well, all right, I will run through that because
+it was, again, a very interesting story.
+
+The things that you are afraid about is that
+if things go back in a hurry in an engine
+
+that an engine can actually blow up.
+
+And it is one thing if an engine gets shutdown.
+
+Now you are just flying on two engines.
+
+But if an engine blows up and takes out your
+whole rear section you have had a bad day.
+
+The instrumentation is biased towards an early
+shutdown.
+
+If you sense that something has gone wrong
+shut it down.
+
+We have got intact aborts.
+
+Better to err on the side of safety, even
+if that might potentially put you into an
+
+abort situation.
+
+And I am trying to exactly reconstruct it.
+
+The thing is that if you lose one engine now
+you are abort ATO.
+
+Now, if you lose a second engine you might
+be in a situation where certainly you cannot
+
+make it to orbit.
+
+And, because you have changed your trajectory,
+you might not be able to make it to a good
+
+Trans-Atlantic landing site.
+
+So, at that point, if you have lost one engine
+there is a switch on the center console where
+
+you can override the engine shutdown command.
+
+What you are now saying is we are in an unsurvivable
+situation if we only have one engine.
+
+And, therefore, we will take the extra chance
+of getting an instrumentation caused engine
+
+shutdown.
+
+We are not going to take that chance so we
+are going to disable the ability of instrumentation
+
+to shut down the engine and we will just take
+our chances.
+
+The ground will continue the calculation.
+
+And, as soon as you get to the point where
+you have the capability of doing a single
+
+engine TAL or a single engine abort to orbit,
+you re-enable the instrumentation.
+
+What happened is the Shuttle launched.
+
+It must have been about 4 or 5 minutes into
+launch because they lost an engine, it shut
+
+down automatically, they are now abort to
+orbit lower orbit, but they were abort to
+
+orbit.
+
+Take the switch, put it to inhibit.
+
+Now, the main propulsion flight controller
+was very good.
+
+She realized right away that it was an instrumentation
+problem because sometimes you can see certain
+
+trends or you see things change in a way that
+tells you that this is not the way a real
+
+engine behaves, that this is more typical
+of instrumentation.
+
+She suspected she had an instrumentation problem.
+
+Now they get a little further along in the
+launch where they could have potentially done
+
+-- They were too far to land in the normal
+TAL sites which were in the daytime on the
+
+West Coast of Africa, but they could have
+made a nighttime landing at some emergency
+
+airport in the Congo, I think it was, if they
+had lost another engine.
+
+But, by the flight rules, they take the switch
+back to enable so that now, because you can
+
+"safely" lose a second engine you want to
+protect yourself against an explosive situation.
+
+So, now they are enabled.
+
+Now the flight controller sees that the instrumentation
+on one of the other two engines is starting
+
+to go back the way the first one was.
+
+And she realized that in about 15 seconds
+that engine was going to shut down so she
+
+immediately called the flight director and
+said flight, take the switch back to inhibit.
+
+And this is where the discipline becomes very
+important, luckily flight didn't get into
+
+a long involved discussion about why do you
+want to do that, what is going on, but just
+
+said CAPCOM engine switch to inhibit.
+
+They took it.
+
+And sure enough the instrumentation went bad
+but the engine was OK.
+
+They got to orbit.
+
+Then they used some of their OMS propellant
+to raise their orbit a little bit.
+
+That was a Spacelab mission.
+
+And they had a good mission.
+
+But the flight controller actually won a big
+award for that because she really saved the
+
+day.
+
+So, yeah, that is the closest we ever came
+to a real intact abort.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Two questions.
+
+The first one is going back to the return
+to launch site.
+
+Do all of the main engine propellant get used
+up before the tank gets dropped or do you
+
+not burn some of the propellant?
+
+You know, I don't know the answer to that.
+
+I don't.
+
+And the other one is on the pad, with your
+flight, wouldn't the sequencing computer shut
+
+down the other engines if it detected that
+one of them had failed?
+
+And so it must have used the good sensor.
+
+Yeah, that is right.
+
+And, luckily, our little gauge was just fed
+by one.
+
+And, in retrospect, you can say probably that's
+not a good way to design it but that is the
+
+way it was designed.
+
+You're right.
+
+If the engine controller senses with a majority
+or however they program it, I don't know the
+
+details of the guts of the software there.
+
+But if it is convinced that one of the engines
+is not working right it shuts down all three
+
+engines, which is what happened on four occasions.
+
+Yeah.
+
+When you talked about the forced pitch over
+in the return to launch site, was that just
+
+the gambling of the main engines that gives
+you that?
+
+Yeah, because you are off the solids at that
+point.
+
+And that is the thing.
+
+I mean with the solids there is such an enormous
+thrust and the aerodynamic loads are huge.
+
+You don't want to deviate from your planned
+trajectory because one of the things that
+
+they do is program in load relief for the
+aerodynamic surfaces.
+
+They take the day of winds launch.
+
+And, if you have wind shears or other atmospheric
+high jet streams that you are going to fly
+
+through, they actually program the elevons
+and the body flap to move in such a way as
+
+to relieve the aerodynamic loading on the
+wings.
+
+And that is preprogrammed in.
+
+It is not a closed loop.
+
+It is totally open loop so you don't want
+to change the trajectory once you've put all
+
+that load relief in.
+
+How long does that take?
+
+It's pretty quick.
+
+It's about ten seconds, if I remember from
+the simulator.
+
+It is a sporty maneuver, I will tell you.
+
+No RCS that goes into that?
+
+Oh, the RCS is trivial compared to what you're
+getting out.
+
+You've got 500,000 pounds coming out of each
+engine.
+
+The primary RCS is 750 pounds.
+
+But, like I said, they do then open up the
+RCS as you are flying back.
+
+And what they do is they open up all the engines
+so that you have symmetrical thrusts so that
+
+you are firing out of both sides.
+
+The idea is just to deplete the tanks as much
+as possible.
+
+The second technical area that I had been
+hoping that Al Louviere would get into and
+
+didn't have a chance to was the payload bay
+doors which are a fascinating mechanism.
+
+And it is also going to be a segue into EVA
+because it was a strange situation.
+
+It is kind of relate back to that now when
+you look at how many successful EVAs have
+
+been done and the Hubble repair and the building
+of Space Station and all the other things,
+
+but management at Johnson Space Center was
+not particularly friendly to EVA back in the
+
+`70s.
+
+I asked Chris Kraft about that.
+
+At first he denied it.
+
+He said well, I always liked EVA.
+
+He said well, maybe it was the management
+of the Astronaut Office that didn't like EVA.
+
+He did admit that Bob Gilruth who was the
+Director of Johnson Space Center at the time,
+
+this was when Chris Kraft was head of flight
+operations, definitely did not like EVA.
+
+He was afraid of it.
+
+He didn't think it was safe, despite the fact
+that back in 1973 EVA had saved the entire
+
+Skylab project.
+
+Hopefully most of you know that story.
+
+I know it is ancient history.
+
+And clearly we had done a lot of safe EVAs
+on the surface of the Moon, but basically
+
+EVA was looked at it was expensive, it was
+potentially hazardous.
+
+Given the things that the Shuttle was supposed
+to do in the original planning, mainly launch
+
+satellites, launch pieces of the Space Station,
+that went away, Launch Defense Department
+
+satellites, commercial satellites, EVA was
+not really part of the big picture in planning.
+
+And, although they did design an airlock for
+the Shuttle, there were real questions of
+
+how much preparation do we have to do for
+EVA?
+
+Do we really even need it?
+
+Maybe we could save some weight by not having
+space suits aboard.
+
+That is 
+
+where we finally ended up.
+
+That is the Hubble Telescope.
+
+This is the side of the payload bay.
+
+I mean, obviously, EVA became a very successful
+activity.
+
+These are the payload bay doors.
+
+This is in the orbiter processing facility.
+
+And one of the things, well, I have a picture
+of closing the door.
+
+But the mechanism of these doors is extraordinary.
+
+There are two motors, one at the front and
+one at the back of each.
+
+Each of the motors has two drive units and
+they work through a differential so that if
+
+one of the motors fails the other one can
+still drive although at half the speed, just
+
+similar to the way a car works.
+
+There is a long torsion rod which runs the
+length of the Shuttle.
+
+And then that torsion rod is attached to these
+bars over here.
+
+And I am sorry the picture was scanned in
+and is not terribly sharp.
+
+As the torsion bar twists then these rods
+lift up the payload bay door and bring it
+
+to a close.
+
+The mechanism, this is the best picture I
+could find, you notice there is a strong back
+
+because, as was mentioned, the doors cannot
+support their own weight in 1G.
+
+But the system of latches here, you have to
+remember that the payload bay can expand and
+
+contract by several inches due to thermal
+environment.
+
+And so you have to design a latch system that
+can accommodate this thermal behavior.
+
+It was an incredible mechanical challenge.
+
+And the complexity of this system, I mean
+I am always amazed when I look at how the
+
+thing works.
+
+I have a schematic of them later, which you
+can look at, but basically you close the doors.
+
+And then the first thing you do is you want
+to close the latches on either end.
+
+And then there is also center line latches.
+
+And I think Al Louviere did discuss the fact
+that these payload bay doors are part of the
+
+structural element of the Shuttle during reentry.
+
+You cannot reenter if the doors are not just
+closed by latched.
+
+You need them latched for structural strength.
+
+There is a series of bollards here, little
+protrusions which these latches grab on.
+
+And they have designed the rigging of the
+rods such that the latches that are close
+
+to the hinge line actually close before the
+latches that are further away.
+
+It is a sequential closing of the latches
+all with a single mechanism so that basically
+
+you pull the part of the door that is closest
+to the torque rod, you latch that down first,
+
+and then it is kind of a zipper effect where
+then you pull it down so that even if the
+
+door is a little bit warped thermally you
+will get the door to close properly.
+
+You wouldn't want to close this latch first
+and then have the door in a situation where
+
+it was buckled out.
+
+And then, of course, the center line latch,
+because of the thermal expansion, you can
+
+have the doors coming together like that or
+like that.
+
+And you have got to have centerline latches
+that can accommodate for that.
+
+It is really quite an incredible design.
+
+And Al Louviere had said that he was going
+to talk about it, but he didn't have time
+
+to.
+
+There is plenty of redundancy in here because
+there are these double motors, but because
+
+this is so critical people started to look
+at suppose you have some degree stuck in the
+
+mechanism, it doesn't matter how many motors,
+you cannot get it closed.
+
+Suppose the motors jam on one side.
+
+Now the other motor is not going to be able
+to drive it.
+
+So, various things were done to allow for
+EVA intervention.
+
+And, in the early Shuttle flights, this was
+the only thing that the crew trained for with
+
+EVA, it was just payload bay door contingencies.
+
+For instance, the PDU, the drive unit, this
+is the payload bay door drive unit or PLBDU.
+
+That is what we call a nested acronym.
+
+That is part of the game there.
+
+You have to go out and actually peel away
+the liners of the payload bay.
+
+And inside here there is a little mechanism
+where you can insert a special tool and twist
+
+it.
+
+And that actually disconnects that motor drive
+unit from the torque so that it can turn freely.
+
+And I hope, when you look at these things,
+you will get some sense of the complexity
+
+of these mechanisms.
+
+And so what we do for training -- Of course
+they build mockups of this in the water and
+
+we also look at the real Shuttle down in Florida
+to actually see these units.
+
+And, for the people who are on the EVA crew,
+you spend a lot of time crawling around the
+
+payload bay getting intimately familiar with
+a lot of the actual mechanisms just in case
+
+you actually have to go out and do something
+with it.
+
+Then suppose the problem is not with the drive
+unit but that one of these latches get jammed
+
+up.
+
+This is actually a tube cutter.
+
+It is a little hard to see.
+
+I don't know if you are familiar with the
+things.
+
+They are on a ratchet.
+
+And, as it gradually cuts, you push the blade
+in bit by bit.
+
+And then eventually you cut away.
+
+And this gives you an idea that they just
+gave us a lot of tools, a pin extractor, a
+
+crowbar, vice grips, you name it.
+
+How much did that crowbar cost?
+
+Well, the crowbar probably cost about $10
+at Sears.
+
+And then they had to put on all of the Velcro
+and the tethers to go in the tool thing, and
+
+that probably cost a few hundred dollars.
+
+And then they had to make a drawing of it,
+and you know how it goes.
+
+EVA is very expensive because everything has
+to be custom made.
+
+I mean that is one of the things that, because
+of the constraints of the suits and the gloves,
+
+you cannot, in most case, just use regular
+tools.
+
+And, as I say, everything is tethered.
+
+And I will show you pictures later.
+
+We have a little mini workstation.
+
+They built little receptacles on the side
+of the suit because it is a hard upper torso
+
+which can take a certain amount of load.
+
+And so you plug basically a tool caddy into
+your suit.
+
+And then you hang all of these tools on the
+tool caddy.
+
+And you will see some pictures later of how
+that works.
+
+If the motors don't work and you have now
+freed the doors so that the door can move
+
+but you have no motor to drive it, now we
+have a mechanical winch and a rope on it.
+
+And I'm not making this up.
+
+You actually run the rope up.
+
+These are the little bollards that the latches
+catch onto.
+
+You run the rope up over that and then you
+have to crawl out on the payload bay door,
+
+which would be a lot of fun, and attach it
+here.
+
+And then you actually wind it closed.
+
+And we do this in the water.
+
+I mean this is all fully mocked up.
+
+Yeah.
+
+What do you do if you have trouble opening
+the doors just after launch?
+
+Well, if you cannot open the doors then you
+come home.
+
+You wouldn't want to.
+
+I mean if there was something seriously wrong
+with the doors you better come home.
+
+Yeah, we can do this to get them closed.
+
+But you don't want to purposely put yourself
+in that situation if you know you have a problem
+
+beforehand.
+
+Yeah.
+
+[NOISE OBSCURES]
+
+We think it could be done with one person.
+
+Normally, we only go out with two.
+
+But in the orbital flight test, the first
+four flights only had two crew members.
+
+Was of them was EVA trained.
+
+And then what happens if you get the doors
+closed by the latches don't latch?
+
+They actually made latches that we could put
+on by hand.
+
+These are the latches for the side.
+
+And this is the schematic that sort of show
+the latches going on the orders in that order
+
+one, two, three and four.
+
+And, again, the way they designed this so
+that they actually close in sequence but you
+
+only have one drive unit is really just a
+beautiful mechanical system.
+
+But if they don't close then you take this,
+and I won't go into the details, but you have
+
+to spring it around at least two of those.
+
+And that will give you the structural strength
+to come home.
+
+And then if the center line latches don't
+close, again, you can look at the mechanism
+
+here.
+
+And they have yet a different tool.
+
+Now, this is actually shown on its side, but
+this is actually on the top.
+
+And this is a bitch in the water because,
+yeah, your suit is weightless but the tool
+
+is not.
+
+And so you are holding this tool.
+
+When you're holding the tool you want to sink
+to the bottom, and so you are trying to hold
+
+on with one hand.
+
+And you have a tether so you try to tie yourself
+to the top there so that you're kind of hanging
+
+on the tether.
+
+But then, depending on how your weigh out
+is, if you move this big tool back and forth
+
+your body is sort of rocking back and forth.
+
+And you are working above your head.
+
+I mean everybody has to do it.
+
+If you are going to be an EVA crew member
+and you cannot do this job you are disqualified.
+
+But nobody likes it.
+
+It is a real pain.
+
+That is basically how EVA got sold to the
+Shuttle System.
+
+I will show you a few pictures of general
+EVA activities to give you an idea of how
+
+the system works.
+
+And then I want to go into the question of
+the interaction between EVA and the pressurization
+
+and the environmental control system of the
+rest of the Shuttle because, again, this is
+
+a systems engineering problem.
+
+And you cannot, in most cases, do one thing
+without it having an impact on something else.
+
+I talked about doing all this training.
+
+Now we are stepping ten years into the future
+so that is training for the Hubble Telescope.
+
+And, actually, the telescope is so tall that
+we couldn't get the whole thing in.
+
+The pool wasn't deep enough so we had to actually
+cut it in half, and we would work on one half
+
+and then work on the other half.
+
+Here is an example.
+
+This is me installing the Wide Field/Planetary
+Camera.
+
+Now, the training, people normally see the
+water tank.
+
+You're not weightless.
+
+You all understand that.
+
+If you go upside down the blood rushes to
+your head.
+
+If you're holding onto tools, the tools will
+fall down.
+
+And of course you don't have these guys when
+you're out in space.
+
+Angels if you saw them out in space.
+
+If you're moving around large objects, they
+have resistance from the water, so you need
+
+to get a sense of how easy it is to push things
+around so you don't get things moving too
+
+fast.
+
+We also train on air bearing floors.
+
+This is a mass model of the Wiff-Pick.
+
+The same mass, moments of inertia.
+
+And I am up here on a weight relief system.
+
+And you can really get a sense of what it
+feels like.
+
+And so you are trying to build a kind of muscle
+memory so that when you get in space you are
+
+not trying to push things as hard as you push
+them in the water.
+
+And you also remember that if you want to
+stop something you also have to be able to
+
+exert a force on it.
+
+Whereas, in the water, all you have to do
+is stop pushing.
+
+Now we go into space and we are ready for
+the EVA.
+
+I will sort of take you through what is involved
+to give you a sense of the complexity of this
+
+system.
+
+First of all are tools.
+
+That is what I looked like before all the
+cosmic rays made my hair fall out.
+
+It is just one of the hazards of spaceflight.
+
+Here you see the kind of tool caddies.
+
+This is for a ratchet wrench.
+
+And we had about 250 different tools.
+
+About a hundred planned to use and the rest
+were for contingencies.
+
+And we had to take them all out.
+
+We call this our fish stringer.
+
+Sort of like a Portuguese fishermen.
+
+The fisher wives hang all the fish on the
+string and then hang them out.
+
+And then we take this out on the fish stringer.
+
+This is the airlock at launch.
+
+And it is totally packed.
+
+And, in fact, we had four spacesuits rather
+than the normal two so there wasn't a whole
+
+lot of room.
+
+And the first thing is you go and you start
+checking the various systems.
+
+And then you have to unpack everything and
+move it into the flight deck.
+
+That is Story.
+
+We went out together.
+
+This is the hard upper torso.
+
+This is looking down into the inside of the
+spacesuit.
+
+The back of the spacesuit there is battery
+and lithium hydroxide CO2 scrubber.
+
+The CO2 scrubber has to be replaced after
+every EVA.
+
+It is good for about 12 hours.
+
+And normally if you're only going out once
+you don't worry about recharging the batteries,
+
+but since we were doing successive every day
+EVAs we would have to take the batteries out
+
+every night and charge them.
+
+Take the ones that had been charged and put
+them into the suits that are going to go out
+
+the next day.
+
+And just keeping track of which cartridges
+have been used and which batteries have been
+
+charged and how much, I mean there is a tremendous
+amount of overhead effort just in managing
+
+all of this equipment.
+
+And we had practiced doing this a lot on the
+ground, as you can imagine, before we went
+
+up.
+
+The morning of the EVA.
+
+You get up early and eat as big a breakfast
+as you can because you are not going to get
+
+much to eat for the next eight hours.
+
+These are radiation monitors.
+
+For Hubble we were actually up at about 600
+kilometers, which is as high as the Shuttle
+
+ever goes, so we got really the highest radiation
+dose that you can get on the Shuttle on a
+
+normal mission.
+
+It was about between one and two REMs which
+is no big health problem.
+
+But typically the dose on a Shuttle flight
+at a more typical 300 kilometers is more like
+
+tens or maybe a little over 100 milliREMs.
+
+They did want us to take the radiation monitor.
+
+Now we are in the mid-deck.
+
+And when you see these pictures you get a
+sense of when you're doing an EVA the entire
+
+middeck is just full of stuff.
+
+I mean there is so much equipment.
+
+You've got the pants units floating over there,
+plus the two extra suits and all of the auxiliary
+
+equipment.
+
+You try to keep things organized.
+
+Then for thermal control, the original Apollo
+spacesuits were designed for daytime use on
+
+the Moon when it is very hot.
+
+And, in addition, people are walking so they
+are putting a lot of metabolic heat into the
+
+suit.
+
+And so they were very concerned about being
+able to have sufficient cooling.
+
+They developed a very, very efficient sublimator
+cooling unit.
+
+You have a little layer of ice that is continually
+fed from the bottom and it is sublimates.
+
+That basically is how you get rid of your
+heat.
+
+And then you run your cooling water underneath
+that ice and it cools off.
+
+And then it is run through what they call
+LCVG, liquid cooling and ventilation garment
+
+which has lots of Tygon tubing that goes through
+it so that it carries the cold water next
+
+to your skin.
+
+And also the oxygen that comes into the suit
+comes through the helmet over the back of
+
+your head so it flows over your face so you
+breathe the fresh oxygen.
+
+But you would like to get ventilation through
+the entire suit so you don't build up lots
+
+of humidity in your arms and legs.
+
+What you do is the return valve actually comes
+through these air ducts.
+
+And so the return is picked up at the bottom
+of your arms and at the bottom of your legs.
+
+That insures that the air does get circulated
+through your arms and legs.
+
+But when we started doing Shuttle EVAs metabolically
+you are not nearly as stressed.
+
+Plus, you spend almost half your time in the
+dark and it gets really, really cold.
+
+And this has been a constant problem.
+
+And here is an interesting systems problem
+to show how everything relates to one another.
+
+We were very concerned about when you open
+up the doors of the Hubble Telescope, if direct
+
+sunlight comes in, it will cause an out-gassing
+of the internal material which could pollute
+
+the ultraviolet mirrors.
+
+The ultraviolet optics are very, very sensitive
+to organic contamination, so under no circumstances
+
+could we have sunlight penetrating the interior
+of the telescope.
+
+But we were going to be spending a lot of
+time with the doors open, so how do you insure
+
+that you will never get the sun coming in?
+
+Well, the Hubble Telescope is sitting up here
+like this.
+
+If that is the sun, just make sure that the
+belly of the orbiter is always pointed towards
+
+the sun.
+
+Then you never have to worry about sun coming
+into the telescope.
+
+But what you do have to worry about is that,
+well, during the dayside of your orbit, if
+
+the sun is over here and the earth is over
+here, during the day your payload bay is going
+
+to be pointed towards the earth.
+
+And so, you basically have a radiative heat
+exchange with something that is at about 20
+
+degrees C.
+
+No big deal.
+
+If you go around the other side now, you at
+nighttime, you're pointed at deep space.
+
+And so you're radiating towards absolute zero
+or three degrees Kelvin.
+
+And that is a concern.
+
+And you get very cold.
+
+They were predicting temperatures of as much
+as 150 below zero Celsius.
+
+We were very concerned not only were our hands
+going to get cold but some of our tools might
+
+not work.
+
+We pushed very hard for a test in a thermal
+vacuum chamber.
+
+Our tools are stored in a toolbox outside
+in the cargo bay.
+
+And we wanted to go through going out and
+taking the tools out.
+
+And, of course, they are held in there because
+they have launch locks so there are little
+
+pit pins and latching mechanisms that you
+have to remove so that you can get the tools
+
+out.
+
+I went in to do the first test.
+
+And it is a vacuum chamber.
+
+And the walls are painted black.
+
+And they can run liquid nitrogen through the
+vacuum chamber.
+
+And they could cool it down to the lowest
+temperatures that we were expecting to experience.
+
+I opened up the toolbox and about 75% of the
+tools the launch release mechanisms were just
+
+frozen shut.
+
+I couldn't get them out.
+
+So, that started to get people's attention.
+
+They sent the engineers in to redo some of
+the tolerance.
+
+They played around with the lubrication a
+little bit.
+
+Then Story went in a week later to do his
+run and he was able to get most of the tools
+
+out.
+
+I think he got all the tools out, actually,
+because I was only in for a few hours.
+
+Because once we realized that it wasn't working
+I came out.
+
+He was in there.
+
+I remember he said at one point just holding
+onto these tools my hands are really, really
+
+cold.
+
+I don't know.
+
+About an hour or so later someone asked him
+how his hands were.
+
+He said oh, they are fine, they've warmed
+up.
+
+Well, Story is from the South.
+
+Those of you with experience in winter know
+that if your hands are really cold and after
+
+a while you don't feel them anymore, it doesn't
+necessarily mean that they have warmed up.
+
+When they took him out of the chamber his
+hands were deep purplish black and he had
+
+severe frostbite to the point where they sent
+him up to Alaska to some frostbite specialists.
+
+In the end, he was very fortunate.
+
+He got off with no major permanent damage
+and was able to fly.
+
+But, as you can imagine, that got serious
+management attention.
+
+So, gloves now have electrical heating units
+in them.
+
+But we didn't have that available.
+
+What we had to do was to change the attitude
+profile so that we were basically pointing
+
+towards the earth.
+
+Now, that is generally OK.
+
+If you are pointing towards the earth and
+the sun is coming from your belly you are
+
+not going to hurt the Shuttle, but a quarter
+way around the earth you do have the possibility
+
+now that the sun is going to hit the telescope.
+
+What they had to do was to do two attitude
+maneuvers every orbit in order to basically
+
+keep us in a more benign thermal attitude
+for the EVA.
+
+But to prevent the sun from shinning on the
+telescope.
+
+And we didn't the reaction control system
+propellant budget to support that.
+
+Remember we were going into a high orbit which
+meant we needed to use a lot of OMS fuel to
+
+get up there?
+
+And we needed a lot of propellant for the
+deorbit because the higher you are the more
+
+you have to burn to get down.
+
+And so the flight control community, together
+with the pilots got together and developed
+
+a special way that we could do maneuvers using
+only half the number of jets that you normally
+
+use.
+
+And so this is an interconnection between
+the thermal environment of EVA and the reaction
+
+control propellant budget which nobody in
+the early days of flight planning would ever
+
+have believed that there is this sort of connection.
+
+But it is just another good example of how
+these systems all play with one another and
+
+you cannot make changes in one without another.
+
+I am going to finish this unit and then we
+will take a little break and then I will do
+
+the last part.
+
+The process of getting in the suit.
+
+First you get in LTA, lower torso assembly,
+basically the pants.
+
+And, of course, this is one time when you
+can put your pants on both legs at a time.
+
+You cannot do that too often.
+
+But, again, look at the middeck here.
+
+It is full.
+
+This, by the way, is the escape pole.
+
+We talked about this earlier.
+
+During launch and entry it is actually bolted
+into position so that it will take you out
+
+the door, but once you are in orbit you just
+sort of float it up and out of the way and
+
+it just kind of Velcroed to the ceiling.
+
+And, of course, it has no weight up there
+so it is perfectly happy.
+
+You get in the pants.
+
+Now, the upper torso of the suit is attached
+to the wall inside the airlock.
+
+Now you have to float into the airlock.
+
+And that is what you're looking at when you're
+getting into the suit.
+
+There are a lot of connections you have to
+make.
+
+This is the water bag.
+
+This is the comm.
+
+connection for your Snoopy cap.
+
+This is the water and air connection which
+you have to hook into your LCBG.
+
+And these are the arms that you have to get
+into.
+
+And the problem in the design here is your
+shoulders are wider than your chest.
+
+When you are actually inside the suit you
+want the distance between these two arms to
+
+be conformal with your armpits.
+
+Because, if it is out here that cuts way down
+on your mobility.
+
+But if it is too narrow you cannot get into
+it.
+
+That is the basic design problem in this sort
+of a suit.
+
+Now, the Russians have a rear entry suit that
+doesn't have that problem.
+
+It is always a challenge and you really have
+to push and struggle to get in.
+
+Eventually they wanted to design this suit
+so that one person could get in by themselves,
+
+but it cannot be done.
+
+I mean you can get in like this but you just
+cannot pull up the waist ring and attach it
+
+by yourself.
+
+Nobody has been able to do that.
+
+It is a great feeling of accomplishment when
+you finally get inside.
+
+Then you put your helmet on.
+
+Now you're starting to see what we are dealing
+with because we have to take all this stuff
+
+outside in addition to the tools that are
+already outside.
+
+These are the plugs which we put the mini
+work station.
+
+We haven't put it on quite yet but it is just
+a whole bunch of equipment which you have
+
+to manage.
+
+At this point we purge the suit with an oxygen
+flow.
+
+Now, remember, we are at an atmospheric pressure,
+or almost an atmospheric pressure, I will
+
+get into that later, of pure oxygen, so that
+also puts very serious flammability constraints.
+
+Although, when you go outside, you are only
+at 4 psi.
+
+When you are inside here you are at the full
+cabin pressure.
+
+Actually, in order to do your leap check you
+have to go to 4 psi above cabin pressure.
+
+You are actually working at above one atmosphere
+of pressure of pure oxygen, so that is a very
+
+serious flammability design constraint.
+
+And we have to sit and breathe pure oxygen
+then for about 40 minutes to get the nitrogen
+
+out of our blood.
+
+And, again, I will be discussing this whole
+atmospheric and bends problem.
+
+But, if you don't, when you drop down to 4
+psi, the nitrogen in your blood bubbles out
+
+and you get the bends, just like a diver who
+comes up too fast from a dive.
+
+Just one or two pictures of what went on outside.
+
+There is Hubble.
+
+I was changing some fuels there.
+
+It was kind of neat working underneath the
+solar panel.
+
+Those were the old ones which we took off
+and replaced the next day.
+
+But you have to be really careful because
+you don't want to bang against it.
+
+And, of course, you cannot see above your
+head, so we always have other people looking
+
+at us.
+
+This is the kind of situation where if you
+had a little heads up display where you could
+
+get this sort of a view to show what you're
+really doing it would really improve your
+
+situational awareness.
+
+But, at the moment, we don't have that.
+
+It takes not just the people outside but the
+people inside paying full attention, reading
+
+procedures.
+
+Historically, we carried all of our procedures
+on a cuff checklist, like so.
+
+But the procedures for Hubble and some of
+the other flights are so complex that you
+
+just cannot do it.
+
+So, nowadays, these are just emergency procedures.
+
+I will pass this around.
+
+I would like it back.
+
+Let's see.
+
+After putting in the new Wiff-Pick, ground
+had to do some tests on it, so I got Claude
+
+to fly me out over the arm.
+
+And we had one of the old Lunar Hasselblad
+cameras which they let us carry.
+
+Normally, we just use Nikons on the Shuttle,
+but they let us take a Hasselblad.
+
+That gives a view of what the payload bay
+looks like EVA.
+
+Here is Story over here working on one of
+the other things.
+
+The Earth is not flat, don't worry about the
+picture.
+
+I went around it many times.
+
+And, I mean, some parts of EVA, I really should
+share it because it just gets really spectacular.
+
+This is about 50 feet, I don't know whether
+to say above or below or whatever of the Shuttle,
+
+but you're just out there in the middle of
+nowhere.
+
+And, at this point, I was the free-floater.
+
+One of the people is always attached to the
+end of the arm, which is good when you have
+
+to move around big pieces of equipment because
+now you can react the forces with your feet.
+
+When you are a free-floater either you're
+in a foot restraint, which limits your mobility,
+
+or one hand has to actually be holding you
+so that you can react forces.
+
+Of course, we are attached by a waste tether,
+which is then attached to a long real of stainless
+
+steel.
+
+But you can set it so that the springiness
+is taken out.
+
+And so I could basically, and I did from time
+to time, must sort of let go.
+
+And it is a really neat feeling because once
+you convince yourself that you're not going
+
+to fall down, which I'm enough of a physicist
+to understand the orbital mechanics, but,
+
+nevertheless, the first time I let go it was
+an interesting feeling.
+
+The thing is when you're holding onto something,
+whether by your feet or your hands, of course
+
+the Shuttle is so much more massive that you
+feel yourself physically related.
+
+You are controlled by the Shuttle.
+
+And so the Shuttle is your point of reference.
+
+Maybe the Shuttle is in orbit but you are
+attached to the Shuttle.
+
+As soon as I let go, the physics totally changes.
+
+And it was really this transformation into
+being a human satellite.
+
+I mean I really felt like I was a satellite
+now.
+
+I wasn't attached to the Shuttle.
+
+And sometimes, if I could turn around before
+I let go so I didn't see the Shuttle, it was
+
+really kind of neat, especially at night,
+just sort of floating there and all the stars
+
+and everything.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Do they build in time for you to be able to
+kind of do that kind of thing?
+
+No, they don't build in the time.
+
+But, like in this case, two days before on
+Story's and my last EVA we had replaced -- Not
+
+replaced.
+
+These are the magnetometers up at the top.
+
+The gross maneuvering of Hubble is done by
+reaction wheels, but the reaction wheels,
+
+when they get spinning too fast, you have
+to be able to desaturate them so they have
+
+magnetic torquers, these long torque rods
+which create a magnetic field.
+
+There are no jets on Hubble because it would
+cause pollution of the optics, so you need
+
+magnetometers up at the top to sense the magnetic
+field in order to operate the torquers.
+
+The magnetometers were never designed to be
+replaced.
+
+They weren't supposed to fail.
+
+Well, both of them failed in the first couple
+of years.
+
+We couldn't take them off so they designed
+two new magnetometers that we could actually
+
+insert and bolt on, on top of the old ones.
+
+And then we took the electrical and data connections
+and hooked them up.
+
+But I noticed on that day -- We were very
+concerned with quality control.
+
+First of all, that we didn't break anything
+that wasn't already broken but also to look
+
+for any signs of damage because, you know,
+this was a telescope that was supposed to
+
+be maintained.
+
+We saw a little bit of paint chipping off
+the outside of the old magnetometers.
+
+They were concerned that they might float
+around and get into the optics.
+
+We went into the payload bay the next day,
+the other EVA team, and they cut off some
+
+of this gold insulation material from one
+of the thermal enclosures that some of the
+
+equipment was in.
+
+And I'm not supposed to stand in front.
+
+I keep forgetting that.
+
+We made those covers, and then we had to go
+up and install them.
+
+But, actually, after we installed them then
+the ground wanted photographic documentation.
+
+We took pictures.
+
+And then the crew inside got their telephoto
+lenses and they took a lot of pictures.
+
+And then they got the television camera on
+the end of the arm to take pictures.
+
+And so, during all that time, you do have
+a little bit of free time just to sort of
+
+enjoy the environment.
+
+It would be a shame not to because it is such
+a spectacular place.
+
+Yeah.
+
+How do you work when there is not light when
+you're on the dark side.
+
+Let me turn the laser pointer on here.
+
+Oh, no, what did I do?
+
+That is a good time for a break, right?
+
+Take a two-minute break.
+
+And then, of course, when the sun rises you
+know it so you can turn your lights off.
+
+OK.
+
+I talked about the necessity of doing a nitrogen
+purge and pre-breathing oxygen to get the
+
+nitrogen out of your blood.
+
+This turns out to be an interesting systems
+problem because it doesn't just affect the
+
+suit, it affects the spacecraft.
+
+Those of you who were here at the beginning
+saw I was blowing up a balloon which unfortunately
+
+popped.
+
+It was only to make the point that you can
+look at a spacesuit, the arms and legs, cylindrical.
+
+It is like one of those balloons.
+
+And when you try to bend the balloon it doesn't
+like to stay bent because you are compressing
+
+the gas and you're doing elastic work on the
+material of the balloon and it wants to snap
+
+back.
+
+And spacesuits basically work the same way.
+
+The old-fashioned pressure suits that test
+pilots used to wear, which were the genesis
+
+of the original Mercury suits, they basically
+stiffen you.
+
+And, in fact, the launch entry suits that
+we use on the Shuttle are not designed for
+
+joint mobility.
+
+They are just pressurized.
+
+And we do a pressure check before the mission
+when we're getting suited up.
+
+And they blow it up and you just go like that.
+
+You can move a little bit, you know, enough
+so that if you're sitting in your seat with
+
+a seatbelt holding you in form so that your
+waist is bent, you can move your arms enough
+
+to get to the controls.
+
+But I certainly wouldn't want to try and go
+out and do any useful work in that.
+
+It has really been an extraordinary design
+process that people have been able to develop
+
+spacesuits with articulating joints.
+
+I mean it is certainly not like walking around
+and doing things just with your body, but
+
+it is amazing how flexible spacesuits are.
+
+And it is a continual challenge to develop,
+particularly for the gloves.
+
+And, when we get back to the moon, to have
+legs that can actually walk in so that you
+
+don't have to hop around all the time.
+
+Although, there are times when that is good,
+too.
+
+But, in any case, the stiffness of the suit,
+because it turns out that most of the stiffness
+
+comes from compressing the gas, you want to
+try, first of all, to build articulated joints
+
+that don't change their volume.
+
+And, actually, people have designed metallic
+suits that look like Robby the Robot.
+
+So, they truly are zero delta volume suits.
+
+The problem is they are very heavy and there
+are other problems with metallic suits.
+
+And I don't have time to go into that.
+
+Given that you're going to have some volume
+change, the amount of work that you do is
+
+thermodynamically pressure times volume.
+
+You are going to have a delta V.
+
+You want to reduce the pressure.
+
+The lower your suit pressure, the easier it
+is to bend.
+
+Basically, you don't want to fill your suit
+with any gas that you don't really need.
+
+We certainly don't need nitrogen to stay alive,
+not on a short-term basis, so we fill the
+
+suit with oxygen.
+
+And we run it at about 4.3 psi for the Shuttle.
+
+This is just historically Mercury, Gemini
+and Apollo, the suit pressure was a little
+
+bit lower.
+
+Doctors felt, after doing calculations, what
+you're really interested in is the partial
+
+pressure of oxygen in your blood.
+
+And they wanted a little bit more margin.
+
+Since the Shuttle was supposed to be operational
+this and operational that, they wanted a little
+
+bit more margin.
+
+And so we bumped up the suit pressure a little
+bit.
+
+Mercury, Gemini and Apollo cabin was 100%
+oxygen at the same pressure so that you didn't
+
+have to worry about pre-breathing.
+
+In Skylab, it was not pure oxygen but it was
+a high enough oxygen that, again, they didn't
+
+have to worry about pre-breathe.
+
+It wasn't until we went to the Shuttle, which
+typically the Shuttle is at 14.7 or 100 kilopascals
+
+normal atmospheric pressure.
+
+If we know we are going to be doing a lot
+of EVAs, and I will talk about this later,
+
+what we do is we drop the overall cabin pressure,
+but we keep the partial pressure of oxygen
+
+the same so you end up bumping up the oxygen
+concentration.
+
+We don't do that with the ISS.
+
+The decision was made by the life scientists
+that since they wanted to study biology on
+
+the Space Station and all of our database
+is at one atmosphere, that if they took the
+
+Space Station down to 10.2 psi basically it
+would invalidate all of their life science
+
+research.
+
+So, the Station was only designed for one
+atmosphere.
+
+The operational people, when they started
+to talk about how much EVA was going to be
+
+involved in building and maintaining the Space
+Station, the astronauts said this is crazy.
+
+And you will see the impact of this later.
+
+This is just looking in the future.
+
+These are decisions that are going have to
+be made for future space systems, and they
+
+are looking at a lower working pressure.
+
+And you will see why as I go through this
+presentation.
+
+I think I'm not going to go through those
+charts.
+
+Again, this is a system.
+
+So, you are affecting a great many different
+things.
+
+Let's see.
+
+Which is the laser here?
+
+There we go.
+
+One of the interesting things here with EVA,
+just like in any ECLS system, is that the
+
+human body becomes one of your subsystems
+that you have to take care of.
+
+And, in many cases, we don't have a whole
+lot of design flexibility with our bodies
+
+because they come predesigned.
+
+So, we have to deal with that.
+
+We have all of the physiology, the bends.
+
+Materials.
+
+I talked about flammability in a pure oxygen
+environment.
+
+I talked about the constraints of microgravity
+and partial gravity physiology studies in
+
+the ISS.
+
+Of course, NASA has decided that we don't
+need to do that anymore.
+
+And, I guess, our international partners are
+still going to want to do this.
+
+In any case, the Station is designed.
+
+The cooling we talked about, I think, in the
+ECLA section lecture, the fact that if you
+
+drop your cabin pressure now you've got to
+pump more air for all the air cooled things.
+
+And if you really want a design for a variable
+cabin pressure then that flows over into the
+
+cooling requirements, more water cooling,
+different fan requirements and so on.
+
+And it goes on.
+
+If you are going to do multiple EVAs, what
+you're really interested in, when you're looking
+
+at efficiency, is what we call EVA Work Efficiency
+Index.
+
+It is the total amount of time involved in
+preparing for and carrying out an EVA, the
+
+ratio of that to the actual useful working
+time you get outside.
+
+And the more time you have to spend breathing
+pure oxygen to denitrogenate your blood, that
+
+is taking away from your overall work efficiency.
+
+When we do tests on the ground and we start
+out at normal sea level pressure and we want
+
+to go down to 4.3 psi pure oxygen, we actually
+have to do a four hour nitrogen purge.
+
+We have to just sit in the suit or stand in
+the suit for four hours, this is in the EVA
+
+test chambers, before we actually can go down
+to pressure.
+
+If you want to get an eight hour work day
+of EVA, that is just unacceptable.
+
+And that is why they made the decision to
+lower the Shuttle's cabin pressure.
+
+Then you only have to do about a 40 minute
+EVA.
+
+And I have some of the specific numbers on
+that later.
+
+As I say, just the review here is that we
+do have this capability on the Shuttle.
+
+We don't have it on the Station.
+
+They have figured out a few ways to make the
+denitrogenation process a little bit more
+
+efficient on the Station, but it is still
+a big overhead hit.
+
+And we are very concerned for the future because
+EVA is not just an afterthought when you're
+
+going to be exploring on the Moon or Mars.
+
+You are going there basically to do EVA.
+
+Otherwise, why bother?
+
+We have got to deal with this.
+
+Here is the basic physiology that we are dealing
+with.
+
+Oxygen percentage on the abscissa, total pressure
+on the ordinate and all different units.
+
+Millimeters of mercury, psi, and I think now
+people use kilopascals, which I don't really
+
+relate to.
+
+But I know about 100 kilopascals is about
+one atmosphere, so luckily that makes it easy.
+
+Normally, we are at one atmosphere 20% or
+21% oxygen, we are up here, and this is the
+
+normal sea level equivalent.
+
+You start dropping the pressure and you have
+to increase the percentage of oxygen.
+
+There is a maximum level of breathing oxygen
+at pressure oxygen toxicity because oxygen
+
+is almost totally absorbed through your alveoli.
+
+And normally our alveoli stay inflated because
+we have 80% nitrogen which is only very reluctantly
+
+absorbed.
+
+I mean it does get through, that is how it
+gets into our blood and so on, but it is a
+
+much slower transport.
+
+But oxygen gets right through.
+
+And if you breathe pure oxygen for a long
+time you can really hurt your lungs and it
+
+can be lethal at a certain point.
+
+We actually don't have any good physiological
+data.
+
+I was down in Houston last week at a big EVA
+conference.
+
+That is why we didn't have class on Tuesday.
+
+They were talking about what about long-term
+planetary EVAs, even at 4 psi pure oxygen,
+
+is that going to be harmful to health?
+
+We honestly don't know.
+
+I mean that is an active area which needs
+research.
+
+On the other side, of course you get into
+hypoxia which you have all heard of.
+
+You get it when you go up on Mount Everest
+and so on.
+
+So, you've got a boundary that you have to
+work in.
+
+Now, this is sort of where things have fallen.
+
+The blue line is the hypoxic boundary.
+
+The green line is normal oxygen.
+
+When we were using pure oxygen spacecraft
+environments, we were well above that.
+
+You would like to stay as close as possible.
+
+With Shuttle EVA, we moved a little bit closer
+to hypoxic, but we're still in a physiologically
+
+perfectly reasonable environment.
+
+Decompression sickness, just a quick review.
+
+Any scuba divers here?
+
+You are all familiar with this.
+
+There are various levels of decompression
+sickness anywhere from just a mild tingling
+
+of the skin to joint pain to phase three DCS
+where you get central nervous system impairment
+
+which can actually cause death, so you don't
+want to mess around with it.
+
+People refer to this famous R value.
+
+You run into this all the time.
+
+What you are really interested in is what
+is the ratio between the actual partial pressure
+
+of nitrogen in your blood compared to your
+suit pressure?
+
+And this over here shows this R value.
+
+If you are down at one the nitrogen isn't
+going to bubble out at all so you have no
+
+incidence of bends.
+
+VGE, venous gas emboli.
+
+And then, as the R value increases, the dotted
+line gas emboli, that just means you have
+
+bubbles forming.
+
+DCS means actual symptoms of bends.
+
+And then grade three DCS which is very serious
+indeed.
+
+The way they make these measurements, they
+have these large physiological studies where
+
+they actually get people to volunteer to go
+through these pumped down protocols.
+
+And then they actually put sensitive microphones
+and ultrasound things that can actually hear
+
+the bubbles as they move around your veins.
+
+I have never been able to figure out why anybody
+would volunteer for these experiments.
+
+I take my hat off to them.
+
+Because the only way you build up this data
+is that some people actually do get the bends
+
+from these experiments.
+
+And, of course, they have hyperbaric chambers
+which, as soon as there are any symptoms,
+
+they put them right into the chamber and pump
+them to pressure and it goes away.
+
+And I don't think that they have lost any
+volunteers.
+
+Like I say, that is not something I am going
+to volunteer for.
+
+Other factors, this is something that becomes
+important.
+
+It turns out that the amount of time you spend
+at reduced pressure is important.
+
+Also exercise.
+
+It turns out that the more you exercise, maybe
+it makes sense, you're moving your joints
+
+around, but the bubbles come out.
+
+Actually, what they have started to do on
+the Space Station, since we cannot go to a
+
+reduced cabin, that while they are breathing
+oxygen for the first hour or so they do very
+
+exhaustive exercise, both upper and lower
+body on an exercise bike with arm exercise
+
+as well.
+
+To try to drive away as much of the oxygen
+early on in the decompression preparation
+
+as you can.
+
+OK.
+
+Where does that put us?
+
+As I said, the more nitrogen you have in your
+blood to start out with, the longer a pre-breathe
+
+you are going to have to do before you can
+go out.
+
+These are the normoxic and hypoxic lines,
+which I showed you before.
+
+And then these are the contours of the amount
+of time you have to pre-breathe.
+
+Remember, I told you if you are at one atmosphere,
+20% oxygen, your pre-breathe time is 240 minutes,
+
+four hours.
+
+This is to get yourself down to an R value
+of 1.65.
+
+This is not 100% safe because, remember, at
+1.65, there still is a 25% incidence of DCS.
+
+Now, the interesting thing, these are the
+statistics that come from the laboratory trials,
+
+we have never had a reported case of bends
+during EVAs.
+
+And people are not quite sure why.
+
+Some people suspect that maybe even if an
+astronaut is getting joint pain they are not
+
+going to report it because maybe that would
+prevent you from doing another EVA.
+
+I mean there are enough other pains that you
+undergo in just using a spacesuit that maybe
+
+you don't even notice it.
+
+You feel a problem in your joints or your
+fingers and you say oh, damn, my gloves don't
+
+fit right or something like that.
+
+I have another slide mentioning this later.
+
+There is some suspicion that weightlessness
+may have an impact, which means that the bends
+
+susceptibility on the Moon or on Mars may
+actually be greater than it is in weightlessness.
+
+We just don't know.
+
+Here is where we have gotten to on the Shuttle
+EVA.
+
+Again, this is no pre-breathe, this is one
+hour pre-breathe, so we are at about 40 minutes
+
+on the Shuttle.
+
+That is where we are.
+
+Now, this is a design problem.
+
+How are we going to design the CEV?
+
+How are we going to design the equipment,
+the habitats that we are going to use on the
+
+Moon and Mars?
+
+Now we're talking about surface exploration.
+
+And, as I said, there is a lot of uncertainty
+about the affect of gravity.
+
+But we suspect that it may be more bends inducing
+than weightlessness.
+
+And so what they are doing for safety and
+conservatism is instead of using the R value
+
+of 1.65, which we use on the Shuttle, they
+are taking it down to about 1.3, 1.4.
+
+Now, what does that do?
+
+Here is 1.4, 1.3.
+
+Where does that put the Shuttle EVA we now
+would have to get down to that R value?
+
+We have got a two hour pre-breathe.
+
+To get down to 1.3, we have got a 2.5 hour
+pre-breathe.
+
+And this is with the normal spacesuit at 4.3
+psi.
+
+We are heading an operational problem.
+
+If you want to go out on your geology traverse
+on the Moon, you have got to depressurize,
+
+denitrogenate for 2, 2.5 hours.
+
+I don't think so.
+
+But what are we going to do?
+
+Well, if you increase the suit pressure now
+the R value, at a given level of nitrogen,
+
+goes down.
+
+And so at 6 psi, even for an R of 1.3, you
+are in the zero pre-breathe range, which would
+
+be great.
+
+People have suggested, well, maybe we should
+build a variable pressure suit so that you
+
+could go out at 6 psi, sort of get things
+set up.
+
+And then all that time counts towards your
+denitrogenation so maybe then after two hours
+
+into your EVA now you can drop your pressure.
+
+And now, if you have any things where you
+need more dexterity, you will be OK.
+
+But the pressure control system in a spacesuit
+is a very complex undertaking.
+
+The Russians do have a dual pressure suit.
+
+They never used the lower pressure, to my
+knowledge.
+
+And it is a big hit to try to design this
+into the suit.
+
+And, of course, to design a suit to operate
+at a higher pressure.
+
+The Russians work at about 5 psi, but it means
+your suit is less flexible, heavier and is
+
+just going the opposite direction from the
+desire to accomplish useful work, which is
+
+why you are putting on the spacesuit in the
+first place.
+
+This is what we are working against.
+
+Again, we have got a systems problem.
+
+It is not just the pressure.
+
+It is the oxygen.
+
+In Skylab, in Apollo, because you were working
+in a pure oxygen environment, now, of course,
+
+we're talking about what is the pressure going
+to be in the cabin.
+
+You want to keep the cabin at a higher oxygen
+environment.
+
+Your material selection is highly limited.
+
+As it says, they tended to use a lot of metallic
+materials.
+
+Well, what do we know about metals?
+
+Particularly aluminum.
+
+First of all, aluminum will burn at 100% oxygen.
+
+But your cabin, even if it is not 100% oxygen,
+you are going to have a lot of metallic material.
+
+Well, metal, when you're dealing with radiation,
+you hit metal, aluminum or even higher atomic
+
+number metals with primary cosmic rays and
+you get spallation.
+
+You produce a lot of secondary particles.
+
+And you end up with actually more radiation
+than you would have gotten if you had just
+
+gotten hit by the incident cosmic ray.
+
+What you really prefer is to have low atomic
+number.
+
+Hydrogen is best.
+
+Water, hydrogen, oxygen and so forth.
+
+If you are forced to increase the metallic
+content of your spacecraft because of the
+
+oxygen flammability problems now you are going
+in the wrong direction for radiation protection
+
+which becomes an issue when you're dealing
+with long duration stays on the Moon, interplanetary
+
+transport and so on.
+
+So, it is all interrelated.
+
+You cannot change one thing without changing
+the other.
+
+Flammability.
+
+Well, we have been talking about that.
+
+I won't stay on that.
+
+But, again, it is very dependent on oxygen.
+
+Oxygen restricts the use of non-metallic materials.
+
+But nonmetallic materials are what we would
+like to use from a radiation point of view.
+
+You would like to have a lot of hydrocarbons,
+you know, polyethylene plastic in your spacecraft
+
+because they absorb cosmic rays.
+
+But, in any case, it is pretty well agreed
+that we never want to go above 30% oxygen.
+
+It just becomes too restrictive on the types
+of materials we can use.
+
+That is going to be a design constraint.
+
+And, remember, we are aiming towards a systems
+level design of our long duration space habitats
+
+which are EVA compatible.
+
+30% oxygen.
+
+Now we are back to this.
+
+Now we can draw a red line.
+
+And we have got to stay on the left of that
+line.
+
+We have got to stay above the blue hypoxic
+line.
+
+Now, also remember that we have got these
+pre-breathe lines.
+
+Let's say we are going to limit pre-breathe
+to no more than one hour.
+
+Well, we are cutting down on our design space
+here.
+
+We have got the oxygen flammability which
+is cutting off to the right.
+
+We have got the hypoxic limit which is cutting
+off in this direction.
+
+And we have got the pre-breathe limit which
+is cutting off there.
+
+We are kind of in a, I won't call it a box,
+a rather small triangle.
+
+Now, if we go to a 6 psi spacesuit, as I said,
+we open up the design space a lot.
+
+But at a price of flexibility, maneuverability
+and the ability to do the things that we want
+
+to do in the first place.
+
+Where are we going to go with this?
+
+As I say, it is an active area of research.
+
+I cannot tell you what the answer is going
+to be but it looks like they are going to
+
+probably be going for 8 to 9 psi with an oxygen
+concentration approaching 30%.
+
+And that the CEV, from what I have been told,
+is most likely going to be designed with a
+
+variable pressure capability because it also
+has to be able to dock with the Space Station
+
+which means it has to be able to take one
+atmosphere.
+
+And also, because the CEV by itself is not
+going to have an airlock, if you would have
+
+to do an emergency EVA out of the CEV, for
+whatever reason, you are going to have to
+
+depressurize like we did back in the Gemini
+days, or Apollo.
+
+And, of course, that is going to affect the
+design of all the other systems on the CEV
+
+because they will have to be able to operate
+from a vacuum all the way up to one atmosphere.
+
+Just in the end, I hope what you have gotten
+out of this is, again, we are trying to look
+
+at things from a systems engineering point
+of view.
+
+And this is one big system where EVA cannot
+be considered just on its own.
+
+I gave an example of how it affects the RCS
+system with Hubble.
+
+Here it affects the environmental control
+life support.
+
+Flammability, radiation protection, it is
+all linked together.
+
+This was the recommendation that we came out
+with, slightly below 9 psi pushing 30%.
+
+But, as I said, there is a lot of research
+that has to be done to understand the way
+
+bends behave at partial gravity.
+
+How we are going to do that?
+
+I have no idea.
+
+As I said, for the International Space Station,
+we have to be able to go up to regular atmosphere.
+
+We were making this presentation as part of
+the study we were doing last year on CEV,
+
+but it was so relevant to what we did here
+that I didn't see any point in modifying it
+
+for this class.
+
+But we had to make these decisions on the
+Shuttle based on similar calculations looking
+
+at the design space.
+
+The difference was with the Shuttle we were
+using an R value of 1.6, 1.7.
+
+And so we were able to get down to a 40 minute
+pre-breathe.
+
+What we do with the Shuttle is about the day
+before you are going to do your first EVA
+
+you actually drop the cabin pressure.
+
+And when we had the lecture on environmental
+control, remember there is a cabin pressure
+
+controller at 14.7 and a pressure controller
+at 8 psi.
+
+But when they designed the Shuttle, nobody
+was thinking about EVA or about this pre-breathe
+
+time.
+
+And so, there is no 10.2 controller.
+
+We have to do that manually.
+
+You drop it and then you add a little bit
+of nitrogen or a little bit of oxygen, depending
+
+on what the instrumentation tells you you
+need.
+
+And then there is a periodic maintenance which
+you have to perform in order to keep the proper
+
+gas concentrations.
+
+And then we leave it down there for the duration
+of all the EVAs.
+
+And then, when the last EVA is finished, then
+you turn the 14.7 controller back on.
+
+Now, of course, since you have the proper
+oxygen partial pressure, most of the gas that
+
+comes into the cabin is nitrogen.
+
+And, actually, I think we may have mentioned
+this before, it comes in the bathroom.
+
+And so, for the time when you are re-pressurizing
+the cabin, the bathroom is off limits.
+
+And I think that is basically it.
+
+The timing has been pretty good.
+
+Questions?
+
+Comments?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Is anybody looking at using a fully one atmospheric
+spacesuit?
+
+Actually, it turns out there is a principle
+called holdings principle.
+
+Let me get this up because I have some pictures
+of what we were doing.
+
+If you change by less than a factor of two
+you don't get the bends.
+
+This is an empirical finding.
+
+And so, the idea was if you could have a suit
+that worked at about 8 psi you would have
+
+a zero pre-breathe suit.
+
+And I participated in a bunch of tests.
+
+These are some other robotic things.
+
+This was the hard suit designed by Ames.
+
+Because it is a constant volume suit it is
+not sensitive to the pressure the way that
+
+a soft suit is.
+
+And we did a lot of tests, actually.
+
+We always came unstuck on the gloves.
+
+Nobody has been able to design an 8 psi glove
+that really gives you sufficient mobility.
+
+I mean it is a dream.
+
+People would love to be able to do it.
+
+If we could figure it out that would solve
+all these problems.
+
+Although, if you are going to Mars maybe you
+don't want full pressure because if you have
+
+one atmosphere compared to 8 or 9 psi your
+structure has to be that much thicker and
+
+heavier.
+
+They went through some of those calculations.
+
+This is now on the hand with the Space Station.
+
+And they figured that for all the meteorite
+shielding and everything they had to put on
+
+the outside of the Space Station that actually
+the change in thickness that would be involved
+
+in changing the pressure from one atmosphere
+to another really wouldn't make that much
+
+of a difference.
+
+All of these things, again, they are interrelated.
+
+But it is a good point.
+
+That is why I showed those designs for 6 psi
+because people are still thinking suppose
+
+we could design a spacesuit to work at a higher
+pressure.
+
+But right now we don't know how to do that.
+
+I hope everybody has a very happy Thanksgiving.
+
+We will see you a week from today.
+
+And if there are any questions, again, about
+either your oral presentations or the written
+
+presentations, I will be here today.
+
+And then I am gone for the rest of the week,
+but I will be looking at emails so you can
+
+send me emails and we can discuss things.
+
+OK.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B17h10EF59g.txt b/B17h10EF59g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..891d4b4cba55a6879e0be200a024d1bbf2147319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B17h10EF59g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1595 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi everyone Emlyn and welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone Emlyn and welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi everyone Emlyn and welcome back to
+recitation in recent lectures we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation in recent lectures we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation in recent lectures we have
+studied the properties of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the properties of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied the properties of the
+determinant and we also derived the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and we also derived the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant and we also derived the
+formula to compute it today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to compute it today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to compute it today we're going
+to put we learned into practice by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put we learned into practice by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put we learned into practice by
+considering these two examples so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering these two examples so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering these two examples so we
+want to find out the determinants of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find out the determinants of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to find out the determinants of
+these two 5x5 matrices and as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two 5x5 matrices and as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two 5x5 matrices and as you can
+see matrix a has X along its diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see matrix a has X along its diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see matrix a has X along its diagonal
+and in the first four rows y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the first four rows y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the first four rows y to the
+right of X except for the last row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of X except for the last row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right of X except for the last row and
+zero entries everywhere else and matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero entries everywhere else and matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero entries everywhere else and matrix
+P also has X alone as diagonal and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P also has X alone as diagonal and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P also has X alone as diagonal and y
+everywhere else okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere else okay
+before starting let me help you review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before starting let me help you review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before starting let me help you review
+what you can do to compute determinants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do to compute determinants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do to compute determinants
+of course you can carry out elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can carry out elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can carry out elimination
+to transform your original matrix into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform your original matrix into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to transform your original matrix into
+upper triangular matrix R you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular matrix R you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper triangular matrix R you can use
+this big summation formula another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big summation formula another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this big summation formula another
+choice would be you can do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice would be you can do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice would be you can do it by
+cofactors namely you can expand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors namely you can expand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactors namely you can expand your
+original matrix along any row or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original matrix along any row or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original matrix along any row or any
+column and then the determinant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and then the determinant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column and then the determinant is
+simply given by the dot product of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply given by the dot product of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply given by the dot product of that
+row or that column with these cofactors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or that column with these cofactors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row or that column with these cofactors
+okay why don't you pause the video now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't you pause the video now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay why don't you pause the video now
+and try to work on them yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to work on them yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to work on them yourself
+whenever you're ready I'll come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're ready I'll come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you're ready I'll come back and
+show you my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I hope you just set some fun with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I hope you just set some fun with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I hope you just set some fun with
+these two problems now let's take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two problems now let's take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two problems now let's take out
+them together let's look at matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together let's look at matrix a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together let's look at matrix a
+first as you can see there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first as you can see there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first as you can see there are a lot of
+zero entries in matrix a so perhaps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero entries in matrix a so perhaps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero entries in matrix a so perhaps you
+don't need elimination to introduce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need elimination to introduce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need elimination to introduce more
+zeros furthermore we observe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros furthermore we observe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros furthermore we observe this
+pattern of a and you notice that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of a and you notice that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern of a and you notice that if I
+cover the last row and the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the last row and the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the last row and the first column
+so if this column and this row not here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this column and this row not here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if this column and this row not here
+what is left over is simply a four by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is left over is simply a four by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is left over is simply a four by
+four lower triangular matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lower triangular matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four lower triangular matrix and
+similarly if you cover the first column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you cover the first column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if you cover the first column
+and the first row what is left over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first row what is left over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the first row what is left over here
+is simply a four by four upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a four by four upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply a four by four upper
+triangular matrix this is telling us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrix this is telling us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular matrix this is telling us
+that we should calculate the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should calculate the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we should calculate the determinant
+of a by the third method so we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a by the third method so we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a by the third method so we should
+expand along the first column of a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand along the first column of a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand along the first column of a and
+we calculate the cofactors let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate the cofactors let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate the cofactors let's do it
+now so determinant of a is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so determinant of a is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so determinant of a is equal to the
+one one entry of a which is x times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one entry of a which is x times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one entry of a which is x times the
+cofactor of that spot which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor of that spot which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cofactor of that spot which is the
+determinant of the LAT over four by four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the LAT over four by four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the LAT over four by four
+matrix matrix and it's upper triangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix matrix and it's upper triangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix matrix and it's upper triangular
+so it's determinant is simply given by X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's determinant is simply given by X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's determinant is simply given by X
+to the power four right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power four right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the power four right
+plus the only other nonzero entry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the only other nonzero entry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the only other nonzero entry in
+that column is the Y at the very bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column is the Y at the very bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that column is the Y at the very bottom
+so you put Y here and you multiply Y by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put Y here and you multiply Y by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you put Y here and you multiply Y by
+the cofactor of that spot which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cofactor of that spot which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cofactor of that spot which is the
+determinant of the leftover leftover 4x4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the leftover leftover 4x4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the leftover leftover 4x4
+matrix again in this case it's lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix again in this case it's lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix again in this case it's lower
+triangular and its determinant is y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and its determinant is y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangular and its determinant is y to
+the power 4 so I have a Y to the power 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power 4 so I have a Y to the power 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power 4 so I have a Y to the power 4
+here but not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but not quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but not quite
+in principle there should be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle there should be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle there should be another
+factor here indicating the sign and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor here indicating the sign and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor here indicating the sign and the
+sign in this case well because Y is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in this case well because Y is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in this case well because Y is the
+the entry in the fifth row in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry in the fifth row in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entry in the fifth row in the first
+column so this factor should be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so this factor should be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so this factor should be negative
+1 to the power 5 plus 1 and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to the power 5 plus 1 and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to the power 5 plus 1 and of course
+it's just 1 so the determinant of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just 1 so the determinant of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just 1 so the determinant of a is
+simply equal to X to the fifth power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply equal to X to the fifth power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply equal to X to the fifth power
+plus y to the fifth power did you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y to the fifth power did you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus y to the fifth power did you get
+the correct answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correct answer
+well the determinant of a is not too bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the determinant of a is not too bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the determinant of a is not too bad
+because a has a lot of zero entries now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a has a lot of zero entries now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a has a lot of zero entries now
+let's look at the determinant of matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the determinant of matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the determinant of matrix
+B I have another copy of B here so B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I have another copy of B here so B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B I have another copy of B here so B
+also has a very clear structure it has X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a very clear structure it has X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has a very clear structure it has X
+alone is diagnosed and Y everywhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone is diagnosed and Y everywhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone is diagnosed and Y everywhere else
+but in general B does not have any zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general B does not have any zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general B does not have any zero
+entry so perhaps a reverse step should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry so perhaps a reverse step should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry so perhaps a reverse step should
+be carrying out elimination to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be carrying out elimination to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be carrying out elimination to introduce
+zero entries into matrix B of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero entries into matrix B of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero entries into matrix B of course you
+can do it by the regular routine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it by the regular routine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it by the regular routine you
+start with the first row find the pivot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the first row find the pivot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the first row find the pivot
+and you eliminate the second row in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you eliminate the second row in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you eliminate the second row in the
+third row and so on and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row and so on and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row and so on and so forth
+but in this case there's a shortcut if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case there's a shortcut if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this case there's a shortcut if
+you compare two rows that are next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare two rows that are next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compare two rows that are next to
+each other for example even compare the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for example even compare the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for example even compare the
+fourth row and the fifth row you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth row and the fifth row you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth row and the fifth row you notice
+that they have a lot of entries in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a lot of entries in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a lot of entries in
+common and they're only different at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and they're only different at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common and they're only different at
+these two spots right so imagine if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two spots right so imagine if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two spots right so imagine if I
+subtract the fourth row from the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the fourth row from the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the fourth row from the fifth
+row so if I do the following cooperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so if I do the following cooperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row so if I do the following cooperate
+operation so I subtract this this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so I subtract this this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation so I subtract this this row
+from the last row then the new fifth row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last row then the new fifth row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last row then the new fifth row
+should become the following so this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should become the following so this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should become the following so this row
+will become zero zero zero y minus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become zero zero zero y minus X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become zero zero zero y minus X
+X minus y you see just by the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus y you see just by the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus y you see just by the simple
+operation I have introduced three zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation I have introduced three zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation I have introduced three zero
+entries at once and it's similar with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries at once and it's similar with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries at once and it's similar with
+the fourth row and the third row they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth row and the third row they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fourth row and the third row they
+have common entries here here and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have common entries here here and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have common entries here here and here
+so you subtract the third row from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you subtract the third row from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you subtract the third row from the
+fourth row you update the fourth row two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth row you update the fourth row two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth row you update the fourth row two
+zero zero Y minus X X minus y zero again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero Y minus X X minus y zero again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero zero Y minus X X minus y zero again
+three zero entries and the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three zero entries and the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three zero entries and the same thing
+happened to the third second row in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the third second row in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to the third second row in the
+third row so you subtract the second row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row so you subtract the second row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row so you subtract the second row
+from the third row and you your new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third row and you your new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third row and you your new
+third row will become zero y minus X X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row will become zero y minus X X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third row will become zero y minus X X
+minus y zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y zero zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y zero zero
+finally you subtract the first row from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally you subtract the first row from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally you subtract the first row from
+the second row and then you update the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row and then you update the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second row and then you update the
+second row to Y minus X X minus y 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row to Y minus X X minus y 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row to Y minus X X minus y 0 0 0
+let's keep the first row unchanged so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep the first row unchanged so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep the first row unchanged so
+I'm going to copy here alright by row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to copy here alright by row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to copy here alright by row
+elimination we have introduced many 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination we have introduced many 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination we have introduced many 0
+entries to matrix B is there anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries to matrix B is there anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries to matrix B is there anything
+else that I can take advantage of let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that I can take advantage of let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that I can take advantage of let's
+observe the pattern of this new matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the pattern of this new matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the pattern of this new matrix
+as you can see in each row you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see in each row you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see in each row you have two
+nonzero entries except the first row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero entries except the first row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero entries except the first row and
+they're only different by a sign so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only different by a sign so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only different by a sign so if
+somehow you can figure out a way to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you can figure out a way to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow you can figure out a way to sum
+them up you will get even more zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up you will get even more zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them up you will get even more zero
+entries so let's do it that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so let's do it that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries so let's do it that's going to
+involve the operations on column so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the operations on column so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the operations on column so here
+is how I do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how I do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how I do it
+I'm going to keep the last column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to keep the last column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to keep the last column
+unchanged so the last column is y 0 0 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged so the last column is y 0 0 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unchanged so the last column is y 0 0 0
+X minus y what I will do is I will add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus y what I will do is I will add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X minus y what I will do is I will add a
+copy of the last column to the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the last column to the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the last column to the fourth
+column so this is what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so this is what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column so this is what I'm going to do
+at one copy of the last column to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one copy of the last column to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one copy of the last column to the
+fourth column now the new fourth column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth column now the new fourth column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth column now the new fourth column
+will become 2 y 0 0 X minus y 0 as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become 2 y 0 0 X minus y 0 as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will become 2 y 0 0 X minus y 0 as you
+can see by doing this I have killed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see by doing this I have killed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see by doing this I have killed the
+spot so I have introduced one more 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot so I have introduced one more 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot so I have introduced one more 0
+entry into my fourth column if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry into my fourth column if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entry into my fourth column if you
+continue you may want to add the fourth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue you may want to add the fourth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue you may want to add the fourth
+column to the third column let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column to the third column let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column to the third column let's see
+what will happen if you do that so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen if you do that so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen if you do that so if
+you add the fourth column to the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add the fourth column to the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you add the fourth column to the third
+column then what should appear here is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column then what should appear here is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column then what should appear here is 2
+y 0 x minus y 0 Y minus X ok but in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 0 x minus y 0 Y minus X ok but in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 0 x minus y 0 Y minus X ok but in this
+new third column you still have 2 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new third column you still have 2 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new third column you still have 2 0
+entries which is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries which is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries which is the same as the
+original third column so although you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original third column so although you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original third column so although you've
+killed this spot but you've introduced a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed this spot but you've introduced a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed this spot but you've introduced a
+new nonzero entry so is there a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new nonzero entry so is there a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new nonzero entry so is there a way that
+we can kill the spot too you may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can kill the spot too you may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can kill the spot too you may have
+noticed that if you add a copy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that if you add a copy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed that if you add a copy of the
+fifth column to this column again then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth column to this column again then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifth column to this column again then
+that spot who have been killed right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spot who have been killed right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spot who have been killed right so
+let's do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it
+if I add this column to this one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I add this column to this one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I add this column to this one I'm
+going to just update it here then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just update it here then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just update it here then the
+first entry should become 3y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry should become 3y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first entry should become 3y
+these are unchanged and the last spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are unchanged and the last spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are unchanged and the last spot
+becomes zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it reflects here as you are adding a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects here as you are adding a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reflects here as you are adding a
+copy of the fourth column and a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the fourth column and a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of the fourth column and a copy of
+the fifth column to the third column now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth column to the third column now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fifth column to the third column now
+you've got the idea and you continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the idea and you continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the idea and you continue
+what do you do with the second column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do with the second column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you do with the second column
+this time you will have to add a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you will have to add a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time you will have to add a copy of
+the third column a copy of the fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third column a copy of the fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third column a copy of the fifth
+fourth column and a copy of this column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth column and a copy of this column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth column and a copy of this column
+so you update the second column to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you update the second column to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you update the second column to be
+four Y X minus y zero zero zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eventually what you will do to the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually what you will do to the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually what you will do to the first
+column would be you add everything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column would be you add everything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column would be you add everything to
+the for the first column so a copy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the first column so a copy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the first column so a copy of
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the first column will become so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first column will become so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the first column will become so I
+don't have in the spot here so make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have in the spot here so make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have in the spot here so make it
+here X plus 4y then everything else is 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here X plus 4y then everything else is 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here X plus 4y then everything else is 0
+this is fun and the results really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fun and the results really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is fun and the results really nice
+this is wonderful because this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wonderful because this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is wonderful because this is simply
+our four triangular matrix now you tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our four triangular matrix now you tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our four triangular matrix now you tell
+me what is the determinant of B the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what is the determinant of B the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what is the determinant of B the
+determinant of B is the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of B is the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of B is the determinant of
+this upper triangular matrix so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this upper triangular matrix so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this upper triangular matrix so you
+simply multiply everything together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply multiply everything together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply multiply everything together
+that's X plus 4 y times X minus y to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's X plus 4 y times X minus y to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's X plus 4 y times X minus y to the
+fourth power ok so I hope you enjoyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power ok so I hope you enjoyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power ok so I hope you enjoyed
+these two examples maybe your method is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two examples maybe your method is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two examples maybe your method is
+different from mine but at least these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from mine but at least these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from mine but at least these
+two examples teaches that you can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples teaches that you can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples teaches that you can be
+flexible in combining methods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible in combining methods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible in combining methods in
+calculating determinants thanks for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating determinants thanks for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating determinants thanks for
+watching and I'm looking forward to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching and I'm looking forward to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching and I'm looking forward to see
+you soon
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B53W30-GJ10.txt b/B53W30-GJ10.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..147fb7c1824a7373ebc1fa21cf75aedb3dc1289f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B53W30-GJ10.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3251 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah welcome again to 8701
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah welcome again to 8701
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah welcome again to 8701
+um so this is the fifth section of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the fifth section of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so this is the fifth section of our
+introduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction
+um i'd like to talk about the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'd like to talk about the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'd like to talk about the early
+history and the people involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and the people involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and the people involved
+in nuclear and particle physics i cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nuclear and particle physics i cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nuclear and particle physics i cover
+the period from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the period from
+1820 to the beginning of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1820 to the beginning of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1820 to the beginning of the second
+world war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world war
+other elements of the later history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements of the later history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other elements of the later history of
+the development of the standard model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of the standard model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the development of the standard model
+are parity violation cp violation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parity violation cp violation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are parity violation cp violation
+those aspects will be covered when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aspects will be covered when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those aspects will be covered when we
+talk about the actual physics involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the actual physics involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the actual physics involved
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+i'd like to give you some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to give you some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to give you some more
+background especially since we start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background especially since we start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background especially since we start the
+discussion with particle physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with particle physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with particle physics
+it's good to understand what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to understand what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good to understand what was the
+starting ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting ground
+which shoulders did people stand on at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shoulders did people stand on at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shoulders did people stand on at
+the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time
+um important to realize here at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important to realize here at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um important to realize here at this
+point i'm not a historian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point i'm not a historian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point i'm not a historian
+i like to read about history i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to read about history i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i like to read about history i just
+finished an interesting book on einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished an interesting book on einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished an interesting book on einstein
+i'd like to you know have a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to you know have a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'd like to you know have a good
+understanding how the people of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how the people of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding how the people of the time
+the time itself and the physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time itself and the physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time itself and the physics
+discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery
+interacted it helps me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted it helps me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacted it helps me
+in understanding the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in understanding the process of
+being scientific when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being scientific when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being scientific when you look at
+history you find a lot of places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history you find a lot of places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history you find a lot of places where
+progress was made by curiosity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress was made by curiosity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress was made by curiosity
+and by doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by doing
+things which are not the common way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which are not the common way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things which are not the common way to
+proceed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceed
+and so um one learns this by by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um one learns this by by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so um one learns this by by looking
+at history and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at history and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at history and i
+might give you a number of examples here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a number of examples here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you a number of examples here
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+so diving in um one of the questions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so diving in um one of the questions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so diving in um one of the questions um
+at the time you know going back again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time you know going back again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time you know going back again
+almost 200 years is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 200 years is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 200 years is
+how old was the earth how old is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how old was the earth how old is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how old was the earth how old is the
+earth um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth um
+and about 200 years ago people started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 200 years ago people started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about 200 years ago people started
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+argue whether or not you know the ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue whether or not you know the ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue whether or not you know the ten
+thousand of years which we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand of years which we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand of years which we are
+long thought to be the age of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long thought to be the age of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long thought to be the age of the earth
+are actually correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually correct
+um and uh you know specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh you know specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and uh you know specifically
+geologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologists
+and biologists argued that this cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biologists argued that this cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biologists argued that this cannot
+be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be true
+they observed how slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observed how slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they observed how slowly
+geological and biological processes such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological and biological processes such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geological and biological processes such
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+erosion and evolution occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion and evolution occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosion and evolution occur
+um and and and if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and and and if you just
+you know try to you know by observation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try to you know by observation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know try to you know by observation
+um put all of those uh you know ducks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um put all of those uh you know ducks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um put all of those uh you know ducks in
+a row if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a row if you want
+um you find that the earth's earth must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you find that the earth's earth must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you find that the earth's earth must
+be much much older than those ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much much older than those ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much much older than those ten
+thousand years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand years
+on the contrary um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the contrary um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the contrary um some
+physicists argued that the earth cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists argued that the earth cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physicists argued that the earth cannot
+be as old as several hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as old as several hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be as old as several hundreds of
+millions of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of years
+because it would be by now a very cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be by now a very cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it would be by now a very cold
+and dark place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dark place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dark place
+one of the uh opposer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the uh opposer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the uh opposer
+of evolution was lord kelvin of william
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolution was lord kelvin of william
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of evolution was lord kelvin of william
+thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thompson
+and he argued with classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he argued with classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he argued with classical
+thermodynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamics
+and calculations that the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculations that the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculations that the earth
+cannot be as old as those 300 million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be as old as those 300 million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot be as old as those 300 million
+years as david
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years as david
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years as david
+writes in initial printing of the origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes in initial printing of the origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes in initial printing of the origin
+of species
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of species
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of species
+um hermann helmholtz a few years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hermann helmholtz a few years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um hermann helmholtz a few years later
+tried to use energy conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to use energy conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to use energy conversation
+principles to calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles to calculate
+that how much how much heat from the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how much how much heat from the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how much how much heat from the sun
+would radiate if the energy comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would radiate if the energy comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would radiate if the energy comes from
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+contraction and he kind of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction and he kind of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction and he kind of um
+by converting gravitational potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by converting gravitational potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by converting gravitational potential
+energy to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to heat
+calculate that h cannot be more than 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that h cannot be more than 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that h cannot be more than 18
+billion years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion years
+so putting those together you find on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting those together you find on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting those together you find on
+the one side the physicist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one side the physicist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one side the physicist
+um theology might be yet a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um theology might be yet a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um theology might be yet a different
+dimension to this discussion and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension to this discussion and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension to this discussion and then
+geologists and biologists and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologists and biologists and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geologists and biologists and a
+complicated question i mean really there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated question i mean really there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated question i mean really there
+was something to be learned something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something to be learned something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was something to be learned something
+was not quite understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not quite understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not quite understood
+so we'll come back to this question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll come back to this question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll come back to this question
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next slide um but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide um but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next slide um but then
+you know progress was made in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know progress was made in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know progress was made in the
+understanding of physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of physics
+and here to be named are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here to be named are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here to be named are um
+ori pigeral for example for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ori pigeral for example for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ori pigeral for example for the
+discovery of radium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of radium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovery of radium
+over the agent from uranium and ernest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the agent from uranium and ernest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the agent from uranium and ernest
+rutherford for the discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutherford for the discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rutherford for the discovery
+by studying this radiation that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by studying this radiation that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by studying this radiation that there
+must be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be two
+at least two different sources of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two different sources of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two different sources of
+radiation and he calls them simply by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and he calls them simply by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation and he calls them simply by
+following the greek alphabet alpha and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the greek alphabet alpha and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the greek alphabet alpha and
+beta rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta rays
+in the same year jj thompson discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same year jj thompson discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same year jj thompson discovered
+a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle
+the electron charged particle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron charged particle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron charged particle of the
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+um the kerrell's story is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kerrell's story is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the kerrell's story is quite
+interesting as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting as he
+you know was trying to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know was trying to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know was trying to understand the
+material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material
+rontgen um studied um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rontgen um studied um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rontgen um studied um and
+you know he was interested in figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he was interested in figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know he was interested in figuring
+out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what
+fluorescence material can do and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence material can do and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence material can do and again
+this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the
+examples where he by accident discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where he by accident discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where he by accident discovered
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+it is actually not the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is actually not the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is actually not the fact that you
+know you have a material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have a material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have a material
+you expose this to sunlight you wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expose this to sunlight you wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expose this to sunlight you wait a
+little while and it still radiates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while and it still radiates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while and it still radiates
+the light so this is delay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light so this is delay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light so this is delay the
+fluorescence of the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence of the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence of the material
+is not quite the full story to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite the full story to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not quite the full story to those
+fluorescent to some fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent to some fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent to some fluorescent
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+so you discovered this by accident by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you discovered this by accident by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you discovered this by accident by
+putting a mineral in a drawer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a mineral in a drawer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a mineral in a drawer
+together with a photo photo plate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with a photo photo plate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with a photo photo plate and
+found that uh there was only a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that uh there was only a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that uh there was only a very
+um short you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um short you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um short you know
+limited evidence from that photo plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited evidence from that photo plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited evidence from that photo plate
+to be radiated by the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be radiated by the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be radiated by the sun
+but it was basically foggy uh from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was basically foggy uh from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was basically foggy uh from being
+in the same drawer as a mineral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same drawer as a mineral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same drawer as a mineral
+this was a rather accidental discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+marie and pierre curry proposed the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marie and pierre curry proposed the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marie and pierre curry proposed the new
+term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term
+radioactivity for materials which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity for materials which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity for materials which in
+general emit light and they discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general emit light and they discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general emit light and they discovered
+additional materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional materials
+to the uranium which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uranium which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the uranium which was
+discovered by the kerala so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by the kerala so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered by the kerala so they
+discovered thorium for examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered thorium for examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered thorium for examples and
+later also the elements of polonium and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later also the elements of polonium and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later also the elements of polonium and
+radium and they discovered that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium and they discovered that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radium and they discovered that
+those elements radiate a lot of radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements radiate a lot of radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those elements radiate a lot of radio
+radioactivity so maricori was able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity so maricori was able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactivity so maricori was able to
+measure the energy being radiated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the energy being radiated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the energy being radiated and
+found that a gram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that a gram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that a gram
+of radium can emit up to 140 calories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radium can emit up to 140 calories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radium can emit up to 140 calories
+so per hour and and so you find that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so per hour and and so you find that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so per hour and and so you find that a
+gram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram
+a gram of radium is able to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gram of radium is able to power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gram of radium is able to power
+basically the energy you need in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the energy you need in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the energy you need in order
+to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to survive
+provides energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so moving a little forward so then then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving a little forward so then then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so moving a little forward so then then
+or uranium specifically what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uranium specifically what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or uranium specifically what other
+radioactive materials were studied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+paul villar discovered that there must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paul villar discovered that there must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paul villar discovered that there must
+be a third component of radiation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a third component of radiation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a third component of radiation which
+behaves different from the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves different from the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaves different from the other two
+and he calls this uh gamma rays again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he calls this uh gamma rays again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he calls this uh gamma rays again
+simply following the greek alphabet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply following the greek alphabet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply following the greek alphabet
+uh and moving along to the third letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and moving along to the third letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and moving along to the third letter
+um what the fourth then uh connects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the fourth then uh connects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what the fourth then uh connects
+these findings first to the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings first to the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these findings first to the question of
+the age of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the age of the earth
+and he simply uh suggests that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he simply uh suggests that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he simply uh suggests that it's
+those radioactive elements which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those radioactive elements which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those radioactive elements which
+are in ores and the core of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in ores and the core of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in ores and the core of the earth
+which provide an additional source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provide an additional source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which provide an additional source of
+feed sufficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed sufficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed sufficient
+because of the thermal kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the thermal kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the thermal kinetic
+conductivity of the earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of the earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductivity of the earth
+to keep the earth geologically active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the earth geologically active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the earth geologically active
+and he comes to the conclusion that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he comes to the conclusion that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he comes to the conclusion that the
+earth might be as well a few billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth might be as well a few billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earth might be as well a few billion
+years old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years old
+as we know now it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know now it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we know now it is
+so putting this in context at the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting this in context at the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so putting this in context at the very
+same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time
+in burn switzerland a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in burn switzerland a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in burn switzerland a
+a clerk named albert einstein has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clerk named albert einstein has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clerk named albert einstein has a
+fantastic year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantastic year
+he in one year comes up with a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he in one year comes up with a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he in one year comes up with a sequence
+of theoretical discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theoretical discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of theoretical discoveries
+one is special relativity and he uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is special relativity and he uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is special relativity and he uses
+the findings of special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the findings of special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the findings of special relativity
+to derive that there's an equivalence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive that there's an equivalence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to derive that there's an equivalence
+between energy and mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between energy and mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between energy and mass
+and this equivalence as we will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equivalence as we will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this equivalence as we will see
+later when we discuss nuclear physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when we discuss nuclear physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when we discuss nuclear physics
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+is very important to understand nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important to understand nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very important to understand nuclear
+decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays
+nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
+and figuring out why you know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out why you know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and figuring out why you know if you
+have a compound state there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a compound state there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a compound state there are some
+that seem to be lighter than the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to be lighter than the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seem to be lighter than the sum of
+the individual components making up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual components making up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual components making up
+this particle rutherford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle rutherford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particle rutherford
+was a pioneer with collider experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pioneer with collider experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a pioneer with collider experiments
+in the sense that he used alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that he used alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that he used alpha
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+a lot to bombard alpha about all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to bombard alpha about all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot to bombard alpha about all kinds
+of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of materials
+so what he found first is that um either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he found first is that um either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he found first is that um either
+particles when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles when
+when stopped turn into helium so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when stopped turn into helium so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when stopped turn into helium so the
+alpha particle itself grabs on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particle itself grabs on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particle itself grabs on to the
+electrons by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons by
+from the material it collides in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the material it collides in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the material it collides in
+huh that was a technical problem i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh that was a technical problem i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh that was a technical problem i just
+continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue
+um and and it turns into to helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+his students master and geiger then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his students master and geiger then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his students master and geiger then
+performs a very famous gold foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs a very famous gold foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performs a very famous gold foil
+experiment so you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so you all
+probably have heard about this take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have heard about this take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have heard about this take an
+alpha particle source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particle source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha particle source
+and you shine it on a foil of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you shine it on a foil of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you shine it on a foil of um
+of of of gold and then you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of gold and then you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of gold and then you look at the
+angular distribution of the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular distribution of the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angular distribution of the particles
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+go through or which are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through or which are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through or which are being
+backscattered from this foil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscattered from this foil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backscattered from this foil
+and they find and rutherford then takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find and rutherford then takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they find and rutherford then takes
+those measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those measurements
+and turns them into a solar system-like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns them into a solar system-like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turns them into a solar system-like
+model of atoms which are essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of atoms which are essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of atoms which are essentially
+made out of empty space and a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of empty space and a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made out of empty space and a very small
+and dense nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dense nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dense nuclei
+so now rutherford then continues with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now rutherford then continues with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now rutherford then continues with
+this experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experiment
+and is able to produce um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is able to produce um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is able to produce um
+uh by bombarding nitrogen with alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by bombarding nitrogen with alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by bombarding nitrogen with alpha
+particles protons and oxygen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles protons and oxygen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles protons and oxygen
+and this is in fact the first human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in fact the first human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in fact the first human
+engineered nuclear reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered nuclear reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered nuclear reaction
+so now we're in the year 1919 just after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're in the year 1919 just after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we're in the year 1919 just after
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+first world war ended on the theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first world war ended on the theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first world war ended on the theoretical
+side this is the time where quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is the time where quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side this is the time where quantum
+mechanics is developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics is developed
+um and dirac then combines relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and dirac then combines relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and dirac then combines relativity
+with quantum mechanics too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quantum mechanics too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with quantum mechanics too
+you know in in which then leads to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in which then leads to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in which then leads to the
+so-called drug equation which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called drug equation which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called drug equation which we
+going to look in very shortly in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look in very shortly in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look in very shortly in this
+lecture in class as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in class as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture in class as well
+this equation is quite interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is quite interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation is quite interesting
+because it predicts existing of negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it predicts existing of negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it predicts existing of negative
+energy states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy states
+and so then so that's you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then so that's you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then so that's you know just
+comes out of the equations and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the equations and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out of the equations and then
+you ask yourself what's what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask yourself what's what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask yourself what's what's happening
+here you can have an interpretation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can have an interpretation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can have an interpretation that
+for an electrons those are electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an electrons those are electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an electrons those are electrons
+which travel backwards in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which travel backwards in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which travel backwards in time
+or you interpret them as energies as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you interpret them as energies as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you interpret them as energies as
+electrons with negative energies and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with negative energies and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons with negative energies and so
+this is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is then
+uh leads to the prediction of antimatter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pauli and fermi um you know they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pauli and fermi um you know they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pauli and fermi um you know they're
+puzzled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzled by
+a problem of energy conversation in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem of energy conversation in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem of energy conversation in uh
+better decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better decays
+and so this um is something which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this um is something which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this um is something which you
+know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is
+is rather weird and it's a big challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather weird and it's a big challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rather weird and it's a big challenge
+to the physics of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the physics of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the physics of the time
+and they've solved this challenge by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've solved this challenge by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they've solved this challenge by
+proposing a new particle which is rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing a new particle which is rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposing a new particle which is rather
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+and doesn't interact with the detectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't interact with the detectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't interact with the detectors
+they had available at the time so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had available at the time so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had available at the time so it
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+escapes undetected they call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapes undetected they call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapes undetected they call this
+particle the neutrino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the neutrino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the neutrino
+a year later neutrons are directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year later neutrons are directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year later neutrons are directly
+detected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detected
+in experiments by chadwick with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in experiments by chadwick with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in experiments by chadwick with
+beryllium alpha particles again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium alpha particles again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium alpha particles again
+and then the predicted anti-electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the predicted anti-electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the predicted anti-electrons
+the positrons were discovered by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positrons were discovered by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positrons were discovered by
+anderson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anderson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anderson
+in tracks of photocardiographic plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tracks of photocardiographic plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tracks of photocardiographic plates
+which look like electrons but they curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which look like electrons but they curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which look like electrons but they curve
+in the wrong direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the wrong direction
+so either they have the opposite charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either they have the opposite charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so either they have the opposite charge
+or they travel backwards in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they travel backwards in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they travel backwards in time
+they didn't have quite the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have quite the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't have quite the time
+resolution to mix this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also on the theoretical side it needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the theoretical side it needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also on the theoretical side it needed
+to be understood how electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be understood how electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be understood how electro
+how neutrons and protons are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how neutrons and protons are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how neutrons and protons are actually
+bind together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind together
+in nuclei and so yukarva proposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nuclei and so yukarva proposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in nuclei and so yukarva proposes
+hideki you cover proposes the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hideki you cover proposes the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hideki you cover proposes the system of
+a strong force which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong force which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strong force which is
+really really strong and binds those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really strong and binds those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really strong and binds those
+nuclei together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei together to
+to a degree that you cannot easily break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a degree that you cannot easily break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a degree that you cannot easily break
+them apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them apart
+and then beta calculates how nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then beta calculates how nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then beta calculates how nuclear
+fusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fusion
+rather than the fission process can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the fission process can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the fission process can be
+used in order to power the sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in order to power the sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used in order to power the sun
+so for this he proposes a steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this he proposes a steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this he proposes a steep
+three-step process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-step process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-step process
+on the so-called proton potent change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the so-called proton potent change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the so-called proton potent change
+which i will not discuss here but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i will not discuss here but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i will not discuss here but we
+should certainly discuss later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should certainly discuss later in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should certainly discuss later in this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+and then there's more developments in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's more developments in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's more developments in
+the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of
+nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+physics and this this progress is made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and this this progress is made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and this this progress is made
+by again using all kinds of materials in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by again using all kinds of materials in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by again using all kinds of materials in
+bombardment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bombardment
+each other so for example by pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so for example by pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so for example by pro
+by you know colliding neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know colliding neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by you know colliding neutrons
+with uranium one discovers a process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uranium one discovers a process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with uranium one discovers a process of
+nuclear fission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear fission
+this was done by lisa meitner and otto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done by lisa meitner and otto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done by lisa meitner and otto
+haan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haan
+in the late 19th and 13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 19th and 13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the late 19th and 13th
+so from there on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from there on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from there on um
+there's interesting further developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's interesting further developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's interesting further developments
+going on in a sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+many um physicists at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um physicists at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um physicists at the time
+in europe were rather concerned by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe were rather concerned by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in europe were rather concerned by the
+developments of the nazi party in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments of the nazi party in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developments of the nazi party in
+germany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+germany
+in the 40s already after the start of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 40s already after the start of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 40s already after the start of
+the second world war albert einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war albert einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second world war albert einstein
+wrote a letter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a letter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a letter to
+cyril roosevelt pointing out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyril roosevelt pointing out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyril roosevelt pointing out that
+there is a real threat that the nazis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a real threat that the nazis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a real threat that the nazis
+are going to develop a bomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to develop a bomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to develop a bomb
+based on nuclear processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on nuclear processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on nuclear processes
+and so this then led to the manhattan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this then led to the manhattan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this then led to the manhattan
+program in the us and the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in the us and the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program in the us and the development of
+the first nuclear bombs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first nuclear bombs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first nuclear bombs
+or atom bombs and in 1945 in august 1945
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or atom bombs and in 1945 in august 1945
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or atom bombs and in 1945 in august 1945
+it was two bombs where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was two bombs where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was two bombs where
+uh dropped on japan which led then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dropped on japan which led then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dropped on japan which led then to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+surrender of the japanese empire and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrender of the japanese empire and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrender of the japanese empire and the
+end of the second world war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the second world war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the second world war
+um with that i stopped the discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with that i stopped the discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with that i stopped the discussion of
+those early developments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those early developments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those early developments
+i hope you got a first glimpse and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you got a first glimpse and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i hope you got a first glimpse and use
+this as a starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a starting point
+to read further you know those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read further you know those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read further you know those
+characters lisa meidner for example i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters lisa meidner for example i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters lisa meidner for example i'm
+looking at a picture right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a picture right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a picture right now
+um you know very very interesting to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know very very interesting to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know very very interesting to see
+how those people were connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those people were connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how those people were connected
+on how those people communicated um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how those people communicated um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how those people communicated um
+and in which environment they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in which environment they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in which environment they had to
+work lisa meidna for example was jewish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work lisa meidna for example was jewish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work lisa meidna for example was jewish
+and she lived in europe i had to flee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she lived in europe i had to flee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and she lived in europe i had to flee
+from the nazis in the 30s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nazis in the 30s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the nazis in the 30s
+um while making this kind of discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um while making this kind of discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um while making this kind of discoveries
+um also interesting is maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also interesting is maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um also interesting is maybe the
+historical introduction to elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical introduction to elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical introduction to elementary
+particles i have this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles i have this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles i have this here
+um in uh david griffith's book uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in uh david griffith's book uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in uh david griffith's book uh this
+starts with this kind of classical era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with this kind of classical era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts with this kind of classical era
+and then goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then goes
+uh beyond the second world war and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beyond the second world war and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh beyond the second world war and it
+introduces the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces the first
+the findings in in particle physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the findings in in particle physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the findings in in particle physics
+beyond what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond what i
+would explain to this point so i hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would explain to this point so i hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would explain to this point so i hope
+you enjoyed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enjoyed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enjoyed this
+um this is basically the last of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is basically the last of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is basically the last of those
+introductory lectures which doesn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lectures which doesn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory lectures which doesn't come
+with a set of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set of problems
+with a set of things you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set of things you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a set of things you should be
+interacting with um so the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with um so the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with um so the next one
+i will already do that we will use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will already do that we will use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will already do that we will use this
+in the thursday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+recitation of the first week to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know have a discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/B8is52oxHBw.txt b/B8is52oxHBw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fd65949cde348695760369ee46f773c47f23a872
--- /dev/null
+++ b/B8is52oxHBw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1675 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Happy Valentine's
+Day 11.
+
+Actually, maybe it's a
+little smiley face
+
+combined with an 11.
+
+Did any of you leave
+this here for me?
+
+Or am I just stroking
+my ego and this was
+
+left for someone yesterday?
+
+Stroking my ego, all right.
+
+OK, last lecture, we looked at
+a program for finding roots
+
+and put in a little debugging
+statement that, along the way,
+
+printed various approximations
+to the root.
+
+Now, suppose that instead of
+printing things, we actually
+
+wanted to collect the
+approximations.
+
+For example, to be able to go
+back and look at them later
+
+and analyze them, do various
+kinds of things.
+
+To do this, and this is the sort
+of thing we do a lot, we
+
+need some data structures that
+can be used for amassing
+
+collections of items.
+
+There are 3 data structures
+in Python that are used to
+
+collect items.
+
+I'm going to try and cover
+all of them today.
+
+Tuples, lists, and
+dictionaries.
+
+We'll start with tuples
+and lists.
+
+And what they have in common is
+they are ordered sequences
+
+of objects.
+
+So the key notion here
+is they're ordered.
+
+It makes sense to talk about the
+first object, the second
+
+object, the last object,
+et cetera.
+
+When we get to dictionaries, or
+dicts as they're spelled in
+
+Python, we'll see that
+they're not ordered.
+
+All right, let's look
+at tuples first.
+
+They're the simplest.
+
+So if we look at it, there's
+a very simple
+
+example at the top.
+
+I have this tuple called test.
+
+And I just said that's
+the sequence of
+
+ints 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
+
+I can then index into it.
+
+For example, look at
+the first element,
+
+which is the 0th element.
+
+Or I could look at
+the next element.
+
+And we can print them.
+
+So let's just do that.
+
+And you can see it prints 1
+and 2, not surprisingly.
+
+I can print the whole
+thing if I want.
+
+That lets me look at
+the entire tuple.
+
+I can also look at this.
+
+And that gives me the last
+element without my having to
+
+know what the last element is.
+
+I can ask about the
+length of a tuple.
+
+And it tells me it's five.
+
+Similarly, I could write
+something like this.
+
+Print test.
+
+Why was that out of range?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Because you're
+indexing from 0?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because I'm
+indexing from 0.
+
+So that's why I have this
+more convenient way of
+
+writing minus 1.
+
+Otherwise, I'd have to
+do len minus one.
+
+Good grab.
+
+OK, let's look at a little
+example of how we might use
+
+this sort of thing.
+
+So here, I've just written a
+little piece of code that
+
+finds divisors.
+
+Going to find all of the divisor
+of 100, collect them
+
+into a tuple.
+
+Notice this kind of funny piece
+of syntax here, i comma.
+
+I need to do that to say it's
+a tuple of length one.
+
+Why can't I just write open
+paren, i, comma, open paren?
+
+Because that would just take
+the expression, i, and
+
+parenthesize it as we often use
+parentheses for grouping
+
+when we write things.
+
+So by inserting this comma, I
+say, I don't just mean the--
+
+in this case-- say
+the number i.
+
+I mean the tuple
+of length one.
+
+So it's sort of a special case
+piece of syntax that you need
+
+for tuples of length one.
+
+Then, I can print
+the divisors.
+
+So let's run that.
+
+And it now prints the
+tuple for me.
+
+So I've run through.
+
+I've computed all
+the divisors.
+
+And I've collected them.
+
+Nothing very interesting,
+but kind of useful.
+
+We can also--
+
+I've shown you how to select
+elements of tuples.
+
+I can also, if I choose,
+get what are
+
+called slices of tuples.
+
+So a slice gives me a range of
+values, or in this case, a
+
+subsequence of the tuple.
+
+As we'll see, we can
+also slice lists.
+
+So let's see.
+
+We have a tuple called
+divisors here.
+
+Yeah, OK, I'll save
+the source.
+
+Oh, come on!
+
+So if I wanted to do--
+
+what did I call it?
+
+I called it divisors.
+
+So I can do something
+like divisors 1:3.
+
+And you'll note that gives me
+those two elements at the
+
+appropriate places.
+
+And so it's a very convenient
+way to take pieces of it.
+
+All right, any questions
+about tuples?
+
+Not very deep.
+
+Lists are, I think, more useful
+than tuples and also,
+
+alas, more complicated.
+
+And they're complicated because
+the big difference is
+
+that tuples are immutable.
+
+And by that, I mean once you've
+created a tuple, you
+
+cannot change its value.
+
+You can create a new tuple.
+
+but you can't change the
+value of the old tuple.
+
+In contrast, lists
+are mutable.
+
+Once you've created a list, you
+can actually change it.
+
+It's the first mutable type
+we've looked at because you'll
+
+recall assignment didn't
+actually change
+
+the value of an object.
+
+It just changed the object to
+which an identifier was bound.
+
+Mutability is the first time
+we've seen a way to actually
+
+change the value of
+an object itself.
+
+And that's, as we'll see, both
+a powerful concept and an
+
+opportunity to mess yourself
+up by committing serious
+
+programming blunders.
+
+All right, so let's look at an
+example here, first of many
+
+we'll be looking at.
+
+So first, we won't worry too
+much about the mutability.
+
+So here, I'm creating a list
+called techs, which happens to
+
+be, in this case, a
+list of strings.
+
+Lists need not be homogeneous.
+
+As we'll see, you can mix
+strings, and floats, and ints.
+
+And most interestingly, you
+can have lists of list.
+
+And then, another list
+called ivies.
+
+And then, I'm going to say I'm
+going to have these univs, yet
+
+another list.
+
+This list empty, containing
+no elements.
+
+Then, I'm going to append
+techs to ivies.
+
+Notice this syntax--
+
+univs.append.
+
+What that means here is
+that append is what
+
+Python calls a method.
+
+As we'll see when we get to
+classes, methods play a very
+
+important role in Python.
+
+But to a first approximation,
+it's quite safe to think of a
+
+method as an alternative syntax
+for writing function.
+
+So instead of writing something
+like append a list
+
+and an element, I write
+l.append the element.
+
+And just think of this l over
+here as a fancy way of
+
+denoting the first argument to
+the function append, the first
+
+actual parameter.
+
+When we get to classes in a few
+weeks, we'll see why it's
+
+highly useful to have this
+specialized syntax.
+
+But for now, just think of it as
+a piece of syntactic sugar,
+
+if you will.
+
+The thing I want you to think
+about, though, is this is not
+
+equivalent to assigning
+something to l.
+
+This actually mutates
+the list.
+
+And we say it has
+a side effect.
+
+Up till now, since we've only
+been dealing with immutable
+
+types, every function we've
+looked at, its job was to take
+
+in a bunch of values, do some
+computation, return a value.
+
+It didn't change anything.
+
+And then, if we wanted to take
+advantage of what the function
+
+did, we had to assign the value
+it returned to some
+
+variable, and then we
+could manipulate it.
+
+Or we could print the
+value it returned.
+
+We had to do something with
+the value it returned.
+
+Here, we invoke append.
+
+And rather than worrying about
+what it returns, we're
+
+invoking it for the purpose
+of its side effect--
+
+the modification it performs
+on the list.
+
+So let's look at what we
+get when we run this.
+
+So you'll notice what
+univs is now.
+
+It's a list of length one.
+
+And the one element in it is
+itself a list because I have
+
+appended a list to the end
+of the empty list--
+
+not the elements of the list,
+but the list itself, OK?
+
+So it's important to notice the
+difference between a list
+
+that contained the elements MIT
+and Cal Tech, and a list
+
+that contained a list
+which contains the
+
+elements MIT and Cal Tech.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Previously, you added
+two tuples together.
+
+And that's not like
+appending, right?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because when I
+concatenated two tuples, in
+
+order to do something useful
+with that value, I had to
+
+assign it to something.
+
+It did not modify anything.
+
+It produced a new tuple
+which was the value
+
+of appending them.
+
+And then, it assigned
+it to a new tuple.
+
+So it's quite different from
+append, which is actually
+
+having a side effect
+on the list.
+
+Does not produce a new list,
+it modifies the old list.
+
+So we can look at this, draw
+a little picture here.
+
+So we had techs.
+
+And that pointed to a list with
+two elements in it, which
+
+I'll abbreviated as
+MIT and Cal Tech.
+
+Both of these elements
+were strings.
+
+Then, I created a new
+list called univs.
+
+And that was initially bound to
+the empty list, a list with
+
+no elements in it.
+
+I then did an append.
+
+And the effect of the
+append was to modify
+
+univs so that it pointed--
+
+now, I had one element.
+
+And the element it was
+was this list.
+
+Notice it didn't
+copy this list.
+
+It actually included
+the list itself.
+
+So let's look at the
+ramifications of
+
+doing it that way.
+
+Whoops.
+
+So what I'm going to do
+now is append another
+
+element called ivies.
+
+I'm going to then print it.
+
+And then, for e in univs-- so
+here's kind of a nice thing
+
+you can do with lists.
+
+You can iterate over the
+elements in the list.
+
+So you might think that the way
+to do that is, well, I'll
+
+go for i index in range
+0 to length of list.
+
+That would be equivalent.
+
+But it's, in fact, much easier
+to just write this way--
+
+for e in univs.
+
+That will do something to every
+element of the list.
+
+I'm going to print what
+the element is.
+
+So let's look at that.
+
+So now, I have a list, as we
+see here, of length two.
+
+It contains two lists.
+
+And if I print the elements, I
+print each of those lists.
+
+Nothing very magical there.
+
+Now, suppose I wanted
+it flattened.
+
+You asked the question about
+the tuples where I did
+
+concatenation.
+
+Well, I can do the
+same thing here.
+
+I'll let flat equal
+techs plus ivies.
+
+And then, I'll print flat.
+
+And you'll note here what
+concatenation does is it just
+
+takes the elements of the list
+and creates a new list and
+
+appends it.
+
+Not append it-- in this
+case, it assigns it to
+
+flat, excuse me.
+
+So that's convenient.
+
+Poor old plus is overloaded
+with yet another meaning.
+
+All right, let's keep
+on trucking.
+
+I, of course, can
+do this myself.
+
+So here, I've got another
+list called artSchools.
+
+It includes RISD and Harvard.
+
+For u2 in artSchools, if u2 in
+flat, I'm going to remove it.
+
+All right, so again, I'm going
+to iterate over everything in
+
+artSchools.
+
+What's this going to
+do, do you think?
+
+What will I get when
+I print it here?
+
+No new concepts here.
+
+This is all stuff we've seen.
+
+Somebody up there?
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: Flat without
+Harvard in it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+The correct answer was flat
+without Harvard in it.
+
+Wow, almost a good catch.
+
+Just almost there.
+
+All right, so let's confirm.
+
+Yes, we'll save it.
+
+Thank you.
+
+All right, so we've now removed
+the art school.
+
+All right, we'll look
+at one more thing.
+
+Actually, we'll look at far
+more than one more thing.
+
+But we'll look at one more
+thing for the moment.
+
+So I'm going to invoke
+another method.
+
+This is a built-in method
+of Python that
+
+works on sequence types.
+
+And it's called sort.
+
+So you can do-- this will have
+a side effect on flat.
+
+And it will, as you might guess,
+put them in order.
+
+So let's run that.
+
+Actually, we'll comment this
+out for the moment.
+
+So you'll now note that
+it's put them in
+
+alphabetical order.
+
+This is something, again, that
+you'll find convenient
+
+throughout the term, the ability
+to have the side
+
+effect of sorting a list.
+
+Now, I'm going to assign
+something to flat sub 1.
+
+So let's think about what this
+is going to be doing.
+
+It's going to replace
+the first element of
+
+flat by a new value.
+
+So it's having, again, a
+side effect on flat.
+
+So you have to be a little bit
+careful as you think about
+
+this, that I've written
+something that looks like a
+
+conventional assignment
+statement.
+
+But in fact, flat sub 1
+is not an identifier.
+
+So this is not binding the name,
+flat sub 1, To UMass.
+
+It's actually modifying the
+object that is the first
+
+element of flat.
+
+AUDIENCE: So would an identifier
+just be a name,
+
+flat, for example?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, I
+think the way--
+
+the question is, would the
+identifier just be "flat?" No.
+
+Don't think of this as
+an assignment at all.
+
+Because remember, what an
+assignment does is swing one
+
+of these pointers to point
+to a different object.
+
+We'll see an example of that.
+
+Whereas here, I'm actually
+modifying a piece of the
+
+object that the identifier
+points to.
+
+So it's not an assignment in
+the sense of a re-binding.
+
+It's actually having
+a side effect of
+
+modifying the object.
+
+Let's just run it.
+
+And then, I'll be happy
+with the question.
+
+So here, you'll see I changed
+flat sub 1 to now be UMass.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: As you've drawn on
+the blackboard here, you've
+
+drawn an arrow to the actual
+object that's techs.
+
+So if we change techs,
+will we change univs?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes.
+
+The question was if we change
+techs, will we change univs?
+
+Now, in some sense, that's
+a philosophical question.
+
+From the philosophical
+point of view, maybe,
+
+you could say no.
+
+Univs is still the
+same object.
+
+So the binding has
+not been changed.
+
+But the object to which it has
+been bound is now different.
+
+Same object, but it has a
+new value, all right?
+
+So this is the key thing
+to keep in mind.
+
+Assignment has to do with the
+binding of names to objects.
+
+Mutation has to do with changing
+the value of objects.
+
+We'll see that pretty
+graphically in the next
+
+example that I wanted to
+work my way through.
+
+So I'm going to work through
+a dull example.
+
+But I think it illustrates
+the points.
+
+And I do, by the way, very much
+appreciate the questions,
+
+even if I forget to throw you
+candy in return for asking.
+
+But it's good.
+
+If you have questions,
+please do ask them.
+
+And I'll try and remember
+to feed you.
+
+So let's work through what
+this code is going to do.
+
+So first, I'm going to
+have the list L1.
+
+So the first thing, I'm going to
+create an object which is a
+
+list of length one containing
+the integer 2.
+
+So L1 will be bound to the
+list of length one
+
+containing the int 2.
+
+I'm then going to create another
+list, L2, which is
+
+going to be of length two.
+
+And the first element
+will be L1.
+
+And the second element
+will be L1.
+
+So what will happen
+if I print L2?
+
+What will I get?
+
+I'll get list two, comma,
+list two, right?
+
+We can look at it.
+
+If I print L2, excuse me.
+
+All right, just what we
+would have expected.
+
+Now, I'm going to change the
+0th value of L1 to be 3.
+
+So I'm going to mutate L1.
+
+Now, if I print L2, I will get
+a different value, 3, 3.
+
+Not surprising.
+
+It's something to keep in mind
+that can be useful, but can
+
+also be confusing.
+
+Because if I'm looking at my
+code, it doesn't look like I
+
+changed L2 when I have
+a side effect on L1.
+
+And so it can be mystifying when
+you're trying to debug.
+
+You print L2.
+
+You do a bunch of--
+
+execute a bunch of statements,
+none of which
+
+apparently deals with L2.
+
+Then, you print L2 again and
+get a different value.
+
+This is both the beauty and
+the peril of mutation.
+
+Now, let's see what this does.
+
+So here, I've now mutated L2 so
+that its first element is
+
+no longer the list, L1, but
+is now the string a.
+
+And we'll just do a bunch of
+these all at once here.
+
+Now, I'm going to change
+L1 to be 2, length one.
+
+So what do you think will
+happen, by the way, if, after
+
+this, I print L2?
+
+Whoops.
+
+What do you think is going
+to get printed here?
+
+This is important.
+
+You need to figure this out.
+
+What's going to get
+printed here?
+
+A volunteer, please.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: it's going to print
+"a" in the first slot and then
+
+L1 in the second slot.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well--
+
+AUDIENCE: So it's "a"
+and then "2."
+
+PROFESSOR: "a" and then
+"2" is one conjecture.
+
+Let's find out.
+
+"a" and then "3." Why?
+
+Because what happened here is,
+when I did the assignment to
+
+L1, what that effectively did
+was swing this pointer to
+
+point to the new list containing
+the element 2, but
+
+had no effect on this object.
+
+I was changing the binding
+of the identifier.
+
+I was not mutating
+this object.
+
+And so this element still points
+to the same list, which
+
+was not mutated.
+
+That makes sense now?
+
+So you have to get your
+head around the way
+
+all this stuff works.
+
+Anybody have a question about
+why this is what it did?
+
+All right, if not, we'll
+just roar right along.
+
+So now, we can do
+various things.
+
+And we'll get some stuff.
+
+All right, moving right along.
+
+Here's an interesting little
+program not in your hand out.
+
+Let me get rid of
+all this cruft.
+
+So here's a function,
+copylist.
+
+It takes a source list and
+a destination list.
+
+And for e in the source list, it
+appends it to whatever the
+
+destination list used to be.
+
+And then, I'm just putting in
+a little print statement so
+
+we'll be able to see as it
+runs what it's doing.
+
+So I'm going to say L1 is
+equal to the empty list.
+
+L2 is 1, 2, 3.
+
+And I'm going to copylist
+L2 to L1.
+
+Print L1 and L2.
+
+So what am I going to get when
+I print those things?
+
+This is the easy question.
+
+Don't tell me I have you
+so intimidated that
+
+you think I'm playing.
+
+This is not a trick question.
+
+Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1, 2, 3 for
+both of them?
+
+PROFESSOR: 1, 2, 3
+for both of them.
+
+Who said that?
+
+Raise your hand.
+
+Someone back--
+
+oh, good grief, all the
+way in the back.
+
+All right.
+
+Oh no, not even close!
+
+Off by a row, and about
+four people, too.
+
+OK.
+
+so let's try it.
+
+1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3.
+
+So exactly as predicted.
+
+Now comes the trick question.
+
+What is this going to do?
+
+Pardon?
+
+Well, we'll print L1 here.
+
+What do you think it'll
+do when it gets
+
+to that print statement?
+
+Will it get to that
+print statement?
+
+Let me ask that question.
+
+Will it ever get there?
+
+AUDIENCE: No.
+
+PROFESSOR: No.
+
+Bingo.
+
+Let's run it.
+
+And you'll see LDest just gets
+longer and longer and longer.
+
+Why is that happening?
+
+Because what it's attempting to
+do is look at LSource and
+
+copy the remaining elements
+of LSource to LDest.
+
+But every time I go through the
+loop, what we have is a
+
+situation where the formal
+LSource and LDest are now
+
+pointing to the same object.
+
+So every time I modify LDest,
+I am modifying the object to
+
+which LSource points to.
+
+And I keep finding yet another
+thing to copy.
+
+This is an example of what's
+called an alias, one object
+
+with two names, or in general
+multiple names.
+
+When you have immutable
+objects, aliasing
+
+is perfectly harmless.
+
+If you have 58 different names
+for the object 3, it doesn't
+
+matter because you can never
+change what 3 means.
+
+Here, where you have multiple
+names for the same mutable
+
+object, you can get massive
+confusion when you modify it
+
+through one name and then
+forget that it's being
+
+accessed through another.
+
+So it's something
+to worry about.
+
+As with tuples, you
+can slice lists.
+
+You can index into lists.
+
+You can concatenate lists.
+
+You can do all the
+usual things.
+
+I'm not going to list all
+of the operators.
+
+And there are a lot of
+very nice operators.
+
+But we'll post readings where
+you can find what operators
+
+are available.
+
+I now want to move on to the
+third built-in type that
+
+collects values, and that's
+a dictionary.
+
+A dictionary differs from
+a list in two ways.
+
+One, the elements
+are not ordered.
+
+And two, more profoundly, the
+indices need not be integers.
+
+And they're not called
+indices.
+
+They're called keys.
+
+They can be any immutable
+type.
+
+So we'll look at a simple
+example first.
+
+So here, I'm creating
+a new dict.
+
+We use set braces rather than
+square braces to remind
+
+ourselves that the elements
+are not ordered.
+
+And I'm saying the first
+key is the number 1.
+
+And that's bound to the string
+object "1, 1." And then the
+
+second key is the string object
+deux, which is bound to
+
+the string object 2.
+
+And the third one is the string
+object pi which is
+
+bound to the float 3.14159.
+
+Now I can then index into it.
+
+So for example, if I choose to,
+I can write something like
+
+print d sub pi.
+
+I'll just stop it here with my
+old trick of asserting false.
+
+And you'll see it will
+print the value with
+
+which the key is bound--
+
+to which the key is bound.
+
+So what we have here is a dict
+is a set of key value pairs.
+
+And I can access it by
+looking at the keys.
+
+I can do an assignment,
+d1 equals d, just
+
+as I can with lists.
+
+And now, I remember this
+is a real assignment.
+
+So now, I have an alias,
+two identifiers
+
+pointing to the same dict.
+
+I can then print d1 sub 1,
+either print it or I could
+
+assign to it.
+
+So let's do that.
+
+First, we'll print it just
+to show what we get.
+
+Then, I'm going to do an
+assignment, saying, OK, I want
+
+to now change the binding in
+d of the key one to be uno
+
+rather than one.
+
+And we'll get something
+different.
+
+Let's just run this.
+
+So you'll note, as we would have
+guessed, with mutability,
+
+we see it showing up.
+
+So far, just like lists, the
+difference being we have key
+
+value pairs rather than you
+could think of a list as being
+
+int value pairs.
+
+The indices of a list
+are always ints.
+
+Associated with each of those
+ints, we have a value.
+
+Let's look at a more fun example
+showing what we can do
+
+with dictionaries.
+
+So here, I have a very simple
+dictionary called EtoF, for
+
+English to French.
+
+And we can do some
+things with it.
+
+So I can print it.
+
+And that's kind of
+interesting.
+
+Let's see what we get
+when we print it.
+
+So it's printing it.
+
+And you'll notice the order in
+which it's printed, the key
+
+value pairs, is not the order
+in which I typed them.
+
+That's OK.
+
+The order in which it prints
+them is not defined by Python.
+
+So there's no way to
+predict the order.
+
+And that makes sense because, by
+specification, dictionaries
+
+are unordered.
+
+They're sets, not sequences.
+
+I can print keys, EtoF
+keys, open, close.
+
+Keys is a method on dicts
+that returns the keys.
+
+And then, just for fun, I'm
+going to try to print
+
+EtoF.keys without
+the open, close.
+
+So you'll see when I first
+printed it with the open,
+
+closed, I got all of the keys
+in an order that was not
+
+necessarily predictable.
+
+Certainly not the order
+in which I typed them.
+
+But that's nice.
+
+I now have this sequence
+of keys that I
+
+could do things with.
+
+When I typed it without the
+open, close, and I wanted you
+
+to see this, it just says it's
+a method, a built-in method.
+
+It does not execute
+the method, right?
+
+That's fine.
+
+But again, you have to be
+careful that you'll find this
+
+happening when you write code.
+
+You'll forget to write
+the open, close.
+
+And you'll wonder why your
+program isn't doing what you
+
+expect it to do.
+
+Remember, it's not saying
+that the method,
+
+keys, has no argument.
+
+It has one argument.
+
+In this case, EtoF.
+
+And the open, close is basically
+saying, all right,
+
+call the method rather than
+the method itself.
+
+Again, this will be
+very important
+
+when we get to classes.
+
+Let's get rid of some of these
+print statements now.
+
+Suppose I want to delete
+something.
+
+I can delete something, so
+delete EtoF sub 1 del is a
+
+command, much like print,
+that says remove
+
+something from EtoF.
+
+So I can do that.
+
+And now, something
+has disappeared.
+
+The key value pair where
+the key is one is gone.
+
+So that's how I remove things.
+
+AUDIENCE: Question.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Are the keys of
+dictionaries mutable?
+
+PROFESSOR: The keys have
+to be immutable.
+
+You cannot use a mutable
+type for a key.
+
+We'll see the reason for that in
+a couple of lectures when I
+
+talk about how dictionaries
+are implemented in Python.
+
+They use a very clever technique
+called hashing which
+
+would not work if the
+keys were mutable.
+
+So in order to get an efficient
+implementation of
+
+dictionary look-up, we need
+to have immutable keys.
+
+And so that's required.
+
+Let's look at another example.
+
+So here, I'm again setting
+a dictionary.
+
+And now, what I'm going to show
+you is that I can iterate
+
+through the keys and
+print the values.
+
+For key in d1.keys, nothing
+very fancy here.
+
+OK?
+
+one equals uno, pi equals
+3.1459, and deux equals 2.
+
+All right?
+
+So nothing very dramatic
+happening here.
+
+Finally, just to illustrate
+why this sort of thing is
+
+particularly useful.
+
+And in fact, you'll find it
+quite useful in the upcoming
+
+problem set.
+
+I'm going to do some
+translations.
+
+This, by the way, is not the
+way Google Translate works.
+
+It's a bit more sophisticated.
+
+So I'm going to have two
+functions, translateword,
+
+which, if it finds the word in
+the dictionary, returns the
+
+value associated with the key.
+
+So note, if word in dictionary
+says is there a key whose
+
+value is word?
+
+If so, return the value
+associated with that key.
+
+Otherwise, don't even try
+and translate it.
+
+Just leave it the way it was.
+
+And then, translatesentence will
+set the translation equal
+
+to the empty string
+and wordequals
+
+to the empty string.
+
+Then, it'll just collect all the
+characters until it finds
+
+a blank, translate
+the word using
+
+translateword, and append it.
+
+And when it's done,
+it will print it.
+
+So we can now do these
+translations quite simply.
+
+What could be easier?
+
+You never again have to learn
+a foreign language.
+
+Just use Python to do the
+translations for you.
+
+All right, that's
+it for today.
+
+Remember, there is a problem set
+you should be working on
+
+and another one that
+will be posted.
+
+Take care.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BVpOkj7W_xE.txt b/BVpOkj7W_xE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fff73032f8f04900ead940dcefc276839ed888d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BVpOkj7W_xE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, welcome back to 61200. Hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, welcome back to 61200. Hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, welcome back to 61200. Hope
+you all had a good spring break. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all had a good spring break. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all had a good spring break. Uh,
+today and this week we continue our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and this week we continue our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and this week we continue our
+segment on graph theory. Uh, going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment on graph theory. Uh, going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment on graph theory. Uh, going to do
+more graphs. Today is undirected graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more graphs. Today is undirected graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more graphs. Today is undirected graphs
+and next class will be directed graphs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next class will be directed graphs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and next class will be directed graphs.
+Uh but remember an undirected graph or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but remember an undirected graph or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but remember an undirected graph or
+the full mouthful is simple undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full mouthful is simple undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full mouthful is simple undirected
+graph is what we defined a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is what we defined a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is what we defined a couple
+lectures ago. Uh we have a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago. Uh we have a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago. Uh we have a set of
+vertices V. We have a set of edges E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices V. We have a set of edges E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices V. We have a set of edges E
+vertices can be anything but the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices can be anything but the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices can be anything but the edges
+have to be pairs of vertices and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be pairs of vertices and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be pairs of vertices and those
+vertices have to be distinct. So the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have to be distinct. So the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have to be distinct. So the set
+of edges is always a subset of this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges is always a subset of this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges is always a subset of this.
+This would be the maximum possible set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This would be the maximum possible set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This would be the maximum possible set
+of edges. you have the set two two item
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges. you have the set two two item
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges. you have the set two two item
+set uv for all vertices u and v where u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set uv for all vertices u and v where u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set uv for all vertices u and v where u
+does not equal v. Okay. So uh today I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal v. Okay. So uh today I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal v. Okay. So uh today I'm
+just going to remove omit these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to remove omit these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to remove omit these
+adjectives and just say graph but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives and just say graph but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjectives and just say graph but
+whenever I say graph today I really mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I say graph today I really mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I say graph today I really mean
+simple undirected graph. Okay and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple undirected graph. Okay and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple undirected graph. Okay and we're
+going to walk around in graphs today. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk around in graphs today. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to walk around in graphs today. Uh
+so let's define a notion of walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's define a notion of walk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's define a notion of walk.
+This is going to be similar to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to be similar to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to be similar to an
+execution in uh state machines. Next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution in uh state machines. Next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execution in uh state machines. Next
+lecture will be even more like that. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will be even more like that. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture will be even more like that. Uh
+but for today uh a walk is a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for today uh a walk is a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for today uh a walk is a sequence of
+vertices. I'm going to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. I'm going to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. I'm going to write that
+sequence with arrows, but it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence with arrows, but it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence with arrows, but it's really
+just a list.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a list.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a list.
+It's a finite sequence, let's say, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a finite sequence, let's say, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a finite sequence, let's say, uh
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+each consecutive uh vi to vi + one is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each consecutive uh vi to vi + one is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each consecutive uh vi to vi + one is an
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+in the graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph.
+So this was like a valid transition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was like a valid transition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this was like a valid transition in
+the uh state machine world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh state machine world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh state machine world.
+Uh so this is like I = 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is like I = 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is like I = 01
+up to K minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to K minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to K minus one
+is when that needs to apply. Uh so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when that needs to apply. Uh so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when that needs to apply. Uh so if
+you have let me draw a graph here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's one of the first graphs I ever drew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one of the first graphs I ever drew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's one of the first graphs I ever drew
+in my life. still remember it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life. still remember it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my life. still remember it for
+reasons we will talk about in a moment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we will talk about in a moment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons we will talk about in a moment.
+Uh here's a graph with five vertices, a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh here's a graph with five vertices, a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh here's a graph with five vertices, a
+bunch of edges, uh and let me get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of edges, uh and let me get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of edges, uh and let me get a
+color.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a path
+which is uh sorry is a walk which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh sorry is a walk which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is uh sorry is a walk which I
+would write A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would write A to B
+to uh D to E to B back to D up to C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh D to E to B back to D up to C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh D to E to B back to D up to C.
+That's writing it with commas. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's writing it with commas. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's writing it with commas. You can
+also write it with arrows. Same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write it with arrows. Same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also write it with arrows. Same thing.
+Okay, so that's an example of a walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's an example of a walk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that's an example of a walk.
+And for some terminology, it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for some terminology, it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for some terminology, it would be
+helpful. We're going to call this a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful. We're going to call this a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful. We're going to call this a walk
+uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from
+V 0 to VK. V 0 is just the first vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 0 to VK. V 0 is just the first vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 0 to VK. V 0 is just the first vertex
+in the sequence. VK is the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sequence. VK is the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sequence. VK is the last
+sequence. I'm defining what from and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. I'm defining what from and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence. I'm defining what from and two
+means. Uh and we'll define the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. Uh and we'll define the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. Uh and we'll define the length of
+this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this path
+to equal K. K is the number of edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal K. K is the number of edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal K. K is the number of edges in
+this uh sequence not the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh sequence not the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh sequence not the number of
+vertices. Right? Number of edges is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. Right? Number of edges is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. Right? Number of edges is one
+fewer than the number of vertices. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than the number of vertices. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer than the number of vertices. So in
+this example we have one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example we have one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example we have one two three four
+five six edges. So this is a length six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six edges. So this is a length six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six edges. So this is a length six
+uh walk. Okay. In particular we allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh walk. Okay. In particular we allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh walk. Okay. In particular we allow
+uh length to equal zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh length to equal zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh length to equal zero.
+What does a length zero walk look like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does a length zero walk look like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does a length zero walk look like?
+Well it's a vertex and that's it. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well it's a vertex and that's it. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well it's a vertex and that's it. You
+just stay there. So like C by itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay there. So like C by itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stay there. So like C by itself is
+a zero length walk. E by itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero length walk. E by itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a zero length walk. E by itself is a
+zero length walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero length walk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero length walk.
+Okay, not so exciting yet. Uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, not so exciting yet. Uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, not so exciting yet. Uh let's
+define a related notion which is path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is a special kind of walk uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a special kind of walk uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a special kind of walk uh with
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated
+vertices or edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh so in particular not this path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh so in particular not this path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh so in particular not this path.
+Uh this this is this walk is not a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this this is this walk is not a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this this is this walk is not a path
+because it visits some vertices multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it visits some vertices multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it visits some vertices multiple
+times. It visits B twice. You can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. It visits B twice. You can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times. It visits B twice. You can see
+that in a sequence. It also visits some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sequence. It also visits some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in a sequence. It also visits some
+edges multiple times. B to D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges multiple times. B to D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges multiple times. B to D is
+repeated. Uh so if I redraw this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh an example of a path between the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an example of a path between the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh an example of a path between the same
+two vertices would be this one. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices would be this one. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices would be this one. This is
+still starting at A and ending at C, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still starting at A and ending at C, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still starting at A and ending at C, but
+now it's shorter and it doesn't repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's shorter and it doesn't repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's shorter and it doesn't repeat
+any vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertices.
+Okay, in particular with walks, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, in particular with walks, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, in particular with walks, if you
+don't repeat uh a vertex, you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't repeat uh a vertex, you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't repeat uh a vertex, you probably
+also don't repeat an edge. But I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also don't repeat an edge. But I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also don't repeat an edge. But I think
+it's helpful here to highlight we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's helpful here to highlight we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's helpful here to highlight we really
+don't want to repeat vertices or edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to repeat vertices or edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to repeat vertices or edges.
+This will get a little more subtle uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This will get a little more subtle uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This will get a little more subtle uh
+when we talk about closed walks in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about closed walks in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we talk about closed walks in a
+little bit. Uh so why might we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Uh so why might we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit. Uh so why might we care
+about walking in a graph? Lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about walking in a graph? Lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about walking in a graph? Lots of
+practical motivations. Every time you, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical motivations. Every time you, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical motivations. Every time you, I
+don't know, look up something in Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, look up something in Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know, look up something in Google
+Maps, you're finding a path from A to B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps, you're finding a path from A to B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps, you're finding a path from A to B.
+uh maybe you want the shortest path or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe you want the shortest path or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe you want the shortest path or
+the least uh energy path or uh so on. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least uh energy path or uh so on. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the least uh energy path or uh so on. Um
+so we care about paths a lot when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we care about paths a lot when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we care about paths a lot when we're
+finding routes in transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding routes in transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding routes in transportation
+networks. We care about them when we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. We care about them when we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks. We care about them when we're
+finding routes on the internet or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding routes on the internet or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding routes on the internet or any
+computer network. Uh in both those cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer network. Uh in both those cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer network. Uh in both those cases
+the vertices are places you can be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices are places you can be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices are places you can be and
+the edges are the routes like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges are the routes like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges are the routes like the
+streets you can take for example. Um, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets you can take for example. Um, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets you can take for example. Um, in
+a social network, if the vertices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a social network, if the vertices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a social network, if the vertices are
+people and the edges are friendships,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and the edges are friendships,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and the edges are friendships,
+then you might care about like degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might care about like degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you might care about like degrees
+of separation between people, like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separation between people, like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of separation between people, like a
+famous uh experiment where they asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh experiment where they asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous uh experiment where they asked
+people to send physical letters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to send physical letters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to send physical letters to
+people they knew on a firstname basis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they knew on a firstname basis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people they knew on a firstname basis.
+This is like in the 60s, Mgrim uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is like in the 60s, Mgrim uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is like in the 60s, Mgrim uh and uh
+they found that the distance between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that the distance between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found that the distance between two
+people is only about six. These days is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is only about six. These days is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people is only about six. These days is
+about five. We're getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five. We're getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five. We're getting more
+connected, display more people. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected, display more people. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected, display more people. Uh
+anyway, those are some motivations. Also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, those are some motivations. Also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway, those are some motivations. Also
+in things like uh the eight puzzle that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in things like uh the eight puzzle that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in things like uh the eight puzzle that
+we talked about uh some time ago, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about uh some time ago, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about uh some time ago, you
+can think of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of each of these
+configurations as vertices in a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations as vertices in a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations as vertices in a graph
+and the edges are transitions. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges are transitions. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the edges are transitions. And
+because uh every time I I make a move, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh every time I I make a move, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh every time I I make a move, I
+can also unmake that move. This is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also unmake that move. This is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can also unmake that move. This is an
+undirected graph, right? Everywhere I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph, right? Everywhere I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph, right? Everywhere I
+can go, I can immediately go back. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go, I can immediately go back. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go, I can immediately go back. And
+uh you might care about what does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might care about what does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you might care about what does the
+this graph look like? It's big. It's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph look like? It's big. It's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph look like? It's big. It's got
+like a 100,000 vertices. So I can't draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 100,000 vertices. So I can't draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a 100,000 vertices. So I can't draw
+it here but you can kind of explore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here but you can kind of explore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it here but you can kind of explore it
+by by moving around. Can you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by moving around. Can you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by moving around. Can you get
+everywhere? That's a good question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere? That's a good question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere? That's a good question and
+that's the next topic. Connectivity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the next topic. Connectivity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the next topic. Connectivity is
+one of the is what this lecture is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the is what this lecture is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the is what this lecture is
+mostly about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly about.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly about.
+So let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's talk about
+connectivity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we'll call uh two vertices connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll call uh two vertices connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll call uh two vertices connected
+if there's a walk between them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, I'd like to say there's a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I'd like to say there's a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, I'd like to say there's a walk
+between them, which is sort of not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them, which is sort of not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them, which is sort of not
+caring about which one you start at and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about which one you start at and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about which one you start at and
+which you end at. Uh, but the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you end at. Uh, but the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you end at. Uh, but the way we
+define walk is it's it's starts at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define walk is it's it's starts at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define walk is it's it's starts at one
+place and it goes to the other. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and it goes to the other. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and it goes to the other. Of
+course, if v 0 to vk is a walk, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, if v 0 to vk is a walk, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, if v 0 to vk is a walk, then
+also vk backwards to v 0 is also a walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also vk backwards to v 0 is also a walk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also vk backwards to v 0 is also a walk.
+Like if I flip the sequence, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like if I flip the sequence, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like if I flip the sequence, if I
+reverse it, uh it's still a walk because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse it, uh it's still a walk because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse it, uh it's still a walk because
+edges are sets. They don't care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are sets. They don't care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are sets. They don't care about
+which order you follow them in. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which order you follow them in. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which order you follow them in. So if
+you can go from vi to vi plus one, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go from vi to vi plus one, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go from vi to vi plus one, you
+can go from vi plus1 to vi in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from vi plus1 to vi in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from vi plus1 to vi in an
+undirected graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph.
+Uh so this is equivalent to uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is equivalent to uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is equivalent to uh there
+existing a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing a walk
+from v to u like it doesn't matter which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v to u like it doesn't matter which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v to u like it doesn't matter which
+one you put on the left and which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you put on the left and which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you put on the left and which you
+put on the right. These are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the right. These are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the right. These are the same
+thing. Uh technically this is a theorem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Uh technically this is a theorem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Uh technically this is a theorem.
+You have to prove it. And the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to prove it. And the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have to prove it. And the proof is
+just reverse the walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+If I have a walk from U to V, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have a walk from U to V, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have a walk from U to V, I can
+reverse it and I get a walk from V to U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse it and I get a walk from V to U.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse it and I get a walk from V to U.
+If I have a walk from V to U, I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have a walk from V to U, I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If I have a walk from V to U, I can
+reverse it and get a walk from U to V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse it and get a walk from U to V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse it and get a walk from U to V.
+So in either direction, uh these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in either direction, uh these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in either direction, uh these two
+things are equivalent. And so we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equivalent. And so we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equivalent. And so we just
+say there's a walk between U and V or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's a walk between U and V or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say there's a walk between U and V or we
+say U and V are connected or V and U are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say U and V are connected or V and U are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say U and V are connected or V and U are
+connected all the same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected all the same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected all the same thing.
+Okay. Uh there are some other equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh there are some other equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh there are some other equivalent
+properties to this. So I want to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to this. So I want to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties to this. So I want to write
+some more. Uh the other big one is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more. Uh the other big one is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more. Uh the other big one is there
+exists a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a path
+from VTU.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is perhaps a good moment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is perhaps a good moment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is perhaps a good moment to
+mention. So we're using words walk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention. So we're using words walk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention. So we're using words walk and
+path here uh in one consistent way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path here uh in one consistent way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path here uh in one consistent way
+throughout this class but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this class but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout this class but there are
+other classes such as the very next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes such as the very next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes such as the very next
+class 6121 where uh this is called path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 6121 where uh this is called path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class 6121 where uh this is called path
+and this is called simple path. So just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called simple path. So just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is called simple path. So just
+a warning there's two sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warning there's two sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a warning there's two sets of
+terminologies for whether a walk is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies for whether a walk is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies for whether a walk is
+allowed to walks can always repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to walks can always repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to walks can always repeat
+vertices. Paths uh sometimes they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. Paths uh sometimes they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. Paths uh sometimes they can
+sometimes they can't and in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they can't and in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they can't and in this class
+they cannot. So we're going to use walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot. So we're going to use walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they cannot. So we're going to use walk
+to mean the general thing and path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean the general thing and path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to mean the general thing and path to
+mean the specific thing where you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the specific thing where you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the specific thing where you don't
+repeat any vertices or edges. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat any vertices or edges. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat any vertices or edges. Okay. So
+uh I claim there's a walk from U to V if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I claim there's a walk from U to V if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I claim there's a walk from U to V if
+and only if there's a path from U to V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if there's a path from U to V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only if there's a path from U to V.
+Let's prove this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um so remember how do we prove that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so remember how do we prove that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so remember how do we prove that two
+things are equivalent? How do we prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equivalent? How do we prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are equivalent? How do we prove
+an if and only if? We do it in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an if and only if? We do it in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an if and only if? We do it in two
+parts. We prove left to right and right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. We prove left to right and right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. We prove left to right and right
+to left. So, I'm going to do right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to left. So, I'm going to do right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to left. So, I'm going to do right to
+left first because this is the easy one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left first because this is the easy one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left first because this is the easy one.
+Why is it I ask you uh if I have a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is it I ask you uh if I have a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is it I ask you uh if I have a path
+from U to V, is there necessarily a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to V, is there necessarily a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to V, is there necessarily a walk
+from U to V? Any suggestions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to V? Any suggestions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to V? Any suggestions?
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+A path is a walk. Path is a special kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A path is a walk. Path is a special kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A path is a walk. Path is a special kind
+of walk. So, if I have a path, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walk. So, if I have a path, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walk. So, if I have a path, then
+definitely I have a walk because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely I have a walk because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely I have a walk because that
+path is the walk. So I would usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is the walk. So I would usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is the walk. So I would usually
+write uh path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write uh path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write uh path
+is a kind of walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of walk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of walk.
+So that's the easy direction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the easy direction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's the easy direction.
+The more impressive thing is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The more impressive thing is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The more impressive thing is that if
+there's a uh a walk, then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh a walk, then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a uh a walk, then there's
+actually not only is there a walk, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not only is there a walk, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not only is there a walk, but
+there's a walk that doesn't repeat any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a walk that doesn't repeat any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a walk that doesn't repeat any
+uh vertices or edges. This is trickier.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertices or edges. This is trickier.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertices or edges. This is trickier.
+Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to tell you how to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you how to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you how to find it
+because it needs a a nifty idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But first, we write the template, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But first, we write the template, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But first, we write the template, which
+is okay, we want to prove that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay, we want to prove that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay, we want to prove that if
+there's a walk from U to V, then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a walk from U to V, then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a walk from U to V, then there's
+a path. So, let's assume there's a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path. So, let's assume there's a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path. So, let's assume there's a walk
+from U to V. And let's give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to V. And let's give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to V. And let's give it
+uh I'm not going to give it a name yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not going to give it a name yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I'm not going to give it a name yet.
+Um, so there exists a walk. There might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so there exists a walk. There might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so there exists a walk. There might
+be many walks. I want to try to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many walks. I want to try to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be many walks. I want to try to choose
+not necessarily a particular one but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily a particular one but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily a particular one but a
+more restricted type of walk that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more restricted type of walk that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more restricted type of walk that's
+possible because I know that these at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because I know that these at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible because I know that these at
+least exist. So I want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least exist. So I want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least exist. So I want to take a
+shortest walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Shortest in terms of uh length. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shortest in terms of uh length. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shortest in terms of uh length. So
+minimum possible length among all walks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum possible length among all walks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum possible length among all walks.
+I want one of them that minimizes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want one of them that minimizes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want one of them that minimizes the
+length of the walk. Okay, we know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the walk. Okay, we know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the walk. Okay, we know there
+exists some walk. So there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some walk. So there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists some walk. So there is some
+solution here. Uh because you can't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution here. Uh because you can't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution here. Uh because you can't go
+below a walk of length zero. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below a walk of length zero. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below a walk of length zero. There's
+some shortest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shortest.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some shortest.
+Okay, and this one I'm going to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and this one I'm going to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, and this one I'm going to give a
+name. Let's say it starts at U, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. Let's say it starts at U, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. Let's say it starts at U, which is
+also called V 0. Then it goes to V1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called V 0. Then it goes to V1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also called V 0. Then it goes to V1.
+Then it goes to V2, and so on until it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then it goes to V2, and so on until it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then it goes to V2, and so on until it
+reaches V K, which equals V. So it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches V K, which equals V. So it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches V K, which equals V. So it's a
+walk from U to V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk from U to V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk from U to V.
+using some number of edges in between.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some number of edges in between.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some number of edges in between.
+Okay. But now I know it's shortest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But now I know it's shortest.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. But now I know it's shortest.
+All right. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh
+so I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that this is a path from U to V. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this is a path from U to V. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that this is a path from U to V. I
+claim that there are no repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that there are no repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that there are no repeated
+vertices or edges in the sequence. uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or edges in the sequence. uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or edges in the sequence. uh in
+particular I claim that there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I claim that there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular I claim that there are no
+repeated vertices. So let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated vertices. So let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeated vertices. So let's uh
+prove the claim.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh maybe as a picture first. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh maybe as a picture first. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh maybe as a picture first. Um so
+suppose that let's let's do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that let's let's do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that let's let's do it by
+contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's suppose that uh the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's suppose that uh the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's suppose that uh the path
+uh does repeat a vertex. So it starts at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does repeat a vertex. So it starts at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh does repeat a vertex. So it starts at
+u and it then it goes which is v 0 then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and it then it goes which is v 0 then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and it then it goes which is v 0 then
+it goes to v1 and so on. Um maybe at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to v1 and so on. Um maybe at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes to v1 and so on. Um maybe at
+some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some point
+uh after going for a while it comes back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after going for a while it comes back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh after going for a while it comes back
+to a vertex it's been to before before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vertex it's been to before before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vertex it's been to before before
+proceeding to uh vk over here which is v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding to uh vk over here which is v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeding to uh vk over here which is v
+Okay, this is what a walk looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is what a walk looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is what a walk looks like
+that repeats at least one vertex. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repeats at least one vertex. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repeats at least one vertex. I
+claim this is a general picture, but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this is a general picture, but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this is a general picture, but you
+can write it down in words. Um, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it down in words. Um, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write it down in words. Um, then the
+idea is, well, if if the walk did this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is, well, if if the walk did this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is, well, if if the walk did this,
+I should draw this as a continuous path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should draw this as a continuous path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should draw this as a continuous path
+in red.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in red.
+If the walk did this where it repeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the walk did this where it repeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If the walk did this where it repeats
+this vertex twice, why not just do this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex twice, why not just do this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex twice, why not just do this?
+That's a shorter path. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a shorter path. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's a shorter path. And that
+contradicts that we started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradicts that we started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradicts that we started with the
+shortest path. If this path is strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path. If this path is strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path. If this path is strictly
+shorter than this one, that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than this one, that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter than this one, that's a
+contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction.
+Write that down a little more carefully.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Write that down a little more carefully.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Write that down a little more carefully.
+Um let's uh so for contradiction, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's uh so for contradiction, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um let's uh so for contradiction, let's
+say that uh vi equals vj for some i less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh vi equals vj for some i less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh vi equals vj for some i less
+than j.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than j.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than j.
+So this would be both vi and vj are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this would be both vi and vj are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this would be both vi and vj are the
+same vertex in this sequence. The vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vertex in this sequence. The vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vertex in this sequence. The vertex
+gets repeated. That's a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets repeated. That's a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets repeated. That's a general
+situation. I can assume I is less than J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. I can assume I is less than J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. I can assume I is less than J
+just by reabeling I and J swapping I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by reabeling I and J swapping I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by reabeling I and J swapping I and
+J if I need to. And now um the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J if I need to. And now um the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J if I need to. And now um the idea is
+that v 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v 0
+up to vi which equals vj and then going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to vi which equals vj and then going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to vi which equals vj and then going
+directly to vj + one vj + 2 and so on up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to vj + one vj + 2 and so on up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly to vj + one vj + 2 and so on up
+to vk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vk
+uh is a shorter shorter walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from between the same two vertices still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from between the same two vertices still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from between the same two vertices still
+from u to v and so that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u to v and so that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from u to v and so that is a
+contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so that ends the proof of the claim.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that ends the proof of the claim.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so that ends the proof of the claim.
+And that ends the proof of this claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that ends the proof of this claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that ends the proof of this claim
+that if there's a walk, uh, I can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there's a walk, uh, I can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if there's a walk, uh, I can turn
+it into a path. I take the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a path. I take the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into a path. I take the shortest
+shortest walk. And it turns out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest walk. And it turns out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest walk. And it turns out that
+must be a path. Proof by contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a path. Proof by contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be a path. Proof by contradiction.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so a bunch of work there. But now, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a bunch of work there. But now, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a bunch of work there. But now, uh,
+for connectivity sake, we can use walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for connectivity sake, we can use walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for connectivity sake, we can use walk
+when it's convenient. We can use path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's convenient. We can use path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's convenient. We can use path
+when it's convenient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's convenient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's convenient.
+Okay, for connectivity, these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, for connectivity, these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, for connectivity, these two
+notions are interchangeable. We can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions are interchangeable. We can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions are interchangeable. We can use
+whatever is nicest. All right, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is nicest. All right, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is nicest. All right, let me
+mention a couple other fun properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a couple other fun properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a couple other fun properties of
+connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity
+over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here.
+Um, so this one walk from U to V versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this one walk from U to V versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so this one walk from U to V versus
+V to U is property we call symmetry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And there are two other properties uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are two other properties uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there are two other properties uh
+that are nice to know. One is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are nice to know. One is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are nice to know. One is called
+reflexivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexivity
+uh or or this is the reflexive property.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or or this is the reflexive property.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or or this is the reflexive property.
+Every vertex is connected to itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every vertex is connected to itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every vertex is connected to itself.
+Why? Uh because we allowed zero length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Uh because we allowed zero length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why? Uh because we allowed zero length
+walks and paths starting at V and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks and paths starting at V and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks and paths starting at V and doing
+nothing that is a valid walk. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that is a valid walk. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that is a valid walk. So that's
+a walk from V to V. Um and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a walk from V to V. Um and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a walk from V to V. Um and another
+useful fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful fact
+is transitivity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Connectedness is transitive relation. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connectedness is transitive relation. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Connectedness is transitive relation. Uh
+if we have U and V are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have V and W are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we know uh U and W are connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Why?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why?
+Uh this is a particularly nice uh proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is a particularly nice uh proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is a particularly nice uh proof
+by picture. Please don't think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by picture. Please don't think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by picture. Please don't think that
+proof by picture is a valid proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by picture is a valid proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof by picture is a valid proof
+method. But uh I'll tell you the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. But uh I'll tell you the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method. But uh I'll tell you the words
+in a second. Suppose we have U vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second. Suppose we have U vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second. Suppose we have U vertices
+UV and W and there's some path from U to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and W and there's some path from U to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and W and there's some path from U to
+V and there's some path from V to W.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and there's some path from V to W.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and there's some path from V to W.
+Well then there's a path from U to W.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well then there's a path from U to W.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well then there's a path from U to W.
+You just concatenate the paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or concatenate the walks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or concatenate the walks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or concatenate the walks.
+We could at this point we could we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could at this point we could we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We could at this point we could we could
+assume we had paths initially but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we had paths initially but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume we had paths initially but when
+we glue them together it won't be a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we glue them together it won't be a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we glue them together it won't be a path
+anymore necessarily. It might be a walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore necessarily. It might be a walk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore necessarily. It might be a walk.
+There might be some repetitions here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There might be some repetitions here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There might be some repetitions here and
+here. But for the easy proof uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. But for the easy proof uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. But for the easy proof uh just
+take uh take two walks concatenate them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh take two walks concatenate them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take uh take two walks concatenate them.
+Still a walk. Therefore you and W are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still a walk. Therefore you and W are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Still a walk. Therefore you and W are
+connected. Okay. Uh next week we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. Okay. Uh next week we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. Okay. Uh next week we'll talk
+about these properties symmetry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these properties symmetry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these properties symmetry,
+reflexivity and transitivity even more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexivity and transitivity even more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexivity and transitivity even more.
+So this is kind of a foreshadowing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is kind of a foreshadowing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is kind of a foreshadowing of
+that. uh but it lets us define uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. uh but it lets us define uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. uh but it lets us define uh some
+cool concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool concepts
+uh about connectivity. So first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about connectivity. So first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh about connectivity. So first we're
+going to call a graph connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if uh
+u and v are connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v are connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u and v are connected
+for all vertices u and v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all vertices u and v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all vertices u and v.
+So we sometimes call this uh pair-wise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we sometimes call this uh pair-wise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we sometimes call this uh pair-wise
+connected. Pairwise is a useful notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. Pairwise is a useful notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. Pairwise is a useful notion
+when you have uh something that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have uh something that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have uh something that only
+makes sense on pairs of elements but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense on pairs of elements but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense on pairs of elements but you
+want it to apply to the whole structure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to apply to the whole structure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to apply to the whole structure.
+In this case the whole graph not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case the whole graph not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In this case the whole graph not just
+pairs of vertices. Uh then you just put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of vertices. Uh then you just put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs of vertices. Uh then you just put
+a for all over the two things and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for all over the two things and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a for all over the two things and that
+that would be pair wise connected. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be pair wise connected. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be pair wise connected. Uh
+but it really doesn't matter how you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really doesn't matter how you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it really doesn't matter how you um
+connected is kind of a robust notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected is kind of a robust notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected is kind of a robust notion
+because of things like transitivity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of things like transitivity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of things like transitivity.
+Like in in an undirected graph, it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like in in an undirected graph, it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like in in an undirected graph, it's the
+same to say that every pair of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same to say that every pair of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same to say that every pair of vertices
+is connected as it is to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected as it is to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connected as it is to say that
+there's some vertex that every ver that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some vertex that every ver that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some vertex that every ver that
+every other vertex is connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other vertex is connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other vertex is connected to
+because of transitivity. We know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of transitivity. We know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of transitivity. We know if you
+can get from A to B and from B to C,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from A to B and from B to C,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get from A to B and from B to C,
+then you can also get from A to C. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also get from A to C. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can also get from A to C. Okay.
+So this is sort of why connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is sort of why connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is sort of why connect
+connectivity is the right notion.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity is the right notion.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity is the right notion.
+Uh even more interesting is a notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh even more interesting is a notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh even more interesting is a notion
+called connected components.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh maybe let me draw an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh maybe let me draw an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh maybe let me draw an example
+before I define this carefully. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I define this carefully. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I define this carefully. So this
+graph for example is connected uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph for example is connected uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph for example is connected uh from
+every vertex you can get to any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex you can get to any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex you can get to any other
+right let's draw a disconnected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh I had over here somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say h got this guy here and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say h got this guy here and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say h got this guy here and maybe
+just a vertex and some edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a vertex and some edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a vertex and some edge
+AB C D E F G. So this is one graph. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB C D E F G. So this is one graph. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AB C D E F G. So this is one graph. It
+has six vertices, four edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has six vertices, four edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has six vertices, four edges.
+Okay? And it's obviously not connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And it's obviously not connected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And it's obviously not connected.
+There's no walk, for example, from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no walk, for example, from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no walk, for example, from here
+to here or from here to there, B to F, C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here or from here to there, B to F, C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to here or from here to there, B to F, C
+to E, whatever. Uh, but it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to E, whatever. Uh, but it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to E, whatever. Uh, but it's still
+possible to get from A to C, A to B, A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to get from A to C, A to B, A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to get from A to C, A to B, A
+to D. So A can get to everyone in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D. So A can get to everyone in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to D. So A can get to everyone in this
+chunk. And that chunk we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk. And that chunk we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chunk. And that chunk we call a
+connected component. So in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component. So in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component. So in this graph
+there are three connected components.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three connected components.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three connected components.
+These are the mutually reachable regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the mutually reachable regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are the mutually reachable regions
+of the graph. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the graph. Okay.
+So, uh to define that precisely, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh to define that precisely, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh to define that precisely, I'm
+going to you introduce a new term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you introduce a new term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you introduce a new term uh
+which is induced subgraph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So what does induce subgraph mean?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what does induce subgraph mean?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what does induce subgraph mean?
+Uh it's a it's a notion given one graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's a it's a notion given one graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it's a it's a notion given one graph
+it defines a a graph that lives inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it defines a a graph that lives inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it defines a a graph that lives inside
+the original graph. It's a subset of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original graph. It's a subset of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original graph. It's a subset of the
+vertices and edges. That's what subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and edges. That's what subgraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and edges. That's what subgraph
+means. Uh and it's defined by a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. Uh and it's defined by a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means. Uh and it's defined by a set of
+vertices. So it's a subgraph induced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. So it's a subgraph induced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. So it's a subgraph induced by
+a particular set of vertices. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular set of vertices. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular set of vertices. In this
+case uh the vertex set is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh the vertex set is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh the vertex set is all the
+vertices connected to v. This is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices connected to v. This is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices connected to v. This is nice
+shorthand for saying uh give me all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for saying uh give me all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand for saying uh give me all the
+u where u and v are connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And as we said doesn't matter whether I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as we said doesn't matter whether I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And as we said doesn't matter whether I
+say u and v or v and u same thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say u and v or v and u same thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say u and v or v and u same thing.
+Uh and the edge set is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and the edge set is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and the edge set is determined by
+this word induced. When I say induced I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word induced. When I say induced I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word induced. When I say induced I
+mean I just specify the vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I just specify the vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I just specify the vertices and
+then I want all the edges that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want all the edges that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I want all the edges that could
+possibly make sense. So in other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly make sense. So in other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly make sense. So in other words,
+I want to take um all of the edges uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take um all of the edges uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to take um all of the edges uv
+that were in my original edge set with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were in my original edge set with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were in my original edge set with
+the property that both u and v are in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that both u and v are in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the property that both u and v are in my
+new vertex set.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new vertex set.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new vertex set.
+So for example uh in this graph if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example uh in this graph if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example uh in this graph if I
+take the subgraph induced by a b c d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the subgraph induced by a b c d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the subgraph induced by a b c d
+that means I take these four vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I take these four vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I take these four vertices
+and none of the others and I take all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and none of the others and I take all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and none of the others and I take all
+the edges that are among those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges that are among those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges that are among those four
+vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices.
+Uh so that would be three of them these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so that would be three of them these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so that would be three of them these
+three edges a to b to c and b to d are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges a to b to c and b to d are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges a to b to c and b to d are
+the three edges in my induced subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three edges in my induced subgraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three edges in my induced subgraph
+abcd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abcd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abcd.
+uh if I just take the subset f and g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I just take the subset f and g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I just take the subset f and g
+these are all the vertices connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the vertices connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the vertices connected to
+f say uh then my subgraph will just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f say uh then my subgraph will just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f say uh then my subgraph will just be
+this picture with these two vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture with these two vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture with these two vertices and
+one edge connecting them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge connecting them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge connecting them
+so that's what induced subgraph means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what induced subgraph means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what induced subgraph means
+and so in particular if I take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular if I take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular if I take the
+induced subgraph for vertices connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced subgraph for vertices connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced subgraph for vertices connected
+to particular vertex I get what I call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particular vertex I get what I call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to particular vertex I get what I call a
+connected component so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component so this is one
+connected component here this is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component here this is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected component here this is another
+one and this is another And those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is another And those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and this is another And those are
+the three connected components of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three connected components of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three connected components of the
+graph. And in general uh the connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. And in general uh the connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. And in general uh the connected
+components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components
+partition the graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Partition means in this case that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partition means in this case that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Partition means in this case that every
+vertex or edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex or edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex or edge
+is in exactly one connecting component.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So everybody is represented exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So everybody is represented exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So everybody is represented exactly
+once.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, this is just a fact which we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is just a fact which we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is just a fact which we will
+take as given. It in some sense follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as given. It in some sense follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take as given. It in some sense follows
+from the symmetry reflexivity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the symmetry reflexivity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the symmetry reflexivity and
+transitivity of the connectivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity of the connectivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitivity of the connectivity
+relation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cool. So that's connected components.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. So that's connected components.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. So that's connected components.
+Again many motivations for connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again many motivations for connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again many motivations for connected
+components. Uh you would hope that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. Uh you would hope that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. Uh you would hope that the
+road network of North America uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road network of North America uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+road network of North America uh the
+continental let's say continental United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental let's say continental United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continental let's say continental United
+States is connected. probably isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is connected. probably isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States is connected. probably isn't
+because of some weird things uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some weird things uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of some weird things uh
+disconnected things going on with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected things going on with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnected things going on with
+Canada. Uh or you might wonder uh is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada. Uh or you might wonder uh is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canada. Uh or you might wonder uh is the
+state space of this eight puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space of this eight puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state space of this eight puzzle
+connected? Can you get from any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected? Can you get from any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected? Can you get from any
+configuration to any other? Or we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration to any other? Or we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration to any other? Or we
+already know the answer is no. We proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know the answer is no. We proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know the answer is no. We proved
+you can't get from an even permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get from an even permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't get from an even permutation
+to an odd permutation. Uh so uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an odd permutation. Uh so uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an odd permutation. Uh so uh this
+example happens to be even. You can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example happens to be even. You can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example happens to be even. You can see
+the number of ver of inversions written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ver of inversions written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ver of inversions written
+down here. It's always even. uh and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. It's always even. uh and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here. It's always even. uh and uh
+if I take any other uh permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take any other uh permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take any other uh permutation
+that's even uh it turns out it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even uh it turns out it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even uh it turns out it's
+possible to get there. We didn't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to get there. We didn't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to get there. We didn't prove
+that. But we did prove is that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But we did prove is that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But we did prove is that if we
+take a different configuration where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a different configuration where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a different configuration where the
+number of inversions is odd, all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inversions is odd, all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of inversions is odd, all of
+these configurations cannot get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations cannot get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these configurations cannot get to
+they're in a different connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a different connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're in a different connected
+component from this one. And so it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component from this one. And so it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component from this one. And so it turns
+out the eight puzzle has exactly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the eight puzzle has exactly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the eight puzzle has exactly two
+connected components. One for the even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components. One for the even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected components. One for the even
+permutations, one for the odds. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations, one for the odds. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations, one for the odds. Uh the
+Rubik's cube for example, depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubik's cube for example, depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubik's cube for example, depending on
+how you define it, has 12 connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you define it, has 12 connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you define it, has 12 connected
+components. Uh there, you know, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. Uh there, you know, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components. Uh there, you know, in
+general, you might care about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, you might care about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, you might care about how many
+different types of states there are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of states there are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of states there are for
+a given puzzle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given puzzle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a given puzzle.
+All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+so that's uh a brief tour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh a brief tour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh a brief tour of
+connectivity. Uh the next concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity. Uh the next concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity. Uh the next concept is
+uh maybe I'll start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I'll start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe I'll start with
+right now we're just walking aimlessly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're just walking aimlessly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now we're just walking aimlessly
+from one vertex to another. Let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one vertex to another. Let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one vertex to another. Let's think
+about closing a loop. What if I it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about closing a loop. What if I it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about closing a loop. What if I it's I
+guess it's even more aimless. I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's even more aimless. I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's even more aimless. I started
+a vertex and what if I want to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertex and what if I want to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vertex and what if I want to come back
+to the same vertex? This is what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same vertex? This is what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same vertex? This is what we call
+a closed walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So if a walk happens to start and end at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if a walk happens to start and end at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if a walk happens to start and end at
+the same vertex, if v 0 equals vk, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same vertex, if v 0 equals vk, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same vertex, if v 0 equals vk, then
+we call it closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call it closed.
+And so in particular, we could try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in particular, we could try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so in particular, we could try to
+apply the closed notion to a path. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the closed notion to a path. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply the closed notion to a path. That
+would be kind of nice. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so and we're going to give that a name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we're going to give that a name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and we're going to give that a name
+which is cycle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cycle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is cycle.
+Cycle is roughly this is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycle is roughly this is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycle is roughly this is not going to be
+quite correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite correct.
+Start with closed path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Start with closed path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Start with closed path.
+Can someone tell me what would be wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can someone tell me what would be wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can someone tell me what would be wrong
+with this definition? If I say okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this definition? If I say okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this definition? If I say okay I
+want I want to close. So closed is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I want to close. So closed is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want I want to close. So closed is an
+adjective that means you start and end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective that means you start and end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjective that means you start and end
+at the same vertex. If I apply it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same vertex. If I apply it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same vertex. If I apply it to
+path, that means a walk, let's say from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path, that means a walk, let's say from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path, that means a walk, let's say from
+some vertex V to the same vertex V with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vertex V to the same vertex V with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some vertex V to the same vertex V with
+no repeated vertices or edges. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no repeated vertices or edges. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no repeated vertices or edges. Any
+problems with that? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. The one you start with is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. The one you start with is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. The one you start with is going
+to be repeated because that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be repeated because that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be repeated because that's what we
+wanted. We want the start and the end to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted. We want the start and the end to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted. We want the start and the end to
+be the same. So there is no closed path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same. So there is no closed path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same. So there is no closed path.
+Actually, there's kind of one closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, there's kind of one closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, there's kind of one closed
+path, which is the path that just starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path, which is the path that just starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path, which is the path that just starts
+at a vertex V and doesn't go anywhere.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a vertex V and doesn't go anywhere.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a vertex V and doesn't go anywhere.
+That I also want to exclude. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That I also want to exclude. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That I also want to exclude. This is
+this is not this is not what I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not this is not what I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not this is not what I want to
+call a cycle. So, there are two things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a cycle. So, there are two things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a cycle. So, there are two things.
+I want a closed path of length more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a closed path of length more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want a closed path of length more than
+zero. You're not allowed to just stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. You're not allowed to just stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. You're not allowed to just stay
+where you are. Um, and I need to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are. Um, and I need to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you are. Um, and I need to add
+this exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exception
+uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that
+the first vertex equals the last vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first vertex equals the last vertex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first vertex equals the last vertex.
+I don't want any other vertices to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want any other vertices to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't want any other vertices to be
+the same.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, so this is now this is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is now this is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is now this is sort of a
+correct definition except I'm not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct definition except I'm not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct definition except I'm not a big
+fan of definitions with exceptions. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan of definitions with exceptions. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fan of definitions with exceptions. So I
+will write another equivalent and less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write another equivalent and less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write another equivalent and less
+controversial definition which is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial definition which is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial definition which is let's
+start with our notion of walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with our notion of walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with our notion of walk
+and we want a closed one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want a closed one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want a closed one
+and so that implies that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that implies that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that implies that the first
+vertex equals the last vertex and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex equals the last vertex and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex equals the last vertex and we
+want no other repeated vertices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want no other repeated vertices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want no other repeated vertices or
+edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And whereas with walk it was or with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And whereas with walk it was or with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And whereas with walk it was or with
+path it wasn't that big a deal that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path it wasn't that big a deal that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path it wasn't that big a deal that I
+said no repeated edges because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no repeated edges because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said no repeated edges because if you
+repeat an edge you also repeat its end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat an edge you also repeat its end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat an edge you also repeat its end
+points. So repeating an edge implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. So repeating an edge implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. So repeating an edge implies
+repeating vertices but I put them both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating vertices but I put them both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating vertices but I put them both
+in there just for emphasis. Here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there just for emphasis. Here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there just for emphasis. Here it
+actually matters to say a path with no a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matters to say a path with no a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually matters to say a path with no a
+closed walk with no other repeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walk with no other repeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walk with no other repeated
+vertices or edges. There's another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or edges. There's another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices or edges. There's another thing
+that I want to exclude which is suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to exclude which is suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to exclude which is suppose
+I have an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an edge
+and I get my red color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I start at this vertex. I go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I start at this vertex. I go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I start at this vertex. I go to the
+other one and come back. Okay, you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one and come back. Okay, you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one and come back. Okay, you might
+say, "Oh, that looks like a length two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Oh, that looks like a length two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, "Oh, that looks like a length two
+cycle." But it's not. I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle." But it's not. I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle." But it's not. I don't want to
+call this a length two cycle and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a length two cycle and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this a length two cycle and it's
+not allowed by this definition because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed by this definition because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed by this definition because
+it repeats an edge,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it repeats an edge,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it repeats an edge,
+right? It doesn't repeat any vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It doesn't repeat any vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It doesn't repeat any vertices
+other than the ones it's supposed to. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the ones it's supposed to. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the ones it's supposed to. It
+start the sequence here is uh u v u like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the sequence here is uh u v u like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the sequence here is uh u v u like
+an emoji. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emoji. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emoji. Uh
+so uh there's no repeated vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there's no repeated vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh there's no repeated vertices
+except the first one equaling the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the first one equaling the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except the first one equaling the last
+one, but there is a repeated edge. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, but there is a repeated edge. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, but there is a repeated edge. And
+so I don't allow this. So this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't allow this. So this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't allow this. So this is not a
+cycle. So in fact in an undirected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. So in fact in an undirected graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle. So in fact in an undirected graph
+a cycle has to have length at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle has to have length at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle has to have length at least
+three. The definition says it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. The definition says it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. The definition says it has to be
+at least one. But uh oh I probably need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one. But uh oh I probably need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one. But uh oh I probably need
+of length greater than zero here again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay cool. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay cool. So uh
+cycle is sort of the analog of path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is sort of the analog of path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is sort of the analog of path and
+closed walk is the analog of walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walk is the analog of walk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walk is the analog of walk.
+Obviously it's the closed version where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously it's the closed version where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously it's the closed version where
+you come back to where you started.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back to where you started.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back to where you started.
+Cycle is the best analog we have to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycle is the best analog we have to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycle is the best analog we have to a
+closed path. Uh and these are nice in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed path. Uh and these are nice in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed path. Uh and these are nice in a
+certain sense which I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense which I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense which I want to talk
+about.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's talk about
+a notion which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an oiler walk and then we'll get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler walk and then we'll get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler walk and then we'll get to the
+notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of
+uh closed walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh closed walk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh closed walk.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh oiler walk is a particular kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh oiler walk is a particular kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh oiler walk is a particular kind of
+nice walk that visits all of the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice walk that visits all of the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice walk that visits all of the edges
+exactly once. That's the definition.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once. That's the definition.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once. That's the definition.
+Let's think about uh graphs where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's think about uh graphs where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's think about uh graphs where you
+can take a walk starting somewhere,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a walk starting somewhere,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take a walk starting somewhere,
+ending somewhere and visit every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending somewhere and visit every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ending somewhere and visit every edge
+exactly once. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once. For example,
+this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has such a walk. The first graph that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has such a walk. The first graph that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has such a walk. The first graph that I
+drew. This is why I was fascinated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew. This is why I was fascinated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew. This is why I was fascinated with
+it reading some Scientific American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reading some Scientific American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reading some Scientific American
+article by uh Martin Gardner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article by uh Martin Gardner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article by uh Martin Gardner.
+Uh, you can draw this graph without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, you can draw this graph without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, you can draw this graph without
+picking up your pen. You pen down, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up your pen. You pen down, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up your pen. You pen down, you
+draw, and then you pen up. And that got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw, and then you pen up. And that got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw, and then you pen up. And that got
+all of the edges. Okay, I didn't draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the edges. Okay, I didn't draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the edges. Okay, I didn't draw
+the vertices, but hopefully you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices, but hopefully you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices, but hopefully you can
+imagine that. Maybe you should draw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that. Maybe you should draw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that. Maybe you should draw the
+vertices first, and then you could draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices first, and then you could draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices first, and then you could draw
+all the edges in one swoop. So, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edges in one swoop. So, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the edges in one swoop. So, this is
+kind of a nice notion. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a nice notion. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a nice notion. Um,
+if you like drawing things with pen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like drawing things with pen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you like drawing things with pen or
+pencil or stylus, whatever. Um, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil or stylus, whatever. Um, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil or stylus, whatever. Um, it's
+actually a very old notion. Um, it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very old notion. Um, it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a very old notion. Um, it goes
+back to Oiler. Unsurprisingly, this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Oiler. Unsurprisingly, this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to Oiler. Unsurprisingly, this guy
+Leonard Oiler, who you know from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Oiler, who you know from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leonard Oiler, who you know from like
+the number E, that's E for Oiler. Uh, in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number E, that's E for Oiler. Uh, in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number E, that's E for Oiler. Uh, in
+1736, he drew this rather beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1736, he drew this rather beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1736, he drew this rather beautiful
+diagram of some islands and bridges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of some islands and bridges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram of some islands and bridges in
+Kigburg, which then was in Germany, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kigburg, which then was in Germany, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kigburg, which then was in Germany, now
+is in Russia. Uh, and it has a this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Russia. Uh, and it has a this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in Russia. Uh, and it has a this this
+place, the city is famous for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place, the city is famous for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place, the city is famous for very
+beautiful bridges, as many cities are.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful bridges, as many cities are.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful bridges, as many cities are.
+But this one has a lot of them and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this one has a lot of them and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But this one has a lot of them and some
+non-trivial interesting uh topology. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial interesting uh topology. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-trivial interesting uh topology. And
+so he he wondered the the question was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he he wondered the the question was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he he wondered the the question was
+posed, can you visit all of the bridges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed, can you visit all of the bridges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posed, can you visit all of the bridges
+without any repeats? Seems natural,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any repeats? Seems natural,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any repeats? Seems natural,
+right? And if you think about it, right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And if you think about it, right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And if you think about it, right,
+this is the vertices are like islands.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the vertices are like islands.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the vertices are like islands.
+The edges are bridges and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The edges are bridges and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The edges are bridges and you want to
+visit all the edges exactly once. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit all the edges exactly once. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit all the edges exactly once. Okay,
+so natural problem also if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so natural problem also if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so natural problem also if you're
+sightseeing and just for fun because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sightseeing and just for fun because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sightseeing and just for fun because I
+dug up this 1736 paper here are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dug up this 1736 paper here are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dug up this 1736 paper here are some
+more beautiful figures from that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more beautiful figures from that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more beautiful figures from that paper
+um thinking about all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thinking about all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um thinking about all the different
+cases. So he characterized and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. So he characterized and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases. So he characterized and this is
+like the first paper one of the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first paper one of the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the first paper one of the very
+first papers in graph theory. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first papers in graph theory. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first papers in graph theory. This
+started the whole world of graph theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the whole world of graph theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started the whole world of graph theory
+that we're talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about is
+characterizing when this is possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing when this is possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizing when this is possible and
+when it isn't. It turns out uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it isn't. It turns out uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it isn't. It turns out uh in this
+original example it's not possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original example it's not possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original example it's not possible.
+Today some of these bridges have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today some of these bridges have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Today some of these bridges have
+collapsed or been destroyed. So maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed or been destroyed. So maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed or been destroyed. So maybe
+it's possible again. I don't know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible again. I don't know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's possible again. I don't know about
+current day uh Kingsburg. But uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current day uh Kingsburg. But uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current day uh Kingsburg. But uh that's
+what we're going to talk about now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about now is
+when do oiler walks exist?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do oiler walks exist?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do oiler walks exist?
+Why was it possible for that house graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why was it possible for that house graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why was it possible for that house graph
+but not possible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not possible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not possible for
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph
+this is the complete graph on four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the complete graph on four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the complete graph on four
+vertices and you can't draw this in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and you can't draw this in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and you can't draw this in a
+single path. Why is my red chalk always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single path. Why is my red chalk always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single path. Why is my red chalk always
+the farthest possible point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farthest possible point?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the farthest possible point?
+So let's try. This will not be a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's try. This will not be a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's try. This will not be a proof
+that you can't do it, but we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't do it, but we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can't do it, but we will
+shortly prove that you can't do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly prove that you can't do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly prove that you can't do it in
+one stroke. So, I can go here, here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one stroke. So, I can go here, here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one stroke. So, I can go here, here,
+here, uh, here, here. It's pretty good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, uh, here, here. It's pretty good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, uh, here, here. It's pretty good.
+But I missed this edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This edge is uncovered.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This edge is uncovered.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This edge is uncovered.
+And turns out it's not possible for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And turns out it's not possible for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And turns out it's not possible for that
+graph. It was possible for this graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. It was possible for this graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph. It was possible for this graph.
+Even better would be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even better would be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even better would be uh
+I guess in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess in the case
+in the tourism case let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tourism case let's go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the tourism case let's go back to
+Kingsburg for a second uh suppose your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kingsburg for a second uh suppose your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kingsburg for a second uh suppose your
+hotel is in island A you start there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel is in island A you start there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel is in island A you start there you
+kind of like to end at the same hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like to end at the same hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like to end at the same hotel
+without having to repeat a bridge again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to repeat a bridge again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having to repeat a bridge again
+so that would be an order closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And that we call an orther tour just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that we call an orther tour just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that we call an orther tour just
+because that's more common terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's more common terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's more common terminology
+for it. Uh so that's really you where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it. Uh so that's really you where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it. Uh so that's really you where
+you start. So closed means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start. So closed means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start. So closed means that you
+start and end at the same place. Orther
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and end at the same place. Orther
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and end at the same place. Orther
+means you visit every edge exactly once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you visit every edge exactly once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you visit every edge exactly once
+every edge of the graph. Okay. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge of the graph. Okay. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge of the graph. Okay. So that's
+even nicer. Turns out that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even nicer. Turns out that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even nicer. Turns out that's not
+possible in this graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in this graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible in this graph.
+If you look at it, I started at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at it, I started at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at it, I started at this
+vertex here and I ended at this vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex here and I ended at this vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex here and I ended at this vertex
+here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here.
+And it's that was the best I could do. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's that was the best I could do. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it's that was the best I could do. I
+couldn't actually start and end at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't actually start and end at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't actually start and end at the
+same vertex. If, for example, I added uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vertex. If, for example, I added uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same vertex. If, for example, I added uh
+another vertex and a couple more edges,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vertex and a couple more edges,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vertex and a couple more edges,
+then it would be possible for me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be possible for me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it would be possible for me to
+complete the tour like this. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the tour like this. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the tour like this. Okay. So
+that the new graph I drew here with six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the new graph I drew here with six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the new graph I drew here with six
+vertices instead of five. That one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices instead of five. That one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices instead of five. That one has
+an oiler tour. The original one just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler tour. The original one just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler tour. The original one just had
+an oiler walk. And this one has neither.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler walk. And this one has neither.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler walk. And this one has neither.
+So how can we characterize which graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how can we characterize which graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how can we characterize which graphs
+these are?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So we're not going to read or's paper.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're not going to read or's paper.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we're not going to read or's paper.
+It's in Latin. Bit hard for me to read.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's in Latin. Bit hard for me to read.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's in Latin. Bit hard for me to read.
+Uh we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh we'll
+write our own proof. This will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write our own proof. This will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write our own proof. This will be the
+main theorem of the day. Though we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main theorem of the day. Though we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main theorem of the day. Though we have
+a fun topic afterwards as well. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun topic afterwards as well. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fun topic afterwards as well. Uh so
+first let's think about the tour case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's think about the tour case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first let's think about the tour case
+that turns out to be cleaner. So graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be cleaner. So graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be cleaner. So graph
+has an oiler tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if and only if it's connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's certainly necessary because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's certainly necessary because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's certainly necessary because we've
+said it should visit every vertex. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it should visit every vertex. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it should visit every vertex. Um
+you don't have to include this as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to include this as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to include this as part
+of the definition but it makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the definition but it makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the definition but it makes the
+characterization cleaner.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization cleaner.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization cleaner.
+Uh and we also need that every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has even degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for an order two or for closed walk we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an order two or for closed walk we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an order two or for closed walk we
+need every vertex to have even degree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need every vertex to have even degree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need every vertex to have even degree.
+Let's check that in our examples. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's check that in our examples. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's check that in our examples. This
+graph remember the degree of a vertex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph remember the degree of a vertex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph remember the degree of a vertex is
+how many edges are incident to it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many edges are incident to it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many edges are incident to it. So
+the degree of this vertex is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of this vertex is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of this vertex is
+three. degree of this vertex is three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. degree of this vertex is three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. degree of this vertex is three.
+This graph is symmetric. So all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This graph is symmetric. So all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This graph is symmetric. So all the
+vertices have degree three. Three is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have degree three. Three is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have degree three. Three is an
+odd number and not even right. Uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number and not even right. Uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number and not even right. Uh in
+this graph, this is degree two. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph, this is degree two. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph, this is degree two. This is
+degree four. This is degree four. So far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree four. This is degree four. So far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree four. This is degree four. So far
+everything's even. Uh this one is degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's even. Uh this one is degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's even. Uh this one is degree
+three. This one is degree three. In the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. This one is degree three. In the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. This one is degree three. In the
+original graph, if I add this dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph, if I add this dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph, if I add this dotted
+part, then I convert this into degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, then I convert this into degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part, then I convert this into degree
+four and degree four and degree two down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and degree four and degree two down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four and degree four and degree two down
+here. And so then all the vertices have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And so then all the vertices have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And so then all the vertices have
+even degree. So it seems to be working.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even degree. So it seems to be working.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even degree. So it seems to be working.
+But let's not do a proof by example. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But let's not do a proof by example. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But let's not do a proof by example. Uh
+let's prove it in general.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh again this is the top level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh again this is the top level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh again this is the top level
+statement here is an if and only if. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here is an if and only if. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement here is an if and only if. So
+we need to prove each direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to prove each direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to prove each direction
+separately. Let's start with the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. Let's start with the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately. Let's start with the easy
+direction which is left to right. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is left to right. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction which is left to right. So if
+I have an oiler tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an oiler tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have an oiler tour
+uh let's give it a name. Consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's give it a name. Consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's give it a name. Consider
+an oiler tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh v 0 to v1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v 0 to v1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v 0 to v1
+to uh v k and vk equals v 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh v k and vk equals v 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh v k and vk equals v 0
+right that's because it's a closed walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's because it's a closed walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's because it's a closed walk
+all right now I want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now I want to look at
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+let's basically count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's basically count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's basically count
+uh edges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident
+to vi or some vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think that's unnecessary sentence. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's unnecessary sentence. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's unnecessary sentence. Let
+me rewind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me rewind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me rewind.
+Uh let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh let's look at
+each visit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each visit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each visit.
+uh vi -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vi -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vi -1
+to vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vi
+to vi + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vi + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vi + 1
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+to a vertex vi. So uh in this path I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vertex vi. So uh in this path I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a vertex vi. So uh in this path I'm
+just looking at a a little piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at a a little piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at a a little piece of the
+path of two consecutive edges from vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of two consecutive edges from vi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path of two consecutive edges from vi
+minus1 to vi to vi + one. And I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 to vi to vi + one. And I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1 to vi to vi + one. And I'd like
+this to work even with wraparound uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to work even with wraparound uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to work even with wraparound uh
+because this is a closed tour. We start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a closed tour. We start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is a closed tour. We start
+at V 0 and we end at V 0. So, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at V 0 and we end at V 0. So, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at V 0 and we end at V 0. So, you know,
+we do some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do some stuff
+and then we end up back at V 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we end up back at V 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we end up back at V 0.
+Uh, so I'd like to just consider three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so I'd like to just consider three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so I'd like to just consider three
+consecutive vertices on this tour.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive vertices on this tour.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consecutive vertices on this tour.
+Sorry, the wrong directions this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, the wrong directions this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, the wrong directions this way.
+Including possibly V0. So to do that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Including possibly V0. So to do that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Including possibly V0. So to do that I
+want to treat this modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to treat this modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to treat this modulo
+uh k + one I guess and this also modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k + one I guess and this also modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh k + one I guess and this also modulo
+or no modulo k actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no modulo k actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no modulo k actually
+because k vk equals v 0. So if I work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because k vk equals v 0. So if I work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because k vk equals v 0. So if I work
+modulo K with these indices and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo K with these indices and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo K with these indices and for
+every vertex I look at the one previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex I look at the one previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex I look at the one previous
+possibly wrapping around to VK minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly wrapping around to VK minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly wrapping around to VK minus one
+or VI plus one possibly wrapping around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or VI plus one possibly wrapping around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or VI plus one possibly wrapping around
+back to V 0 uh then this is a well-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to V 0 uh then this is a well-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to V 0 uh then this is a well-
+definfined notion for every vertex on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definfined notion for every vertex on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definfined notion for every vertex on
+this visit. Okay, when I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visit. Okay, when I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this visit. Okay, when I look at this
+that visit to vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that visit to vi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that visit to vi
+uh in partic that's visiting a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in partic that's visiting a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in partic that's visiting a vertex
+and it also includes or visits uh two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also includes or visits uh two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it also includes or visits uh two
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+incident to vi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sort of what goes in must come out. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what goes in must come out. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what goes in must come out. So
+if I'm looking at a vertex here, VI,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm looking at a vertex here, VI,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'm looking at a vertex here, VI,
+this is the previous one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the previous one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the previous one.
+No, this is the previous one. VI minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, this is the previous one. VI minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, this is the previous one. VI minus
+one to VI + one. Uh by visiting VI, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to VI + one. Uh by visiting VI, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to VI + one. Uh by visiting VI, I
+visited one edge coming into VI and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited one edge coming into VI and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited one edge coming into VI and I
+visited one edge coming out of VI. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited one edge coming out of VI. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited one edge coming out of VI. And
+so that's two. And maybe this path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's two. And maybe this path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's two. And maybe this path
+visits this vertex VI again as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits this vertex VI again as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits this vertex VI again as some
+other vertex VJ. But every time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vertex VJ. But every time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other vertex VJ. But every time it
+visits a vertex, it visits two edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits a vertex, it visits two edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits a vertex, it visits two edges
+incident to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident to it.
+Okay, so that means the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that means the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so that means the total number of
+edges visited is going to be even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges visited is going to be even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges visited is going to be even
+because I just keep adding two and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just keep adding two and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I just keep adding two and then
+two more and two more. So total number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more and two more. So total number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more and two more. So total number
+of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges
+uh I guess visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges
+incident to to any vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+must be even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And how many how many edges incident to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many how many edges incident to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And how many how many edges incident to
+that vertex do I visit? Well, all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertex do I visit? Well, all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vertex do I visit? Well, all of
+them because an oiler walk has to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because an oiler walk has to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them because an oiler walk has to visit
+every edge exactly once by the end. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge exactly once by the end. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge exactly once by the end. So
+this total number of visited edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this total number of visited edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this total number of visited edges
+incident to a vertex, that's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident to a vertex, that's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident to a vertex, that's exactly the
+degree of the vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's exactly the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's exactly the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's exactly the total number of
+incident edges. So this shows that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident edges. So this shows that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident edges. So this shows that if
+you have an oiler tour, all the degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an oiler tour, all the degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have an oiler tour, all the degrees
+must be even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be even.
+Okay, what goes in must come out. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what goes in must come out. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what goes in must come out. It
+also has to be connected just because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to be connected just because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has to be connected just because it
+has to visit every vertex. And so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to visit every vertex. And so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to visit every vertex. And so by
+visiting every vertex in particular that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting every vertex in particular that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting every vertex in particular that
+is a walk between any pair of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a walk between any pair of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a walk between any pair of vertices
+or you take pieces of that walk and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you take pieces of that walk and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you take pieces of that walk and you
+can go from any vertex to any other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from any vertex to any other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go from any vertex to any other.
+Okay. So that's one direction. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's one direction. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So that's one direction. That's
+the easy one. Let's do the hard one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy one. Let's do the hard one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easy one. Let's do the hard one.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And although I won't be explicit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And although I won't be explicit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And although I won't be explicit about
+it, this proof also in some sense gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, this proof also in some sense gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, this proof also in some sense gives
+you a strategy for finding these tours.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a strategy for finding these tours.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a strategy for finding these tours.
+They're not too hard to find.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not too hard to find.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're not too hard to find.
+Okay, next page.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So now we want to go from right to left.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we want to go from right to left.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now we want to go from right to left.
+So we get to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we get to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we get to assume
+that the graph is connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the graph is connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the graph is connected
+and that all the vertices have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all the vertices have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that all the vertices have even
+degree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Say all degrees even.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say all degrees even.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say all degrees even.
+and we want to show that the graph has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to show that the graph has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to show that the graph has
+an oiler tour.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler tour.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler tour.
+Okay, for this proof,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, for this proof,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, for this proof,
+so there's one clever idea and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one clever idea and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's one clever idea and then the
+rest is just mechanical. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is just mechanical. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest is just mechanical. Um
+whereas before in this proof that I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before in this proof that I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas before in this proof that I just
+erased, in order to convert a walk into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased, in order to convert a walk into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erased, in order to convert a walk into
+a path, we took the shortest path,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path, we took the shortest path,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path, we took the shortest path,
+shortest walk, and the shortest walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest walk, and the shortest walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest walk, and the shortest walk
+ended up having to be a path. For oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having to be a path. For oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having to be a path. For oiler
+tour, we kind of want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour, we kind of want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour, we kind of want to do the
+opposite. I want the longest walk that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite. I want the longest walk that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite. I want the longest walk that
+doesn't repeat any edges. The longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't repeat any edges. The longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't repeat any edges. The longest
+walk that doesn't repeat any edges. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk that doesn't repeat any edges. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk that doesn't repeat any edges. That
+turns out it will visit every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it will visit every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out it will visit every edge
+exactly once.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly once.
+Uh so for that it's maybe useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so for that it's maybe useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so for that it's maybe useful to
+define another term which is trail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define another term which is trail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define another term which is trail.
+We're really not going to use this much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're really not going to use this much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're really not going to use this much
+in the class so feel free to forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class so feel free to forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the class so feel free to forget it
+other than in the context of this proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than in the context of this proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than in the context of this proof
+which is a walk with no repeated edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a walk with no repeated edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a walk with no repeated edges.
+So in other words, it visits every edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, it visits every edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, it visits every edge
+at most once. And then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most once. And then we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most once. And then we're going to
+take the longest trail. So subject to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the longest trail. So subject to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the longest trail. So subject to
+every edge being visited at most once, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge being visited at most once, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge being visited at most once, I
+want to visit as many edges as possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to visit as many edges as possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to visit as many edges as possible.
+And that turns out it will be an oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that turns out it will be an oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that turns out it will be an oiler
+walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk.
+Okay. So let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So let's uh
+take the longest trail in the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the longest trail in the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the longest trail in the graph
+and I'll call it t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call it t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'll call it t
+and it's going to say start at vertex v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to say start at vertex v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to say start at vertex v
+0 go to v1 and go to vk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I need to prove two things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I need to prove two things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I need to prove two things about
+this trail, right? In order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trail, right? In order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this trail, right? In order to be
+an oiler tour, it has to be oiler. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler tour, it has to be oiler. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler tour, it has to be oiler. It
+has to visit every edge exactly once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to visit every edge exactly once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to visit every edge exactly once and
+it has to be closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be closed.
+Turns out it's helpful to prove closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out it's helpful to prove closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turns out it's helpful to prove closed
+first. So first claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. So first claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. So first claim
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that
+this trail t is closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So we start at V 0 we end at VK closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we start at V 0 we end at VK closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we start at V 0 we end at VK closed
+means that V 0 equals VK.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that V 0 equals VK.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that V 0 equals VK.
+So if we do let's do a proof by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we do let's do a proof by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we do let's do a proof by
+contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V 0 does not equal VK.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Okay. And I want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And I want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And I want to get a
+contradiction which basically means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction which basically means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction which basically means that
+somehow I want to show the trail was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I want to show the trail was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I want to show the trail was not
+actually longest in that case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually longest in that case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually longest in that case.
+So again we have some we we start at V 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again we have some we we start at V 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again we have some we we start at V 0
+we do some wiggly path and we end at VK.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do some wiggly path and we end at VK.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do some wiggly path and we end at VK.
+And supposing these are different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And supposing these are different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And supposing these are different.
+I'd like to claim that I can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to claim that I can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to claim that I can make this
+walk longer. In particular, I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk longer. In particular, I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk longer. In particular, I claim that
+there's an edge out of VK that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge out of VK that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge out of VK that I haven't
+visited yet, which means I could extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited yet, which means I could extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited yet, which means I could extend
+the path by one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path by one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the path by one.
+Okay, that's my claim. And I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's my claim. And I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, that's my claim. And I'm going to
+do that by counting the edges at VK. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that by counting the edges at VK. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that by counting the edges at VK. How
+many have I used?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many have I used?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many have I used?
+Very similar to this proof actually.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very similar to this proof actually.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very similar to this proof actually.
+So VK, so this is another sequence from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So VK, so this is another sequence from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So VK, so this is another sequence from
+V 0 to VK except now we have not equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 0 to VK except now we have not equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 0 to VK except now we have not equals
+at the end. So let's think about all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end. So let's think about all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end. So let's think about all the
+visits to VK by this. I should really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits to VK by this. I should really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits to VK by this. I should really be
+pointing at this. So here's VK. We know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing at this. So here's VK. We know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing at this. So here's VK. We know
+there's a visit at the end. Possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a visit at the end. Possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a visit at the end. Possibly
+it's visited in between. Maybe some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's visited in between. Maybe some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's visited in between. Maybe some of
+the VI equal VK. We know V 0 doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VI equal VK. We know V 0 doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VI equal VK. We know V 0 doesn't
+equal VK, but some of the others might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal VK, but some of the others might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal VK, but some of the others might
+be. Every time I visit one of those, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Every time I visit one of those, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. Every time I visit one of those, it
+looks exactly like this. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly like this. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks exactly like this. In other words,
+I visit two edges incident to VK.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I visit two edges incident to VK.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I visit two edges incident to VK.
+So uh let's say for every uh vi that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh let's say for every uh vi that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh let's say for every uh vi that's
+equal to vk uh we visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to vk uh we visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to vk uh we visit
+two edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two edges
+incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident
+to vk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vk.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vk.
+So that's an even number in total.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's an even number in total.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's an even number in total.
+Uh this is for i not equal to k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is for i not equal to k.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh this is for i not equal to k.
+But then there's this last visit at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then there's this last visit at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then there's this last visit at the
+end and there we this one is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and there we this one is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end and there we this one is special
+because we stop there's no edge after VK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we stop there's no edge after VK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we stop there's no edge after VK
+because this doesn't loop around. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this doesn't loop around. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this doesn't loop around. So
+there's an edge before coming into VK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge before coming into VK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge before coming into VK
+but none after.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none after.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none after.
+So that means uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess uh for I equal K for that visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess uh for I equal K for that visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess uh for I equal K for that visit
+to VK we visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to VK we visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to VK we visit
+one edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one edge
+incident to VK.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in this trail how many edges incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this trail how many edges incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in this trail how many edges incident
+to VK did we visit? an odd number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to VK did we visit? an odd number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to VK did we visit? an odd number
+because we had an even number for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had an even number for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we had an even number for all
+the earlier visits and then we had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier visits and then we had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier visits and then we had one
+more at the end. So even plus one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at the end. So even plus one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at the end. So even plus one is
+odd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd.
+So that means uh t visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means uh t visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means uh t visits
+an odd number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odd number of edges
+incident to v.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident to v.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incident to v.
+But we assume that the degrees are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we assume that the degrees are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we assume that the degrees are even
+and that means there's at least one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means there's at least one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that means there's at least one more
+edge, right? We assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, right? We assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge, right? We assumed
+here all degrees are even. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all degrees are even. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all degrees are even. So in
+particular VK's degree is even and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular VK's degree is even and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular VK's degree is even and so
+that means uh there exists an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means uh there exists an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means uh there exists an edge
+incident to VK not uh visited by T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But then we can extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then we can extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then we can extend
+T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it can it can go uh in from v 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it can it can go uh in from v 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it can it can go uh in from v 0
+uh up to vk and then plus whatever one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to vk and then plus whatever one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to vk and then plus whatever one
+more edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more edge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more edge.
+So if I call this edge here uh VK comm,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I call this edge here uh VK comm,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I call this edge here uh VK comm,
+VK plus one because I haven't defined a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VK plus one because I haven't defined a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VK plus one because I haven't defined a
+VK plus one yet. Then this will become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VK plus one yet. Then this will become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VK plus one yet. Then this will become a
+strictly longer trail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly longer trail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly longer trail
+because that edge wasn't visited before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that edge wasn't visited before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that edge wasn't visited before.
+Uh but now it is. This is a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but now it is. This is a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh but now it is. This is a longer
+trail. Contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What did it contradict? I assumed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did it contradict? I assumed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What did it contradict? I assumed here
+that v 0 does not equal vk. So in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v 0 does not equal vk. So in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that v 0 does not equal vk. So in fact
+we learned that v 0 equals vk. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned that v 0 equals vk. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learned that v 0 equals vk. In other
+words, t is closed. So I've proved this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, t is closed. So I've proved this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, t is closed. So I've proved this
+claim. I haven't yet proved the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. I haven't yet proved the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim. I haven't yet proved the whole
+thing I want. So at this point I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want. So at this point I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want. So at this point I've
+proved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proved
+that my walk is closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my walk is closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my walk is closed
+but I still need to prove that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still need to prove that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I still need to prove that it's
+oiler. Those are the two things I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler. Those are the two things I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oiler. Those are the two things I need
+to show.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So let's do that next.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, second claim.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, second claim.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, second claim.
+This will be the last one for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This will be the last one for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This will be the last one for this
+proof.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So t visits every edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So t visits every edge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So t visits every edge.
+I'm going to give it a name uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the edge side of the graph. So uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the edge side of the graph. So uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the edge side of the graph. So uh
+this is what I want because by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I want because by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what I want because by
+definition because I started with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because I started with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition because I started with a
+trail it has no repeated edges. So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail it has no repeated edges. So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail it has no repeated edges. So it
+visits every edge at most once and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits every edge at most once and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits every edge at most once and this
+is saying that it visits every edge at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that it visits every edge at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is saying that it visits every edge at
+least once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least once
+and therefore it it in fact visits every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it it in fact visits every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore it it in fact visits every
+edge exactly once and that's definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge exactly once and that's definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge exactly once and that's definition
+of oiler. Okay, so that's what I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oiler. Okay, so that's what I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of oiler. Okay, so that's what I need to
+prove.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Again, proof by contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, proof by contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, proof by contradiction.
+Not sure why, but today has lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not sure why, but today has lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not sure why, but today has lots of
+contradictions in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradictions in it.
+Seems to be the easiest way. Uh suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems to be the easiest way. Uh suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Seems to be the easiest way. Uh suppose
+not, this is the very concise way to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, this is the very concise way to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not, this is the very concise way to say
+suppose that it doesn't visit some edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that it doesn't visit some edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that it doesn't visit some edge
+UV and E. I'll write it out. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and E. I'll write it out. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UV and E. I'll write it out. uh
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit
+some edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some edge
+uv E.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv E.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv E.
+Okay, again I want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, again I want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, again I want to get a
+contradiction to uh t being the longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction to uh t being the longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contradiction to uh t being the longest
+trail. So I'm going to somehow try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail. So I'm going to somehow try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail. So I'm going to somehow try to
+make t longer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make t longer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make t longer.
+So it doesn't visit uv but you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it doesn't visit uv but you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it doesn't visit uv but you know it
+visits some stuff v 0 to vk. So, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits some stuff v 0 to vk. So, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits some stuff v 0 to vk. So, let's
+try to connect them together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to connect them together.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to connect them together.
+So, we've got here's uh the edge UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we've got here's uh the edge UV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we've got here's uh the edge UV
+that's not covered. And then uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not covered. And then uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not covered. And then uh over
+here we have V 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have V 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have V 0
+some crazy path. Can we revisit vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crazy path. Can we revisit vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some crazy path. Can we revisit vertices
+and whatever? It's a walk. Sorry, I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever? It's a walk. Sorry, I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever? It's a walk. Sorry, I keep
+saying path when I mean walk to VK. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying path when I mean walk to VK. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying path when I mean walk to VK. Oh,
+actually at this point we know that VK
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at this point we know that VK
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at this point we know that VK
+equals V 0. So, it it ends where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V 0. So, it it ends where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals V 0. So, it it ends where it
+started.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started.
+But somehow it doesn't use this edge. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But somehow it doesn't use this edge. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But somehow it doesn't use this edge. It
+might use these vertices, it might not.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use these vertices, it might not.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use these vertices, it might not.
+Uh, but what I'd like to do is connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+V to V 0, which is also VK.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to V 0, which is also VK.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V to V 0, which is also VK.
+Why can I do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How do I know? I claim there's a walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+because we assume the graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assume the graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assume the graph is
+connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected.
+Uh way up here, assume connected. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh way up here, assume connected. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh way up here, assume connected. That's
+part of this characterization. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this characterization. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this characterization. So when
+we're going from right to left, we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from right to left, we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going from right to left, we get
+to assume the graph is connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume the graph is connected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assume the graph is connected.
+Therefore, all pairs of vertices have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, all pairs of vertices have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, all pairs of vertices have a
+walk. So in particular, these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk. So in particular, these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk. So in particular, these two
+vertices have a walk. Now, it's not part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have a walk. Now, it's not part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have a walk. Now, it's not part
+of the trail. It's just another walk. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trail. It's just another walk. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the trail. It's just another walk. So
+this thing over here is T. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing over here is T. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing over here is T. And this
+thing I'm going to call W.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to call W.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm going to call W.
+Okay. So let's write down some words. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G is connected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is connected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G is connected.
+Uh so there exists a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so there exists a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so there exists a walk
+w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w
+uh or sorry the notes I called it x I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or sorry the notes I called it x I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or sorry the notes I called it x I
+guess x for connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess x for connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess x for connection
+from v to v k.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+I think I really want this to be a path.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I really want this to be a path.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think I really want this to be a path.
+don't mind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mind.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't mind.
+We know for connectivity sake this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know for connectivity sake this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We know for connectivity sake this is
+the same thing. If there's a walk,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. If there's a walk,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. If there's a walk,
+there's also a path. So now let's assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a path. So now let's assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a path. So now let's assume
+furthermore this is a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore this is a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore this is a path
+in particular because I want it to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular because I want it to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular because I want it to be a
+trail. So I don't want it to repeat any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail. So I don't want it to repeat any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail. So I don't want it to repeat any
+edges. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Uh
+and a path won't repeat vertices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a path won't repeat vertices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a path won't repeat vertices or
+edges. So that's a little better. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So that's a little better. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So that's a little better. It's
+even better.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better.
+All right. And I'm going to give this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And I'm going to give this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And I'm going to give this
+path some words. So it starts at V which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path some words. So it starts at V which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path some words. So it starts at V which
+we're going to call X0 and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call X0 and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to call X0 and then it goes
+to X1 and so on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X1 and so on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X1 and so on to
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+XL I guess which is V K.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XL I guess which is V K.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XL I guess which is V K.
+It ends it ends at VK which is also V0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It ends it ends at VK which is also V0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It ends it ends at VK which is also V0.
+Okay. Now I claim I can make the path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I claim I can make the path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I claim I can make the path
+longer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer.
+Sorry. I can make the original trail t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. I can make the original trail t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. I can make the original trail t
+longer as follows. I'm going to start at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer as follows. I'm going to start at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer as follows. I'm going to start at
+U. I'm going to go to V. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U. I'm going to go to V. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U. I'm going to go to V. I'm going to
+follow X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow X.
+And now I'm at the loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm at the loop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now I'm at the loop.
+And then I want to loop around. H. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I want to loop around. H. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then I want to loop around. H. That
+doesn't quite work because plausibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite work because plausibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't quite work because plausibly
+some of the vertices along X here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the vertices along X here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the vertices along X here.
+Maybe there's some vertex here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe there's some vertex here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe there's some vertex here which is
+actually on this path. Sorry, on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on this path. Sorry, on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on this path. Sorry, on the
+trail T.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail T.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail T.
+I want to give this vertex a name. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to give this vertex a name. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to give this vertex a name. So
+the whole path is called x. This vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole path is called x. This vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole path is called x. This vertex
+I want to call x sub i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to call x sub i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to call x sub i.
+So let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's uh
+let x subi which is also some v subj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let x subi which is also some v subj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let x subi which is also some v subj
+uh be the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh be the first
+vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex
+of x that's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x that's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of x that's on
+t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Uh, you know, we start at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, you know, we start at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Uh, you know, we start at some
+vertex. It might it may be the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. It might it may be the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. It might it may be the very
+first vertex v is actually on t. So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first vertex v is actually on t. So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first vertex v is actually on t. So then
+x subi is actually x sub0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x subi is actually x sub0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x subi is actually x sub0.
+But we know eventually we get on to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we know eventually we get on to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we know eventually we get on to t
+because the last vertex on this path x,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the last vertex on this path x,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the last vertex on this path x,
+this is the path x. We know the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the path x. We know the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the path x. We know the last
+vertex is v k and that's on t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex is v k and that's on t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex is v k and that's on t.
+Okay. So somewhere along the way, could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So somewhere along the way, could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So somewhere along the way, could
+be the first vertex, could be the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first vertex, could be the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the first vertex, could be the last
+one, could be anywhere in between, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, could be anywhere in between, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, could be anywhere in between, we
+intersect T,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect T,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersect T,
+and that's going to be my path. So I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be my path. So I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's going to be my path. So I'm
+going to start at U, go to V, follow X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at U, go to V, follow X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start at U, go to V, follow X
+until I reach T. And now T is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I reach T. And now T is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I reach T. And now T is a is a
+loop, is a closed walk, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop, is a closed walk, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop, is a closed walk, and
+I'm going to follow that walk as it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to follow that walk as it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to follow that walk as it was
+before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before.
+I wish I didn't draw this quite so long.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly what I had before. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I had before. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what I had before. This is
+exactly the same edge as I had before or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same edge as I had before or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same edge as I had before or
+walk. So, we can stop here. I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk. So, we can stop here. I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk. So, we can stop here. I claim that
+this red red walk that I drew is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red red walk that I drew is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this red red walk that I drew is a
+longer trail. Why is it longer? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer trail. Why is it longer? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer trail. Why is it longer? Because
+it has this edge now, UV, which it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this edge now, UV, which it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has this edge now, UV, which it
+didn't before. And it has all the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't before. And it has all the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't before. And it has all the edges
+we had before. Maybe it has some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before. Maybe it has some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had before. Maybe it has some more
+here, but it also might not. Maybe these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but it also might not. Maybe these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, but it also might not. Maybe these
+two vertices are the same. But we got at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices are the same. But we got at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices are the same. But we got at
+least plus one here. and we visited all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least plus one here. and we visited all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least plus one here. and we visited all
+the edges we had before and uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges we had before and uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges we had before and uh because
+of the way we chose xi all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way we chose xi all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way we chose xi all of these
+edges were not used before. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges were not used before. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges were not used before. So it's
+still a trail.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a trail.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a trail.
+Uh and so I guess what do I write? Uh u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so I guess what do I write? Uh u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and so I guess what do I write? Uh u
+to v uh which is also known as x0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v uh which is also known as x0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v uh which is also known as x0.
+Uh then we go to x i. x i equals uh vj.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then we go to x i. x i equals uh vj.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh then we go to x i. x i equals uh vj.
+And then we go to VJ + one and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we go to VJ + one and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then we go to VJ + one and so on
+around T. I in the notes I wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around T. I in the notes I wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around T. I in the notes I wrote it
+explicitly. You go from VJ up to V K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly. You go from VJ up to V K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly. You go from VJ up to V K and
+then you loop around and you go from V 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you loop around and you go from V 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you loop around and you go from V 0
+up to V J again. And that will be uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to V J again. And that will be uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to V J again. And that will be uh all
+the edges we had before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges we had before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges we had before.
+Uh, so it's longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it still be a trail because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it still be a trail because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it still be a trail because we
+didn't uh all the edges that we added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh all the edges that we added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't uh all the edges that we added
+were not in the original trail t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not in the original trail t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were not in the original trail t and
+because we assumed a path here, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assumed a path here, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assumed a path here, there
+weren't any duplicate edges within x.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't any duplicate edges within x.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't any duplicate edges within x.
+And so I think we're good. And that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I think we're good. And that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so I think we're good. And that
+proves uh a contradiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because we assumed that t was a longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assumed that t was a longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we assumed that t was a longest
+trail. Therefore, t actually visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail. Therefore, t actually visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trail. Therefore, t actually visits
+every edge in the graph. It also visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge in the graph. It also visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every edge in the graph. It also visits
+every vertex at least once just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex at least once just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex at least once just because
+the graph is connected. If you visit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is connected. If you visit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph is connected. If you visit all
+the edges and your graph is connected,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges and your graph is connected,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges and your graph is connected,
+then you definitely visit all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you definitely visit all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you definitely visit all the
+vertices. Okay, so uh that proves this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. Okay, so uh that proves this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. Okay, so uh that proves this
+theorem. Any questions? A lot of details
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Any questions? A lot of details
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem. Any questions? A lot of details
+there. Uh it's one of our bigger proofs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Uh it's one of our bigger proofs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Uh it's one of our bigger proofs,
+but it's pretty cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Uh let me this was Oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh let me this was Oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh let me this was Oiler
+tours. You might also wonder about oiler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tours. You might also wonder about oiler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tours. You might also wonder about oiler
+walks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks.
+So we've now shown in particular that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've now shown in particular that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've now shown in particular that
+this graph with the extra vertex here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph with the extra vertex here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph with the extra vertex here is
+indeed orarian. I mean I also drew it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed orarian. I mean I also drew it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed orarian. I mean I also drew it
+but we now understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we now understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we now understand why
+when I remove this vertex not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I remove this vertex not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I remove this vertex not all the
+vertex degrees were even. Two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex degrees were even. Two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex degrees were even. Two of them
+were odd. It turns out that's the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were odd. It turns out that's the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were odd. It turns out that's the right
+answer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer.
+So uh correlary remember means a theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh correlary remember means a theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh correlary remember means a theorem
+you can prove from the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove from the previous theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can prove from the previous theorem
+or follows fairly easily. Uh so I claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or follows fairly easily. Uh so I claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or follows fairly easily. Uh so I claim
+that a graph has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a graph has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a graph has
+an open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open
+oiler walk.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Open here just means not closed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open here just means not closed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Open here just means not closed.
+So we've already characterized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've already characterized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we've already characterized the
+situation of closed or their walks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of closed or their walks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation of closed or their walks.
+That's this theorem. That's the or tour.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's this theorem. That's the or tour.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's this theorem. That's the or tour.
+Uh so what's left is to characterize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so what's left is to characterize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so what's left is to characterize
+when there's an open order walk where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's an open order walk where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when there's an open order walk where
+you start and end at different vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start and end at different vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start and end at different vertices.
+So let's ignore let's suppose that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's ignore let's suppose that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's ignore let's suppose that we
+don't have a closed order walk but we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a closed order walk but we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a closed order walk but we do
+have an open one. I claim this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an open one. I claim this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an open one. I claim this is
+possible if and only if the graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if and only if the graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if and only if the graph is
+connected as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected as before
+and exactly two vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly two vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exactly two vertices
+have odd degree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those odd degree vertices are where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those odd degree vertices are where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those odd degree vertices are where you
+start and where you end. If you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and where you end. If you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and where you end. If you look at
+this example with this erased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example with this erased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example with this erased
+um I started here which had degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I started here which had degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I started here which had degree
+three. I walked around and I ended here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. I walked around and I ended here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. I walked around and I ended here
+which also had degree three. So the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also had degree three. So the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which also had degree three. So the the
+odd degree is essentially to compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd degree is essentially to compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd degree is essentially to compensate
+for starting and ending at those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for starting and ending at those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for starting and ending at those
+vertices. And that turns out to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. And that turns out to be all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. And that turns out to be all
+you can do. So if you have a graph with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do. So if you have a graph with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do. So if you have a graph with
+all even degree vertices, then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all even degree vertices, then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all even degree vertices, then there's
+an oiler tour. And if you have a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler tour. And if you have a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oiler tour. And if you have a graph
+with two odd degree vertices, uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two odd degree vertices, uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with two odd degree vertices, uh then
+there's an oiler walk. If you have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an oiler walk. If you have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an oiler walk. If you have more
+than two uh odd degree vertices, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two uh odd degree vertices, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two uh odd degree vertices, like
+here there's neither. What if I have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's neither. What if I have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there's neither. What if I have one
+odd degree vertex?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah,
+that's impossible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's impossible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's impossible.
+That's impossible. What are you talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's impossible. What are you talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's impossible. What are you talking
+about? because the number of odd degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? because the number of odd degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? because the number of odd degree
+vertices is even. I think you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is even. I think you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is even. I think you probably
+showed that in recitation. Okay, so or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that in recitation. Okay, so or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that in recitation. Okay, so or
+even lecture I don't forget follows from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even lecture I don't forget follows from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even lecture I don't forget follows from
+the handshaking lema from lecture. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handshaking lema from lecture. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the handshaking lema from lecture. Uh so
+those are your options.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your options.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are your options.
+Cool. Uh let me sketch a proof of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Uh let me sketch a proof of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Uh let me sketch a proof of this
+and then I want to um go to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to um go to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I want to um go to the last
+topic which is trees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So uh I want to the the easy direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh I want to the the easy direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh I want to the the easy direction
+as before if you have an oiler walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before if you have an oiler walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before if you have an oiler walk
+you're still connected and if you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still connected and if you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still connected and if you do the
+counting right you can see the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting right you can see the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting right you can see the number of
+degree two vertices should be odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two vertices should be odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree two vertices should be odd
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh it's just like this proof but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just like this proof but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's just like this proof but now
+it's not symmetric. We can no longer do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not symmetric. We can no longer do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not symmetric. We can no longer do
+these things modulo okay which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things modulo okay which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things modulo okay which was
+really nice. every visit look the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice. every visit look the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice. every visit look the same
+because now there's a f there's v 0ero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now there's a f there's v 0ero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now there's a f there's v 0ero
+and vk are visited in a different way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vk are visited in a different way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vk are visited in a different way
+from every other vertex and just like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every other vertex and just like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from every other vertex and just like we
+said before the last vertex uh the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before the last vertex uh the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said before the last vertex uh the last
+visit has only one edge coming into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit has only one edge coming into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit has only one edge coming into it
+so that makes this one odd and the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that makes this one odd and the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that makes this one odd and the first
+vertex has only one edge going out of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex has only one edge going out of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex has only one edge going out of it
+so it makes that vertex odd so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes that vertex odd so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it makes that vertex odd so this is
+sort of easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of easy
+proof is in the notes if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is in the notes if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof is in the notes if you're
+interested uh the interesting part is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested uh the interesting part is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested uh the interesting part is
+the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other direction
+uh I mean this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean this is
+roughly as before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, let's suppose that we have exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's suppose that we have exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, let's suppose that we have exactly
+two vertices of odd degree. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices of odd degree. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vertices of odd degree. I want to
+claim there's an open oiler walk and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim there's an open oiler walk and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim there's an open oiler walk and I
+want to do it without repeating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it without repeating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do it without repeating this
+giant proof. That's a lot of work to I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant proof. That's a lot of work to I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant proof. That's a lot of work to I
+mean you could repeat it and be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could repeat it and be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could repeat it and be more
+careful and you can prove the oiler walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and you can prove the oiler walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful and you can prove the oiler walk
+thing but in fact there's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but in fact there's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but in fact there's a way to
+convert this problem into the oiler tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this problem into the oiler tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert this problem into the oiler tour
+problem. So I'm going to do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So I'm going to do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. So I'm going to do it by
+picture. Suppose you have a graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. Suppose you have a graph and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture. Suppose you have a graph and
+you have two vertices U and V which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two vertices U and V which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two vertices U and V which are
+odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd
+degree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree.
+Maybe they're also just odd in general,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe they're also just odd in general,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe they're also just odd in general,
+but they're odd degree. Uh, and now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're odd degree. Uh, and now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're odd degree. Uh, and now I'm
+going to modify the graph. I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to modify the graph. I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to modify the graph. I'm going to
+construct a new graph G prime. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a new graph G prime. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a new graph G prime. So this
+graph that I drew is G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that I drew is G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that I drew is G
+here. And in G prime,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And in G prime,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. And in G prime,
+I'm going to add a new vertex X and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add a new vertex X and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add a new vertex X and two
+edges from U to X and X to V.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges from U to X and X to V.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges from U to X and X to V.
+Why did I do that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why did I do that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why did I do that?
+Because now all the degrees are even,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because now all the degrees are even,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because now all the degrees are even,
+right? In G, the degree of U was odd.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? In G, the degree of U was odd.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? In G, the degree of U was odd.
+And in G prime, it's one larger. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in G prime, it's one larger. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in G prime, it's one larger. So now
+it's even. Same for V. And X has degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even. Same for V. And X has degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even. Same for V. And X has degree
+two. So now everything's even. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So now everything's even. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. So now everything's even. So that
+means uh G prime has an oiler tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh G prime has an oiler tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means uh G prime has an oiler tour
+by the previous.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous.
+So that was I don't have to repeat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was I don't have to repeat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that was I don't have to repeat the
+proof. It just I can apply the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. It just I can apply the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof. It just I can apply the theorem
+as a whole. And now I want to convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole. And now I want to convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a whole. And now I want to convert
+this tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tour
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+into an order walk in G.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How do I do that? I just erase these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do I do that? I just erase these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do I do that? I just erase these two
+edges. Okay, the oiler tour visits every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Okay, the oiler tour visits every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. Okay, the oiler tour visits every
+edge in G prime exactly once and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge in G prime exactly once and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge in G prime exactly once and it's a
+loop. So in particular at some point it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. So in particular at some point it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. So in particular at some point it
+crosses over let's say from U to X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses over let's say from U to X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosses over let's say from U to X and
+then it can't go back along the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can't go back along the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it can't go back along the same
+edge because you can't repeat edges. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge because you can't repeat edges. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge because you can't repeat edges. So
+then it has to go, let's say it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has to go, let's say it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has to go, let's say it goes
+from U to X to V or it might go from V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to X to V or it might go from V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from U to X to V or it might go from V
+to X to U at some point in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X to U at some point in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to X to U at some point in the
+in the closed walk, right, in the tour.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the closed walk, right, in the tour.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the closed walk, right, in the tour.
+Um, and when it does that, I want to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and when it does that, I want to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and when it does that, I want to uh
+instead in instead of going uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead in instead of going uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead in instead of going uh from
+somewhere to U to X to V, I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to U to X to V, I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to U to X to V, I'm going to
+start at V and then I'm going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at V and then I'm going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start at V and then I'm going to keep
+going along the tour until I get back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along the tour until I get back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along the tour until I get back to
+U.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U.
+And that will include everything in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that will include everything in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that will include everything in the
+tour except for uh these two edges. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour except for uh these two edges. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour except for uh these two edges. And
+so that actually will be an oiler walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually will be an oiler walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that actually will be an oiler walk
+in G. So I maybe went a little fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in G. So I maybe went a little fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in G. So I maybe went a little fast
+there, but hopefully that's fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, but hopefully that's fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, but hopefully that's fairly
+intuitive. This is a very powerful idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive. This is a very powerful idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive. This is a very powerful idea
+called reduction where you take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called reduction where you take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called reduction where you take your
+problem that you want to solve and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you want to solve and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that you want to solve and you
+convert it into a problem that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into a problem that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it into a problem that you
+already know how to solve. So we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know how to solve. So we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know how to solve. So we already
+we just solved oiler tours and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just solved oiler tours and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just solved oiler tours and now we
+wanted to solve open oiler walks and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to solve open oiler walks and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to solve open oiler walks and we
+could do it by adding augmenting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it by adding augmenting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it by adding augmenting the
+graph a little bit applying the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph a little bit applying the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph a little bit applying the theorem
+and then we need to make sure that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to make sure that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we need to make sure that what
+the result from that theorem is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result from that theorem is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result from that theorem is actually
+good enough for what we need. We can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough for what we need. We can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough for what we need. We can
+convert our order tour into an order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert our order tour into an order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert our order tour into an order
+walk. Uh but because tours are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk. Uh but because tours are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk. Uh but because tours are are
+cyclic in nature you can sort of rotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic in nature you can sort of rotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic in nature you can sort of rotate
+it to start at V, keep going and visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to start at V, keep going and visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to start at V, keep going and visit
+everything and end at U. Cool. So that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and end at U. Cool. So that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and end at U. Cool. So that
+also proves that you start and end at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also proves that you start and end at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also proves that you start and end at
+the two odd degree vertices in G, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two odd degree vertices in G, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two odd degree vertices in G, which
+is nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice.
+Questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back to trees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to trees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to trees.
+So we talked about walks, paths, cycles,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we talked about walks, paths, cycles,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we talked about walks, paths, cycles,
+connectivity, order things and last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity, order things and last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity, order things and last
+topic is trees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's a very sad board.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, I guess now for something completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I guess now for something completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I guess now for something completely
+different. Now we know how to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Now we know how to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Now we know how to draw
+graphs without raising our pen. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs without raising our pen. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs without raising our pen. Uh,
+define something called a tree, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define something called a tree, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define something called a tree, which
+you've probably heard the word tree many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard the word tree many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've probably heard the word tree many
+times in the past. Not just nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the past. Not just nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times in the past. Not just nature
+trees, but also computer science trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees, but also computer science trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees, but also computer science trees
+are all over the place. Like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all over the place. Like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all over the place. Like your
+directory tree, your I don't know, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory tree, your I don't know, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory tree, your I don't know, there
+trees everywhere. If you've done any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees everywhere. If you've done any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trees everywhere. If you've done any
+data structures, you know about trees,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures, you know about trees,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data structures, you know about trees,
+tree data structures.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So what is the mathematical notion of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is the mathematical notion of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So what is the mathematical notion of a
+tree?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It's a graph. It's and again today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a graph. It's and again today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a graph. It's and again today uh
+we're always simple undirected graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always simple undirected graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're always simple undirected graphs
+and trees always require that. Uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trees always require that. Uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trees always require that. Uh it's a
+graph that is both connected and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that is both connected and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that is both connected and as
+cyclic. As cyclic just means no cycles.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic. As cyclic just means no cycles.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic. As cyclic just means no cycles.
+What's a cycle? It's been a while.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's a cycle? It's been a while.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's a cycle? It's been a while.
+Remember, a cycle is a closed path of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember, a cycle is a closed path of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember, a cycle is a closed path of
+positive length. So, it doesn't repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length. So, it doesn't repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive length. So, it doesn't repeat
+any vertices or edges except that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertices or edges except that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any vertices or edges except that the
+very first vertex equals the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first vertex equals the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very first vertex equals the last
+vertex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex.
+Okay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay?
+So, if there are no cycles, there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if there are no cycles, there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if there are no cycles, there's no
+way to do this, then we call it a tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this, then we call it a tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do this, then we call it a tree.
+And some examples of trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And some examples of trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And some examples of trees
+Sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Just a path is a tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is a special kind of tree we call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a special kind of tree we call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is a special kind of tree we call a
+star. One vertex connected to a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. One vertex connected to a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star. One vertex connected to a bunch of
+things. In general, it looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. In general, it looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. In general, it looks something
+like this. Okay, this if you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Okay, this if you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. Okay, this if you've seen
+computer science trees, these can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science trees, these can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer science trees, these can be a
+little bit different. Uh, so the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different. Uh, so the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different. Uh, so the only
+thing requiring here is that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing requiring here is that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing requiring here is that they're
+connected. So this is a tree. This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. So this is a tree. This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected. So this is a tree. This is a
+tree, but together this is not a tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, but together this is not a tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, but together this is not a tree.
+It's actually what we call a forest.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually what we call a forest.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually what we call a forest.
+This would be a forest with three trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This would be a forest with three trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This would be a forest with three trees
+in it. Uh or individually, these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it. Uh or individually, these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it. Uh or individually, these are
+each a tree graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each a tree graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each a tree graph.
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+let's prove some properties about trees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove some properties about trees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's prove some properties about trees
+because they're so useful,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just nice to work with.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In particular, there's a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular, there's a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular, there's a very useful
+notion about trees called leaves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion about trees called leaves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion about trees called leaves.
+You can guess where this came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from real trees. But uh the idea is a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from real trees. But uh the idea is a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from real trees. But uh the idea is a uh
+it's very simple. Just a leaf is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple. Just a leaf is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very simple. Just a leaf is a
+vertex of degree one. You can apply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex of degree one. You can apply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex of degree one. You can apply this
+to any uh graph. Sometimes you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any uh graph. Sometimes you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any uh graph. Sometimes you have
+vertices degree one, sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices degree one, sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices degree one, sometimes you
+don't. But trees have leaves. Shocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't. But trees have leaves. Shocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't. But trees have leaves. Shocking
+news. Uh so this is I'll call it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news. Uh so this is I'll call it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news. Uh so this is I'll call it the
+leaf lema.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf lema.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf lema.
+It's not quite true that all trees have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not quite true that all trees have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not quite true that all trees have
+leaves. Uh you know they have to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves. Uh you know they have to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves. Uh you know they have to start
+growing for a little while first. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing for a little while first. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing for a little while first. Uh
+and in mathematics this is every tree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in mathematics this is every tree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in mathematics this is every tree of
+um I guess width is better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess width is better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I guess width is better
+at least two vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has at least two leaves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at least two leaves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has at least two leaves.
+So as long as your graph as long as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as long as your graph as long as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So as long as your graph as long as your
+tree is not this graph. Okay, maybe I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is not this graph. Okay, maybe I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree is not this graph. Okay, maybe I'll
+add it to my list of examples. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to my list of examples. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add it to my list of examples. These
+were all trees. Also, single vertex is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all trees. Also, single vertex is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all trees. Also, single vertex is a
+tree, but it doesn't have any edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, but it doesn't have any edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, but it doesn't have any edges and
+has degree zero vertex. No degree one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has degree zero vertex. No degree one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has degree zero vertex. No degree one
+vertices. Okay, so other than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. Okay, so other than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. Okay, so other than this
+exceptional case, every other tree has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional case, every other tree has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptional case, every other tree has
+at least two leaves. Okay, where are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two leaves. Okay, where are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two leaves. Okay, where are the
+leaves in these graphs? Uh, here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves in these graphs? Uh, here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves in these graphs? Uh, here's a
+leaf. Here's a leaf. Here's a leaf.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf. Here's a leaf. Here's a leaf.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaf. Here's a leaf. Here's a leaf.
+Here's a leaf. This one just has two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a leaf. This one just has two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's a leaf. This one just has two.
+This one has a whole bunch of leaves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one has a whole bunch of leaves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This one has a whole bunch of leaves.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+sketch a proof of this llama
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is a familiar technique. Take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a familiar technique. Take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a familiar technique. Take a
+longest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest
+something. In this case, the something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. In this case, the something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something. In this case, the something
+is path. Okay, remember a path is a walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is path. Okay, remember a path is a walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is path. Okay, remember a path is a walk
+that doesn't repeat any vertices or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't repeat any vertices or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't repeat any vertices or
+edges. So, I want to take a longest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So, I want to take a longest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. So, I want to take a longest path
+in one of these graphs. For example, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of these graphs. For example, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of these graphs. For example, uh
+if I take this, this turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take this, this turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take this, this turns out to be a
+longest path in this graph. It's length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path in this graph. It's length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longest path in this graph. It's length
+four. I believe you cannot find a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. I believe you cannot find a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four. I believe you cannot find a path
+of length five. Here you can find walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length five. Here you can find walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length five. Here you can find walks
+that are arbitrarily long, but paths you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are arbitrarily long, but paths you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are arbitrarily long, but paths you
+can only find length four in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only find length four in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only find length four in this
+particular graph. I claim that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular graph. I claim that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular graph. I claim that the first
+vertex and the last vertex in that path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and the last vertex in that path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex and the last vertex in that path
+must be leaves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So ends
+must be leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and they must be distinct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, why are they distinct? Well, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, why are they distinct? Well, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, why are they distinct? Well, uh
+this is a path and path can't repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a path and path can't repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a path and path can't repeat
+vertices. So unless the path has length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. So unless the path has length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices. So unless the path has length
+zero, uh the start vertex and the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, uh the start vertex and the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, uh the start vertex and the end
+vertex are different. Okay, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex are different. Okay, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex are different. Okay, it's not
+length zero basically because we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length zero basically because we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length zero basically because we're not
+in this case. In this case, there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case. In this case, there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case. In this case, there's no
+edges. You can't follow anything. But as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. You can't follow anything. But as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges. You can't follow anything. But as
+long as there's at least one edge, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as there's at least one edge, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as there's at least one edge, then
+you know there is a path of length at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is a path of length at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there is a path of length at
+least one. And so the start vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one. And so the start vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one. And so the start vertex and
+and the end vertex will be different.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end vertex will be different.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the end vertex will be different.
+And furthermore, I claim they must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And furthermore, I claim they must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And furthermore, I claim they must be
+leaves. Basically, if this wasn't if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves. Basically, if this wasn't if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves. Basically, if this wasn't if
+this vertex didn't have degree one, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex didn't have degree one, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vertex didn't have degree one, so
+there wasn't just this one way to exit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't just this one way to exit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't just this one way to exit,
+there'd be another edge incident to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be another edge incident to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'd be another edge incident to that
+vertex. And then you could have made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. And then you could have made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex. And then you could have made a
+longer path. So a contradiction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer path. So a contradiction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer path. So a contradiction.
+Okay, I'm going to call it there. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm going to call it there. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I'm going to call it there. And
+you can read the notes for more details.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And instead I'm going to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And instead I'm going to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And instead I'm going to tell you what
+you can do with these leaves. Why are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with these leaves. Why are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do with these leaves. Why are
+they useful?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Every tree except the one vertex tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every tree except the one vertex tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Every tree except the one vertex tree
+has a leaf.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And if you've ever taken care of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you've ever taken care of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you've ever taken care of a
+plant, you know sometimes it's useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant, you know sometimes it's useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant, you know sometimes it's useful to
+prune the plant. Grows better. In our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prune the plant. Grows better. In our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prune the plant. Grows better. In our
+case, pruning is a very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, pruning is a very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, pruning is a very useful
+operation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that lets us use induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets us use induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lets us use induction.
+We've seen some inductions for graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've seen some inductions for graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've seen some inductions for graphs
+and trees are really nice to induct on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trees are really nice to induct on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trees are really nice to induct on
+because they have leaves to trim.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is a theorem for any leaf L in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a theorem for any leaf L in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is a theorem for any leaf L in a
+tree T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree T
+minus L is a tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L is a tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus L is a tree.
+Okay. What what is T minus L? This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What what is T minus L? This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What what is T minus L? This is
+the graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph
+induced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced by
+uh all the vertices minus L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the vertices minus L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all the vertices minus L.
+So in other words, it's the graph you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, it's the graph you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in other words, it's the graph you
+get if you take the tree and you clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you take the tree and you clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get if you take the tree and you clip
+off the leaf and its incident edge.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the leaf and its incident edge.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the leaf and its incident edge.
+This is that's the negative version. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is that's the negative version. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is that's the negative version. The
+positive version is you say I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive version is you say I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive version is you say I keep
+everything except L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except L
+and I take all the edges among those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take all the edges among those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I take all the edges among those
+vertices that do not include L. that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that do not include L. that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that do not include L. that
+will end up having uh let's call this t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up having uh let's call this t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up having uh let's call this t
+prime. Uh the number of edges in t prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. Uh the number of edges in t prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime. Uh the number of edges in t prime
+is going to be one less than the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be one less than the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be one less than the number
+of edges in t. And the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges in t. And the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges in t. And the number of
+vertices is also going to be one less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is also going to be one less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is also going to be one less
+because we removed one vertex and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we removed one vertex and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we removed one vertex and one
+edge. So here's our tree. Uh here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. So here's our tree. Uh here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge. So here's our tree. Uh here's a
+here's a leaf. This whole picture is t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a leaf. This whole picture is t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a leaf. This whole picture is t
+and this inner picture is t prime. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this inner picture is t prime. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this inner picture is t prime. Okay,
+this is a leaf L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a leaf L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a leaf L.
+So T prime or T minus L is this smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So T prime or T minus L is this smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So T prime or T minus L is this smaller
+thing. Okay, useful thing in general. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Okay, useful thing in general. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. Okay, useful thing in general. If
+you remove a vertex from a graph, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove a vertex from a graph, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remove a vertex from a graph, you
+also remove all of its incident edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also remove all of its incident edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also remove all of its incident edges.
+Okay, so this is a thing which is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is a thing which is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so this is a thing which is pretty
+easy to prove. Uh if because what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to prove. Uh if because what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to prove. Uh if because what we're
+saying is suppose that T is connected as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is suppose that T is connected as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is suppose that T is connected as
+cyclic, the claim is that T prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic, the claim is that T prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic, the claim is that T prime is
+also connected and a cyclic. And you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also connected and a cyclic. And you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also connected and a cyclic. And you can
+just show um that that's true. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show um that that's true. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show um that that's true. It's not
+very hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard.
+Again, see the notes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, see the notes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Again, see the notes.
+And what this enables to do together,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this enables to do together,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what this enables to do together,
+the leaf lama and this tree pruning lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaf lama and this tree pruning lema
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leaf lama and this tree pruning lema
+let you do induction over trees in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you do induction over trees in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you do induction over trees in a
+really nice way. So let's argue let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice way. So let's argue let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice way. So let's argue let's
+see an example of that with something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an example of that with something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an example of that with something
+called the size of the tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the size of the tree.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the size of the tree.
+Any tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any tree
+with n vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+has n minus one edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has n minus one edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has n minus one edges.
+Always.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Always.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Always.
+If you look at these examples,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at these examples,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you look at these examples,
+the one vertex tree has zero edges. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one vertex tree has zero edges. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one vertex tree has zero edges. The
+four vertex path has three edges. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertex path has three edges. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four vertex path has three edges. The
+six vertex star has five edges. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six vertex star has five edges. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six vertex star has five edges. This
+thing has one fewer edge than vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has one fewer edge than vertices.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing has one fewer edge than vertices.
+I won't count.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't count.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I won't count.
+So, there are three kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there are three kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there are three kinds of
+mathematicians in the world. Those who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians in the world. Those who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians in the world. Those who
+can count and those who can't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can count and those who can't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can count and those who can't.
+All right. So, I'm the latter kind.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, finally we get to an induction. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, finally we get to an induction. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, finally we get to an induction. We
+haven't done induction all day. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done induction all day. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't done induction all day. It's
+terrible. Finally, we can do induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible. Finally, we can do induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrible. Finally, we can do induction.
+Um, so we're gonna remember whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we're gonna remember whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we're gonna remember whenever you
+do an induction over graphs, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an induction over graphs, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an induction over graphs, you're
+really just doing regular induction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just doing regular induction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just doing regular induction or
+strong induction over numbers. And so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong induction over numbers. And so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong induction over numbers. And so in
+this case, we're going to induct over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, we're going to induct over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case, we're going to induct over
+the number of vertices in the graph. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices in the graph. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices in the graph. So
+our induction hypothesis is this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our induction hypothesis is this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our induction hypothesis is this that
+for a number n, p of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number n, p of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a number n, p of n
+is this statement that any tree with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this statement that any tree with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this statement that any tree with n
+vertices has exactly n minus one edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices has exactly n minus one edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices has exactly n minus one edges.
+I should write exactly here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And we're going to prove it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we're going to prove it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And we're going to prove it by
+induction. So we probably need a base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. So we probably need a base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction. So we probably need a base
+case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case.
+What is the smallest possible thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the smallest possible thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is the smallest possible thing that
+n can be? Uh one. Remember we forbid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n can be? Uh one. Remember we forbid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n can be? Uh one. Remember we forbid
+zero vert vertex graphs. You have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vert vertex graphs. You have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero vert vertex graphs. You have to
+have at least one vertex to be a graph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least one vertex to be a graph.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least one vertex to be a graph.
+So in n equals one that means there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in n equals one that means there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in n equals one that means there's
+only one graph with n equals one and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one graph with n equals one and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one graph with n equals one and it
+has zero edges. Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+My my vertex looks a lot like my number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My my vertex looks a lot like my number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My my vertex looks a lot like my number
+zero. Sorry. Um okay. So let's do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Sorry. Um okay. So let's do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Sorry. Um okay. So let's do the
+induction step. Now we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction step. Now we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction step. Now we're going to use
+all of these beautiful lemas that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these beautiful lemas that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these beautiful lemas that we
+have about leaves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about leaves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about leaves.
+So let's suppose that n is bigger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's suppose that n is bigger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's suppose that n is bigger than
+one. In other words, n is at least two.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. In other words, n is at least two.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. In other words, n is at least two.
+And therefore, the leaf lema applies. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And therefore, the leaf lema applies. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And therefore, the leaf lema applies. It
+says if you have n at least two, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you have n at least two, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says if you have n at least two, you
+have at least two leaves. I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least two leaves. I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least two leaves. I actually
+only need one of them. Uh but let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one of them. Uh but let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need one of them. Uh but let's say
+by leaf lema
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists a leaf and let's call it l.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a leaf and let's call it l.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a leaf and let's call it l.
+Okay. Now I'm gonna apply this pruning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I'm gonna apply this pruning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now I'm gonna apply this pruning
+this tree pruning lema that says if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree pruning lema that says if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tree pruning lema that says if I
+now I have a leaf I can remove it clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a leaf I can remove it clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have a leaf I can remove it clip
+it take the a new graph T prime which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take the a new graph T prime which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it take the a new graph T prime which is
+everything in T except L.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in T except L.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything in T except L.
+Okay. So by tree pruning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T prime which is T minus L is a tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Not only is it a tree, it's a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not only is it a tree, it's a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not only is it a tree, it's a smaller
+tree.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It has exactly n minus one vertices.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So I can apply induction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I can apply induction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So I can apply induction
+because when in our induction step we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when in our induction step we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when in our induction step we
+get to assume that this property is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to assume that this property is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to assume that this property is true
+for all smaller n that's strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all smaller n that's strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all smaller n that's strong
+induction in particular it's true for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction in particular it's true for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction in particular it's true for n
+minus one that's weak induction. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one that's weak induction. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one that's weak induction. Uh so
+by the induction hypothesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the induction hypothesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the induction hypothesis
+uh we know that t prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know that t prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we know that t prime
+uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh has
+uh one fewer edge than vertex and it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one fewer edge than vertex and it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one fewer edge than vertex and it has
+n minus one vertices and so it has n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one vertices and so it has n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus one vertices and so it has n
+minus2 edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and t prime was everything in t except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t prime was everything in t except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t prime was everything in t except
+for one edge that measly edge connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one edge that measly edge connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one edge that measly edge connected
+to l.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to l.
+So uh t has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh t has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh t has
+one more edge than t prime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it has uh n minus one edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has uh n minus one edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it has uh n minus one edges and
+that's what we needed to show.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we needed to show.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we needed to show.
+Okay, this is very nice for inducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is very nice for inducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, this is very nice for inducting
+over trees. Uh the idea is if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over trees. Uh the idea is if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over trees. Uh the idea is if you have a
+tree, you're going to do induction, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, you're going to do induction, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree, you're going to do induction, you
+should take a leaf and prune it. Usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take a leaf and prune it. Usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should take a leaf and prune it. Usually
+that's what you want to do. Sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to do. Sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you want to do. Sometimes
+it's useful to know there's two of them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to know there's two of them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's useful to know there's two of them.
+You could take any vertex and remove it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could take any vertex and remove it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You could take any vertex and remove it,
+but if I took a vertex in the middle of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I took a vertex in the middle of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I took a vertex in the middle of
+my tree, it might disconnect into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tree, it might disconnect into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my tree, it might disconnect into
+multiple trees and then I have to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple trees and then I have to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple trees and then I have to do a
+lot more work. By choosing a leaf, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more work. By choosing a leaf, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more work. By choosing a leaf, when
+I remove it, I guarantee I'm still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remove it, I guarantee I'm still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remove it, I guarantee I'm still a
+tree and so I can still apply induction.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and so I can still apply induction.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree and so I can still apply induction.
+It was very helpful. Uh that's uh lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was very helpful. Uh that's uh lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was very helpful. Uh that's uh lots
+of fun things about trees. Um it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun things about trees. Um it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fun things about trees. Um it turns
+out the reverse is true. If you have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the reverse is true. If you have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the reverse is true. If you have any
+connected graph with one fewer edge than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected graph with one fewer edge than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected graph with one fewer edge than
+vertex, it must be a tree. Uh trees also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex, it must be a tree. Uh trees also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex, it must be a tree. Uh trees also
+have unique paths between any two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unique paths between any two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have unique paths between any two
+vertices and any graph that has unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and any graph that has unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and any graph that has unique
+paths between any two vertices is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths between any two vertices is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths between any two vertices is a
+tree. Uh other fun things like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Uh other fun things like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree. Uh other fun things like they're
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minimal connected graphs or maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal connected graphs or maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimal connected graphs or maximal
+asyclic graphs. Lots of fun properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asyclic graphs. Lots of fun properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asyclic graphs. Lots of fun properties
+which you can find in the notes or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can find in the notes or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can find in the notes or the
+textbook. That's it for trees. Next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook. That's it for trees. Next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook. That's it for trees. Next time
+we'll do directed graphs.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/BfFhj70G3aM.txt b/BfFhj70G3aM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..33af3174888261785d58fd1c655a9b987f6d6ac2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/BfFhj70G3aM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+today on Chalk radio living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on Chalk radio living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today on Chalk radio living
+poetry yeah poetry is for everybody by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry yeah poetry is for everybody by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry yeah poetry is for everybody by
+Design I mean poetry is also so old you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design I mean poetry is also so old you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design I mean poetry is also so old you
+know poetry is first and so yeah I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know poetry is first and so yeah I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know poetry is first and so yeah I want
+to tap into that that ancient thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tap into that that ancient thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tap into that that ancient thing that
+that ancient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ancient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ancient
+music I'm Sarah Hansen my guest today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music I'm Sarah Hansen my guest today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music I'm Sarah Hansen my guest today is
+Dr Joshua Bennett MIT professor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Joshua Bennett MIT professor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dr Joshua Bennett MIT professor of
+literature and the distinguished chair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and the distinguished chair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature and the distinguished chair
+of the humanities at MIT he teaches on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the humanities at MIT he teaches on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the humanities at MIT he teaches on
+writing poetry and Society including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing poetry and Society including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing poetry and Society including the
+course called reading poetry social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course called reading poetry social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course called reading poetry social
+Poetics which will soon be available on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetics which will soon be available on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetics which will soon be available on
+MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open
+courseware this was truly one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware this was truly one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware this was truly one of the
+most impactful conversations I've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most impactful conversations I've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most impactful conversations I've had
+since we started the podcast Joshua has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we started the podcast Joshua has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we started the podcast Joshua has
+a way of weaving stories and poetry into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of weaving stories and poetry into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of weaving stories and poetry into
+all of his responses painting vivid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of his responses painting vivid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of his responses painting vivid
+pictures that make the ideas that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that make the ideas that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that make the ideas that he
+shares in this episode so potent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares in this episode so potent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shares in this episode so potent and
+tangible in our conversation he brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible in our conversation he brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangible in our conversation he brought
+in his own poet and even talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his own poet and even talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in his own poet and even talked about
+the people he admires that have helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people he admires that have helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people he admires that have helped
+to shape his approach to writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shape his approach to writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shape his approach to writing
+teaching living and even parenting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching living and even parenting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching living and even parenting
+simply put I loved this conversation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply put I loved this conversation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply put I loved this conversation and
+I think you will too so without further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you will too so without further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you will too so without further
+Ado here's my conversation with Joshua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Bennett so let's start with the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bennett so let's start with the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bennett so let's start with the basic
+question please introduce yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question please introduce yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question please introduce yourself
+sharing your name and your role in MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your name and your role in MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing your name and your role in MIT
+sure sure sure uh my name is Joshua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure sure sure uh my name is Joshua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure sure sure uh my name is Joshua
+Bennett I'm a professor of literature uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bennett I'm a professor of literature uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bennett I'm a professor of literature uh
+and distinguished chair of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distinguished chair of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distinguished chair of the
+humanities here at MIT I teach poetry uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities here at MIT I teach poetry uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humanities here at MIT I teach poetry uh
+the art of the essay and increasingly AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art of the essay and increasingly AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the art of the essay and increasingly AI
+ethics is something that I'm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics is something that I'm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics is something that I'm I'm
+starting to teach and and talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to teach and and talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to teach and and talk more
+about while I'm here what else is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about while I'm here what else is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about while I'm here what else is my
+role at MIT I'm here to teach students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role at MIT I'm here to teach students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role at MIT I'm here to teach students
+and collaborate with them and build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collaborate with them and build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and collaborate with them and build
+beautiful things I love that thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things I love that thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things I love that thank you
+for being here really excited of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being here really excited of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being here really excited of course
+it's honor and pleasure so you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's honor and pleasure so you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's honor and pleasure so you are a
+celebrated poet author and I'm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated poet author and I'm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrated poet author and I'm so
+curious how you found your way to poetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious how you found your way to poetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious how you found your way to poetry
+sure I found my way to poetry through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I found my way to poetry through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I found my way to poetry through
+people who loved me uh I found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who loved me uh I found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who loved me uh I found it
+through uh the annual talent show during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh the annual talent show during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through uh the annual talent show during
+Christmas in my grandmother's living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas in my grandmother's living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christmas in my grandmother's living
+room where everyone would have to get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room where everyone would have to get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room where everyone would have to get up
+you could perform whatever you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could perform whatever you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could perform whatever you wanted
+you could perform uh Bible verses Bobby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could perform uh Bible verses Bobby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could perform uh Bible verses Bobby
+Brown choreography or poetry and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown choreography or poetry and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brown choreography or poetry and so
+sometimes I would bring poetry sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I would bring poetry sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I would bring poetry sometimes
+I would bring song and uh in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would bring song and uh in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would bring song and uh in those
+environments I really cultivated my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments I really cultivated my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments I really cultivated my
+sense of myself as a a person with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of myself as a a person with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of myself as a a person with a
+voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice
+that mattered um I also really love that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mattered um I also really love that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mattered um I also really love that
+even if you forgot the words or forgot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you forgot the words or forgot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you forgot the words or forgot
+you know a dance step people would cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a dance step people would cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a dance step people would cover
+for you they would lift you up and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you they would lift you up and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you they would lift you up and so I
+found poetry first as a space of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found poetry first as a space of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found poetry first as a space of a
+community building and uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community building and uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community building and uh you know
+communion it was just an incredible spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communion it was just an incredible spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communion it was just an incredible spot
+to to be together what kind of topics do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be together what kind of topics do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to be together what kind of topics do
+you generally tackle in your poems I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generally tackle in your poems I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you generally tackle in your poems I
+write about family quite a bit um both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write about family quite a bit um both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write about family quite a bit um both
+the the family that raised me and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the family that raised me and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the family that raised me and now
+what it means for me to be the father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means for me to be the father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means for me to be the father
+character and that great drama yeah cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and that great drama yeah cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character and that great drama yeah cuz
+it's strange right cuz that I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strange right cuz that I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's strange right cuz that I know what
+my father was and is to me right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my father was and is to me right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my father was and is to me right one
+he's on the cover of some of my books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's on the cover of some of my books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's on the cover of some of my books
+like my second book of poetry it's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my second book of poetry it's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like my second book of poetry it's my
+dad holding me but he was uh truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad holding me but he was uh truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad holding me but he was uh truly
+heroic to me he was he was mythical in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic to me he was he was mythical in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heroic to me he was he was mythical in a
+way growing up I just thought about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way growing up I just thought about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way growing up I just thought about um
+the fact that he integrated his high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that he integrated his high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that he integrated his high
+school and he fought in the Vietnam War
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and he fought in the Vietnam War
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and he fought in the Vietnam War
+and he only enlisted because his little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he only enlisted because his little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he only enlisted because his little
+brother enlisted and he wanted to go in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother enlisted and he wanted to go in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother enlisted and he wanted to go in
+his place at 17 you know he wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his place at 17 you know he wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his place at 17 you know he wanted to
+die in the place of his little brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die in the place of his little brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die in the place of his little brother
+and so father was my kind of model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so father was my kind of model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so father was my kind of model and
+moral Paragon in some way you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral Paragon in some way you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral Paragon in some way you know
+that's what I thought courage was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I thought courage was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I thought courage was was
+listening to these stories from my pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to these stories from my pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to these stories from my pop
+and so I write quite a bit about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I write quite a bit about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I write quite a bit about that
+cuz that's unique you know in this life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that's unique you know in this life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz that's unique you know in this life
+you get if you're alive today like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get if you're alive today like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get if you're alive today like you
+are a child or you were one and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a child or you were one and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a child or you were one and I think
+I've always been astonished by that idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always been astonished by that idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've always been astonished by that idea
+you just kind of get dropped with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just kind of get dropped with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just kind of get dropped with people
+sometimes that's your biological family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's your biological family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that's your biological family
+sometimes it's a community but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's a community but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's a community but if you
+live into adulthood it's because people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live into adulthood it's because people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live into adulthood it's because people
+looked after you so i' I've just been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked after you so i' I've just been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked after you so i' I've just been
+trying to sit with that idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sit with that idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to sit with that idea that
+reality my work for quite a bit uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality my work for quite a bit uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality my work for quite a bit uh I
+write a fair amount of course about you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a fair amount of course about you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a fair amount of course about you
+know the the natural world even Beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the natural world even Beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the natural world even Beyond
+flowers I'm really interested in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers I'm really interested in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowers I'm really interested in in
+water and and trees uh in no small part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and and trees uh in no small part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water and and trees uh in no small part
+because of the work of people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the work of people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the work of people like
+Camille dunie who uh edited this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camille dunie who uh edited this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camille dunie who uh edited this
+Anthology called black nature four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthology called black nature four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anthology called black nature four
+centuries of African-American nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of African-American nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of African-American nature
+poetry that just transformed my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry that just transformed my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry that just transformed my life
+when I found it in a firestone Library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I found it in a firestone Library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I found it in a firestone Library
+you know over a decade ago what else do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over a decade ago what else do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know over a decade ago what else do
+I write about love and loss um I write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write about love and loss um I write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write about love and loss um I write
+about disability quite a bit uh cuz a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disability quite a bit uh cuz a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about disability quite a bit uh cuz a
+number of my siblings are people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of my siblings are people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of my siblings are people with
+disabilities and it wasn't until I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities and it wasn't until I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabilities and it wasn't until I got
+much older that I realized that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much older that I realized that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much older that I realized that that
+wasn't the norm that the kind of social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the norm that the kind of social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't the norm that the kind of social
+practices we had in our house whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices we had in our house whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practices we had in our house whether it
+was a sign language or thinking I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a sign language or thinking I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a sign language or thinking I didn't
+have the word neurod Divergence at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the word neurod Divergence at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the word neurod Divergence at that
+time but thinking about my younger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but thinking about my younger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but thinking about my younger
+brother who was on the autism spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother who was on the autism spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brother who was on the autism spectrum
+as having a A Beautiful Mind um that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having a A Beautiful Mind um that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having a A Beautiful Mind um that was
+holy and was designed I mean this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy and was designed I mean this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holy and was designed I mean this was
+just the way my mother and father spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way my mother and father spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the way my mother and father spoke
+about him to us and um that so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him to us and um that so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about him to us and um that so that was
+the way he arrived to us in in language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he arrived to us in in language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way he arrived to us in in language
+and uh it wasn't until again kind of got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it wasn't until again kind of got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh it wasn't until again kind of got
+out into the more dominant narratives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the more dominant narratives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out into the more dominant narratives of
+the outside world that I realized there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world that I realized there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside world that I realized there
+were all these negative meanings mapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all these negative meanings mapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all these negative meanings mapped
+onto disability and even on to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto disability and even on to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto disability and even on to to
+Blackness you know I didn't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackness you know I didn't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackness you know I didn't know the
+Star Spangled Banner until I was five or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Spangled Banner until I was five or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Spangled Banner until I was five or
+six years old because I went to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six years old because I went to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six years old because I went to this
+independent school called the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent school called the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent school called the modern
+School uh was founded by a woman named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School uh was founded by a woman named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+School uh was founded by a woman named
+mild Johnson whose father and Uncle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild Johnson whose father and Uncle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mild Johnson whose father and Uncle
+wrote the black national anthem lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the black national anthem lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote the black national anthem lift
+every voice and sing so to me that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every voice and sing so to me that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every voice and sing so to me that was a
+national anthem when I was a little kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national anthem when I was a little kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national anthem when I was a little kid
+I had no idea that that was strange or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no idea that that was strange or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no idea that that was strange or
+odd that you know we're singing musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd that you know we're singing musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd that you know we're singing musical
+theater in in French and like all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater in in French and like all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater in in French and like all my
+teachers are black and our parents are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers are black and our parents are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teachers are black and our parents are
+you know their janitors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their janitors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know their janitors and
+neurosurgeons and pastors and lawyers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgeons and pastors and lawyers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurosurgeons and pastors and lawyers
+and that that was the community that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that was the community that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that was the community that I
+grew up in and so in so many ways I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in and so in so many ways I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grew up in and so in so many ways I
+think I'm a poet because I just grew up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm a poet because I just grew up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I'm a poet because I just grew up
+in all of these distinct social worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these distinct social worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of these distinct social worlds
+that I didn't see reflected in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't see reflected in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I didn't see reflected in the
+literature I studied once I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature I studied once I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature I studied once I got
+scholarships to go to these rich schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarships to go to these rich schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarships to go to these rich schools
+I just thought well this isn't the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just thought well this isn't the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just thought well this isn't the best
+of the world right it's just a slice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world right it's just a slice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world right it's just a slice of
+the world it's just a part of it there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it's just a part of it there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world it's just a part of it there's
+cool stuff happening here too and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff happening here too and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool stuff happening here too and I I
+appreciate the chance to be here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the chance to be here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate the chance to be here but
+this is not the totality of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the totality of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not the totality of what's
+happening on planet Earth and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on planet Earth and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening on planet Earth and so um
+that's part of my process now too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of my process now too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of my process now too
+continuously is bearing witness to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously is bearing witness to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuously is bearing witness to the
+the beauty of all that I've seen I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of all that I've seen I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beauty of all that I've seen I love
+the idea of bearing witness it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of bearing witness it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of bearing witness it's really
+all humans ask that's all they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all humans ask that's all they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all humans ask that's all they really
+want they just want someone to Bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want they just want someone to Bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want they just want someone to Bear
+witness to their experience that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness to their experience that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+witness to their experience that's right
+I'm really curious about your process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really curious about your process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really curious about your process of
+crafting a poem it looks a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafting a poem it looks a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crafting a poem it looks a little bit
+different for everybody can you describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for everybody can you describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different for everybody can you describe
+what that's like for you uh terrifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's like for you uh terrifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that's like for you uh terrifying
+and beautiful at the same time as so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beautiful at the same time as so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and beautiful at the same time as so
+many things are right that are worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things are right that are worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many things are right that are worth
+doing I've written poetry forever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I've written poetry forever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I've written poetry forever you
+know since I was about four years old my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know since I was about four years old my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know since I was about four years old my
+mom still has a uh a box of my old poems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom still has a uh a box of my old poems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mom still has a uh a box of my old poems
+under her her bed that she's kept since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under her her bed that she's kept since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under her her bed that she's kept since
+we all live together uh in yoner New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all live together uh in yoner New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all live together uh in yoner New
+York I wrote poetry on the bus I was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York I wrote poetry on the bus I was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York I wrote poetry on the bus I was on
+the bus a lot as a young person my high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus a lot as a young person my high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bus a lot as a young person my high
+school was about 2 hours away uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school was about 2 hours away uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school was about 2 hours away uh from
+where I lived you know so it was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I lived you know so it was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I lived you know so it was two
+buses and a train every single day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses and a train every single day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buses and a train every single day and
+in that that interim you know I wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that that interim you know I wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that that interim you know I wrote
+poetry quite often and now you know as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry quite often and now you know as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry quite often and now you know as a
+a husband father of Two and a professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a husband father of Two and a professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a husband father of Two and a professor
+and a touring poet as a screenwriter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a touring poet as a screenwriter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a touring poet as a screenwriter you
+know I just write poetry whenever uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I just write poetry whenever uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I just write poetry whenever uh I'm
+moving through the fog of sleeplessness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through the fog of sleeplessness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving through the fog of sleeplessness
+and can just capture some beauty you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can just capture some beauty you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can just capture some beauty you
+know I really do think about my practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I really do think about my practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I really do think about my practice
+as trying to keep an Amber uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as trying to keep an Amber uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as trying to keep an Amber uh the
+astonishments that I experienced every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishments that I experienced every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishments that I experienced every
+day you know the the great beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you know the the great beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day you know the the great beauty of
+spending time with my children or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending time with my children or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending time with my children or
+looking at the the Japanese maple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the the Japanese maple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the the Japanese maple
+outside of our window or even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of our window or even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of our window or even just
+listening to the the music that I grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the the music that I grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to the the music that I grew
+up with Marvin Gay and and Sam Cook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with Marvin Gay and and Sam Cook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with Marvin Gay and and Sam Cook and
+you know really experiencing Yanda Adams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really experiencing Yanda Adams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know really experiencing Yanda Adams
+like listening to the gospel in mtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like listening to the gospel in mtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like listening to the gospel in mtown
+kind of tunes of my youth and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tunes of my youth and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tunes of my youth and being
+taken aback Now That I'm Older uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken aback Now That I'm Older uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken aback Now That I'm Older uh and
+have I think a deeper appreciation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I think a deeper appreciation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I think a deeper appreciation for
+that music that Artistry that poetry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that music that Artistry that poetry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that music that Artistry that poetry so
+my practice is all about trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my practice is all about trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my practice is all about trying to
+create a kind of um Ensemble out of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a kind of um Ensemble out of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a kind of um Ensemble out of all
+of these influences and moments and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these influences and moments and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these influences and moments and get
+it on the page uh in order to share it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the page uh in order to share it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on the page uh in order to share it I
+think if you honestly to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you honestly to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think if you honestly to a lot of
+Humanity's professors they'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity's professors they'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humanity's professors they'll tell you
+that your pro style really changes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your pro style really changes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your pro style really changes in
+graduate school by necessity kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school by necessity kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate school by necessity kind of the
+way you're you're trained out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're you're trained out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you're you're trained out of a
+certain version of your natural voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain version of your natural voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain version of your natural voice
+quite often and so I think part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often and so I think part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite often and so I think part of what
+I'm trying to bring into the practice of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to bring into the practice of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to bring into the practice of
+both my poetry and my Pros is that sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both my poetry and my Pros is that sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both my poetry and my Pros is that sense
+of a human onetoone conversation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a human onetoone conversation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a human onetoone conversation that's
+interesting and what does revision look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and what does revision look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and what does revision look
+like for you it's constant I'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for you it's constant I'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for you it's constant I'm always
+going back to poems saying H that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to poems saying H that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to poems saying H that
+doesn't fit right either because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit right either because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't fit right either because of the
+syllable count or it's not quite the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable count or it's not quite the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllable count or it's not quite the the
+frame of reference that I want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of reference that I want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame of reference that I want to use
+especially with endings I think I tweak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with endings I think I tweak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially with endings I think I tweak
+endings quite a bit uh because you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings quite a bit uh because you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endings quite a bit uh because you want
+to land the thing properly and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land the thing properly and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to land the thing properly and that
+that's part of just coming up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of just coming up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of just coming up in
+performance you know quite often people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance you know quite often people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance you know quite often people
+don't really remember the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really remember the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really remember the middle of the
+poem it's usually like what is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem it's usually like what is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem it's usually like what is their
+first impression of you and how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first impression of you and how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first impression of you and how did you
+land and so even on the page I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and so even on the page I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land and so even on the page I want to
+keep that sensibility intact right I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that sensibility intact right I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep that sensibility intact right I I
+get the sense that you don't do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sense that you don't do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the sense that you don't do this and
+isolation just calling back to what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation just calling back to what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolation just calling back to what you
+were saying in the beginning that poetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying in the beginning that poetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were saying in the beginning that poetry
+for you is about Community like do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you is about Community like do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you is about Community like do you
+share your poems when they're in process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share your poems when they're in process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share your poems when they're in process
+with the community around you how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the community around you how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the community around you how do
+they come to be what they are yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to be what they are yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come to be what they are yeah so I
+try to do that in two distinct ways one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do that in two distinct ways one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do that in two distinct ways one
+is that every collection of poetry I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every collection of poetry I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that every collection of poetry I've
+written was finished as part of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written was finished as part of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written was finished as part of an
+exchange with another poet so part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange with another poet so part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange with another poet so part of
+how I complete my books is I'll ask one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I complete my books is I'll ask one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I complete my books is I'll ask one
+of my friends if they want to do a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my friends if they want to do a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my friends if they want to do a sort
+of a 10 for 10 which means for 10 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a 10 for 10 which means for 10 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a 10 for 10 which means for 10 days
+we send each other a poem every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we send each other a poem every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we send each other a poem every single
+day oh wow right and those poems tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day oh wow right and those poems tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day oh wow right and those poems tend to
+be what kind of end up as the capstones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what kind of end up as the capstones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what kind of end up as the capstones
+of of uh my books another way I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh my books another way I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh my books another way I do that
+is that I edit on the road so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I edit on the road so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I edit on the road so any
+collection of poetry you've read from me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of poetry you've read from me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of poetry you've read from me
+I tour those poems first I see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tour those poems first I see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I tour those poems first I see where
+people laugh where they cry where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people laugh where they cry where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people laugh where they cry where they
+react what they want to talk about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react what they want to talk about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react what they want to talk about in
+q&as and that for me also feeds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q&as and that for me also feeds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q&as and that for me also feeds the
+poems it's a process of always bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poems it's a process of always bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poems it's a process of always bringing
+the stage and always bringing a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage and always bringing a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stage and always bringing a pretty
+wide kind of constellation of voices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide kind of constellation of voices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wide kind of constellation of voices
+into the process of of editing it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the process of of editing it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the process of of editing it's
+never solitary for me oh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never solitary for me oh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never solitary for me oh that's
+interesting um do you ever get stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um do you ever get stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting um do you ever get stuck
+stuck in the process of writing or stuck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the process of writing or stuck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in the process of writing or stuck
+with editing yeah stuck in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with editing yeah stuck in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with editing yeah stuck in the process
+say like I have this idea but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like I have this idea but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like I have this idea but I just
+can't like bring it through to fruition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't like bring it through to fruition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't like bring it through to fruition
+or I'm really like I'm not sure what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm really like I'm not sure what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm really like I'm not sure what to
+do here the ending is just isn't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here the ending is just isn't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here the ending is just isn't right
+or like what do you do when you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like what do you do when you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like what do you do when you just
+feel stuck and I'm asking because lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel stuck and I'm asking because lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel stuck and I'm asking because lots
+of students lots of Learners lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students lots of Learners lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of students lots of Learners lots of
+artists get in that space and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists get in that space and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists get in that space and you know
+there are strategies we can use to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are strategies we can use to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are strategies we can use to sort
+of get unstuck and I'm curious what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get unstuck and I'm curious what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get unstuck and I'm curious what you
+try to do that's really interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do that's really interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do that's really interesting
+maybe something's wrong with me I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something's wrong with me I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe something's wrong with me I never
+think of myself as stuck like even even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of myself as stuck like even even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of myself as stuck like even even
+when a poem might take me a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a poem might take me a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a poem might take me a little bit
+longer yeah I just come back to it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer yeah I just come back to it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer yeah I just come back to it maybe
+that's my wife's influence maybe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my wife's influence maybe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my wife's influence maybe it's
+Pam I just think it need Pam yeah Pam's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pam I just think it need Pam yeah Pam's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pam I just think it need Pam yeah Pam's
+great she's the best I'm glad I got her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great she's the best I'm glad I got her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great she's the best I'm glad I got her
+you know but I think it flows into one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but I think it flows into one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know but I think it flows into one
+another you know so some of this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know so some of this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another you know so some of this too
+maybe is that I'm used to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is that I'm used to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe is that I'm used to thinking about
+fits and starts as just part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits and starts as just part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits and starts as just part of the
+natural process and practice of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural process and practice of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural process and practice of writing
+you know growing up I had five siblings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know growing up I had five siblings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know growing up I had five siblings
+you know um I grew up in New York it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um I grew up in New York it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know um I grew up in New York it's
+very noisy and so now you know with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very noisy and so now you know with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very noisy and so now you know with like
+a three-year-old running around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-year-old running around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-year-old running around the
+house and a dog and like a two-month-old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and a dog and like a two-month-old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house and a dog and like a two-month-old
+baby girl June it's um like that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby girl June it's um like that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby girl June it's um like that's my
+natural environment like you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural environment like you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural environment like you don't get
+two hours uninterrupted to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours uninterrupted to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hours uninterrupted to work on
+anything not really you know the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything not really you know the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything not really you know the only
+time I ever had that was grad school but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I ever had that was grad school but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I ever had that was grad school but
+even then I always wrote with my friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then I always wrote with my friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even then I always wrote with my friends
+right like I was hanging out with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like I was hanging out with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like I was hanging out with my
+friends at Union Theological Seminary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends at Union Theological Seminary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends at Union Theological Seminary to
+write the entirety of my dissertation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the entirety of my dissertation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the entirety of my dissertation I
+wasn't at Princeton alone in in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't at Princeton alone in in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't at Princeton alone in in a
+library as suggested you know cuz that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library as suggested you know cuz that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library as suggested you know cuz that
+was how became a genius right you sit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how became a genius right you sit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was how became a genius right you sit
+alone for 12 hours that was the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone for 12 hours that was the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone for 12 hours that was the idea
+that was given to us but in actuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was given to us but in actuality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was given to us but in actuality
+that just never worked for me so whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just never worked for me so whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just never worked for me so whether
+it was the bus whether it was kicking it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the bus whether it was kicking it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the bus whether it was kicking it
+at the Seminary or whether now it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Seminary or whether now it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the Seminary or whether now it's you
+know my life in Suburban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my life in Suburban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know my life in Suburban
+Massachusetts I don't really think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I don't really think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts I don't really think about
+when I'm stopping as being stuck so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm stopping as being stuck so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm stopping as being stuck so much
+is now we're going to take a pause for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we're going to take a pause for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now we're going to take a pause for
+breath yeah and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath yeah and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breath yeah and we're going to
+revitalize and we're going to come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revitalize and we're going to come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revitalize and we're going to come back
+to this and the poem's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and the poem's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this and the poem's going to be
+different than it would have been if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than it would have been if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than it would have been if I
+just kind of sat there uh for an hour or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of sat there uh for an hour or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of sat there uh for an hour or
+so but it's just not the nature of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it's just not the nature of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but it's just not the nature of my
+life and sometimes when you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and sometimes when you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and sometimes when you're not
+writing it's because you need to living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it's because you need to living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it's because you need to living
+and experiencing and changing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiencing and changing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and experiencing and changing and then
+you come back to it and let the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back to it and let the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come back to it and let the work
+reflect that yeah I love the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect that yeah I love the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflect that yeah I love the idea of
+reframing stuckness as taking a breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing stuckness as taking a breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing stuckness as taking a breath
+but I also like the idea of sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also like the idea of sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also like the idea of sometimes
+the answer is in others and looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is in others and looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is in others and looking
+outside of ourselves that's exactly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of ourselves that's exactly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of ourselves that's exactly it
+and sometimes it's just not the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's just not the moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes it's just not the moment
+for that particular project yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that particular project yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that particular project yeah you
+know like I thought my dissertation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like I thought my dissertation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know like I thought my dissertation in
+grad school is going to be a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school is going to be a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad school is going to be a totally
+different thing and now I'm writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing and now I'm writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different thing and now I'm writing this
+book that largely about flowers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that largely about flowers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book that largely about flowers that's
+picking up these questions I literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up these questions I literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up these questions I literally
+asked 13 years ago yeah right I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked 13 years ago yeah right I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked 13 years ago yeah right I didn't
+throw them in the trash I just brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw them in the trash I just brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw them in the trash I just brought
+them back yeah right it's just they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back yeah right it's just they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back yeah right it's just they
+weren't ready yet they weren't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't ready yet they weren't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't ready yet they weren't fully
+cooked I needed to read and listen to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked I needed to read and listen to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooked I needed to read and listen to a
+hundred other things to say oh yeah this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred other things to say oh yeah this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred other things to say oh yeah this
+is where these early 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where these early 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where these early 20th century
+biologists can come into my larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists can come into my larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biologists can come into my larger
+intellectual project I wasn't ready to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual project I wasn't ready to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectual project I wasn't ready to
+do that work in my 20s and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that work in my 20s and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that work in my 20s and now
+especially being at MIT I have a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially being at MIT I have a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially being at MIT I have a much
+deeper understanding of what someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper understanding of what someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper understanding of what someone
+like Charles Henry Turner or Ernest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Charles Henry Turner or Ernest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Charles Henry Turner or Ernest
+Everett just was up to and I think I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everett just was up to and I think I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Everett just was up to and I think I can
+capture it and reflect it in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it and reflect it in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture it and reflect it in a different
+way would you read an example of a poem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way would you read an example of a poem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way would you read an example of a poem
+that you really love that you've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really love that you've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really love that you've written
+sure so this is one of my more recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so this is one of my more recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure so this is one of my more recent
+poems actually I wrote it after reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poems actually I wrote it after reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poems actually I wrote it after reading
+a bit of this poet major Jackson who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of this poet major Jackson who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit of this poet major Jackson who
+wrote a book called Hoops which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book called Hoops which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote a book called Hoops which is
+another one of those kind of books I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of those kind of books I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of those kind of books I
+pulled off the shelf and Firestone I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled off the shelf and Firestone I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled off the shelf and Firestone I
+don't have a degree in creative writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a degree in creative writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a degree in creative writing
+I'm a self-taught poet and so a big part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a self-taught poet and so a big part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a self-taught poet and so a big part
+of my process um in my teens in my 20s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my process um in my teens in my 20s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my process um in my teens in my 20s
+was just seeking out you know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just seeking out you know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just seeking out you know these
+other voices say that I could pull into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other voices say that I could pull into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other voices say that I could pull into
+my Orbit so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Orbit so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my Orbit so this is
+we we grew up listening to the gossip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we grew up listening to the gossip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we grew up listening to the gossip of
+Elders and crowded salons the Holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elders and crowded salons the Holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elders and crowded salons the Holy
+Spirit Hot 97 our guts drum major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spirit Hot 97 our guts drum major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spirit Hot 97 our guts drum major
+signaling whether to run left or right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling whether to run left or right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signaling whether to run left or right
+when a bullet's Ricochet crack the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a bullet's Ricochet crack the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when a bullet's Ricochet crack the
+nighttime air jokes about our hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nighttime air jokes about our hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nighttime air jokes about our hair
+Mama's weight our place in the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mama's weight our place in the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mama's weight our place in the great
+graph of human potential we slap boxed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of human potential we slap boxed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of human potential we slap boxed
+until it turned to scrapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it turned to scrapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until it turned to scrapping
+unexpectedly scuff blossoming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly scuff blossoming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unexpectedly scuff blossoming from
+schoolyard Play We claimed was meant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoolyard Play We claimed was meant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoolyard Play We claimed was meant to
+enhance Precision little else we had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance Precision little else we had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance Precision little else we had no
+good words for wealth no trust in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good words for wealth no trust in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good words for wealth no trust in
+arbitrary rules or sense of power beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary rules or sense of power beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary rules or sense of power beyond
+the kinds that shaped our lives inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds that shaped our lives inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinds that shaped our lives inside
+discernable bounds the belt the badge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discernable bounds the belt the badge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discernable bounds the belt the badge
+shoe boxes underneath the bed which held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe boxes underneath the bed which held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoe boxes underneath the bed which held
+abell's savings first poems the heels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abell's savings first poems the heels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abell's savings first poems the heels
+our mothers wore to shuffle the Shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mothers wore to shuffle the Shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our mothers wore to shuffle the Shine
+off the floor of a disco spot downtown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the floor of a disco spot downtown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the floor of a disco spot downtown
+where working people went to let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where working people went to let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where working people went to let the
+stress of day last shifts weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress of day last shifts weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stress of day last shifts weight
+evaporate we knew the cool Ambrosia of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate we knew the cool Ambrosia of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporate we knew the cool Ambrosia of
+hydrant water how without it we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrant water how without it we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrant water how without it we might
+not have survived the height of July's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have survived the height of July's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have survived the height of July's
+brutality we learned Spanish to talk to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brutality we learned Spanish to talk to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brutality we learned Spanish to talk to
+girlfriend's mothers via landline ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend's mothers via landline ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girlfriend's mothers via landline ask
+permission for a half hour after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission for a half hour after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission for a half hour after
+schoola or some other benevolent though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoola or some other benevolent though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoola or some other benevolent though
+transparently false claim we dreamt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparently false claim we dreamt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparently false claim we dreamt of
+flight and heavyweight fights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and heavyweight fights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flight and heavyweight fights and
+playing our latest hits on late night TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing our latest hits on late night TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing our latest hits on late night TV
+Crossing up small forwards on the NBA on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing up small forwards on the NBA on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crossing up small forwards on the NBA on
+NBC with our uncles watching their voic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBC with our uncles watching their voic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBC with our uncles watching their voic
+is so loud neighbors assume someone must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so loud neighbors assume someone must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so loud neighbors assume someone must
+have lost a bet we imagined a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost a bet we imagined a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lost a bet we imagined a world
+without debt or early death or stress so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without debt or early death or stress so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without debt or early death or stress so
+heavy the Mind must be lifted elsewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy the Mind must be lifted elsewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy the Mind must be lifted elsewhere
+to Bear it and yet persist we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bear it and yet persist we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bear it and yet persist we were
+latchkey kids troubadors substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latchkey kids troubadors substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latchkey kids troubadors substitute
+parents at 14 teaching little brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents at 14 teaching little brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents at 14 teaching little brothers
+to read and long divide and ride the bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read and long divide and ride the bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read and long divide and ride the bus
+home alone in time to reach the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home alone in time to reach the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home alone in time to reach the front
+door just before dark when the world put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door just before dark when the world put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door just before dark when the world put
+on another face so we did too and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another face so we did too and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on another face so we did too and with
+masks and wigs we got from Grandma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks and wigs we got from Grandma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masks and wigs we got from Grandma
+devised Productions to fill the days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devised Productions to fill the days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devised Productions to fill the days
+remainder command the language we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder command the language we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder command the language we
+inherited to live a new or else fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited to live a new or else fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited to live a new or else fail
+magnificently at trying to say what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificently at trying to say what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnificently at trying to say what we
+held most dear but could not yet sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held most dear but could not yet sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held most dear but could not yet sketch
+onto the palum sest of the World As We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the palum sest of the World As We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the palum sest of the World As We
+Knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It just want to give that a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah can you tell me a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you tell me a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you tell me a little bit about
+what you love about that poem what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you love about that poem what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you love about that poem what
+speaks to you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to you so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to you so
+much it feels more true than what I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it feels more true than what I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it feels more true than what I let
+myself get onto paper sometimes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself get onto paper sometimes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself get onto paper sometimes you know
+like the the texture of that first Lany
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the texture of that first Lany
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the the texture of that first Lany
+in particular like we grew up listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular like we grew up listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular like we grew up listening
+to gossip and salons Hot 97 and the Holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gossip and salons Hot 97 and the Holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gossip and salons Hot 97 and the Holy
+Spirit like that that triangulation just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spirit like that that triangulation just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spirit like that that triangulation just
+feels so true to me like listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels so true to me like listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels so true to me like listening to
+the radio with my big sister and then my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio with my big sister and then my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radio with my big sister and then my
+grandmother owned three salons in Harlem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother owned three salons in Harlem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grandmother owned three salons in Harlem
+growing up and so I would spend time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up and so I would spend time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing up and so I would spend time
+there and the older women would give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the older women would give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and the older women would give me
+a dollar if I could spell a word longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar if I could spell a word longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dollar if I could spell a word longer
+than three syllables you know so I'd go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three syllables you know so I'd go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three syllables you know so I'd go
+on there and talk about loquaciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there and talk about loquaciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there and talk about loquaciousness
+and malfeasance and things being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and malfeasance and things being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and malfeasance and things being
+indubitable stuff like that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indubitable stuff like that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indubitable stuff like that and that
+that is what made me a scholar that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what made me a scholar that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what made me a scholar that's
+what made me a a writer you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made me a a writer you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made me a a writer you know that's
+what made me feel like I was a part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made me feel like I was a part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what made me feel like I was a part of
+the Great human story and no one could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great human story and no one could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Great human story and no one could
+ever take it away and so in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever take it away and so in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever take it away and so in some ways
+I'm just quite ful for the invincibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just quite ful for the invincibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just quite ful for the invincibility
+that those places granted me you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those places granted me you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those places granted me you know
+even if it wasn't true I'm a mortal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it wasn't true I'm a mortal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it wasn't true I'm a mortal
+being you know but I didn't feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know but I didn't feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you know but I didn't feel that
+way when I was a little kid anything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way when I was a little kid anything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way when I was a little kid anything was
+possible you know so that that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you know so that that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible you know so that that's what I
+I love about that poem is I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love about that poem is I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love about that poem is I think it
+reflects a particular moment in time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects a particular moment in time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflects a particular moment in time but
+it also reflects a sensibility that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also reflects a sensibility that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also reflects a sensibility that I
+think has kept me alive on the inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has kept me alive on the inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think has kept me alive on the inside
+that has kept me alive spiritually as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has kept me alive spiritually as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has kept me alive spiritually as
+I've navigated my life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've navigated my life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've navigated my life and
+career thank you it's very beautiful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career thank you it's very beautiful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career thank you it's very beautiful and
+I love that part where you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love that part where you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love that part where you talk about
+long division and then you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long division and then you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long division and then you bring
+remainder like yeah ah look oh thank on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder like yeah ah look oh thank on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder like yeah ah look oh thank on
+first listen that's incredible I like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first listen that's incredible I like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first listen that's incredible I like it
+you got a guest lecture in my poetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a guest lecture in my poetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a guest lecture in my poetry
+class help the students love it um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class help the students love it um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class help the students love it um let's
+talk about your poetry class one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about your poetry class one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about your poetry class one in
+particular that you teach here it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that you teach here it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular that you teach here it's it's
+called reading poetry social Poetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called reading poetry social Poetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called reading poetry social Poetics
+sure and you write that the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and you write that the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure and you write that the central
+concern of this class is the historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern of this class is the historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern of this class is the historical
+relationship between the social lives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the social lives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between the social lives of
+everyday people and the US American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday people and the US American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyday people and the US American
+Poetics with a special emphasis on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetics with a special emphasis on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetics with a special emphasis on what
+June Jordan once termed the difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June Jordan once termed the difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+June Jordan once termed the difficult
+Miracle of black poetry in America I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miracle of black poetry in America I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miracle of black poetry in America I'm
+wondering if you could talk us through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if you could talk us through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if you could talk us through
+this there's a lot there break it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's a lot there break it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there's a lot there break it down
+for us yeah it's quite a bit there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us yeah it's quite a bit there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us yeah it's quite a bit there and
+it's uh it's at the top of the syllabus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's at the top of the syllabus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh it's at the top of the syllabus
+you know for the class so shout out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for the class so shout out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for the class so shout out to
+my students for for reading the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my students for for reading the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my students for for reading the whole
+thing with me on the first day so social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with me on the first day so social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing with me on the first day so social
+Poetics the class takes its name from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetics the class takes its name from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetics the class takes its name from a
+theory by a brilliant Arts educator uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory by a brilliant Arts educator uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory by a brilliant Arts educator uh
+named Mark Noak who book called social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Mark Noak who book called social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+named Mark Noak who book called social
+Poetics and the theory he's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetics and the theory he's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetics and the theory he's really
+trying to outline there is a theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to outline there is a theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to outline there is a theory of
+aesthetic practice that takes place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic practice that takes place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic practice that takes place in
+spaces uh where working in poor Everyday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces uh where working in poor Everyday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces uh where working in poor Everyday
+People congregate right so he writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People congregate right so he writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People congregate right so he writes
+about poetry workshops that take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poetry workshops that take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poetry workshops that take place
+not in Elite universities but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in Elite universities but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in Elite universities but in
+alternative schools in prisons uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative schools in prisons uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative schools in prisons uh in
+Union spaces right and that's the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union spaces right and that's the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union spaces right and that's the social
+Poetics he's really interested in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetics he's really interested in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetics he's really interested in and
+committed to and importantly he thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to and importantly he thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed to and importantly he thinks
+about that in a kind of international
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a kind of international
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a kind of international
+scale right so he's writing not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right so he's writing not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale right so he's writing not just
+about the us but about uh Cuba Kenya
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the us but about uh Cuba Kenya
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the us but about uh Cuba Kenya
+Nicaragua South Africa so for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua South Africa so for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nicaragua South Africa so for the
+purposes of the class really what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of the class really what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes of the class really what I
+wanted to emphasize was not only noak's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to emphasize was not only noak's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to emphasize was not only noak's
+really important Theory so we read you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important Theory so we read you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important Theory so we read you
+know the parts of his book um in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the parts of his book um in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the parts of his book um in the
+class but also how we could extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but also how we could extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class but also how we could extend
+social Poetics to think about a Poetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social Poetics to think about a Poetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social Poetics to think about a Poetics
+of sociality not just in the human world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sociality not just in the human world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sociality not just in the human world
+but in the the non-human world the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the the non-human world the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the the non-human world the more
+than human world so what is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than human world so what is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than human world so what is the kind of
+sociality of of trees um of fish how is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociality of of trees um of fish how is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociality of of trees um of fish how is
+that captured in poetry how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captured in poetry how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that captured in poetry how is it
+captured in song and on film so we watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured in song and on film so we watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured in song and on film so we watch
+films for examp example like Moonlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films for examp example like Moonlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films for examp example like Moonlight
+which I think is not only a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is not only a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is not only a really
+beautiful love story but a poem in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful love story but a poem in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful love story but a poem in a way
+a kind of extended visual poem about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of extended visual poem about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of extended visual poem about our
+relationship to the water and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the water and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the water and to the
+Earth right I think that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth right I think that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Earth right I think that's absolutely
+Central in that story and alongside a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central in that story and alongside a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central in that story and alongside a
+film like that we would read arelis gmes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film like that we would read arelis gmes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film like that we would read arelis gmes
+poems from the black Maria which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poems from the black Maria which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poems from the black Maria which were
+all about these kind of dark spots on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about these kind of dark spots on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about these kind of dark spots on
+the moon that uh you know early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon that uh you know early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon that uh you know early
+astronomers thought were oceans but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers thought were oceans but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astronomers thought were oceans but
+weren't right and that that book is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't right and that that book is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't right and that that book is so
+beautiful in the way it thinks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful in the way it thinks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful in the way it thinks about
+perception and beauty and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and beauty and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception and beauty and our
+relationship to the cosmos and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the cosmos and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to the cosmos and so that
+that's really the kind of Beating Heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the kind of Beating Heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really the kind of Beating Heart
+of the class CL and it was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class CL and it was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the class CL and it was the first
+class I taught at MIT and I had 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I taught at MIT and I had 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class I taught at MIT and I had 16
+students for it and they were incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students for it and they were incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students for it and they were incredible
+they did incredible work and tell us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did incredible work and tell us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did incredible work and tell us a
+little bit about June Jordan and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about June Jordan and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about June Jordan and what
+she means by the difficult Miracle oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she means by the difficult Miracle oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she means by the difficult Miracle oh
+yeah I mean for her the difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean for her the difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean for her the difficult
+Miracle of black poetry in America I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miracle of black poetry in America I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miracle of black poetry in America I
+think uh is that we do it at all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh is that we do it at all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think uh is that we do it at all that
+we've ever done it uh you know she talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've ever done it uh you know she talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've ever done it uh you know she talks
+about this at the end like published or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at the end like published or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at the end like published or
+not published you know we we persist she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not published you know we we persist she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not published you know we we persist she
+the essay largely focuses uh on The Life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essay largely focuses uh on The Life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essay largely focuses uh on The Life
+and Legacy of Phyllis Wheatley you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Legacy of Phyllis Wheatley you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Legacy of Phyllis Wheatley you know
+who's a teenage girl uh one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a teenage girl uh one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's a teenage girl uh one of the first
+black poets published in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black poets published in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black poets published in the United
+States I believe only the the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I believe only the the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States I believe only the the second
+woman ever to publish a book of poetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman ever to publish a book of poetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman ever to publish a book of poetry
+in the United States and uh I mean I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and uh I mean I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United States and uh I mean I'm
+interested in philis wheelie for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in philis wheelie for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in philis wheelie for all
+sorts of reasons you know we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of reasons you know we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of reasons you know we'll talk
+about AI I think a little bit later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about AI I think a little bit later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about AI I think a little bit later
+hopefully but you know this public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully but you know this public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully but you know this public
+policy paper that I worked on here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy paper that I worked on here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy paper that I worked on here at
+the Institute you know Phyllis Wheatley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Institute you know Phyllis Wheatley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Institute you know Phyllis Wheatley
+is a part of it because if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a part of it because if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a part of it because if you read
+someone like Thomas Jefferson's response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone like Thomas Jefferson's response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone like Thomas Jefferson's response
+to her it's almost like he thinks she's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her it's almost like he thinks she's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to her it's almost like he thinks she's
+a kind of a early large language modeler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a early large language modeler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of a early large language modeler
+or something right because within the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something right because within the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something right because within the
+the kind of philosophical scope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of philosophical scope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of philosophical scope of the
+18th century for someone like Jefferson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century for someone like Jefferson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th century for someone like Jefferson
+She's Not a Human Being right so he says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's Not a Human Being right so he says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+She's Not a Human Being right so he says
+her work is beneath the Dignity of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her work is beneath the Dignity of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her work is beneath the Dignity of of
+criticism right and even these early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism right and even these early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism right and even these early
+responses that you see from places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses that you see from places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses that you see from places like
+the UK where her book her first book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK where her book her first book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the UK where her book her first book is
+published right people are like well she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published right people are like well she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published right people are like well she
+can write so beautifully how can she be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write so beautifully how can she be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write so beautifully how can she be
+enslaved like these things are at odds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslaved like these things are at odds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enslaved like these things are at odds
+if we're saying that these people can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're saying that these people can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're saying that these people can be
+enchained because they have no interior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enchained because they have no interior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enchained because they have no interior
+life then how could she possibly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life then how could she possibly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life then how could she possibly have
+produced this work and right here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this work and right here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced this work and right here in
+Massachusetts actually there was a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts actually there was a kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts actually there was a kind
+of two-day I mean it's been called in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two-day I mean it's been called in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two-day I mean it's been called in
+print the trial of of Phyllis Wheatley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the trial of of Phyllis Wheatley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+print the trial of of Phyllis Wheatley
+where basically kind of lawmakers um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically kind of lawmakers um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where basically kind of lawmakers um and
+Scholars a group of them were tasked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars a group of them were tasked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars a group of them were tasked
+with figuring out whether or not she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with figuring out whether or not she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with figuring out whether or not she had
+actually produced those poems and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually produced those poems and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually produced those poems and at the
+end of the two days they they wrote a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the two days they they wrote a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of the two days they they wrote a
+kind of public letter saying she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of public letter saying she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of public letter saying she
+actually had right this this young black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had right this this young black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had right this this young black
+woman has produced this work and so June
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman has produced this work and so June
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman has produced this work and so June
+Jordan's essay is thinking about how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan's essay is thinking about how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan's essay is thinking about how can
+a expressive tradition emerge from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a expressive tradition emerge from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a expressive tradition emerge from those
+sorts of conditions how can poetry come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of conditions how can poetry come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of conditions how can poetry come
+from a space where you were considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a space where you were considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a space where you were considered
+to not be human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not be human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to not be human being
+right you think of poetry is the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you think of poetry is the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you think of poetry is the kind of
+apotheosis of written and spoken human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apotheosis of written and spoken human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apotheosis of written and spoken human
+expression so yeah I wanted to trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so yeah I wanted to trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression so yeah I wanted to trace
+that line of thinking through the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line of thinking through the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that line of thinking through the course
+and you know June was not only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know June was not only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know June was not only a
+masterful poet but an incredible teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masterful poet but an incredible teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masterful poet but an incredible teacher
+so I try to learn from their example on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I try to learn from their example on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I try to learn from their example on
+both of those fronts and an activist oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those fronts and an activist oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of those fronts and an activist oh
+yeah for sure black feminist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for sure black feminist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah for sure black feminist
+Anti-Imperialist activist someone whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anti-Imperialist activist someone whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anti-Imperialist activist someone whose
+activism took on so many different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activism took on so many different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activism took on so many different um
+and ever more lovely forms you know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ever more lovely forms you know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ever more lovely forms you know in
+in the early '70s she founded a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early '70s she founded a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early '70s she founded a program
+called the voice of the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the voice of the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the voice of the children
+which was a social program that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a social program that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was a social program that
+essentially took the form of a Saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially took the form of a Saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially took the form of a Saturday
+school at places like the Church of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school at places like the Church of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school at places like the Church of the
+open door in Brooklyn where essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open door in Brooklyn where essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open door in Brooklyn where essentially
+black and PTO Rican kids would come and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and PTO Rican kids would come and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black and PTO Rican kids would come and
+they would write for an entire Saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would write for an entire Saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would write for an entire Saturday
+one of the rules of the space was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rules of the space was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the rules of the space was that
+adults couldn't uh bother the kids you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults couldn't uh bother the kids you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adults couldn't uh bother the kids you
+couldn't interrupt them you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't interrupt them you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't interrupt them you couldn't
+vocally evaluate the work which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocally evaluate the work which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocally evaluate the work which I think
+is really important right so even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important right so even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really important right so even the
+opinions of the adults were just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions of the adults were just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions of the adults were just not
+important wow I love that it's amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important wow I love that it's amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important wow I love that it's amazing
+it's an amazing idea and uh voice of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an amazing idea and uh voice of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an amazing idea and uh voice of the
+children eventually when she moves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children eventually when she moves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children eventually when she moves to
+Berkeley you know she eventually teaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley you know she eventually teaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Berkeley you know she eventually teaches
+at UC Berkeley becomes a poetry for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at UC Berkeley becomes a poetry for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at UC Berkeley becomes a poetry for the
+people which is a multi-generational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which is a multi-generational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people which is a multi-generational
+kind of multiethnic program that ran for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of multiethnic program that ran for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of multiethnic program that ran for
+many years and was another incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years and was another incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years and was another incredible
+kind of pedagogical space where she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pedagogical space where she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of pedagogical space where she was
+training future teachers to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training future teachers to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training future teachers to think about
+the poetic tradition of the world of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poetic tradition of the world of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poetic tradition of the world of of
+planet Earth in as capacious terms as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet Earth in as capacious terms as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planet Earth in as capacious terms as
+possible so June was incredible you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so June was incredible you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so June was incredible you know
+she was a world historical intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was a world historical intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she was a world historical intellectual
+amazing and you named your daughter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and you named your daughter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing and you named your daughter
+after her I named my daughter after her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after her I named my daughter after her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after her I named my daughter after her
+as well yeah do you want to read us a PE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well yeah do you want to read us a PE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well yeah do you want to read us a PE
+from June June Jordan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from June June Jordan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from June June Jordan
+absolutely so this is actually from a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so this is actually from a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely so this is actually from a um
+a graduation speech that June Jordan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graduation speech that June Jordan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graduation speech that June Jordan
+delivered in 1970 um at is- 55 at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered in 1970 um at is- 55 at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered in 1970 um at is- 55 at uh
+Ocean Hill Brownsville in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Brooklyn last night I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn last night I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brooklyn last night I was trying to
+think how I could share what I deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how I could share what I deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think how I could share what I deeply
+believe with you and the single belief I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe with you and the single belief I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe with you and the single belief I
+beg you to share with me is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beg you to share with me is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beg you to share with me is this one
+that your life is the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your life is the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your life is the most important
+fact and also the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and also the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact and also the most important
+invaluable promise on Earth period it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invaluable promise on Earth period it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invaluable promise on Earth period it is
+a once only life that you have and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a once only life that you have and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a once only life that you have and it is
+a vulnerable life that you have subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vulnerable life that you have subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vulnerable life that you have subject
+to increasing dangers that too few of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increasing dangers that too few of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to increasing dangers that too few of us
+struggle against or even understand but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle against or even understand but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggle against or even understand but
+it is this your once only life that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this your once only life that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is this your once only life that we
+come together this morning to honor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together this morning to honor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come together this morning to honor and
+to celebrate anytime we come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to celebrate anytime we come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to celebrate anytime we come together
+anytime we can come together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime we can come together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime we can come together to
+celebrate the lives of children the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate the lives of children the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+celebrate the lives of children the
+precious Life Of Black children I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious Life Of Black children I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precious Life Of Black children I think
+to myself this is how we should start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to myself this is how we should start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to myself this is how we should start
+this is how we should begin to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we should begin to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we should begin to build
+another way another kind of humankind a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way another kind of humankind a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way another kind of humankind a
+really new nation we have to begin by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really new nation we have to begin by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really new nation we have to begin by
+cherishing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherishing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherishing our
+children it's beautiful thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children it's beautiful thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children it's beautiful thank
+you and it's just an observation but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it's just an observation but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and it's just an observation but I
+noticed in June Jordan's writing in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed in June Jordan's writing in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed in June Jordan's writing in your
+writing it's an invitation to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it's an invitation to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing it's an invitation to understand
+I I don't feel like you're trying to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't feel like you're trying to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I don't feel like you're trying to be
+opaque at all I think you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque at all I think you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque at all I think you're trying to
+put your thoughts out there in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your thoughts out there in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put your thoughts out there in a way
+that people can take it up yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can take it up yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people can take it up yeah and
+maybe that's intentional I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's intentional I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that's intentional I don't know
+but I feel invited in I don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I feel invited in I don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I feel invited in I don't feel
+excluded from the poem a it's good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from the poem a it's good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded from the poem a it's good to
+hear yeah my my aim is always to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear yeah my my aim is always to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear yeah my my aim is always to create
+Community around works of art yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community around works of art yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community around works of art yeah you
+know and I honor people who don't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I honor people who don't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and I honor people who don't do
+that like I I love a good bit of opacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like I I love a good bit of opacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like I I love a good bit of opacity
+you know the stuff especially the theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the stuff especially the theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the stuff especially the theory
+and and the Poetry that yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the Poetry that yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the Poetry that yeah you know
+Tak as Central concern or aim but for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tak as Central concern or aim but for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tak as Central concern or aim but for me
+I mean my primary influences are black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean my primary influences are black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean my primary influences are black
+church and the spoken word you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church and the spoken word you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+church and the spoken word you know
+Poetry Slams kind of cafes founded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetry Slams kind of cafes founded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poetry Slams kind of cafes founded by
+academics and their friends to invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics and their friends to invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academics and their friends to invite
+people from all across the world to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from all across the world to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people from all across the world to come
+listen you know an open mic list is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen you know an open mic list is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen you know an open mic list is a
+certain kind of democratic form yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of democratic form yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kind of democratic form yeah
+absolutely anybody who walks through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely anybody who walks through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely anybody who walks through the
+door can sign up and you get up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door can sign up and you get up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door can sign up and you get up there
+and you can talk I mean ostensibly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can talk I mean ostensibly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can talk I mean ostensibly for
+as long as you want if you go on too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you want if you go on too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as you want if you go on too
+long we're going to ask you to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long we're going to ask you to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long we're going to ask you to leave
+right but there's there's an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there's there's an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but there's there's an interesting
+kind of breath and open air there that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of breath and open air there that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of breath and open air there that I
+think is really important and models how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really important and models how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is really important and models how
+we can come to know one another so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come to know one another so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come to know one another so yeah
+it's it's always for me an invitation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's always for me an invitation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's always for me an invitation I
+I think it's worth saying because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's worth saying because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's worth saying because you're
+immersed in this world but for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in this world but for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immersed in this world but for people
+who are not in it they may hear poetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not in it they may hear poetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are not in it they may hear poetry
+and think like well that's not for me or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think like well that's not for me or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think like well that's not for me or
+I don't have a voice I could lend to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have a voice I could lend to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have a voice I could lend to it
+and I don't have an ear that can receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have an ear that can receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't have an ear that can receive
+it because they have a preconceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because they have a preconceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because they have a preconceived
+notion of what poetry is and who it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of what poetry is and who it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of what poetry is and who it's
+for but I think through your teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but I think through your teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for but I think through your teaching
+through your writing really saying like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your writing really saying like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through your writing really saying like
+poetry is for you yeah poetry is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry is for you yeah poetry is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry is for you yeah poetry is for
+everybody yeah yeah poetry is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody yeah yeah poetry is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody yeah yeah poetry is for
+everybody by Design I mean poetry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody by Design I mean poetry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody by Design I mean poetry is
+also so old mhm you know poetry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so old mhm you know poetry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also so old mhm you know poetry is
+first it's before Pros right I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it's before Pros right I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it's before Pros right I mean we
+have these kind of Epic poems that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these kind of Epic poems that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these kind of Epic poems that were
+memorized weren't even really written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized weren't even really written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized weren't even really written
+down right like we have poems kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right like we have poems kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down right like we have poems kind of
+before a certain kind of of written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a certain kind of of written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before a certain kind of of written
+tradition for these modes of creative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition for these modes of creative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradition for these modes of creative
+expression and so yeah I want to tap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and so yeah I want to tap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression and so yeah I want to tap
+into that that ancient thing that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that that ancient thing that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that that ancient thing that that
+ancient music you know people all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient music you know people all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancient music you know people all over
+the world hip-hop resonates with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world hip-hop resonates with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world hip-hop resonates with them
+they they don't necessarily speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't necessarily speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't necessarily speak
+English it's the energy behind the lyric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it's the energy behind the lyric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English it's the energy behind the lyric
+it's the lyric Heights it's that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the lyric Heights it's that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the lyric Heights it's that that
+kind of spirit that that Soul you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spirit that that Soul you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of spirit that that Soul you know
+whether you're talking about Soul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're talking about Soul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're talking about Soul
+lowercase s or capital S whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase s or capital S whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowercase s or capital S whether it's
+the genre or kind of metaphysical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genre or kind of metaphysical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genre or kind of metaphysical thing
+I think there's this this wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's this this wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's this this wonderful
+moment of transformation that happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of transformation that happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of transformation that happens
+when you give language to the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you give language to the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you give language to the world
+people can't see that lives inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't see that lives inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can't see that lives inside of
+you and uh you know I teach children as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and uh you know I teach children as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and uh you know I teach children as
+young as four or five and I people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young as four or five and I people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young as four or five and I people who
+are twice my age poetry and I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are twice my age poetry and I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are twice my age poetry and I've been
+doing that since I was 17 or 18 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that since I was 17 or 18 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that since I was 17 or 18 years
+old and I almost can't imagine another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and I almost can't imagine another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old and I almost can't imagine another
+way into what I do now you know like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way into what I do now you know like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way into what I do now you know like I'm
+not a English Professor because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a English Professor because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a English Professor because I don't
+think I can do anything else right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can do anything else right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can do anything else right it's
+just that the practice stopped me in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that the practice stopped me in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that the practice stopped me in my
+tracks when I was a teenager yeah and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks when I was a teenager yeah and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks when I was a teenager yeah and I
+thought one I feel like I'm I'm good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought one I feel like I'm I'm good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought one I feel like I'm I'm good at
+this but two this feels like it matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but two this feels like it matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but two this feels like it matters
+more than almost anything else I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than almost anything else I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than almost anything else I can do
+with my life with my particular skill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my life with my particular skill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my life with my particular skill
+set and upbringing and human heart you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and upbringing and human heart you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and upbringing and human heart you
+know so that's what I'm trying to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's what I'm trying to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so that's what I'm trying to pass
+on to my students almost none of whom at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to my students almost none of whom at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to my students almost none of whom at
+least share aspirations of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least share aspirations of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least share aspirations of being
+professional writers it's totally beside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional writers it's totally beside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional writers it's totally beside
+the point it's just part of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point it's just part of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point it's just part of what it
+means to be a human being that's why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be a human being that's why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means to be a human being that's why we
+read poetry right when people die when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read poetry right when people die when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read poetry right when people die when
+new people are born when we get married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people are born when we get married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new people are born when we get married
+why do we have these words that we bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have these words that we bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do we have these words that we bring
+out in these ceremonies to worship right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in these ceremonies to worship right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in these ceremonies to worship right
+religions have holy texts but those holy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions have holy texts but those holy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+religions have holy texts but those holy
+texts are often poetry filled with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts are often poetry filled with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts are often poetry filled with
+poetry right why it's because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry right why it's because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry right why it's because we don't
+always have the words readily at hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the words readily at hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have the words readily at hand
+for what we need to say in the moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we need to say in the moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for what we need to say in the moments
+that matter most right we all desire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter most right we all desire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter most right we all desire
+those words and you know luckily we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words and you know luckily we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those words and you know luckily we have
+a genre at hand you know that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genre at hand you know that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a genre at hand you know that we can
+that we can turn to it's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can turn to it's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can turn to it's a great
+blessing yeah yeah in what ways was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blessing yeah yeah in what ways was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blessing yeah yeah in what ways was
+teaching the course also a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the course also a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the course also a form of
+poetry for you if you could think of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry for you if you could think of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry for you if you could think of it
+that way no that's a great question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way no that's a great question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way no that's a great question I
+mean it was certainly a kind of coral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was certainly a kind of coral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it was certainly a kind of coral
+poem right I'm always co-creating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem right I'm always co-creating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem right I'm always co-creating the
+the classroom space with my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom space with my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom space with my students
+which is why I always try to walk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I always try to walk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is why I always try to walk in
+with a certain air of gratitude you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain air of gratitude you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a certain air of gratitude you know
+it's amazing that they show up yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing that they show up yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's amazing that they show up yeah
+right you can drop a class pretty late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can drop a class pretty late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can drop a class pretty late
+here at MIT right and I I was taken back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT right and I I was taken back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here at MIT right and I I was taken back
+by this I mean almost every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this I mean almost every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this I mean almost every single
+student came to every single class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student came to every single class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student came to every single class for
+social Poetics right maybe one or two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social Poetics right maybe one or two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social Poetics right maybe one or two
+days we're missing one or two people but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days we're missing one or two people but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days we're missing one or two people but
+for the most part that entire ensemble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part that entire ensemble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most part that entire ensemble
+showed up twice a week to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up twice a week to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up twice a week to talk about
+poems and MIT that's incredible and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poems and MIT that's incredible and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poems and MIT that's incredible and I
+was a visiting professor at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a visiting professor at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a visiting professor at the time
+like I really didn't take it for granted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I really didn't take it for granted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I really didn't take it for granted
+that the students were committed to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the students were committed to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the students were committed to to
+making this project with me and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this project with me and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making this project with me and that
+felt poetic it was only possible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt poetic it was only possible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt poetic it was only possible because
+of the presence of people bringing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the presence of people bringing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the presence of people bringing their
+entire selves to the classroom space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire selves to the classroom space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire selves to the classroom space
+right cuz often what we were talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz often what we were talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz often what we were talking
+about of course were the words on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of course were the words on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about of course were the words on the
+page but also the the lived experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page but also the the lived experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page but also the the lived experiences
+that that gave those Works energy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gave those Works energy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gave those Works energy for
+those particular students people wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particular students people wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particular students people wrote
+and said very beautiful things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said very beautiful things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said very beautiful things about
+their mothers about their communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mothers about their communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their mothers about their communities
+about the experiences in certain kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the experiences in certain kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the experiences in certain kinds
+of high schools with you know metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high schools with you know metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high schools with you know metal
+detectors and and guards you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors and and guards you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detectors and and guards you know that
+that brought them to MIT and that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brought them to MIT and that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brought them to MIT and that really
+changed the way they thought about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the way they thought about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the way they thought about what
+they were here to do in college you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were here to do in college you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were here to do in college you know
+so I appreciate that that felt very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I appreciate that that felt very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I appreciate that that felt very much
+like the poems I was writing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the poems I was writing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the poems I was writing with the
+spoken word groups I was a part of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken word groups I was a part of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spoken word groups I was a part of when
+I was a you know a college student and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a you know a college student and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was a you know a college student and
+and a high school student and a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a high school student and a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a high school student and a graduate
+student eventually so you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student eventually so you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student eventually so you know the
+innermost workings of our soul our heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innermost workings of our soul our heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innermost workings of our soul our heart
+it's it's not only appreciating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not only appreciating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's not only appreciating the
+beauty it's also there's loss there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty it's also there's loss there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beauty it's also there's loss there's
+grief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grief
+there's Darkness true there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Darkness true there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Darkness true there's the
+metabolizing of unjust things that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizing of unjust things that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolizing of unjust things that have
+happened to you true so like how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to you true so like how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to you true so like how do you
+handle that as a professor in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that as a professor in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle that as a professor in the
+classroom when those things emerge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom when those things emerge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classroom when those things emerge
+through spoken word or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through spoken word or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through spoken word or
+poetry I make room for it as I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry I make room for it as I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry I make room for it as I would
+with anything else I mean reading a poet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything else I mean reading a poet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with anything else I mean reading a poet
+and Scholar like Fred Moten people like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Scholar like Fred Moten people like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Scholar like Fred Moten people like
+Hortense Spillers uh Sylvia winter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hortense Spillers uh Sylvia winter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hortense Spillers uh Sylvia winter
+really helped me with this you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helped me with this you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helped me with this you can't
+properly analyze the beauty without the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly analyze the beauty without the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly analyze the beauty without the
+terror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror
+right and you can't properly analyze the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can't properly analyze the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you can't properly analyze the
+terror without the beauty right and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror without the beauty right and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terror without the beauty right and so I
+have to make room for both of those to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make room for both of those to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make room for both of those to
+enter my classroom and for us to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter my classroom and for us to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter my classroom and for us to think
+together about tragedy in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together about tragedy in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together about tragedy in the world
+about great personal tragedy students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about great personal tragedy students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about great personal tragedy students
+have openly spoken in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have openly spoken in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have openly spoken in the classroom
+about when they're grieving you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when they're grieving you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when they're grieving you know
+family members and and friends and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family members and and friends and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family members and and friends and I
+think that's um at least for me that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's um at least for me that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's um at least for me that's
+that's a core element of what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a core element of what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a core element of what I'm
+actually here to teach and here to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here to teach and here to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually here to teach and here to learn
+about as as part of this kind of big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as as part of this kind of big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as as part of this kind of big
+Coral poem I'm building with my students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coral poem I'm building with my students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coral poem I'm building with my students
+across time right we're learning how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time right we're learning how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across time right we're learning how to
+be human together right which is why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be human together right which is why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be human together right which is why we
+write poetry in the first place I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write poetry in the first place I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write poetry in the first place I also
+think it's how we write poetry um which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's how we write poetry um which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's how we write poetry um which
+is where I think the the pedagogical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I think the the pedagogical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where I think the the pedagogical
+element really comes in can you say more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element really comes in can you say more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element really comes in can you say more
+about that yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that yeah I mean
+I I think the the best poems come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the the best poems come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I think the the best poems come
+through us so a lot of times what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through us so a lot of times what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through us so a lot of times what I'm
+trying to do is just catch that moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is just catch that moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is just catch that moment
+of electricity and be fully present for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity and be fully present for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity and be fully present for
+it but that's something you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's something you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but that's something you have to
+practice right it's much easier right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice right it's much easier right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice right it's much easier right or
+at least I'll say it comes to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I'll say it comes to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least I'll say it comes to me
+individually more readily to just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually more readily to just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually more readily to just say
+this is what an audience would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what an audience would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what an audience would like
+right cuz I performed in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz I performed in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right cuz I performed in front of
+thousands of people over the course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people over the course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of people over the course of
+my life so I can engineer the poem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life so I can engineer the poem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my life so I can engineer the poem that
+way right or I can say Let Me Be quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right or I can say Let Me Be quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right or I can say Let Me Be quiet
+and listen to what I hear coming to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and listen to what I hear coming to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and listen to what I hear coming to me
+from the air right let me meditate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the air right let me meditate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the air right let me meditate on
+both beautiful and terrible moments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both beautiful and terrible moments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both beautiful and terrible moments and
+see what I can can bring forth and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I can can bring forth and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what I can can bring forth and that
+can happen within structure that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen within structure that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can happen within structure that can
+happen within a schedule but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen within a schedule but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen within a schedule but that
+practice of just being quiet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of just being quiet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice of just being quiet and
+listening to yourself and listening to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to yourself and listening to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening to yourself and listening to
+the past I would even dare say maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past I would even dare say maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past I would even dare say maybe
+even listening to the Future mhm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even listening to the Future mhm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even listening to the Future mhm that's
+something you have to work on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have to work on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you have to work on and
+working on it as part of a group I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it as part of a group I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on it as part of a group I think
+is something we're incredibly fortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we're incredibly fortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we're incredibly fortunate
+to get the chance to do yeah and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the chance to do yeah and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the chance to do yeah and it it
+also points to the fact that writing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also points to the fact that writing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also points to the fact that writing is
+not only that moment when pencil hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that moment when pencil hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only that moment when pencil hits
+the paper it's actually like a practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper it's actually like a practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper it's actually like a practice
+of walking through the world and waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walking through the world and waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of walking through the world and waiting
+opening yourself to the moment and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening yourself to the moment and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening yourself to the moment and being
+the The Vessel through which you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Vessel through which you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Vessel through which you know
+the words can come that's right or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words can come that's right or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words can come that's right or the
+message can come M no that's exactly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message can come M no that's exactly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message can come M no that's exactly it
+and we talked about this a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this a little bit
+earlier but if you feel suck if you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but if you feel suck if you feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier but if you feel suck if you feel
+like the writing's not coming you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the writing's not coming you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the writing's not coming you might
+need to go for a run or go dance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go for a run or go dance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to go for a run or go dance right
+or listen to something beautiful or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or listen to something beautiful or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or listen to something beautiful or
+laugh with someone you love reconnect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laugh with someone you love reconnect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laugh with someone you love reconnect
+with someone who you loved once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone who you loved once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with someone who you loved once and
+don't talk to anymore you know not exes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk to anymore you know not exes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't talk to anymore you know not exes
+necessarily different podcast yeah it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily different podcast yeah it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily different podcast yeah it's
+a different podcast but even family you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different podcast but even family you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different podcast but even family you
+know I I think again I talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I think again I talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I I think again I talked about
+family is a kind of anchoring element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is a kind of anchoring element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family is a kind of anchoring element of
+of the Poetry but yeah thinking about my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Poetry but yeah thinking about my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Poetry but yeah thinking about my
+parents and old age and trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and old age and trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents and old age and trying to figure
+out how to take care of them has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to take care of them has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how to take care of them has been
+deeply humbling yeah and it's forced me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply humbling yeah and it's forced me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply humbling yeah and it's forced me
+to forgive them but also I've had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forgive them but also I've had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to forgive them but also I've had to
+find ways to forgive myself for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to forgive myself for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to forgive myself for being
+young and 15 and slamming doors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young and 15 and slamming doors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young and 15 and slamming doors and
+saying I hated them for example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I hated them for example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I hated them for example right
+was normal it's a normal teenage thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was normal it's a normal teenage thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was normal it's a normal teenage thing
+to to say and to feel yeah but now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to say and to feel yeah but now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to say and to feel yeah but now that
+I'm doing it I'm like oh my goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing it I'm like oh my goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing it I'm like oh my goodness
+yeah I love these little kids so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I love these little kids so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I love these little kids so much
+yeah my whole life is about them anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my whole life is about them anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah my whole life is about them anytime
+I Get Money I get paid I'm like money is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Get Money I get paid I'm like money is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Get Money I get paid I'm like money is
+for the kids yeah it's to feed the kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the kids yeah it's to feed the kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the kids yeah it's to feed the kids
+and house the kids and send the kids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and house the kids and send the kids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and house the kids and send the kids to
+the best schools I can find yeah I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best schools I can find yeah I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best schools I can find yeah I love
+them so far beyond myself it almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so far beyond myself it almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so far beyond myself it almost
+feels heartbreaking sometimes even right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels heartbreaking sometimes even right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels heartbreaking sometimes even right
+now kind of know you know it's it's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now kind of know you know it's it's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now kind of know you know it's it's so
+tough and to think about the resources I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough and to think about the resources I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough and to think about the resources I
+have that my parents certainly did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that my parents certainly did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that my parents certainly did not
+yeah not even just the formal education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah not even just the formal education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah not even just the formal education
+you know in some ways but just cash on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some ways but just cash on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in some ways but just cash on
+hand living in Massachusetts as opposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand living in Massachusetts as opposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand living in Massachusetts as opposed
+to living in the the Bronx are South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to living in the the Bronx are South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to living in the the Bronx are South
+Yonkers yeah you know living in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yonkers yeah you know living in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yonkers yeah you know living in a
+neighborhood where people get murdered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood where people get murdered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood where people get murdered
+and are dealing drugs and versus you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are dealing drugs and versus you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are dealing drugs and versus you
+know where I live and you know have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where I live and you know have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where I live and you know have
+beautiful neighbors that shake my hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful neighbors that shake my hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful neighbors that shake my hand
+and talk to me about strategies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to me about strategies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and talk to me about strategies for
+taking care of the trees you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking care of the trees you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking care of the trees you know it's
+just it's so radically different yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's so radically different yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's so radically different yeah
+and even there I still feel the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even there I still feel the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even there I still feel the
+pressures I think people tasked with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures I think people tasked with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressures I think people tasked with
+raising children whether they're their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising children whether they're their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising children whether they're their
+biological children or not feel which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological children or not feel which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological children or not feel which
+that you have to keep this life alive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to keep this life alive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to keep this life alive
+yeah you you're trying to keep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you're trying to keep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you you're trying to keep this
+person here desperately while trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person here desperately while trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person here desperately while trying to
+maintain yourself in ways I will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain yourself in ways I will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain yourself in ways I will allow
+that to be possible so yeah writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be possible so yeah writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to be possible so yeah writing
+poetry and go growing older I mean both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry and go growing older I mean both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poetry and go growing older I mean both
+of those things have have always forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things have have always forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things have have always forced
+me back to the the material facts of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me back to the the material facts of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me back to the the material facts of my
+life and how I got here and not looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and how I got here and not looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and how I got here and not looking
+away bearing witness again really kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away bearing witness again really kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away bearing witness again really kind
+of looking at my mother looking at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at my mother looking at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of looking at my mother looking at my
+father my grandmother may she rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father my grandmother may she rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father my grandmother may she rest
+looking to her example and saying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to her example and saying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to her example and saying this
+is part of what I'm going to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of what I'm going to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is part of what I'm going to preserve
+and praise sometimes I feel like my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and praise sometimes I feel like my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and praise sometimes I feel like my
+child is a poem have you ever felt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is a poem have you ever felt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is a poem have you ever felt like
+that like even though I'm not writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like even though I'm not writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like even though I'm not writing
+her on a page yeah like her existence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her on a page yeah like her existence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her on a page yeah like her existence is
+a form of poetry and like just being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of poetry and like just being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a form of poetry and like just being
+able to participate in that and shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to participate in that and shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to participate in that and shape
+that like I feel sometimes like I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like I feel sometimes like I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like I feel sometimes like I'm
+trying to do the work of a poet to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do the work of a poet to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do the work of a poet to like
+try to keep this light alive and make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep this light alive and make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to keep this light alive and make it
+beautiful and let the world hear it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and let the world hear it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful and let the world hear it and
+so sometimes I think like I said writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes I think like I said writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so sometimes I think like I said writing
+is not only writing on the page but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only writing on the page but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not only writing on the page but
+sometimes it's like living that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's like living that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it's like living that's right
+oh I love that yeah I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I love that yeah I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I love that yeah I mean
+etymologically I think that's exactly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etymologically I think that's exactly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etymologically I think that's exactly it
+right poesis is making you know and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right poesis is making you know and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right poesis is making you know and your
+child is like making themselves every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is like making themselves every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is like making themselves every
+day and you're helping them make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and you're helping them make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and you're helping them make
+themselves are we giving them values I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are we giving them values I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves are we giving them values I
+wish somebody really would have warned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish somebody really would have warned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish somebody really would have warned
+me about that like that cuz it's a deep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about that like that cuz it's a deep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me about that like that cuz it's a deep
+thinking process that goes behind that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking process that goes behind that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking process that goes behind that
+what values am I conferring not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values am I conferring not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what values am I conferring not just
+verbally with what I say to you yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbally with what I say to you yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbally with what I say to you yeah but
+how I model myself you're watching me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I model myself you're watching me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how I model myself you're watching me
+every day it's a lot of pressure it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day it's a lot of pressure it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day it's a lot of pressure it is
+but it it's really started to hit me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it's really started to hit me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it it's really started to hit me the
+past couple weeks right cuz my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past couple weeks right cuz my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past couple weeks right cuz my
+daughter's now starting to hold her head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter's now starting to hold her head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter's now starting to hold her head
+up and smile and but she follows me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and smile and but she follows me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and smile and but she follows me
+around the room with her eyes Y and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room with her eyes Y and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the room with her eyes Y and I'm
+like oh yeah I'm the dad in your story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh yeah I'm the dad in your story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh yeah I'm the dad in your story
+right I'm not just Joshua and I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm not just Joshua and I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm not just Joshua and I've never
+shared this I think with with anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared this I think with with anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared this I think with with anyone
+really besides my my wife and my close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really besides my my wife and my close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really besides my my wife and my close
+group chat but for the first time in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group chat but for the first time in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group chat but for the first time in my
+internal voice I'm Dad yeah in my mind I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal voice I'm Dad yeah in my mind I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal voice I'm Dad yeah in my mind I
+don't call myself Joshua I call myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call myself Joshua I call myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't call myself Joshua I call myself
+dad it's like y dad pull it together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad it's like y dad pull it together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad it's like y dad pull it together and
+the first time I did that I was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time I did that I was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time I did that I was like
+clean I was cleaning up after the dog or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean I was cleaning up after the dog or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean I was cleaning up after the dog or
+something I was like all right Dad let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I was like all right Dad let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I was like all right Dad let's
+get this done let's do this and I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this done let's do this and I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this done let's do this and I said
+Dad I'm not Dad yeah my dad is dead how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dad I'm not Dad yeah my dad is dead how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dad I'm not Dad yeah my dad is dead how
+can I be dad now and it's because it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I be dad now and it's because it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I be dad now and it's because it it
+had just become my primary identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just become my primary identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had just become my primary identity and
+this is where life is a poem right I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where life is a poem right I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where life is a poem right I'm
+I'm rewriting the kind of central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm rewriting the kind of central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm rewriting the kind of central
+characters I'm rewriting the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters I'm rewriting the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characters I'm rewriting the meaning of
+this of this story in real time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of this story in real time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of this story in real time and
+without always meaning to I know yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without always meaning to I know yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without always meaning to I know yeah
+it's powerful it is it's also very human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's powerful it is it's also very human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's powerful it is it's also very human
+mhm which brings me to the next thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm which brings me to the next thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm which brings me to the next thing I
+wanted to ask you about which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to ask you about which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to ask you about which is the
+opposite of human which is artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of human which is artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of human which is artificial
+intelligence which is really at the for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence which is really at the for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence which is really at the for
+Forefront of everybody's Minds today um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forefront of everybody's Minds today um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forefront of everybody's Minds today um
+and you participated at mit's day of AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you participated at mit's day of AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you participated at mit's day of AI
+Symposium and you read a poem and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symposium and you read a poem and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Symposium and you read a poem and I'm
+wondering if you could read it and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if you could read it and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if you could read it and and
+then talk to us about why this poem at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk to us about why this poem at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then talk to us about why this poem at
+that Symposium oh that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Symposium oh that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Symposium oh that's a great
+question okay so I'll think about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so I'll think about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay so I'll think about that
+as I'm as I'm reading the poem so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm as I'm reading the poem so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'm as I'm reading the poem so this
+this is a little bit of background my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of background my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a little bit of background my
+father and I we would watch Star Trek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and I we would watch Star Trek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and I we would watch Star Trek
+every week uh alongside the NBA on NBC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week uh alongside the NBA on NBC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every week uh alongside the NBA on NBC
+which has already appeared know we watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has already appeared know we watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has already appeared know we watch
+those those great Nicks teams with John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those great Nicks teams with John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those great Nicks teams with John
+Starks and Patrick Hing and we watched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starks and Patrick Hing and we watched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Starks and Patrick Hing and we watched
+Jordan and those great superponics teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan and those great superponics teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan and those great superponics teams
+with dead left shrimp and Sean Kemp I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dead left shrimp and Sean Kemp I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with dead left shrimp and Sean Kemp I
+love like 9 NBA but we also would watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love like 9 NBA but we also would watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love like 9 NBA but we also would watch
+Star Trek my father loved Star Trek and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Trek my father loved Star Trek and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Trek my father loved Star Trek and
+um it just gave me such a deep sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it just gave me such a deep sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it just gave me such a deep sense of
+what was was possible which was anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was was possible which was anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was was possible which was anything
+right that we were meditating on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that we were meditating on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that we were meditating on these
+stories so this is Ed to May Json who in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories so this is Ed to May Json who in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories so this is Ed to May Json who in
+addition to being the first black woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to being the first black woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to being the first black woman
+in outer space also had a guest spot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in outer space also had a guest spot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in outer space also had a guest spot on
+Star Trek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Trek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Trek
+it was perhaps our oldest ritual my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was perhaps our oldest ritual my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was perhaps our oldest ritual my
+father and I watching Star Trek on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and I watching Star Trek on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father and I watching Star Trek on the
+living room floor quiet as calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room floor quiet as calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room floor quiet as calculation
+my small frame beside his own like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my small frame beside his own like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my small frame beside his own like an
+image and its draft we studied any and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and its draft we studied any and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and its draft we studied any and
+all variations of this show we loved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all variations of this show we loved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all variations of this show we loved
+like no other Voyager Deep Space 9 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no other Voyager Deep Space 9 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like no other Voyager Deep Space 9 the
+Next Generation comparing each version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next Generation comparing each version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Next Generation comparing each version
+to its ancestor only once it had run its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its ancestor only once it had run its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its ancestor only once it had run its
+course I saw myself everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I saw myself everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I saw myself everywhere
+data Warf Jordy leforge scientists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Warf Jordy leforge scientists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data Warf Jordy leforge scientists and
+warriors Interstellar adventurers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warriors Interstellar adventurers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warriors Interstellar adventurers in
+every form you could imagine all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every form you could imagine all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every form you could imagine all
+comportments welcome Central to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comportments welcome Central to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comportments welcome Central to the
+mission of the Starship Enterprise my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission of the Starship Enterprise my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission of the Starship Enterprise my
+Boyhood eyes a glow as I dreamt of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boyhood eyes a glow as I dreamt of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boyhood eyes a glow as I dreamt of
+darting through the infinite Blackness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darting through the infinite Blackness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darting through the infinite Blackness
+of the great beyond smooth as a blade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great beyond smooth as a blade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the great beyond smooth as a blade
+even in hyperdrive me and my Intrepid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in hyperdrive me and my Intrepid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even in hyperdrive me and my Intrepid
+crew cruising at light speed toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew cruising at light speed toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crew cruising at light speed toward the
+promise of another life pop never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise of another life pop never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promise of another life pop never
+explain the tradition but the call to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the tradition but the call to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the tradition but the call to
+see that story unfolding was its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that story unfolding was its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that story unfolding was its own
+inheritance a journey through outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance a journey through outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inheritance a journey through outer
+galaxies as it was through his own mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies as it was through his own mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxies as it was through his own mind
+the Stillness in that room no issue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stillness in that room no issue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stillness in that room no issue for
+me who knew even then that quiet had its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me who knew even then that quiet had its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me who knew even then that quiet had its
+own texture and richness that my father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own texture and richness that my father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own texture and richness that my father
+was born in Alabama in the 1940s had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born in Alabama in the 1940s had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was born in Alabama in the 1940s had
+always been this way a man who spoke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been this way a man who spoke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always been this way a man who spoke
+with Deeds a look in his eyes that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Deeds a look in his eyes that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Deeds a look in his eyes that could
+level a room or else lift it into orbit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level a room or else lift it into orbit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level a room or else lift it into orbit
+over the years would teach me many names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years would teach me many names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the years would teach me many names
+Benjamin Baner LS H ladimer Mari mlod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin Baner LS H ladimer Mari mlod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Benjamin Baner LS H ladimer Mari mlod
+bethon narrators of our heroic human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bethon narrators of our heroic human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bethon narrators of our heroic human
+drama George Washington Carver Arthur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama George Washington Carver Arthur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama George Washington Carver Arthur
+shamberg May Json who I would later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamberg May Json who I would later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shamberg May Json who I would later
+learn was born in Alabama just like pop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn was born in Alabama just like pop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn was born in Alabama just like pop
+and loved Star Trek 2 and was the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loved Star Trek 2 and was the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and loved Star Trek 2 and was the first
+black woman to reach outer space and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black woman to reach outer space and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black woman to reach outer space and the
+first real astronaut to ever go on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first real astronaut to ever go on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first real astronaut to ever go on the
+show The Next Generation to be exact at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show The Next Generation to be exact at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show The Next Generation to be exact at
+the invitation of Lavar Burton who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invitation of Lavar Burton who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the invitation of Lavar Burton who was
+already a hero in our household based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a hero in our household based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a hero in our household based on
+the Transcendent power of Reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Transcendent power of Reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Transcendent power of Reading
+Rainbow alone but this was another level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rainbow alone but this was another level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rainbow alone but this was another level
+this woman who had held an audience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this woman who had held an audience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this woman who had held an audience with
+the moon seen the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon seen the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moon seen the other side of the
+atmosphere that held us here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that held us here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere that held us here this
+dreamer of a human civilization on Mars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreamer of a human civilization on Mars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreamer of a human civilization on Mars
+this teacher this healer this author of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this teacher this healer this author of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this teacher this healer this author of
+children's books and once distant goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's books and once distant goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's books and once distant goals
+made real for generations of us told we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made real for generations of us told we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made real for generations of us told we
+would inherit nothing and learn to love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would inherit nothing and learn to love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would inherit nothing and learn to love
+that absence instead Dr jeson said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that absence instead Dr jeson said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that absence instead Dr jeson said the
+very Cosmos could belong to us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Cosmos could belong to us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Cosmos could belong to us the
+darkness of our skin our hair our eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darkness of our skin our hair our eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+darkness of our skin our hair our eyes
+were shared with that shimmering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shared with that shimmering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were shared with that shimmering
+infinitude that endless breath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitude that endless breath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitude that endless breath the
+possibility that we too might one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that we too might one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility that we too might one day
+take flight achieve the weightlessness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take flight achieve the weightlessness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take flight achieve the weightlessness
+we had felt only in dreams or heard when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had felt only in dreams or heard when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had felt only in dreams or heard when
+we heard Stevie Wonder sing or saw on TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard Stevie Wonder sing or saw on TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we heard Stevie Wonder sing or saw on TV
+in briefest flashes of stars millions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in briefest flashes of stars millions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in briefest flashes of stars millions of
+miles beyond our own but more palpable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles beyond our own but more palpable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles beyond our own but more palpable
+now so close you could almost grasp them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so close you could almost grasp them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so close you could almost grasp them
+almost hold them there in your palm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost hold them there in your palm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost hold them there in your palm like
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+promise thank you thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you yeah so that's about my dad why did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah so that's about my dad why did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yeah so that's about my dad why did
+I pick that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick that
+poem I mean they asked me for a poem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem I mean they asked me for a poem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem I mean they asked me for a poem
+about being human that was the prompt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being human that was the prompt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about being human that was the prompt
+that I got and when I thought about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I got and when I thought about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I got and when I thought about that
+I thought okay well what do human beings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought okay well what do human beings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought okay well what do human beings
+do we tell stories I thought you were G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we tell stories I thought you were G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we tell stories I thought you were G
+to say we watch TV we do we also watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say we watch TV we do we also watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say we watch TV we do we also watch
+TV yeah right um but yes we tell stories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV yeah right um but yes we tell stories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV yeah right um but yes we tell stories
+yeah and we take care of the vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we take care of the vulnerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and we take care of the vulnerable
+Among Us right sometimes those are our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Among Us right sometimes those are our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Among Us right sometimes those are our
+children sometimes those are people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children sometimes those are people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children sometimes those are people
+who've been injured um sometimes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've been injured um sometimes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who've been injured um sometimes those
+are our colleagues and collaborators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our colleagues and collaborators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are our colleagues and collaborators
+from the more than human world right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the more than human world right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the more than human world right we
+take care of animals and plants and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of animals and plants and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take care of animals and plants and and
+the soil beneath our feet we're supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soil beneath our feet we're supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the soil beneath our feet we're supposed
+to do that at least supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that at least supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that at least supposed to be
+stewards of the planet I believe and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stewards of the planet I believe and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stewards of the planet I believe and so
+that's what I thought I would bring like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I thought I would bring like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I thought I would bring like
+this is one of the first stories my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the first stories my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the first stories my
+father ever shared with me that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father ever shared with me that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+father ever shared with me that the the
+cosmos could belong to us too that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmos could belong to us too that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmos could belong to us too that we
+weren't Limited in any way and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't Limited in any way and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't Limited in any way and that
+sense of unlimited potential I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of unlimited potential I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of unlimited potential I just
+thought okay yeah this is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay yeah this is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought okay yeah this is this is the
+core of Being Human and this is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of Being Human and this is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core of Being Human and this is what I
+want to share on this stage a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share on this stage a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to share on this stage a story
+about my dad who was again heroic to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my dad who was again heroic to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my dad who was again heroic to me
+but also helped run a Bible study for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also helped run a Bible study for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also helped run a Bible study for
+deaf and hearing people at the post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaf and hearing people at the post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deaf and hearing people at the post
+office for decades you know like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office for decades you know like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office for decades you know like that
+that theory of social Poetics from Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theory of social Poetics from Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that theory of social Poetics from Mark
+Noak it's not the first time I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noak it's not the first time I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noak it's not the first time I'd
+encountered that idea necessarily you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered that idea necessarily you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered that idea necessarily you
+know that I idea lived with me in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I idea lived with me in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that I idea lived with me in the
+forms that my my mother and father and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that my my mother and father and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that my my mother and father and
+big sister brought home every day yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sister brought home every day yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sister brought home every day yeah I
+mean to me it's like the essence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to me it's like the essence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean to me it's like the essence of
+being human is making these moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being human is making these moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being human is making these moments
+together in shared spaces and and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in shared spaces and and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in shared spaces and and I'm
+not sure that's anything artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure that's anything artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure that's anything artificial
+intelligence will ever be able to do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence will ever be able to do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence will ever be able to do I
+mean now that I say that I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean now that I say that I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean now that I say that I'm sure
+there's researcher working on that sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's researcher working on that sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's researcher working on that sure
+but it seems like that is the core of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems like that is the core of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it seems like that is the core of
+Being Human yeah I mean and we can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Being Human yeah I mean and we can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Being Human yeah I mean and we can also
+think about why we would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why we would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about why we would want to
+Outsource that yeah to machines yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsource that yeah to machines yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Outsource that yeah to machines yeah I
+mean it's a curious thing though and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a curious thing though and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean it's a curious thing though and I
+think we really need to sit with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we really need to sit with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we really need to sit with the
+kind of psychological and emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of psychological and emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of psychological and emotional
+impulse that has led to even the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse that has led to even the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impulse that has led to even the the
+social excitement around the I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social excitement around the I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social excitement around the I mean
+Innovation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation is
+great sometimes Innovation can also lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great sometimes Innovation can also lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great sometimes Innovation can also lead
+to to great kind of world-ending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to great kind of world-ending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to great kind of world-ending
+Destruction right as we know as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Destruction right as we know as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Destruction right as we know as our
+species knows and so I think in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species knows and so I think in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species knows and so I think in the case
+of AI in particular I mean a lot of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AI in particular I mean a lot of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of AI in particular I mean a lot of what
+I write about is the fact that large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write about is the fact that large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I write about is the fact that large
+language models are largely built on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language models are largely built on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language models are largely built on on
+Stolen material okay they're built on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stolen material okay they're built on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stolen material okay they're built on
+works of visual art and works of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of visual art and works of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of visual art and works of
+literary art that people have not been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary art that people have not been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary art that people have not been
+compensated for and it's very strange to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated for and it's very strange to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensated for and it's very strange to
+me the idea that we can just dance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the idea that we can just dance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the idea that we can just dance
+around that problem yes I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that problem yes I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around that problem yes I have a
+personal stake in it right cuz I talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal stake in it right cuz I talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal stake in it right cuz I talked
+about this at the conference right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at the conference right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this at the conference right that
+my first book of poetry uh was used by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first book of poetry uh was used by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my first book of poetry uh was used by
+meta to train their large language model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta to train their large language model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meta to train their large language model
+right to change and to train it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to change and to train it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to change and to train it right
+and yeah I've never seen a scent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I've never seen a scent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I've never seen a scent from
+that there was no acknowledge of that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was no acknowledge of that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there was no acknowledge of that if
+you didn't use the kind of Search tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't use the kind of Search tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't use the kind of Search tool
+in this very important I think article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very important I think article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very important I think article
+that that came out in the Atlantic about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that came out in the Atlantic about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that came out in the Atlantic about
+this you wouldn't know that but beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you wouldn't know that but beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you wouldn't know that but beyond
+that James Baldwin stuff is in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that James Baldwin stuff is in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that James Baldwin stuff is in there
+Tony Morrison stuff is in there you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony Morrison stuff is in there you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tony Morrison stuff is in there you can
+look up a number of my friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up a number of my friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up a number of my friends and
+colleagues and their books are in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and their books are in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues and their books are in there
+and that's a certain kind of problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a certain kind of problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a certain kind of problem in
+no small part because there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no small part because there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no small part because there are other
+collaborative models where if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative models where if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaborative models where if we're
+going to train the large language models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to train the large language models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to train the large language models
+right if we're going to help them be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we're going to help them be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if we're going to help them be you
+know not sexist not racist not cruel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not sexist not racist not cruel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not sexist not racist not cruel
+that's something we can collaborate on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we can collaborate on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we can collaborate on
+we can work on that together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work on that together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can work on that together with
+intention sure with intention and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention sure with intention and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intention sure with intention and
+compensation and a desire to revitalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and a desire to revitalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation and a desire to revitalize
+communities rather than just replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities rather than just replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities rather than just replace
+people's labor power I mean it it's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's labor power I mean it it's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's labor power I mean it it's I
+guess in part just because of not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in part just because of not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in part just because of not just
+the way I was trained not just my formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I was trained not just my formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I was trained not just my formal
+and social education but I guess because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social education but I guess because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and social education but I guess because
+of my best dreams of the kind of world I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my best dreams of the kind of world I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my best dreams of the kind of world I
+want it's it's not one where uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's it's not one where uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it's it's not one where uh we
+create these powerful machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these powerful machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create these powerful machines
+based on on theft right it would be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on on theft right it would be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on on theft right it would be one
+where the machines are like any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the machines are like any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the machines are like any other
+beautiful instrument where it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful instrument where it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful instrument where it's
+something we've built together to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've built together to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we've built together to
+express what we love and to change what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express what we love and to change what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express what we love and to change what
+needs to be changed and to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be changed and to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be changed and to make the
+world more Equitable and wonderful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world more Equitable and wonderful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world more Equitable and wonderful and
+just and I also think yeah of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and I also think yeah of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just and I also think yeah of course
+machine learning can be used towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning can be used towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning can be used towards
+that end but we have to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end but we have to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that end but we have to be very
+thoughtful about it we have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful about it we have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtful about it we have to be
+dynamic and we have to listen and be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic and we have to listen and be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic and we have to listen and be
+motivated by something other than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by something other than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated by something other than than
+profit I was just in a class with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit I was just in a class with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit I was just in a class with a
+visiting student from Harvard she's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting student from Harvard she's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting student from Harvard she's in
+art education and we were studying AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art education and we were studying AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art education and we were studying AI
+together and she was like you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and she was like you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and she was like you know it
+feels like having to constrain or filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like having to constrain or filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feels like having to constrain or filter
+artistic feelings through language to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic feelings through language to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artistic feelings through language to
+put it into AI like really limit yes our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into AI like really limit yes our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it into AI like really limit yes our
+thinking cuz she's like it's not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking cuz she's like it's not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking cuz she's like it's not about
+the words it's about something else yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words it's about something else yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words it's about something else yeah
+and I was like that's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was like that's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was like that's so
+interesting the limitations of the tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the limitations of the tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting the limitations of the tool
+yeah yeah it's just not what it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's just not what it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's just not what it's for
+yeah yeah yeah there are things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah there are things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah there are things that are
+beyond words right right that and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond words right right that and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond words right right that and again
+I I love poetry I've L poetry my entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I love poetry I've L poetry my entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I love poetry I've L poetry my entire
+life yeah but my sister is a singer my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life yeah but my sister is a singer my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life yeah but my sister is a singer my
+big sister and I've told this story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sister and I've told this story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big sister and I've told this story
+before not not on this podcast but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before not not on this podcast but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before not not on this podcast but
+elsewhere but she would go in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere but she would go in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elsewhere but she would go in the back
+of our house and she would practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our house and she would practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our house and she would practice
+Whitney Houston songs yeah cuz she was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitney Houston songs yeah cuz she was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whitney Houston songs yeah cuz she was
+trying to find the upper limits of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the upper limits of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to find the upper limits of her
+voice she was trying to discover it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice she was trying to discover it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice she was trying to discover it yeah
+and there's something that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's something that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's something that I think is
+made available by hearing Whitney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made available by hearing Whitney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made available by hearing Whitney
+Houston saying or hear my sister sing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston saying or hear my sister sing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Houston saying or hear my sister sing
+when yeah right that that I could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when yeah right that that I could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when yeah right that that I could not
+put down into words easily yeah right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down into words easily yeah right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put down into words easily yeah right it
+would not even necessarily attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not even necessarily attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not even necessarily attempt to
+cuz it's not the point the point is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's not the point the point is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz it's not the point the point is to
+be present and feel the thing and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be present and feel the thing and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be present and feel the thing and feel
+gratitude that you were present for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratitude that you were present for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratitude that you were present for the
+thing that's what I'm saying like life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's what I'm saying like life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that's what I'm saying like life
+itself can be the poem you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself can be the poem you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself can be the poem you're reading
+the poem that's right that's right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poem that's right that's right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poem that's right that's right in
+the moment yeah and sometimes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment yeah and sometimes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the moment yeah and sometimes you know
+Monk and C train and Mingus are are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monk and C train and Mingus are are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monk and C train and Mingus are are the
+poem too like listening even to music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem too like listening even to music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poem too like listening even to music
+without words has been so transformative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without words has been so transformative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without words has been so transformative
+for me putting on chowski you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me putting on chowski you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me putting on chowski you know for
+for August when he was uh just a baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for August when he was uh just a baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for August when he was uh just a baby
+and also like gibberish and sound come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also like gibberish and sound come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also like gibberish and sound come
+before speech I mean even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before speech I mean even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before speech I mean even
+developmentally so I think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmentally so I think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmentally so I think that's
+something I've I've learned a lot from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I've I've learned a lot from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I've I've learned a lot from
+seeing hip-hop artists I like a lot who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing hip-hop artists I like a lot who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing hip-hop artists I like a lot who
+just stand in front of the microphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stand in front of the microphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stand in front of the microphone
+and go and and and what they're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go and and and what they're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go and and and what they're trying
+to find in the beat is actually just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find in the beat is actually just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find in the beat is actually just the
+pace of the words but they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace of the words but they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pace of the words but they don't have
+the words yet but they're creating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words yet but they're creating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words yet but they're creating a
+kind of architecture in which the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of architecture in which the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of architecture in which the words
+can live and so yeah I want us to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live and so yeah I want us to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can live and so yeah I want us to just
+think about that a lot more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that a lot more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about that a lot more about
+chatter and nonsense and moments where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatter and nonsense and moments where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chatter and nonsense and moments where
+there there are no legible words what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are no legible words what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are no legible words what do
+we feel in those spaces and what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel in those spaces and what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we feel in those spaces and what do
+those tools make possible for us yeah is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tools make possible for us yeah is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those tools make possible for us yeah is
+there anything else you wanted to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anything else you wanted to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there anything else you wanted to add
+about poetry or teaching or activism in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poetry or teaching or activism in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about poetry or teaching or activism in
+the community that we didn't touch on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community that we didn't touch on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community that we didn't touch on
+I've had great teachers my whole life I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had great teachers my whole life I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had great teachers my whole life I
+guess it's something I want to say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's something I want to say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess it's something I want to say you
+know whether it's uh man Miss Quinn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's uh man Miss Quinn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whether it's uh man Miss Quinn in
+second grade who used to carry my report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second grade who used to carry my report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second grade who used to carry my report
+cards in uh in her purse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards in uh in her purse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cards in uh in her purse
+oh on paper couldn't be more different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh on paper couldn't be more different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh on paper couldn't be more different
+you not necessarily look at a picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not necessarily look at a picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you not necessarily look at a picture of
+believe her name was Olivia Quinn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe her name was Olivia Quinn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe her name was Olivia Quinn you
+look at a picture of Miss Quinn and look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a picture of Miss Quinn and look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a picture of Miss Quinn and look
+at me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at me and
+say yeah she's going to really have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah she's going to really have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say yeah she's going to really have a
+connection with that seven-year-old boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with that seven-year-old boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection with that seven-year-old boy
+and Inspire him to be deeply invested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Inspire him to be deeply invested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Inspire him to be deeply invested in
+his his education I think part of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his education I think part of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his education I think part of why
+this is really resonating for me is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really resonating for me is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really resonating for me is um
+my sons teachers I really appreciate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sons teachers I really appreciate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my sons teachers I really appreciate
+them cuz I think they know August is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cuz I think they know August is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cuz I think they know August is a
+human being yeah and he has the freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being yeah and he has the freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being yeah and he has the freedom
+to be that way in the classroom and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that way in the classroom and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be that way in the classroom and I
+think for for many of us for so many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for for many of us for so many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think for for many of us for so many of
+us in ways I did not appreciate until I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in ways I did not appreciate until I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in ways I did not appreciate until I
+became an educator the classroom is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became an educator the classroom is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became an educator the classroom is a
+Battleground the classroom is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Battleground the classroom is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Battleground the classroom is a
+traumatic space for many people school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatic space for many people school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traumatic space for many people school
+is not fun is it and not only you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fun is it and not only you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not fun is it and not only you know
+in the ways that school is not fun for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ways that school is not fun for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ways that school is not fun for
+almost all of us school is a is a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of us school is a is a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of us school is a is a place
+that does real violence to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does real violence to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that does real violence to a lot of
+people and um that was not my experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and um that was not my experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and um that was not my experience
+and it was not my experience in in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was not my experience in in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was not my experience in in part
+because I had teachers that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had teachers that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I had teachers that really
+looked after me and took care of me you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked after me and took care of me you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked after me and took care of me you
+know so it was her Miss Ian doie when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it was her Miss Ian doie when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so it was her Miss Ian doie when I
+was in fourth grade Miss McCormack uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fourth grade Miss McCormack uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in fourth grade Miss McCormack uh
+Miss Sims yeah yeah yeah Miss Sims my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss Sims yeah yeah yeah Miss Sims my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss Sims yeah yeah yeah Miss Sims my
+10th grade English teacher who had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th grade English teacher who had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th grade English teacher who had a
+room full of black students at an elite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room full of black students at an elite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room full of black students at an elite
+private school and helped all of us get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private school and helped all of us get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private school and helped all of us get
+into you know honors in in AP eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you know honors in in AP eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into you know honors in in AP eventually
+um programs at in my high school at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um programs at in my high school at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um programs at in my high school at the
+time there were no black kids at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there were no black kids at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there were no black kids at that
+moment on AP track and when we graduated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment on AP track and when we graduated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment on AP track and when we graduated
+I think we went to Yale Yale Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we went to Yale Yale Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we went to Yale Yale Harvard
+Harvard and and Penn you know and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and and Penn you know and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard and and Penn you know and like
+Miss Sim helped set us in that direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss Sim helped set us in that direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Miss Sim helped set us in that direction
+two of us were the graduation speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of us were the graduation speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of us were the graduation speakers
+you know at those schools and so shout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at those schools and so shout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know at those schools and so shout
+out to shamaka yeah yeah yeah she's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to shamaka yeah yeah yeah she's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to shamaka yeah yeah yeah she's a
+graduation speaker at Harvard the year I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation speaker at Harvard the year I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduation speaker at Harvard the year I
+gave the graduation speech at pen and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the graduation speech at pen and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave the graduation speech at pen and I
+believe was the first black student to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe was the first black student to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe was the first black student to
+ever do that and um that was possible in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever do that and um that was possible in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever do that and um that was possible in
+large part because I had great teachers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large part because I had great teachers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large part because I had great teachers
+who looked after me and believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who looked after me and believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who looked after me and believe that
+what they were doing was an art because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were doing was an art because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were doing was an art because
+it is yes teaching is is an art yes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is yes teaching is is an art yes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is yes teaching is is an art yes that
+has the capacity to transform the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the capacity to transform the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the capacity to transform the world
+so I hope in this country in this moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope in this country in this moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I hope in this country in this moment
+we can invest in teachers material can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can invest in teachers material can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can invest in teachers material can
+materially invest in teacher training
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materially invest in teacher training
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materially invest in teacher training
+programs that we can socially invest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that we can socially invest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs that we can socially invest in
+um making sure people know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um making sure people know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um making sure people know that it's
+it's a profession that's worthy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a profession that's worthy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a profession that's worthy of
+respect and honor so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect and honor so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect and honor so that we can
+continue to uh to build it up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to uh to build it up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to uh to build it up and
+strengthen it I couldn't agree more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen it I couldn't agree more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengthen it I couldn't agree more
+thank you so much Joshua it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much Joshua it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you so much Joshua it's for
+pleasure Sarah I appreciate it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure Sarah I appreciate it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure Sarah I appreciate it a
+lot that was Dr Joshua Bennett professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that was Dr Joshua Bennett professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot that was Dr Joshua Bennett professor
+of literature and distinguished chair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of literature and distinguished chair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of literature and distinguished chair of
+the humanities here at MIT you'll soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humanities here at MIT you'll soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the humanities here at MIT you'll soon
+be able to find find course materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to find find course materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to find find course materials
+for reading poetry social Poetics on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reading poetry social Poetics on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reading poetry social Poetics on our
+MIT open courseware website as always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open courseware website as always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT open courseware website as always
+they are openly licensed so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are openly licensed so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are openly licensed so you can
+reuse and remix them in your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse and remix them in your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reuse and remix them in your own
+teaching you can help others find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you can help others find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching you can help others find the
+materials too by subscribing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials too by subscribing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials too by subscribing to the
+podcast and leaving us a rating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast and leaving us a rating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+podcast and leaving us a rating and
+review thank you so much for listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review thank you so much for listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review thank you so much for listening
+until next time signing off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until next time signing off from
+Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge Massachusetts I'm your host
+Sarah Hansen from MIT open courseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Hansen from MIT open courseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sarah Hansen from MIT open courseware
+MIT chalk radio's producers include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT chalk radio's producers include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT chalk radio's producers include
+myself red POI and Dave Lansky the show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself red POI and Dave Lansky the show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself red POI and Dave Lansky the show
+Nots for this episode were written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nots for this episode were written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nots for this episode were written by
+Peter Chipman Kathleen netti built the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Chipman Kathleen netti built the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Chipman Kathleen netti built the
+course on our website Jason player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on our website Jason player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course on our website Jason player
+created our cassette tape animation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created our cassette tape animation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created our cassette tape animation on
+YouTube We're funded by MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube We're funded by MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YouTube We're funded by MIT open
+learning and supporters like you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CFowrRdLXuM.txt b/CFowrRdLXuM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb6ec959a8d347947b6231d816daf5880f526030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CFowrRdLXuM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1035 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+nice flight how do you feel relieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice flight how do you feel relieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice flight how do you feel relieved
+yeah we made it yeah we didn't crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we made it yeah we didn't crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we made it yeah we didn't crash
+totally and our eggs were totally fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally and our eggs were totally fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally and our eggs were totally fine
+on both rounds so we did exactly what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both rounds so we did exactly what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on both rounds so we did exactly what we
+wanted to we competed successfully so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to we competed successfully so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to we competed successfully so
+that's great uh how did your performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great uh how did your performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's great uh how did your performance
+compare with your predictions and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with your predictions and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with your predictions and your
+practice runs well it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice runs well it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice runs well it was actually
+better than our practice runs just cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than our practice runs just cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than our practice runs just cuz
+our pilot did better than he had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pilot did better than he had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pilot did better than he had been
+doing previously um for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing previously um for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing previously um for our
+predictions we predicted the it could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions we predicted the it could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions we predicted the it could go
+about 4 minutes and it went I think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4 minutes and it went I think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 4 minutes and it went I think like
+one and a half for the first round so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half for the first round so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and a half for the first round so
+the thing is that the battery wasn't out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that the battery wasn't out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing is that the battery wasn't out
+either round so potentially we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either round so potentially we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either round so potentially we could
+have gone longer had it stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone longer had it stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone longer had it stay in the
+there but and those are also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but and those are also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but and those are also just
+numbers like you don't like calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers like you don't like calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers like you don't like calculate
+Team Dynamics and like loading the eggs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Team Dynamics and like loading the eggs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Team Dynamics and like loading the eggs
+in stuff like that those are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stuff like that those are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stuff like that those are just
+numbers there's also many other factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there's also many other factors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers there's also many other factors
+that go into even when we're doing the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go into even when we're doing the P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go into even when we're doing the P
+end oh the batteries didn't last this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end oh the batteries didn't last this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end oh the batteries didn't last this
+long because we have this much to lift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long because we have this much to lift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long because we have this much to lift
+so a lot of other things tie into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of other things tie into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lot of other things tie into the
+factor so it was an overestimate cuz we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so it was an overestimate cuz we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so it was an overestimate cuz we
+have to factor in things that happen on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to factor in things that happen on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to factor in things that happen on
+the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W
+day what do you think was the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day what do you think was the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day what do you think was the most
+effective aspect of your system what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective aspect of your system what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective aspect of your system what
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what
+worked I think our egg carrier did its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked I think our egg carrier did its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked I think our egg carrier did its
+job yeah it was very lightweight uh Joy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job yeah it was very lightweight uh Joy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job yeah it was very lightweight uh Joy
+designed it it was very lightweight very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed it it was very lightweight very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed it it was very lightweight very
+simple and it worked perfectly like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and it worked perfectly like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and it worked perfectly like
+people were like oh it's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were like oh it's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were like oh it's not going to
+work you know you barely have a skin on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you know you barely have a skin on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work you know you barely have a skin on
+it and it works perfectly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it works perfectly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it works perfectly so
+yeah is there anything that you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there anything that you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah is there anything that you think
+you might have done differently um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have done differently um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have done differently um we
+actually realized afterwards that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realized afterwards that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually realized afterwards that our
+eggs were loaded a little bit too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs were loaded a little bit too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs were loaded a little bit too far
+forward so um That was cuz previously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so um That was cuz previously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward so um That was cuz previously
+when made practice had been a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when made practice had been a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when made practice had been a little bit
+um it been a little bit back heavy so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it been a little bit back heavy so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it been a little bit back heavy so we
+were trying to move the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to move the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to move the center of
+gravity forward um we actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity forward um we actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravity forward um we actually I think
+did that a little bit too much I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that a little bit too much I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that a little bit too much I think
+our pilot kind of complained about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pilot kind of complained about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our pilot kind of complained about it
+being bit front heavy in the end but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bit front heavy in the end but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being bit front heavy in the end but um
+other than that we would have trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that we would have trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that we would have trained
+more at the pilot trained more I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at the pilot trained more I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more at the pilot trained more I think
+that was our biggest issue it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was our biggest issue it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was our biggest issue it's
+definitely the biggest factor to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the biggest factor to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely the biggest factor to have
+lots of people training to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people training to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of people training to be the
+because that's who's going to perform on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's who's going to perform on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's who's going to perform on
+the plane and it was difficult cuz we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and it was difficult cuz we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plane and it was difficult cuz we
+had a four person group at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a four person group at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a four person group at the last
+minute and so um so we all pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and so um so we all pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute and so um so we all pretty much
+had to help build it CU it took up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to help build it CU it took up so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to help build it CU it took up so
+much time and so our pilot didn't get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time and so our pilot didn't get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time and so our pilot didn't get us
+much of a chance to go and fly whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a chance to go and fly whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much of a chance to go and fly whereas
+like I think a lot of the other teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think a lot of the other teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I think a lot of the other teams
+the pilot just flew and then the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilot just flew and then the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pilot just flew and then the other
+the rest of the people built the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the people built the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the people built the plane
+so so you had uh to deal with time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you had uh to deal with time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you had uh to deal with time and
+reduced man power or person power rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced man power or person power rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced man power or person power rather
+um so you've had a lot of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you've had a lot of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so you've had a lot of new
+experiences in unified this year all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in unified this year all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences in unified this year all
+that um you built designed and fleu an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you built designed and fleu an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um you built designed and fleu an
+aircraft you built a team um and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you built a team um and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aircraft you built a team um and you
+kept up a rigorous academic pace for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept up a rigorous academic pace for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept up a rigorous academic pace for
+quite a long period uh Which experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long period uh Which experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a long period uh Which experiences
+do you think were the most valuable what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think were the most valuable what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think were the most valuable what
+what do you think you'll be using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think you'll be using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think you'll be using the
+most in the courses and years to come um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most in the courses and years to come um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most in the courses and years to come um
+going to MIT it's a like I said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to MIT it's a like I said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to MIT it's a like I said it's
+really rigorous curriculum and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rigorous curriculum and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really rigorous curriculum and I think
+the most valuable thing I got out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most valuable thing I got out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most valuable thing I got out of
+unified was be able being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified was be able being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified was be able being able to
+communicate with my professors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with my professors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate with my professors like
+these are bigname professors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bigname professors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are bigname professors like
+Professor drla he's known as the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor drla he's known as the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor drla he's known as the best
+aerodynamicist in the world and being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamicist in the world and being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aerodynamicist in the world and being
+able to go to his office at 1:00 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go to his office at 1:00 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to go to his office at 1:00 in the
+morning be like help me with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning be like help me with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning be like help me with this
+problem set and him being there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and him being there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set and him being there and
+willing to come to the lab and help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to come to the lab and help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to come to the lab and help you
+it means a lot and that's what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means a lot and that's what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means a lot and that's what's going
+to help us get through this school is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us get through this school is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help us get through this school is
+the fact that we're so tight and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're so tight and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we're so tight and they
+make it so hard that we have to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so hard that we have to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it so hard that we have to work
+with each other and that's how we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and that's how we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and that's how we're
+going to learn our best is cuz we learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn our best is cuz we learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn our best is cuz we learn
+our best from each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best from each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our best from each other
+and it's just a most valuable experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just a most valuable experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just a most valuable experience
+getting to know our professors these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to know our professors these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting to know our professors these
+really amazing people and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing people and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really amazing people and that's what
+gets us through this school and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us through this school and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets us through this school and like
+with especially the students like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with especially the students like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with especially the students like I
+don't know pretty much forced to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know pretty much forced to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know pretty much forced to work
+together just because you have so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together just because you have so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together just because you have so much
+to do and so you work on it and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and so you work on it and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and so you work on it and then you
+get stuck and kind of people figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck and kind of people figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get stuck and kind of people figure it
+out together and so I think working as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out together and so I think working as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out together and so I think working as a
+team was like a really huge part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team was like a really huge part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team was like a really huge part of this
+class and something we'll really bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and something we'll really bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and something we'll really bring
+out of this and just kind of knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this and just kind of knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this and just kind of knowing
+what even like with our four person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what even like with our four person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what even like with our four person
+group like knowing whose personality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group like knowing whose personality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group like knowing whose personality is
+what so just kind of know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so just kind of know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so just kind of know how to
+approach people or how to like work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach people or how to like work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach people or how to like work out
+complex and it applies a lot to real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and it applies a lot to real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex and it applies a lot to real
+world cuz we're going to go and work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world cuz we're going to go and work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world cuz we're going to go and work for
+companies and we're going to work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and we're going to work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and we're going to work in
+teams so if we're learning from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams so if we're learning from the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams so if we're learning from the very
+beginning to work with people and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to work with people and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning to work with people and you
+know learn about Team Dynamics and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know learn about Team Dynamics and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know learn about Team Dynamics and it's
+going to help in the end so everything's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help in the end so everything's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to help in the end so everything's
+find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out
+right well I'm sure you'll make great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I'm sure you'll make great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well I'm sure you'll make great
+use of those skills what what are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of those skills what what are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of those skills what what are you
+going to do next do next next today next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next do next next today next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do next do next next today next
+next week it we have a piece I do at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week it we have a piece I do at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week it we have a piece I do at
+3:00 so we have to get to that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00 so we have to get to that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3:00 so we have to get to that so you
+have to party afterwards yes we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to party afterwards yes we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to party afterwards yes we will
+we're getting our ring tonight actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting our ring tonight actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting our ring tonight actually
+so well thanks a lot for talking to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well thanks a lot for talking to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so well thanks a lot for talking to us
+thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CLiy3m2Jt-M.txt b/CLiy3m2Jt-M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2bd8d9145ecaa837c68bd072e0a95fee09be83b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CLiy3m2Jt-M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,987 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's make some measurements using one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make some measurements using one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's make some measurements using one
+of the simplest combinational devices a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simplest combinational devices a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the simplest combinational devices a
+buffer a buffer has a single input and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer a buffer has a single input and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer a buffer has a single input and a
+single output where the output will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single output where the output will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single output where the output will be
+driven with the same digital value as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven with the same digital value as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driven with the same digital value as
+the input after some small propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input after some small propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input after some small propagation
+delay this buffer abased the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay this buffer abased the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay this buffer abased the static
+discipline that's what it means to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline that's what it means to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline that's what it means to be
+combinational and uses a revised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational and uses a revised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational and uses a revised
+signalling specification that includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signalling specification that includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signalling specification that includes
+both low and high noise margins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both low and high noise margins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both low and high noise margins the
+measurements will be made by setting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements will be made by setting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements will be made by setting the
+input voltage to a sequence of values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage to a sequence of values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage to a sequence of values
+ranging from zero volts up to the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from zero volts up to the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ranging from zero volts up to the power
+supply voltage after setting the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply voltage after setting the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply voltage after setting the input
+voltage to a particular value we'll wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to a particular value we'll wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage to a particular value we'll wait
+for the output voltage to become stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the output voltage to become stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the output voltage to become stable
+in other words we'll wait for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we'll wait for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words we'll wait for the
+propagation delay of the buffer we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay of the buffer we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay of the buffer we'll
+plot the result on a graph with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the result on a graph with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the result on a graph with the
+input voltage on the horizontal axis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage on the horizontal axis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltage on the horizontal axis and
+the measured output voltage on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measured output voltage on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measured output voltage on the
+vertical axis the resulting curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis the resulting curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical axis the resulting curve is
+called the voltage transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the voltage transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the voltage transfer
+characteristic of the buffer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the buffer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the buffer for
+convenience we've marked our signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience we've marked our signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience we've marked our signal
+thresholds on the two axes before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds on the two axes before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thresholds on the two axes before we
+start plotting points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start plotting points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start plotting points
+note that the static discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the static discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the static discipline
+constrains what the voltage transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrains what the voltage transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrains what the voltage transfer
+characteristic must look like for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic must look like for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic must look like for any
+combinational device if we wait for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational device if we wait for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational device if we wait for the
+propagation delay of the device the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay of the device the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation delay of the device the
+measured output voltage must be a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured output voltage must be a valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured output voltage must be a valid
+digital value if the input voltage is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital value if the input voltage is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital value if the input voltage is a
+valid digital value valid in balance out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid digital value valid in balance out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid digital value valid in balance out
+we can show this graphically as shaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can show this graphically as shaded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can show this graphically as shaded
+forbidden regions on our graph points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden regions on our graph points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbidden regions on our graph points in
+these regions correspond to valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions correspond to valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions correspond to valid
+digital input voltages but invalid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital input voltages but invalid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital input voltages but invalid
+digital output voltages so for measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital output voltages so for measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital output voltages so for measuring
+a legal combinational device none of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legal combinational device none of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legal combinational device none of the
+points in this voltage transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in this voltage transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in this voltage transfer
+characteristic will fall within these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic will fall within these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic will fall within these
+regions okay back to our buffer setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions okay back to our buffer setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions okay back to our buffer setting
+the input voltage to a value less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input voltage to a value less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input voltage to a value less than
+the low input threshold vc IL produces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low input threshold vc IL produces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low input threshold vc IL produces
+an output voltage less than vo l as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output voltage less than vo l as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output voltage less than vo l as
+expected a digital zero input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected a digital zero input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected a digital zero input
+yields a digital zero output try a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields a digital zero output try a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yields a digital zero output try a
+slightly higher but still valid zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly higher but still valid zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly higher but still valid zero
+input gives a similar result note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input gives a similar result note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input gives a similar result note that
+these measurements don't tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements don't tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these measurements don't tell us
+anything about the speed of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the speed of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about the speed of the
+they are just measuring the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are just measuring the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are just measuring the static
+behavior of the device not as dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the device not as dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the device not as dynamic
+behavior if we proceed to make all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior if we proceed to make all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior if we proceed to make all the
+additional measurements we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional measurements we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional measurements we get the
+voltage transfer characteristic of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage transfer characteristic of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage transfer characteristic of the
+buffer shown as the black curve on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer shown as the black curve on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer shown as the black curve on the
+graph notice that the curve does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph notice that the curve does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph notice that the curve does not
+pass through the shaded regions meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the shaded regions meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass through the shaded regions meeting
+the expectations we set out above for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectations we set out above for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectations we set out above for
+the behavior of a legal combinational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of a legal combinational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the behavior of a legal combinational
+device there are two interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device there are two interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device there are two interesting
+observations to be made about voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations to be made about voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations to be made about voltage
+transfer characteristics let's look more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer characteristics let's look more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer characteristics let's look more
+carefully at the white region in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully at the white region in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully at the white region in the
+center of the graph corresponding to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the graph corresponding to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the graph corresponding to
+input voltages in the range V il to vi H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltages in the range V il to vi H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input voltages in the range V il to vi H
+first note that these input voltages are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first note that these input voltages are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first note that these input voltages are
+in the forbidden zone of our signaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forbidden zone of our signaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the forbidden zone of our signaling
+specification and so as combinational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification and so as combinational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification and so as combinational
+device can produce any output voltage it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device can produce any output voltage it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device can produce any output voltage it
+likes and still obey the static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes and still obey the static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likes and still obey the static
+discipline which only constrains the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline which only constrains the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline which only constrains the
+device's behavior for valid inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device's behavior for valid inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device's behavior for valid inputs
+second note that the center white region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second note that the center white region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second note that the center white region
+bounded by the four voltage thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the four voltage thresholds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by the four voltage thresholds
+is taller than it is wide this is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taller than it is wide this is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is taller than it is wide this is true
+because our signaling specification has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our signaling specification has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our signaling specification has
+positive noise margins so vo h minus vol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive noise margins so vo h minus vol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive noise margins so vo h minus vol
+is strictly greater than VI h minus VI L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly greater than VI h minus VI L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly greater than VI h minus VI L
+any curve passing through this region as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any curve passing through this region as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any curve passing through this region as
+the VTC must has to have some portion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VTC must has to have some portion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VTC must has to have some portion
+where the magnitude of the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the magnitude of the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the magnitude of the slope of the
+curve is greater than 1 at the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is greater than 1 at the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is greater than 1 at the point
+where the magnitude of the slope of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the magnitude of the slope of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the magnitude of the slope of the
+VCC is greater than 1 note that a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCC is greater than 1 note that a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCC is greater than 1 note that a small
+change in the input voltage produces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the input voltage produces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in the input voltage produces a
+larger change in the output voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger change in the output voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger change in the output voltage
+that's what it means when the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means when the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means when the magnitude
+of the slope is greater than 1 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the slope is greater than 1 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the slope is greater than 1 in
+electrical terms we would say the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical terms we would say the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical terms we would say the device
+has a gain greater than 1 or less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a gain greater than 1 or less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a gain greater than 1 or less than
+minus 1 where we define gain as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 where we define gain as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 where we define gain as the
+change in output voltage for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in output voltage for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in output voltage for a given
+change in input voltage if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in input voltage if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in input voltage if we're
+considering building larger circuits out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering building larger circuits out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering building larger circuits out
+of our combinational components any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our combinational components any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our combinational components any
+output can potentially be wired to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output can potentially be wired to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output can potentially be wired to some
+other input this means the range on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other input this means the range on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other input this means the range on the
+horizontal axis V sub n has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis V sub n has to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal axis V sub n has to be the
+same as the range on the vertical axis V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the range on the vertical axis V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the range on the vertical axis V
+sub out in other words the graph of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub out in other words the graph of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub out in other words the graph of the
+VTC must be square and the VTC curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VTC must be square and the VTC curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VTC must be square and the VTC curve
+fits inside of the square in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits inside of the square in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits inside of the square in order to
+fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit
+in the square bounce the VTC must change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the square bounce the VTC must change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the square bounce the VTC must change
+slope at some point since we know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope at some point since we know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slope at some point since we know from
+above that there must be regions where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that there must be regions where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above that there must be regions where
+the magnitude the slope is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude the slope is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnitude the slope is greater than
+one and it can't be greater than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it can't be greater than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and it can't be greater than one
+across the whole input range devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole input range devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the whole input range devices
+that exhibit a change in gain across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exhibit a change in gain across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exhibit a change in gain across
+their operating range are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their operating range are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their operating range are called
+nonlinear devices together these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear devices together these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear devices together these
+observations tell us that we cannot only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations tell us that we cannot only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observations tell us that we cannot only
+use linear devices such as resistors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use linear devices such as resistors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use linear devices such as resistors
+capacitors and inductors to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors and inductors to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors and inductors to build
+combinational devices will need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational devices will need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinational devices will need
+nonlinear devices with gain greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear devices with gain greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonlinear devices with gain greater than
+one finding such devices is the subject
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one finding such devices is the subject
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one finding such devices is the subject
+of the next chapter
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/CcInkh1mKZA.txt b/CcInkh1mKZA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c5298bac0d9985e59e9539be1d196c4ba8905af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/CcInkh1mKZA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1019 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's try using the latch as the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try using the latch as the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try using the latch as the memory
+component in our sequential logic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in our sequential logic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component in our sequential logic system
+to load the encoding of the new state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load the encoding of the new state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load the encoding of the new state
+into the latch we open the latch by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the latch we open the latch by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the latch we open the latch by
+setting the latches gate input hi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the latches gate input hi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting the latches gate input hi
+letting the new value propagate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the new value propagate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the new value propagate to the
+latches queue output which represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latches queue output which represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latches queue output which represents
+the current state this updated value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state this updated value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current state this updated value
+propagates through the combinational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates through the combinational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates through the combinational
+logic updating the new state information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic updating the new state information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic updating the new state information
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+if the gate stays high too long we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the gate stays high too long we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the gate stays high too long we
+created a loop in our system in our plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a loop in our system in our plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a loop in our system in our plan
+to load the latch with the new state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load the latch with the new state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load the latch with the new state
+goes awry as the new state value starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes awry as the new state value starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes awry as the new state value starts
+to change rapidly as information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change rapidly as information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change rapidly as information
+propagates around and around the loop so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates around and around the loop so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagates around and around the loop so
+to make this work we need to carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this work we need to carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this work we need to carefully
+time the interval when G is high it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the interval when G is high it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the interval when G is high it has
+to be long enough to satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be long enough to satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be long enough to satisfy the
+constraints of the dynamic discipline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the dynamic discipline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints of the dynamic discipline
+but it has to be short enough that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has to be short enough that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has to be short enough that the
+latch closes again before the new state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch closes again before the new state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latch closes again before the new state
+information has a chance to propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information has a chance to propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information has a chance to propagate
+all the way around the loop hmm I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around the loop hmm I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way around the loop hmm I think
+mr. blue is right this sort of tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. blue is right this sort of tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. blue is right this sort of tricky
+system timing would likely be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system timing would likely be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system timing would likely be
+error-prone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error-prone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error-prone
+since the exact timing of signals is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the exact timing of signals is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the exact timing of signals is
+almost impossible to guarantee we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to guarantee we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost impossible to guarantee we have
+upper and lower bounds on the timing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and lower bounds on the timing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper and lower bounds on the timing of
+signal transitions but no guarantees of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal transitions but no guarantees of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal transitions but no guarantees of
+exact intervals to make this work we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact intervals to make this work we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact intervals to make this work we
+want a load signal that marks an instant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a load signal that marks an instant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a load signal that marks an instant
+in time not an interval here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time not an interval here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time not an interval here's an
+analogy that will help us understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy that will help us understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy that will help us understand
+what's happening and what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening and what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening and what we can do
+about it imagine a line of cars waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it imagine a line of cars waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it imagine a line of cars waiting
+at a tollbooth gate the sequence of cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a tollbooth gate the sequence of cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a tollbooth gate the sequence of cars
+represents the sequence of states in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the sequence of states in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the sequence of states in our
+sequential logic and the gated Tollbooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential logic and the gated Tollbooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential logic and the gated Tollbooth
+represents the latch initially the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the latch initially the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents the latch initially the gate
+is closed and the cars are waiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed and the cars are waiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is closed and the cars are waiting
+patiently to go through the Tollbooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patiently to go through the Tollbooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patiently to go through the Tollbooth
+when the gate opens the first car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the gate opens the first car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the gate opens the first car
+proceeds out of the Tollbooth but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds out of the Tollbooth but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds out of the Tollbooth but you
+can see that the timing of when to close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the timing of when to close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the timing of when to close
+the gate is going to be tricky it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate is going to be tricky it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate is going to be tricky it has to
+be open long enough for the first car to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be open long enough for the first car to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be open long enough for the first car to
+make it through but not too long less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it through but not too long less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it through but not too long less
+the other cars also make it through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other cars also make it through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other cars also make it through this
+is exactly the issue we faced with using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the issue we faced with using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly the issue we faced with using
+the latch as our memory component in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latch as our memory component in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latch as our memory component in our
+sequential logic so how do we ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential logic so how do we ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential logic so how do we ensure
+only one car makes it through the gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one car makes it through the gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one car makes it through the gate
+one solution is to use two gates here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution is to use two gates here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution is to use two gates here's
+the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan
+initially gate 1 is open allowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially gate 1 is open allowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially gate 1 is open allowing
+exactly one car to enter the Tollbooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one car to enter the Tollbooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one car to enter the Tollbooth
+and gate 2 is closed then at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gate 2 is closed then at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gate 2 is closed then at a
+particular point in time we closed gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point in time we closed gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular point in time we closed gate
+1 while opening gate 2 this lets the car
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 while opening gate 2 this lets the car
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 while opening gate 2 this lets the car
+and the Tollbooth proceed on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Tollbooth proceed on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Tollbooth proceed on but
+prevents any other car from passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents any other car from passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents any other car from passing
+through we can repeat this two-step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we can repeat this two-step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through we can repeat this two-step
+process to deal with each car one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to deal with each car one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process to deal with each car one at a
+time the key is that at no time is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the key is that at no time is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time the key is that at no time is there
+a path through both gates this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path through both gates this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a path through both gates this is the
+same arrangement as the escapement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same arrangement as the escapement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same arrangement as the escapement
+mechanism in a mechanical clock the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism in a mechanical clock the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism in a mechanical clock the
+escapement ensures that the gear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapement ensures that the gear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escapement ensures that the gear
+attached to the clock spring only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the clock spring only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to the clock spring only
+advances one tooth at a time preventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances one tooth at a time preventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advances one tooth at a time preventing
+the spring from spinning the gear wildly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring from spinning the gear wildly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spring from spinning the gear wildly
+causing a whole day to pass at once if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing a whole day to pass at once if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causing a whole day to pass at once if
+we observed the tollbooths output we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observed the tollbooths output we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we observed the tollbooths output we
+would see a car emerge shortly after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see a car emerge shortly after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see a car emerge shortly after the
+instant and time when gate 2 opens the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant and time when gate 2 opens the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant and time when gate 2 opens the
+next car would rumored shortly after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next car would rumored shortly after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next car would rumored shortly after the
+next time Gate 2 opens and so on cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time Gate 2 opens and so on cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next time Gate 2 opens and so on cars
+would proceed to the Tollbooth at a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would proceed to the Tollbooth at a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would proceed to the Tollbooth at a rate
+set by the interval between gate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set by the interval between gate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set by the interval between gate to
+openings let's apply this solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings let's apply this solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+openings let's apply this solution to
+design a memory component for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a memory component for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design a memory component for our
+sequential logic taking our cue from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential logic taking our cue from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequential logic taking our cue from the
+to gate Tollbooth will design a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gate Tollbooth will design a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to gate Tollbooth will design a new
+component called a D register using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component called a D register using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component called a D register using two
+back-to-back latches the load signal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-to-back latches the load signal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back-to-back latches the load signal for
+a D register is typically called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a D register is typically called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a D register is typically called the
+registers clock but the registers D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers clock but the registers D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+registers clock but the registers D
+input and Q output play the same roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and Q output play the same roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input and Q output play the same roles
+as they did for the latch first will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they did for the latch first will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they did for the latch first will
+describe the internal structure of the D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the internal structure of the D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the internal structure of the D
+register then will describe what it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register then will describe what it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+register then will describe what it does
+and look in detail at how it does it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look in detail at how it does it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look in detail at how it does it the
+D input is connected to what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D input is connected to what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D input is connected to what we call the
+master latch and the Q output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master latch and the Q output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master latch and the Q output is
+connected to the slave latch note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the slave latch note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the slave latch note that
+the clock signal is inverted before it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock signal is inverted before it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clock signal is inverted before it's
+connected to the gate input of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the gate input of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the gate input of the
+master latch so when the master latch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master latch so when the master latch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+master latch so when the master latch is
+open the slave latch is closed and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the slave latch is closed and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open the slave latch is closed and vice
+versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa
+this achieves the escapement behavior we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this achieves the escapement behavior we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this achieves the escapement behavior we
+saw in the previous slide at no time is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the previous slide at no time is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw in the previous slide at no time is
+there an active path from the registers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an active path from the registers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there an active path from the registers
+D input to the registers Q output the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D input to the registers Q output the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D input to the registers Q output the
+delay introduced by the inverter on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay introduced by the inverter on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay introduced by the inverter on the
+clock signal might give us cause for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock signal might give us cause for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clock signal might give us cause for
+concern when there's a rising 0 to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern when there's a rising 0 to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concern when there's a rising 0 to 1
+transition on the clock signal might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition on the clock signal might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition on the clock signal might
+there be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be a
+interval when the gate signal is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval when the gate signal is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval when the gate signal is high
+for both latches since there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both latches since there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for both latches since there will be a
+small delay before the inverters output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small delay before the inverters output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small delay before the inverters output
+transitions from one to zero actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from one to zero actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions from one to zero actually
+the inverter isn't necessary mr. blue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverter isn't necessary mr. blue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverter isn't necessary mr. blue is
+looking at a slightly different latch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a slightly different latch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a slightly different latch
+schematic where the latch is open when G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic where the latch is open when G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic where the latch is open when G
+is low and closed when G is high just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low and closed when G is high just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is low and closed when G is high just
+what we need for the master latch by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need for the master latch by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need for the master latch by the
+way you'll sometimes hear a register
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you'll sometimes hear a register
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you'll sometimes hear a register
+called a flip-flop because of the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a flip-flop because of the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a flip-flop because of the by
+stable nature of the positive feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable nature of the positive feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable nature of the positive feedback
+loops in the latches that's the internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops in the latches that's the internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops in the latches that's the internal
+structure of the D register in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the D register in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the D register in the next
+section we'll take a step by step tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section we'll take a step by step tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section we'll take a step by step tour
+of the register and operation
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/D2lW7o32fzk.txt b/D2lW7o32fzk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9c3acbaa5712896418e100518d8b79ae5ab68f38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/D2lW7o32fzk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this week we will use the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we will use the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week we will use the concept of
+momentum to analyze some more advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to analyze some more advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum to analyze some more advanced
+situations namely systems in which there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations namely systems in which there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations namely systems in which there
+is a continuous flow of mass rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a continuous flow of mass rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a continuous flow of mass rather than
+just the motion of discrete objects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the motion of discrete objects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the motion of discrete objects the
+classic example of this is the thrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example of this is the thrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic example of this is the thrust
+due to exhaust from a rocket engine once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to exhaust from a rocket engine once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to exhaust from a rocket engine once
+again we will appeal to a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we will appeal to a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we will appeal to a differential
+analysis technique breaking the flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis technique breaking the flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis technique breaking the flow
+down into a large number of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into a large number of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down into a large number of small
+elements analyzing one of the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements analyzing one of the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements analyzing one of the elements
+in detail and then generalizing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail and then generalizing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in detail and then generalizing this is
+an important example of a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important example of a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important example of a situation
+where the point mass form of Newton's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the point mass form of Newton's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the point mass form of Newton's
+second law of motion F equals MA is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law of motion F equals MA is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second law of motion F equals MA is
+inadequate and one must instead use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate and one must instead use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate and one must instead use the
+more general form of the law F equals DP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general form of the law F equals DP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more general form of the law F equals DP
+DT or the force is equal to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT or the force is equal to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT or the force is equal to the time
+derivative of the momentum
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FA11OqJYnaE.txt b/FA11OqJYnaE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..401112ea7529e0369372606056016755f3ee0d0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FA11OqJYnaE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we do we're going to sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do we're going to sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we do we're going to sum over
+final states the probability to go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final states the probability to go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final states the probability to go from
+AI to final at time T now to first-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since this some of our final states is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this some of our final states is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since this some of our final states is
+really a continuum this is represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a continuum this is represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a continuum this is represented
+by the integral of the F I P naught 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the integral of the F I P naught 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the integral of the F I P naught 1
+multiplied by the number of states at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the number of states at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by the number of states at
+every little interval so this will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little interval so this will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every little interval so this will go
+role of EF d EF so this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of EF d EF so this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of EF d EF so this is what we
+developed about the number of states so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed about the number of states so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed about the number of states so
+I'm replacing this and I have to sum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm replacing this and I have to sum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm replacing this and I have to sum but
+I basically decide to call this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I basically decide to call this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I basically decide to call this little
+the end the little number of states in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the little number of states in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end the little number of states in
+here and then I'm going to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I'm going to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then I'm going to integrate
+this probabilities to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probabilities to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this probabilities to the number of
+states over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states over there
+and therefore the DN is replaced by Rho
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the DN is replaced by Rho
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the DN is replaced by Rho
+times the EF so then this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the EF so then this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the EF so then this whole
+transition probability will be for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probability will be for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition probability will be for
+integral I'm writing now the implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I'm writing now the implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I'm writing now the implement
+VF I squared sine squared Omega F I T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VF I squared sine squared Omega F I T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VF I squared sine squared Omega F I T
+naught over to EF minus e I squared role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over to EF minus e I squared role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over to EF minus e I squared role
+of EF V of EF and you would say at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of EF V of EF and you would say at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of EF V of EF and you would say at this
+moment okay this is as far as you go so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay this is as far as you go so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay this is as far as you go so
+that must be Fermi's Golden Rule because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must be Fermi's Golden Rule because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that must be Fermi's Golden Rule because
+we don't know Rafi F is different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know Rafi F is different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know Rafi F is different in
+different cases so we have to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases so we have to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cases so we have to do that
+integral and we'll get our answer but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we'll get our answer but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral and we'll get our answer but
+the great thing about this golden rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great thing about this golden rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the great thing about this golden rule
+is that you can go far and you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can go far and you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can go far and you can do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+to grow now I don't even know this VFR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow now I don't even know this VFR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow now I don't even know this VFR
+also depends on the energy how am I ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depends on the energy how am I ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also depends on the energy how am I ever
+gonna do the integral that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do the integral that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do the integral that seems
+outrageous well let's try to do it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous well let's try to do it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outrageous well let's try to do it and
+part of the idea will be that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the idea will be that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the idea will be that we're
+going to be led to the concept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be led to the concept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be led to the concept that
+we're already emphasized here because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're already emphasized here because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're already emphasized here because of
+this suppression that only a narrow band
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppression that only a narrow band
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppression that only a narrow band
+of states contribute and in that narrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states contribute and in that narrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of states contribute and in that narrow
+band if the narrow band is narrow enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band if the narrow band is narrow enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band if the narrow band is narrow enough
+in that region vfi will be approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region vfi will be approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that region vfi will be approximately
+constant in and narrow enough region and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in and narrow enough region and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant in and narrow enough region and
+row will be approximately constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row will be approximately constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row will be approximately constant so
+we'll take them out of the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take them out of the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll take them out of the integral
+do the rest of the integral and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the rest of the integral and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the rest of the integral and see
+later whether the way we're doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later whether the way we're doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later whether the way we're doing the
+integral shows that this idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral shows that this idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral shows that this idea is
+justified so I'll just you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified so I'll just you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justified so I'll just you know
+sometimes you have to do these things of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+making the next step so I'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the next step so I'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the next step so I'll do that
+I'll take these things out assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take these things out assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take these things out assuming
+they're constant enough and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're constant enough and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're constant enough and then we'll
+get for VF i squared Rho of e what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for VF i squared Rho of e what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for VF i squared Rho of e what
+should I put here a sub i's a right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I put here a sub i's a right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should I put here a sub i's a right
+because if it's all evaluated at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's all evaluated at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if it's all evaluated at the
+initial energy e iphone ly a narrowband
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy e iphone ly a narrowband
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial energy e iphone ly a narrowband
+will contribute I'll put an H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contribute I'll put an H squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will contribute I'll put an H squared
+here so that this will become Omega F I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that this will become Omega F I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so that this will become Omega F I
+and now I will integrate over the some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I will integrate over the some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I will integrate over the some
+range of end of energies the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of end of energies the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of end of energies the function
+sine squared Omega F I T naught over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared Omega F I T naught over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared Omega F I T naught over two
+over Omega F I squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega F I squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over Omega F I squared
+the EF so I just took the thing out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EF so I just took the thing out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EF so I just took the thing out of
+the integral and we're gonna hope for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and we're gonna hope for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral and we're gonna hope for
+some luck here whenever you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some luck here whenever you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some luck here whenever you have an
+integral like that it probably is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral like that it probably is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral like that it probably is a good
+idea to plot with you're integrating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to plot with you're integrating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea to plot with you're integrating and
+think about it and see if you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and see if you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it and see if you're gonna
+get whatever you want it look I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get whatever you want it look I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get whatever you want it look I don't
+know how far I'm gonna integrate I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how far I'm gonna integrate I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how far I'm gonna integrate I
+probably don't want to integrate too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to integrate too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably don't want to integrate too far
+because then these functions that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then these functions that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then these functions that it
+took out of the integral are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out of the integral are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took out of the integral are not
+constant so let's see what this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so let's see what this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so let's see what this looks
+like the integrand this function here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the integrand this function here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the integrand this function here
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well sine squared of X over x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sine squared of X over x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sine squared of X over x squared
+goes to one you know when this were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to one you know when this were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to one you know when this were
+plotting as a function of Omega F I why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting as a function of Omega F I why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting as a function of Omega F I why
+time is not really what we're plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is not really what we're plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is not really what we're plotting
+into this thing we're plotting were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this thing we're plotting were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this thing we're plotting were
+integrating our energy EF and Omega F I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating our energy EF and Omega F I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating our energy EF and Omega F I
+is EF minus e I so Omega is the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is EF minus e I so Omega is the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is EF minus e I so Omega is the variable
+you should be plotting and when Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be plotting and when Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be plotting and when Omega
+goes to zero this whole integral goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero this whole integral goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero this whole integral goes
+like P naught squared over 4 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like P naught squared over 4 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like P naught squared over 4 and then
+sine squared of X over x squared does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared of X over x squared does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared of X over x squared does
+this thing and the first step here is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and the first step here is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing and the first step here is 2
+PI over T naught 2 PI over T naught and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over T naught 2 PI over T naught and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI over T naught 2 PI over T naught and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now you smile why because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you smile why because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now you smile why because it's
+looking good this thing first what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking good this thing first what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking good this thing first what's
+going to be this area well if I look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this area well if I look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be this area well if I look at
+this lobe roughly I would say hi p 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lobe roughly I would say hi p 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lobe roughly I would say hi p 0
+squared with 1 over T not answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared with 1 over T not answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared with 1 over T not answer
+proportional to T naught this Hall in T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to T naught this Hall in T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to T naught this Hall in T
+was going to be proportional to T naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be proportional to T naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to be proportional to T naught
+the magic of the combination of the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic of the combination of the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magic of the combination of the x
+squared growth T naught squared and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared growth T naught squared and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared growth T naught squared and the
+oscillation is making into this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is making into this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscillation is making into this integral
+being linear in T naught which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linear in T naught which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being linear in T naught which is the
+probability transition happen is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability transition happen is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability transition happen is going
+to grow linearly it's going to be a rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow linearly it's going to be a rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow linearly it's going to be a rate
+as we expected so this is looking very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we expected so this is looking very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we expected so this is looking very
+good then we can attempt to see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then we can attempt to see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good then we can attempt to see that
+also most of the contribution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also most of the contribution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also most of the contribution here
+happens within this range to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens within this range to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens within this range to the
+integral if you looked at the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if you looked at the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral if you looked at the integral
+of sine squared X over x squared 90% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sine squared X over x squared 90% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sine squared X over x squared 90% of
+the integral comes from here by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral comes from here by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral comes from here by the time
+you have this ones you are up to 95% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this ones you are up to 95% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this ones you are up to 95% of
+the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral
+most of the integral comes within those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the integral comes within those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the integral comes within those
+lobes and look what I'm going to say I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes and look what I'm going to say I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobes and look what I'm going to say I'm
+gonna say look I'm gonna try to wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say look I'm gonna try to wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna say look I'm gonna try to wait
+long enough T naught is gonna be long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough T naught is gonna be long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough T naught is gonna be long
+enough so that this narrow thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that this narrow thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that this narrow thing is
+gonna be narrower and narrower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be narrower and narrower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be narrower and narrower and
+therefore most of the integral is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore most of the integral is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore most of the integral is going
+to come from Omega F I equal to 0 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from Omega F I equal to 0 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come from Omega F I equal to 0 which
+means the F equals to e I if I wait long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the F equals to e I if I wait long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the F equals to e I if I wait long
+enough with T naught the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough with T naught the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough with T naught the
+is very narrow and even all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very narrow and even all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very narrow and even all the other
+extra bumps are already four PI over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bumps are already four PI over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra bumps are already four PI over T
+naught over here is just gonna do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over here is just gonna do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught over here is just gonna do it
+without any problem it's gonna fit it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any problem it's gonna fit it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any problem it's gonna fit it so
+another way of thinking of this is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of thinking of this is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way of thinking of this is to
+say look you could have argued that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look you could have argued that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look you could have argued that this
+is going to be linear in T naught if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be linear in T naught if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be linear in T naught if you
+just change variables here absorb the T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change variables here absorb the T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just change variables here absorb the T
+naught into the energy change variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught into the energy change variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught into the energy change variable
+and the T naught will go out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the T naught will go out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the T naught will go out of the
+integral in some way and but that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in some way and but that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in some way and but that is
+only true if the limits go from minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only true if the limits go from minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only true if the limits go from minus
+infinity to plus infinity so I cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity so I cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity to plus infinity so I cannot
+really integrate from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really integrate from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really integrate from minus infinity to
+plus infinity in the final energies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity in the final energies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus infinity in the final energies but
+I don't need to because most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to because most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't need to because most of the
+integral comes from this big lobe here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral comes from this big lobe here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral comes from this big lobe here
+and if T naught is sufficiently large it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if T naught is sufficiently large it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if T naught is sufficiently large it
+is really within no energy with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really within no energy with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really within no energy with respect
+to the energy e I so our next step is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy e I so our next step is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the energy e I so our next step is to
+simply declare that a good approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply declare that a good approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply declare that a good approximation
+to this integral is to integrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this integral is to integrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this integral is to integrate the
+whole thing from minus infinity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing from minus infinity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing from minus infinity to
+infinity so let me say this suppose here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so let me say this suppose here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity so let me say this suppose here
+in this range Omega F I is in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range Omega F I is in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this range Omega F I is in between
+two PI over T naught and minus two PI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two PI over T naught and minus two PI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two PI over T naught and minus two PI
+over T naught what does this tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T naught what does this tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over T naught what does this tell us
+that Omega if I is in this region well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Omega if I is in this region well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Omega if I is in this region well
+this is EF minus AI over h-bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this actually tells you EF is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually tells you EF is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this actually tells you EF is in
+between e I plus 2 pi H bar over T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between e I plus 2 pi H bar over T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between e I plus 2 pi H bar over T
+naught and eat I minus 2 pi H bar over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and eat I minus 2 pi H bar over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and eat I minus 2 pi H bar over
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so um this is the energy range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um this is the energy range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so um this is the energy range
+and as TDOT becomes larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as TDOT becomes larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as TDOT becomes larger and larger
+the window for EF is smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window for EF is smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window for EF is smaller and smaller
+and we have energy conserving so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have energy conserving so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have energy conserving so let's
+look at our integral again the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our integral again the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our integral again the integral
+is AI that's for the integral this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is AI that's for the integral this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is AI that's for the integral this whole
+thing will be equal to integral v EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will be equal to integral v EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing will be equal to integral v EF
+sine squared of Omega F I T naught over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared of Omega F I T naught over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine squared of Omega F I T naught over
+2 over Omega F I squared so what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over Omega F I squared so what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 over Omega F I squared so what do we
+do we call this a variable u equal Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we call this a variable u equal Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we call this a variable u equal Omega
+F Phi T naught over 2 so that D U is BEF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Phi T naught over 2 so that D U is BEF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F Phi T naught over 2 so that D U is BEF
+T naught over 2 H bar because Omega F I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T naught over 2 H bar because Omega F I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T naught over 2 H bar because Omega F I
+is EF minus e I and EF is your variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is EF minus e I and EF is your variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is EF minus e I and EF is your variable
+of integration so you must substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration so you must substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of integration so you must substitute
+the de F here and the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the de F here and the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the de F here and the rest of the
+integral so what do we get from the d EF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so what do we get from the d EF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so what do we get from the d EF
+and the other part you get at the end H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other part you get at the end H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other part you get at the end H
+bar T naught over 2 integral from well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar T naught over 2 integral from well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar T naught over 2 integral from well
+let's leave it sine squared u over u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave it sine squared u over u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's leave it sine squared u over u
+squared V u so look at this the Omega fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared V u so look at this the Omega fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared V u so look at this the Omega fi
+squared by the time you get here Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared by the time you get here Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared by the time you get here Omega
+fi goes like 1 over time so when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi goes like 1 over time so when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fi goes like 1 over time so when it's
+down here will give you a time squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here will give you a time squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here will give you a time squared
+de gives you one over time so at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de gives you one over time so at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de gives you one over time so at the end
+of the day we get the desired linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day we get the desired linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day we get the desired linear
+dependence on T not here only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on T not here only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on T not here only if the
+integral doesn't have peanut in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral doesn't have peanut in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral doesn't have peanut in here and
+it will not have it if you extend it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not have it if you extend it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not have it if you extend it
+from minus infinity to infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity to infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity to infinity and
+there's no error really extending it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no error really extending it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no error really extending it
+from minus infinity to infinity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity to infinity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from minus infinity to infinity because
+you basically know that n lopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically know that n lopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically know that n lopes
+are going to fit here and are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to fit here and are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to fit here and are going to
+be accurate because there's little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accurate because there's little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be accurate because there's little
+energy change if peanut is large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change if peanut is large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change if peanut is large enough
+if T naught is large enough even at 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T naught is large enough even at 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if T naught is large enough even at 20
+PI H bar and a 20 PI H bar here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI H bar and a 20 PI H bar here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PI H bar and a 20 PI H bar here that
+still will will do it so we integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still will will do it so we integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still will will do it so we integrate
+like that we extend it then we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we extend it then we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that we extend it then we get a
+this whole integral has value pi so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole integral has value pi so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole integral has value pi so we
+get H bar T naught PI over 2 that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get H bar T naught PI over 2 that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get H bar T naught PI over 2 that's our
+integral I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I
+so our transition probability what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our transition probability what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our transition probability what is it
+we have it there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over there we'll have it the sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there we'll have it the sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there we'll have it the sum over
+final states I to f of T not first-order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final states I to f of T not first-order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final states I to f of T not first-order
+is equal to the integral times this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the integral times this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the integral times this
+quantity so that point is HT not PI over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so that point is HT not PI over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity so that point is HT not PI over
+two so it's four what do we have me f I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's four what do we have me f I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so it's four what do we have me f I
+squared Rho of e I over H squared then H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Rho of e I over H squared then H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared Rho of e I over H squared then H
+bar feed out PI over two so your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar feed out PI over two so your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar feed out PI over two so your final
+answer for this thing is 2 PI over H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for this thing is 2 PI over H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer for this thing is 2 PI over H bar
+VF I squared Rho of e I T naught so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VF I squared Rho of e I T naught so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VF I squared Rho of e I T naught so
+let's box this is a very nice result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's box this is a very nice result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's box this is a very nice result
+it's almost Fermi's Golden Rule by now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost Fermi's Golden Rule by now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost Fermi's Golden Rule by now
+let's put a time T here T notice was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a time T here T notice was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's put a time T here T notice was
+labeled not to confuse our time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled not to confuse our time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled not to confuse our time
+integrals or things like that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals or things like that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals or things like that so we
+could put a time T here is 2 PI over H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put a time T here is 2 PI over H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put a time T here is 2 PI over H
+bar V F I squared Rho of e I T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay from here we have a transition rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from here we have a transition rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from here we have a transition rate
+so a transition rate is probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a transition rate is probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a transition rate is probability of
+transition per unit time so a transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition per unit time so a transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition per unit time so a transition
+rate would be defined as the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate would be defined as the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate would be defined as the probability
+of transition after a time T divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transition after a time T divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of transition after a time T divided by
+the time T that has elapsed and happily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time T that has elapsed and happily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time T that has elapsed and happily
+this has worked out so that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has worked out so that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has worked out so that our
+transition rate W is 2 PI over H bar VF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rate W is 2 PI over H bar VF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rate W is 2 PI over H bar VF
+I squared Rho of e I and this is Fermi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I squared Rho of e I and this is Fermi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I squared Rho of e I and this is Fermi's
+golden rule a formula for the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule a formula for the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule a formula for the transition
+rate to the continuum of finances you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to the continuum of finances you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate to the continuum of finances you
+see when I see a when you will see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when I see a when you will see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see when I see a when you will see it
+almost seems that you still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost seems that you still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost seems that you still have to
+integrate there's a Rho of E and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate there's a Rho of E and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate there's a Rho of E and let's
+integrate over finally but the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over finally but the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over finally but the integral
+has been done and it says transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done and it says transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been done and it says transition
+amplitude squared evaluated at the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude squared evaluated at the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplitude squared evaluated at the state
+initial and final with the same energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial and final with the same energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial and final with the same energy
+and final state and the Rho evaluated at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final state and the Rho evaluated at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and final state and the Rho evaluated at
+the energy of the initial state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the initial state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of the initial state you
+don't have to do more with that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do more with that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do more with that so we
+have this formula let's look at a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this formula let's look at a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this formula let's look at a couple
+of more things do units work out yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more things do units work out yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more things do units work out yes
+this is transition per unit this is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is transition per unit this is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is transition per unit this is 1
+over time this is energy squared this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time this is energy squared this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time this is energy squared this is
+1 over energy and this is an H bar this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over energy and this is an H bar this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 over energy and this is an H bar this
+will give you 1 over time so the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you 1 over time so the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you 1 over time so the this
+thing goes well how about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes well how about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing goes well how about our
+assumptions this was calculated using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions this was calculated using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions this was calculated using
+some time T we used to call it t naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time T we used to call it t naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time T we used to call it t naught
+how large does it have to be well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large does it have to be well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how large does it have to be well the
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+it is the more accurate the integral is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the more accurate the integral is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the more accurate the integral is
+so but you don't want to take it too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you don't want to take it too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but you don't want to take it too
+large either because the larger it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large either because the larger it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large either because the larger it is
+the transition probability eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition probability eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition probability eventually
+goes wrong at first order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes wrong at first order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes wrong at first order of
+perturbation theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory
+so the this argument is valid if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the this argument is valid if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the this argument is valid if there
+is a time T naught that is large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a time T naught that is large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a time T naught that is large enough
+so that within this error bars role and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that within this error bars role and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that within this error bars role and
+the transition matrix element are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition matrix element are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transition matrix element are
+constant so that your integral is valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so that your integral is valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so that your integral is valid
+but this T not being large enough should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this T not being large enough should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this T not being large enough should
+be small enough that the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small enough that the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be small enough that the transition
+probability doesn't become anywhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability doesn't become anywhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability doesn't become anywhere near
+one that will happen in general or if VF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that will happen in general or if VF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that will happen in general or if VF
+is sufficiently small so when VF is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently small so when VF is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sufficiently small so when VF is
+sufficiently small this will always hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small this will always hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently small this will always hold
+and in physical applications this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in physical applications this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in physical applications this
+happens and it's okay so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and it's okay so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens and it's okay so that's our
+presentation and derivation of Fermi's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and derivation of Fermi's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation and derivation of Fermi's
+golden rule and we will turn now to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule and we will turn now to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden rule and we will turn now to one
+application that we will discuss
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FC_eWZp7a4E.txt b/FC_eWZp7a4E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7860bfc1c30a958ff46e9a18d5cf2c09bdc7e268
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FC_eWZp7a4E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3139 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's a couple of tips that I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of tips that I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of tips that I want to
+give you some stuff for you to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some stuff for you to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some stuff for you to take
+notes on but you don't really have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on but you don't really have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes on but you don't really have to do
+this today at some point of time in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this today at some point of time in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this today at some point of time in your
+prototyping you might end up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping you might end up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping you might end up getting
+stuck and you're not quite sure what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck and you're not quite sure what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck and you're not quite sure what to
+change so far we've been asking you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so far we've been asking you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so far we've been asking you to
+do things like amend rules write replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things like amend rules write replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things like amend rules write replace
+rules with other kinds of rules kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules with other kinds of rules kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules with other kinds of rules kill
+rules that aren't working some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that aren't working some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that aren't working some other
+ideas that you might want to play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you might want to play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that you might want to play with
+if there is a resource that's currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a resource that's currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is a resource that's currently
+limited you might want to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited you might want to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited you might want to make it
+unlimited and vice versa you know say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited and vice versa you know say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlimited and vice versa you know say
+you know the number of steps that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the number of steps that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the number of steps that you
+can move the number of currency that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move the number of currency that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move the number of currency that you
+have you know make it unlimited or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know make it unlimited or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know make it unlimited or you
+make it limited it could change the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it limited it could change the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it limited it could change the way
+how you gain feels-a-lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you gain feels-a-lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you gain feels-a-lot
+it if you're writing with other players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you're writing with other players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if you're writing with other players
+and maybe even sort of messing up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe even sort of messing up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe even sort of messing up the
+way how the the kinds of decisions they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how the the kinds of decisions they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way how the the kinds of decisions they
+get to make or maybe even the order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to make or maybe even the order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to make or maybe even the order that
+you can make it could be something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it could be something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can make it could be something as
+simple as reversing the order of who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as reversing the order of who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as reversing the order of who
+goes next but it could be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes next but it could be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes next but it could be more
+significant like forcing another player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant like forcing another player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant like forcing another player
+to make a move that you don't want or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a move that you don't want or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a move that you don't want or
+taking away their options you can mess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking away their options you can mess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking away their options you can mess
+with the play order you know like I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the play order you know like I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the play order you know like I said
+you can reverse who goes next but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reverse who goes next but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can reverse who goes next but then
+also the order in which certain rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the order in which certain rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the order in which certain rules
+get played out could be something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get played out could be something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get played out could be something that
+that you should be playing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be playing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be playing that you
+should be always trying to do with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be always trying to do with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be always trying to do with your
+own rules DUI will have to be executed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own rules DUI will have to be executed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own rules DUI will have to be executed
+in the same order in fact the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same order in fact the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same order in fact the answer is
+no you can probably rearrange your rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you can probably rearrange your rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no you can probably rearrange your rules
+and get a very different effect even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a very different effect even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get a very different effect even
+without writing a new rule if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without writing a new rule if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without writing a new rule if you're
+going to deal with numbers at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with numbers at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to deal with numbers at the
+prototyping phase generally you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping phase generally you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping phase generally you don't
+want to be making small changes you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be making small changes you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be making small changes you'd
+want to be making 10 percent 20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be making 10 percent 20 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be making 10 percent 20 percent
+changes to your numbers you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to your numbers you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to your numbers you want to be
+doing something like you know changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something like you know changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something like you know changing
+things by 50% maybe doubling it maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by 50% maybe doubling it maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things by 50% maybe doubling it maybe
+having it at least change of 50 per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it at least change of 50 per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having it at least change of 50 per
+percent by multiplying and dividing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent by multiplying and dividing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent by multiplying and dividing by
+two this will give you a much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this will give you a much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two this will give you a much better
+sense of that of whether that change to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of that of whether that change to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense of that of whether that change to
+a number is this amendment either thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number is this amendment either thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number is this amendment either thing
+that's going to solve your problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to solve your problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to solve your problem if
+you get the numbers wrong but the change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the numbers wrong but the change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the numbers wrong but the change
+is going in the direction that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going in the direction that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going in the direction that you want
+then you can dial back the the scale of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can dial back the the scale of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can dial back the the scale of
+the change maybe you have a variable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change maybe you have a variable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change maybe you have a variable and
+I was too drastic but it's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was too drastic but it's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was too drastic but it's sort of a
+cheese start started achieving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese start started achieving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheese start started achieving the
+things that you wanted and so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you wanted and so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you wanted and so okay
+alright maybe instead of having that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright maybe instead of having that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright maybe instead of having that
+number would make it 75 percent of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would make it 75 percent of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number would make it 75 percent of that
+number as an exercise once yourself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as an exercise once yourself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number as an exercise once yourself the
+prototype is already starting to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype is already starting to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype is already starting to work
+one click of trying to simplify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one click of trying to simplify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one click of trying to simplify your
+prototype is to try to identify the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype is to try to identify the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype is to try to identify the very
+fewest rules that are necessary for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewest rules that are necessary for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewest rules that are necessary for your
+prototype to work so you take all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype to work so you take all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype to work so you take all the
+rules out and introduce rules in one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules out and introduce rules in one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules out and introduce rules in one by
+one the rules that you've already got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the rules that you've already got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the rules that you've already got
+and you try to get fun figure out what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to get fun figure out what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you try to get fun figure out what's
+that bare minimum that's finding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bare minimum that's finding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bare minimum that's finding the
+core and that's that's the core of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and that's that's the core of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core and that's that's the core of your
+prototype that's the thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype that's the thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype that's the thing that you
+might want to carry into a logic game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to carry into a logic game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to carry into a logic game
+project in the future finally throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in the future finally throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in the future finally throw away
+in fact what I'm going to encourage you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what I'm going to encourage you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact what I'm going to encourage you
+at the end of this class today is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of this class today is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of this class today is to
+make a completely new prototype from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a completely new prototype from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a completely new prototype from
+scratch you know with one person on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch you know with one person on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch you know with one person on on
+for each person on your team what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each person on your team what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each person on your team what I'm
+going to suggest is that I exercises you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to suggest is that I exercises you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to suggest is that I exercises you
+go back to the mechanic idea and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the mechanic idea and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the mechanic idea and see
+what else you can do with that mechanic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else you can do with that mechanic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what else you can do with that mechanic
+you know whether it's stealing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether it's stealing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know whether it's stealing from
+other people or hidden information as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people or hidden information as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people or hidden information as
+it's like all their prototypes right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like all their prototypes right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like all their prototypes right now
+probably test one kind of way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably test one kind of way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably test one kind of way to
+interpret that mechanic what else comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that mechanic what else comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret that mechanic what else comes
+on completely different ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on completely different ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on completely different ways to
+interpret exactly the same that can a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret exactly the same that can a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret exactly the same that can a
+make a prototype you know spend about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a prototype you know spend about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a prototype you know spend about
+half an hour to an hour you've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour to an hour you've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an hour to an hour you've only
+spent an hour on these prototypes so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent an hour on these prototypes so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent an hour on these prototypes so far
+and a lot of it was figuring out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of it was figuring out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of it was figuring out what
+mechanic you were working on right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic you were working on right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic you were working on right so so
+trying to build something test it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build something test it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to build something test it with
+dorm-mates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorm-mates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dorm-mates
+test it on your teammates you know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it on your teammates you know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test it on your teammates you know it
+will be very great it'll be great if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very great it'll be great if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be very great it'll be great if you
+had a weekend meeting for instance to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a weekend meeting for instance to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a weekend meeting for instance to go
+into that meeting with as many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that meeting with as many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that meeting with as many different
+prototypes as you had team members and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes as you had team members and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes as you had team members and
+you just play each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just play each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just play each other
+prototypes and have a conversation these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes and have a conversation these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes and have a conversation these
+are all different ways to approach the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all different ways to approach the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all different ways to approach the
+same problem so it's wrong what you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem so it's wrong what you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same problem so it's wrong what you've
+got bit basically and make something new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got bit basically and make something new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got bit basically and make something new
+and then revisit what you've got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then revisit what you've got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then revisit what you've got you
+know a later stage so that's some tips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a later stage so that's some tips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a later stage so that's some tips
+for you to do in the following week but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do in the following week but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to do in the following week but
+in the next hour this is what uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next hour this is what uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next hour this is what uh this is
+what I'm going to be asking you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to be asking you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to be asking you to do
+and that is to do a play test now there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is to do a play test now there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is to do a play test now there
+are many different ways to do a play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different ways to do a play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many different ways to do a play
+test this is probably what you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this is probably what you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test this is probably what you're going
+to be doing today how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing today how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be doing today how many of you have
+made a game that's really only for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a game that's really only for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made a game that's really only for one
+person right now all right it was made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person right now all right it was made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person right now all right it was made a
+multiplayer game so you're probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer game so you're probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplayer game so you're probably
+going to do a player versus player test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a player versus player test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do a player versus player test
+that that that's fine that's what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's fine that's what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that's fine that's what that's
+what we asked for in the assignment you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we asked for in the assignment you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we asked for in the assignment you
+can do multiplayer tests for cooperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do multiplayer tests for cooperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do multiplayer tests for cooperative
+and competitive games you can have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and competitive games you can have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and competitive games you can have all
+the player tests where everybody gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player tests where everybody gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player tests where everybody gets
+the same set of rules or different sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of rules or different sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same set of rules or different sets
+of rules so the symmetric or asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules so the symmetric or asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rules so the symmetric or asymmetric
+the trick with with multiplayer play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick with with multiplayer play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trick with with multiplayer play
+test is that they tend to be very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is that they tend to be very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is that they tend to be very very
+loose it's very hard to do say a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose it's very hard to do say a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loose it's very hard to do say a really
+really tightly controlled experiment one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tightly controlled experiment one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really tightly controlled experiment one
+thing that often happens is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that often happens is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that often happens is that when
+you have people playing a game and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have people playing a game and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have people playing a game and later
+on in the semester you're going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the semester you're going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in the semester you're going to just
+give them a set of rules and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a set of rules and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them a set of rules and you're
+gonna have to interpret it and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to interpret it and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to interpret it and they
+might interpret it in a way differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might interpret it in a way differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might interpret it in a way differently
+from how you intended they may come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from how you intended they may come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from how you intended they may come up
+with they may negotiate a rules based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they may negotiate a rules based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with they may negotiate a rules based on
+things that they don't quite understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they don't quite understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that they don't quite understand
+the rules and come up with a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules and come up with a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules and come up with a solution
+that wasn't necessarily what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't necessarily what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wasn't necessarily what you
+expected um they'll communicate openly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected um they'll communicate openly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected um they'll communicate openly
+they'll talk about like hey you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll talk about like hey you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll talk about like hey you know is
+that rule that is it do you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule that is it do you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that rule that is it do you really want
+to move there you know the things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move there you know the things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move there you know the things like
+that and one thing that that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and one thing that that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and one thing that that you can do
+is to have the person who is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have the person who is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to have the person who is actually
+running the play test someone from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the play test someone from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running the play test someone from your
+home team where you're trying to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home team where you're trying to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home team where you're trying to get
+information you will explain the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you will explain the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you will explain the rules
+to two people at the beginning and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two people at the beginning and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two people at the beginning and in
+early places in later play tries to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early places in later play tries to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early places in later play tries to just
+hand them rules but if they come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand them rules but if they come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand them rules but if they come up with
+house rules if they they decide to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house rules if they they decide to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house rules if they they decide to
+interpret your rules in a certain way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret your rules in a certain way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret your rules in a certain way I
+would actually suggest not stopping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually suggest not stopping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually suggest not stopping them
+right away let them play out a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away let them play out a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right away let them play out a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+because they're giving you a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're giving you a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're giving you a free
+iteration of your game that you may not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration of your game that you may not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration of your game that you may not
+necessarily have considered Amy and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have considered Amy and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have considered Amy and I
+working with it might work out great but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with it might work out great but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with it might work out great but
+then you cannot that but once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you cannot that but once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you cannot that but once they
+played a little bit of that and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a little bit of that and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played a little bit of that and then you
+get a sense of how that works take notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of how that works take notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a sense of how that works take notes
+of that make sure that you know how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that make sure that you know how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that make sure that you know how that
+is supposed to work out and then explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to work out and then explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is supposed to work out and then explain
+the rules no actually I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules no actually I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules no actually I'd like you to
+try playing it with the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try playing it with the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try playing it with the rules
+interpreter this way which is the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter this way which is the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpreter this way which is the way
+how you originally did design and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you originally did design and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you originally did design and then
+you can get a second plate that's out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a second plate that's out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a second plate that's out of
+the same thing for people let's see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for people let's see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing for people let's see this
+is absolutely necessary for multiplayer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely necessary for multiplayer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is absolutely necessary for multiplayer
+game you're gonna have to do it as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you're gonna have to do it as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you're gonna have to do it as the
+even if you make it that you go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you make it that you go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you make it that you go on to
+other classes and make prototypes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes and make prototypes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other classes and make prototypes for
+digital games on paper you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital games on paper you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital games on paper you are going to
+need to do this sort of protest so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this sort of protest so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this sort of protest so so
+you're going to get some experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get some experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get some experience
+doing that right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that right now
+I do want you to know there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want you to know there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do want you to know there are a couple
+of other ways to do play tests that The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other ways to do play tests that The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other ways to do play tests that The
+Wizard of Oz tests where somebody wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wizard of Oz tests where somebody wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wizard of Oz tests where somebody wait
+you're the person that you're inviting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the person that you're inviting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the person that you're inviting
+to play test is basically playing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play test is basically playing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play test is basically playing with
+somebody who's on your design team and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's on your design team and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who's on your design team and
+that person's played the computer this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person's played the computer this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person's played the computer this
+is very good for clever typing a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good for clever typing a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very good for clever typing a digital
+game especially a single player visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game especially a single player visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game especially a single player visual
+game you can be very constrained on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you can be very constrained on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game you can be very constrained on what
+information you provide the player in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you provide the player in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you provide the player in
+fact you don't necessarily even need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you don't necessarily even need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you don't necessarily even need to
+provide the player a full set of rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the player a full set of rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the player a full set of rules
+you can just say this is the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just say this is the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just say this is the computer
+screen your finger is the mouse you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen your finger is the mouse you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen your finger is the mouse you know
+or something like that or you or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that or you or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that or you or even
+give gift giving them a simplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give gift giving them a simplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give gift giving them a simplified
+keyboard you know up down left right or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard you know up down left right or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keyboard you know up down left right or
+something like that and say that's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and say that's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and say that's how
+you communicate with the computer you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you communicate with the computer you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you communicate with the computer you
+just push your point you click or by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just push your point you click or by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just push your point you click or by
+touching on the screen the trick is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching on the screen the trick is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touching on the screen the trick is to
+make sure that a player is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that a player is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that a player is that you're
+not giving clues to the player about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not giving clues to the player about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not giving clues to the player about
+what the computer is thinking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the computer is thinking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the computer is thinking the
+computer should be communicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer should be communicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer should be communicating
+primarily through the things that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily through the things that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily through the things that a
+computer will show you either images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer will show you either images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer will show you either images
+sounds may may be numbers that change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds may may be numbers that change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds may may be numbers that change
+but the computer doesn't actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the computer doesn't actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the computer doesn't actively
+explain the rules if the game are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the rules if the game are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain the rules if the game are
+supposed to explain the rules you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to explain the rules you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to explain the rules you should
+have there are little prototype pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there are little prototype pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there are little prototype pieces
+of paper that you can hand out in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper that you can hand out in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of paper that you can hand out in front
+of the author player now say the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the author player now say the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the author player now say the player
+is completely confused and you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely confused and you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is completely confused and you're saying
+this would be a good time to introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a good time to introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a good time to introduce a
+tooth patient oh crap I actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooth patient oh crap I actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tooth patient oh crap I actually did
+have I didn't have a tooth that prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I didn't have a tooth that prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I didn't have a tooth that prepared
+ahead of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time
+we'll grab the posted pad you know write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll grab the posted pad you know write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll grab the posted pad you know write
+it down slap it in front of the player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down slap it in front of the player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down slap it in front of the player
+and it's like now that's part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like now that's part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like now that's part of your
+design so you can be this this can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so you can be this this can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design so you can be this this can be a
+very very deep prototype you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very deep prototype you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very deep prototype you can
+actually test a lot of different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually test a lot of different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually test a lot of different things
+in a computer game on paper this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a computer game on paper this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a computer game on paper this way
+depending on how much time you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much time you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much time you want to
+go into producing something to be tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into producing something to be tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into producing something to be tested
+well but that you'd only be spending too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but that you'd only be spending too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but that you'd only be spending too
+much time because my brother's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time because my brother's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time because my brother's
+prototypes are suppose to be disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes are suppose to be disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes are suppose to be disposable
+there's going to be fast and cheap so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be fast and cheap so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be fast and cheap so
+it's a Wizard of Oz because it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Wizard of Oz because it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a Wizard of Oz because it's like
+like The Wizard of Oz you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like The Wizard of Oz you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like The Wizard of Oz you know it's
+somebody behind the scenes manipulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody behind the scenes manipulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody behind the scenes manipulating
+what you're seeing but there's no actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing but there's no actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing but there's no actual
+computer there is just you you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer there is just you you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer there is just you you have to
+be very very constrained yourself when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very very constrained yourself when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very very constrained yourself when
+you're writing a test like this and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing a test like this and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're writing a test like this and you
+don't want the you don't want to deviate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the you don't want to deviate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the you don't want to deviate
+from the algorithm that you set up for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the algorithm that you set up for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the algorithm that you set up for
+your phone for your computers and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone for your computers and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your phone for your computers and all
+possible so if you've got like some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so if you've got like some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible so if you've got like some sort
+a I character you shouldn't be making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I character you shouldn't be making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a I character you shouldn't be making
+human-like decisions for that yeah we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human-like decisions for that yeah we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human-like decisions for that yeah we
+should come up with a bunch of rules for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come up with a bunch of rules for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should come up with a bunch of rules for
+that this is another kind of prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is another kind of prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is another kind of prototype
+that you can do it not for today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do it not for today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do it not for today's
+exercise but later on in the semester if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but later on in the semester if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise but later on in the semester if
+you decide to do a live back action game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide to do a live back action game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide to do a live back action game
+or if your games really about here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if your games really about here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if your games really about here's a
+person walking around in a space even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person walking around in a space even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person walking around in a space even if
+it's going to be like a top-down board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be like a top-down board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be like a top-down board
+game in the end you could just do a live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in the end you could just do a live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game in the end you could just do a live
+action game where you just have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action game where you just have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action game where you just have people
+actually walking around this big real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually walking around this big real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually walking around this big real
+space you explain the rules to everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you explain the rules to everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you explain the rules to everybody
+who's involved maybe your games for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's involved maybe your games for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's involved maybe your games for five
+people and you explain the rules to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you explain the rules to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you explain the rules to all
+five people before the game and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five people before the game and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five people before the game and then you
+let them go the problem of course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them go the problem of course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them go the problem of course is
+that they're gonna though they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're gonna though they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're gonna though they're all
+going to interpret those rules their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interpret those rules their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to interpret those rules their own
+way and because they may be physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and because they may be physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and because they may be physically
+separated they may not be negotiating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated they may not be negotiating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated they may not be negotiating
+with each other and and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each other and and as a result
+maybe maybe not even playing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe not even playing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe not even playing with the
+same set of rules that's also a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of rules that's also a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same set of rules that's also a problem
+you don't it's difficult to monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't it's difficult to monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't it's difficult to monitor
+what's happening when you lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening when you lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening when you lots of people
+are walking around the space and doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are walking around the space and doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are walking around the space and doing
+their own things like individual agents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own things like individual agents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own things like individual agents
+but is really really fast to prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is really really fast to prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but is really really fast to prototype
+because you don't you may not even need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't you may not even need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you don't you may not even need
+to write anything you may not even need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write anything you may not even need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write anything you may not even need
+to produce an instance of paper you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce an instance of paper you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to produce an instance of paper you just
+tell people here's a bunch of rules it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people here's a bunch of rules it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people here's a bunch of rules it's
+like setting up a schoolyard game and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like setting up a schoolyard game and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like setting up a schoolyard game and so
+if your games about here's a character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your games about here's a character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your games about here's a character
+moving around his face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around his face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving around his face
+or if you have costs trying to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have costs trying to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have costs trying to actually
+make a live-action game then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a live-action game then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a live-action game then this is
+something that you can that you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can that you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can that you can also
+do and this is just as valid a prototype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and this is just as valid a prototype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and this is just as valid a prototype
+at anything that you're doing with paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at anything that you're doing with paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at anything that you're doing with paper
+and cardboard so here are here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cardboard so here are here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cardboard so here are here are the
+rolls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls
+there are there's going to be a people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there's going to be a people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there's going to be a people
+who are going to play as I see you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to play as I see you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are going to play as I see you I
+think we have five teams one two three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have five teams one two three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we have five teams one two three
+four five right so that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five right so that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four five right so that's a little
+tricky how many of you have two player
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky how many of you have two player
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky how many of you have two player
+games two to four I mean yeah if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games two to four I mean yeah if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games two to four I mean yeah if you
+have three play games one two three to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three play games one two three to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three play games one two three to
+four better with four and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four better with four and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four better with four and how many
+players or yes it's a whole play game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players or yes it's a whole play game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players or yes it's a whole play game
+oh okay well it's three three yes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay well it's three three yes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh okay well it's three three yes is
+three to four all right okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to four all right okay all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three to four all right okay all right
+so we're gonna grab or one more MIT game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna grab or one more MIT game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're gonna grab or one more MIT game
+lab staff member to come in and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab staff member to come in and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab staff member to come in and we'll
+help test whatever team is not getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help test whatever team is not getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help test whatever team is not getting a
+chance to the Dozen if a team available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to the Dozen if a team available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to the Dozen if a team available
+to test will probably jump in on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test will probably jump in on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to test will probably jump in on this
+game so um can I just check the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so um can I just check the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game so um can I just check the two
+teams on my right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams on my right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams on my right
+you both 3 3 percent games all right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both 3 3 percent games all right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you both 3 3 percent games all right you
+test each other's games and that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test each other's games and that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test each other's games and that this
+group here the two two for the the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here the two two for the the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group here the two two for the the whole
+player games will test each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player games will test each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player games will test each other's
+games okay yeah so they're gonna test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games okay yeah so they're gonna test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games okay yeah so they're gonna test
+one game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so photographer yeah they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so photographer yeah they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so photographer yeah they're gonna
+test one game and they are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test one game and they are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test one game and they are going to
+shift over and chance the other teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift over and chance the other teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift over and chance the other teams
+yeah we're not going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're not going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah we're not going to do it
+simultaneously okay I got that and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously okay I got that and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously okay I got that and not
+done yet okay so we're not going to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet okay so we're not going to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done yet okay so we're not going to test
+game simultaneously you are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game simultaneously you are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game simultaneously you are going to
+actually when it has one team's game at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when it has one team's game at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when it has one team's game at
+a time so say the two groups on my left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time so say the two groups on my left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time so say the two groups on my left
+if you are the yeah that's in your side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are the yeah that's in your side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are the yeah that's in your side
+games they're gonna play one groups four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games they're gonna play one groups four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games they're gonna play one groups four
+player game players that everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player game players that everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player game players that everyone's
+going to move over and play the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move over and play the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move over and play the other
+game and the reason for that is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the reason for that is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the reason for that is because
+the team that designed the game even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team that designed the game even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team that designed the game even
+though they're not playing a game has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're not playing a game has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they're not playing a game has
+has a job to do someone's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a job to do someone's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a job to do someone's going to be
+the facilitator sometimes in Wizard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facilitator sometimes in Wizard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facilitator sometimes in Wizard of
+Oz that that person is often also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oz that that person is often also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oz that that person is often also the
+computer and that was so kind of got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and that was so kind of got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and that was so kind of got the
+job of explaining the rules right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of explaining the rules right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job of explaining the rules right
+everyone else has got to be be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else has got to be be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone else has got to be be an
+observer should you should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer should you should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observer should you should have a
+notepad you should have something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notepad you should have something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notepad you should have something that
+lasts you take down notes really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts you take down notes really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts you take down notes really really
+fast and should be like writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and should be like writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast and should be like writing down
+everything that you can about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you can about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that you can about what
+you're observing in particular keep an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're observing in particular keep an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're observing in particular keep an
+eye on the faces of the people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye on the faces of the people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye on the faces of the people who are
+playing the game is too easy to just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game is too easy to just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing the game is too easy to just get
+mired and trying to record everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mired and trying to record everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mired and trying to record everything
+about game state is more interesting -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about game state is more interesting -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about game state is more interesting -
+it's not it's more important to also pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's more important to also pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's more important to also pay
+attention to whether they're engaged or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to whether they're engaged or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to whether they're engaged or
+whether they're confused whether they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're confused whether they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they're confused whether they're
+being frustrated or whether you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being frustrated or whether you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being frustrated or whether you know a
+particular game interaction was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular game interaction was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular game interaction was you know
+what was what what was interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was what what was interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was what what was interesting to
+them you can tell a lot just by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can tell a lot just by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you can tell a lot just by looking
+at someone's face so on the observance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at someone's face so on the observance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at someone's face so on the observance
+and the facilitator once you once you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the facilitator once you once you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the facilitator once you once you're
+been explaining the rules really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been explaining the rules really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been explaining the rules really
+shouldn't be talking on it much in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be talking on it much in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be talking on it much in fact
+once you get on to the later stages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get on to the later stages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you get on to the later stages of
+prototyping when you have written rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping when you have written rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping when you have written rules
+you shouldn't be talking at all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't be talking at all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shouldn't be talking at all you
+should be leaving it to the players to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be leaving it to the players to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be leaving it to the players to
+actually figure out your rules on off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out your rules on off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out your rules on off on
+your own and the reason for that is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own and the reason for that is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own and the reason for that is you
+don't want to bias your results you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to bias your results you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to bias your results you
+don't want to accidentally suggest good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to accidentally suggest good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to accidentally suggest good
+strategies for instance and I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for instance and I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for instance and I was saying
+that no you really want to be moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no you really want to be moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no you really want to be moving
+this first ball maybe you should make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first ball maybe you should make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first ball maybe you should make
+that a rule instead of making it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a rule instead of making it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a rule instead of making it a
+suggested strategy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested strategy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested strategy so
+get out of so that's our taking notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of so that's our taking notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get out of so that's our taking notes
+practice being as quiet as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice being as quiet as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice being as quiet as possible
+there's a small rooms very well resonant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small rooms very well resonant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a small rooms very well resonant
+voice gets that's pretty loud you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice gets that's pretty loud you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice gets that's pretty loud you can
+have a discussion after class is over or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discussion after class is over or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a discussion after class is over or
+after that the the to play tests are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that the the to play tests are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that the the to play tests are
+over about what you record it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over about what you record it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over about what you record it and you
+can discuss what you're going to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discuss what you're going to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can discuss what you're going to do with
+that information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information
+okay so I think the three of us will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think the three of us will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I think the three of us will be
+playing this game and you'll need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game and you'll need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing this game and you'll need to
+explain to us the rules and take down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to us the rules and take down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to us the rules and take down
+notes all right if you need note-taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes all right if you need note-taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes all right if you need note-taking
+material
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FccfP6Em-3o.txt b/FccfP6Em-3o.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d545a23a9dda81b4e2369237815874b0f6689d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FccfP6Em-3o.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,382 @@
+INTERVIEWER:
+Hi.
+
+Can you tell us your names and
+what course you teach?
+
+LERMAN: I'm Steve Lerman.
+HARWARD: And I am Judd Harward.
+
+LERMAN: And we teach course
+1.00 which in MIT is
+
+Introduction to computation and
+engineering problem solving.
+
+INTERVIEWER:
+And can you tell us what are
+
+the goals of this particular
+class?
+
+LERMAN: The course is designed
+for students who are not
+
+majoring in computer science but
+need to have a basic
+
+comprehension of computational
+methods and computer
+
+programming.
+So we draw students from all
+
+the departments of MIT.
+Even once in a while a computer
+
+science major takes the course.
+So our goals are to teach
+
+students about computing,
+teach them a programming
+
+language, and introduce them to
+some introductory algorithms in
+
+several different areas.
+INTERVIEWER:
+
+So what happens on a daily
+basis in class?
+
+HARWARD: We used to teach it as
+a standard lecture and problem
+
+set course, but we found that
+many of the students would delay
+
+until the night before the
+problem set to really come to
+
+grips with the material,
+often in the wee hours of the
+
+morning.
+And so, inspired by colleagues
+
+in physics, we tried to
+incorporate active learning
+
+techniques in the course.
+So, in an average week,
+
+we will have one to two
+standard lectures.
+
+But we will also have at least
+one session where,
+
+after presenting the material,
+we then ask the students to
+
+work through a problem,
+while we are available,
+
+to answer questions.
+And the TAs in the course
+
+circulate, too.
+And, in working out the
+
+problem, very often that
+involves programming.
+
+So we have introduced the use
+of laptops in class.
+
+INTERVIEWER:
+So is a small group type of
+
+structure then?
+Or how does the lecture versus
+
+the small group aspect of it
+work?
+
+LERMAN: Well,
+both those activities take
+
+place in a lecture style hall
+but the students are doing very
+
+different things.
+In lecture, it is very
+
+traditional.
+One of us is in front of the
+
+class for sustained periods of
+time teaching the students.
+
+In the active learning,
+we typically pose a problem.
+
+And those of you who look at
+the Open Courseware site will
+
+see notes where we switched to
+that mode.
+
+And the students are solving
+guided problems.
+
+And then Judd and I and our
+teaching assistants are
+
+wandering around the room
+looking over people's shoulders
+
+and helping them get through the
+guided exercises.
+
+And then we will talk about
+them.
+
+We will reassemble everybody in
+more a lecture style to have a
+
+discussion about what that
+assignment was about.
+
+And that might go back and
+forth several times within a
+
+course of an active learning
+session.
+
+INTERVIEWER:
+So how are students assessed in
+
+this area?
+Is it mostly on their coding
+
+assignments?
+Are there also exams and
+
+quizzes?
+Or can you say more about that?
+
+HARWARD: There are exams and
+quizzes, but nobody programs
+
+best under pressure.
+So the problem sets,
+
+we feel, are a more reliable
+means of assessing the students.
+
+And, actually,
+we think a lot of the learning
+
+in the course comes from working
+through those problem sets.
+
+So, by the end of the course,
+we actually combine two problem
+
+sets over two or three weeks
+where we ask the students in the
+
+first problem set to plan a much
+more major assignment.
+
+And we pair them up so they are
+working in teams.
+
+And then they code their own
+design for the final problem set
+
+of the course.
+INTERVIEWER:
+
+And what size teams would they
+be working in?
+
+LERMAN: We usually use teams of
+two.
+
+It is always a tradeoff.
+Larger teams could do bigger
+
+projects.
+But then the logistics,
+
+particularly at the end of a
+busy semester of the students
+
+getting together to cooperate,
+turn out to be complicated.
+
+So we have decided on teams of
+two.
+
+Occasionally,
+we will have a team of three
+
+or, in some rare cases someone
+will just do the assignment on
+
+his or her own.
+HARWARD: Actually,
+
+the undergraduates in
+management who were taught to
+
+work in teams,
+they sometimes ask to work in
+
+teams of three because they are
+used to it.
+
+INTERVIEWER:
+Now, are there any other
+
+special course elements such as
+fieldtrips or guest lecturers or
+
+anything like that that you
+incorporate?
+
+LERMAN: No.
+The course is,
+
+in that sense,
+pretty traditional.
+
+Most of the activities happen
+either in class.
+
+We do have tutorial sessions.
+So, in addition to four to five
+
+hours of in-class time with one
+of us, the teaching assistants
+
+take small groups,
+usually ten to twelve students
+
+and spend an hour a week in a
+much more interactive style
+
+where they can talk much more
+closer to one-on-one.
+
+And then we all have extensive
+office hours where we meet
+
+individually with students.
+HARWARD: If there is a problem
+
+set that the students
+particularly enjoyed,
+
+sometimes we have a
+competition.
+
+We had them program The Game of
+Life a couple of years ago,
+
+and we had a competition to see
+who could add the most
+
+interesting features to the
+game.
+
+INTERVIEWER:
+Now, is there anything else
+
+that is sort of unique or
+special about the class that you
+
+haven't talked about so far?
+LERMAN: Well,
+
+we are part of a group of
+courses at MIT that are
+
+experimenting with laptops in
+the classroom.
+
+Right now MIT does not have a
+laptop requirements so all
+
+students don't have laptops.
+Many do, of course,
+
+a growing fraction buy them on
+their own.
+
+So we ask those who have them
+to bring them to class.
+
+We loan students,
+who don't have them,
+
+laptops.
+And many of the exercises
+
+require using the laptop in the
+class, and as well as being used
+
+outside the class.
+INTERVIEWER:
+
+OK.
+Any final thoughts?
+
+LERMAN: Well,
+one thing to emphasize about
+
+this course is while right now
+we teach it in the Java language
+
+and the Open Courseware site
+reflects the notes,
+
+we have actually taught it over
+time in many different
+
+languages.
+A central element of the course
+
+is it really isn't about the
+programming language.
+
+They learn the programming
+language, but it is really about
+
+algorithmic design,
+reusable code modules,
+
+the notion of object-oriented
+programming.
+
+And I personally have taught it
+in, I think, four or five
+
+different languages over the
+last 25 years.
+
+INTERVIEWER:
+OK.
+
+Well, thank you very much for
+participating in Open
+
+Courseware.
+We really appreciate your
+
+input.
+HARWARD: Thank you.
+
+LERMAN: Thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/FfBc3M5EaeU.txt b/FfBc3M5EaeU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f475283ba8a3c09941bd8822e34e5baed216c570
--- /dev/null
+++ b/FfBc3M5EaeU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2622 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Settle down.
+
+Settle down.
+
+The weekend doesn't start
+until after the lecture.
+
+First we learn.
+
+All right.
+
+So couple of announcements, the
+big one being the reminder
+
+about that little celebration
+next Wednesday, coverage
+
+through the end of the lecture
+on Monday, there'll be no
+
+weekly quiz next Tuesday, and
+Hilary wanted me to announce
+
+that there's a job opening for
+someone who's in class
+
+anyways, and wants to-- if you
+take decent notes and your
+
+handwriting is legible, you want
+to make $9 an hour, go
+
+see Hilary.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's get into the lesson.
+
+Got a lot to cover today.
+
+Last day, we were looking at
+the formation of molecular
+
+orbitals by linear combination
+of atomic orbitals into
+
+molecular orbitals.
+
+So we had our SLI six-letter
+initialization, and we saw the
+
+formation of sigma and pi
+molecular orbitals.
+
+And the way you distinguish
+between sigma and pi is based
+
+on electron distribution.
+
+Specifically, in a sigma
+molecular orbital, you have
+
+continuous electron density
+between the nuclei.
+
+That is to say, no holiday.
+
+So I've drawn a sigma orbital
+here where I've taken two P
+
+orbitals lying on their sides,
+so they're bonding
+
+longitudinally and when the
+bond is formed, the one
+
+nitrogen nucleus is here and the
+other nitrogen nucleus is
+
+here and you can see that
+there's continuous electron
+
+density, no holidays between
+the two nuclei.
+
+So this would be called
+a sigma bond.
+
+The pi molecular orbital, on
+the other hand, has a nodal
+
+plane containing both nuclei.
+
+So since the nuclei are in a
+nodal plane, that means that
+
+you've got to have two lobes,
+one above the plane and one
+
+below the plane, and
+that's shown here.
+
+This is the example of nitrogen,
+where it forms both
+
+sigma and pi bonds and to form
+the pi bonds, you take the
+
+lateral smearing.
+
+And so this is what
+I call the 88.
+
+If you take the 88, you're
+going to make a pi bond.
+
+So that's lateral smearing
+of the p atomic orbitals.
+
+And the last thing I want to
+make sure that you appreciate
+
+is that when you form multiple
+bonds, you have to
+
+have sigma and pi.
+
+You can only form one sigma
+bond because you have no
+
+holidays between the two nuclei
+so now you can't go and
+
+invade that same space
+with a second bond.
+
+So that means you're going to
+have to get beyond that zone
+
+and that means you have
+to go into pi.
+
+So if we've got only
+bond, it's a sigma.
+
+If you've got two, it's
+a sigma and a pi.
+
+If it's three, it's a
+sigma and two pis.
+
+That's what we saw in the
+case of nitrogen.
+
+I didn't complete it here, but
+there's two pi bonds because
+
+this is a triple bond.
+
+So there's a sigma and
+there's two pi's.
+
+One pi is shown here, and that's
+vertical to the board,
+
+and the other pi is the sigma
+x, which would be orthogonal
+
+coming in and out of the
+plane of the board.
+
+So those smear give us two of
+these and then we've got the
+
+sigma bond.
+
+And we even extended this to
+hybrid systems, and towards
+
+the end of the lecture, we
+looked at ethylene, and I just
+
+wanted to come back to that for
+a second because I raced
+
+through it there.
+
+And so we wanted to look at
+C2H4, which is ethylene.
+
+And in the case of C2H4, we
+recognized that when we went
+
+through the Lewis structure, we
+had a molecule that looked
+
+like this, and the thing to note
+here is that we have a
+
+double bond.
+
+So once you see this double
+bond, then that means I'm
+
+going to need a mix
+of sigma and pi.
+
+Now earlier we had
+studied methane--
+
+methane, which was CH4, and to
+get methane, we hybridize sp3.
+
+sp3, which gave us four
+identical struts coming off
+
+the carbon.
+
+Well, we recognized that
+wouldn't work here because we
+
+needed to make a sigma and a pi
+so the gambit here was to
+
+reserve a p orbital.
+
+Reserve a p orbital.
+
+Don't combine all of the
+three p orbitals.
+
+Combine only two of the p's and
+that gave us sp2 plus a p.
+
+And the box notation for
+that looked like this.
+
+Here's the p orbital that's
+not been hybridized.
+
+These are the sp2 orbitals that
+are a mix of S, and I've
+
+taken two of the p's
+and I'm leaving
+
+one of the p's unmixed.
+
+And now I've got four electrons
+to put in here and
+
+that's where I ran out
+of gas last day.
+
+I have to put the fourth
+electron in here.
+
+These are still degenerate.
+
+So now I've got still
+the capability of
+
+forming four bonds.
+
+You can see-- whenever you
+see carbon, there's an
+
+interesting--
+
+just something to train your
+eye, if you see carbon in a
+
+structure, you need four sticks
+coming out of the
+
+carbon, or else there's
+a spelling error.
+
+So look here.
+
+This is carbon with
+four hydrogens.
+
+One, two, three, four.
+
+This is carbon one,
+two, three, four.
+
+Here's a carbon one,
+two, three, four.
+
+It's always got four struts.
+
+That's not what's
+different here.
+
+It's the arrangement
+of the struts.
+
+These are all four going at 109
+degrees in three space.
+
+This one is going to have
+three of them identical,
+
+because we studied last day
+the principle that equal
+
+energies, equal bond
+energies, imply--
+
+I want to get the
+spelling here.
+
+Equal bond energies imply equal
+spatial disposition.
+
+Equal spatial disposition
+of those bonds.
+
+So if we have four bonds of
+equal energy, we have the
+
+tetrahedron.
+
+If we have three bonds of equal
+energy, how do I take
+
+three sticks coming out of a
+central carbon and make them
+
+uniformly distributed
+in space?
+
+They're going to lie in a plane
+and they're going to be
+
+120 degrees apart.
+
+That's the consequence of
+having this structure.
+
+All of this follow and why
+did we get to this?
+
+Octet.
+
+So here we are.
+
+Here's the three of them and
+here the fourth bond is p, and
+
+it's normal to the plane of the
+board, and now we can take
+
+one of these and bond it to
+another one, bring them in
+
+along here.
+
+This is an sp2 and an
+sp2 and they bond to
+
+make a sigma bond.
+
+How do I know?
+
+Look, no holidays.
+
+Continuous electron density.
+
+And now in the plane normal to
+the board, I have lateral
+
+smearing, and I make a pi.
+
+So I've got a sigma and a pi.
+
+That gives me the double bond
+and let me just show you the
+
+cartoons here because we've
+got some nice artistic
+
+renderings.
+
+So here we are.
+
+This is the top view of the
+three sp2's and then the p's
+
+are vertical.
+
+so we're going to move along the
+z axis, bring two of these
+
+together-- there's the smearing
+of the sp2's on axis.
+
+So this is a sigma bond, No
+electron density holidays from
+
+one nucleus to the other, and
+now we're going to smear the
+
+lobes of the p orbitals
+of the unmixed carbon.
+
+That gives us the double
+bond and there we are.
+
+This is the same thing
+taken from your book.
+
+This is the sigma orbital and
+then chemists like to do this.
+
+You see this sort
+of slashed line?
+
+It sort of indicates
+it's receding.
+
+It's going into the plane and
+then these are coming out.
+
+This hydrogen is coming out at
+us and that other one's going
+
+way, way in the back and this
+is in the plane and there's
+
+the lobes colored is they
+irritate me always.
+
+By the way, they've chosen to
+make this the z-axis, which I
+
+don't like.
+
+The z-axis should be the axis
+along which they bond.
+
+And then here's acetylene.
+
+Acetylene is a compound
+that C2H2.
+
+C2H2, and I'm not going to
+go through this in class.
+
+You can try it when you have
+nothing else to do.
+
+and so it's got a triple bond.
+
+it's got a triple bond between
+the carbons and then hydrogens
+
+on either side.
+
+Again, look at the carbon:
+one, two, three, four.
+
+But now we're going to have to
+have two lateral smears, so
+
+that means I'm only going to
+take one of the p orbitals and
+
+leave two in reserve.
+
+so when I do that, I'm going to
+end up with this, starting
+
+with the box notation.
+
+Here's carbon as it would
+exist without any
+
+hybridization.
+
+An S and three p orbitals.
+
+And what I want to do--
+
+I want to have two pi's and a
+sigma, so I'm going to just
+
+capture one of these and reserve
+two p's as unmixed, so
+
+that will give me this.
+
+This is one S and one p,
+so this is called sp
+
+hybridization.
+
+And then I've got the two p's
+unmixed, so now I've got one,
+
+two, three, four.
+
+are both orthogonal
+to one another and
+
+these two are what?
+
+I've got two struts coming
+off the carbon.
+
+How do I get two struts coming
+off a carbon symmetrically
+
+disposed in space?
+
+That's it.
+
+So look at the shape
+of the molecule.
+
+You see it here.
+
+There's the--
+
+the sigma orbital is here and
+then we have vertical and then
+
+out on the plane.
+
+And so you first would say,
+wow, I understand that.
+
+That looks a lot
+like nitrogen.
+
+And then, of course, I looked
+at that, and I said, what
+
+about the right-hand rule?
+
+And according to the right-hand
+rule, the z is
+
+going in this direction.
+
+It's a little more subtle, but
+I pick up on stuff like that.
+
+I can't help it.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is good.
+
+So what I've done here is gone
+through a number of instances
+
+where we start with electronic
+structure.
+
+sometimes we hybridize,
+sometimes we don't.
+
+But what follows here?
+
+When we start with the octet
+rule and we start playing with
+
+the energetics and forming the
+orbitals, can you see that
+
+there's a connection between
+electronic structure, which
+
+then dictates the bond
+disposition in space, which
+
+ultimately dictates the
+architecture of the molecule?
+
+Molecular architecture.
+
+So there's a way of doing this
+There's a way of doing this
+
+systematically.
+
+I just got ahead of myself.
+
+Before we get to that, I wanted
+to just pause here for
+
+a second and reflect upon the
+properties of the covalent
+
+bond as contrasted to the
+properties of the ionic bond.
+
+So let me get to that first.
+Properties of covalent bond.
+
+OK.
+
+The first property I want to
+highlight is the fact that the
+
+bond is saturated.
+
+Remember when we said that the
+ionic bond was saturated?
+
+So what does it mean?
+
+Saturated?
+
+It means that there's
+two atoms only.
+
+Once you've got the electron
+pair between the two atoms,
+
+the bond is formed and that's
+the end of the story, whereas
+
+with ionic bonding, you can
+keep by electrostatic
+
+attraction piling on
+and piling on.
+
+So this is the concept
+of saturation.
+
+So we have the shared
+electron pair.
+
+Shared electron pair
+and that's all
+
+there is to the story.
+
+The other thing about the
+covalent bond is that it is
+
+directional.
+
+And so the bond spatial
+arrangement--
+
+these are the positioners.
+
+You can't put atoms where there
+are no bonds and since
+
+the bonds have a direct spatial
+arrangement, then
+
+that's going to inform molecular
+architecture.
+
+Dictates molecular
+architecture.
+
+So what I'd like to do next--
+
+so for example, here's
+one that we know.
+
+You've seen this one.
+
+This is methane.
+
+This is sp3 hybridization.
+
+So we learn that methane
+is tetrahedronal.
+
+We say that the four corners of
+the hydrogen positions form
+
+a tetrahedron.
+
+So we call this molecule
+tetrahedral.
+
+So I could look at other
+molecules that have sp3
+
+hybridization.
+
+So if I look at something like
+titanium tetrachloride, which
+
+we met earlier to make titanium,
+this is titanium in
+
+the center and the
+four chlorines.
+
+It's the same molecular shape.
+
+If you see leaded gasoline,
+the compound in unleaded
+
+gasoline is tetraethyl lead.
+
+Lead at the center, ethyl's
+at the four corners of the
+
+tetrahedron.
+
+So all of these-- and
+same over here.
+
+This one here, sp2, this means
+the molecule is planar.
+
+The carbons and the hydrogens
+lie in a plane.
+
+The whole molecule lies in
+the plane of the board.
+
+If I give you any molecule
+that's got sp3 hybridization
+
+and has one, two, three, four,
+five, six atoms, in other
+
+words, all the bonds have atoms,
+the molecular is going
+
+to be a planar molecule with
+this, the 120 degrees.
+
+So we've got a grand scheme here
+that allows us to codify
+
+this behavior and the connection
+between molecular
+
+structure and the electronics
+arrangement and it's written
+
+up here under the term
+Valence-Shell
+
+Electron-Pair-Repulsion Model.
+
+Let's write that down.
+
+I'm going to go through
+some examples.
+
+Valence-Shell--
+
+hyphenated--
+
+Electron-Pair-Repulsion.
+
+That's the model, and it goes by
+the acronym VSEPR, which is
+
+a five-letter acronym.
+
+This is not an initialization
+because chemists reverse
+
+these, and they call it VSEPR,
+because the V and the S is
+
+kind of hard to pronounce unless
+you have Slavic blood.
+
+So it's called VSEPR, and that
+is the scheme that's up here.
+
+So I'm going to go through some
+examples and show you how
+
+you can start with electronic
+structure and figure out what
+
+the molecular architecture is.
+
+So I'm going to follow this.
+
+So first thing we're
+going to do is
+
+write the Lewis structure.
+
+And the example I want to
+start with is sulfur
+
+hexafluoride.
+
+I want to--
+
+so the question is, what is the
+molecular architecture of
+
+sulfur hexafluoride?
+
+Can we predict the shape?
+
+And this is an interesting
+molecule.
+
+It's very dense.
+
+It's about five times-- it's
+a gas at room temperature.
+
+It's about five times
+the density of air.
+
+It's got an atomic mass of about
+150, and it's used in
+
+the light metal industry.
+
+It's used as a blanket gas for
+casting of aluminum and
+
+magnesium to keep the air away
+from the liquid metal.
+
+Otherwise, the metal
+would oxidize.
+
+But unfortunately, the sulfur
+fluorine bond is a really good
+
+infrared absorber, and when this
+stuff leaks out, it's a
+
+fantastic greenhouse
+gas trapper.
+
+It's got a greenhouse gas
+coefficient that's, I don't
+
+know, something like 10,000
+times that of CO2.
+
+So there's a lot
+of conversation
+
+about banning this.
+
+If we ban this, we're going to
+have to find a substitute.
+
+There is no readily available
+substitute.
+
+And what that'll mean is the
+cost of aluminum castings and
+
+magnesium castings will go up,
+which means that they won't be
+
+used in automobiles.
+
+Instead, cheaper steel will be
+used in automobiles, which
+
+means the mass of the automobile
+will go up, fuel
+
+economy will go down, tail pipe
+emissions will go up and
+
+greenhouse gas emissions
+will go up.
+
+So how do we get ourselves
+out of this situation?
+
+Do we ban SF6 or not?
+
+How do you go about thinking
+about that problem?
+
+Well, if you're in Washington
+today, it's the lobbyists with
+
+the biggest bag of money
+that comes in.
+
+That's what's going
+to dictate policy.
+
+But if we lived in an ideal
+world, we'd have people like
+
+you who understand the chemistry
+and what would be
+
+the analysis?
+
+You'd look at all the SF6
+emitted from the cast shops in
+
+a given year and compare that
+to the increase in tail pipe
+
+CO2 emissions if you replaced
+the aluminum with steel, and
+
+then you figure out what
+the trade off is.
+
+And maybe what you'd do is set
+up a policy where you would
+
+gradually phase this
+out with--
+
+heaven forbid--
+
+solid research support to
+give us what we need.
+
+That way we get clean air
+and everything else.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's what we would like.
+
+Now let's look at the Lewis
+structure of this thing
+
+because that's the first thing
+we're supposed to do
+
+according to VSEPR.
+
+So I'm going to put sulfur here
+and I know sulfur's got--
+
+it's 3s2 3p4.
+
+So it's got six valence
+electrons.
+
+I'm going to put them
+symmetrically around the
+
+sulfur, and then I'm going
+to bring in the fluorine.
+
+I'll bring in one fluorine,
+and I know it's got seven
+
+valence electrons: one, two,
+three, four, five, six, seven.
+
+And the same thing with
+the other fluorines.
+
+So I'm going to put one, and
+then for the electron pair,
+
+I'm just going to draw a line.
+
+OK.
+
+You're smart.
+
+You can figure that out.
+
+That's just shorthand.
+
+OK.
+
+Here's another fluorine.
+
+One, two, three.
+
+So there's two, four,
+six, seven.
+
+There's one, two, three,
+four, five, six, seven.
+
+One, two, three, four,
+five, six, seven.
+
+One, two, three, four,
+five, six, seven.
+
+Beautiful.
+
+OK.
+
+So now what I want to
+do is identify all
+
+of the bonding orbitals.
+
+So I see around the sulfur,
+I've got one, two, three,
+
+four, five, six, six bonding
+orbitals, six bonding domains,
+
+if you like.
+
+Well, that's 12 electrons.
+
+I said octet stability.
+
+Looks like sulfur took that
+idea and ran with it.
+
+And it turns out that this does
+happen on occasion in
+
+elements that are very
+electronegative.
+
+Very, very strong non-metals
+will form what is known as an
+
+expanded octet.
+
+And here we've got--
+
+here's a list of elements.
+
+[MICROPHONE ADJUSTMENT]
+
+PROFESSOR: We need a
+high-tech tie clip.
+
+Pull out a little more, maybe
+it's constrained.
+
+It's tethered.
+
+the bond is too tight.
+
+That's what it is.
+
+It's not flexible.
+
+It's covalent, you see.
+
+All right.
+
+So here we are with the
+elements, and the ones shown
+
+in the in the grayish-blue
+here are the ones that on
+
+occasion might form
+an expanded octet.
+
+Not always, but if you do see 10
+or 12 electrons around one
+
+of those elements,
+don't be alarmed.
+
+If you see 10 or 12 electrons
+around the potassium, that's
+
+probably a mistake.
+
+OK.
+
+So we have six bonding domains
+and what else do we have?
+
+We have six bonding domains, and
+we have zero non-bonding
+
+domains, and in total, we have
+six electron domains, in other
+
+words, six electron
+pair systems
+
+around the central sulfur.
+
+And on the basis of the total
+of bonding and non-bonding,
+
+this is what dictates the
+skeletal structure.
+
+In this case, the skeletal
+structure is trivial.
+
+It's the same as the atomic
+structure because there are no
+
+non-bonding domains.
+
+And so I've got six of them.
+
+They're equivalent.
+
+So what's that going to mean
+in terms of shape?
+
+Well, I'll put the sulfur in the
+center and I've got one,
+
+two, three, four, five, six.
+
+So two in one plane crossways
+and then two vertical.
+
+And then I put the fluorines--
+
+one, two, three, four,
+five, six.
+
+So there's the molecular
+architecture and it's termed
+
+octahedral.
+
+I know at first this throws you
+
+because you see six struts.
+
+Where do you get
+the octahedral?
+
+Well, if we connect the four
+fluorines along with the
+
+sulfur, they lie in a plane, and
+if we were to pitch a tent
+
+here, we could pitch a tent to
+the upper fluorine, and we'd
+
+end up with four faces.
+
+So this is Greek.
+
+Eight faces.
+
+So there's four above
+and four below.
+
+I know it's sort of like a
+Jasper Johns painting.
+
+You say, octahedral.
+
+You hear octa, you're thinking
+eight and you're seeing six
+
+fluorines or seven.
+
+Anything but eight.
+
+So this is anything but eight,
+but it's eight faces.
+
+Last thing-- let's look
+at the energetics.
+
+To hybridize like this, we
+needed to do something
+
+different because we know that
+the base structure of sulfur
+
+would be 3s2 3p4.
+
+So this is 3s and this is 3p.
+
+So that's 3s2, and then 3p4
+would be one, two, three--
+
+whoops!
+
+I violated the polyexclusion
+there.
+
+OK.
+
+There we go.
+
+So I can't form six
+bonds with this.
+
+I only have two bonds.
+
+So you say, well, okay,
+let's make sp3.
+
+Well, if I make sp3, sp3
+will give me this.
+
+So now I got one, two, three,
+four, and then I'm going to
+
+put five, six.
+
+I'm still down with two bonds.
+
+I need to have six unpaired
+electrons.
+
+So I've already consumed
+my s's and my p's.
+
+Where else can I go shopping
+for orbitals?
+
+I go to the orbital store
+and the orbital
+
+store is over here.
+
+Here's 3d.
+
+One, two, three, four.
+
+So I've got one, two, three,
+four, five d orbitals.
+
+So what I'm going to do is, I'm
+going to take the s, I'm
+
+going to take all three of the p
+and I'm going to lop off two
+
+of the d's.
+
+So now I'm going to have one,
+two, three, four, five, six
+
+and I'll leave three
+d's by themselves
+
+and here's now sp3d2.
+
+And now I've got
+six electrons--
+
+one, two, three, four, five, six
+and now I have six equal
+
+energy states, which means
+I have to have six struts
+
+equally disposed in space and
+everything makes sense.
+
+All right.
+
+Is this polar or nonpolar?
+
+Is this molecule polar
+or nonpolar?
+
+Nonpolar, good.
+
+Let's look at it carefully.
+
+What do we have?
+
+I've got sulfur fluorine.
+
+Whenever you see fluorine,
+that's the biggest electron
+
+hog on the Periodic Table so you
+know you're going to have
+
+a dipole moment on the bond.
+
+But I have six such
+bonds and they're
+
+symmetrically disposed in space.
+
+All of the fluorines lie on the
+surface of a sphere so the
+
+center of local negative charge
+is right on top of the
+
+sulfur nucleus, which is where
+the center of locally
+
+positive charge is.
+
+No electron displacement,
+no net dipole moment.
+
+OK.
+
+This is working.
+
+Let's try another one.
+
+Let's see.
+
+What do I have here?
+
+I got bromide pentafluoride.
+
+So start--
+
+let's go back to the
+VSPER rules.
+
+There we go.
+
+OK.
+
+VSPER rules.
+
+So I put bromine in the center
+and it's got seven valence
+
+electrons--
+
+one, two, three, four,
+five, six--
+
+and I'll put the seventh
+up here.
+
+And I'm going to bring
+in the fluorines--
+
+one, two, three, four, five and
+just as before, there's
+
+one, two, three, four,
+five, six, seven.
+
+So you get a bond with
+each fluorine.
+
+A bond with each fluorine.
+
+All right.
+
+So what do we have now?
+
+How many electron domains?
+
+One, two, three, four,
+five, six.
+
+Six electron domains as before,
+but one of them's
+
+nonbonding.
+
+I get to use the colored
+chalk again.
+
+All right.
+
+So this is one nonbonding
+domain and
+
+five bonding domains.
+
+One, two, three, four, five.
+
+One bond to each of the
+fluorines, five bonding, and
+
+the total is six electron
+domains, so that means
+
+octahedral structure.
+
+The total number of
+electron domains
+
+dictates skeletal structure.
+
+So man said put six.
+
+So I put the bromine here,
+and I go, one, two,
+
+three, four, five, six.
+
+That's the skeletal structure.
+
+Those are the bonds and space.
+
+Now I know one of those is
+a nonbonding domain.
+
+So where do I put it?
+
+Well, they're all equivalent.
+
+It doesn't make any
+difference.
+
+Nobody knows where the real
+x is in this world.
+
+So just for grins and chuckles,
+I'll make--
+
+I'll put the nonbonding
+pair down here.
+
+And then I put the fluorines
+at the other struts.
+
+And so now what's the shape
+of the molecule?
+
+You don't see these electrons.
+
+And in fact, this is only done
+by chemistry professors, the
+
+other ones, not me.
+
+I only do this to let you know
+what the books are doing
+
+because we all know that
+those nonbonding
+
+electrons are in here.
+
+They're right up tucked
+against the bromine.
+
+So if you walked in the
+room, what do you see?
+
+The bromine and the four
+fluorines lie in a plane, and
+
+then you've got this
+thing sticking up.
+
+So the molecule is a pyramid
+with a square base.
+
+So it's called square
+pyramidal.
+
+And how about polar
+or nonpolar?
+
+Is there a net dipole moment?
+
+Yes or no?
+
+Yes, because we got the-- in
+the plane with the bromine,
+
+everything is centered, right?
+
+The fluorines pull out,
+but they all pull out
+
+symmetrically, but
+then there's the
+
+fluorine pulling up.
+
+So this is polar.
+
+This is polar and it's got
+a dipole setup like this.
+
+Good.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's do one more.
+
+I'm having so much fun.
+
+I'm going to do as many as I can
+until I run out of time.
+
+This is the best part because
+colored chalk.
+
+That's the end.
+
+All right.
+
+Let's do this one.
+
+Tetrafluoroiodate.
+
+IF4 minus.
+
+This is cool because it's got
+a net charge, but it's a
+
+covalent anion.
+
+So same thing.
+
+Lewis structure.
+
+So we're going to put iodine
+first. Iodine and it's just
+
+like bromine.
+
+It's got one, two, three,
+four, five, six--
+
+I'm going to put a seventh
+electron here because I'm
+
+anticipating.
+
+Just to mix things up.
+
+See, last time I put the
+seventh electron up.
+
+I could put the seventh electron
+down, but it's got a
+
+net charge.
+
+How'd it get the net charge?
+
+By accepting an electron.
+
+So that electron's got
+to be here, too.
+
+So I'm going to indicates
+that that extra
+
+electron's here as well.
+
+So iodine's got eight already.
+
+So we're off to a
+roaring start.
+
+It's got eight and it hasn't
+even started bonding yet.
+
+So we know where we're
+going here.
+
+We're going to expanded
+octet land.
+
+All right.
+
+So we need four more fluorine.
+
+I'm going to put four
+fluorines--
+
+one, two, three, four--
+
+and as before, so
+we've got bonds.
+
+One, two, three, four.
+
+And we've still got some other
+orbitals lying next to the
+
+iodine and they bond
+to nothing.
+
+So we have two nonbonding, and
+we have four bonding for a
+
+total of six electron domains.
+
+Again, octahedral structure.
+
+Octahedral skeleton.
+
+So I'm going to put
+iodine here.
+
+One, two, three, four,
+five, six.
+
+All right.
+
+Now comes the part--
+see, we said--
+
+this VSPER consists
+of valence-shell.
+
+I've been doing a lot of
+valence-shell thought here,
+
+but I haven't said anything
+about electron-pair repulsion.
+
+Now I'm going to show you
+how electron-pair
+
+repulsion comes into play.
+
+So I can put four fluorines
+around here in
+
+two different ways.
+
+One way is to put the four
+fluorines into play
+
+and then I have the--
+
+these are called lone pairs.
+
+Why are they lone?
+
+Because they don't
+bond to a second.
+
+So sometimes chemists call
+these lone pairs.
+
+They're all alone.
+
+It's Friday and all alone.
+
+So here they are.
+
+So that's one way to put them,
+but there's another way to put
+
+them, and that's
+this one here.
+
+I'm going to go way over
+to the other side, and
+
+here's the other way.
+
+The other way to put them is to
+put the pairs in the same
+
+plane next to each other,
+because if I put the pairs
+
+opposite each other,
+that's equivalent.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+It just-- whether on the
+x-axis or y-axis.
+
+So if you think about this as
+a globe, you think about the
+
+molecule as a globe, so in this
+case over there, I put
+
+all the fluorines on the
+equatorial position.
+
+You can think of this plane at
+the waistline as the equator.
+
+So these are all at the
+equatorial position, and the
+
+electron pairs are
+at the poles.
+
+So the lone pairs are
+at polar positions.
+
+In this case, the lone
+pairs are lying
+
+in equatorial positions.
+
+Now what do you know about
+electrons when
+
+they get close together?
+
+They repel.
+
+And it's a really strong
+repulsion.
+
+That's the Bourne exponent.
+
+Electron-pair repulsion is
+really strong and it'll jack
+
+the energy way up.
+
+So if you've got a choice of
+putting electrons here close
+
+together or here farther apart,
+which one is going to
+
+be the lower energy condition?
+
+This, because this minimizes
+electron-pair repulsion, and
+
+in fact, this is the
+one that's favored.
+
+So by using valence-shell
+thought, bonding, nonbonding
+
+skeletal structure, and then
+finally electron-pair
+
+repulsion, you conclude that
+this is the correct form, and
+
+so you don't see these electron
+pairs because we know
+
+they're really tucked
+in tight here.
+
+What do you see if you
+do a spectroscopic
+
+analysis of this thing?
+
+All five atoms lie in a plane.
+
+So this molecule is planar.
+
+It's planar, just as the sp2
+ethylene was planar, but this
+
+is planar for a different
+reason.
+
+Is this polar or nonpolar?
+
+See, it's negative.
+
+It's not negative.
+
+If I were a cation, I'd
+be drawn in like this.
+
+So is it polar or nonpolar?
+
+Where's the net displacement?
+
+The fluorines are pulling away
+from the iodine, but they're
+
+pulling away symmetrically.
+
+So there's no net
+dipole moment.
+
+It's cool, huh?
+
+No net dipole moment, but
+net negative charge.
+
+I love it.
+
+It just--
+
+it's the best. OK.
+
+So now let's look
+at some others.
+
+We've looked at CF4.
+
+We know CF4.
+
+CF4, you could do this
+one in your head.
+
+This would be just like
+methane, right?
+
+This would be tetrahedral.
+
+I'm not even going to
+write that out.
+
+This tetrahedral and it would
+be sp3 hybridization and we
+
+just did IF4 minus.
+
+See the stoichiometry.
+
+It's four fluorines.
+
+Four fluorines with something
+and it's not the same
+
+architecture.
+
+So stoichiometry doesn't
+dictate molecular
+
+architecture.
+
+Very important.
+
+You can say, well, it's
+a net charge.
+
+A net charge doesn't
+do-- it's this.
+
+This is square planar.
+
+Yeah, so I'm going
+to add that.
+
+It's not only planar, it's
+planar and it's a square,
+
+whereas the other one
+is trigonal planar.
+
+So this is square planar.
+
+So I'm going to do another F4,
+just to show you, make the
+
+point that this thing
+doesn't--
+
+so I'm going to do sulfur
+hexafluoride.
+
+You say, gee, sulfur
+hexafluoride.
+
+I bet it's just like carbon
+because carbon, sulfur--
+
+no.
+
+Let's look carefully.
+
+So I'm going to put the sulfur
+here and we're going to put--
+
+how many electrons?
+
+One, two, three, four,
+five, six.
+
+OK.
+
+And then we're going to bring
+in the fluorines, one, two,
+
+three, four.
+
+So each of the fluorines is
+going to form a bond.
+
+Do I have to do this?
+
+Can I just do this?
+
+Yeah, that's enough.
+
+I'm not--
+
+I'm raising--
+
+we're accelerating now.
+
+Now I'm going to stop talking
+and I'll just think about it
+
+and you'll get it.
+
+All right.
+
+So here we go.
+
+Bonding domains.
+
+One with the fluorine, two with
+the fluorines, three with
+
+the fluorine, four with the
+fluorine and there's two
+
+electrons, and they'll
+just sit together in
+
+a nonbonding domain.
+
+So how many domains?
+
+One, two, three, four, five.
+
+Five electron domains.
+
+Four bonding, one nonbonding
+It all adds up.
+
+Good.
+
+But now I got to put
+five struts.
+
+This gives me the skeletal
+structure.
+
+As before, skeletal structure.
+
+So I've got to--
+
+how do I put five struts
+around something
+
+uniformly in space?
+
+One, two and I'll put
+three in the plane.
+
+Three in the plane.
+
+So three at the equator
+and two at the poles.
+
+That's the skeletal structure.
+
+This is called a trigonal
+bipyramid.
+
+Because I can make a pyramid
+above, right?
+
+I got a tent with
+three corners.
+
+So that's a pyramid
+with three faces.
+
+So that's called trigonal.
+
+It's trigonal--
+
+three--
+
+and then I've got it
+above and below.
+
+So that's trigonal bipyramid.
+
+See, you're going to learn
+all these new words.
+
+When you go out tonight, you're
+going to be able to
+
+impress people to the point
+they'll walk away from you.
+
+All right.
+
+So now let's start putting
+the fluorines--
+
+again, we've got choices here.
+
+They're not equivalent.
+
+So one possibility is to put the
+lone pair at the equator
+
+and then the fluorines go
+here, and the other
+
+possibility is to put the--
+
+let's see.
+
+I've got room up there.
+
+The other possibility is--
+
+let's make the trigonal
+bipyramid--
+
+is to put the lone pair at a
+polar position and put all the
+
+fluorines in the equatorial
+plane.
+
+And so now we have to think
+about this for a second and
+
+try to convince ourselves which
+situation has greater
+
+electron-pair repulsion.
+
+So the way to think about it
+is, in which position does
+
+that lone pair come into more
+contact than otherwise?
+
+The other thing to know is--
+
+I didn't say this earlier, but
+it just occurred to me-- is
+
+that if you've got a choice of
+bonding electrons versus
+
+nonbonding electrons,
+nonbonding
+
+electrons want more room.
+
+Why?
+
+Because they're not
+tightly confined.
+
+When you get something in a
+bond, it's on axis between the
+
+two atoms, and so things are
+much more tightly confined.
+
+So these things want
+a lot of room.
+
+So if I'm sitting here, I
+interact with this fluorine
+
+and this fluorine--
+
+these two are far away.
+
+If I'm here, I interact
+with three fluorines.
+
+So it turns out the equatorial
+position is favored.
+
+Give more space nonbonding--
+
+place nonbonding domains at
+equatorial positions in
+
+trigonal bipyramid.
+
+That's what number five means.
+
+If somebody asked you to test
+the microphone, instead of
+
+saying number nine, number nine
+or one, two, three, say,
+
+place nonbonding domains at
+equatorial positions and a
+
+trigonal bipyramid.
+
+And they'll ask you to step
+away from the microphone.
+
+OK.
+
+So this structure here
+is, in fact, the
+
+shape of the molecule.
+
+You don't see this.
+
+And this molecule is called
+seesaw, like a teeter totter.
+
+You remember, when
+you were kids.
+
+You don't remember that.
+
+OK.
+
+So how about polar
+versus nonpolar?
+
+It's obvious.
+
+If it's asymmetric and you've
+got the fluorines and the
+
+non-pair, this is definitely
+polar.
+
+And where's the net dipole?
+
+Where's the negative side?
+
+Well, along this axis, it's
+pulled right to the center.
+
+So along this axis, clearly the
+fluorines are pulling so
+
+you have something that
+looks like this.
+
+And how about the energetics?
+
+How do we get five of these?
+
+If we've got five struts, it
+means we must have five
+
+hybridized orbitals
+of equal energy.
+
+Well, we got six before and
+before that, we had four.
+
+Before that, we had three.
+
+Well, now we're going
+to get five.
+
+So how do we make
+five orbitals?
+
+So in this case I start--
+
+I want s, p, d, and
+I want five.
+
+So one plus three is four
+plus one is five and
+
+that gives me sp3d.
+
+Gives me five and then,
+what do we got?
+
+One, two, three.
+
+It's good.
+
+OK.
+
+Now--
+
+so we've covered a lot.
+
+All right.
+
+So some parting comments.
+
+We've been sticking other
+things-- what we could do is
+
+we could do this one.
+
+We could take carbon and I'm
+going to go now sp3.
+
+only instead of putting
+hydrogens, I'm going to put
+
+carbons here.
+
+So what happens now?
+
+One, two, three, four.
+
+I'll put another carbon here.
+
+One, two, three, four,
+et cetera.
+
+So this is sp3, all carbon, and
+this is called diamond.
+
+This is called diamond sp3.
+
+So these are all sigma
+bonds, all sigma
+
+bonds everywhere, sp3.
+
+And these are very, very strong
+bonds and these are
+
+very tight bonds-- and one of
+the properties of diamond is
+
+that it has a very high
+refractive index
+
+because high energy--
+
+and these are tight,
+tight bonds.
+
+So the electrons aren't
+easily excited.
+
+It's transparent, divisible
+light, which means that when
+
+light shines on this, there's
+no expectation,
+
+but there is bending.
+
+So it's very, very high
+refractive index and a high
+
+refractive index is what makes
+this such a troublesome
+
+compound because it concentrates
+light.
+
+So you can imagine there's
+somebody in a dimly lit cafe,
+
+and she's sitting over in the
+corner with a candle in front,
+
+and she's wearing a diamond
+stud, and it takes those few
+
+candellas of energy.
+
+It concentrates, it shoots
+it in the room, and some
+
+unsuspecting fellow gets hit
+in the eye, is attracted to
+
+the person wearing the earrings,
+and that's when the
+
+trouble begins.
+
+So this is very, very dangerous,
+very dangerous, and
+
+it's a consequence of these
+strong sigma bonds.
+
+But there's another way.
+
+There's another way that
+we can bond carbon.
+
+We can make sp2 hybrids.
+
+So if we make sp2 hybrids,
+that now looks like this.
+
+The carbon lies in the plane,
+120 degrees, which means we're
+
+going to end up with something
+that looks like this, et
+
+cetera, et cetera.
+
+And this is graphite.
+
+This is graphite.
+
+And now we have a mix of sigma
+bonds in the plane that are
+
+very strong.
+
+In fact, they're every bit as
+strong as these bonds, but
+
+there's a fourth.
+
+I said, you always
+have to find four
+
+struts off the carbons.
+
+So where's the fourth strut?
+
+It's the pi bond that comes
+out of the board.
+
+So there's a pi bond here and
+a pi bond here and a pi bond
+
+here and what we're going to
+learn later is that these
+
+things are delocalized.
+
+Because of the spacing here, the
+electrons can form a bond
+
+here that then forms a bond
+here, but it can actually
+
+resonate in such a way that
+the electrons can move
+
+everywhere throughout the
+crystal of graphite and this
+
+is what gives graphite its
+electrical conductivity,
+
+whereas diamond is a
+strict insulator.
+
+So these are very strong bonds
+in the plane, but not between
+
+planes, which gives graphite
+its lubricity.
+
+It's a dry-lock lubricant
+and so on.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is very good.
+
+So we have a mix of sigma
+and pi bonds.
+
+And it's an absorber
+and it's dark.
+
+It's an absorber so it appears
+black, whereas this diamond is
+
+transparent to visible light.
+
+And if you look in your book,
+this is all categorized for
+
+you, everything that we've
+done here with VSPER.
+
+All right.
+
+Look at this.
+
+All nice big system.
+
+OK.
+
+So here's diamond, which I was
+trying to draw over here, four
+
+struts sp3 hybridized.
+
+this is graphite sp2, and these
+are pi bonds in between.
+
+OK.
+
+Now suppose this fellow asks
+this girl out, and things get
+
+serious and they get--
+
+I'm going to use an adverb
+here-- really serious and he
+
+decides maybe he wants to make
+a commitment and he wants to
+
+buy her a ring, an engagement
+ring, and the custom is that
+
+the engagement ring
+has a stone in it.
+
+Now being an MIT student, he
+knows that he wants to have
+
+symbolism in that stone.
+
+Now the custom is to get
+diamond, but it turns out that
+
+if you look carefully, the
+stable form of carbon at room
+
+temperature and atmospheric
+pressure is not
+
+diamond, it's graphite.
+
+So if he wants to give his
+love this stone that
+
+symbolizes eternal commitment,
+wouldn't he choose the stable
+
+form and not the one that's
+metastable and doesn't
+
+represent the natural state
+at room temperature?
+
+That's the truth.
+
+That's the truth.
+
+Graphite is the stable form.
+
+I leave it up to the young man
+to persuade the young lady
+
+that the gemstone is going
+to have graphite
+
+in it and not diamond.
+
+OK.
+
+Now something very interesting
+happened.
+
+What I wanted to play for you as
+you're leaving today is an
+
+old Beatles song, Lucy in
+the Sky With Diamonds.
+
+And what happened--
+
+before I get to it, what
+happened was-- and this is
+
+even in today's Le Tech if you
+look on the second page, "New
+
+Fossil Skeleton from africa
+Predates Lucy." It was just
+
+discovered.
+
+I'm not kidding you.
+
+This isn't a joke.
+
+I heard this on NPR
+last night.
+
+So it's a female skeleton of a
+pre-hominid, 4.4 million years
+
+old, which is a million
+years older than Lucy.
+
+Lucy was discovered in
+Ethiopia in 1974 and
+
+considered to be 3.18
+million years old.
+
+This new one is 4.4 million
+years old, about four feet
+
+tall, and it just turns the
+clock even farther back.
+
+The interesting thing
+is the name.
+
+How did the skeleton
+discovered in 1974
+
+get the name Lucy?
+
+Interesting story.
+
+There were two American
+archaeologists that were head
+
+of the team that did the dig,
+and they were so excited the
+
+night they found this
+pre-hominid skeleton.
+
+They knew it was a female, and
+they hadn't dated it yet, but
+
+they knew that it was roughly
+way, way back, but it was
+
+definitely female.
+
+So they were back at the
+campfire, kicking back,
+
+drinking, probably heavily, and
+singing songs, and one of
+
+the songs they were singing
+was Lucy in the Sky With
+
+Diamonds and that night, they
+named the skeleton Lucy.
+
+But the story doesn't
+end there.
+
+Where did this Lucy in the Sky
+With Diamonds come from?
+
+John Lennon, one of the--
+
+you may have heard of this group
+or not, but there was
+
+this group called The Beatles.
+
+So one of the lead composers
+was John Lennon.
+
+His six-year-old son came home
+from school one day with a
+
+piece of artwork, and the father
+asks, what is this?
+
+He says, it's a painting of my
+classmate Lucy, and it was
+
+Lucy and he had diamonds
+in the sky.
+
+So it was Lucy in the Sky with
+Diamonds, and then they wrote
+
+the song about it.
+
+The real Lucy just
+died this week.
+
+She had Lupus.
+
+She died at the age of 46.
+
+And all of these things have
+come together just because we
+
+had this lesson today about
+covalent bonding, which took
+
+us to this, which then took us
+to Ethiopia, which then takes
+
+this up here.
+
+and so with that, I think
+we'll go for an early
+
+dismissal, and I'll wish
+you a pleasant weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/GOlurMtkuWQ.txt b/GOlurMtkuWQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e44e349c64342a91050185af4026341a64414b9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/GOlurMtkuWQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4157 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So today
+we're going to take a little
+
+bit closer look at what's
+happening under the covers
+
+when you compile a C program.
+
+But before we get into that,
+we did a little interesting
+
+correlation on your scores for
+the first problem, for the
+
+every bit one.
+
+So this is basically plotting.
+
+It's a scatter plot of how you
+did in your test coverage
+
+score versus how you did in
+your correctness score and
+
+performance, correctness and
+performance together.
+
+And what's interesting is that
+if you did better in your test
+
+coverage, you did better
+in your performance and
+
+correctness.
+
+OK, that's a pretty good
+correlation, right?
+
+There's some outliers here.
+
+But that's a pretty
+good correlation.
+
+Yeah, John?
+
+Yeah?
+
+JOHN: The--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Do
+we have a handheld?
+
+Here we go.
+
+Just a second.
+
+The only thing is we have to
+figure out how to turn it on.
+
+There we go.
+
+JOHN: Yeah, so just to clarify,
+the people who
+
+seemingly got no test coverage
+but really good performance
+
+scores, what actually happened
+was that we tested for things
+
+that we didn't expect students
+to cover for like on feeding
+
+invalid values to better a set
+and better a get or testing
+
+for private functions to
+their implementations.
+
+So in reality they had better
+test suites than the coverage
+
+score would indicate.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So what
+are the lessons that
+
+one draws from this?
+
+So professional engineers know
+what the lessons are.
+
+So the lessons are that it is
+actually better, if you have a
+
+coding problem to do, to
+write tests first.
+
+Before you code you
+write your tests.
+
+And that actually speeds
+the development of
+
+fast correct code.
+
+It's actually faster.
+
+You get to the end result
+much faster.
+
+Because whenever you make an
+error in your program, you
+
+instantly know that you may
+have a problem rather than
+
+thinking that you're doing
+something OK and then
+
+discovering that, oh, in fact
+your code is, in fact,
+
+incorrect, and you're working
+away optimizing something
+
+that's not working So before
+coding, it's highly
+
+recommended that
+you write test.
+
+Also if you find a bug, when
+you find a bug, the first
+
+thing you should do is write a
+test for that bug if it wasn't
+
+already covered.
+
+Then you fix the bug.
+
+And then you make sure that your
+test now, that your new
+
+implementation, passes
+that particular one.
+
+Professional engineers
+know this.
+
+Professional software developers
+know this.
+
+It comes hard.
+
+And if you want a job at any
+top flight software firm,
+
+they're going to expect that you
+know that you write tests
+
+first before you do coding.
+
+The second lesson isn't quite
+so obvious from this.
+
+But it's the second lesson
+that I think some people
+
+experienced in the class which
+was the idea of putting you in
+
+groups, in particular in pairs,
+was not so that you
+
+could do divide and conquer
+on the code.
+
+It was to do pair programming.
+
+And what we found was that
+a bunch of groups
+
+divided up the work.
+
+And they said, OK, it'll go
+faster if you do this one and
+
+I do that one.
+
+Once again that's probably
+a mistake.
+
+If you can sit together and
+take turns at the keyboard
+
+making the changes, it may seem
+like it's going slower to
+
+begin with, but it's amazing how
+many errors you catch and
+
+how quickly you find your errors
+because you're just
+
+talking with each other.
+
+And it's like, oh, duh.
+
+So good programmers know this.
+
+That it really helps to have
+more than one person
+
+understand what's going
+on in the code.
+
+So the people who had difficulty
+with their partners
+
+one way or another often did
+not, it was partly because
+
+they just divided up the work,
+you're responsible for that,
+
+oh, we got a bad grade on
+that, that's your fault.
+
+No, both partners own
+that grade 100%.
+
+And the best way to ensure
+is to work together.
+
+Now, this sometimes flies in the
+face of people who believe
+
+that they are clever or more
+experienced than somebody,
+
+than their partner, oh, I can do
+this much better on my own.
+
+Usually, that's true for little
+projects, but as the
+
+projects get bigger that
+becomes a much harder
+
+situation to deal with.
+
+It becomes the case that you
+really want two brains looking
+
+at the same thing, four
+eyes as opposed to two
+
+eyes looking at things.
+
+But I think, in particular,
+before coding write test.
+
+And we are right now working
+on improving the
+
+infrastructure.
+
+One of the things that they have
+in most companies is, at
+
+the very minimum, they have
+what's called a nightly build.
+
+Nightly build says they take all
+the software, they build
+
+it, and then they run regression
+tests against it
+
+all night while everybody's
+home sleeping.
+
+Come in the next morning, here's
+the things that broke.
+
+And if you broke the
+build, you got some
+
+work to do that morning.
+
+And it's generally not a good
+idea to break the build.
+
+What has been demonstrating,
+in fact, is that continuous
+
+build is even better.
+
+This is where, whenever you make
+a change to the program,
+
+you run the full suite
+of tests on it.
+
+And we're going to
+look into it.
+
+We have to see what
+our resources are.
+
+As you know, our TAs are
+a limited resource.
+
+But we're going to look into
+seeing whether we can provide
+
+more of that kind of
+infrastructure on some of the
+
+later projects for you folks.
+
+So you can sort of see
+the matrix that we
+
+eventually got to you.
+
+You can see that develop
+in real time.
+
+How am I doing against
+other people's tests?
+
+How are they doing against
+my tests, et cetera?
+
+So we'll see whether
+we can do that.
+
+But what's funny is you think
+that it'd be faster to just
+
+code and do it.
+
+Computer science is full
+of wonderful paradoxes.
+
+And one of them is that doing
+things like writing the extra
+
+code to test is actually faster
+than not writing it,
+
+surprisingly.
+
+It really gets you to the
+end result a lot faster.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Any comments about that?
+
+Let's talk about our today.
+
+So today we're going to talk
+mostly about single threaded
+
+performance.
+
+This is one instruction
+stream that you're
+
+trying to make go fast.
+
+But if you look at today's
+computing milieu, how all of
+
+the computers are used,
+what do you have?
+
+You've got networks of
+multi-core clusters.
+
+It's parallelism everywhere.
+
+You've got shared memory among
+processors within a chip.
+
+You've got message passing among
+machines in a cluster.
+
+You've got network protocols
+among clusters so that you can
+
+do wide area things.
+
+Yet we're saying, no, let's take
+a look at what happens on
+
+one core on one machine.
+
+So why is that important
+to focus first on what
+
+one core can do?
+
+Why study single threaded
+performance at all?
+
+Let's just go do the
+parallel stuff.
+
+That's more fun anyway.
+
+Well, there are a couple of
+reasons that I can think of.
+
+The first one is at the end of
+the day, even if you've got
+
+something running widely in
+parallel, the code is running
+
+in each core in a single
+threaded manner.
+
+You just have a bunch of them.
+
+And so if you've given up a
+factor of two or a factor of
+
+four in performance or even
+more, as you're aware, you can
+
+sometimes make it orders of
+magnitude, but in performance
+
+what you're saying is that
+you're going to end up using
+
+much more resources to do your
+particular job in parallel.
+
+And resources is money.
+
+So if I can do the job with a
+cluster of 16 processors and
+
+somebody else can do it in
+a cluster with only four
+
+processors, hey, they just spent
+a quarter the amount on
+
+not just the capital investment
+in that hardware
+
+but also the operating costs
+of what it cost to actually
+
+cool and provide electricity to
+and maintain and so forth.
+
+All that gets much cheaper.
+
+So if you get good single
+thread performance, it
+
+translates.
+
+That's kind of the
+direct reason.
+
+The indirect reason is, for
+studying it, is that many of
+
+the lessons will generalize.
+
+So things that we'll see for
+single core, there is an
+
+analogy when you start
+looking at parallel
+
+and distributed systems.
+
+So that's a little
+less concrete.
+
+But as you'll see as you gain
+experience, you'll see that
+
+there's a lot of lessons that
+generalize to how do you think
+
+about performance no matter
+what the context.
+
+So what about a single
+threaded machine?
+
+What's it like?
+
+So some of this is going to be a
+little bit review, but we're
+
+going to just sort
+of go deeper.
+
+We've sort of been taking
+layers off the onion.
+
+And today we're going
+to take a few more
+
+layers off the onion.
+
+So you have inside
+a processor core.
+
+You've got registers.
+
+You've got the functional
+units to do your ALU
+
+operations, floating point
+units, vector units these
+
+days, and all the stuff to do
+instruction, execution, and
+
+coordination, scheduling,
+out of order
+
+execution, and so forth.
+
+In addition then, you have
+a memory hierarchy.
+
+Within the core, you typically
+have registers
+
+and L1 and L2 caches.
+
+And then outside the core
+often is the L3 cache.
+
+DRAM memory, you may have
+a solid-state drive
+
+these days and disk.
+
+And so in that context,
+you're trying to make
+
+your code run fast.
+
+So when you compile the piece
+of code, so here I have a
+
+piece of code.
+
+I'm always amused when I put up
+a Fibonacci as the example.
+
+Because this is a really
+terrible way to compute
+
+Fibonacci numbers.
+
+So this is an exponential time
+algorithm for computing
+
+Fibonacci numbers.
+
+And you may be aware you can do
+this in linear time just by
+
+adding up from the bottom.
+
+In fact, if you take the
+algorithms course, you learn
+
+that you can actually do this in
+logarithmic time by matrix,
+
+recursive squaring
+of matrices.
+
+So it's sort of interesting to
+put up something where we say
+
+we're going to optimize this.
+
+And, of course, we'll get a
+constant factor improvement on
+
+something like this.
+
+But, in fact, really this is a
+terrible program to write for
+
+optimization.
+
+But it's good didactically.
+
+And Fibonacci numbers
+are fun anyway.
+
+So typically what happens is
+when you run GCC on your .C
+
+file and produce a binary, what
+happens is it produces
+
+the machine code, which is
+basically a string of bytes,
+
+zeros and ones.
+
+And that goes, when you run the
+program, that goes through
+
+the hardware interpreter.
+
+So the hardware of the machine
+is doing an interpretation of
+
+these very simple instructions
+and produces an execution.
+
+But, in fact, there's actually
+four stages that go on inside
+
+of GCC if you type a
+command like this.
+
+The first thing is what's
+called preprocessing.
+
+And what that does is it does
+any macro expansion and so
+
+forth, things that are just
+basically on the level of
+
+textual substitutions
+before you get into
+
+the guts of the compiler.
+
+Then you actually
+do the compiler.
+
+And that produces a version of
+machine code called assembly
+
+language, which we'll see
+in just a minute.
+
+And from that version of
+assembly language it then goes
+
+into a process called linking
+and loading, which actually
+
+causes it to produce
+the binary that
+
+you can then execute.
+
+So all four stages are
+included here.
+
+And there are switches to GCC
+that let you do only one or
+
+all of these things.
+
+You can, for example, run
+the preprocessor GCC.
+
+You can tell it to run the
+preprocessor alone and see
+
+what all your macros
+expanded to.
+
+Yes?
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the difference
+between compiling
+
+and assembling?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: So compiling
+reduces it to
+
+essentially assembly language.
+
+And then assembling is taking
+that assembly language and
+
+producing the machine binary.
+
+AUDIENCE: I was going to say,
+there's a one-to-one
+
+correspondence between machine
+code and assembly, but there's
+
+not a one-to-one correspondence
+between C code
+
+and assembly.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah.
+
+So there's actually not
+quite a one to one,
+
+but it's very close.
+
+It's very close.
+
+So you can think of it as one
+to one between assembly
+
+machine code.
+
+But assembly is, in some sense,
+a more human readable
+
+and understandable version
+of machine code.
+
+In fact, that's what we're
+going to talk about.
+
+So let's go directly
+to assembly code.
+
+To do that I can use
+the minus S switch.
+
+Now it turns out it's
+also helpful to
+
+use the minus G switch.
+
+Minus G says give me all the
+debugger symbol tables.
+
+And what that makes it is so
+that you can actually read the
+
+assembly language.
+
+If you don't have that
+information, then you don't
+
+know what the programmer
+wrote as the symbols.
+
+Instead you will get
+computer generated
+
+symbol names for things.
+
+And you don't have any
+meaning to those.
+
+So it's really a good
+idea to use minus
+
+G and minus S together.
+
+And this basically provides
+a convenient symbolic
+
+representation of the
+machine language.
+
+And this is sort of the type
+of thing that you'll get,
+
+something coming out that
+looks like this.
+
+It's basically an Ascii.
+
+It's in text, characters,
+rather than being in the
+
+binary executable.
+
+And if you want, you can find
+out all the vagaries of it.
+
+This is one site that has some
+reasonable documentation on
+
+the GNU assembler.
+
+It's actually not as good on
+the instructions, but it's
+
+really good on all the
+directives, which we'll talk
+
+about in a minute like .global
+and .type and all that stuff.
+
+It's very good on that stuff.
+
+There's another thing
+that you can do.
+
+And once again, it's also
+helpful if you've produced a
+
+binary that has the
+symbol table.
+
+And that is to do a dump
+of the object code.
+
+And when you do a dump of the
+object code, what it does is
+
+you basically give it an
+executable and it goes
+
+backwards the other way, take
+this executable and undo one
+
+step, disassemble it.
+
+And what's good about object
+dump is that it gives you,
+
+first of all, these are all
+the byte codes of the
+
+instructions.
+
+Also if you've got the minus S
+says interleave the source
+
+code, so you can see, here's the
+source code interleaved.
+
+So you can see which
+regions of code
+
+depend on which things.
+
+And so it basically tells you
+where in memory it's being
+
+loaded, it's been loaded, what
+the instructions are.
+
+And then it gives you the
+assembly interpretation of
+
+that machine binary.
+
+And this is where you can see
+it's almost one to one what's
+
+going on here.
+
+Here we have a push
+of an operand.
+
+And that notice is just
+a one byte code.
+
+Whereas here we've got an opcode
+and two arguments.
+
+And it has three bytes
+as it turns out.
+
+So you can see there's sort
+of a correspondence.
+
+Yeah, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: How does
+[? logic then take the ?]
+
+machine language code
+and go to--
+
+how does it know the function
+names and stuff?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: It knows
+the function names because
+
+when you compile it with -g,
+it produces, in addition to
+
+producing the binary, it
+produces a separate segment
+
+that's not loaded in that has
+all that information that
+
+says, oh, at this location
+is where this symbol is.
+
+And it produces all that as
+stuff that's never loaded in
+
+at run time but which
+is there in order to
+
+aid debuggers mainly.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: To compile something
+not using the gflag and then
+
+you do an object dump,
+how would that work?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Then what
+happens is, first of all, you
+
+would not be able to get
+this stuff interleaved.
+
+And then things like here where
+it says fib, well, fib
+
+may be an external name so
+you might know it anyway.
+
+But if it were an internal name,
+you would not be able to
+
+see what it was.
+
+Yeah, if you're going
+to respond let's
+
+get you on mike here.
+
+Why don't you just hold this?
+
+JOHN: Yeah, so you'll generally
+get the function
+
+names so you know roughly
+a huge blob of assembly
+
+corresponds to a function.
+
+But you won't be able to get
+any information about what
+
+variables are in which registers
+or what position the
+
+sixth line of assembly
+corresponds to in terms of
+
+your source code.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Then the
+other thing that you can do is
+
+you can actually take the
+assembler, the assembly code,
+
+if you produce just the assembly
+code, and if you tell
+
+GCC to take a .s file, which is
+the assembly code, you can
+
+produce the machine
+code from it.
+
+And so one thing that you can
+do is you can produce a .s
+
+file and then edit it in Emacs
+or VI or whatever your
+
+favorite text editor is and
+then assemble it with GCC.
+
+So you can actually
+modify what the
+
+machine code is directly.
+
+And that's what we're going to
+spend a little bit of time
+
+doing today.
+
+Let's go in and see what the
+compiler generates and then
+
+let's twiddle it a bit.
+
+So here's what we're going to
+expect that you do, that
+
+you're able to do.
+
+We expect in this class that
+you're going to be able to
+
+understand how a compiler
+implements the C linguistic
+
+constructs using x86
+instructions.
+
+We're going to expect that you
+can read x86 assembly language
+
+with the aid of a manual.
+
+We don't expect that you know
+all the instructions, but the
+
+basic ones we expect that
+you know what those are.
+
+We expect that you're going
+to be able to make simple
+
+modifications to the assembly
+language generated by a
+
+compiler, and that you would
+know, if push came to shove,
+
+how to write your own machine
+code on your own.
+
+That's not something we're going
+to expect that you do,
+
+but you would know how to get
+started to do that if at some
+
+point you said, oh,
+I really have to
+
+write this in assembler.
+
+So this is, as I say, really
+we're going to take off some
+
+layers of the onion today, try
+to get down what's going on.
+
+It turns out this is actually
+kind of fun.
+
+Now, the part that's not fun
+at some level is the x86 64
+
+machine model.
+
+The x86 is what's
+called a complex
+
+instruction set computer.
+
+And these, long ago, were
+demonstrated to be inferior to
+
+so-called reduced instruction
+set computers.
+
+But that hasn't mattered
+in the marketplace.
+
+What's mattered in the
+marketplace is who could build
+
+better and faster chips.
+
+And also the amount of people
+who started using the x86
+
+instruction set has produced
+a huge legacy and inertia.
+
+It's sort of like some people
+might argue that Esperanto is
+
+a better language for everybody
+
+to learn than English.
+
+But how come English with all
+its complexities and so forth,
+
+and I'm sure for some of you who
+have learned English as a
+
+second language, it's like
+it's a crazy language.
+
+Who do you learn English?
+
+Well, it's because that's what
+everybody's learning.
+
+That's where the legacy is.
+
+And so x86 is very much
+like the English of
+
+machines these days.
+
+So in this model there's
+basically a flat 64-bit
+
+address space.
+
+There are 16 64-bit general
+purpose registers, and then
+
+what are some segment registers,
+a register full of
+
+flags, an instruction pointer
+register, rest in peace.
+
+They're eight 80-bit floating
+point data registers, some
+
+control status registers, an
+opcode register, a floating
+
+point instruction pointer
+register, and a floating point
+
+data pointing register, some
+MMX registers for the
+
+multimedia extensions, and a
+128-bit XMM registers for the
+
+SSE instructions, which are the
+ability to have an opcode
+
+run over several pieces of data
+at once, short vectors,
+
+vector instructions, and a
+32-bit register that frankly I
+
+don't have a clue as
+to what it does.
+
+So, fortunately, we don't
+have to know all these.
+
+You can look at the architecture
+manual if any of
+
+these become important.
+
+So our goal is not to memorize
+the x86 instruction set.
+
+That would be a punishment
+probably worse than death.
+
+The only thing worse would
+be learning all of C++.
+
+So here's the general
+registers.
+
+So there are basically
+64-bit registers.
+
+And here's the mnemonics
+that they have.
+
+So you can see is all very
+mnemonic, right?
+
+We got some of them
+that are numbered.
+
+How come they're all
+just not numbered?
+
+I mean come on, right?
+
+I know why.
+
+I know why.
+
+Don't tell me.
+
+So what you get to do is look at
+and remember that there are
+
+all these fun registers.
+
+And what they did is the x86
+64 architecture grew out of
+
+the x86 which was 32-bit.
+
+Well, in fact, originally
+it was 16-bit.
+
+And it's been extended twice
+to have more bits in the
+
+instruction word so
+that now it's a
+
+64-bit instruction word.
+
+And what they did in order to
+make it so that they could run
+
+legacy code more easily, which
+might have been written with a
+
+smaller word size, is they've
+overlap so that the EAX
+
+register, for example,
+is the low order
+
+32-bits of the RAX register.
+
+So what you do is you'll see
+that R is the prefix that
+
+says, hey, that's a
+64-bit register.
+
+E is the prefix that
+says that it is--
+
+Whoops, I made a
+mistake there.
+
+Those should all be Es.
+
+Oh, no, sorry, no, there's
+are correct.
+
+These are R and then with
+D because these are the
+
+extended ones, yes.
+
+So these are D. So R and D, that
+means also that it's 16.
+
+So you can see just how easy
+this is to remember without a
+
+cheat sheet, right?
+
+And then you go down
+to 15, et cetera.
+
+And so you can go all the way
+down to byte naming, the low
+
+order byte of the registers.
+
+In addition, it turns out
+that that's not all.
+
+But the high order byte of the
+16-bit registers are also
+
+available as independently
+named registers.
+
+When you're using this in a C
+program, there's a convention
+
+that C has.
+
+And it's actually different
+on Windows from on Linux.
+
+Because there's no reason they
+should make those things
+
+compatible.
+
+That would be too easy.
+
+So instead they have
+different ones.
+
+But the ones on Linux, this is
+essentially the structure.
+
+What happens when you call a
+subroutine is generally you're
+
+passing the arguments to the
+subroutine in registers.
+
+And in fact the first
+six arguments are
+
+passed in these registers.
+
+RDI, you'll get very
+familiar with RDI.
+
+Because that's where the first
+argument is always passed.
+
+And almost all your functions
+will have a first argument,
+
+except for the ones that have
+no arguments, and then the
+
+second arguments, the third,
+and so forth, and
+
+then fifth and sixth.
+
+If you get more than six, then
+it turns out, then you start
+
+passing arguments
+through memory.
+
+But otherwise the convention
+is that the arguments are
+
+passed through registers.
+
+There are a couple of other
+important registers.
+
+One here is the return value
+always comes back in RAX.
+
+So when a function returns,
+boom, that's where, RAX is
+
+where the value of
+the return is.
+
+There is a base pointer and a
+stack pointer which give you
+
+the stack frame so that when you
+do a push and want to push
+
+local variables those are
+telling you the limits of your
+
+local variats.
+
+And we'll talk more about
+that a little bit.
+
+And then there are a variety
+of other ones.
+
+Some are callee saved and
+some are caller saved.
+
+And you can refer
+to this chart.
+
+And there are others similar to
+it in the various manuals.
+
+Now, it gets pretty confusing,
+if this isn't confusing enough
+
+for the naming.
+
+Let's go on to how you
+name data types.
+
+And I think some of you have
+already experienced this a
+
+little bit, the beauties
+of the data types.
+
+So in C, they have all these
+different data types such as
+
+I'm listing here.
+
+And if you want to generate a
+constant of that size, so
+
+sometimes the compiler will
+coerce a value from one type
+
+to another.
+
+But sometimes it won't.
+
+And so if you want to have a
+constant, and I've just given
+
+a couple things here, for
+example, if you want it to be
+
+just an int, you can just
+write the number.
+
+But if you want it to be
+unsigned, you have to
+
+put a U after it.
+
+Or if you want it to be
+a long, you have to
+
+put an L after it.
+
+And for many things it'll get
+coerced automatically to the
+
+right type because if you do
+an operator with another
+
+argument it will be coerced
+to that type.
+
+But some of you got burned on
+some of the shift things to
+
+begin with because it wasn't
+clear what exactly the sizes.
+
+Well, you can be explicit in
+C and name them using this
+
+particular convention.
+
+This tells you how many bytes
+are being allocated for that
+
+type in the x86 64 size.
+
+So it's [? veted ?]
+here for four.
+
+Now, long double
+is a funny one.
+
+It's actually allocate
+16 bytes, but only
+
+10 of them are used.
+
+So basically there are six bytes
+that get unused by that.
+
+And I think that's for future
+expansion so that they can
+
+have even wider extension.
+
+This is generally used, of
+course, for floating
+
+point and so forth.
+
+Now, in the assembly language,
+each of the
+
+operators has a suffix.
+
+And sometimes, if it's a two
+operand instruction, it may,
+
+where it's taking things of
+different sizes, it may have
+
+two suffixes.
+
+But it has a suffix which is a
+single character that tells
+
+you what the size is that
+you're working with.
+
+So, for example,
+B is for byte.
+
+W is for word because
+originally the
+
+words were 16 bits.
+
+L is for long except that
+it's not a long
+
+so don't get confused.
+
+L is not long.
+
+Long is a quad word,
+or Q, four bytes.
+
+And then a float is an S. A
+double is a D. And a long
+
+double is a T.
+
+So these you will get
+familiar with.
+
+And they're not so hard.
+
+But that doesn't mean you know
+them right off the bat.
+
+And it helps to have
+a cheat sheet.
+
+As I say, the main one not to
+get confused about is the Ls.
+
+L means something different
+in x86 than it means in C.
+
+So, for example, here we have a
+move of, and because it's a
+
+Q, I know that it is an eight
+byte or a 64-bit operator.
+
+And you can tell that also
+because it's using RBP and
+
+RAX, both of which are
+64-bit registers.
+
+In fact, in assembly, you can
+actually write it without the
+
+Q, because the assembler can
+infer when the Q isn't there
+
+that, oh, this is a 64-bit
+register, that's a 64-bit
+
+register, I bet he means
+move 64-bits.
+
+So it actually fills
+that in sometimes.
+
+But sometimes you need
+to be explicit.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: What happens when
+you actually put 64-bit
+
+registers but you only, and
+you just put move [? b ?]
+
+or something?
+
+Would it complain?
+
+Would it [UNINTELLIGIBLE]?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah,
+it would complain.
+
+Yeah, it would complain.
+
+it'll say it's an improperly
+formed instruction, so, yeah.
+
+And the other thing you
+can do, of course,
+
+is just try it out.
+
+What happens if?
+
+That's the great thing
+about computers.
+
+It's easy to do what
+happened if.
+
+Now, the instruction format is
+typically an opcode followed
+
+by an operand list.
+
+So the opcode is a short
+mnemonic identifying the type
+
+of instruction that includes
+typically the single character
+
+suffix indicating
+the data type.
+
+However, for some instructions
+it turns out you can have two
+
+suffixes if the two--
+
+Most instructions operate on
+data types of the same size.
+
+But some of them operate on two
+different sizes in which
+
+case you'll have two suffixes.
+
+If the suffix is missing, it can
+generally be inferred, as
+
+I mentioned.
+
+Then the operand list is from
+zero, two, and very rarely
+
+three operands separated
+by commas.
+
+Now, in the architecture manual,
+in fact, they say if
+
+you look at it, they'll show
+you fourth operand.
+
+And I said, four operands?
+
+This documentation says
+there's only three.
+
+This one says there's four.
+
+I went through the whole
+
+architecture manual last night.
+
+Every time it says four
+operands, it says N/A, not
+
+applicable.
+
+So I think it's just there
+reserved or something.
+
+But anyway there is no fourth
+operand as far as I can tell.
+
+Now, one of the operands
+is the destination.
+
+And here's where we start to
+get into some differences.
+
+There's actually two standard
+formats for assembly language
+
+that are generally called Intel
+and AT&T. So AT&T was
+
+the original Unix system.
+
+And Intel is what Intel uses
+for their assembler.
+
+They do the destination operand
+in the opposite order.
+
+So AT&T, it puts the
+destination last.
+
+In Intel it puts the
+destination first.
+
+So when you're reading
+documentation, you can read
+
+the Intel documentation.
+
+You just have to remember to
+flip it around if you're
+
+actually writing it as we will
+be using the AT&T format.
+
+Almost everybody uses
+AT&T as far as I
+
+can tell except Intel.
+
+So Intel's assembler does
+it the other way around.
+
+And actually now GCC will
+actually, you can give it a
+
+directive to say I'm now
+switching to writing it in
+
+Intel assembler.
+
+So you can actually go back and
+forth between the two if
+
+you happen to borrow some
+assembly language code from
+
+somebody else.
+
+So one of them is
+the destination.
+
+The other operations are
+read-only, so const in the C++
+
+terminology.
+
+They're read-only.
+
+So it's always the case that
+only one of them is going to
+
+be modified.
+
+And that's the one that's the
+destination of the operation.
+
+In addition in assembler, there
+are what are called
+
+directives.
+
+Besides the instructions,
+there are directives.
+
+So first of all there are
+things like labels.
+
+You can take any instruction
+and put an identifier and a
+
+colon, and that becomes then
+a way of naming that
+
+place in your code.
+
+So, for example, jump
+instructions want to know to
+
+where they're jumping.
+
+And rather than having to know
+upfront what the address is,
+
+the assembler will calculate
+what that address is and
+
+everywhere you put x, it'll
+put in the right value.
+
+And you get to name it
+symbolically rather than as an
+
+absolute machine location.
+
+There are storage directives.
+
+So, for example, .space 20
+says allocate 20 bytes at
+
+location x.
+
+.long says store the
+constant 172 at y.
+
+It's being stored at y because
+I said y is here.
+
+And asciz gives you a string
+that's zero terminated.
+
+So the standard for strings
+is zero terminated.
+
+You can also, there's one
+that says give me a
+
+nonterminated string.
+
+So you can have fun with
+that if you like that.
+
+The align directive says make
+sure that as you're going
+
+through, so what's happening
+is the assembler is going
+
+through there, is it's laying
+these things out in memory
+
+typically sequentially, the way
+you wrote it down in the
+
+program, in the assembly
+language program.
+
+If you say align eight, it
+says advance whatever the
+
+pointer is of where the next
+thing is going to be put to be
+
+a multiple of eight.
+
+And that way you don't run the
+risk of where you declare a
+
+character and then you say, OK,
+and now I want a long or
+
+something, and it's not aligned
+in a way that the
+
+eight bytes correspond to a
+multiple of eight the way you
+
+need to in order for
+the instructions to
+
+properly work on them.
+
+So generally, although, we
+have byte pointers, most
+
+instructions only work
+on aligned values.
+
+And for some of them that work
+on unaligned values, they're
+
+generally slower than the ones
+that work on aligned values.
+
+There are also segment
+directives.
+
+So in memory when you run your
+program, the executing program
+
+starts with the program text
+down at the bottom of memory.
+
+And then it has fixed data
+that's not going to change,
+
+static allocation of data.
+
+And then it's got heap, which is
+dynamically allocated data.
+
+And then it's got stack.
+
+The stack grows downward, and
+the heap grows upward.
+
+By saying something like text,
+it says make sure that the
+
+next stuff I'm putting goes
+into the text segment.
+
+So that's generally where
+you put your code.
+
+Saying it's in data says make
+sure it goes in here.
+
+So you may want to have
+a table, for example.
+
+So, for example, from pentominos
+you might have a
+
+table there.
+
+There's going to be
+a fixed table.
+
+You're never going to
+change it during the
+
+running of the program.
+
+Put it in the data segment.
+
+And then there's also things
+like scope and linkage
+
+directives.
+
+So saying .global, and you can
+either spell it incorrectly,
+
+as I have here, or with the a,
+it's the same thing for the
+
+GNU assembler anyway.
+
+It says make the symbol fib
+externally visible.
+
+And that makes sure that it goes
+into the symbol table so
+
+that debuggers and things
+can look at it.
+
+And there's a lot more of these
+in the assembler manual,
+
+that link that I showed you to
+before, tells you what all the
+
+directives mean.
+
+So that when you're looking at
+code, which mostly you'll be
+
+reading it, making a few changes
+to it, you can know
+
+what things mean.
+
+So the opcode examples,
+here's some examples.
+
+There are things like
+mov, push, and pop.
+
+So, for example, here movslq,
+this is an interesting one
+
+because it's moving.
+
+The s says extend the sign
+because I'm moving from a long
+
+from a 32-bit word to a 64-bit
+word, from 4-bits to 8-bits.
+
+So that's why this one takes
+two suffixes moving from,
+
+you'll notice, a 32-bit register
+to a 64-bit register.
+
+So you have to be careful.
+
+This is something I got caught
+up in the other day.
+
+The results of 32-bit operations
+are implicitly
+
+extended to 64-bit values.
+
+So if you store something into
+EAX, for example, it
+
+automatically zeroes out the
+high order 32-bits of RAX.
+
+Because that's the one that
+it's embedded in.
+
+However, that's not true for
+the eight and 16-bit
+
+operations.
+
+If you store into an 8-bit
+field, an 8-bit part of the
+
+register, it does not
+zero out the high
+
+order bits of the remainder.
+
+So you just have to be careful
+when you're doing that.
+
+Most of these are things, by the
+way, that is more cryptic
+
+when you're looking at stuff.
+
+It's like, oh, how come it's,
+gee, I thought I had, I'm
+
+returning a double word, but
+it looks here like it's
+
+returning a 32-bit word,
+how come I thought I
+
+was returning 64--
+
+Well, the answer is because
+it knows the high
+
+order bits are zero.
+
+So it's using the shorter
+instructions.
+
+And yet it still is having the
+impact on the 64-bit register.
+
+They're all the arithmetic
+and logical operations.
+
+So subtracting, once again,
+the destination is second.
+
+So typically these are
+two operator things.
+
+So you always have the
+destination occurs both at the
+
+beginning and on the left hand
+side and the right hand side,
+
+things like shifts and rotates,
+control transfer, so
+
+call which does a subroutine
+jump, return from a
+
+subroutine, a jump instruction
+that just says make the next
+
+instruction the thing that
+you're pointing to, and very
+
+important, the jump conditionals
+where the
+
+condition is a whole bunch of
+keys that are things like
+
+greater than, less than, and so
+forth, and different ones
+
+for signed and unsigned
+and so forth.
+
+So typically the condition is
+computed by using a compare
+
+instruction.
+
+I probably should have put CNP
+on here as well, but I didn't.
+
+But the CNP instruction is
+usually what you use to
+
+compare two things and then you
+separately jump on what
+
+the condition is.
+
+There's a pretty nice
+website that has
+
+most of these opcodes.
+
+However, they only deal
+with the old x86
+
+without the 64-bit extension.
+
+And they use the Intel syntax.
+
+But it's really convenient.
+
+Because they've done a nice
+job of making a quick jump
+
+table where you can just
+go, look up the
+
+opcode, and pop it up.
+
+Otherwise you can just look
+at them in the manual.
+
+Anyway, that's kind of
+a convenient place.
+
+And, as I say, just beware
+because it's 32-bit only, and
+
+it's Intel syntax.
+
+Most of the instructions
+got extended.
+
+I mean it's like, OK, if you do
+it for eight and 16 and 32,
+
+the operation is not going to
+change that much to go to 64.
+
+A few of them do, however.
+
+Now, the operands, Intel
+supports, the x86, which is
+
+Intel and AMD, typically,
+support all kinds of
+
+addressing modes.
+
+The rule is that only
+one operand,
+
+however, can address memory.
+
+So you have to pick which is
+the operand that's going to
+
+address memory if you have
+multiple operands.
+
+You can't have both operands.
+
+So you can't add two
+things in memory.
+
+You always have to take
+something for memory and bring
+
+it into a register and then
+store it back out.
+
+So the simplest one is two
+register instructions.
+
+Here I've basically
+marked the--
+
+What have I marked here?
+
+I guess I marked--
+
+I don't know.
+
+Down here I was marking
+memory.
+
+I'm not sure what I was
+marking up here.
+
+Because they're both
+registers.
+
+But in any case, this is just
+adding RBX into RAX.
+
+And so it takes the contents
+of RBX adds it in
+
+the contents of RAX.
+
+There's something that's
+called direct.
+
+So this is, it says, where you
+move, x is some constant
+
+value, and you move it, the
+contents of it, into RDI.
+
+So if x, for example, is a
+location that you've stored a
+
+value in, you can say move
+whatever is the value at that
+
+location into RDI.
+
+Immediate says, which usually is
+preceded by a dollar sign,
+
+says move the address of it,
+move that as a constant.
+
+So x has a value,
+move that value.
+
+So if you say $3, then
+you'll move the
+
+constant three into RDI.
+
+If you said mov3 this, you're
+going to move the contents of
+
+location three in memory.
+
+So that's the difference between
+direct and immediate.
+
+So the dollar sign says
+you're taking that
+
+as a literal constant.
+
+And the direct says you're
+actually going to memory and
+
+fetching it.
+
+Then things start getting
+interesting.
+
+Register indirect says, in
+this case, the thing that
+
+you're going to access
+is the thing
+
+pointed to by that register.
+
+So don't move, in this case, RBX
+into RAX, move it to the
+
+memory location that
+RAX is pointing to.
+
+Then you can do register index
+which says, well, it's
+
+pointing to it, but I want
+displaced 172-bytes off of
+
+that location, of whatever
+this is pointing to.
+
+So, for example, if you have a
+pointer to a record, you can
+
+then have just a single pointer
+and address all the
+
+fields just by doing register
+indirect to the different
+
+fields using that
+same register.
+
+Then there is, it actually--
+
+I skipped, actually, a few in
+here that are subsets of this.
+
+This is, I think, the most
+complicated one that I know.
+
+It's base index scale
+displacement where base and
+
+index are registers, the scale
+is two, four, eight, and if
+
+it's not there, it
+implies one.
+
+The displacement is eight,
+16, or a 32-bit value.
+
+And it says take RD--
+
+oh, I had put the math on here,
+and then I guess I lost
+
+it-- it says take RDX, multiply
+it by eight, add RDI,
+
+and add 172.
+
+[WHISTLE].
+
+So, anyway, you can look
+in the manual.
+
+So you'll see some of these
+instructions being generated.
+
+Generally, you're not going to
+generate these instructions.
+
+So when you see them generated,
+you can see it.
+
+And then, and this is actually
+new, it's not in the x86.
+
+It has this instruction pointer
+where you can actually
+
+access where the current program
+counter is pointing,
+
+where it is in the code, and
+store that value, in this case
+
+indexed by six, into RAX.
+
+So you can do it relative
+where this has
+
+to be a 32-bit constant.
+
+And what's good about that is
+it allows you then to write
+
+code where you can do things
+like jump to something that's
+
+relative to the program
+counter.
+
+And that lets you put the code
+anywhere in memory, and it
+
+still has the same behavior.
+
+Because you're going relative
+to where that code is rather
+
+than to an absolute location.
+
+So it allows the code
+to be relocatable.
+
+So here's--
+
+Yeah, questions, yeah sure.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why was it the index
+registers, when you have the
+
+numbering for the register,
+what does that mean again?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: The number
+before the register?
+
+AUDIENCE: In the instruction
+[UNINTELLIGIBLE],
+
+that's 60 for RID.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: OK, or
+whatever, whenever it's here,
+
+it's basically saying,
+add that value to
+
+the contents of RAX.
+
+And so the same thing here, add
+six to the contents of the
+
+instruction.
+
+So this is six bytes ahead of me
+in the instruction stream.
+
+OK?
+
+So you can actually say, well,
+what's that instruction ahead
+
+of me in the instructions
+stream?
+
+OK?
+
+So here's some examples of
+essentially the same code and
+
+how it gets compiled.
+
+So here we're going to have
+a fou1, fou2, fou3.
+
+And in this case we declare
+x, y, and z
+
+to be unsigned integers.
+
+We set them to some values.
+
+And we just simply say
+return x plus y or z,
+
+bitwise OR with z.
+
+If you look at what the code is
+that's generated, it says
+
+move the constant 45 into EAX.
+
+Why does it do that?
+
+Well, let's just see.
+
+Well, the compiler figures out
+that it knows what 35, seven,
+
+and 45 are.
+
+It computes x plus y.
+
+That's 41.
+
+If you take 41 bitwise OR with
+45, it turns out it's masking
+
+the same bits, that's 45.
+
+So the compiler actually can
+figure this out that all it
+
+has to do is return 45
+in a 64-bit register.
+
+Ah, but here it's returning
+it in a 32-bit register.
+
+What happened?
+
+It's not obeying the type.
+
+The type is supposed
+to be 64-bits, but
+
+that's a 32-bit register.
+
+Oh, yeah, that's this thing
+where it automatically zeroes
+
+out the high order bits.
+
+And it uses this instruction,
+because this is a shorter
+
+instruction than if
+it did the RAX.
+
+It could do the same thing with
+RAX, but it would be more
+
+bytes of instruction.
+
+So they saved a couple bytes of
+instruction by doing that.
+
+So people follow what
+happened there?
+
+Let's take a look
+at the next one.
+
+Here it's the same code
+just let's pass
+
+those things as arguments.
+
+Well, if you remember the
+calling convention, parameter
+
+one is in RDI, parameter
+two is in RSI, and
+
+parameter three is in RDX.
+
+So I don't expect you
+to remember that off
+
+the top your head.
+
+But we have the cheat sheet, and
+you can figure that out.
+
+So here's what it does is, oh
+my goodness, what is that
+
+instruction?
+
+This is actually a computation
+of effective address.
+
+So the effective address is
+basically saying, and it's
+
+using one of these funny
+indexing modes.
+
+So what this is actually doing
+is it's actually adding these
+
+two numbers together, the
+values stored in those
+
+locations together, and
+storing it into RAX.
+
+And then it's then OR-ing RDX,
+what's in RDX, with RAX and
+
+then returning.
+
+Remember that RAX is where the
+result is always going to be.
+
+So the result is always
+returned in RAX.
+
+So you can see you have to do a
+little bit more complicated
+
+addressing in order to pull them
+out as parameters than if
+
+it could actually figure out
+what the numbers are.
+
+Last example here is I declared
+these things before I
+
+ever got their globals.
+
+And so I declared them
+before I ever got in.
+
+So that means since they're
+globals, they have a fixed
+
+place in memory.
+
+And so the code that's generated
+is moving, it turns
+
+out it allocates them right
+nearby the instructions here.
+
+And so what it does is it has
+actually a relative offset for
+
+x, relativity instruction
+pointer, put that in RAX, add
+
+the offset of x into it, and
+then OR it with the offset of
+
+z, and then return.
+
+And so there the constants are
+actually stored right nearby
+
+in the code so that they can
+use this relative offset.
+
+And the compiler figures out, or
+the assembler figures out,
+
+exactly what the offset is
+that it actually needs to
+
+substitute for y so that it can
+be a relative offset from
+
+the current instruction
+pointer.
+
+Notice that, for example,
+that's going to change
+
+depending upon the
+value of y here.
+
+It's going to change compared to
+if I accessed y down here.
+
+It would be a different
+instruction
+
+pointer at this point.
+
+So it actually just goes but
+it computes what the
+
+difference is so it knows
+what the distance is.
+
+It can compute that at compile
+time, and then at execution
+
+time it just uses whatever
+constant goes in there.
+
+So the important thing here is
+just to notice that the code
+
+depends upon where x, y,
+and z are allocated.
+
+So the first thing to actually
+look at good code is to
+
+understand the calling
+convention
+
+that's used by the compiler.
+
+And here are the basics of it.
+
+So the register RSP points
+to the function
+
+call stack in memory.
+
+And the call stack grows
+downward in memory, like in
+
+that little map I showed you
+before, so that as you push
+
+things onto the stack they're
+getting lower numbered not
+
+higher numbered.
+
+The call instruction pushes
+the current instruction
+
+pointer onto the stack, jumps
+to the call target operand,
+
+which is basically the address
+of the thing you're calling.
+
+So when you do a call,
+it saves your return
+
+address on the stack.
+
+The return instruction pops
+the return address off the
+
+stack and returns
+to the caller.
+
+It basically says, oh, I know
+where the return address is.
+
+I slam that into the current
+instruction pointer, and that
+
+becomes the next instruction
+that's executed.
+
+Now, there are some software
+conventions that are used
+
+that's helpful to know.
+
+Besides those instruction
+registers, some of the
+
+registers are expected to be
+saved by the caller, some are
+
+expected to be saved
+by the callee.
+
+You're free to violate this in
+your own little piece of code
+
+as long as if you're calling
+something else,
+
+you're obeying it.
+
+So you don't have obey this
+convention in the code you
+
+write unless you want to
+interoperate with other stuff.
+
+So if you, for example, have a
+leaf procedure, you can decide
+
+for that leaf procedure, oh,
+I'm going to make something
+
+callee saved that was caller
+saved or whatever as long as
+
+by the time you return you've
+cleaned everything up for the
+
+rest of the world.
+
+So these are conventions.
+
+But for the most part, you're
+not going to violate these,
+
+and the code that the compiler
+generates doesn't violate
+
+these because it expects
+everything to interoperate.
+
+So here's how the subroutine
+linkage works.
+
+We're going to do an example
+here where function A calls
+
+function B which will call
+function C. And right now,
+
+we're at the point we're
+executing B. And so on the
+
+stack are the arguments that
+were passed from A to B that
+
+did not fit within
+the registers.
+
+So normally most of the
+
+arguments are within registers.
+
+But if you exceed the six
+registers then, because you
+
+have a long argument
+list, then it gets
+
+passed on the stack.
+
+And here's where
+it gets passed.
+
+The next thing is B's
+return address.
+
+This is the thing that
+got smashed in there
+
+when you did the call.
+
+It got pushed onto the stack.
+
+And then there's what's called a
+base pointer for A. And this
+
+is the way that A ends up
+accessing its local variables.
+
+And then there's a separate
+region here where it's going
+
+to put arguments from B to B's
+callees if they exceed the six
+
+registers, if any of the things
+that B is calling
+
+require more than the
+six registers.
+
+So let's just take a look.
+
+So function B can access its
+nonregister values by indexing
+
+off of RBP.
+
+So these we say, these are
+in a linkage block.
+
+And the reason is because
+it's actually part of
+
+A's frame as well.
+
+It's a shared part of the frame
+where A stores it into
+
+memory and then B's going to
+fetch it out of memory.
+
+And that's the linkage block.
+
+So this is positive in memory.
+
+So if I use a positive offset,
+I then go up to getting the
+
+arguments from A. Then it can
+access its local variables
+
+from the base point with a
+negative offset because we're
+
+growing down in memory.
+
+Now, if it wants to call C, what
+it does is it places the
+
+nonregister arguments into the
+reserved linkage block here,
+
+which are arguments from
+B to B's callees.
+
+And that once again acts just as
+if they're local variables.
+
+It's positive index off of RBP,
+sorry, negative offset
+
+off of RBP.
+
+So it pushes those things into
+the argument, into that
+
+region, if it needs to
+use that region.
+
+Then we actually, once it's done
+that, we have the call.
+
+So B calls C which saves the
+return address for B on the
+
+stack, so it saves it on the
+stack, and then transfers
+
+control to C. So now it starts
+executing C's code.
+
+And what does C do?
+
+So C is going to have to advance
+these pointers to
+
+refer to its region
+rather than B's.
+
+It does it by saving B's base
+pointer on the stack.
+
+So it saves this pointer here so
+that it can restore it when
+
+it returns.
+
+It advances, it sets its new
+base pointer to be where the
+
+stack pointer is now and then
+advances the stack pointer to
+
+allocate space for C's local
+variables and linkage blocks.
+
+Watch, here we go.
+
+So that ends up being
+C's frame.
+
+So notice that B's frame and C's
+frame are overlapping in
+
+the linkage block
+between them.
+
+Now, if a function never
+performs stack allocations
+
+except during function calls,
+there's a great compile time
+
+optimization that the compiler
+will often do.
+
+And what it will do
+is realize that
+
+this distance is constant.
+
+So, therefore, it doesn't
+need RBP.
+
+It can just do the math and
+index everything off of RSP as
+
+long as RSP is always the same,
+for example for C, when
+
+C is executing.
+
+There's certain C commands
+like [? alaka ?]
+
+which changed the
+stack pointer.
+
+If you use those, the compiler
+can't do that optimization.
+
+But if the storage on the stack
+never changes for a
+
+given frame, then it's free
+to make this optimization.
+
+So you'll see code where RBP
+has been optimized away.
+
+How about some questions
+before we go
+
+on and do an example.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+should there be A's return
+address, where you try to
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Up?
+
+Oh, this should be,
+sorry, this should
+
+be A's return address.
+
+Yes, you're right.
+
+OK, good, typo.
+
+Is somebody catching
+my typos to--
+
+OK, yep, a good one, that should
+be A's return address.
+
+Sorry about that.
+
+This is B's return address.
+
+Any other questions?
+
+That's good.
+
+That means you understand
+something.
+
+Hooray.
+
+So let's do an example.
+
+So here's my fib example.
+
+And I compiled this with
+minus oh zero.
+
+Because when I compiled it
+with minus oh three, I
+
+couldn't understand
+what was going on.
+
+So I compiled this with minus oh
+zero, which gives me really
+
+unoptimized code.
+
+And that lets me be the
+compiler optimizer.
+
+So here's the code that
+it generates.
+
+So we can take a look at
+a few things here.
+
+First of all is declaring
+fib to be a global.
+
+And it's got some other
+things here.
+
+I actually took out some of the
+directives that were in
+
+here that were irrelevant
+for our purposes.
+
+If you actually compile it,
+there's a lot more directives
+
+that are stuck in there and a
+lot more labels and things
+
+that you don't need
+to understand it.
+
+There are two labels here.
+
+And so you can see here
+basically what's going on is
+
+we're first of all doing the
+advancing of the base pointer
+
+and advancing the stack
+pointer here.
+
+That's doing that operation that
+I showed you, those of
+
+moving the base and
+stack pointer up.
+
+And then at the end here this
+is equivalent to doing, a
+
+leave instruction is equivalent
+to undoing that.
+
+So Intel lets you do one leave
+instruction rather than making
+
+you put these instructions
+in every time.
+
+It's exactly the same thing.
+
+But in any case, let's
+just sort of see
+
+what's going on here.
+
+So we're pushing some storage.
+
+This is saving a
+register here.
+
+We're then advancing the stack
+pointer to store 24 bytes of
+
+temporary storage.
+
+And then we're start to do
+some computations here.
+
+This looks like we're comparing
+one with something
+
+and then doing a ja.
+
+So this is a jump above.
+
+This is the unsigned version.
+
+What you're looking is to see,
+here we say if n is less than
+
+two, in fact, what it's doing is
+saying if n is greater than
+
+one go to L4.
+
+So it's actually doing
+the other one.
+
+So you can see then L4 is, what
+happens is the one that
+
+has the two calls to fib,
+recursive calls, so that's
+
+this part of the code, and
+it's doing that if it's
+
+greater than one.
+
+And otherwise it's going to
+execute these instructions,
+
+which are basically
+returning n.
+
+And so it basically does
+some computations.
+
+And then both of them converge
+here where it moves the
+
+results and then pops
+it off and so forth.
+
+So that's sort of the outline
+of what's going on there.
+
+So let's dive in here a little
+bit and sort of see what's
+
+going on, see if we can read
+this a little bit more closely
+
+and whether we can
+optimize it.
+
+So the first thing that I
+noticed in looking at this is
+
+look at all this memory
+addressing that we're doing.
+
+What do you suppose this thing
+is, minus 16% RBP?
+
+So this is the base pointer.
+
+So this is a local variable
+because it's a negative offset
+
+off of the base pointer.
+
+What do you think it's
+doing there?
+
+What's stored in here?
+
+Yeah, this is where
+n is being stored.
+
+Because what are we doing?
+
+We're trying to compare n with
+one here even though it says
+
+two up there.
+
+We're comparing it
+with one here.
+
+And so I look at that, and I
+say, look, I'm comparing it
+
+with one, then I'm jumping to
+L4, then I jump to L4 or not.
+
+And then let's say I don't.
+
+Well, then the first thing I
+do is I move n into RAX.
+
+But wait a minute, I just
+compared it with that.
+
+So I'm accessing n again.
+
+I'm accessing it a third time.
+
+How about if I try to
+store that stuff
+
+in a register instead?
+
+So what I did is I picked the
+RDI register, because that one
+
+happens to be available, and
+I said do they, if you look
+
+here, what did we do?
+
+We stored RDI, which is the
+first argument, into memory.
+
+And then we compared
+with it in memory.
+
+Why don't we compare
+with it in RDI?
+
+Right?
+
+Duh, stupid compiler, well,
+because I had minus oh zero.
+
+OK, so I can do that
+improvement.
+
+So what I did was I edited it to
+put RDI there and RDI here
+
+and RDI here.
+
+And I went up and I said,
+what about RDI here?
+
+Why didn't I replace that one?
+
+No, there's no loop
+going on here.
+
+It's recursion.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE PHRASE]
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah, the
+problem is that when I call
+
+fib, RDI gets garbaged on me.
+
+Because RDI is going to be
+the first argument to--
+
+See it's being garbaged here?
+
+It's garbage as far as
+my use of it for n.
+
+It's being used to pass n minus
+1 as the argument to the
+
+recursive call.
+
+So I can't replace this one
+after fib because RDI no
+
+longer has it.
+
+Because I had to leave it.
+
+But even so I went from 5.45
+seconds for the original code
+
+to 4.09 seconds when
+I compile that just
+
+with that little change.
+
+I felt pretty good.
+
+I felt pretty good.
+
+So then I wanted more.
+
+That was fun.
+
+I wanted more.
+
+So what was the next
+thing I noticed?
+
+I noticed that--
+
+And by the way almost
+all the things, that
+
+stuff I did last night.
+
+This is what I did an hour
+before class so we'll see
+
+whether it--
+
+So then I noticed that, look,
+we're moving this stuff here.
+
+We keep using minus 24.
+
+And once again, memory
+operations are expensive
+
+compared to register
+operations.
+
+Let me try to get rid them.
+
+What do you suppose
+is in here?
+
+So look, we move RAX into the
+local variable minus 24.
+
+And then we jump to L5.
+
+And we move minus 24 into RAX.
+
+That seems kind of
+unnecessary.
+
+Here we move RBX
+into minus 24.
+
+Then we move minus
+24 into RAX.
+
+What is this value first of all
+that I'm storing there?
+
+What's going to be in
+RAX at the very end?
+
+RAX is the return value.
+
+So I'm trying to save, here in
+this case, this is the branch
+
+where I just want to return n.
+
+I just want to put RAX
+to have it return, be
+
+in RAX when I return.
+
+So I've got the value here.
+
+It's just n.
+
+It was in RDI.
+
+It's now in RAX.
+
+But that's clearly
+unnecessary.
+
+Why go put it into memory and
+then take it back out again?
+
+And here just put it
+in RAX directly.
+
+So that's what I did.
+
+I basically, instead of moving
+it here, I changed this
+
+instruction that said add it
+and put in RBX, I said, no,
+
+don't put it in RBX.
+
+Let's just add RBX into RAX,
+and then it's right there.
+
+And this one, get rid of those
+so that it's now moved into
+
+RAX and it's in RAX.
+
+So I did that.
+
+I dropped to 3.9 seconds.
+
+That felt pretty good, too.
+
+In addition, I got rid of
+this extra variable.
+
+So now I could actually reduce
+my storage requirements.
+
+However, when I measured it
+with this being 24 and not
+
+being 24, it was
+the same speed.
+
+So it's like, eh, but
+I didn't want to
+
+waste the storage anyway.
+
+So then I looked a little
+bit further.
+
+And I noticed that I
+want to get rid of
+
+this access to n here.
+
+So basically I'm subtracting
+it, and I'm storing n.
+
+How can I get rid of it?
+
+And this took me a little
+while to figure out.
+
+What I realized is, look,
+we're storing
+
+stuff away in RBX.
+
+We have RBX as an available
+register because I saved the
+
+value of RBX with this push
+instruction there.
+
+So RBX is an available
+register.
+
+We're using it to keep the
+return value of the
+
+first call to fib.
+
+So I'm going to use it for their
+first call to fib so
+
+that when I make the second call
+to fib I can then add the
+
+two things together.
+
+Well, how about if before the
+first call the fib, why don't
+
+I use it to store the value of n
+and then use it to store the
+
+value of the return value
+of fib of n minus 1?
+
+So I did that.
+
+And that took a little
+bit of moving things
+
+around a little bit.
+
+But I managed to get rid of it
+by using RBX for two different
+
+purposes, one to store the
+temporary, the value of n, and
+
+the other to store the return
+value when I need it.
+
+And when I did that, I
+got it all the way
+
+down to 3.61 seconds.
+
+I actually ran it with
+minus oh three,
+
+took about two seconds.
+
+So I think I can keep
+my day job.
+
+But kind of fun to go in and
+sort of see what are the
+
+things that can be done.
+
+And you can get a very good
+sense of what's going on.
+
+The more important thing is
+when you look at compilers
+
+generating your code, as we
+saw on the last lecture on
+
+profiling, you can see, oh, it
+did something silly here.
+
+So you can actually go
+and say, oh, it's
+
+doing something silly.
+
+We can do a better
+job than that.
+
+Or, oh, I didn't realize I'd
+declared this an int when in
+
+fact, if I declared it a
+unsigned int 64, it actually
+
+would produce faster,
+better code.
+
+Yeah?
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry.
+
+So when you said that when you
+run it with minus oh three,
+
+what you're just saying is even
+though you optimized the
+
+[INAUDIBLE]?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: As the
+compiler, that's why I said I
+
+can keep my day job.
+
+So simple optimization
+strategies, if you're playing
+
+with things, is you try to keep
+values and registers to
+
+eliminate excess
+memory traffic.
+
+You can optimize naive function
+call linkage.
+
+And the most important thing
+probably is constant fold.
+
+Look to see where you've
+got constants that
+
+can be combined together.
+
+There are other optimizations
+that compilers do like common
+
+subexpression elimination
+and so forth.
+
+But these are sort of the ones,
+if you're doing it by
+
+hand, these are sort of things
+to focus on, particularly
+
+number one, just get rid of
+excess memory traffic.
+
+Let me say, by the way, in doing
+this I also went down a
+
+bunch of dead ends, things that
+I said, oh, this should
+
+definitely save, and
+then it was slower.
+
+And then we look at it, and it
+turns out, oh, my branch
+
+misprediction rate is going
+way up and so forth.
+
+That's why you have
+a profiler.
+
+Because you don't want
+to do this blind.
+
+Now, how does the compiler
+compile some common high level
+
+structures?
+
+So if you have a conditional,
+for example, if p, do the
+
+ctrue clause, else do the cfalse
+clause, what it does
+
+basically is it generates
+instructions to evaluate p.
+
+And then it does a jump with the
+condition to see if p is
+
+false to the else clause and
+executes those instruction.
+
+And then otherwise it passes
+through, does the true clause,
+
+and then jumps to the end.
+
+And you'll see that pattern in
+the code when you look at it.
+
+So that's a very common
+pattern for doing
+
+conditionals.
+
+Compiling while loops is kind
+of interesting because most
+
+while loops start
+out with a jump.
+
+So here are the instructions
+for the body
+
+of the while loop.
+
+And here's the test.
+
+And what they usually do is they
+jump to the test, they
+
+evaluate the condition,
+and if it's true,
+
+they jump to the loop.
+
+Otherwise, they fall through.
+
+And then they go back, do the
+loop sometimes for the first
+
+time, et cetera.
+
+So that's kind of the pattern
+for a while loop.
+
+For a for loop, they basically
+just convert it
+
+into a while loop.
+
+You basically take the
+initialization code.
+
+You execute that.
+
+Then while the condition is
+true, you do the code followed
+
+by whatever the next code is.
+
+And so it ends up converting
+for loops into while loops.
+
+Now, arrays are, how do we go
+about implementing data types?
+
+Arrays are just blocks
+of memory.
+
+So you can have basically three
+different types of array
+
+depending upon where it gets
+allocated, either allocated in
+
+the data segment, allocate
+on the heap, or
+
+allocated on the stack.
+
+Sometimes even the static
+arrays these days can be
+
+allocated in the code segment,
+if you're not
+
+going to change them.
+
+So one thing is to understand
+that arrays and pointers are
+
+almost the same thing.
+
+If you have an array, that's a
+pointer to a place in memory
+
+where the array begins.
+
+And a zero is the same as the
+value you get when you
+
+dereference the pointer to a.
+
+A pointer, if you think about
+it, is actually just an index
+
+into the array of all memory.
+
+And the hardware allows
+you to index into the
+
+array of all memory.
+
+Well, it can also allow you to
+index into any subregion of
+
+that memory.
+
+And that's why arrays and
+pointers are basically the
+
+same thing.
+
+Here's a little quiz.
+
+What is eight of a?
+
+AUDIENCE: The a elements?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yeah, it's
+basically a of eight.
+
+It's basically a of eight
+because the addressing that's
+
+going on is essentially
+the same.
+
+Even though we prefer
+to write it--
+
+If you start writing code like
+this, I guarantee that at some
+
+companies they'll get very angry
+at you even though you
+
+say, it's the same thing.
+
+But what's going on is you're
+actually taking the base, the
+
+address of a, you're adding
+eight to it, and then
+
+dereferencing that value.
+
+And indeed, even in C, they
+actually do all the coercions,
+
+even if eight is a different
+type, it actually does the
+
+coercions properly
+so that they are
+
+actually the same thing.
+
+Because it does them after
+it's converted it into a
+
+dereference of a plus 8.
+
+So it's kind of interesting
+that it works right even
+
+though when I looked at that I
+say, well, what if it's bytes
+
+verses words and so forth?
+
+Yeah?
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Will there be a
+performance difference between
+
+putting data on those three
+different arrays?
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yes,
+there can be.
+
+In particular, static array,
+it knows exactly where the
+
+base pointer is as a constant.
+
+Whereas the others it has to
+actually figure out where it
+
+is in the heap you need
+a pointer to it
+
+to dereference it.
+
+It can't put it right into the
+instruction stream itself.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+those would be just constant
+[INAUDIBLE], right?
+
+So I can either put that in
+the static array or--
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Yes,
+generally it's faster to have
+
+it in a static array
+if you can.
+
+I want to finish up
+here so that--
+
+We have structs.
+
+Structs are just blocks
+of memory also.
+
+So you can have a bunch
+of things here.
+
+This is a bad way to declare a
+struct because the fields are
+
+stored next to each other
+generally in the
+
+order you give them.
+
+So here it says it's x and
+then i and double.
+
+What happens here is you
+have to be careful
+
+about alignment issues.
+
+So if you do [? char, ?]
+
+it's then got to pad it
+out to get to the next
+
+alignment for an int.
+
+And it's got to pad that
+out to get the next
+
+alignment for a double.
+
+Whereas if you do it in the
+opposite order, it starts
+
+packing them.
+
+So generally it's best to
+declare longer fields before
+
+shorter fields because then you
+know when you're finished
+
+with the longer fields,
+you're already
+
+aligned for shorter fields.
+
+Like arrays, there are static,
+dynamic, and local structs.
+
+So that's all they are.
+
+And so you'll see in
+the indexing--
+
+There's also stuff that--
+
+and actually this is important
+for one of the binary puzzles
+
+we gave to figure out
+what it does--
+
+there are what are called
+SIMD instruction.
+
+This is single instruction
+multiple data instructions
+
+where a single instruction
+operates on
+
+multiple pieces of data.
+
+They operate on smaller
+vectors.
+
+And there are 16 128-bit XMM
+registers, which you can view
+
+as two 64-bit values or
+four 32-bit values.
+
+And you can do an
+operation on it.
+
+So this is used for multimedia,
+for streaming
+
+applications, and so forth where
+you're trying to shove a
+
+lot of data through and you're
+doing the same repeated stuff
+
+on the things at time.
+
+So there are instructions that
+operate on multiple values.
+
+For example, here we're moving
+four 32-bit ints into this
+
+particular XMM register.
+
+And similarly here's another
+one, we're adding it.
+
+And you can look at the
+manual for these.
+
+So you may come across these
+because they're using up parts
+
+of the machine.
+
+Mostly those are the kinds of
+things we can say look it up
+
+in the manual, because nobody's
+going to remember all
+
+those instructions.
+
+Of course, if you get a job
+with one of the graphics
+
+companies, then you may become
+very familiar with these kinds
+
+of instructions.
+
+There's a lot more C and C++
+constructs that we don't have
+
+to go into.
+
+You can have arrays of structs
+versus structs of arrays.
+
+And there can be a difference
+in performance.
+
+If you have an array of structs,
+then it makes it, if
+
+you're accessing one struct,
+you can access the other
+
+structs very easily.
+
+But if you're using things like
+the SSC instructions,
+
+then it may be better to
+have structs of arrays.
+
+Because then when you're access
+an array, you can
+
+stream what's called a stride
+of one, a regular stride of
+
+just one memory location after
+the next, to do the
+
+processing.
+
+So the hardware doesn't work
+as well if you skip by
+
+seventeens to gather things
+compared if you just get one
+
+thing after the next.
+
+Because there's prefetching
+logic that tries to fetch
+
+things from memory faster.
+
+There are things like
+function pointers.
+
+So you can have store function
+pointer into something and
+
+then call that function
+indirectly.
+
+There's things like bit
+fields in arrays.
+
+There are objects, virtual
+function tables.
+
+We'll get into some of
+these when we do C++.
+
+And there's a variety of stuff
+having to do with memory
+
+management that we'll
+talk about.
+
+But this is mainly to get you
+folks sort of at the level
+
+where you can sort of
+understand and feel
+
+comfortable with dealing
+with the assembler.
+
+And you'll see that
+those resources
+
+are pretty good resources.
+
+But the basics are relatively
+simple, but it's hard to do it
+
+without a manual or some online
+reference material.
+
+Any questions?
+
+What are the first two lessons
+I taught you today?
+
+Number one is--
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: --write tests
+before you write code.
+
+And what's the second lesson?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pair programming.
+
+CHARLES LEISERSON: Pair
+programming, not divide and
+
+conquer, I teach algorithms
+where divide and conquer is a
+
+fabulous technique.
+
+With programming, pair
+programming is going to have
+
+you generally get where you
+want to get faster than if
+
+you're programming alone.
+
+OK, thank you.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/G_vxgoj1YNU.txt b/G_vxgoj1YNU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..465fd4ff969e1e30deac878450a808a8060c96e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/G_vxgoj1YNU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2690 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this part of the code I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this part of the code I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this part of the code I'm going to
+guide you through the Gap filling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you through the Gap filling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide you through the Gap filling
+process based on maps so this is um a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process based on maps so this is um a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process based on maps so this is um a
+process that I I use quite a lot in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that I I use quite a lot in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that I I use quite a lot in my
+research which is when I'm facing a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research which is when I'm facing a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research which is when I'm facing a new
+database sometimes comes with uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database sometimes comes with uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database sometimes comes with uh some
+empty slots some Nas in the data and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty slots some Nas in the data and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty slots some Nas in the data and I
+want to feel them based on field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to feel them based on field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to feel them based on field
+data um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data um
+obviously data coming from Maps is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously data coming from Maps is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously data coming from Maps is not
+as accurate as data coming from field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as accurate as data coming from field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as accurate as data coming from field
+experiments but this is a good proy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but this is a good proy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but this is a good proy we
+have to maximize the data we have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to maximize the data we have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to maximize the data we have and
+use them all uh for in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them all uh for in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use them all uh for in our
+models so what I'm going to be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so what I'm going to be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models so what I'm going to be doing
+here is to use the latitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to use the latitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to use the latitude and
+longitude of the coordinates that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude of the coordinates that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude of the coordinates that comes
+into the databases transform them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the databases transform them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the databases transform them into
+special explicit data points and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special explicit data points and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special explicit data points and use
+these data points to extract the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data points to extract the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these data points to extract the data
+coming from a map um so let's just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a map um so let's just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from a map um so let's just go
+ahead I'm going to download a real data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead I'm going to download a real data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead I'm going to download a real data
+that I created uh that is in in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I created uh that is in in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I created uh that is in in my
+GitHub account you can download it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GitHub account you can download it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GitHub account you can download it
+freely here um it's a database that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely here um it's a database that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely here um it's a database that
+calculates nitrogen optic global scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates nitrogen optic global scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates nitrogen optic global scale
+based on uh on field data but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh on field data but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on uh on field data but I
+encounter that some of the drivers um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter that some of the drivers um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encounter that some of the drivers um
+temperature precipitation soil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature precipitation soil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature precipitation soil
+information has not always been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information has not always been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information has not always been
+collected or maybe wasn't reported in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected or maybe wasn't reported in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected or maybe wasn't reported in
+the original um uh papers so that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original um uh papers so that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original um uh papers so that's why
+there are some data gaps um so well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some data gaps um so well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some data gaps um so well you
+can see that is a is a big database it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that is a is a big database it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that is a is a big database it
+includes a lot of columns some of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a lot of columns some of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes a lot of columns some of them
+are complete some of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complete some of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complete some of them have
+Nas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nas
+um so I'm just going to see how are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm just going to see how are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I'm just going to see how are they
+called these are all the names of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called these are all the names of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called these are all the names of the
+columns and we are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and we are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns and we are going to be
+particularly interested in the latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested in the latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly interested in the latitude
+and longitude which is the third and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longitude which is the third and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longitude which is the third and
+fourth column right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I'm going to make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to make sure that we
+don't have an a um there so I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an a um there so I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have an a um there so I'm just
+going to subset um the data that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to subset um the data that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to subset um the data that doesn't
+include an A so it says is na so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include an A so it says is na so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include an A so it says is na so I'm
+that doesn't include na in the latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't include na in the latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't include na in the latitude
+and it doesn't include Naas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't include Naas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it doesn't include Naas in the
+longitude this is one of the several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude this is one of the several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude this is one of the several
+ways we have to make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we have to make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we have to make sure that we
+exclude a in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude a in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude a in this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+columns okay now that we have this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns okay now that we have this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns okay now that we have this sort
+out there are two ways of transforming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there are two ways of transforming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there are two ways of transforming
+this data point so these latitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data point so these latitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data point so these latitude and
+longitude in data explicit points One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude in data explicit points One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude in data explicit points One is
+using spatial points here and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using spatial points here and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using spatial points here and the other
+one is using spatial points data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is using spatial points data frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is using spatial points data frame
+uh in both of them I need to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in both of them I need to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in both of them I need to specify
+where latitude and longitude are located
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where latitude and longitude are located
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where latitude and longitude are located
+uh what's the database that I'm using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the database that I'm using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the database that I'm using
+and in the first case I need to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the first case I need to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the first case I need to specify
+also the resolution I want the data to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the resolution I want the data to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the resolution I want the data to
+be I personally like this more uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I personally like this more uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I personally like this more uh but
+with this one right here it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one right here it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this one right here it's going to
+also work for our purposes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work for our purposes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also work for our purposes right
+now we see that the outcome we get is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see that the outcome we get is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we see that the outcome we get is a
+slightly different one is special points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different one is special points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different one is special points
+data frame and the other one is special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame and the other one is special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame and the other one is special
+points but if we plot them they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but if we plot them they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but if we plot them they
+look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+similar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we can plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can plot
+them with the shape of the earth just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with the shape of the earth just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with the shape of the earth just to
+have a good understanding of what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good understanding of what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good understanding of what is
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plotting here I added this map that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting here I added this map that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting here I added this map that we
+already used in other um in other parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already used in other um in other parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already used in other um in other parts
+of the videos so here we we can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the videos so here we we can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the videos so here we we can have a
+good understanding of where this data is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good understanding of where this data is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good understanding of where this data is
+coming from and and it also certifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from and and it also certifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from and and it also certifies
+that we have built our map appropriately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have built our map appropriately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have built our map appropriately
+sometimes if you mismatch latitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if you mismatch latitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes if you mismatch latitude and
+longitude you're you're going to have um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude you're you're going to have um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longitude you're you're going to have um
+like a twisted map so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a twisted map so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a twisted map so let's
+just try it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fun let's see how it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like you see and now it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see and now it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see and now it's totally
+changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed
+90° but just a heads up to put latitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° but just a heads up to put latitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+90° but just a heads up to put latitude
+and longitude in the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longitude in the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and longitude in the appropriate
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+location okay so going back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location okay so going back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location okay so going back to the
+process um I'm going to use as the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um I'm going to use as the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process um I'm going to use as the base
+uh this map that we've been using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this map that we've been using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this map that we've been using
+recurrently which is this temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrently which is this temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recurrently which is this temperature
+map and I want to extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and I want to extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and I want to extract the
+information uh using these points so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh using these points so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information uh using these points so I
+only need to use the function extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to use the function extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only need to use the function extract
+the map where I want to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map where I want to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map where I want to take the
+information from and the points I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from and the points I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from and the points I want
+to use to extract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to extract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use to extract the
+data so I use this and I see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result is this right here oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry here and we see that we have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry here and we see that we have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry here and we see that we have a new
+value here a new Vector that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here a new Vector that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value here a new Vector that it's
+159 um data points long which is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+159 um data points long which is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+159 um data points long which is exactly
+the same number of columns of rows sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of columns of rows sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of columns of rows sorry
+we have in our data frame and if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in our data frame and if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have in our data frame and if we
+instead of having one map here we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having one map here we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of having one map here we would
+have had a a stack or um a brick we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had a a stack or um a brick we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had a a stack or um a brick we
+would have had a column per map so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had a column per map so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had a column per map so in
+this case we only have one because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we only have one because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we only have one because we
+have one map but the more maps we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one map but the more maps we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one map but the more maps we have
+the more columns it would add in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+result now I'm going to guide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now I'm going to guide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result now I'm going to guide you
+through an exercise that hopefully is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an exercise that hopefully is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through an exercise that hopefully is
+going to be a good summary of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a good summary of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a good summary of all the
+functions and all the concepts we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and all the concepts we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and all the concepts we've
+been working with in um this GIS session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with in um this GIS session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been working with in um this GIS session
+um I'm going to guide you through it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to guide you through it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I'm going to guide you through it so
+initially there's nothing done here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially there's nothing done here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially there's nothing done here so
+I'm going to type while while doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to type while while doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to type while while doing it
+live um and first of all I would ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live um and first of all I would ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live um and first of all I would ask you
+to download this 10 m resolution average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to download this 10 m resolution average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to download this 10 m resolution average
+temperature map from World cim and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature map from World cim and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature map from World cim and this
+is the link but in case you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the link but in case you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the link but in case you don't have
+it handy this is how the web page looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it handy this is how the web page looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it handy this is how the web page looks
+like um I would ask you to go to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um I would ask you to go to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um I would ask you to go to this
+average temperature and download this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperature and download this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average temperature and download this
+one feel free to download other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one feel free to download other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one feel free to download other
+resolutions as well but I just went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolutions as well but I just went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolutions as well but I just went to
+the course one to make the explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course one to make the explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course one to make the explanation
+more fluid and the calculations easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fluid and the calculations easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fluid and the calculations easier
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+calculate so it's download this store it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so it's download this store it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so it's download this store it
+somewhere in your computer that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in your computer that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in your computer that you know
+the route off and also I'm going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the route off and also I'm going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the route off and also I'm going to ask
+you to load all these Maps uh in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to load all these Maps uh in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to load all these Maps uh in your
+our session and calculate the average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our session and calculate the average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our session and calculate the average of
+all the maps so to obtain the yearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the maps so to obtain the yearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the maps so to obtain the yearly
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+temperature okay to do that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay to do that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature okay to do that I'm going to
+use code that we've already used just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use code that we've already used just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use code that we've already used just
+going to jump around I think I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump around I think I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to jump around I think I have this
+code here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code here
+yes I'm going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to charge Everything at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to charge Everything at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to charge Everything at
+Once instead of going one by one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once instead of going one by one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once instead of going one by one I'm
+going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do it
+faster this and this I don't really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster this and this I don't really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster this and this I don't really want
+this code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here I'm going to create a stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to create a stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I'm going to create a stack of
+these now I want to calculate the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these now I want to calculate the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these now I want to calculate the mean
+of all these Maps so to do that um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these Maps so to do that um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these Maps so to do that um it's
+going to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+going to use this object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mean this is what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is what we
+got so see that information looks good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so see that information looks good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got so see that information looks good
+the values minimum the maximum they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values minimum the maximum they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the values minimum the maximum they look
+feasible so it seems that everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible so it seems that everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feasible so it seems that everything
+worked out pretty well I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out pretty well I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out pretty well I'm just going to
+plot it to see how it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like so yeah it seems reasonable so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so yeah it seems reasonable so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so yeah it seems reasonable so I
+think we've successfully completed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've successfully completed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we've successfully completed the
+first step Second Step um I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step Second Step um I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first step Second Step um I want you to
+download the NIT uptake data from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the NIT uptake data from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the NIT uptake data from uh
+this page which is my GitHub page this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this page which is my GitHub page this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this page which is my GitHub page this
+is the database we've used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the database we've used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the database we've used in the
+previous exercise so you might have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous exercise so you might have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous exercise so you might have it
+already and I'm going to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and I'm going to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already and I'm going to ask you to
+create a new data frame by subsetting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new data frame by subsetting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new data frame by subsetting
+The Columns number 3 4 and 18 which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Columns number 3 4 and 18 which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Columns number 3 4 and 18 which are
+the latitude longitude and mean annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latitude longitude and mean annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the latitude longitude and mean annual
+temperature which is what we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is what we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature which is what we just
+calculated in our Maps um so to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in our Maps um so to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in our Maps um so to do
+that just going to load the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just going to load the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just going to load the
+data that should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that should have
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+data I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subset I said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset I said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset I said the
+column number three number four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column number three number four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column number three number four and
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we have this object that has exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this object that has exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have this object that has exactly
+the same length so the same um rows but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same length so the same um rows but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same length so the same um rows but
+the only these three variables that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only these three variables that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only these three variables that I
+asked you for latitude longitude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you for latitude longitude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked you for latitude longitude and
+mean annual temperature um I chose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean annual temperature um I chose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean annual temperature um I chose this
+variable because we have some Naas as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable because we have some Naas as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable because we have some Naas as I
+mentioned you see some empty values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you see some empty values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned you see some empty values that
+we would like to fill in other in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to fill in other in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to fill in other in
+further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further
+steps um okay let's move on to the step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps um okay let's move on to the step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps um okay let's move on to the step
+three I want to create spatial points by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I want to create spatial points by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three I want to create spatial points by
+using the coordinates in the subsetted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the coordinates in the subsetted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the coordinates in the subsetted
+data frame and I also want to extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame and I also want to extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame and I also want to extract
+the man main anual temperature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man main anual temperature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the man main anual temperature of the
+data points you just created from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points you just created from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data points you just created from the
+map and include them in a new Vector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and include them in a new Vector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map and include them in a new Vector to
+the data frame resulting in a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data frame resulting in a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data frame resulting in a four
+column data frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+so going to go through the code that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going to go through the code that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so going to go through the code that we
+just used oops sorry sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry going to find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here this one um I'm going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this one um I'm going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this one um I'm going to use this
+one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we created that and now we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we created that and now we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we created that and now we want to
+extract this information so it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract this information so it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract this information so it's going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+called mat stands for mean annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and I want to extract from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and I want to extract from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and I want to extract from
+this variable that we created that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable that we created that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this variable that we created that's the
+the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature and the P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+andt okay we created this Vector here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andt okay we created this Vector here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+andt okay we created this Vector here
+and now I want to add this Vector to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to add this Vector to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I want to add this Vector to our
+uh initial data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh initial data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh initial data
+frame so our data frame was created was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so our data frame was created was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame so our data frame was created was
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this it's going to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's going to be called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's going to be called
+coming from World
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+claim this is one way to do it there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this is one way to do it there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim this is one way to do it there are
+other ways so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ways so if you
+find an easier way that works better for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an easier way that works better for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an easier way that works better for
+you to do it feel free so now we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do it feel free so now we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do it feel free so now we had
+this initial database that had only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initial database that had only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this initial database that had only
+three columns now it has four columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns now it has four columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns now it has four columns
+and we just added this new column here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just added this new column here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just added this new column here
+with a new variable um we could even see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new variable um we could even see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a new variable um we could even see
+how these two match so this comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these two match so this comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these two match so this comes from
+um ground measurements so it's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ground measurements so it's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ground measurements so it's based on
+field data and this is the map we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field data and this is the map we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field data and this is the map we could
+even see how these two match we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see how these two match we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even see how these two match we could
+for example plot these two informations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example plot these two informations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example plot these two informations
+or create a linear model um they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or create a linear model um they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or create a linear model um they just
+going to go with a model it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go with a model it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go with a model it's going to
+be called model one it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called model one it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be called model one it's going to be a
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+model where I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+these based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on we claim this data is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we claim this data is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on we claim this data is going to be
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's see what it's almost the same data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what it's almost the same data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what it's almost the same data
+so they agree in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they agree in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they agree in a
+94%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94%
+um yes almost one the perfect regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes almost one the perfect regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yes almost one the perfect regression
+so this is a good proxy uh we could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a good proxy uh we could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a good proxy uh we could also
+plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot
+them um in a linear um in a regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um in a linear um in a regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them um in a linear um in a regression
+plot just um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's like this and we see how the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this and we see how the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like this and we see how the data
+mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+agrees okay and now finally I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees okay and now finally I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agrees okay and now finally I want to
+combine these two columns so create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these two columns so create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine these two columns so create a
+new column in your data frame where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new column in your data frame where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new column in your data frame where you
+got feel the mean annual temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got feel the mean annual temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got feel the mean annual temperature
+variable with the map data you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with the map data you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with the map data you just
+extracted so what I want to do here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted so what I want to do here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted so what I want to do here is
+to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use
+so mainly use this field experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mainly use this field experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mainly use this field experimental
+data but use the map to Gap fill these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but use the map to Gap fill these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data but use the map to Gap fill these
+empty spaces that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty spaces that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty spaces that I have
+here to do so I'm going to use code that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to do so I'm going to use code that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to do so I'm going to use code that
+I already half which uses um a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already half which uses um a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I already half which uses um a for
+Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+faster okay what I'm doing is to uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay what I'm doing is to uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay what I'm doing is to uh this
+state I'm going to change the code using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I'm going to change the code using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I'm going to change the code using
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+tool so what initially was General DB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool so what initially was General DB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool so what initially was General DB
+now it's going to be cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's going to be cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's going to be cold
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the section which is what I selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the section which is what I selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the section which is what I selected
+and replace them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and replace them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and replace them
+all yes four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all yes four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all yes four
+occurrences okay and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences okay and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrences okay and now the
+data so what I'm going to be doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so what I'm going to be doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data so what I'm going to be doing is
+I'm asking R to gener generate this four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking R to gener generate this four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm asking R to gener generate this four
+Loop that goes from 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop that goes from 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loop that goes from 1 to
+159 which is the number of rows that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+159 which is the number of rows that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+159 which is the number of rows that I
+have and I'm saying saying if this is na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I'm saying saying if this is na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and I'm saying saying if this is na
+so it's an empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an empty
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh if this variable is an empty space go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this variable is an empty space go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this variable is an empty space go
+to the same variable and fill this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same variable and fill this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same variable and fill this
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you will find here and if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will find here and if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will find here and if that's
+not an NA just leave it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is you could even erase this part so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could even erase this part so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could even erase this part so
+like we could not need this else part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we could not need this else part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we could not need this else part
+because it's basically leaving the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's basically leaving the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's basically leaving the thing
+as they are so you could decide to erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they are so you could decide to erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they are so you could decide to erase
+this and things would work either way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and things would work either way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and things would work either way so
+I'm going to make this run maybe it give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make this run maybe it give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to make this run maybe it give
+us some error it seem that it it went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us some error it seem that it it went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us some error it seem that it it went
+smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay now we see that this variable here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we see that this variable here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we see that this variable here
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+have Nas because we filled this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Nas because we filled this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Nas because we filled this
+information with information coming here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with information coming here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information with information coming here
+in this case I have destroyed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I have destroyed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case I have destroyed the
+initial variable meaning that now we no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial variable meaning that now we no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial variable meaning that now we no
+longer have the variable with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer have the variable with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer have the variable with these
+spaces I could have created a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces I could have created a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces I could have created a new
+variable which is what I'm I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is what I'm I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which is what I'm I'm going to
+do now just for you to to see it and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now just for you to to see it and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now just for you to to see it and to
+compare things better so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare things better so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare things better so I'm going to
+rerun the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rerun the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rerun the whole
+code a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way like this is are the advantages of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like this is are the advantages of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way like this is are the advantages of r
+that you can rerun things pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can rerun things pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can rerun things pretty easy
+and now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now instead of
+of rearranging things on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rearranging things on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of rearranging things on top of the
+variable that are already existed I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that are already existed I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that are already existed I'm
+going to create a new one that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a new one that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to create a new one that's going
+to be called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+new going to redo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+process now we have this new code this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now we have this new code this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process now we have this new code this
+new column here and so when we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new column here and so when we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new column here and so when we have an
+NA it's always the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NA it's always the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NA it's always the same
+as mat but in the on that we have na
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mat but in the on that we have na
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mat but in the on that we have na
+we've used this one instead and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used this one instead and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've used this one instead and this is
+a very efficient way that we have to Gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very efficient way that we have to Gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very efficient way that we have to Gap
+fi data coming from from map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Gp94Hph_-BU.txt b/Gp94Hph_-BU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7ed897da6d5c18ff3557b581d92e6967169279c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Gp94Hph_-BU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3233 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Monday's lecture
+was all linear equations.
+
+And I thought I
+would start today
+
+with nonlinear equations,
+still first order.
+
+And we can't deal with
+every nonlinear equation.
+
+That's too much to ask.
+
+These are going
+to be made easier
+
+by a property
+called "separable."
+
+So these will be separable
+nonlinear equations.
+
+And let me start with
+a couple of examples
+
+and then you'll
+see the whole idea.
+
+So one example would be the
+simplest nonlinear equation
+
+I can think of,
+with a y squared.
+
+So how to get there?
+
+Here's the trick.
+
+This is the separable idea.
+
+You're going to
+see it in one shot.
+
+We can separate, put
+the Ys on one side
+
+and the Ds on the other.
+
+So I write this as dy
+over y squared equal dt.
+
+I put the dt up and
+brought the y squared down.
+
+So now they're
+separated, in a kind
+
+of hookie way with
+infinitesimals.
+
+But I'll makes sense out
+of that by integrating.
+
+I'll integrate both sides.
+
+I'll integrate time from 0 to t.
+
+And I have an initial
+condition, y of 0, always.
+
+And since this one is about y,
+when t starts at 0, this guy
+
+starts at y of 0, up
+to, this ends at t,
+
+so this ends at y of t.
+
+OK.
+
+Now the point is, also
+the problem was nonlinear,
+
+we've got two separate
+ordinary integrals to do.
+
+And we can do them.
+
+We can certainly do
+the right hand side.
+
+I get t.
+
+And on the left hand
+side, what do I get?
+
+Well, that maybe I better
+leave a little space
+
+to figure out this one.
+
+But the point is we can
+integrate 1 over y squared.
+
+And I guess we get
+minus 1 over y.
+
+So I get minus 1 over y
+between y of 0 and y of t.
+
+In other words, I'm
+getting let's see,
+
+so what the right, the
+derivative of the integral of 1
+
+over y squared is minus
+1 over y because I always
+
+check the derivative
+gives me that back.
+
+So now I'm ready to
+plug-in those limits.
+
+So I'll do the
+bottom limit first
+
+because it comes with a minus
+sign, canceling that minus, 1
+
+over y of 0 minus 1 over y of t.
+
+Got it.
+
+And that equals the other
+integral, which is just t.
+
+So that's the answer as it
+comes directly from integration.
+
+And we can do more.
+
+You can see that finding the
+solution when these things are
+
+separable has boiled
+down to two integrals.
+
+And we could have a
+function of t here, too.
+
+And that would be
+allowed, a function of t
+
+multiplying this
+guy, because then I
+
+would leave the function
+of t on that side.
+
+And I would have
+to integrate that.
+
+And I would bring the y.
+
+You see, I've just
+separated the y.
+
+In general, these
+equations look like dy, dt
+
+is some function of t divided
+by some function of y.
+
+Maybe the book
+calls the top one g,
+
+I think, and the bottom one f.
+
+And everybody in this room
+sees that I can put the f of y
+
+up there.
+
+I can put the dt up there.
+
+And I've separated it.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's sort of the
+general situation.
+
+This is a kind of nice example,
+nice example, dy, dt equals
+
+y squared.
+
+Can we just play with
+this a little bit?
+
+Let me take y of 0 to be 1,
+just to make the numbers easy.
+
+So if y of 0 is 1,
+then I have, I'll
+
+just keep going a little bit.
+
+You do have to keep
+going a little bit
+
+because when you finish
+the integral right there,
+
+you haven't got y equal.
+
+You've got some equation
+that involves y,
+
+but you have to solve for y.
+
+So I have to solve
+that equation for y.
+
+Let me just do it.
+
+So how would I solve it?
+
+And let me take y of 0 to be 1.
+
+So now, if I just write
+it below, I'm at 1 minus 1
+
+over y equals t.
+
+Good?
+
+So I'm going to put the 1 over
+y of t on that side and the t
+
+on that side.
+
+So if I just continue here,
+I've got 1 over y of t
+
+on this side and, do I have
+1 minus t on that side?
+
+Yeah.
+
+Looking good.
+
+So solution starting from
+y of 0 equal 1 is y of t
+
+equal 1 over 1 minus t.
+
+You could do that.
+
+You could do that.
+
+And I can always, like, mentally
+I check the algebra at t
+
+equals 0.
+
+That gives me the answer, 1.
+
+But let's step back and
+look at that answer.
+
+I mean, that's part of
+differential equations
+
+is to do some algebra, if
+possible, and get to a formula.
+
+But if we don't think
+about the formula,
+
+we haven't learned anything.
+
+Right there, yes.
+
+Good.
+
+So what happens?
+
+I want to compare with
+the linear case that
+
+was like e to the t.
+
+This was y prime equal y, right?
+
+And that led to e to the t.
+
+Y prime equals y squared
+leads to that one.
+
+So first observation.
+
+I haven't got exponentials
+anymore in that solution.
+
+Exponentials are
+just like perfection
+
+for linear equations.
+
+For nonlinear equations,
+we get other functions.
+
+Professor Fry had a
+hyperbolic tangent function
+
+in his first lecture.
+
+Other things happen.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, how do those
+compare if I graph those?
+
+It's just like, why not try?
+
+So they both started at 1.
+
+And e to the t went
+up exponentially.
+
+E to the t.
+
+And, I don't know,
+we use exponential.
+
+In our minds, we think,
+that's pretty fast growth.
+
+! mean, that's the common
+expression, grew exponentially.
+
+But here, this guy
+is going to grow
+
+faster because y is going
+to be bigger than 1.
+
+So y squared is going
+to be bigger than y.
+
+That one's going to grow faster.
+
+Faster than exponential.
+
+This has the exponential growth.
+
+Pretty fast.
+
+Polynomial, of course,
+some parabola or something
+
+would be hanging way down
+here, left behind in the dust.
+
+But this 1 over
+1 minus t, that's
+
+going to grow really fast.
+
+And what's more, it's
+going to go to infinity.
+
+So that y prime equal
+y squared, the solution
+
+to that doesn't
+just-- e to the t
+
+goes to infinity
+at time infinity.
+
+At any finite time,
+we get an answer.
+
+Eventually, at t equal infinity,
+it's gone above every bound.
+
+But this one, 1 over 1 minus
+t is what I want to graph now.
+
+I believe that that takes
+off and at a certain point,
+
+capital T, it's
+going to infinity.
+
+It's blown up.
+
+So it's blow up in finite time.
+
+Blow up in finite time.
+
+And what is that time?
+
+What's the time at which the
+y prime equal y squared has
+
+taken off, gone off the charts?
+
+T equal--
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: --1.
+
+Because when t reaches
+1, I have 1 over 0,
+
+and I'm dividing by 0,
+and so that's the blow up.
+
+Finite time blow up.
+
+OK.
+
+So this can happen for
+some nonlinear equations.
+
+It wouldn't happen
+for a linear equation.
+
+For a linear equation,
+exponentials are in control.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's one nice example.
+
+Oh, another nice thing
+about that example.
+
+Well, I say nice if you're
+OK with infinite series.
+
+I just want to compare.
+
+The book mentions the
+infinite series for these guys
+
+because that's an old way to
+solve differential equations is
+
+term-by-term in an
+infinite series.
+
+It's sort of fun to
+see the two series.
+
+Well, because they're the two
+most important series in math.
+
+Actually, they're the two series
+that everybody should know.
+
+The power series,
+Taylor series--
+
+whatever word you want to
+give it for those two guys.
+
+So let me do them.
+
+E to the t, I'll put that one
+first, and 1 over 1 minus t.
+
+These are the great
+series of math.
+
+Shall I just write them down
+and sort of talk through them?
+
+Because this is not a lecture
+on infinite series by any means.
+
+But having these
+two in front of us,
+
+coming from these two
+beautiful equations,
+
+y prime equal y squared
+and y prime equal y,
+
+I can't resist seeing what
+they look like this way.
+
+So e to the t, do you
+remember e to the t?
+
+It starts at 1.
+
+What's the slope of e to the t?
+
+At t equals 0.
+
+So I'm doing everything--
+this series is
+
+going to be, both
+of the series are
+
+going to be, around t equals 0.
+
+That's my, like, starting point.
+
+So this e to the t
+thing has a tangent.
+
+It has a slope there.
+
+And what's the slope of
+e to the t at t equals 0?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: 1.
+
+It's derivative.
+
+The derivative of e to
+the t is e to the t.
+
+The slope is 1.
+
+So that tangent line
+has coefficient 1.
+
+That's how it starts.
+
+That's the linear approximation.
+
+That's the heart of
+calculus, is this.
+
+But we're going to go better.
+
+We're going to
+get the next term.
+
+So what's the next term?
+
+That gave us the tangent line.
+
+Now I'm going to move
+to the tangent parabola.
+
+So the parabola has
+got another is still
+
+going to be below
+the real thing.
+
+Can I squeeze in the
+words "line" and "parab,"
+
+for "parabola?"
+
+Parabola has bending.
+
+I'm really explaining
+the Taylor series
+
+in what I hope is
+a sensible way.
+
+Here is the starting point.
+
+This has the slope.
+
+The next term has the bending.
+
+The bending comes
+from what derivative?
+
+What derivative tells
+us about bending?
+
+Second derivative.
+
+Second derivative tells
+us how much it curves.
+
+Well, the second derivative of
+e to the t is still e to the t.
+
+So the bending is 1.
+
+The bending is also 1.
+
+Now that comes in with
+a factor of a 1/2.
+
+There is the tangent parabola.
+
+And you will see what
+these numbers become.
+
+Let me just go to,
+the third derivative
+
+would be responsible
+for the t cubed term.
+
+And its coefficient would
+be 1 over 3 factorial.
+
+So 2 is the same as 2 factorial.
+
+3 factorial is 3
+times 2 times 16.
+
+So the numbers here go 1, 6, 24,
+120, whatever the next one is.
+
+720 or something.
+
+They grow fast.
+
+So that series always
+gives a finite answer.
+
+It does grow with t.
+
+But it doesn't spike with t.
+
+Now compare that famous series.
+
+And of course, this
+is 1 over 1 factorial,
+
+everything consistent.
+
+Compare that with the
+series for 1 over 1 minus t.
+
+That's the other famous series
+that they learned in algebra.
+
+I'll just write it.
+
+That's 1 plus t plus t
+squared plus t cubed plus 1
+
+so on, with coefficient 1.
+
+This had 1 over n factorials.
+
+Those make the series converge.
+
+These don't have
+the n factorials.
+
+This is 1, 1, 1, 1.
+
+And, well, I could
+check that formula.
+
+But do you remember the
+name for that series?
+
+1 plus t plus t squared
+plus t cubed plus so on?
+
+Algebra is taught differently
+in many high schools now.
+
+And maybe that never got a name.
+
+I guess I would call it
+the Geometric series.
+
+Geometric series.
+
+And you see, it's beautiful.
+
+It's the other important series.
+
+But it's quite
+different from this one
+
+because, what's the
+difference about this series?
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: It goes to infinity.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's a--
+
+AUDIENCE: It goes to infinity.
+
+PROFESSOR: It goes to infinity.
+
+But where?
+
+At what time?
+
+At what value of t is this
+sum going to fall apart?
+
+Blow up?
+
+At t equal 1.
+
+When have 1 plus 1 plus 1
+plus 1, I'm getting infinity.
+
+So this blows up.
+
+And of course, we see that it
+should because this blows up.
+
+Left side blows up at t equal
+1, the right side blows up a t
+
+equal 1.
+
+Where the exponential
+series, which
+
+is the heart of ordinary
+differential equations,
+
+never blows up because of these
+big numbers in the denominator.
+
+OK, I'm good for this first
+simple example, y prime equals
+
+y squared.
+
+It has so much in it,
+it's worth thinking about.
+
+I'm ready, you OK
+for a second example?
+
+A second important
+separable equation.
+
+I'm going to pick one.
+
+So I'm going to pick an
+equation that starts out
+
+with our familiar linear growth.
+
+This could be, you
+know, last time
+
+it was growth of
+money in a bank.
+
+It could be growth
+of population.
+
+The number of, to a sum
+first approximation,
+
+the rate of growth
+of the population
+
+comes from, like,
+births minus deaths.
+
+And with modern medicine,
+births are a larger number
+
+than deaths.
+
+So a is positive,
+and that grows.
+
+But if we're talking
+about the, I mean,
+
+the United Nations
+tries to predict,
+
+everybody tries to
+predict, population
+
+of the world in future years.
+
+And so this could be called
+the Population Equation.
+
+But just to leave it as pure
+exponential is obviously wrong.
+
+The world can't grow forever.
+
+The population
+can't grow forever.
+
+And the, I guess I hope it
+doesn't grow like 1 over 1
+
+minus t.
+
+So this is at least
+a little slower.
+
+But somehow competition for
+space, competition for food,
+
+for oil, for water-- which
+is going to be the big one--
+
+is in here.
+
+Competition here, of
+people versus people,
+
+a reasonable term, a
+first approximation,
+
+is a y squared, with a
+minus, is a y squared
+
+and with some coefficient.
+
+That's a very famous equation.
+
+A first model of
+population is it grows.
+
+But this is a competition
+term, y against y.
+
+And so, the same
+would be true if we
+
+were talking about epidemics.
+
+That's a big subject with
+ordinary differential
+
+equations, epidemiology.
+
+Or say, flu.
+
+How does flu spread?
+
+And how does it get cured?
+
+So partly, people are
+getting over the flu.
+
+But then y against y is
+telling us how many infected,
+
+how many new infections.
+
+So we would like to
+solve that equation.
+
+And it's separable.
+
+I can do what I did
+before, dy over ay minus by
+
+squared equal dt.
+
+And I can integrate,
+starting from year of 0.
+
+Well, why don't we
+start from year 2014,
+
+with the population y at
+now-- the present population?
+
+That would be a model that
+the UN would consider using.
+
+That other people with
+very important interest
+
+in measuring population and
+measuring every resource
+
+would need equations like this.
+
+And then they would
+put on more terms,
+
+like a term for immigration.
+
+All sorts, many improvements
+have to go into this equation.
+
+Let me just look
+at this as it is.
+
+Well, I've got two choices here.
+
+Well, it's this integral
+that I'm looking at.
+
+That is a doable integral.
+
+It's the type of integral that
+we saw in the Rocket problem.
+
+The Rocket problem was
+more constant minus.
+
+This was a drag term, when
+we were looking at rockets.
+
+And this was a
+constant, say, gravity.
+
+So it was still a second degree.
+
+Still second degree,
+but a little different.
+
+This has the linear in
+second degree terms.
+
+If you look up that
+integral, you'll find it.
+
+Or there's a systematic
+way to do it.
+
+That's in 1801, I guess,
+called partial fractions.
+
+It's not a lot of fun.
+
+I don't plan to do it.
+
+It's in the book.
+
+Has to be because that's
+the way you can integr-- you
+
+can integrate polynomials
+over polynomials
+
+by partial fractions.
+
+That's what they're
+for, but there's
+
+a neat way to do this one.
+
+There's a neat trick
+that Bernoulli discovered
+
+to solve that equation, to
+turn it into a linear equation.
+
+And of course, if we can turn
+it into a linear equation,
+
+we're on our way.
+
+So the neat trick is
+let z be 1 over y.
+
+You can put this in the
+category of lucky accidents,
+
+if you like.
+
+So now I want an equation for z.
+
+So I know that dz, dt if I
+take the derivative of that,
+
+that's y to the minus 1.
+
+So it's minus 1 y to
+the minus 2 dy, dt.
+
+That's the chain rule.
+
+Take the derivative of 1 over 1,
+you get minus 1 over y squared.
+
+Multiply by the derivative
+of what's inside.
+
+That's the chain rule.
+
+OK.
+
+So I plan to substitute
+those in here.
+
+So dy, dt, let's see.
+
+Can you see me?
+
+You can probably do
+it better than me.
+
+So dy, dt is minus.
+
+I'll bring that up.
+
+Dy, dt I'm going to
+put-- I hope this'll
+
+work all right-- for dy,
+dt, I'm going to put in dz.
+
+Using this, I'm going to
+put minus y squared dz, dt.
+
+Did that look right?
+
+I don't think I'm
+necessarily doing
+
+this the most brilliant way.
+
+But dy, dt-- I put this up here
+and I got that-- equals ay.
+
+So that's a over z.
+
+Oh, y Is 1 over z.
+
+So get this, I want all Zs now.
+
+So that's this part.
+
+And ay is over z
+minus by squared
+
+is minus b over z squared.
+
+Would you say OK to that?
+
+I've got Zs now, instead of Ys.
+
+I just took every term and
+replaced y by 1 over z.
+
+Y is 1 over z and dy,
+dt I can get that way.
+
+OK.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Now what?
+
+Now look what happens, if I
+multiply through by z squared
+
+or by minus z squared.
+
+Let me multiply through
+by minus z squared.
+
+I get dz, dt.
+
+Multiplying by minus z
+squared gives me a minus az.
+
+And what do I get
+when I multiply
+
+this one by minus z squared?
+
+AUDIENCE: Plus b.
+
+PROFESSOR: I get plus b.
+
+Look what happened.
+
+By this, like, some magic trick.
+
+You could say, all right.
+
+That was just a one time shot.
+
+But it was a good one.
+
+We ended up with a
+linear equation for z.
+
+A linear equation for z.
+
+And we solved that
+equation last time.
+
+So let me squeeze in
+the solution for z,
+
+and then elsewhere.
+
+So what was the
+solution for z of t?
+
+It was some multiple
+of, no, yeah.
+
+This is perfect
+review of last time.
+
+We have a constant times z.
+
+And so that's going to
+go into the exponential.
+
+This will be the, it's
+a minus a, notice.
+
+That will be the, what
+part of the solution
+
+is that one called?
+
+That's the null solution.
+
+The null solution, when b is o.
+
+And now I add in a
+particular solution.
+
+A particular solution.
+
+And one good particular
+solution is choose the z
+
+to be a constant.
+
+Then that'll be 0.
+
+So I want that to be 0.
+
+So what constant z makes that 0?
+
+I think it's b
+over a, don't you?
+
+I think b over a.
+
+Does that work good?
+
+That's every null solution
+plus one particular solution.
+
+Let me say now,
+and I'll say again,
+
+looking for solutions which
+are steady states, b over
+
+a-- of this particular solution,
+that particular solution made
+
+this 0.
+
+So it made this 0.
+
+So it's a solution that's
+not going anywhere.
+
+It's a constant solution.
+
+It's a solution that
+can live for all time.
+
+OK.
+
+B over a.
+
+Let me put that word
+there, steady state.
+
+OK.
+
+And now I would want to match
+the initial conditions using c.
+
+Yeah.
+
+I'd better do that.
+
+OK.
+
+And I have to get back to y.
+
+I have y is 1 over z.
+
+So I'm going to have to
+flip this upside down.
+
+I'm going to have to
+flip this upside down is
+
+what will actually happen.
+
+Let me make it easy to flip.
+
+Let me, I'll change c,
+which is just some constant
+
+to some constant d over a.
+
+So then it's a is
+everywhere down below.
+
+And I just write it
+here in the middle.
+
+That makes it easier to flip.
+
+So finally I get their solution.
+
+Solution to the
+population equation.
+
+But that's the famous word
+for it, the Logistic equation.
+
+This is section 1.7 of the
+text on the differential
+
+equations in linear algebra.
+
+It's a very, very
+much studied example.
+
+It's a great example.
+
+It fits the growth of
+human population with some,
+
+it's our first
+level approximation
+
+to growth of or other
+populations or other things.
+
+It's a linear term giving
+us exponential growth,
+
+and a quadratic term of
+competition slowing it down.
+
+And let's see that slow down.
+
+So now that was
+a bit of algebra.
+
+Much nicer than
+partial fractions.
+
+The bit of algebra just came
+from this idea of going to z.
+
+And now I want to go back to y.
+
+So y is 1 over z.
+
+So it's a over d e to
+the minus at plus b.
+
+That's our solution.
+
+A and b came out
+of the equation.
+
+And d is going to
+be the number that
+
+makes the initial value correct.
+
+So at t equals 0, I would
+have y of 0, whatever
+
+the initial population
+is, is a over d.
+
+T Is 0, so that's just 1 plus b.
+
+So that tells me what d is.
+
+D equals something.
+
+It comes from y of 0.
+
+So the answer, let me
+circle that answer.
+
+That answer has three
+numbers in it, a, b, and d.
+
+a and b come from the equation.
+
+D also involves the
+initial starting thing,
+
+which is exactly what it showed.
+
+So you could say
+we've solved it.
+
+But if you ever solve
+an equation like this,
+
+you want to graph it.
+
+You want to graph it.
+
+So let me draw its graph.
+
+This is important picture.
+
+So here is time.
+
+Here is population.
+
+Here's, maybe it started there.
+
+This is times 0.
+
+And now I want to graph this.
+
+I want to graph that function.
+
+Really, this is where
+we're going somewhere.
+
+What happens for a long time?
+
+At t equal infinity, what
+happens to the population?
+
+Does it grow, like e to the t?
+
+Just remember the examples here.
+
+We had a growth like e to the t.
+
+We had a growth faster than e
+to the t that actually blew up.
+
+What about this guy?
+
+What will happen as t goes to
+infinity with that population?
+
+It goes to?
+
+AUDIENCE: A over b.
+
+PROFESSOR: A over b.
+
+A over b.
+
+That's the key number
+in the whole thing.
+
+It keeps growing, but it
+never passes a over b.
+
+This is y at infinity.
+
+That's the final population.
+
+So how does it do this?
+
+If I draw this graph-- and
+what about negative time?
+
+Let's go backwards in time.
+
+What is it at t
+equals minus infinity?
+
+Then you really see
+the whole curve.
+
+At t equal minus infinity,
+what is this doing?
+
+AUDIENCE: 0 infinity.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's 0.
+
+Good.
+
+Good.
+
+Good.
+
+T equal minus infinity,
+this is enormous.
+
+This is blowing up.
+
+It's in the denominator.
+
+We're dividing by it.
+
+So the whole thing
+is going to 0.
+
+So here's what the
+logistic curve looks like.
+
+It creeps up.
+
+And it's beautifully, there's
+a point of symmetry here.
+
+The growth is increasing here.
+
+And then, as a point of
+inflection you could say,
+
+growth is bending
+upwards for a while.
+
+At this point, it starts
+bending downwards.
+
+From that point on, ooh,
+let's see if I can draw it.
+
+It'll get closer, and
+exponentially close.
+
+That wasn't a bad picture.
+
+The population here is half way.
+
+Here, the population, the
+final population, is a over b.
+
+And just by beautiful symmetry,
+the population here is a 1/2
+
+of a over b.
+
+At this point.
+
+If this was the actual
+population of the world
+
+we live in-- I think we're
+pretty close to this point.
+
+I believe, well, of course,
+nobody knows the numbers,
+
+unfortunately, because
+the model isn't perfect.
+
+If the model was perfect, then
+we could just takes the census
+
+and we would know a and b.
+
+But the model isn't that great.
+
+But it's sort of, we're at
+a very interesting time,
+
+close to a very
+interesting time.
+
+I believe that with reasonable
+numbers, this a over b
+
+might be maybe 12 billion.
+
+And we might be, I think we're
+a little above six billion.
+
+I think so.
+
+So we're a little bit past it.
+
+This is now.
+
+This is halfway.
+
+That's the halfway point.
+
+It's perfectly symmetric.
+
+It's called an S curve.
+
+And many, many equations in
+math biology involve S curves.
+
+So math biology often gives
+rise, with simple models,
+
+to a kind of problem
+we've had here
+
+with a quadratic term
+slowing things down.
+
+Enzymes, all kinds of.
+
+Ordinary differential
+equations are core ideas
+
+in a lot of topics, lot
+of areas of science.
+
+OK.
+
+Do I want to say more about
+the logistic equation?
+
+I guess I do want to
+distinguish one thing.
+
+Yeah.
+
+One thing about logistic
+equations and will of course
+
+come back to this.
+
+OK.
+
+Let me look at that
+logistic equation.
+
+Here's my equation.
+
+So I've managed to solve it.
+
+Fine.
+
+Great.
+
+Even graph it.
+
+But let me come back
+to the question,
+
+suppose I just look at.
+
+I can see two constant
+solutions, two steady states,
+
+two solutions where
+the derivative is 0.
+
+So nothing will happen.
+
+So in other words, I want to set
+this thing set to 0 equal to 0
+
+to find steady solutions.
+
+Steady means the
+derivative is 0.
+
+So this side has to be 0.
+
+So what are the two possible
+steady states where, if y of 0
+
+is there, it'll stay there?
+
+AUDIENCE: 0.
+
+PROFESSOR: 0.
+
+Y equals 0 is one.
+
+And the other?
+
+AUDIENCE: A over b.
+
+PROFESSOR: Is a over b.
+
+So steady equal to 0.
+
+And I get two steady states.
+
+Let me call them
+capital Y equals 0
+
+because that's certainly 0
+of, if we have 0 population,
+
+we'll never move.
+
+Or setting this to
+0, ay is by squared
+
+cancel y's divide by b a over b.
+
+So the two steady
+states are here.
+
+That's a steady state and
+that's a steady state.
+
+Those are the only
+two in this problem.
+
+You see how easy that was
+to find the steady states?
+
+That's an important thing to do.
+
+And then the other important
+thing to do is to decide,
+
+are those steady states stable?
+
+When the population's
+near a steady state,
+
+does it approach that, does
+it go toward that steady state
+
+or away?
+
+So what's the answer?
+
+For this steady state, that
+steady state, y is a over b.
+
+Is that stable or unstable?
+
+So I'll write the word stable.
+
+And I'm prepared to put in "un,"
+unstable, if you want me to.
+
+This is a key, key idea.
+
+And with nonlinear
+equations, you
+
+can answer this stability
+stuff without formulas.
+
+Without formulas.
+
+That's the nice thing.
+
+And then that comes
+in a later class.
+
+But here's a perfect example.
+
+So do we approach this
+answer or do we leave it?
+
+We approach it, the solutions.
+
+This is stable, yes.
+
+And here's the other
+stationary point,
+
+capital Y. The other steady
+state is that nothing happens.
+
+So now if I'm close to that, if
+y is a little number, like 2,
+
+will that 2 drop to 0, will
+it approach this steady state,
+
+or will it leave it?
+
+AUDIENCE: Leave it.
+
+PROFESSOR: Leave it.
+
+So this steady state is.
+
+AUDIENCE: Unstable.
+
+PROFESSOR: Unstable.
+
+Unstable.
+
+Right.
+
+Right.
+
+With linear equations,
+we really only
+
+had one steady state, like 0.
+
+Once it started, it
+took off forever.
+
+Here, it doesn't
+go infinitely high.
+
+It bends down again
+to that limit,
+
+that carrying capacity is
+what it's called, a over b.
+
+I guess I hope you
+think a nonlinear
+
+equation like got a
+little more to it.
+
+Little more interesting, but
+a little more complicated,
+
+than linear equations.
+
+Yep.
+
+Yep.
+
+Yep.
+
+And similarly, the
+rocket equation, we
+
+could at the right time soon in
+the course, ask the same thing,
+
+a rocket equation was
+something like that.
+
+What are the steady states?
+
+Are they stable?
+
+Are they unstable?
+
+Can you find a formula?
+
+Here.
+
+This.
+
+We got a formula.
+
+And there are other nonlinear
+equations, which we'll see.
+
+OK.
+
+I could create more
+separable equations,
+
+but I guess I hope that you
+see with separable equations,
+
+you just separate them
+and integrate a y integral
+
+and a t integral.
+
+Is that OK any question on
+this nonlinear separable stuff?
+
+Differential equations
+courses and the subject
+
+tends to be types of
+equations as can solve.
+
+And then there are a hell of a
+lot of equations that are not
+
+on anybody's list, where
+you could maybe solve them
+
+by an infinite series, but
+not by functions that we know.
+
+OK.
+
+I'm ready to do the
+other topic for today.
+
+It's the topic that I
+left incomplete on Monday.
+
+So I'm staying with
+first order equations,
+
+but actually this topic is
+essential for second order
+
+equations.
+
+So I'm going to
+topic two for today.
+
+So topic two will
+involve complex numbers.
+
+So we have to deal
+with complex numbers.
+
+And the purpose of introducing
+these complex numbers
+
+is to deal with what we met
+last time when the right hand
+
+side, the forcing
+term, was a cosine.
+
+Typical alternating current,
+oscillating, rotating,
+
+rotation.
+
+All these things
+produce trig functions.
+
+Maybe rotation is more of
+a mechanical engineering
+
+phenomenon.
+
+Alternating current more
+of an EE phenomenon.
+
+But they're always there.
+
+And what was the point?
+
+The point was we had
+some linear equation,
+
+and we had some forcing by
+something like cos omega t.
+
+Or it could be A cos omega
+t and B sine omega t.
+
+Either just cosine alone, or
+maybe these come together.
+
+And then the
+solution was y equals
+
+some combination
+of those same guys.
+
+In other words,
+what I'm saying is
+
+cosines are nice right
+hand forcing functions.
+
+Fortunately, because we
+see them all the time.
+
+But they do lead to
+cosines and sines.
+
+I emphasized that last time.
+
+If we just have cosines
+in the forcing function,
+
+we can't expect that
+there's any damping,
+
+we can't expect only cosines.
+
+We have to expect some sines.
+
+In other words, we have to
+deal with combinations of them.
+
+And the question is, how do you
+understand cos omega t plus 3.
+
+Or let me take a first example.
+
+Example-- cos t plus sine t.
+
+That's a perfect example.
+
+So what is omega here in this
+example that I'm starting with?
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: 1.
+
+So I just read off
+the coefficient of t
+
+is 1, 1 hertz here.
+
+But we have got
+this combination.
+
+And the question is, how do
+we understand that cosine
+
+plus sine?
+
+Two very simple functions, but
+they're added, unfortunately.
+
+And there's a much
+better way to write this
+
+so you really see it.
+
+You really see this.
+
+That's called a sinusoid.
+
+And the rule that
+want to focus on now
+
+is that everything of that kind,
+of this kind, of this kind,
+
+of a cosine plus a sine, can
+be compressed into one term.
+
+One term.
+
+Of course, it's got
+to have two constants
+
+to choose because
+that had an a and a b.
+
+This had an m and an n.
+
+This had a 1 and a 1.
+
+But the term I'm looking
+for is some number R
+
+times a pure cosine of omega
+t, but with a phase shift.
+
+So you see there are two
+numbers here to choose.
+
+It's really like going
+from rectangular to polar.
+
+Say in complex
+numbers, let's just
+
+remember the first fact
+about a complex number.
+
+If the real part is 3, and the
+imaginary part is, let's say 2,
+
+then here's a complex
+number, 3 plus 2 i.
+
+So this was the real axis.
+
+This was the imaginary axis.
+
+I went along 3, I went up
+2, I got to that number.
+
+There it is.
+
+I plotted the number 3 plus
+2 i in the complex plane.
+
+And for me, that number
+3 plus and so on,
+
+really saying
+something important.
+
+And maybe it's not entirely new.
+
+I'm saying something important
+about complex numbers,
+
+this is their rectangular form.
+
+Something plus something.
+
+That form is nice to add
+to another complex number.
+
+If I added 3 plus 2 i to 1
+plus i, what would I get?
+
+AUDIENCE: 4 plus 3 i.
+
+PROFESSOR: 4 plus 3 i.
+
+But if I multiply,
+multiply, 3 plus 2 i times,
+
+let's say I square it.
+
+I multiply 3 plus
+2 i by 3 plus 2 i.
+
+What do I get?
+
+If I do it with this
+rectangular form, I get a mess.
+
+I can't see what's happening.
+
+It's the same over here.
+
+This is like having a 1
+and a 1, with an addition.
+
+This is like a polar
+form where it's one term.
+
+OK.
+
+So let me answer the
+question here and then let
+
+me answer the question there.
+
+And then you've got a good shot
+at what complex numbers can do,
+
+and why we like the polar form
+for squaring, for multiplying,
+
+for dividing.
+
+What's the polar form?
+
+Well, I'm using
+that word "polar"
+
+in the same way we
+use polar coordinates.
+
+What are the polar
+coordinates of this point?
+
+They're the radial
+distance, which is what?
+
+So what's that distance?
+
+That's the R you could say.
+
+It corresponds to this R here.
+
+So I'm just using Pythagoras.
+
+That hypotenuse is what?
+
+AUDIENCE: Square root of 13.
+
+PROFESSOR: Square root of 13.
+
+Thanks.
+
+9 plus 4, square root of 13.
+
+And what's the
+other number that's
+
+locating this in
+polar coordinates?
+
+The angle.
+
+And the angle.
+
+What can we say
+about that angle?
+
+Let's call it phi
+is-- what's the angle?
+
+Well, it's some number.
+
+It's between 0 and pi
+over 2, I'm sure of that.
+
+What do I know about that angle?
+
+I know that this
+is 2 and this is 3.
+
+So that's telling me the angle.
+
+Well, what is that really
+telling me immediately?
+
+It's telling me the.
+
+AUDIENCE: Tangent.
+
+PROFESSOR: Tangent of the angle.
+
+So the tangent of the
+angle is 2 over 3.
+
+And the magnitude is
+square root of 13.
+
+OK.
+
+So those beautiful
+numbers, 2 and 3,
+
+have become a little weirder.
+
+Square root of 13,
+inverse tangent of 2/3.
+
+You could say, well,
+that's not so nice.
+
+What was I going to do?
+
+I was going to try
+squaring that number.
+
+So if I square 3 plus 2 i, or
+if I take the 10th power of 3
+
+plus 2 i, or the exponential,
+all these things,
+
+then I'm happy with
+polar coordinates.
+
+Like, what would be the
+magnitude of the square?
+
+And where will the square
+of that number, so I want
+
+to put in 3 plus 2 i squared,
+which I can figure out
+
+in rectangular, of
+course-- a 9, and 6 i,
+
+or 12 i, or 4 i squared,
+stuff like that.
+
+It's not pleasant.
+
+What's the magnitude,
+what's the R for this guy?
+
+What's the size of
+that number squared?
+
+Yes?
+
+Say that again.
+
+AUDIENCE: 13.
+
+PROFESSOR: 13.
+
+Right.
+
+I just have to square this
+square root so I get 13.
+
+And the angle will be, what's
+the angle for the square there?
+
+I don't want a number.
+
+I guess I'm just doing this.
+
+R e to the i phi
+squared is R squared.
+
+And what's the angle here?
+
+E to the i phi squared
+is e to the 2 i phi.
+
+It's the angle doubled.
+
+E to the 2 i phi.
+
+The angle just went
+from phi to 2 phi.
+
+The lengths went from
+square root of 13 to 13.
+
+Squaring, multiplying is
+nice with complex numbers.
+
+Maybe can I before I go on
+and on about complex numbers,
+
+I should ask you, how many
+know all this already?
+
+Complex numbers are familiar?
+
+Mostly.
+
+Correctly, with a wiggle.
+
+OK.
+
+I won't go more about
+complex numbers.
+
+Let me come back to
+my question here.
+
+Let me come back
+to the application.
+
+So here it is with
+complex numbers.
+
+Here it is with sinusoids.
+
+And the little
+beautiful bit of math
+
+is that the sinusoid
+question goes completely
+
+parallel to the complex
+number question.
+
+So you have an idea on
+those complex numbers.
+
+We'll see them again.
+
+Let me go to this.
+
+So I want this to be
+the same as this, OK.
+
+Maybe I'm going to have to
+use a new board for this.
+
+Can I start a new board?
+
+So I want cos t
+plus sine t to be
+
+some number R times
+cosine of t 1.
+
+I can see omega's 1, so I just
+put to 1 minus some angle.
+
+OK.
+
+And I want to choose R and
+phi to make that right.
+
+You see what I like about it?
+
+This tells me the magnitude
+of the oscillation.
+
+It tells me how
+loud the station is.
+
+When I see cos t and,
+separately, sine t,
+
+or I might see 3
+cos t and 2 sine t.
+
+3 cos t is a cosine curve.
+
+2 sine t is a sine
+curve shifted by 90.
+
+I put them together, it
+bumps, it bumps, bumps.
+
+Not completely clear.
+
+It seems to me just beautiful
+that if I put together
+
+a cosine curve that we
+know, that starts at 0,
+
+with a sine curve
+that starts at 0,
+
+the combination
+is a cosine curve.
+
+Isn't that nice?
+
+I mean, you know,
+that sometimes math
+
+gets worse and worse
+whatever you do.
+
+But this is really nice that
+we can put the two into one.
+
+But you see, it's going
+to-- well, let's do it.
+
+What would R and phi be here?
+
+So I'll use a trig fact here.
+
+A cosine of a
+difference of angles,
+
+so this is R times cosine
+t, do you member this?
+
+This was the whole point
+of going to high school.
+
+Plus sine t sine phi.
+
+So now, how do I get R and phi?
+
+I use the same idea
+that worked last time.
+
+I match the cosine terms
+and I match the sine terms.
+
+So the cosine t has a 1.
+
+1 cosine t is R cos phi.
+
+That's what's
+multiplying cosine t.
+
+And the sine t has a 1.
+
+And that has to agree
+with R sine phi.
+
+So I'm in business if I
+solve those two equations.
+
+And well, they're
+not linear equations.
+
+But I can solve them.
+
+Of course, the one fact
+that you never forget
+
+is that sine squared
+plus cosine squared is 1.
+
+Right?
+
+So if I square that one, and
+square that one, and add,
+
+what will I get?
+
+1 squared and 1 squared will
+be 2, on the left hand side.
+
+On the right hand side, I'll
+have R squared cos squared,
+
+R squared cos squared, and
+plus R squared sine squared.
+
+And what's that?
+
+What's R squared cosine squared
+plus r squared sine squared?
+
+AUDIENCE: R squared.
+
+PROFESSOR: It's just R squared.
+
+So all that added
+up to R squared.
+
+In other words, it's just
+like polar coordinates.
+
+R is the square root of 2.
+
+That's telling us the
+magnitude of the response.
+
+Square root of 2.
+
+You see, it's just
+like complex numbers.
+
+It's like the cosine
+gave us a real part
+
+and the sine gave us
+an imaginary part.
+
+And R was the hypotenuse.
+
+And that's really nice.
+
+So R is the square root of 2.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, the angle is
+never quite as nice.
+
+But how can we get something
+about an angle out of there?
+
+All we could get
+in this case here
+
+was the tangent of the angle.
+
+And I'll be happy
+with that again here
+
+because it's a totally
+parallel question.
+
+How am I going to get
+the tangent of the angle?
+
+What do I have?
+
+From these two equations,
+I want to eliminate R.
+
+So how do I eliminate R?
+
+What do I do?
+
+Divide.
+
+Divide.
+
+I guess if I want
+tangent sine over cosine,
+
+I'll divide this one in the
+top by this one in the bottom.
+
+So I take the ratio.
+
+That'll cancel the Rs perfectly.
+
+It'll leave me with 10 phi.
+
+And here it happens to be 1.
+
+OK.
+
+So what have I learned?
+
+I've learned that when
+these two add up together,
+
+they equal what?
+
+R square root of 2.
+
+You see how easy it is.
+
+Square root of 2 came from
+the square root of 1 plus.
+
+It's like Pythagoras.
+
+Pythagoras going
+in circles, really.
+
+Times the cosine of t minus.
+
+And what is phi?
+
+Its tangent is 1, so
+what's the angle phi?
+
+AUDIENCE: Pi over 4.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pi over 4.
+
+Right.
+
+So that's the
+sinusoidal identity
+
+when the numbers are 1 and 1.
+
+But you saw the general rule.
+
+Let me just take it.
+
+Suppose this is the output, and
+cos omega t plus n sine omega
+
+t.
+
+What is the gain?
+
+What's the magnitude,
+the amplitude,
+
+the loudness of the volume in
+this when I'm tuning the radio?
+
+What's the R for this guy?
+
+What's this R?
+
+If we just follow the same idea.
+
+So if we have m times a
+cosine and n times a sine,
+
+what's your guess?
+
+What's your guess
+for R, the magnitude?
+
+I'm guessing a
+square root of what?
+
+Yeah?
+
+You got.
+
+What is it?
+
+n squared--
+
+[INTERPOSING VOICES]
+
+PROFESSOR: Plus n squared.
+
+Way to go.
+
+M squared plus N squared.
+
+And the angle is
+like the phase shift.
+
+I'm not great at
+graphing, but let
+
+me try to go back to
+my simple example.
+
+If I tried to add up on
+the same graph cosine
+
+t, which would start from 1 and
+drop to 0, go like that, right?
+
+Something like that
+would be cosine.
+
+And now I want to
+add sine t to that.
+
+So that climbs up to
+1 back to 0, down.
+
+And now if I add those
+two, this formula
+
+is telling me that
+it comes out neat.
+
+Neatly.
+
+That one plus that one is
+another sinusoid with height
+
+square root of 2.
+
+If I had different
+chalk, I've got
+
+at least a little bit different.
+
+But does it start here?
+
+Of course not.
+
+It starts here, I guess.
+
+But it goes up, right?
+
+Because this comes down,
+but this is going up.
+
+All together, it's up
+to, where is the peak?
+
+Where is the peak on the sum?
+
+So I'm adding, everybody
+sees what I'm doing?
+
+I'm adding a cosine
+curve and a sine curve.
+
+And it goes up.
+
+And where does it peak?
+
+What angle is it
+going to peek at?
+
+What's the biggest
+value this gets to?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: At pi
+over 4, it'll peak.
+
+At pi over 4, it'll be the
+cosine of 0, which is 1.
+
+It's height'll be the magnitude,
+the gain, square root of 2.
+
+So it'll peak at
+pi over 4, which
+
+is probably about there, right?
+
+Peak at pi over 4 and, I don't
+know if I got it right frankly.
+
+I did my best.
+
+That's the sum.
+
+That right there.
+
+The first key point is
+it's a perfect cosine.
+
+The second key point is
+it's a shifted cosine.
+
+The third key point
+is its magnitude
+
+is the square root of 1 squared
+plus 1 squared, or n squared
+
+plus n squared, or a
+squared plus b squared.
+
+So that's the
+sinusoidal identity.
+
+A key identity and being able to
+deal with forcing terms, source
+
+terms, that are sinusoids.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, I'm going to take
+one more step since we
+
+have just like 10
+minutes left, and let
+
+the number i get
+in here properly.
+
+Get a complex number
+to show up here.
+
+OK.
+
+Before I start on
+this, let me recap.
+
+Let me recap today's lecture.
+
+It started with nonlinear
+separable equations.
+
+And a great example was the
+logistic equation up there,
+
+with the S curve.
+
+That took half the lecture.
+
+The second half
+of the lecture has
+
+started with things
+real with sinusoids
+
+that are combinations
+of cosine and sine
+
+and has written them
+in a one term way.
+
+And now I want to
+get the same one term
+
+picture from using
+complex numbers.
+
+OK.
+
+OK.
+
+And everything I
+do would be based
+
+on this great fact from Euler
+that e to the i omega t.
+
+The real part is cosine omega t.
+
+And the imaginary
+part is sine omega t.
+
+That's a central formula.
+
+Let me draw it rather
+than proving it.
+
+Let me draw what that means.
+
+I'm in the complex plane again.
+
+Real part is the cosine.
+
+The imaginary part is the sine.
+
+That number there
+is e to the i omega
+
+t because it's got that real
+part and that imaginary part.
+
+And what's its magnitude?
+
+What's the R, the polar
+distance for cos omega t plus,
+
+for this number, which
+is for this number?
+
+What's the hypotenuse here?
+
+Everybody knows.
+
+AUDIENCE: 1.
+
+PROFESSOR: 1.
+
+Hypotenuse is 1.
+
+Cos squared plus
+sine squared is 1.
+
+So e to the i omega t is
+on a circle of radius 1.
+
+That's the most important
+circle in the complex world,
+
+the circle of radius 1.
+
+And all these points are on it.
+
+And their angles are omega t.
+
+And as t increases,
+the angle increases,
+
+and you go around the circle.
+
+You've seen it.
+
+Physics couldn't live
+without this model.
+
+OK.
+
+So that's basically
+what we have to know.
+
+And now, how do we use it?
+
+Well, the idea is to
+deal with the equation.
+
+Like, the equation I
+had last time was dy,
+
+dt equals y plus cos t.
+
+That gave us some trouble
+because the solution didn't
+
+just involve cosines,
+it also involved sines.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So I want to write that equation
+differently, in complex form.
+
+And this is the key point here.
+
+So I'm going to look
+at the equation dz,
+
+dt equals z plus e to the i t.
+
+Well, I'll make that
+cos omega t just
+
+to have a little more, the
+units are better, everything's
+
+better if I have
+a frequency there.
+
+Units of this are seconds
+and the units of this
+
+are 1 over seconds.
+
+Now, question.
+
+What's the relation
+between the solution
+
+z to that complex equation
+and the solution y
+
+to that equation?
+
+Of course, they
+have to be related,
+
+otherwise it was stupid to
+move to this complex one.
+
+My claim is that complex
+equation is easy to solve.
+
+And it gives us the answer
+to the real equation.
+
+And what's the connection
+between y and z?
+
+AUDIENCE: So y's the real part.
+
+PROFESSOR: Y is,
+exactly, say it again.
+
+AUDIENCE: The real part--
+
+PROFESSOR: Of z.
+
+Y is the real part of z.
+
+So that gives us an idea.
+
+Solve this equation and
+take it's real part.
+
+If I can solve this equation
+without getting into cosine
+
+and sine separately and
+matching, I can stay real.
+
+I solve the equation by
+totally real methods up to now.
+
+Now I'm going to say,
+here's another approach.
+
+Look at the complex
+equation, solve it,
+
+and take the real part.
+
+You may prefer one method.
+
+You may like to stay real.
+
+In a way, it's a little
+more straightforward.
+
+But the complex one is
+the one that will show us,
+
+it brings out this R,
+it brings out the gain,
+
+it brings out the
+important-- engineering
+
+quantities are important,
+if I do it this way.
+
+Now, I believe that the
+solution to that is easy.
+
+Actually, it is included
+in what I did last time.
+
+It's a linear equation
+with a forcing term
+
+that's a pure exponential.
+
+And what kind of
+solution do I look for?
+
+I'm looking for a
+particular solution.
+
+If I see an exponential
+forcing term, I say, great.
+
+The solution will
+be an exponential.
+
+So the solution will be sum.
+
+Z is sum capital Z
+e to the i omega t.
+
+Plug it in.
+
+What happens if I plug
+that in to find capital Z,
+
+which is just a number?
+
+Right.
+
+This is my method.
+
+This is a linear equation, with
+one of those cool right hand
+
+sides, where the solution has
+the same form with a constant,
+
+and I just have to
+find that constant.
+
+So I plug it in.
+
+Dz, dt.
+
+Take the derivative of this,
+z i omega will come down.
+
+E to the i omega t.
+
+Z is just this, z
+to the i omega t.
+
+And this is just 1
+e to the i omega t.
+
+So I plugged it in, hoping
+things would be good.
+
+And they are because
+I can cancel e
+
+to the i omega t, that's the
+beauty of exponentials, leaving
+
+just a 1 there.
+
+So what's capital Z?
+
+What's capital Z then?
+
+I've got a z here.
+
+I better bring it over here.
+
+And I've got the 1 there.
+
+I think the z is 1 over.
+
+When I bring that z over here,
+do you see what I'm getting?
+
+It's all multiplying
+this e the i omega t.
+
+It's a number there.
+
+Z times i omega and
+comes over as a minus z.
+
+What do I have
+multiplying z here?
+
+I see the i omega.
+
+And what else have I
+got multiplying the z?
+
+AUDIENCE: Minus.
+
+PROFESSOR: A negative 1 because
+it came over with a minus sign.
+
+Done.
+
+Equation solved.
+
+Equation solved.
+
+Complex equation solved.
+
+So the point is, the complex
+equation was a cinch.
+
+We just assumed the right
+form, plugged it in,
+
+found the number, we're done.
+
+But there's one more
+step, which is what?
+
+Take the real part.
+
+So I have to take the
+real part of this.
+
+So the correct answer is y is
+the real part of that number, 1
+
+over i omega minus 1
+times e to the i omega t.
+
+I'm tempted to stop there, but
+just with a little comment.
+
+How am I going to
+find that real part?
+
+And what form will it have?
+
+What form will that
+real part have?
+
+Yeah, maybe just to say
+what form will it have?
+
+The real part, it's
+going to be a sinusoid.
+
+But I have a complex number
+multiplying this guy.
+
+The real part is going to
+be exactly of the form we--
+
+well, of course, it
+had to be the form
+
+because that was another
+way to solve the equation.
+
+It's going to be some number.
+
+And I'll call it g, for
+gain, times the real part.
+
+And so the real part
+will be a cosine.
+
+Yeah, it's just perfect.
+
+A cosine of omega t.
+
+And there'll be a phase.
+
+Yeah.
+
+i haven't taken that step fully.
+
+I got to that fully.
+
+And then I said that that, if
+I use some complex arithmetic,
+
+will come out to be this.
+
+And you see the beauty
+of that answer, which
+
+was way better than a
+sum of sines and cosines.
+
+We see the gain.
+
+We see the amplitude.
+
+And we see the phase shift.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So I don't know, that
+would be a good exercise
+
+in complex numbers.
+
+Find g and find phi, in taking
+the real part of this thing.
+
+Yeah.
+
+It's a pure exercise in
+using complex numbers.
+
+I don't feel like
+doing it today.
+
+If we do it, you just
+see a lot of formulas.
+
+Here, you see the point.
+
+The point was that
+the complex equation
+
+could be solved in one line.
+
+We just did it.
+
+But that left us the problem
+of taking the real part.
+
+That was the e to
+the i omega t there.
+
+Left us the problem of
+taking the real part.
+
+And that's a practice
+with complex arithmetic.
+
+So you've got the choice.
+
+Either stay real--
+sign plus cosine.
+
+And then use the sinusoidal
+identity, polar form.
+
+Or get the polar form from here.
+
+Same answer both ways.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HHpf1He752s.txt b/HHpf1He752s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4550da25f9063227b2a2702711e5096e8f64287f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HHpf1He752s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11664 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu early on in Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu early on in Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu early on in Russia
+an estimate was made in that National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate was made in that National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an estimate was made in that National
+policy would provide 9 square meters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy would provide 9 square meters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy would provide 9 square meters of
+private space per person in housing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private space per person in housing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private space per person in housing as
+an official policy this remained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an official policy this remained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an official policy this remained
+throughout although it's much lower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout although it's much lower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout although it's much lower than
+any other European city when St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other European city when St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other European city when St
+Petersburg was 2 million people they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petersburg was 2 million people they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petersburg was 2 million people they
+were still operating on a nice square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still operating on a nice square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were still operating on a nice square
+meter uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter uh
+policy even under kushi's m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy even under kushi's m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy even under kushi's m
+policy anyway let's start with Great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy anyway let's start with Great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy anyway let's start with Great
+Britain I'm not that interested in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain I'm not that interested in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Britain I'm not that interested in you
+following the details of the case I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the details of the case I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following the details of the case I've
+have a bad cold and I want to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bad cold and I want to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bad cold and I want to remember
+the difference between muttin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between muttin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between muttin and
+uh well melnikov of course I'll know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well melnikov of course I'll know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well melnikov of course I'll know the
+difference between muton and melikov but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between muton and melikov but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between muton and melikov but
+some of the the Bart Brothers and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the Bart Brothers and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the the Bart Brothers and the
+visin brothers and all the Architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visin brothers and all the Architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visin brothers and all the Architects
+and urbanists who involved in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and urbanists who involved in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and urbanists who involved in this
+intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intense
+period there was more examination of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period there was more examination of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period there was more examination of the
+formal options of cities between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal options of cities between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal options of cities between
+1919 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 and
+1925 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1925 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1925 in
+Russia in the compressed period than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia in the compressed period than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia in the compressed period than
+almost anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since so it's worth us looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since so it's worth us looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since so it's worth us looking at it
+both as Theory and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as Theory and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both as Theory and his
+practice let's look at Great Britain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Joseph paonu the Gardner who designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph paonu the Gardner who designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joseph paonu the Gardner who designed
+the Crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Crystal
+Palace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace
+said when he proposed the Victorian way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said when he proposed the Victorian way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said when he proposed the Victorian way
+in London which was roughly the 4X one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London which was roughly the 4X one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in London which was roughly the 4X one
+and a half square box in the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half square box in the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half square box in the center of
+London um he said we in Britain solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London um he said we in Britain solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London um he said we in Britain solve
+all our problems by Common Sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+technology and that that's the Mantra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and that that's the Mantra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and that that's the Mantra
+which proceeds throughout the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which proceeds throughout the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which proceeds throughout the British
+19th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19th
+century the intense change being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the intense change being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century the intense change being
+softened by social policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softened by social policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+softened by social policy
+changes um at the same in some Curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes um at the same in some Curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes um at the same in some Curious
+way providing enough intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way providing enough intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way providing enough intellectual
+freedom for Marks and angles to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new political philosophy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new political philosophy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new political philosophy
+which changed Eastern Europe and led to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changed Eastern Europe and led to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which changed Eastern Europe and led to
+the Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Soviet
+Union now these relationships are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union now these relationships are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Union now these relationships are not
+that direct but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direct but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direct but
+nevertheless had Marx and Engles been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless had Marx and Engles been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nevertheless had Marx and Engles been
+closeted in Germany or even in France
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeted in Germany or even in France
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closeted in Germany or even in France
+and not given the intellectual Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not given the intellectual Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not given the intellectual Freedom
+that they had in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had in
+England the outcomes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England the outcomes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England the outcomes of the
+198 Revolution in Russia would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 Revolution in Russia would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 Revolution in Russia would have been
+probably been different so you you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably been different so you you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably been different so you you have
+intersecting of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersecting of
+two philosophies common sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two philosophies common sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two philosophies common sense and
+Technology you'll remember my statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology you'll remember my statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology you'll remember my statistics
+that between Peter L in Manchester in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that between Peter L in Manchester in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that between Peter L in Manchester in
+1811 and bloody thunder in Northern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1811 and bloody thunder in Northern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1811 and bloody thunder in Northern
+Ireland in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ireland in
+19 godlands when over 100 Years of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 godlands when over 100 Years of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 godlands when over 100 Years of time
+only the British police or the Army only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the British police or the Army only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the British police or the Army only
+killed something like 11 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed something like 11 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killed something like 11 people
+that a society could transform itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a society could transform itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a society could transform itself
+without the state involving itself in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the state involving itself in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the state involving itself in
+violence is an incredible credit to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence is an incredible credit to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violence is an incredible credit to any
+society there very few places that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society there very few places that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society there very few places that
+can could enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can could enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can could enter
+sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell
+I I set this as a preface to the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I set this as a preface to the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I set this as a preface to the British
+decision in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision in
+1946 to embark on a new new Town's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 to embark on a new new Town's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 to embark on a new new Town's
+policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the earlier years of the N the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier years of the N the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier years of the N the 20th
+century had been difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+England 13 out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England 13 out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England 13 out of
+the let me put on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let me put on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the let me put on my
+glasses 13 out of the 46 years between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses 13 out of the 46 years between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glasses 13 out of the 46 years between
+1899 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1899 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1899 and
+1945 had been Britain had been involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 had been Britain had been involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 had been Britain had been involved
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+war the number of males who were killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war the number of males who were killed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+war the number of males who were killed
+in the in the British army of course no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the British army of course no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the British army of course no
+hardly any women were in the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly any women were in the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly any women were in the British
+army during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+army during this
+period was a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period was a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period was a high
+proportion you will you will notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion you will you will notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion you will you will notice
+victoriia novels which are adumbrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victoriia novels which are adumbrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+victoriia novels which are adumbrated
+into move into TV movies like Upstairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into move into TV movies like Upstairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into move into TV movies like Upstairs
+Downstairs one of the young men is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstairs one of the young men is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Downstairs one of the young men is
+always dressed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always dressed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always dressed in
+uniform there's a presence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform there's a presence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform there's a presence of the
+military in the British society which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military in the British society which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military in the British society which
+is oscillates from pop music to Hero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oscillates from pop music to Hero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oscillates from pop music to Hero
+worship um preparing Britain for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worship um preparing Britain for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worship um preparing Britain for the
+worst confrontation of all between 1939
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst confrontation of all between 1939
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst confrontation of all between 1939
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1945 add these years of war to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 add these years of war to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1945 add these years of war to the
+Depression years International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression years International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression years International
+Depression years with in the 19 from 193
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression years with in the 19 from 193
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Depression years with in the 19 from 193
+early 1930s onwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1930s onwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 1930s onwards
+and you have a country which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a country which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have a country which
+is engaged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in material Affairs which are not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in material Affairs which are not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in material Affairs which are not really
+predominantly located inside England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly located inside England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predominantly located inside England
+itself in 1946 the labor party wins the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in 1946 the labor party wins the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself in 1946 the labor party wins the
+election and decides to retool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election and decides to retool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+election and decides to retool
+England when I was a student in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England when I was a student in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England when I was a student in
+England uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England uh in the
+50s uh England was barely off- rationing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s uh England was barely off- rationing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50s uh England was barely off- rationing
+food uh the car population of England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food uh the car population of England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food uh the car population of England
+was what it was in the United States in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so the British set out to do to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the British set out to do to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the British set out to do to work
+simultaneously on a number of innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously on a number of innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously on a number of innovative
+ideas about hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about hospitals
+about universities and I will show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about universities and I will show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about universities and I will show you
+some of the University plans in sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the University plans in sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the University plans in sequence
+in a later class as a demonstration of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a later class as a demonstration of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a later class as a demonstration of
+how you experiment with certain Notions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you experiment with certain Notions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you experiment with certain Notions
+about University education leading from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about University education leading from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about University education leading from
+categorical campus plans of s basil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical campus plans of s basil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical campus plans of s basil
+Spence in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1950 to the dematerialization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 to the dematerialization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 to the dematerialization of
+dematerialization of the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dematerialization of the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dematerialization of the physical
+structure universities in the lafra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure universities in the lafra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure universities in the lafra
+college exper example and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college exper example and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college exper example and so
+on as far as New Towns was concerned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on as far as New Towns was concerned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on as far as New Towns was concerned a
+number of things were to be taken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things were to be taken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things were to be taken into
+account first of all the British had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account first of all the British had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account first of all the British had a
+history of building new towns leworth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of building new towns leworth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of building new towns leworth
+and well in Garden City by ebener Howard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well in Garden City by ebener Howard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well in Garden City by ebener Howard
+were both successful privately sponsored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were both successful privately sponsored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were both successful privately sponsored
+not State interventions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all that they should serve as a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that they should serve as a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that they should serve as a model
+for a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a new
+policy experience is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting it seems to me that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it seems to me that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting it seems to me that even
+Advanced Society s such as the such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Society s such as the such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Society s such as the such as
+Great Britain build on in the common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Britain build on in the common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Great Britain build on in the common
+sense and Technology model build step by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and Technology model build step by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and Technology model build step by
+step on previous experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step on previous experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step on previous experience
+extrapolating it for instance the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolating it for instance the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolating it for instance the new
+Town's committee report government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town's committee report government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town's committee report government
+publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication
+1946 let's read what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 let's read what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 let's read what it
+says about the size of the new of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says about the size of the new of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says about the size of the new of these
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+town our conclusions as to the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town our conclusions as to the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town our conclusions as to the range of
+size have been reinforced by the replies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size have been reinforced by the replies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size have been reinforced by the replies
+received to a broadcast on 15th January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received to a broadcast on 15th January
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+received to a broadcast on 15th January
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46 this is pretty primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46 this is pretty primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+46 this is pretty primitive
+participation this is before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation this is before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation this is before
+television of those who stated they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television of those who stated they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television of those who stated they
+would prefer to live in a new town the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer to live in a new town the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer to live in a new town the
+numbers in favor of 20,000 40,000 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in favor of 20,000 40,000 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in favor of 20,000 40,000 and
+60,000 were approximately equal while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60,000 were approximately equal while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60,000 were approximately equal while
+only about one in seven were in favor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about one in seven were in favor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only about one in seven were in favor of
+towns under 20,000 or over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns under 20,000 or over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns under 20,000 or over
+60,000 if you ask a bunch of people a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60,000 if you ask a bunch of people a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60,000 if you ask a bunch of people a
+question like this what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like this what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question like this what do you
+expect you expect you will get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you expect you will get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect you expect you will get a
+culturally centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+argument now number 21 while we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument now number 21 while we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument now number 21 while we believe
+the normal range of population should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal range of population should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal range of population should be
+between 30,000 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 30,000 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 30,000 to
+50,000 special consideration by well may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50,000 special consideration by well may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50,000 special consideration by well may
+well justify the creation of a new town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well justify the creation of a new town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well justify the creation of a new town
+with less than 20,000 people what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less than 20,000 people what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with less than 20,000 people what is the
+population of willing Garden City in dit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of willing Garden City in dit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of willing Garden City in dit
+with the target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the target
+population the target population yeah 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the target population yeah 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population the target population yeah 30
+30 yeah but they only got 15 well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 yeah but they only got 15 well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 yeah but they only got 15 well I
+don't know what the population is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the population is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what the population is
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah mark
+one hollow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stevenage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stevenage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stevenage
+Etc population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30,000 towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 towns
+which follow a model of a center or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which follow a model of a center or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which follow a model of a center or
+single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single
+Center compartments of neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center compartments of neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center compartments of neighborhoods
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it served by a rail system which runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it served by a rail system which runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it served by a rail system which runs
+through it or parallel to to London or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it or parallel to to London or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it or parallel to to London or
+to Glasgow or to wherever these towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Glasgow or to wherever these towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Glasgow or to wherever these towns
+were a modest City Center and a clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a modest City Center and a clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a modest City Center and a clear
+distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+Parts the architectural Paradigm at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts the architectural Paradigm at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Parts the architectural Paradigm at the
+the time was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh New Britain Exposition in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh New Britain Exposition in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh New Britain Exposition in
+London don't worry about my handwriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London don't worry about my handwriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London don't worry about my handwriting
+it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+important the mark two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t will more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t will more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t will more
+experimental so these are attached to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental so these are attached to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental so these are attached to to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Past people were starting to wonder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Past people were starting to wonder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Past people were starting to wonder
+particularly The Architects as to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly The Architects as to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly The Architects as to what
+Innovations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovations are
+possible beyond this nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible beyond this nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible beyond this nuclear
+town so you get towns like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town so you get towns like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town so you get towns like
+hook oh God
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+h o k c c u m b e r n a na a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h o k c c u m b e r n a na a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h o k c c u m b e r n a na a
+d Irving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah that's and ran corn R you n c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's and ran corn R you n c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's and ran corn R you n c
+RN Hook is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN Hook is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RN Hook is a
+town which establish itself in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town which establish itself in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town which establish itself in a
+valley so the center of the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley so the center of the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley so the center of the city
+occupies many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+levels and the neighborhoods are with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and the neighborhoods are with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and the neighborhoods are with in
+a linear City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear City
+within walking distance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within walking distance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within walking distance of the
+center the social engineering is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the social engineering is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center the social engineering is that
+you walk if you live on the periphery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk if you live on the periphery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you walk if you live on the periphery
+you have to walk through existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to walk through existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to walk through existing
+neighborhoods in order to get to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods in order to get to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods in order to get to the
+center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the
+city the plan is a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formation canol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation canol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formation canol
+establishes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multi-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-level
+Central City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central City
+apparatus with great fair and enormously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus with great fair and enormously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus with great fair and enormously
+lorded by Architects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorded by Architects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorded by Architects
+internationally in the last page of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally in the last page of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internationally in the last page of what
+I've given you is the Contemporary view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you is the Contemporary view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've given you is the Contemporary view
+of codal is considered the ugliest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of codal is considered the ugliest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of codal is considered the ugliest
+building in England and half of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in England and half of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in England and half of it's
+being torn down at the moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now it's on the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+page Irvin Irvine is the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+town and ran corn is built on two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hills with a figure8 configuration for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills with a figure8 configuration for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hills with a figure8 configuration for
+train system with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train system with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train system with a
+center this is residential residential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center this is residential residential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center this is residential residential
+and the configuration set by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the configuration set by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the configuration set by the
+topography and by the rail system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography and by the rail system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topography and by the rail system which
+meets in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+center so the these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so the these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center so the these were
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+propositions which said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions which said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propositions which said
+look there must be some Innovations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there must be some Innovations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look there must be some Innovations
+which are possible in the departure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are possible in the departure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are possible in the departure from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conventional version of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+town we can judge the success of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town we can judge the success of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town we can judge the success of
+these in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in
+Prospect this was followed by the Mark 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prospect this was followed by the Mark 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prospect this was followed by the Mark 3
+towns here the population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was 50 to 200 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+200,000 the mark three town were now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 the mark three town were now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200,000 the mark three town were now
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+100,000 up to 250,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the most celebrated of them of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most celebrated of them of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the most celebrated of them of
+course is Milton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Keen which now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+introduces a grit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a grit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduces a grit
+system as the basic speci structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as the basic speci structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system as the basic speci structure of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Town an enormous increase in affluence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town an enormous increase in affluence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town an enormous increase in affluence
+in England during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England during this
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+pop representing in in amongst other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop representing in in amongst other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pop representing in in amongst other
+things an increase in or use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+automobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles
+and the effects in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effects in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the effects in its
+thinking of philosophers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the American from the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American from the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American from the University of
+California in Berkeley Melvin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California in Berkeley Melvin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California in Berkeley Melvin
+Weber he will read his writing a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weber he will read his writing a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weber he will read his writing a bit
+later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in this
+class arguing that Community without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class arguing that Community without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class arguing that Community without
+propinquity is a new possibility given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propinquity is a new possibility given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propinquity is a new possibility given
+improved communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved communication
+Technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies and
+therefore another set of impr promat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore another set of impr promat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore another set of impr promat
+need to be examined before you decide on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be examined before you decide on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be examined before you decide on
+priorities of pedestrian walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities of pedestrian walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priorities of pedestrian walking
+distances and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances and so
+on Milton canes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anyway what creates this enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what creates this enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway what creates this enormous
+Spike I could make another graph on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike I could make another graph on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spike I could make another graph on on
+the Blackboard which shows that Plato
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard which shows that Plato
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Blackboard which shows that Plato
+represents 30,000 as the ideal size for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents 30,000 as the ideal size for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents 30,000 as the ideal size for
+a town Leonardo represents suggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a town Leonardo represents suggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a town Leonardo represents suggest
+30,000 000 30,000 seems to be the lingua
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 000 30,000 seems to be the lingua
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 000 30,000 seems to be the lingua
+franka of town size until about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franka of town size until about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+franka of town size until about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 what is what what what determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 what is what what what determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 what is what what what determines
+30,000 why 30,000 why does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 why 30,000 why does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30,000 why 30,000 why does it
+remain as general as classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain as general as classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain as general as classical
+architecture has remained as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture has remained as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture has remained as an
+attribute of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+performance is a Dem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is a Dem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance is a Dem
+graphic the demography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic the demography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphic the demography
+of Plato's time and the demography of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Plato's time and the demography of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Plato's time and the demography of
+The Rance are already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different from the renissance god learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the renissance god learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the renissance god learn
+through the plague epidemics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the plague epidemics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the plague epidemics
+through enormous differences in life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through enormous differences in life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through enormous differences in life
+cycles and so on we end up with whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and so on we end up with whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycles and so on we end up with whatever
+Howard at 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard at 30,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Howard at 30,000
+again I don't know of any anybody who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't know of any anybody who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again I don't know of any anybody who's
+actually studied this phenomenon if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually studied this phenomenon if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually studied this phenomenon if
+while some of you interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while some of you interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while some of you interested in the
+research to understand why the 30,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to understand why the 30,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research to understand why the 30,000
+has remained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has remained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has remained
+the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideal
+estimate for newon until the mark two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for newon until the mark two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for newon until the mark two
+British towns decided they were too too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+small part of the the switch to larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small part of the the switch to larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small part of the the switch to larger
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+in England is accompanied by greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England is accompanied by greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in England is accompanied by greater
+affluence why do you need a larger town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence why do you need a larger town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence why do you need a larger town
+when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wealthier one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthier one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wealthier one
+more the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more the more
+opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+need Milton kanes now as its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Milton kanes now as its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Milton kanes now as its own
+football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+club um and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club um and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+club um and so on and so
+on um the way land is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um the way land is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on um the way land is
+rationed uh by the market or by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationed uh by the market or by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationed uh by the market or by the
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+changes as it has in Russia from 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as it has in Russia from 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes as it has in Russia from 9
+square meters per person to what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square meters per person to what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square meters per person to what it is
+today half more than half of Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today half more than half of Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today half more than half of Russian
+housing today is in the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing today is in the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing today is in the private
+Market uh so I don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market uh so I don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market uh so I don't know what the
+estimate is of its current square foot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is of its current square foot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is of its current square foot
+state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state
+um these are fundamental theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are fundamental theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um these are fundamental theoretical
+questions which few people seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions which few people seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions which few people seem to be
+interested engaging in why do we spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested engaging in why do we spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested engaging in why do we spend
+what is conservatism in and Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is conservatism in and Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is conservatism in and Innovation
+as a phenomenon in the decision about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a phenomenon in the decision about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a phenomenon in the decision about
+space Russia took a completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Russia took a completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space Russia took a completely different
+trajectory they had no history other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory they had no history other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectory they had no history other
+than a history which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a history which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a history which was
+miserable and about which nobody wished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable and about which nobody wished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miserable and about which nobody wished
+to do anything they were in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything they were in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do anything they were in a
+fundamentally primitive State hanis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally primitive State hanis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentally primitive State hanis
+Meyer who was the Swiss guy who took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meyer who was the Swiss guy who took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meyer who was the Swiss guy who took
+over the bar house after gropius and was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the bar house after gropius and was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the bar house after gropius and was
+a g communist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a g communist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a g communist
+himself talks about visiting Russia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself talks about visiting Russia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself talks about visiting Russia
+Moscow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh in
+19 After the Revolution he talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 After the Revolution he talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+19 After the Revolution he talks about
+Moscow in the arbat where the quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow in the arbat where the quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow in the arbat where the quarter of
+the city in which the wealth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city in which the wealth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city in which the wealth is
+Merchants lived only 16% of all dwelling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merchants lived only 16% of all dwelling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merchants lived only 16% of all dwelling
+houses were connected to the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+main it's a phenomenal statistic given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main it's a phenomenal statistic given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main it's a phenomenal statistic given
+the wealth of the sist regime and it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealth of the sist regime and it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wealth of the sist regime and it all
+of its courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in the present praski region a zar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the present praski region a zar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the present praski region a zar
+workingclass area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workingclass area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workingclass area
+0.6% had a water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6% had a water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.6% had a water
+tab this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+198 let's talk a little more about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 let's talk a little more about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+198 let's talk a little more about
+England before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England before we
+finish uh and move to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Russia the British Town new Town's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia the British Town new Town's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia the British Town new Town's
+policy built something like 28 New Towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+21 in England two in Wales five in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Scotland and according to statistic I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland and according to statistic I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scotland and according to statistic I've
+used for a while and I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for a while and I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for a while and I don't know if
+it's correct 1.4 million people live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's correct 1.4 million people live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's correct 1.4 million people live in
+New Town in England now about 160th of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Town in England now about 160th of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Town in England now about 160th of
+the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+population much of the thinking came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population much of the thinking came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population much of the thinking came
+from a couple of what we now consider be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a couple of what we now consider be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a couple of what we now consider be
+relatively primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+that abac's plan for London created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that abac's plan for London created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that abac's plan for London created a
+major investment in a green belt on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major investment in a green belt on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major investment in a green belt on the
+grounds that agriculture should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds that agriculture should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grounds that agriculture should be
+preserved close to a Central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+City imagine that to be the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City imagine that to be the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City imagine that to be the case of
+American cities I wouldn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American cities I wouldn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American cities I wouldn't have any
+bananas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bananas for
+breakfast if I dependent on agriculture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast if I dependent on agriculture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast if I dependent on agriculture
+within driving distance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within driving distance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within driving distance of
+Boston uh um secondly that nature would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston uh um secondly that nature would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston uh um secondly that nature would
+be preserved and that would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be preserved and that would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be preserved and that would be a good
+thing and access to nature for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Citizens would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be an advantage in urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an advantage in urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an advantage in urban
+life think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life think about
+this Cambridge in university in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Cambridge in university in England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Cambridge in university in England
+is one of the great universities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the great universities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the great universities of the
+world if not the most valuable anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if not the most valuable anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world if not the most valuable anybody
+who has teachers such as Darwin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has teachers such as Darwin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who has teachers such as Darwin and
+Newton and a couple of others could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton and a couple of others could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Newton and a couple of others could
+claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that
+category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um Cambridge controls the center of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Cambridge controls the center of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um Cambridge controls the center of
+Cambridge it's surrounded by a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge it's surrounded by a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cambridge it's surrounded by a green
+belt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt in
+which much development has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which much development has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which much development has been
+frustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frustrated
+occasional development has been allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional development has been allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasional development has been allowed
+which is one of the problems of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the problems of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of the problems of the
+green belt philosophy that it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green belt philosophy that it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green belt philosophy that it's almost
+impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to
+maintain even in a very diligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain even in a very diligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain even in a very diligent
+government in chandigar for instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in chandigar for instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in chandigar for instance the
+sacred Land north of the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred Land north of the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sacred Land north of the capital
+complex depicted by K's drawings of imas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex depicted by K's drawings of imas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex depicted by K's drawings of imas
+in the distance and the capital Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distance and the capital Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the distance and the capital Center
+in the foreground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the foreground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the foreground
+when we did a studio in chandigar some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did a studio in chandigar some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did a studio in chandigar some
+of our students patrolled this area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our students patrolled this area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our students patrolled this area and
+saw all kinds of signs of land being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw all kinds of signs of land being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw all kinds of signs of land being
+sold and available for purchase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold and available for purchase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold and available for purchase the
+administrator chandigar was appalled he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrator chandigar was appalled he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administrator chandigar was appalled he
+said he didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said he didn't know
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so you can assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can assume
+that even in England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the administration of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the administration of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the administration of public
+land in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land in large
+quantities as large as it a green belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities as large as it a green belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities as large as it a green belt
+around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around
+London is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London is
+difficult led the land open to Avenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult led the land open to Avenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult led the land open to Avenues
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+corruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+secondly taking out of the market a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly taking out of the market a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly taking out of the market a
+significant portion of available land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant portion of available land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant portion of available land
+land must have an effect on the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land must have an effect on the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land must have an effect on the value of
+the land which is not taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out so the abstract calculation of City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the abstract calculation of City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so the abstract calculation of City
+say saying every city should have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say saying every city should have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say saying every city should have a
+green belt is as much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green belt is as much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green belt is as much a
+nonsense without taking into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense without taking into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonsense without taking into account the
+particular so economic socioeconomic IC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so economic socioeconomic IC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular so economic socioeconomic IC
+context of the city that you're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the city that you're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the city that you're dealing
+with there are no doubt cities in parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with there are no doubt cities in parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with there are no doubt cities in parts
+of the world in which a green belt would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world in which a green belt would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the world in which a green belt would
+be a reasonably good idea I can't off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reasonably good idea I can't off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a reasonably good idea I can't off
+the off the top of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off the top of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the off the top of my
+head some cities have topological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head some cities have topological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head some cities have topological
+features like Bata has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features like Bata has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features like Bata has a
+mountain near right up against it which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain near right up against it which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain near right up against it which
+prohibit significant development cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibit significant development cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibit significant development cities
+with enormous topography have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enormous topography have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with enormous topography have access to
+natural vegetation a natural open space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural vegetation a natural open space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural vegetation a natural open space
+and probably don't need a green belt as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably don't need a green belt as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably don't need a green belt as
+much as a city on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as a city on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as a city on a
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I you
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could
+my response is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my response is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my response is
+simply if a formulaic response to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply if a formulaic response to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply if a formulaic response to the
+the large problem of urbanism is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large problem of urbanism is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large problem of urbanism is never
+absolutely correct it's formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my advice to you is always to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my advice to you is always to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my advice to you is always to question
+whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's
+appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate
+linguistically City administrators pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistically City administrators pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistically City administrators pick
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+words the biggest problem of working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the biggest problem of working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words the biggest problem of working
+in as I have in the non-european
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as I have in the non-european
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as I have in the non-european
+American World Is Not the cleverness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American World Is Not the cleverness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American World Is Not the cleverness of
+what your ideas are it's how capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your ideas are it's how capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your ideas are it's how capable
+they are of being being put into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are of being being put into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are of being being put into
+place try writing high-rise regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place try writing high-rise regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place try writing high-rise regulations
+for a city like Aman in Jordan which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a city like Aman in Jordan which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a city like Aman in Jordan which we
+did which we did after the Iraq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did which we did after the Iraq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did which we did after the Iraq
+explosion and the enormous in transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion and the enormous in transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explosion and the enormous in transfer
+of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital
+from Baghdad to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Baghdad to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Baghdad to
+Jordan there's no working Stock Exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan there's no working Stock Exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jordan there's no working Stock Exchange
+in Jordan it's a poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jordan it's a poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Jordan it's a poor
+country and uh Iraq money wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and uh Iraq money wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country and uh Iraq money wanted to
+build skyscrapers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build skyscrapers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build skyscrapers
+immediately the mayor the new mayor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately the mayor the new mayor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately the mayor the new mayor
+asked us to provide him with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked us to provide him with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked us to provide him with some
+highrise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+regulations now how do you implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations now how do you implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations now how do you implement
+highrise regulations without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highrise regulations without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highrise regulations without a
+sophisticated group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated group of
+people putting a high-rise building in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people putting a high-rise building in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people putting a high-rise building in a
+valley is different from putting it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley is different from putting it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valley is different from putting it in
+on top of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on top of a
+mountain and the Topography of am man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain and the Topography of am man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountain and the Topography of am man
+just like the Topography of Jerusalem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the Topography of Jerusalem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the Topography of Jerusalem is
+undulating all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulating all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undulating all over the
+place secondly does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place secondly does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place secondly does a
+building does the meaning of a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building does the meaning of a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building does the meaning of a building
+by Renzo Piano have the same meaning as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Renzo Piano have the same meaning as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Renzo Piano have the same meaning as
+a building decorated with artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a building decorated with artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a building decorated with artificial
+cosmetics and Islamic symbols and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmetics and Islamic symbols and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmetics and Islamic symbols and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+thirdly tall buildings in the Flat City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly tall buildings in the Flat City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirdly tall buildings in the Flat City
+are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important
+they stand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they stand out
+more fourthly the difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fourthly the difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fourthly the difference between a
+hotel and office building is significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel and office building is significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel and office building is significant
+with regard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what come on you you you you you working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what come on you you you you you working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what come on you you you you you working
+in Oman what is the difference between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Oman what is the difference between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Oman what is the difference between a
+developer wants to build an office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer wants to build an office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer wants to build an office
+building versus one who wants to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building versus one who wants to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building versus one who wants to build
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hotel think about transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotel think about transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hotel think about transportation
+how many people commute to an office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people commute to an office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many people commute to an office
+building every morning how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building every morning how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building every morning how many people
+commute to a hotel every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute to a hotel every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commute to a hotel every
+morning hotel is revenue is revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning hotel is revenue is revenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning hotel is revenue is revenue
+neutral as far as transportation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral as far as transportation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutral as far as transportation is
+concerned an office building is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned an office building is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned an office building is
+revenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+active I'm just giving you a list of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active I'm just giving you a list of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+active I'm just giving you a list of the
+things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we
+listed now the mayor of Aran has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed now the mayor of Aran has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed now the mayor of Aran has no
+planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning
+staff or maybe he has an assistant or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff or maybe he has an assistant or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff or maybe he has an assistant or so
+on what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what do you
+do he simply says yes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do he simply says yes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do he simply says yes or
+no given the political pressure on him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no given the political pressure on him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no given the political pressure on him
+to say yes when money is to be made in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say yes when money is to be made in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say yes when money is to be made in a
+poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor
+country how are you going to expect a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country how are you going to expect a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country how are you going to expect a
+rational decision to preserve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational decision to preserve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational decision to preserve the
+quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of of the built environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the built environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the built environment
+it's a depressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prospect it argues on the one hand for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prospect it argues on the one hand for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prospect it argues on the one hand for
+one to go for the few fundamentals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to go for the few fundamentals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to go for the few fundamentals that
+you could can't live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could can't live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could can't live
+without transportation is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them but uh the meaning of buildings is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but uh the meaning of buildings is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but uh the meaning of buildings is
+uh Boston itself has difficulty with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Boston itself has difficulty with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Boston itself has difficulty with the
+design Review Committee which John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design Review Committee which John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design Review Committee which John
+damono who is now an Emeritus Professor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damono who is now an Emeritus Professor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damono who is now an Emeritus Professor
+is he used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chair what can you tell an architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair what can you tell an architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chair what can you tell an architect
+colleague of yours about why his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of yours about why his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague of yours about why his
+building is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ugly anyway enough the British man e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly anyway enough the British man e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly anyway enough the British man e
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+amongst the reading I gave you and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the reading I gave you and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amongst the reading I gave you and I
+want to switch because we otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to switch because we otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to switch because we otherwise
+we're going to have to take too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to take too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have to take too much
+time I gave you an article by Lionel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I gave you an article by Lionel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I gave you an article by Lionel
+march called why have New Towns it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march called why have New Towns it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+march called why have New Towns it's a
+pretty fundamental piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fundamental piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fundamental piece of
+writing why do you think we should why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing why do you think we should why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing why do you think we should why
+is America not not got a legacy of New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is America not not got a legacy of New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is America not not got a legacy of New
+Towns why are Colombia UNR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towns why are Colombia UNR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towns why are Colombia UNR
+and and the green Bel towns of Roosevelt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exceptions come on you should know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions come on you should know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceptions come on you should know this
+stuff you're the most highly educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you're the most highly educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff you're the most highly educated
+group of young people in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+G why Chicago not develop the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G why Chicago not develop the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G why Chicago not develop the state of
+New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New
+Towns why is Los
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towns why is Los
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Towns why is Los
+Angeles or Phoenix just generalized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles or Phoenix just generalized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Angeles or Phoenix just generalized the
+metropolitan area through Suburban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+growth because it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I don't know I was going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know I was going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I don't know I was going to say
+something about it taking a centralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it taking a centralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it taking a centralized
+force similar to the state not the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force similar to the state not the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force similar to the state not the state
+to yeah I think that far and and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah I think that far and and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to yeah I think that far and and with
+Colombia it was sort of like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia it was sort of like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia it was sort of like that and
+Colombia had the advantage of being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia had the advantage of being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Colombia had the advantage of being in
+between two Metropolitan centers yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two Metropolitan centers yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between two Metropolitan centers yeah I
+I think that's a good generalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a good generalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's a good generalized
+answer one of the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer one of the problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer one of the problems
+about a new town is the capital in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a new town is the capital in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a new town is the capital in in
+need that you need to invest early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that you need to invest early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that you need to invest early on
+returns its return only after a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns its return only after a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns its return only after a long
+period of time somebody's got to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time somebody's got to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time somebody's got to hold
+the baby in the meantime while you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby in the meantime while you out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the baby in the meantime while you out
+for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for
+dinner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dinner
+uh if analog is any good I don't know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if analog is any good I don't know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if analog is any good I don't know uh
+um the state did it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+England the state controlled all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England the state controlled all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England the state controlled all of the
+land first of all the state controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land first of all the state controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land first of all the state controls
+more land in England than the state does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more land in England than the state does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more land in England than the state does
+in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the United
+States but given the authority that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but given the authority that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States but given the authority that the
+TVA had in 19 from 1933 onwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA had in 19 from 1933 onwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TVA had in 19 from 1933 onwards
+it could have built New Towns it built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have built New Towns it built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have built New Towns it built
+Norris which is a small town in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norris which is a small town in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norris which is a small town in
+Tennessee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee
+but we have relied on private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have relied on private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have relied on private
+development significantly more than on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development significantly more than on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development significantly more than on
+National development we have no National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National development we have no National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National development we have no National
+industrial policy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instance you may argue as to whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you may argue as to whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance you may argue as to whether
+it's a good idea to have one and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good idea to have one and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good idea to have one and there
+are many arguments both ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many arguments both ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are many arguments both ways
+but in Britain it was acceptable for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Britain it was acceptable for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in Britain it was acceptable for the
+state to decide that an industry should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to decide that an industry should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state to decide that an industry should
+locate in the potteries area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Stoke Valley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stoke Valley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stoke Valley
+um to deal with unemployment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to deal with unemployment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to deal with unemployment
+and you know the version of that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the version of that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know the version of that in this
+country is under Clinton the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is under Clinton the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is under Clinton the idea of
+locating giving subsidies to Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating giving subsidies to Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locating giving subsidies to Industries
+to locate next to POA inner city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate next to POA inner city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to locate next to POA inner city
+communities um it was a policy which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities um it was a policy which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities um it was a policy which in
+extremist was applied by the South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremist was applied by the South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremist was applied by the South
+African
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African
+government to cre to stay to slow down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to cre to stay to slow down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government to cre to stay to slow down
+the growth of Johannesburg Cape Town and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of Johannesburg Cape Town and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of Johannesburg Cape Town and
+Durban uh by giving enormous incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Durban uh by giving enormous incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Durban uh by giving enormous incentives
+to Industry that would locate in next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Industry that would locate in next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Industry that would locate in next to
+banan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banan
+areas I you have to take account of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas I you have to take account of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas I you have to take account of the
+dis economies of the location and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis economies of the location and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis economies of the location and make
+up for the dis economies of the location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for the dis economies of the location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up for the dis economies of the location
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+subsidy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsidy this is
+not if BMW wants to move to South
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not if BMW wants to move to South
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not if BMW wants to move to South
+Carolina or poing wants to build its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carolina or poing wants to build its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carolina or poing wants to build its
+dream liner in South Carolina the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream liner in South Carolina the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dream liner in South Carolina the United
+States Democratic process is not one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Democratic process is not one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Democratic process is not one in
+which the state indulges itself in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the state indulges itself in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the state indulges itself in their
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision
+Vision it will allow the states to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision it will allow the states to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision it will allow the states to
+compete in giving benefits to any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete in giving benefits to any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete in giving benefits to any
+decision that BMW or Boeing will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that BMW or Boeing will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision that BMW or Boeing will
+make that Boeing decides to locate in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that Boeing decides to locate in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that Boeing decides to locate in a
+state which is not trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unionized we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+smile I'm talking out of class I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile I'm talking out of class I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile I'm talking out of class I should
+share up and just deal with the British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share up and just deal with the British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share up and just deal with the British
+New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New
+Towns but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the British New Towns have not at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the British New Towns have not at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the British New Towns have not at one
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+other paragraphs I could have read from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other paragraphs I could have read from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other paragraphs I could have read from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+1946 report was that the town should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 report was that the town should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1946 report was that the town should be
+balanced you get a similar idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced you get a similar idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced you get a similar idea to
+balancing which I remember if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing which I remember if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing which I remember if you
+remember a couple of weeks ago I used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a couple of weeks ago I used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a couple of weeks ago I used in
+talking about the Sunnyside Gardens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the Sunnyside Gardens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the Sunnyside Gardens
+radburn phenomenon in this country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radburn phenomenon in this country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radburn phenomenon in this country
+Claren Stein and Henry wght Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claren Stein and Henry wght Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Claren Stein and Henry wght Lewis
+Mumford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mumford
+said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you
+have a need for balanced communities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a need for balanced communities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a need for balanced communities
+that is you need workers and Elites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you need workers and Elites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you need workers and Elites and
+artists and Professionals in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists and Professionals in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists and Professionals in one
+Community most of the Immigrant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community most of the Immigrant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community most of the Immigrant and
+unskilled workers in the immigrating to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unskilled workers in the immigrating to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unskilled workers in the immigrating to
+England go to the largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England go to the largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+England go to the largest
+cities so the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities so the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities so the whole
+abocom abomi argument that new town slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abocom abomi argument that new town slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abocom abomi argument that new town slow
+the growth of established metropolitan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of established metropolitan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth of established metropolitan
+areas doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas doesn't
+work the market is still functioning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the market is still functioning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the market is still functioning in
+a way in large area you may say that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way in large area you may say that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way in large area you may say that in
+a large city there enough dver there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large city there enough dver there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large city there enough dver there's
+enough Variety in the market to to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough Variety in the market to to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough Variety in the market to to take
+care of more people than you have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of more people than you have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of more people than you have in a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+town my gut feeling is that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town my gut feeling is that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town my gut feeling is that this is
+correct the range of rent per square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the range of rent per square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the range of rent per square
+foot in Los Angeles is probably much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot in Los Angeles is probably much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foot in Los Angeles is probably much
+larger than the restricted range of rent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the restricted range of rent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than the restricted range of rent
+in a British new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a British new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a British new
+town I throw these out because they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town I throw these out because they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town I throw these out because they are
+interesting arguments you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting arguments you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting arguments you're going to be
+responsible for making decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for making decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for making decisions about
+the former of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the former of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the former of
+places just this morning I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places just this morning I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places just this morning I've
+already drifted off into lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already drifted off into lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already drifted off into lots of
+intricate arguments about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricate arguments about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricate arguments about the
+relationship for instance between land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship for instance between land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship for instance between land
+economy and the form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and the form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy and the form of
+places what are you going to tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places what are you going to tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places what are you going to tell the
+government of Pakistan as I was asked to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government of Pakistan as I was asked to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government of Pakistan as I was asked to
+build a to design a new town parallel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a to design a new town parallel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a to design a new town parallel to
+lore 5 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea on what grounds you going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea on what grounds you going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea on what grounds you going to use
+what are you going to use for arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to use for arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you going to use for arguments
+there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no
+Theory this is the only class in theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory this is the only class in theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory this is the only class in theory
+you're ever going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ever going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're ever going to
+take except perhaps in social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take except perhaps in social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take except perhaps in social
+science architecture doesn't deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory so what you going to say to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so what you going to say to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory so what you going to say to the
+governor of Pakistan or the the governor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor of Pakistan or the the governor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governor of Pakistan or the the governor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+laor yes you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laor yes you it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laor yes you it's
+okay this is land that the Army doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is land that the Army doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is land that the Army doesn't
+need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need
+anymore Pakistan is a growing Enterprise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore Pakistan is a growing Enterprise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore Pakistan is a growing Enterprise
+in terms of siphoning off from India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of siphoning off from India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of siphoning off from India
+work in uh Advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in uh Advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in uh Advanced
+Technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies
+and electronic communication systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electronic communication systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and electronic communication systems
+huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge
+markets available trained people why not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets available trained people why not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets available trained people why not
+build a new city to attract American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new city to attract American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a new city to attract American
+Enterprises and into you know our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story what you going to do about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story what you going to do about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story what you going to do about
+migration to a New Economic entity in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Pakistan practical problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan practical problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan practical problem
+if you create a new Economic Opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you create a new Economic Opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you create a new Economic Opportunity
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+chandigar if you Kia you keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chandigar if you Kia you keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chandigar if you Kia you keep on
+designing it as if nothing is ever going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing it as if nothing is ever going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing it as if nothing is ever going
+to an mutilate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an mutilate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an mutilate
+his concept fact is that people from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his concept fact is that people from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his concept fact is that people from
+poor areas migrate to limited economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor areas migrate to limited economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor areas migrate to limited economic
+opportunities in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities in in the
+region and sprawl they are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and sprawl they are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and sprawl they are called
+squatters so what do you say to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squatters so what do you say to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squatters so what do you say to the
+people wanting to build a new town in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanting to build a new town in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanting to build a new town in
+Pakistan how are you going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan how are you going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pakistan how are you going to deal with
+it in the planning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the planning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the planning of the
+Town ah it's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town ah it's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town ah it's a big
+problem we'll ignore it we'll get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we'll ignore it we'll get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we'll ignore it we'll get the
+military to pull down illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military to pull down illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+military to pull down illegal
+housing where you going to get a labor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing where you going to get a labor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing where you going to get a labor
+force to do the lowest income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work seeing you have no decent economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work seeing you have no decent economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work seeing you have no decent economic
+policy for the poorest people in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for the poorest people in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for the poorest people in your
+country any way what the hell does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country any way what the hell does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country any way what the hell does it
+matter this is real practice I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter this is real practice I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter this is real practice I'm talking
+about my experience 5 years ago I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my experience 5 years ago I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my experience 5 years ago I'm not
+inventing this I raised the question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing this I raised the question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventing this I raised the question of
+trying to invent an economic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to invent an economic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to invent an economic system
+whereby free land or land under some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby free land or land under some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby free land or land under some
+kind of indenter agreement could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of indenter agreement could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of indenter agreement could be
+could help people build up capital on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help people build up capital on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could help people build up capital on
+their own in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own in the new
+city that the economic engine of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city that the economic engine of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city that the economic engine of capital
+creation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation and
+establishment um could be and it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment um could be and it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment um could be and it's been
+tried in certain parts of the world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried in certain parts of the world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried in certain parts of the world and
+I think it's one of the answers to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's one of the answers to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's one of the answers to uh to
+the use of land and the incre in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of land and the incre in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of land and the incre in the
+sharing of the increased value of land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing of the increased value of land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing of the increased value of land
+in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a
+city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city
+but you know I'm not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know I'm not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know I'm not an
+expert many uh teach at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I've just been asked whether I'm could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just been asked whether I'm could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've just been asked whether I'm could
+possibly do a new strategic plan for Abu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly do a new strategic plan for Abu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly do a new strategic plan for Abu
+Dhabi which I'm not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dhabi which I'm not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dhabi which I'm not going to
+do because I haven't got the energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because I haven't got the energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because I haven't got the energy and
+time to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to do
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+but just imagining how to do a strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just imagining how to do a strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just imagining how to do a strategic
+plan for Abu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for Abu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for Abu
+Dhabi involves taking into account of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dhabi involves taking into account of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dhabi involves taking into account of a
+number of things which I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things which I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things which I don't think
+you'd be allowed to take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+account number one is the real Ecology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account number one is the real Ecology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account number one is the real Ecology
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+place we did we I've done three projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we did we I've done three projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place we did we I've done three projects
+in the Emirates one of which was on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Emirates one of which was on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Emirates one of which was on
+Sadat Island where our ecological firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sadat Island where our ecological firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sadat Island where our ecological firm
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+Philadelphia decided that the island
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia decided that the island
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Philadelphia decided that the island
+should be kept left alone because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be kept left alone because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be kept left alone because it was
+an important migration Center for Birds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important migration Center for Birds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an important migration Center for Birds
+from northern Europe moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from northern Europe moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from northern Europe moving
+systematically to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically to the
+South um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+South um in
+Winter and other important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+considerations none of that's been taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations none of that's been taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations none of that's been taken
+into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account
+anyway I'm sorry I'm just deviating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I'm sorry I'm just deviating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway I'm sorry I'm just deviating from
+our s story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Russia's more is simpler and much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia's more is simpler and much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia's more is simpler and much more
+complicated you have a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you have a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated you have a couple of things
+there's no precedent to build on all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no precedent to build on all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no precedent to build on all of
+the intense rhetoric of marks and angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intense rhetoric of marks and angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intense rhetoric of marks and angles
+said three things about cities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said three things about cities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said three things about cities
+capitalist cities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist cities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist cities are
+dying there must be an option number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying there must be an option number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dying there must be an option number two
+integrate the country in the city and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the country in the city and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate the country in the city and
+number three I can't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me look at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah separation of city and Country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah separation of city and Country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah separation of city and Country
+distribution of population over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of population over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of population over the
+whole territory destruction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole territory destruction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole territory destruction of
+capitalist City and you don't do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist City and you don't do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalist City and you don't do very
+well with that there a kit bag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with that there a kit bag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with that there a kit bag of
+information um when you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um when you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information um when you're dealing with
+the largest country in the world with 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest country in the world with 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the largest country in the world with 11
+time zones from one side of the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zones from one side of the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zones from one side of the country
+to another with a Marxist theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another with a Marxist theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to another with a Marxist theoretical
+position which focused itself on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position which focused itself on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position which focused itself on the
+workers of a state and not the peasants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers of a state and not the peasants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers of a state and not the peasants
+of a state it's a largely agricultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a state it's a largely agricultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a state it's a largely agricultural
+region um if you want to read a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region um if you want to read a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region um if you want to read a good
+little book 10 days That Shook the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little book 10 days That Shook the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little book 10 days That Shook the
+world uh is a story of the first days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh is a story of the first days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world uh is a story of the first days of
+the first Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first Russian
+cabinet and this woman is given the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabinet and this woman is given the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabinet and this woman is given the keys
+to the Admiral to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Admiral to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Admiral to the
+agriculture Department she comes there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture Department she comes there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agriculture Department she comes there
+she can't get into the building the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can't get into the building the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she can't get into the building the
+lights are not working and she's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights are not working and she's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights are not working and she's got to
+feed the whole of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the whole of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed the whole of the
+universe it was remarkable that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe it was remarkable that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+universe it was remarkable that they
+survived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however there was an enormous attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there was an enormous attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there was an enormous attraction
+given to the fact that you had a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to the fact that you had a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given to the fact that you had a new
+philosophy which governed land the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy which governed land the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy which governed land the state
+controlled all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled all of the
+land you had a new potentially educated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land you had a new potentially educated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land you had a new potentially educated
+proletariat who were educated to Norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proletariat who were educated to Norms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proletariat who were educated to Norms
+of goodness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goodness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of goodness
+and ex social equity and certain Givens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ex social equity and certain Givens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ex social equity and certain Givens
+which you didn't find in the capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state I'm having to go through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I'm having to go through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state I'm having to go through this
+rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quickly the period of about 15 to 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the period of about 15 to 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the period of about 15 to 20
+years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set up an intense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up an intense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up an intense
+speculation given different attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation given different attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speculation given different attitudes
+towards technology given different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards technology given different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards technology given different
+attitudes towards thetion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes towards thetion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes towards thetion of
+distribution of society different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of society different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of society different
+attitudes towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes towards
+urbanization uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization uh
+uh none of which had a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh none of which had a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh none of which had a set of
+researched the Russians had built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched the Russians had built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researched the Russians had built a
+Garden City called Kazan in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden City called Kazan in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Garden City called Kazan in the early
+20th century which is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century which is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th century which is relatively
+successful and Kazan appears as a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and Kazan appears as a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful and Kazan appears as a b
+basis for some of the plans for Moscow I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for some of the plans for Moscow I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis for some of the plans for Moscow I
+think the m not the M ofet plan I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the m not the M ofet plan I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the m not the M ofet plan I think
+the shov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shov
+plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan
+um there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there are three
+major institutions there are no private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major institutions there are no private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major institutions there are no private
+firms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms uh
+after the establishment of the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the establishment of the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the establishment of the this
+establishment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment of the
+USSR we took part in with a a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USSR we took part in with a a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USSR we took part in with a a group
+called langi pror in a new plan for St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called langi pror in a new plan for St
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called langi pror in a new plan for St
+Petersburg and langi pror was still the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petersburg and langi pror was still the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Petersburg and langi pror was still the
+Russian Institute and the Russian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian Institute and the Russian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian Institute and the Russian
+Institute they had clients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute they had clients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute they had clients in
+voro they would fly through 11 time Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voro they would fly through 11 time Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voro they would fly through 11 time Z
+time zones to get to their clients the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zones to get to their clients the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time zones to get to their clients the
+incredible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible
+apparatus they' had never worked on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus they' had never worked on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatus they' had never worked on a
+city problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city problem
+themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um oh it's interesting stories anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh it's interesting stories anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um oh it's interesting stories anyway
+there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three
+major academic practicing groups they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major academic practicing groups they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major academic practicing groups they
+all have names based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have names based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have names based on
+shortened versions ASN NOA who was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortened versions ASN NOA who was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortened versions ASN NOA who was the
+formalist group The capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalist group The capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalist group The capitalist
+individualist prefers the horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualist prefers the horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individualist prefers the horizontal
+line in the immobile column the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the immobile column the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in the immobile column the
+Socialist prefers the stream climbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socialist prefers the stream climbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Socialist prefers the stream climbing
+horizontal line the spiral and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line the spiral and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line the spiral and so on and
+so on what is extraordinary in all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on what is extraordinary in all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on what is extraordinary in all of
+this revolutionary rhetoric is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this revolutionary rhetoric is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this revolutionary rhetoric is the
+significance of the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+image the propaganda train I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image the propaganda train I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image the propaganda train I mean
+imagine building a propaganda train you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine building a propaganda train you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine building a propaganda train you
+in a civil war you just about fighting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a civil war you just about fighting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a civil war you just about fighting
+with German still fighting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with German still fighting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with German still fighting with
+Germany and you paint a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and you paint a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Germany and you paint a
+train to go through Russia celebrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train to go through Russia celebrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train to go through Russia celebrating
+the new idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new idea of
+Russia the preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia the preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia the preference
+that people gave to the visual impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people gave to the visual impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people gave to the visual impact of
+power distribution you will see it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power distribution you will see it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power distribution you will see it in
+after the 35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the 35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the 35
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the return to what Mar Marx was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to what Mar Marx was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return to what Mar Marx was
+very impressed by Ruben's paintings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very impressed by Ruben's paintings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very impressed by Ruben's paintings
+because they were large and covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were large and covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they were large and covered
+enormous things that you could identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous things that you could identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous things that you could identify
+with his version of the emotional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his version of the emotional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his version of the emotional
+response of people to artifacts was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of people to artifacts was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response of people to artifacts was
+exaggerated abstraction which was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerated abstraction which was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exaggerated abstraction which was really
+at very much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at very much the
+the the platform of people like malovich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the platform of people like malovich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the platform of people like malovich
+and linski and chikov and all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linski and chikov and all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and linski and chikov and all of these
+people those are great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+artists were competing not around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists were competing not around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artists were competing not around the
+social premises of the work but who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social premises of the work but who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social premises of the work but who
+could in who Could in the as in the S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in who Could in the as in the S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could in who Could in the as in the S
+Nova group create a visual formula which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nova group create a visual formula which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nova group create a visual formula which
+would emotionally convince people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would emotionally convince people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would emotionally convince people that
+they were in an alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in an alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were in an alternative
+setting I don't know of any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting I don't know of any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting I don't know of any other
+examples other than in fascist power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples other than in fascist power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples other than in fascist power
+principles where such an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles where such an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles where such an
+emphasis verbal rhetoric was not very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis verbal rhetoric was not very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasis verbal rhetoric was not very
+much use people learn to see with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much use people learn to see with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much use people learn to see with their
+eyes without being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes without being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes without being
+trained people con most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained people con most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained people con most of the
+population of Russia couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+read the second group The OA group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the second group The OA group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the second group The OA group
+the group with Moses Ginsburg and the B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group with Moses Ginsburg and the B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group with Moses Ginsburg and the B
+brothers and the VIN brothers and ory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers and the VIN brothers and ory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brothers and the VIN brothers and ory
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+on with the functionalist group they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the functionalist group they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on with the functionalist group they
+said Scientific Socialism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Scientific Socialism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Scientific Socialism and
+functionalism the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalism the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionalism the
+ideological value of proletarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological value of proletarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological value of proletarian
+architecture does not lie in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture does not lie in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture does not lie in the
+exterior forms which act as organs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+perception but in the scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception but in the scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perception but in the scientific
+functioning and spatial organization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning and spatial organization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functioning and spatial organization of
+the Practical problems involved in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Practical problems involved in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Practical problems involved in the
+Practical realization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+socialism kushev in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialism kushev in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialism kushev in
+1957 said what a waste of money it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 said what a waste of money it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 said what a waste of money it was
+for Stalin to have wasted all of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Stalin to have wasted all of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Stalin to have wasted all of his
+money building yont university in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money building yont university in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money building yont university in the
+Palace of the Soviets and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace of the Soviets and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace of the Soviets and all the
+decoration he said if we stripped those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration he said if we stripped those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decoration he said if we stripped those
+buildings of it we could have built we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings of it we could have built we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buildings of it we could have built we
+could have H another 300,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+students the third group was of opa and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the third group was of opa and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students the third group was of opa and
+they were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were also
+a a group interested in the abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a group interested in the abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a group interested in the abstraction
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+form amongst the AA polemics there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form amongst the AA polemics there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form amongst the AA polemics there were
+groups which just fundamentally are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups which just fundamentally are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups which just fundamentally are just
+distinguished between the attitudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished between the attitudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguished between the attitudes
+towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards
+urbanization the sociologist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization the sociologist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanization the sociologist
+saich was an urbanist he believed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saich was an urbanist he believed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saich was an urbanist he believed that
+the city was still the center where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city was still the center where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city was still the center where
+human activity will always take place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human activity will always take place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human activity will always take place
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he
+recommended I mean the idea of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended I mean the idea of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended I mean the idea of a
+pervasive network of towns new towns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive network of towns new towns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pervasive network of towns new towns
+about 40,000 people each each Town being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40,000 people each each Town being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 40,000 people each each Town being
+totally collectivized each habitant a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally collectivized each habitant a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally collectivized each habitant a
+cell and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell and so
+on such towns to located next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on such towns to located next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on such towns to located next to the
+industry or collector forms the desists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry or collector forms the desists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry or collector forms the desists
+were a group of people who believed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a group of people who believed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a group of people who believed in
+the mobility the individual lighthouses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility the individual lighthouses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mobility the individual lighthouses
+small scale equipment linear settlements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small scale equipment linear settlements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small scale equipment linear settlements
+along roads joining industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along roads joining industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along roads joining industrial
+centers they were very influenced by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers they were very influenced by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centers they were very influenced by the
+work of the Peter kotan who argued about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of the Peter kotan who argued about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of the Peter kotan who argued about
+the decentralization qualities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decentralization qualities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decentralization qualities
+of the electrical grid and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrical grid and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the electrical grid and other
+emerging Technologies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Technologies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Technologies for
+them an ideal place was that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them an ideal place was that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them an ideal place was that you
+had there were apartment blocks being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had there were apartment blocks being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had there were apartment blocks being
+designed according to this formula where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed according to this formula where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed according to this formula where
+each person in the pent block had a cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person in the pent block had a cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each person in the pent block had a cell
+of X number square meters barely large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X number square meters barely large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X number square meters barely large
+enough for one person and the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for one person and the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for one person and the rest of
+the space for for Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space for for Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space for for Collective
+activity well some of them even had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity well some of them even had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity well some of them even had
+intern proposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intern proposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intern proposed
+internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+not gymnastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tracks the idea of the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks the idea of the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracks the idea of the social
+condenser the ground floor of a building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser the ground floor of a building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser the ground floor of a building
+by Moses Ginsburg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Moses Ginsburg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Moses Ginsburg
+had had nothing other than place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had nothing other than place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had had nothing other than place to
+condense the vertical system had nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense the vertical system had nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condense the vertical system had nothing
+other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than
+F's R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F's R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F's R
+interor for people to meet and accident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interor for people to meet and accident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interor for people to meet and accident
+and to socialize the whole in the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to socialize the whole in the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to socialize the whole in the whole
+apartment block was conceived as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment block was conceived as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apartment block was conceived as a
+system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of
+socialization as in kev's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization as in kev's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialization as in kev's
+mikon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+settlements following car marks off in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements following car marks off in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements following car marks off in
+Vienna the whole environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna the whole environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vienna the whole environment
+uh broken down to about 1,800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh broken down to about 1,800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh broken down to about 1,800
+people per block uh would form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people per block uh would form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people per block uh would form a
+collective in which the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective in which the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective in which the social
+socialization element would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fundamental I'm trying to rush through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental I'm trying to rush through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental I'm trying to rush through
+all of this as quickly as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can so for alsoa Notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+linear form based partly upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear form based partly upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear form based partly upon the
+American example of the conveyor belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American example of the conveyor belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American example of the conveyor belt
+let us take the storm of the Revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us take the storm of the Revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let us take the storm of the Revolution
+in Russia United with the pulse of life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Russia United with the pulse of life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Russia United with the pulse of life
+in America and do our work like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in America and do our work like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in America and do our work like a
+chronometer that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronometer that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronometer that's
+chikov taylorism FW Taylor of Harvard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chikov taylorism FW Taylor of Harvard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chikov taylorism FW Taylor of Harvard
+University uh literature about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University uh literature about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University uh literature about
+industrial affinity and management Lenin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial affinity and management Lenin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrial affinity and management Lenin
+exhorted Society to to make use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+torismelling gr tractor plants were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torismelling gr tractor plants were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+torismelling gr tractor plants were
+prefabricated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefabricated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefabricated in
+Detroit by the Albert Khan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit by the Albert Khan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit by the Albert Khan
+company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company
+foraa was became a premise for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foraa was became a premise for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foraa was became a premise for
+deriz men stand still but things move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriz men stand still but things move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriz men stand still but things move
+became a mantra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+autoo automobile Factory at gorki was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoo automobile Factory at gorki was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoo automobile Factory at gorki was
+designed under the subvision of the fort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed under the subvision of the fort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed under the subvision of the fort
+company Albert khah who one of one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company Albert khah who one of one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company Albert khah who one of one of
+America's more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America's more interesting
+Architects his company had hand in over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects his company had hand in over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Architects his company had hand in over
+50 Enterprises in USA he also built he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 Enterprises in USA he also built he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 Enterprises in USA he also built he
+worked primarily for Henry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford
+interesting Albert KH a Jew hry for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Albert KH a Jew hry for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting Albert KH a Jew hry for his
+is an anti-semite the Russians dislike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an anti-semite the Russians dislike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an anti-semite the Russians dislike
+Jews but somehow again you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews but somehow again you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jews but somehow again you have a
+complete breakdown of any kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete breakdown of any kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete breakdown of any kind of thing
+but skill Albert Khan is the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but skill Albert Khan is the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but skill Albert Khan is the world's
+greatest industrial architect probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ever he provided things which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever he provided things which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever he provided things which the
+Russian Society were willing to accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian Society were willing to accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian Society were willing to accept
+even though though he was a foreigner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though though he was a foreigner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though though he was a foreigner
+and a rush I mean imagine imagining IM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a rush I mean imagine imagining IM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a rush I mean imagine imagining IM
+mentioned Russia in this post zarus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned Russia in this post zarus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned Russia in this post zarus
+state with with a a loose ideology which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with with a a loose ideology which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state with with a a loose ideology which
+we all sitting now sitting in rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all sitting now sitting in rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all sitting now sitting in rooms
+trying to say what does this all mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say what does this all mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say what does this all mean
+and there is the United States work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is the United States work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there is the United States work
+churning away building fort UT Wheels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churning away building fort UT Wheels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+churning away building fort UT Wheels in
+Detroit and reading about tailor ISM and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit and reading about tailor ISM and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Detroit and reading about tailor ISM and
+so on and the society's coming closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and the society's coming closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and the society's coming closer
+together around the production of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together around the production of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together around the production of good
+as far as the oranization is concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the oranization is concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the oranization is concerned
+it meant very little the linear plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meant very little the linear plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it meant very little the linear plans
+for the competition in Magneto G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the competition in Magneto G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the competition in Magneto G
+Stalingrad and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stalingrad and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stalingrad and
+auty for the production of cars tractors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auty for the production of cars tractors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+auty for the production of cars tractors
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+steel the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+settlements linearity I wish I had 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements linearity I wish I had 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+settlements linearity I wish I had 5
+minutes to talk about the problems of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to talk about the problems of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes to talk about the problems of
+linearity linearity offers great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity linearity offers great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity linearity offers great
+attraction to architect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction to architect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction to architect
+because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Elementary expansion is feasible because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary expansion is feasible because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elementary expansion is feasible because
+you can you've got two open ends you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you've got two open ends you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you've got two open ends you can
+provide public transportation system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide public transportation system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide public transportation system
+along the line where it's most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+efficient The Crossings of the line are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient The Crossings of the line are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient The Crossings of the line are
+as unimportant in the Stalingrad plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as unimportant in the Stalingrad plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as unimportant in the Stalingrad plan
+you have a park you have housing a park
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a park you have housing a park
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a park you have housing a park
+industry and so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and so on and so
+on like a complicated McDonald sandwich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like a complicated McDonald sandwich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on like a complicated McDonald sandwich
+stretching infinitely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching infinitely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretching infinitely in
+length one of the most interesting I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one of the most interesting I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length one of the most interesting I'm
+jumping one of the most interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping one of the most interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumping one of the most interesting
+competitions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitions in
+urbanism competitions in urbanism are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism competitions in urbanism are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+urbanism competitions in urbanism are
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+difficult if you examine the ex context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult if you examine the ex context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult if you examine the ex context
+of a city as closely as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a city as closely as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a city as closely as we've been
+examining them in this class you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining them in this class you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examining them in this class you
+probably would have to do a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would have to do a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would have to do a lot to
+provide a competition unless it's for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a competition unless it's for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide a competition unless it's for a
+small piece of a city a parcel in a city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of a city a parcel in a city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small piece of a city a parcel in a city
+but a competition for a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a competition for a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a competition for a whole
+city unless you're interested in Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city unless you're interested in Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city unless you're interested in Big
+Ideas I don't know a successful Urban
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideas I don't know a successful Urban
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ideas I don't know a successful Urban
+comp design competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yet one of the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet one of the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet one of the more
+interesting cases is the case of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases is the case of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases is the case of the
+La
+
+ align:start position:0%
+La
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+La
+competition just after the revolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition just after the revolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition just after the revolution
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Russian decided that they needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian decided that they needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russian decided that they needed to
+create a new town near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new town near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new town near
+Moscow which would alleviate the workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow which would alleviate the workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow which would alleviate the workers
+from the strain of working so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the strain of working so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the strain of working so
+hard that they could come to this town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that they could come to this town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that they could come to this town
+to spend a week or two weeks just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a week or two weeks just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend a week or two weeks just
+dealing with the world of fantasy and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the world of fantasy and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with the world of fantasy and so
+on the three winning competitions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the three winning competitions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the three winning competitions were
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+lowski who built a town which balanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowski who built a town which balanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowski who built a town which balanced
+Trains and Automobiles but did nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trains and Automobiles but did nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trains and Automobiles but did nothing
+particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly
+else the second prize competition was by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the second prize competition was by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else the second prize competition was by
+won by Moses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won by Moses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won by Moses
+Ginsburg and uh his colleague I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ginsburg and uh his colleague I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ginsburg and uh his colleague I forget
+the name of the his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the name of the his
+colleague who proposed the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague who proposed the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague who proposed the system of
+ribbon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ribbon
+roads which you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads which you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roads which you and
+train system but the basic system was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train system but the basic system was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train system but the basic system was a
+disan proposition that people would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disan proposition that people would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disan proposition that people would have
+little Huts live in the countryside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Huts live in the countryside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Huts live in the countryside
+connected by T tele not telephone just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected by T tele not telephone just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected by T tele not telephone just
+too for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too for
+telephones um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephones um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephones um
+electricity and basically live in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and basically live in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity and basically live in the
+rural areas as if they were free like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural areas as if they were free like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural areas as if they were free like
+animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the housing was designed on the basis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housing was designed on the basis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the housing was designed on the basis of
+one person per unit if you were married
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person per unit if you were married
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person per unit if you were married
+you had a sliding door between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a sliding door between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a sliding door between the two
+of the units you could transgress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the units you could transgress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the units you could transgress that
+path as freely as you wished but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path as freely as you wished but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path as freely as you wished but if you
+didn't want to do it you could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to do it you could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to do it you could be
+separate and and in an anarchic sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and and in an anarchic sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate and and in an anarchic sense
+perhaps choose another partner for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps choose another partner for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps choose another partner for the
+time that you were there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you were there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that you were there uh
+the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most
+interesting example came from a strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example came from a strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example came from a strange
+man called melnikov who was one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man called melnikov who was one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man called melnikov who was one of those
+brilliant architects of the modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant architects of the modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliant architects of the modern
+period anywhere and one of the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period anywhere and one of the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period anywhere and one of the least
+understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood
+melnikov did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melnikov did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melnikov did
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+strange he said that the the everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange he said that the the everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strange he said that the the everything
+that the human being has to experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the human being has to experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the human being has to experience
+in in my in my town has got to put him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in my in my town has got to put him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in my in my town has got to put him
+in a different state of mind so he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different state of mind so he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a different state of mind so he
+said I let us study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I let us study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said I let us study
+sleep he said we sleep for a third of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep he said we sleep for a third of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep he said we sleep for a third of
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+life I'm going to try to influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I'm going to try to influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I'm going to try to influence the
+way people sleep so the interior of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people sleep so the interior of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way people sleep so the interior of his
+units have sloping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units have sloping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units have sloping
+beds and he plays sounds into Roxy Roth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beds and he plays sounds into Roxy Roth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beds and he plays sounds into Roxy Roth
+of the of New York heard about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of New York heard about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of New York heard about this and
+came to Russia to meet with melnikov to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to Russia to meet with melnikov to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to Russia to meet with melnikov to
+popularize the idea of putting smells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularize the idea of putting smells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popularize the idea of putting smells
+into American radio and Radio City Music
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into American radio and Radio City Music
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into American radio and Radio City Music
+Hall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hall
+um melikov Wanted wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um melikov Wanted wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um melikov Wanted wild
+animals to roam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals to roam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals to roam
+around so that you could really be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so that you could really be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so that you could really be in
+contact with nature in a serious manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with nature in a serious manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact with nature in a serious manner
+how serious I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how serious I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how serious I don't know
+intimacy between an wild animal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy between an wild animal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimacy between an wild animal and
+human being is is pretty serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being is is pretty serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human being is is pretty serious
+um um he had a whole bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um he had a whole bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um um he had a whole bunch of other
+things he had an Institute for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he had an Institute for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things he had an Institute for the
+reform of character he had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform of character he had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reform of character he had the
+virtual the edge of his city was almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual the edge of his city was almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtual the edge of his city was almost
+like the walls of an ancient town where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the walls of an ancient town where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the walls of an ancient town where
+people could go on for on long walks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could go on for on long walks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people could go on for on long walks and
+meet other people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet other people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet other people
+you enter the down by train the train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter the down by train the train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter the down by train the train
+stopped in the station I'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped in the station I'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped in the station I'll show you the
+slid you get out of the train and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slid you get out of the train and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slid you get out of the train and you
+sit in bleaches and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+socialized you given large dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialized you given large dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socialized you given large dramatic
+presentations and so on it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and so on it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations and so on it's an
+extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary
+place from its interest in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place from its interest in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place from its interest in the
+individual's experience throughout his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual's experience throughout his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual's experience throughout his
+two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks
+there in relation to Nature he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in relation to Nature he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in relation to Nature he used
+solar energy had a Solar Energy Pavilion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy had a Solar Energy Pavilion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar energy had a Solar Energy Pavilion
+this is long before solar energy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is long before solar energy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is long before solar energy was
+appropriate in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+society let's look at some illustrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society let's look at some illustrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society let's look at some illustrations
+I'm sorry for this compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry for this compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry for this compressed
+version but there's very good writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version but there's very good writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version but there's very good writing
+now available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now available
+and the T cop's basic book he still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the T cop's basic book he still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the T cop's basic book he still a
+very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+source so let's look at some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so let's look at some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so let's look at some of these
+images AB aom's plan for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+London the clearing away of the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London the clearing away of the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London the clearing away of the space
+around the center city and the creation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the center city and the creation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the center city and the creation
+of a green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a green
+belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belt
+next I'm going to go through these very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I'm going to go through these very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I'm going to go through these very
+quickly the typical for Mark one town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the typical for Mark one town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the typical for Mark one town
+one center micro centers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one center micro centers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one center micro centers in the
+neighborhoods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods
+uh this is well in Garden City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+stevenage and the center of Mark one new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stevenage and the center of Mark one new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stevenage and the center of Mark one new
+town
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town
+next Mark 2 hook a linear city with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Mark 2 hook a linear city with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Mark 2 hook a linear city with a
+linear Center space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Center space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear Center space
+built in a tunnel above a tunnel and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in a tunnel above a tunnel and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built in a tunnel above a tunnel and as
+you can see the arrows pointing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the arrows pointing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the arrows pointing in the
+upper section pointing to the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper section pointing to the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper section pointing to the fact that
+you have to move through others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to move through others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to move through others
+neighborhoods to build this is social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods to build this is social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods to build this is social
+engineering to through the formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to through the formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering to through the formal
+distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+housing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+housing
+next heran corn one of the revolutionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next heran corn one of the revolutionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next heran corn one of the revolutionary
+towns based on a public transportation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns based on a public transportation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towns based on a public transportation
+route in in a figure eight meeting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route in in a figure eight meeting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route in in a figure eight meeting in
+the center of the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the place
+next and the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and the great
+comanal these are the diagrams of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comanal these are the diagrams of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comanal these are the diagrams of the
+center which fascinated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center which fascinated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center which fascinated the
+architectural world so greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next on the left you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next on the left you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next on the left you can see the
+architecture of use of a airplanes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of use of a airplanes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture of use of a airplanes and
+helicopters which Frank R Used I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters which Frank R Used I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helicopters which Frank R Used I don't
+know why it's important to animate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why it's important to animate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know why it's important to animate the
+sky in the depiction of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky in the depiction of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky in the depiction of a
+town everybody does it but nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town everybody does it but nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town everybody does it but nobody
+suffers the disaster of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffers the disaster of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffers the disaster of
+Cal as Cal did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next irine the linear Town linking to oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next irine the linear Town linking to oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next irine the linear Town linking to oh
+no I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I
+don't change that thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change that thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't change that thank
+you and an earlier version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of of Milton canes on the right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Milton canes on the right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of Milton canes on the right a
+distributed GD City
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed GD City
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed GD City
+next Milton K's the diagram on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Milton K's the diagram on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Milton K's the diagram on the right
+indicates the increase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the increase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates the increase in
+affluence Leisure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence Leisure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affluence Leisure
+sport uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sport uh
+automobiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles
+highways the plan of molon canes is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways the plan of molon canes is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highways the plan of molon canes is a
+sectoral plan in which the grid system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectoral plan in which the grid system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sectoral plan in which the grid system
+is carefully designed at 1 kilometer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carefully designed at 1 kilometer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is carefully designed at 1 kilometer and
+by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 1
+kilometer 1 mile by one mile would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer 1 mile by one mile would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilometer 1 mile by one mile would have
+created the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for separated Highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for separated Highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for separated Highway
+connections at one the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections at one the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections at one the volume of
+automobiles at 1 kilometer restricts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles at 1 kilometer restricts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles at 1 kilometer restricts the
+system of connections to a traffic light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of connections to a traffic light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of connections to a traffic light
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next other principle here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next other principle here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next other principle here is an
+interesting principle for those of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting principle for those of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting principle for those of you
+who interested in these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+things in architectural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+construction if I create a trust between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction if I create a trust between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction if I create a trust between
+two points I can load the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points I can load the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points I can load the system
+anywhere because the system will take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere because the system will take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere because the system will take
+care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of
+the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low
+distribution sorry focus is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution sorry focus is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution sorry focus is not
+working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working
+okay the same principle is attempted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+year it's going the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's going the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's going the wrong
+way okay there we are thank you um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay there we are thank you um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay there we are thank you um the
+system is designed so that the system no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is designed so that the system no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is designed so that the system no
+matter where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter where you
+locate can be taken care of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate can be taken care of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locate can be taken care of by
+transportation system in other words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system in other words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation system in other words you
+create in the design of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create in the design of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create in the design of the
+Town a robust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town a robust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Town a robust
+enough system of move of movement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough system of move of movement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough system of move of movement
+infrastructure so any loading position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure so any loading position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrastructure so any loading position
+say an industry wishes to locate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an industry wishes to locate here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say an industry wishes to locate here
+another industry here all of it is taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another industry here all of it is taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another industry here all of it is taken
+care of by the infrastructure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+next here's just two examples of uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here's just two examples of uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here's just two examples of uh from
+a Venezuelan project called Ela
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Venezuelan project called Ela
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Venezuelan project called Ela
+blazo which the same firm which did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blazo which the same firm which did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blazo which the same firm which did
+Milton canes designed at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milton canes designed at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milton canes designed at the same time
+the whole idea is that the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea is that the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole idea is that the center of the
+town would be a zone for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town would be a zone for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town would be a zone for
+squatters that the incubation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squatters that the incubation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squatters that the incubation
+requirement in the middle of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement in the middle of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement in the middle of a
+city heightens the educational input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city heightens the educational input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city heightens the educational input
+into these people and they can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these people and they can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these people and they can then
+migrate from here into the existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate from here into the existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migrate from here into the existing
+surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding
+neighborhoods is never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods is never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhoods is never
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Russia hell on Earth the image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia hell on Earth the image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Russia hell on Earth the image of
+contemporary capitalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary capitalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary capitalist
+industry this is from milon's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry this is from milon's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry this is from milon's book
+sarod May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarod May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sarod May
+1919 the use of visual material in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 the use of visual material in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 the use of visual material in the
+celebration of the new Republic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next and Ma one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and Ma one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next and Ma one of the
+German Architects and his Institute who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German Architects and his Institute who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+German Architects and his Institute who
+did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did
+the distribut plan for Moscow K's plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribut plan for Moscow K's plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distribut plan for Moscow K's plan
+on next on the bottom left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on next on the bottom left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on next on the bottom left
+next I'm just afraid this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I'm just afraid this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next I'm just afraid this is one of the
+more interesting plans of Moscow Cher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting plans of Moscow Cher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting plans of Moscow Cher
+off's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off's
+plan basically if a city expands the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan basically if a city expands the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan basically if a city expands the
+tension is in the environment around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is in the environment around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tension is in the environment around the
+the area which it's expanding into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area which it's expanding into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area which it's expanding into what
+do you do with that you will see all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do with that you will see all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do with that you will see all of
+these projects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these projects are
+uncertain you either have a green belt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain you either have a green belt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain you either have a green belt
+you restrict growth if you do growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you restrict growth if you do growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you restrict growth if you do growth
+this one tries to capitalize on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one tries to capitalize on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one tries to capitalize on the
+communal environment at the edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal environment at the edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal environment at the edge of the
+city a huge infrastructure of sport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city a huge infrastructure of sport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city a huge infrastructure of sport
+Recreation uh open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recreation uh open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recreation uh open
+space uh and so on so in circles Moscow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh and so on so in circles Moscow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space uh and so on so in circles Moscow
+the only version of this that I know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only version of this that I know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only version of this that I know is
+Havana in Havana in en Park surrounding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Havana in Havana in en Park surrounding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Havana in Havana in en Park surrounding
+aana where you have in a sense a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aana where you have in a sense a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aana where you have in a sense a an
+encultured Green Belt of modest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encultured Green Belt of modest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encultured Green Belt of modest
+size one of the dis at the moset plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size one of the dis at the moset plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size one of the dis at the moset plan
+which is similar to Aon SM plan that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is similar to Aon SM plan that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is similar to Aon SM plan that is
+to distribute roads and rail systems all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distribute roads and rail systems all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distribute roads and rail systems all
+around in fingered form in linear form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in fingered form in linear form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in fingered form in linear form
+and to have small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to have small
+interventions in linear form along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in linear form along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interventions in linear form along
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh this is shi's plan and the 1935 plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is shi's plan and the 1935 plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh this is shi's plan and the 1935 plan
+which became the Orthodox plan which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which became the Orthodox plan which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which became the Orthodox plan which
+Moscow has followed roughly ever since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next this is the lovi's plan for the V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is the lovi's plan for the V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is the lovi's plan for the V
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this
+is ginsburg's plan on the left mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ginsburg's plan on the left mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is ginsburg's plan on the left mainly
+with r High linear Road systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with r High linear Road systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with r High linear Road systems and
+Greenfield in between and some versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenfield in between and some versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greenfield in between and some versions
+of or diversion between a grid system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or diversion between a grid system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or diversion between a grid system
+and a dotted system and on the right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dotted system and on the right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a dotted system and on the right is
+the diagram of mos plan with an elephant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram of mos plan with an elephant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diagram of mos plan with an elephant
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+center and a bull up at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and a bull up at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and a bull up at the top
+next here's entries to the city this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here's entries to the city this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here's entries to the city this is
+how you enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you enter
+into number 15 you are socialized on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into number 15 you are socialized on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into number 15 you are socialized on
+your environment on your entry next what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your environment on your entry next what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your environment on your entry next what
+that means god Le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means god Le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means god Le
+knows here is the bedro which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows here is the bedro which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows here is the bedro which is
+articulated in relation to the sun and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated in relation to the sun and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articulated in relation to the sun and
+into sleep and he has a solar Pavilion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sleep and he has a solar Pavilion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into sleep and he has a solar Pavilion
+on the left imagine designing a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left imagine designing a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left imagine designing a solar
+Pavilion in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1919 next is extraordinary that's one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 next is extraordinary that's one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1919 next is extraordinary that's one of
+his drawings on the right for the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his drawings on the right for the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his drawings on the right for the new
+ministry of Industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministry of Industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ministry of Industry
+and this is in 19 sketch for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in 19 sketch for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is in 19 sketch for his
+1924 exhibition Pavilion in Paris which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1924 exhibition Pavilion in Paris which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1924 exhibition Pavilion in Paris which
+was built but not quite as dramatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built but not quite as dramatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was built but not quite as dramatically
+as the D diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the D diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the D diagram
+next the Osa group and all of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the Osa group and all of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the Osa group and all of their
+scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific
+formulations year the two based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulations year the two based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulations year the two based on
+linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linearity
+next the plan on the right is of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the plan on the right is of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the plan on the right is of a
+linear distribution of a con connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear distribution of a con connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear distribution of a con connection
+between separated settlements and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between separated settlements and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between separated settlements and a
+linear system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear system in
+Stalingrad one of the drawing on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stalingrad one of the drawing on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stalingrad one of the drawing on the
+left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is
+interesting one of the great skills of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one of the great skills of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one of the great skills of
+Urban Design is the skill of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagramming you need to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagramming you need to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagramming you need to be able to
+diagram very well in order to convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram very well in order to convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram very well in order to convey
+your intentions to your colleagues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intentions to your colleagues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intentions to your colleagues to
+other people and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the diagramming system here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uses similar s simple forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses similar s simple forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses similar s simple forms of
+description uh to animate the big idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh to animate the big idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description uh to animate the big idea
+next here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next here you can see
+leonov's idea for distributed disbest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leonov's idea for distributed disbest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leonov's idea for distributed disbest
+environment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment of
+Hearts connected in a Ron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next just a few glances at housing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next just a few glances at housing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next just a few glances at housing here
+in the diagram of this housing project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diagram of this housing project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the diagram of this housing project
+on the right the ground floor is as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right the ground floor is as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right the ground floor is as you
+can see occupied with people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see occupied with people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see occupied with people in
+condensing condensing playing sport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensing condensing playing sport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensing condensing playing sport
+playing here on the left is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagram projecting the power of the ru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram projecting the power of the ru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram projecting the power of the ru
+interia the the central position which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interia the the central position which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interia the the central position which
+is anim links number floors through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anim links number floors through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anim links number floors through the
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next Moses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Moses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Moses
+ginsburg's modern apartment block the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginsburg's modern apartment block the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ginsburg's modern apartment block the
+ground floor is totally the ground floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground floor is totally the ground floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground floor is totally the ground floor
+and the roof are totally given over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the roof are totally given over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the roof are totally given over to
+communal space and the flaws in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal space and the flaws in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communal space and the flaws in between
+are small and compet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small and compet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are small and compet
+compartmentalized he has a project for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalized he has a project for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartmentalized he has a project for a
+residential environment combining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential environment combining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+residential environment combining a
+number of the Fe of these intellectual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the Fe of these intellectual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the Fe of these intellectual
+groups the advertising of the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups the advertising of the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups the advertising of the building
+giving the visual prominence to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the visual prominence to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving the visual prominence to the
+shape of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building
+the there's a wheel I don't know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a wheel I don't know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a wheel I don't know if the
+wheel articulates the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel articulates the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheel articulates the idea of the
+elevator going up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator going up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevator going up and
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next this is a projection of by this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is a projection of by this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is a projection of by this by
+one of these groups for the housing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these groups for the housing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these groups for the housing in
+the magn competition this is in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magn competition this is in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magn competition this is in fact the
+on the right what is what was built as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right what is what was built as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right what is what was built as a
+result of the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next this is this is Malikov Cinema in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is this is Malikov Cinema in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next this is this is Malikov Cinema in
+Moscow imagine making three separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow imagine making three separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moscow imagine making three separate
+buildings out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cinema uh on the left is one of coria's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema uh on the left is one of coria's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema uh on the left is one of coria's
+less un known buildings the cus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less un known buildings the cus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less un known buildings the cus
+building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1929 building for the United coun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 building for the United coun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 building for the United coun
+workers councils of Russia it's now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers councils of Russia it's now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers councils of Russia it's now the
+L Bureau of Statistics building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Bureau of Statistics building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L Bureau of Statistics building
+next the Dom communa building on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the Dom communa building on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next the Dom communa building on the
+left the housing social housing built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the housing social housing built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the housing social housing built
+under the the Dom Cuna system on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the the Dom Cuna system on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the the Dom Cuna system on the
+right is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is a
+club
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next with the these are just twoam yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next with the these are just twoam yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next with the these are just twoam yes
+tling famous monument of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tling famous monument of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tling famous monument of the
+international on the left on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international on the left on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international on the left on the right
+is melnikov's entry into the Pravda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is melnikov's entry into the Pravda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is melnikov's entry into the Pravda
+competition all of them involve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition all of them involve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition all of them involve the
+building moving at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building moving at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building moving at different
+rates in the Pravda competition building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates in the Pravda competition building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates in the Pravda competition building
+the core of the the separate cores of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of the the separate cores of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core of the the separate cores of
+the building rotate the building at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building rotate the building at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building rotate the building at
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+speed it's the invasion of architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed it's the invasion of architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed it's the invasion of architecture
+by movement this Monument to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by movement this Monument to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by movement this Monument to the
+international has also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international has also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+international has also
+rotating geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotating geometric
+forms which move at different speeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms which move at different speeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms which move at different speeds
+it's much like when the queen is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much like when the queen is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much like when the queen is in
+London there's a flag on Buckingham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London there's a flag on Buckingham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London there's a flag on Buckingham
+Palace you will know when Congress is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace you will know when Congress is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Palace you will know when Congress is in
+session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session
+by watching the speed of the more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by watching the speed of the more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by watching the speed of the more like
+an urban thermometer somehow
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/HkoxlFUerR0.txt b/HkoxlFUerR0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92d247c07f47c198d107408e1830509520d8b089
--- /dev/null
+++ b/HkoxlFUerR0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11939 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu welcome to uh lecture three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu welcome to uh lecture three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu welcome to uh lecture three
+on quantum mechanical methods uh as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on quantum mechanical methods uh as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on quantum mechanical methods uh as you
+may have guessed I'm not Jeff um as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have guessed I'm not Jeff um as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have guessed I'm not Jeff um as much
+as I look like him I know um I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I look like him I know um I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I look like him I know um I'm
+actually a graduate student of his I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a graduate student of his I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a graduate student of his I'm
+Michelle uh so feel free to interrupt me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle uh so feel free to interrupt me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelle uh so feel free to interrupt me
+with any questions you have during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any questions you have during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any questions you have during this
+and this is a really exciting class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a really exciting class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a really exciting class
+today because today we're actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because today we're actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today because today we're actually going
+to start talking about some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start talking about some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start talking about some of these
+Quantum methods that you know we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum methods that you know we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quantum methods that you know we've been
+doing the background for up till now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the background for up till now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the background for up till now um
+so first of all I guess you guys know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all I guess you guys know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all I guess you guys know
+that you don't have class on Thursday um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have class on Thursday um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't have class on Thursday um
+but I guess for those of you doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I guess for those of you doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I guess for those of you doing
+projects uh you can go meet with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh you can go meet with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh you can go meet with
+Professor berer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor berer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Professor berer
+then so on our outline we are here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so on our outline we are here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so on our outline we are here we're
+going to be talking a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be talking a little bit about
+modeling the beginnings of modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the beginnings of modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling the beginnings of modeling
+today and a little bit about molecules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and a little bit about molecules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and a little bit about molecules
+so last time we talked about a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we talked about a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we talked about a single
+electron system we talked about hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system we talked about hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron system we talked about hydrogen
+and actually that gave us a lot we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually that gave us a lot we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually that gave us a lot we were
+able to explain how spectral lines came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain how spectral lines came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to explain how spectral lines came
+about um just from understanding the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um just from understanding the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um just from understanding the uh
+the basic structure of hyd hen but today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic structure of hyd hen but today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic structure of hyd hen but today
+we're going to work on more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to work on more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to work on more than one
+electron systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron systems
+and you'll see that uh this is where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that uh this is where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll see that uh this is where the
+computation really becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation really becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation really becomes
+necessary so here's the outline so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary so here's the outline so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary so here's the outline so you
+can see today we're going to talk a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see today we're going to talk a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see today we're going to talk a
+little bit about Harry and Harry Fox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about Harry and Harry Fox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit about Harry and Harry Fox
+methods and density functional Theory um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and density functional Theory um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and density functional Theory um
+so I believe you guys are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I believe you guys are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I believe you guys are going to be
+using density density functional Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using density density functional Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using density density functional Theory
+um to on your next problem set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just some review from last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just some review from last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just some review from last time so
+here's the short and gear equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the short and gear equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the short and gear equation that
+I'm sure you're all sick of seeing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you're all sick of seeing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure you're all sick of seeing by
+now um we in general if our system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um we in general if our system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um we in general if our system is
+time independent then our hamiltonian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent then our hamiltonian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time independent then our hamiltonian is
+going to be time independent and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be time independent and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be time independent and we can
+separate the variables into the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the variables into the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the variables into the spatial
+component and the time component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and the time component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component and the time component and
+then by dividing out the time component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by dividing out the time component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then by dividing out the time component
+we're left with this stationary time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left with this stationary time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're left with this stationary time
+independent shorting equation and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent shorting equation and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent shorting equation and that's
+the equation that we've been solving and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that we've been solving and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation that we've been solving and
+we will continue to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so as I said last time we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as I said last time we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so as I said last time we talked
+about the hydrogen atom um we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the hydrogen atom um we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the hydrogen atom um we just
+solved its hamiltonian we the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved its hamiltonian we the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved its hamiltonian we the
+hamiltonian itself is of course the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian itself is of course the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian itself is of course the
+kinetic energy and the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy and the potential energy
+the kinetic energy is this the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy is this the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy is this the potential
+energy is actually just that colum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is actually just that colum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is actually just that colum
+attraction between the electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between the electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between the electron and the
+proton in that hydrogen atom and this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton in that hydrogen atom and this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton in that hydrogen atom and this we
+saw was pretty simple to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was pretty simple to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw was pretty simple to solve
+we I guess we didn't actually do it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I guess we didn't actually do it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we I guess we didn't actually do it but
+the way this is solved is you switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is solved is you switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way this is solved is you switch
+into spherical coordinates you solve for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into spherical coordinates you solve for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into spherical coordinates you solve for
+a radial component of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radial component of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radial component of the wave
+function and an angular component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and an angular component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and an angular component of the
+wave function so to any of you who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function so to any of you who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function so to any of you who have
+had a lot of chemistry these probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of chemistry these probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot of chemistry these probably
+look very familiar so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very familiar so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look very familiar so this
+is uh this is the S these three are P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is the S these three are P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh this is the S these three are P
+these five are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five are
+D and these are basically just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and these are basically just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D and these are basically just the
+spherical harmonics that you get from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical harmonics that you get from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spherical harmonics that you get from
+solving the Theta and F parts of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the Theta and F parts of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving the Theta and F parts of the uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+hamiltonian and when we combine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and when we combine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian and when we combine
+these we get the total spatial wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we get the total spatial wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we get the total spatial wave
+function for the hydrogen atom so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the hydrogen atom so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function for the hydrogen atom so the
+spatial wave function is um described by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial wave function is um described by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial wave function is um described by
+these quantum numbers the N the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantum numbers the N the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these quantum numbers the N the
+principal quantum number L the angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number L the angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal quantum number L the angular
+momentum component and ml which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum component and ml which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum component and ml which is the
+momentum component projected along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum component projected along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum component projected along the
+z-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z-axis
+so you guys have probably seen these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys have probably seen these a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys have probably seen these a
+million times it leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times it leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million times it leads
+to uh these spatial wave functions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh these spatial wave functions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh these spatial wave functions so
+this is increasing principal quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is increasing principal quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is increasing principal quantum
+number and this is increasing angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+momentum all right so we've all seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum all right so we've all seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum all right so we've all seen
+this graph now a couple times can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph now a couple times can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this graph now a couple times can
+somebody tell me what this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me what this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me what this graph
+represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and what's why is it important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what's why is it important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what's why is it important
+that uh there are these specific lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there are these specific lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh there are these specific lines
+that it can go between I mean is it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can go between I mean is it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can go between I mean is it what
+what phenomenon are we capturing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what phenomenon are we capturing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what phenomenon are we capturing with
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea
+right right so this is why people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so this is why people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right so this is why people
+observed uh this is why people observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed uh this is why people observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed uh this is why people observed
+lines instead of seeing a continu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines instead of seeing a continu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines instead of seeing a continu
+spectrum so atoms instead of emitting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so atoms instead of emitting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectrum so atoms instead of emitting a
+continuous Spectrum emit specific lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Spectrum emit specific lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous Spectrum emit specific lines
+and that puzzle was solved by we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that puzzle was solved by we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that puzzle was solved by we
+actually already solved it last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already solved it last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually already solved it last time
+with the solution to the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the solution to the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the solution to the hydrogen atom
+because we saw that the hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw that the hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we saw that the hydrogen atom
+had these discrete energy levels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these discrete energy levels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these discrete energy levels and
+electrons could only exist in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons could only exist in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons could only exist in those
+specific energy levels and so when an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific energy levels and so when an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific energy levels and so when an
+electron went between those two energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron went between those two energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron went between those two energy
+levels it would emit the electron the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels it would emit the electron the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels it would emit the electron the
+energy of that difference in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that difference in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of that difference in energy
+levels um as a photon and that Photon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels um as a photon and that Photon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels um as a photon and that Photon
+would be a specific wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a specific wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a specific wavelength
+corresponding to a specific color and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a specific color and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding to a specific color and
+that's exactly where this emission line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly where this emission line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly where this emission line
+Spectrum comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from so let's try to add one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so let's try to add one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so let's try to add one more
+electron so this is our hamiltonian now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so this is our hamiltonian now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so this is our hamiltonian now
+for helium we have we still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helium we have we still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for helium we have we still have the
+kinetic part the T for electrons one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic part the T for electrons one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic part the T for electrons one and
+two we have the potential part for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we have the potential part for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two we have the potential part for
+electrons one and two that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one and two that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons one and two that's the
+interaction of the electrons with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of the electrons with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of the electrons with the
+helium nucleus but now we have this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus but now we have this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus but now we have this term
+that's the coolum repulsion it's the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the coolum repulsion it's the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the coolum repulsion it's the two
+electrons interacting with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons interacting with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons interacting with each
+other and this makes the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and this makes the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and this makes the problem
+suddenly unable to be solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly unable to be solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly unable to be solved
+analytically just this addition of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically just this addition of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically just this addition of one
+more electron it's I guess you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more electron it's I guess you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more electron it's I guess you could
+think of it as sort of the three body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as sort of the three body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as sort of the three body
+problem in in uh classical mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in in uh classical mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in in uh classical mechanics
+so last time we also talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we also talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we also talked about
+spin so we know that electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin so we know that electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin so we know that electrons are
+either spin up or spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either spin up or spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either spin up or spin
+down does anybody remember the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down does anybody remember the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down does anybody remember the uh the
+experiment that was done to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+yeah good job so the stern G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good job so the stern G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah good job so the stern G
+experiment um basically it was a stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um basically it was a stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment um basically it was a stream
+of electrons that were shot through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons that were shot through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons that were shot through this
+magnetic field and then we're observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and then we're observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field and then we're observed
+on a plate behind it so electrons being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a plate behind it so electrons being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a plate behind it so electrons being
+shot through this magnetic field is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot through this magnetic field is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot through this magnetic field is kind
+of like the uh the spin component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the uh the spin component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like the uh the spin component of the
+wave function being observed so now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function being observed so now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function being observed so now that
+we're observing this wave function it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're observing this wave function it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're observing this wave function it
+can only be in its IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be in its IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be in its IG
+States so those igen states are here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so those igen states are here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States so those igen states are here and
+here so You' think if you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so You' think if you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so You' think if you have an
+electron that can interact with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that can interact with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that can interact with a
+magnetic field you know it could be it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field you know it could be it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field you know it could be it's
+uh Magnetic Moment could be pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Magnetic Moment could be pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Magnetic Moment could be pointing
+sort of any direction so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of any direction so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of any direction so if it's
+pointing you know perpendicular to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing you know perpendicular to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing you know perpendicular to the
+magnetic field why would you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field why would you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field why would you expect
+there to be any kind of interaction you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be any kind of interaction you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be any kind of interaction you
+just expect it to end up in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expect it to end up in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just expect it to end up in the middle
+here and similarly it could be anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and similarly it could be anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and similarly it could be anywhere
+between up or down but this is quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between up or down but this is quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between up or down but this is quantum
+mechanics this magnetic field is making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics this magnetic field is making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics this magnetic field is making
+a measurement and so we all know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurement and so we all know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurement and so we all know that
+once a measurement is made in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a measurement is made in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a measurement is made in quantum
+mechanics the wave function collapses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics the wave function collapses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics the wave function collapses to
+one of its observable igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of its observable igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of its observable igen
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+so um so it may seem strange to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so it may seem strange to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so it may seem strange to you that
+if you know something about uh where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know something about uh where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know something about uh where
+magnetic moments usually come from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moments usually come from you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic moments usually come from you
+usually talk about magnetic fields being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually talk about magnetic fields being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually talk about magnetic fields being
+produced by electrons physically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by electrons physically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced by electrons physically
+spinning in space but this is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning in space but this is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinning in space but this is just some
+property of an electron that creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of an electron that creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of an electron that creates a
+Magnetic Moment without any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnetic Moment without any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Magnetic Moment without any kind of
+movement um so that's that's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement um so that's that's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement um so that's that's still
+something that we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we don't really
+understand today like what what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand today like what what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand today like what what exactly
+that spin means but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spin means but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that spin means but
+we obser observe it and it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obser observe it and it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we obser observe it and it seems
+necessary so right now all we can say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary so right now all we can say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary so right now all we can say is
+that we know electrons are either spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know electrons are either spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know electrons are either spin
+up or their spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or their spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up or their spin
+down uh and Jeff showed you last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh and Jeff showed you last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down uh and Jeff showed you last time
+this letter um to paully that or about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this letter um to paully that or about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this letter um to paully that or about
+how even paully was uh a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how even paully was uh a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how even paully was uh a little
+skeptical of this spin quantum number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical of this spin quantum number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skeptical of this spin quantum number
+but it's actually um crucial for his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually um crucial for his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's actually um crucial for his
+Exclusion Principle so does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle so does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle so does anybody
+remember the poly Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Principle El have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle El have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle El have the
+same exactly yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exactly yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exactly yep
+so all electrons have to have they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all electrons have to have they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all electrons have to have they the
+quantum all four quantum numbers have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum all four quantum numbers have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum all four quantum numbers have to
+be different between any pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different between any pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be different between any pair of
+electrons so the four quantum numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so the four quantum numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so the four quantum numbers
+again are the three spatial components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are the three spatial components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again are the three spatial components
+and now we've added one more which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've added one more which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now we've added one more which is
+spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin
+uh Paulie himself said already in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Paulie himself said already in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Paulie himself said already in my
+original paper I stressed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper I stressed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper I stressed the
+circumstance that I was unable to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance that I was unable to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance that I was unable to give a
+logical reason for the Exclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical reason for the Exclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical reason for the Exclusion
+Principle or to deduce it from more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle or to deduce it from more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Principle or to deduce it from more
+General assumptions I had always the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General assumptions I had always the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General assumptions I had always the
+feeling and I still have it today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and I still have it today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling and I still have it today that
+this is a deficiency so paully came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a deficiency so paully came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a deficiency so paully came up
+with this he used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this he used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this he used
+it it explained the periodic table but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it explained the periodic table but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it explained the periodic table but
+he had no idea why this had to be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had no idea why this had to be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had no idea why this had to be true
+and doesn't it bother you guys that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't it bother you guys that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and doesn't it bother you guys that you
+know there's just this arbitrary rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's just this arbitrary rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's just this arbitrary rule
+that we're saying no two electrons can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're saying no two electrons can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're saying no two electrons can
+have the same four quantum numbers well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same four quantum numbers well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same four quantum numbers well
+today we're actually going to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're actually going to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're actually going to explain
+this we're going to explain what poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to explain what poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're going to explain what poly
+could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not so let's move on to new stuff unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so let's move on to new stuff unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so let's move on to new stuff unless
+there are any questions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far okay so today we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so today we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so today we're going to be
+talking about what happens when we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what happens when we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about what happens when we have
+more than one electron in the system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one electron in the system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one electron in the system so
+we could be talking about helium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could be talking about helium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could be talking about helium with
+two electrons iron 26 electrons we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons iron 26 electrons we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons iron 26 electrons we'll
+move up to molecules solids things with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up to molecules solids things with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move up to molecules solids things with
+hundreds thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons dck said in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons dck said in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons dck said in
+1929 the underlying physical laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 the underlying physical laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1929 the underlying physical laws
+necessary for the mathematical theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary for the mathematical theory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary for the mathematical theory of
+a large part of physics and the whole of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part of physics and the whole of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large part of physics and the whole of
+chemistry are thus completely known and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry are thus completely known and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry are thus completely known and
+the difficulty is only in the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty is only in the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difficulty is only in the exact
+application of these law of the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of these law of the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of these law of the exact
+application of these laws leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of these laws leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of these laws leads to
+inequation sorry leads to equations much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequation sorry leads to equations much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequation sorry leads to equations much
+too complicated to be soluble so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too complicated to be soluble so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too complicated to be soluble so
+basically you know he was feeling pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know he was feeling pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you know he was feeling pretty
+cocky here he's like we we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocky here he's like we we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cocky here he's like we we understand
+the theory of everything we understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of everything we understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theory of everything we understand
+the periodic table there's nothing left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table there's nothing left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic table there's nothing left
+to do in chemistry we understand now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in chemistry we understand now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in chemistry we understand now you
+know we can write the equations for how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can write the equations for how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we can write the equations for how
+all molecules work how all solids work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all molecules work how all solids work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all molecules work how all solids work
+and it's the the complication of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the the complication of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the the complication of these
+mathematical formulas that turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulas that turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulas that turned out to
+be the problem so um I guess uh many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the problem so um I guess uh many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the problem so um I guess uh many
+years later he still was struggling with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later he still was struggling with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years later he still was struggling with
+these and he says if there's no complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and he says if there's no complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and he says if there's no complete
+agreement between the results of one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement between the results of one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agreement between the results of one's
+work and the experiment one should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the experiment one should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and the experiment one should not
+allow oneself to be too discouraged so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow oneself to be too discouraged so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow oneself to be too discouraged so
+you know even after all this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even after all this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know even after all this time
+struggling to solve this equation he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to solve this equation he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling to solve this equation he
+still could not agree with experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still could not agree with experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still could not agree with experiment
+and even today we still cannot always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even today we still cannot always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even today we still cannot always
+agree with experiment but that's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with experiment but that's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with experiment but that's no
+reason not to try so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason not to try so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason not to try so
+uh this was our basic hamiltonian that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was our basic hamiltonian that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this was our basic hamiltonian that
+we had for just the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had for just the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had for just the hydrogen
+system it was just the kinetic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it was just the kinetic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it was just the kinetic and
+potential energy was as simple as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy was as simple as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy was as simple as that
+well now our equation looks a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now our equation looks a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now our equation looks a little bit
+more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like
+this so I don't want you to be too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I don't want you to be too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I don't want you to be too
+intimidated by this equation it seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidated by this equation it seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intimidated by this equation it seems to
+have a lot of terms in it so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of terms in it so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of terms in it so let's go
+through them um for a simple case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them um for a simple case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them um for a simple case
+so let's say we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say we'd
+have I guess the simplest molecule you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I guess the simplest molecule you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I guess the simplest molecule you
+can think of H2 so let's say you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of H2 so let's say you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of H2 so let's say you have a
+nucleus here nucleus here and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here nucleus here and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here nucleus here and an
+electron you know that originally was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you know that originally was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron you know that originally was
+associated with this one and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this one and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with this one and another
+electron ass originally associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron ass originally associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron ass originally associated with
+this so what are what are these terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what are what are these terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so what are what are these terms in
+the hamiltonian so what what do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian so what what do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hamiltonian so what what do we need
+to consider so this first term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider so this first term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider so this first term
+here is the potential or sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the potential or sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the potential or sorry the
+kinetic energy of the nuclei themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the nuclei themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy of the nuclei themselves
+so it's how this nucleus and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's how this nucleus and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's how this nucleus and this
+nucleus are moving around so we'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus are moving around so we'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus are moving around so we'll have
+in this very simple case we'll have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very simple case we'll have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this very simple case we'll have we
+would have two Ser uh terms in this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have two Ser uh terms in this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have two Ser uh terms in this sum
+this next is the interaction so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next is the interaction so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this next is the interaction so you see
+a z i and a ZJ so it's the interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z i and a ZJ so it's the interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a z i and a ZJ so it's the interaction
+of the nuclei with each other it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclei with each other it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nuclei with each other it's the
+Kum repulsion of nucleus one and nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kum repulsion of nucleus one and nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kum repulsion of nucleus one and nucleus
+2 so in this case that's actually just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so in this case that's actually just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so in this case that's actually just
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+term this next term is the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this next term is the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this next term is the kinetic
+energy of the electrons so it's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electrons so it's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electrons so it's in this
+case two terms we have electron one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two terms we have electron one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case two terms we have electron one and
+electron two that are zooming around and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron two that are zooming around and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron two that are zooming around and
+that's their kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's their kinetic energy
+the next term is there's only one Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next term is there's only one Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next term is there's only one Z so
+it's the interaction of the nucleus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the interaction of the nucleus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the interaction of the nucleus and
+the electrons so here we have four of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons so here we have four of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons so here we have four of
+those interactions we have electron one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those interactions we have electron one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those interactions we have electron one
+interacting with nucleus one and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with nucleus one and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with nucleus one and two
+electron 2 interacting with nucleus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 interacting with nucleus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron 2 interacting with nucleus one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+two and finally we have electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and finally we have electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and finally we have electrons
+interacting with themselves so the Kum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with themselves so the Kum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with themselves so the Kum
+repulsion of electrons so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion of electrons so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion of electrons so in this case
+again there's just one term because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's just one term because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's just one term because
+there are only two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's I think all of these terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's I think all of these terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's I think all of these terms are
+labeled properly um so our equation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled properly um so our equation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled properly um so our equation now
+has become rather complicated we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become rather complicated we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has become rather complicated we have
+instead of just having one coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having one coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just having one coordinate
+which was the relative coordinate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the relative coordinate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the relative coordinate of
+between the nucleus and the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the nucleus and the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the nucleus and the electron
+that we had in the hydrogen case now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had in the hydrogen case now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had in the hydrogen case now we
+have this hamiltonian that depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this hamiltonian that depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this hamiltonian that depends on
+the position of all the nuclei and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of all the nuclei and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position of all the nuclei and the
+position of all the electrons and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of all the electrons and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of all the electrons and our
+wave function that depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that depends on the
+position of the nuclei and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the nuclei and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of the nuclei and all the
+electrons so this has become a massively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this has become a massively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so this has become a massively
+complicated equation so at this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated equation so at this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated equation so at this point
+you know what are we going to do we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are we going to do we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what are we going to do we're
+we're you you might think to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're you you might think to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're you you might think to yourself
+that that you're stuck that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you're stuck that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that you're stuck that this
+equation is too complicated you'll never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is too complicated you'll never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is too complicated you'll never
+get anywhere and just as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anywhere and just as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get anywhere and just as you're
+despairing this man walks in pulls down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despairing this man walks in pulls down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despairing this man walks in pulls down
+the back of his shirt it might take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of his shirt it might take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of his shirt it might take you
+a little while to stare at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while to stare at these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little while to stare at these
+equations because you'll recognize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because you'll recognize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations because you'll recognize this
+as being the equation we' just had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being the equation we' just had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being the equation we' just had uh
+and he's given you the Bourne
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's given you the Bourne
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's given you the Bourne
+Oppenheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer
+approximation so let's look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so let's look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation so let's look at this
+approximation maybe not on somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation maybe not on somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation maybe not on somebody's
+back um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um
+so um so Bourne was a uh pretty found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so Bourne was a uh pretty found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so Bourne was a uh pretty found
+foundational guy in quantum mechanics he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational guy in quantum mechanics he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundational guy in quantum mechanics he
+did a lot of work in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of work in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a lot of work in quantum mechanics
+and I'm sure you all know recognize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sure you all know recognize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm sure you all know recognize the
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+Oppenheimer um so these two guys what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer um so these two guys what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oppenheimer um so these two guys what
+they decided to do they they looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to do they they looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to do they they looked at
+this picture and they thought about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture and they thought about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture and they thought about the
+fact that well you know so um a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that well you know so um a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that well you know so um a uh
+proton is like 2,000 times the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is like 2,000 times the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton is like 2,000 times the mass of
+an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an
+electron and so because this electron's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and so because this electron's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and so because this electron's
+so heavy it's just moving so slowly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so heavy it's just moving so slowly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so heavy it's just moving so slowly with
+respect to these electrons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to these electrons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to these electrons that are
+zipping around and so basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zipping around and so basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zipping around and so basically what
+they decided to do is just ignore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to do is just ignore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to do is just ignore that
+motion of the of the nucleons so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the of the nucleons so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of the of the nucleons so the the
+nuclei are moving so much slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei are moving so much slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei are moving so much slower than
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+that basically you can assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you can assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that basically you can assume that the
+electrons will figure out their ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will figure out their ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons will figure out their ground
+state figure out where they need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state figure out where they need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state figure out where they need to be
+by the time any kind of nucleus has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time any kind of nucleus has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time any kind of nucleus has
+moved even a fraction of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved even a fraction of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved even a fraction of an
+angstrom so because we're now neglecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom so because we're now neglecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom so because we're now neglecting
+the kinetic energy of the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy of the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy of the uh the
+nucleons we can also just calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleons we can also just calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleons we can also just calculate the
+ion ion interaction um classically so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion ion interaction um classically so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion ion interaction um classically so
+that really simplifies our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really simplifies our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really simplifies our
+hamiltonian so now we're just left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so now we're just left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so now we're just left with
+these three terms so it's the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three terms so it's the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three terms so it's the kinetic
+energy of the electrons only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electrons only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electrons only the
+interactions of the electrons with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of the electrons with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of the electrons with the
+background um the background positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background um the background positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background um the background positive
+charge so the where the ions are and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so the where the ions are and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge so the where the ions are and the
+interaction of the electrons with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves so we're going to from now on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so we're going to from now on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so we're going to from now on
+I think we're mostly going to call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're mostly going to call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think we're mostly going to call this
+term just the external potential so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term just the external potential so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term just the external potential so
+external because we don't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external because we don't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+external because we don't care about the
+motion of these uh nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of these uh nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion of these uh nuclei
+anymore so this leads us to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so this leads us to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore so this leads us to actually
+starting to talk about how we do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to talk about how we do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to talk about how we do these
+approximations so traditionally there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations so traditionally there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations so traditionally there
+have been sort of two Pathways that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sort of two Pathways that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been sort of two Pathways that have
+been followed there's kind of what a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been followed there's kind of what a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been followed there's kind of what a lot
+of quantum chemists have taken and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum chemists have taken and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of quantum chemists have taken and we'll
+talk about that first um but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that first um but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that first um but there's
+also density functional Theory which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also density functional Theory which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also density functional Theory which is
+what a lot of physicists have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lot of physicists have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what a lot of physicists have
+traditionally used um and I'm not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally used um and I'm not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally used um and I'm not going
+to talk about either of these two in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about either of these two in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about either of these two in
+detail but I'll just mention so the uh M
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but I'll just mention so the uh M
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but I'll just mention so the uh M
+pleet perturbation theory is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleet perturbation theory is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleet perturbation theory is a
+perturbation Theory so it's based on um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory so it's based on um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation Theory so it's based on um
+changing the hamiltonian so assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the hamiltonian so assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the hamiltonian so assuming
+that the hamiltonian is pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the hamiltonian is pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the hamiltonian is pretty much
+something we can solve and then just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can solve and then just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can solve and then just
+adding a small correction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a small correction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding a small correction to
+it and the coupled cluster approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the coupled cluster approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the coupled cluster approach is
+more of a traditional quantum chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a traditional quantum chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a traditional quantum chemistry
+approach where instead of modifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where instead of modifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach where instead of modifying the
+hamiltonian we just modify the W wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we just modify the W wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we just modify the W wave
+functions and we we play around with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we we play around with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and we we play around with the
+wave functions until they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions until they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions until they become
+something that's more close to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's more close to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's more close to something
+that would exist in reality but so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would exist in reality but so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would exist in reality but so let's
+let's talk about the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the basis of the
+quantum chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum chemistry
+approach so this is Harry he was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so this is Harry he was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach so this is Harry he was working
+right around right after World War I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around right after World War I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around right after World War I I
+think this is actually his uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is actually his uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is actually his uh
+dissertation and and he got his PhD for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation and and he got his PhD for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation and and he got his PhD for
+doing this uh this very important work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this uh this very important work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this uh this very important work
+so what he decided is we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he decided is we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he decided is we have this this
+system that we want to solve we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we want to solve we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that we want to solve we have a
+wave function that's made up of all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that's made up of all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function that's made up of all of
+these electrons that are zooming around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons that are zooming around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these electrons that are zooming around
+in space well what if that kind of acted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space well what if that kind of acted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in space well what if that kind of acted
+like a bunch of one electron wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bunch of one electron wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bunch of one electron wave
+functions what if we could just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what if we could just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions what if we could just assume
+that we we could know where one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we could know where one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we could know where one electron
+was and another electron was and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and another electron was and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was and another electron was and we just
+could just multiply all those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just multiply all those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just multiply all those together
+to give us the total wave function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us the total wave function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give us the total wave function so
+all of a sudden this really complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden this really complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden this really complicated
+wave function becomes something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function becomes something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function becomes something that's
+pretty easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to
+separate so we have a so because we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate so we have a so because we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate so we have a so because we can
+separate them like this we can separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them like this we can separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate them like this we can separate
+them into a set of so if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a set of so if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them into a set of so if we have
+electrons 1 through n we'll have a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 1 through n we'll have a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons 1 through n we'll have a set
+of of um shorting gr equations 1 through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of um shorting gr equations 1 through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of um shorting gr equations 1 through
+n depending on for each uh electron by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n depending on for each uh electron by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n depending on for each uh electron by
+itself so this is great we've separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so this is great we've separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself so this is great we've separated
+our hamiltonian we we now can solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hamiltonian we we now can solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our hamiltonian we we now can solve the
+system right so there is a problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so there is a problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system right so there is a problem here
+um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this
+is the uh density of electron J we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh density of electron J we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the uh density of electron J we're
+doing a sum over J from electron one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a sum over J from electron one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a sum over J from electron one
+through n and just skipping the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n and just skipping the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through n and just skipping the electron
+that we're considering in this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're considering in this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're considering in this case so
+all this is saying this electron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is saying this electron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this is saying this electron that
+we'd like to solve depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to solve depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to solve depends on the
+positions of every single other electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of every single other electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions of every single other electron
+in that system so even in this most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that system so even in this most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that system so even in this most
+simplified version of the shorten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version of the shorten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified version of the shorten
+equation we still have the one electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we still have the one electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we still have the one electron
+depending on all the other electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on all the other electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on all the other electrons
+so how do we solve something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we solve something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we solve something like this
+do you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know I think this is even a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think this is even a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think this is even a little more
+complicated than something Mathematica
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than something Mathematica
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than something Mathematica
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solve pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve pretty
+much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well so what we do is we try a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what we do is we try a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what we do is we try a
+self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent
+approach we basically just guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we basically just guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach we basically just guess what
+these wave functions look like we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wave functions look like we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these wave functions look like we say
+well you know so in this case we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know so in this case we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know so in this case we know
+that it's a a sigma Bond that's forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a a sigma Bond that's forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a a sigma Bond that's forming
+between these two so probably electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two so probably electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two so probably electron
+the electron is somewhere in here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is somewhere in here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron is somewhere in here and so
+you know if I guess some structure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I guess some structure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if I guess some structure that
+looks something like this as my wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this as my wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like this as my wave
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+that's maybe a good starting point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe a good starting point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe a good starting point and
+so that we put input that um into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we put input that um into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we put input that um into this
+equation we take out the first electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we take out the first electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we take out the first electron
+and we're going to now solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to now solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to now solve the
+shorting gear equation for the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting gear equation for the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorting gear equation for the first
+electron so we plug in uh what we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so we plug in uh what we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron so we plug in uh what we know
+to be or what we've guessed as being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be or what we've guessed as being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be or what we've guessed as being the
+wave functions for all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions for all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions for all the other
+electrons into this term and now we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into this term and now we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons into this term and now we say
+solve for this one electron term for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this one electron term for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this one electron term for
+electron number one and then we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron number one and then we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron number one and then we do that
+again for electron two and so on until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for electron two and so on until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for electron two and so on until
+we've gone through all of the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone through all of the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've gone through all of the electrons
+and then when we're done we have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we're done we have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when we're done we have a new
+set of wave functions that you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of wave functions that you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of wave functions that you know so
+maybe my guess was wrong and it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe my guess was wrong and it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe my guess was wrong and it looks
+something more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more like
+this and so we look at that and say wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so we look at that and say wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so we look at that and say wow
+th those two really don't look anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th those two really don't look anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th those two really don't look anything
+like each other I need to try this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each other I need to try this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like each other I need to try this again
+and so we we go through this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we we go through this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we we go through this process
+over and over again until finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again until finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again until finally the
+solution uh the solutions to these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh the solutions to these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh the solutions to these wave
+functions prior to doing this and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions prior to doing this and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions prior to doing this and after
+going through and solving all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through and solving all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through and solving all of these
+um igen functions look pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um igen functions look pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um igen functions look pretty much the
+same and once once we've done that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and once once we've done that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same and once once we've done that we
+know that we've probably gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we've probably gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we've probably gotten
+something at least relatively close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at least relatively close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something at least relatively close to
+the ground state solution or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state solution or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state solution or the
+solution that we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that we're looking
+for so does that make sense to you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so does that make sense to you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for so does that make sense to you guys
+are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions okay because this this is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay because this this is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay because this this is uh
+this is actually pretty close to how DFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually pretty close to how DFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually pretty close to how DFT
+works too this is a the self-consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works too this is a the self-consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works too this is a the self-consistent
+method that is pretty common in solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that is pretty common in solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method that is pretty common in solving
+uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these
+problems so this is great we have a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so this is great we have a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so this is great we have a way
+of doing this I mean given that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this I mean given that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing this I mean given that we can
+come up with some reasonable guess for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some reasonable guess for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with some reasonable guess for
+our input wave functions we now can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our input wave functions we now can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our input wave functions we now can
+solve the shorting gear equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the shorting gear equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the shorting gear equation
+right so yes and no uh this this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yes and no uh this this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so yes and no uh this this picture
+is nice and simple and soluble but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice and simple and soluble but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is nice and simple and soluble but it
+takes out all of the interactions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes out all of the interactions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes out all of the interactions that
+you get or all of the effects that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get or all of the effects that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get or all of the effects that you
+get from interactions Beyond just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from interactions Beyond just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from interactions Beyond just that
+colum repulsion of electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colum repulsion of electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colum repulsion of electron electron
+coolum repulsion because this remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolum repulsion because this remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolum repulsion because this remember
+this is a Quantum system these electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Quantum system these electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a Quantum system these electrons
+don't behave like you expect they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't behave like you expect they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't behave like you expect they would
+in some kind of classical Newtonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some kind of classical Newtonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some kind of classical Newtonian
+system these electrons are weird like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these electrons are weird like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system these electrons are weird like I
+we'll see later on some of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see later on some of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see later on some of some of the
+symmetries that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries that that we
+uh that we can look at actually I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we can look at actually I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we can look at actually I think
+that's next um but these electrons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's next um but these electrons you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's next um but these electrons you
+wouldn't expect to just be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect to just be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't expect to just be able to
+um just sort of average over all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just sort of average over all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um just sort of average over all of the
+effects because this truly was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects because this truly was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects because this truly was a
+multi-electron wave function it's we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-electron wave function it's we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi-electron wave function it's we're
+missing some critical physics here by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing some critical physics here by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing some critical physics here by
+just separating it out into single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just separating it out into single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just separating it out into single
+electron wave functions and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wave functions and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron wave functions and just
+multiplying those back together so um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those back together so um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those back together so um so
+we're we're missing two important terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're missing two important terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're missing two important terms
+um they're going to be called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're going to be called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um they're going to be called The
+Exchange and the correlation term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange and the correlation term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange and the correlation term and
+the fix to at least part of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix to at least part of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix to at least part of this problem
+brings us back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings us back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings us back to
+spin so as I said in quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin so as I said in quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin so as I said in quantum mechanics
+symmetry is really really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is really really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry is really really important
+symmetry tells us a lot lot about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry tells us a lot lot about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry tells us a lot lot about about
+uh the way nature works I mean so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way nature works I mean so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the way nature works I mean so even
+in classical mechanics you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical mechanics you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical mechanics you guys have
+probably encountered um so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably encountered um so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably encountered um so if you have
+it's the symmetry of real space the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the symmetry of real space the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the symmetry of real space the
+symmetry of time things like that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of time things like that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry of time things like that and
+that that's what gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's what gives you the
+conservation laws in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation laws in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation laws in
+mechanics um so just like that's true in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics um so just like that's true in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics um so just like that's true in
+mechanics it's also true in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it's also true in quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics it's also true in quantum
+mechanics so we're going to be looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so we're going to be looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so we're going to be looking
+at one particular Symmetry and talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one particular Symmetry and talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at one particular Symmetry and talking
+about how that might give us some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how that might give us some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how that might give us some
+insight into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into this
+problem so that symmetry is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that symmetry is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so that symmetry is called
+exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange
+symmetry so that's based on the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so that's based on the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry so that's based on the fact
+that electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electrons are
+indistinguishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable
+so what does it mean to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean to be really
+indistinguishable so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable so if I
+have I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I don't know
+maybe two pieces of chalk that look I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe two pieces of chalk that look I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe two pieces of chalk that look I
+guess they're not exactly the same but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they're not exactly the same but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess they're not exactly the same but
+they look pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look pretty
+similar and let's say I want to follow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and let's say I want to follow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and let's say I want to follow
+you know I'm going to call this one Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm going to call this one Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I'm going to call this one Fred
+and this one George and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one George and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one George and I'm going to
+follow their movement throughout space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow their movement throughout space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow their movement throughout space
+right so if I you know give them an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I you know give them an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I you know give them an
+initial position and some initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position and some initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position and some initial
+velocity I know throughout all time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I know throughout all time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity I know throughout all time
+which one is Fred and which one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is Fred and which one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is Fred and which one is
+George because I knew their exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George because I knew their exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George because I knew their exact
+initial position I knew their exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position I knew their exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial position I knew their exact
+initial velocity I can calculate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity I can calculate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial velocity I can calculate their
+trajectories I know which one is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I know which one is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories I know which one is which
+but that's not true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's not true for
+electrons so does anybody know um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so does anybody know um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so does anybody know um the
+uncertainty principle can somebody tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle can somebody tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty principle can somebody tell
+me what the uncertainty principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what the uncertainty principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what the uncertainty principle
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+volunteer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right you rep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you rep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you rep
+that right so the I guess the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so the I guess the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so the I guess the exact
+mathematical formulation is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulation is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical formulation is something
+like you know the uncertainty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the uncertainty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know the uncertainty in the
+momentum times the uncertainty in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum times the uncertainty in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum times the uncertainty in the
+position I has to be always greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I has to be always greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position I has to be always greater than
+or equal to some you know basically some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+constant so if I have my you know two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so if I have my you know two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so if I have my you know two
+starting electrons and I have some idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting electrons and I have some idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting electrons and I have some idea
+of where it starts and with some idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where it starts and with some idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where it starts and with some idea of
+what velocity it starts with and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what velocity it starts with and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what velocity it starts with and some
+other electron with you know similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electron with you know similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other electron with you know similarly
+not an exact position but some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an exact position but some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an exact position but some kind of
+position and some kind of knowledge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and some kind of knowledge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and some kind of knowledge of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Velocity it's clear that over time I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity it's clear that over time I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Velocity it's clear that over time I'm
+going to have no idea which one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have no idea which one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have no idea which one was
+which you know they'll they'll switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know they'll they'll switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you know they'll they'll switch
+and I won't be able to tell that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't be able to tell that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't be able to tell that they've
+switched because I can't follow their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched because I can't follow their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switched because I can't follow their
+trajectories the same way I can with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories the same way I can with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trajectories the same way I can with
+classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical
+objects and furthermore electrons don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and furthermore electrons don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and furthermore electrons don't
+have any identifying marks they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any identifying marks they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any identifying marks they don't
+have like a beauty mark somewhere that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a beauty mark somewhere that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a beauty mark somewhere that
+can tell us which one was the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell us which one was the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can tell us which one was the electron
+that we really fell in love with first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really fell in love with first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really fell in love with first
+um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+electrons act completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons act completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons act completely
+indistinguishable and so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable and so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable and so this is a
+symmetry we're going to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so so let's say we have a system full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's say we have a system full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so let's say we have a system full of
+electrons and I pull a curtain in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and I pull a curtain in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and I pull a curtain in front
+of you so you can't see this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so you can't see this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you so you can't see this system
+anymore I take one electron and I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I take one electron and I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I take one electron and I take
+another electron and I swap them exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another electron and I swap them exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another electron and I swap them exactly
+I swap their positions I swap their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I swap their positions I swap their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I swap their positions I swap their
+momentum I Swatch swap everything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum I Swatch swap everything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum I Swatch swap everything about
+them and I uh open that curtain again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I uh open that curtain again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and I uh open that curtain again
+you won't be able to tell at all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be able to tell at all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't be able to tell at all that
+anything's happened right because these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything's happened right because these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything's happened right because these
+electrons act exactly like each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons act exactly like each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons act exactly like each other so
+it doesn't matter if I've swapped one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if I've swapped one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't matter if I've swapped one
+with an another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an another
+so this might sound a little bit dumb I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this might sound a little bit dumb I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this might sound a little bit dumb I
+mean you might be sitting there thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you might be sitting there thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you might be sitting there thinking
+okay this is obvious why why she going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is obvious why why she going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is obvious why why she going
+on so long about something so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so long about something so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so long about something so
+obvious um and the reason is when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious um and the reason is when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious um and the reason is when we
+formalize this in terms of mathematics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this in terms of mathematics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalize this in terms of mathematics
+suddenly Things become really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly Things become really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly Things become really
+interesting so we're going to Define an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so we're going to Define an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so we're going to Define an
+exchange operator which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange operator which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange operator which is this
+K12 so K12 acting on a system that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12 so K12 acting on a system that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K12 so K12 acting on a system that has
+an electron one and electron 2 um is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron one and electron 2 um is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron one and electron 2 um is all
+it's going to do is swap electron one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do is swap electron one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to do is swap electron one
+with electron 2 so just so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electron 2 so just so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with electron 2 so just so this
+formalism makes sense um this one refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism makes sense um this one refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalism makes sense um this one refers
+to what particular wave function it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what particular wave function it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what particular wave function it is
+so this S one refers to that set of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this S one refers to that set of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this S one refers to that set of four
+quantum numbers or set of whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers or set of whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers or set of whatever
+quantum numbers describes that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers describes that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers describes that system
+and similarly S 2 describes a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly S 2 describes a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similarly S 2 describes a different
+set of quantum numbers um and R1 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of quantum numbers um and R1 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of quantum numbers um and R1 is the
+position of electron one R2 is position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of electron one R2 is position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position of electron one R2 is position
+of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electron
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+so um so when we use this exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so when we use this exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um so when we use this exchange
+operator on our system we get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on our system we get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator on our system we get something
+that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that should be
+indistinguishable and you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable and you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indistinguishable and you can see that
+if we act twice so you know if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we act twice so you know if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we act twice so you know if we have
+electron one and two and we swap them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one and two and we swap them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron one and two and we swap them
+and then we act again with the exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we act again with the exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we act again with the exchange
+operator and we swap one and two well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we swap one and two well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and we swap one and two well
+they'll they'll just switch back so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll they'll just switch back so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll they'll just switch back so we
+know mathematically that um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mathematically that um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mathematically that um this
+exchange operator acted on twice on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange operator acted on twice on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange operator acted on twice on a
+system leaves you exactly with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system leaves you exactly with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system leaves you exactly with the
+original system that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original system that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original system that you
+had um so we have to assume here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um so we have to assume here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um so we have to assume here that
+it's going to be an IG that this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an IG that this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be an IG that this wave
+function is going to be an igen state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is going to be an igen state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is going to be an igen state of
+the exchange operator and there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange operator and there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange operator and there is a
+quantum mechanical reason for that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical reason for that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanical reason for that um
+but so what this tells us so assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what this tells us so assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so what this tells us so assuming
+that we now have uh We've now acted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we now have uh We've now acted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we now have uh We've now acted with
+this exchange operator twice we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exchange operator twice we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exchange operator twice we know
+that the value of this the en value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of this the en value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the value of this the en value of
+the exchange operator squared is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange operator squared is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange operator squared is equal
+to one which gives us that the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one which gives us that the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one which gives us that the igen
+value itself has to be plus or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value itself has to be plus or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value itself has to be plus or minus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so uh so just to be clear so what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so just to be clear so what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so just to be clear so what I've
+said is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um when I act on this wave function with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I act on this wave function with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um when I act on this wave function with
+this exchange operator so I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exchange operator so I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exchange operator so I have
+my wave function whatever it is I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wave function whatever it is I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wave function whatever it is I guess
+total wave function whatever it is which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wave function whatever it is which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total wave function whatever it is which
+is a function of multiple electrons when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of multiple electrons when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a function of multiple electrons when
+I act with this exchange operator on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I act with this exchange operator on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I act with this exchange operator on
+it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I
+get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something
+where uh I've switched R1 and R2 and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh I've switched R1 and R2 and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh I've switched R1 and R2 and all
+the other electrons are left the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other electrons are left the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other electrons are left the same
+and what I said in the previous slide is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I said in the previous slide is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I said in the previous slide is
+that these two states this state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two states this state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two states this state and
+this state have to act exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state have to act exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state have to act exactly the same
+but now I've also told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I've also told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now I've also told you
+that uh this is equal to some igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this is equal to some igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this is equal to some igen
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops times the original wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops times the original wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops times the original wave function
+and this I function I've said can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this I function I've said can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this I function I've said can be
+negative one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one
+so uh so can anybody sort of reconcile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so can anybody sort of reconcile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh so can anybody sort of reconcile
+this for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this for me
+how how can this um igen function be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how can this um igen function be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how can this um igen function be
+negative and yet have this original IG
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and yet have this original IG
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and yet have this original IG
+State not be changed or or have have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State not be changed or or have have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State not be changed or or have have the
+uh have no measurable difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have no measurable difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have no measurable difference between
+the electrons being in their original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons being in their original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons being in their original
+positions or one and two being switched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the key to the question is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key to the question is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the key to the question is actually
+the the term measurable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the term measurable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the term measurable
+difference so remember Jeff has said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so remember Jeff has said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference so remember Jeff has said
+that in quantum mechanics we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in quantum mechanics we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in quantum mechanics we have this
+wave function but we have no idea what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function but we have no idea what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function but we have no idea what
+the wave function actually means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function actually means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function actually means it's
+the square the absolute value square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square the absolute value square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square the absolute value square of
+the wave function that actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function that actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wave function that actually is
+Meaningful so you can say even if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meaningful so you can say even if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Meaningful so you can say even if we
+have this you even if this is a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this you even if this is a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this you even if this is a negative
+one and we have a negative one in front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we have a negative one in front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and we have a negative one in front
+of the wave function when we square that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function when we square that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function when we square that
+the negative one is going to disappear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative one is going to disappear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the negative one is going to disappear
+so we still have this symmetry because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we still have this symmetry because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we still have this symmetry because
+the thing that's measurable is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's measurable is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's measurable is the
+absolute value square of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value square of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value square of the wave
+function and not the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and not the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and not the wave function
+itself um but this is actually a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um but this is actually a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself um but this is actually a pretty
+key piece of quantum mechanics so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key piece of quantum mechanics so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key piece of quantum mechanics so we
+have um two possible values for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um two possible values for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um two possible values for this
+wave function right so this wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function right so this wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function right so this wave
+function can be positive one or it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be positive one or it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be positive one or it can
+be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 so any quantum mechanical system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so any quantum mechanical system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 so any quantum mechanical system is
+going to have a wave function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a wave function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a wave function that
+either has the igen value for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either has the igen value for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either has the igen value for this
+equation positive one or negative 1 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation positive one or negative 1 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation positive one or negative 1 when
+it's positive one we call them bons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive one we call them bons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's positive one we call them bons
+so this leads to a lot of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this leads to a lot of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this leads to a lot of interesting
+physics like the Bose Einstein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics like the Bose Einstein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics like the Bose Einstein
+condensate which I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate which I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condensate which I don't know if you
+guys have heard about it there's um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have heard about it there's um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have heard about it there's um
+there a lot of cool experiments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of cool experiments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a lot of cool experiments that
+have been done on helium 4 where at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done on helium 4 where at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been done on helium 4 where at a
+low enough temperature all of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low enough temperature all of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low enough temperature all of the uh
+helium atoms suddenly find themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium atoms suddenly find themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium atoms suddenly find themselves in
+exactly the same ground state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same ground state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same ground state and
+there's some really bizarre um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some really bizarre um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some really bizarre um
+consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences of
+that however what we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that however what we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that however what we're interested in
+are the particles with an igen value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the particles with an igen value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the particles with an igen value of
+minus one so are called Fons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so are called Fons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one so are called Fons so
+electrons are fion so electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are fion so electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are fion so electrons
+therefore need to have an I value of ne1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore need to have an I value of ne1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore need to have an I value of ne1
+and this is actually the key to poly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually the key to poly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is actually the key to poly the
+poly Exclusion Principle so this is why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Exclusion Principle so this is why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poly Exclusion Principle so this is why
+the poly Exclusion Principle is true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poly Exclusion Principle is true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the poly Exclusion Principle is true so
+does can somebody explain to me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does can somebody explain to me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does can somebody explain to me that
+it's it's kind of a subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's kind of a subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's kind of a subtle
+Point does anybody see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look
+at a wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a wave
+function that um doesn't follow the poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that um doesn't follow the poly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that um doesn't follow the poly
+Exclusion Principle and see what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle and see what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exclusion Principle and see what happens
+so if I have let's say I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have let's say I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I have let's say I have two
+electrons I'm going to put them both in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons I'm going to put them both in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons I'm going to put them both in
+the One S with spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the One S with spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the One S with spin
+up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what happens when I operate with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when I operate with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens when I operate with this
+exchange operator on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this so these two are exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so these two are exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so these two are exactly the same
+right so I I needed a negative one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I needed a negative one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I I needed a negative one here
+but I have a positive one so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a positive one so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have a positive one so so
+um so because this exchange gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so because this exchange gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so because this exchange gives me the
+wrong sign I know anything that has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong sign I know anything that has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong sign I know anything that has some
+system like this where I have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like this where I have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like this where I have the same
+quantum numbers on two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers on two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum numbers on two different
+particles has to be a boson and not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+firon so let me just give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firon so let me just give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firon so let me just give you an example
+of a wave function that does satisfy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wave function that does satisfy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a wave function that does satisfy the
+the proper um igen function or IG state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper um igen function or IG state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper um igen function or IG state
+for this so if we have something like 1/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this so if we have something like 1/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this so if we have something like 1/
+<
+
+ align:start position:0%
+<
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+<
+tk2 1 s up for particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 1 s up for particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tk2 1 s up for particle
+one 1 s down for particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 s down for particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one 1 s down for particle
+2 minus 1 s down for particle one times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus 1 s down for particle one times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 minus 1 s down for particle one times
+1 s up for particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 right so can everybody see if I switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right so can everybody see if I switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 right so can everybody see if I switch
+one and two I'm going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two I'm going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and two I'm going to get the
+negative of this because these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of this because these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative of this because these two are
+going to switch and become this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch and become this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to switch and become this term
+these two are going to switch and become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are going to switch and become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two are going to switch and become
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+term is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+clear I'm seeing a lot of blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear I'm seeing a lot of blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear I'm seeing a lot of blank
+faces I hope that means that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces I hope that means that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faces I hope that means that people are
+way past this and have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way past this and have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way past this and have
+uh have mastered this long ago are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have mastered this long ago are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh have mastered this long ago are there
+any questions on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is I don't know to me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I don't know to me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is I don't know to me this is
+really exciting this is great to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting this is great to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really exciting this is great to be able
+to finally explain something that Paulie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finally explain something that Paulie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finally explain something that Paulie
+himself couldn't explain we we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself couldn't explain we we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself couldn't explain we we actually
+can understand why Quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand why Quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand why Quantum
+mechanically why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically why
+electrons behave the way they do why we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons behave the way they do why we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons behave the way they do why we
+have the poly Exclusion Principle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the poly Exclusion Principle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the poly Exclusion Principle and
+therefore why we have the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore why we have the periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore why we have the periodic table
+I mean this is this is a pretty big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+consequence um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence um
+I guess it was so big he couldn't take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it was so big he couldn't take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it was so big he couldn't take
+it all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's move on to um how we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's move on to um how we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's move on to um how we actually
+what what the implication of this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the implication of this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the implication of this is in
+the hary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hary
+method so a guy named ful came along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so a guy named ful came along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method so a guy named ful came along and
+he has either a very fortunate or very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has either a very fortunate or very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has either a very fortunate or very
+unfortunate name depending on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate name depending on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunate name depending on how you
+feel about him um and he basically just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel about him um and he basically just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel about him um and he basically just
+took an anti- symmetrized wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took an anti- symmetrized wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took an anti- symmetrized wave function
+so anti symmetri just means this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anti symmetri just means this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anti symmetri just means this
+characteristic that when you act upon it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that when you act upon it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic that when you act upon it
+with this operator you get a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this operator you get a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this operator you get a negative
+one um so he just acted he just put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so he just acted he just put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um so he just acted he just put in
+an anti symmetrized wave function into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti symmetrized wave function into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anti symmetrized wave function into
+uh Harry's Original equation which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Harry's Original equation which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Harry's Original equation which was
+just if you'll remember it's just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if you'll remember it's just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if you'll remember it's just this
+it's the um kinetic part and then the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the um kinetic part and then the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the um kinetic part and then the uh
+potential part of from the ions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential part of from the ions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential part of from the ions the
+potential part from the other electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential part from the other electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential part from the other electrons
+so this was the original equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the original equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was the original equation and
+when he plugged in an anti symmetrized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he plugged in an anti symmetrized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when he plugged in an anti symmetrized
+wave function suddenly this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function suddenly this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function suddenly this term
+appeared so this is the term we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared so this is the term we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared so this is the term we call the
+exchange term um if you look very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange term um if you look very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange term um if you look very
+closely at it you'll see that um what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at it you'll see that um what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at it you'll see that um what it
+does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is
+it quantum mechanically two electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quantum mechanically two electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it quantum mechanically two electrons
+with the same spin will never be in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same spin will never be in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the same spin will never be in the
+same position and it it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same position and it it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same position and it it basically
+subtracts out the that possibility of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracts out the that possibility of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracts out the that possibility of
+two electrons with the same spin being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons with the same spin being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two electrons with the same spin being
+in the same place so this actually um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same place so this actually um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same place so this actually um
+reduces the energy of the system because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the energy of the system because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduces the energy of the system because
+suddenly all electrons with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly all electrons with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly all electrons with the same
+spin have to be just a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin have to be just a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spin have to be just a little bit
+farther apart from each other so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther apart from each other so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther apart from each other so that
+minimizes the cool interaction just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizes the cool interaction just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimizes the cool interaction just a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit um so actually with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um so actually with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit um so actually with this
+correction the results seem to come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction the results seem to come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction the results seem to come up
+come and match up with experiments a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and match up with experiments a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and match up with experiments a lot
+closer and this is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and this is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and this is actually the
+foundation from molecular orbital Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation from molecular orbital Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation from molecular orbital Theory
+so just just by adding this spin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just just by adding this spin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just just by adding this spin
+consideration into to the Harry equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration into to the Harry equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration into to the Harry equation
+we suddenly have an equation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suddenly have an equation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we suddenly have an equation that's
+actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty
+functional so Jee thinks this is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional so Jee thinks this is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional so Jee thinks this is quite
+an emotional moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emotional moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an emotional moment
+uh however um as I said there were two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh however um as I said there were two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh however um as I said there were two
+uh energy correlation or two energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy correlation or two energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh energy correlation or two energy
+terms that we were missing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we were missing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we were missing in that
+original Harry equation uh so we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Harry equation uh so we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original Harry equation uh so we found
+the exchange term but we're still miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange term but we're still miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exchange term but we're still miss
+missing the correlation term um so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing the correlation term um so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing the correlation term um so there
+are some ways to deal with this but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some ways to deal with this but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some ways to deal with this but I
+think the way we're going to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the way we're going to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the way we're going to deal with
+this is just by moving on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just by moving on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just by moving on to
+DFT so now we're going to start talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT so now we're going to start talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT so now we're going to start talking
+about DFT which I think is what you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about DFT which I think is what you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about DFT which I think is what you guys
+are mostly using so you might find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly using so you might find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are mostly using so you might find this
+more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um all right so this shorting GE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so this shorting GE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so this shorting GE
+equation is just really hard to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is just really hard to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation is just really hard to solve
+with all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of these
+electrons as we've said it's it takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as we've said it's it takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons as we've said it's it takes a
+lot of time it takes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time it takes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of time it takes a lot of
+computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation
+expense I mean so let's divide space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense I mean so let's divide space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense I mean so let's divide space
+into the worst grid you could imagine I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the worst grid you could imagine I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the worst grid you could imagine I
+guess the worst would just be one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the worst would just be one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess the worst would just be one point
+but the worst grid you can imagine is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the worst grid you can imagine is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the worst grid you can imagine is 2
+by two by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by two by two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+let's think about the number of points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the number of points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think about the number of points
+that we need to keep track of if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to keep track of if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to keep track of if we're
+calculating something with um n little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+electrons so if you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so if you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so if you only have one
+electron it's only eight and that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it's only eight and that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron it's only eight and that's not
+too to bad to keep track of if we go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to bad to keep track of if we go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too to bad to keep track of if we go up
+all the way to a thousand electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to a thousand electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to a thousand electrons
+suddenly we have this huge number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly we have this huge number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly we have this huge number of
+points that we have to keep track of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that we have to keep track of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points that we have to keep track of and
+that's just inconceivable I mean even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just inconceivable I mean even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just inconceivable I mean even
+with today's computers why why try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with today's computers why why try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with today's computers why why try to do
+something this big that would take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this big that would take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something this big that would take
+forever so it'd be really nice if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so it'd be really nice if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever so it'd be really nice if we
+could think about this system some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about this system some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could think about this system some other
+aspect of this system that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this system that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of this system that we could
+calculate instead of calculating keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate instead of calculating keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate instead of calculating keeping
+track of every single one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of every single one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of every single one of those
+electrons separately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and a term like that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a term like that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a term like that is
+density so if we consider density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so if we consider density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so if we consider density
+instead suddenly it's pretty much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead suddenly it's pretty much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead suddenly it's pretty much the
+same scaling no matter how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scaling no matter how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same scaling no matter how many
+electrons you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so
+um the electron density definitely seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the electron density definitely seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the electron density definitely seems
+to be a lot more manageable than dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot more manageable than dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a lot more manageable than dealing
+with each electron separately and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each electron separately and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each electron separately and so you
+know at some point someone's like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at some point someone's like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know at some point someone's like well
+wouldn't it be nice if we could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be nice if we could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be nice if we could just
+calculate with density instead of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate with density instead of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate with density instead of with
+wave functions because I mean think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions because I mean think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions because I mean think
+about it these wave functions don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it these wave functions don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it these wave functions don't mean
+anything anyway until you squared them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anyway until you squared them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything anyway until you squared them
+to get the density that's the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the density that's the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the density that's the only thing
+we can measure anyway why don't we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can measure anyway why don't we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can measure anyway why don't we just
+look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the
+density so what if I could come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so what if I could come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so what if I could come up with
+a function of energy that was dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of energy that was dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of energy that was dependent
+on the density of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the density of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the density of
+electrons and um Walter con actually won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and um Walter con actually won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and um Walter con actually won
+the Nobel Prize in chemistry in uh 1998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize in chemistry in uh 1998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Nobel Prize in chemistry in uh 1998
+with somebody else for coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somebody else for coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with somebody else for coming up with
+this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as I said so why one reason that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said so why one reason that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as I said so why one reason that we
+want to go to DFT it scales so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to DFT it scales so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to go to DFT it scales so much
+better than the quantum chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the quantum chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the quantum chemistry
+methods and we're going to have to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and we're going to have to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and we're going to have to spend
+so much less time especially as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much less time especially as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much less time especially as the
+systems get larger so um let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems get larger so um let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems get larger so um let's look at
+an example so if we have uh two atoms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example so if we have uh two atoms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example so if we have uh two atoms of
+silicon DFT and the two you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon DFT and the two you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon DFT and the two you know just
+the two sample quantum chemistry codes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sample quantum chemistry codes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two sample quantum chemistry codes
+all take about the same amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all take about the same amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all take about the same amount of time
+if we try to calculate 100 atoms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we try to calculate 100 atoms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we try to calculate 100 atoms of
+silicon suddenly DFT is 5 hours which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon suddenly DFT is 5 hours which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon suddenly DFT is 5 hours which
+might sound long but you know this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sound long but you know this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might sound long but you know this the
+Molly placet is a year and the coupled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly placet is a year and the coupled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Molly placet is a year and the coupled
+cluster approach is 2,000 years I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster approach is 2,000 years I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster approach is 2,000 years I don't
+think anybody's tested that but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anybody's tested that but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think anybody's tested that but uh I
+wouldn't recommend it um but suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't recommend it um but suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't recommend it um but suddenly
+you can see why if you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why if you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see why if you want to do
+anything more than just two atoms maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more than just two atoms maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything more than just two atoms maybe
+DFT would be a good way to go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT would be a good way to go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT would be a good way to go about
+it so this is a graph just showing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is a graph just showing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so this is a graph just showing again
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+uh DFT scales better than all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh DFT scales better than all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh DFT scales better than all the other
+approaches um right so again the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches um right so again the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches um right so again the basic
+tenant of DFT is we've taken this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant of DFT is we've taken this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tenant of DFT is we've taken this really
+complicated multi-electron wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated multi-electron wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated multi-electron wave function
+which we already had trouble enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we already had trouble enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we already had trouble enough
+calculating in the quantum chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating in the quantum chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating in the quantum chemistry
+method I mean we already found problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I mean we already found problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method I mean we already found problems
+that you know if we tried to simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if we tried to simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know if we tried to simplify
+this by making this a function of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by making this a function of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by making this a function of each
+individual wave uh of each individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual wave uh of each individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual wave uh of each individual
+electron we suddenly lost all the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron we suddenly lost all the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron we suddenly lost all the the
+electron the electron correlation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the electron correlation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the electron correlation and
+exchange which is pretty crucial to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange which is pretty crucial to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange which is pretty crucial to
+getting these calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these calculations
+right and we know that the square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we know that the square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we know that the square of
+this wave function is the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function is the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function is the electron
+density anyway so let's just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density anyway so let's just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density anyway so let's just think about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+density um so does anybody know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density um so does anybody know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density um so does anybody know what a
+functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional
+is any math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is any math
+people great great so it's uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people great great so it's uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people great great so it's uh so
+generally a function you input a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally a function you input a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally a function you input a number
+and output a number a functional you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output a number a functional you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and output a number a functional you
+input a function and output a number so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input a function and output a number so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input a function and output a number so
+this is called density functional Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called density functional Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called density functional Theory
+because we are writing a functional of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are writing a functional of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we are writing a functional of
+the function density so density is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function density so density is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function density so density is a
+function right it's a it's at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right it's a it's at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function right it's a it's at every
+point in space there is a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in space there is a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in space there is a particular
+value of the density um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the density um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the density um and
+so we would like to be able to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would like to be able to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we would like to be able to solve
+this energy as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy as a function of the
+or I guess a functional of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess a functional of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess a functional of the
+density um so of course we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density um so of course we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density um so of course we're going to
+see all the familiar terms showing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the familiar terms showing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all the familiar terms showing up
+the kinetic energy the ion potential the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy the ion potential the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kinetic energy the ion potential the
+ion electron interaction electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion electron interaction electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ion electron interaction electron
+electron interaction we're going to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interaction we're going to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interaction we're going to see
+all the same terms showing up and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same terms showing up and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same terms showing up and we'll
+just have to deal with them slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to deal with them slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to deal with them slightly
+differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently
+um so the way we actually go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the way we actually go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the way we actually go about
+solving this is we write s equation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this is we write s equation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving this is we write s equation you
+know of all the different different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of all the different different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of all the different different
+terms as far as we know what they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms as far as we know what they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms as far as we know what they look
+like um we write out the density in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um we write out the density in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like um we write out the density in
+terms of its uh um wave functions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its uh um wave functions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of its uh um wave functions and
+then do a functional derivative of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do a functional derivative of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then do a functional derivative of one
+of these wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these wave
+functions and so the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so the functional
+derivative works it's it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative works it's it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative works it's it's basically
+just a variational principle so do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a variational principle so do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a variational principle so do you
+guys are you guys familiar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are you guys familiar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are you guys familiar with the
+variational principle in quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mechanics so um the lowest energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so um the lowest energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics so um the lowest energy
+possible for a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible for a system
+is the ground state and so any time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ground state and so any time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the ground state and so any time that
+you can find any system that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find any system that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find any system that gives you a
+low a lower energy you're getting closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low a lower energy you're getting closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low a lower energy you're getting closer
+to the the ground state right so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the ground state right so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the the ground state right so you
+have you know I have my basic shener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know I have my basic shener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you know I have my basic shener
+equation so if I can change something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so if I can change something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so if I can change something
+about this wave function such that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this wave function such that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this wave function such that when
+I solve this equation I get a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I solve this equation I get a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I solve this equation I get a lower
+energy I probably have something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I probably have something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy I probably have something that's
+closer to the true ground state than I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the true ground state than I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer to the true ground state than I
+used to have because they'll the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have because they'll the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to have because they'll the
+smallest possible value for this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible value for this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest possible value for this energy
+that I can get out of this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get out of this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can get out of this equation is
+going to be the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be the ground
+state so the idea so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the idea so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the idea so that's actually
+used a lot in quantum mechanics um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot in quantum mechanics um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used a lot in quantum mechanics um that
+so maybe maybe I don't know exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe maybe I don't know exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe maybe I don't know exactly what
+this function looks like but I can kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function looks like but I can kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function looks like but I can kind
+of guess what this function looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guess what this function looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of guess what this function looks like
+and and I can minimize this function or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I can minimize this function or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I can minimize this function or
+this energy with respect to what exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy with respect to what exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy with respect to what exactly
+this wave function looks like and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function looks like and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave function looks like and that's
+exactly what we we're doing here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we we're doing here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we we're doing here we're
+we're minimizing ing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're minimizing ing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're minimizing ing this
+energy the best that we can to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the best that we can to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the best that we can to try to
+get something that's as close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's as close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get something that's as close to the
+ground state as we can so that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state as we can so that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state as we can so that leads to
+the kcham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kcham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kcham
+equations um so again this is pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um so again this is pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations um so again this is pretty
+much the same hamiltonian you've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same hamiltonian you've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same hamiltonian you've been
+looking at all class I guess all last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all class I guess all last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all class I guess all last
+week too we have the kinetic term we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week too we have the kinetic term we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week too we have the kinetic term we
+have the potential term and that acts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the potential term and that acts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the potential term and that acts on
+a wave function and gives us some igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave function and gives us some igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a wave function and gives us some igen
+value times the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value times the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value times the wave
+function so in this case our potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so in this case our potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so in this case our potential
+is broken up into a couple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is broken up into a couple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is broken up into a couple different
+terms so we've already made the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so we've already made the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms so we've already made the uh the
+burn Oppenheimer approximation so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn Oppenheimer approximation so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn Oppenheimer approximation so we're
+ignoring the ion ion potential we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the ion ion potential we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignoring the ion ion potential we can
+add that in whatever that doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that in whatever that doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that in whatever that doesn't change
+um we have the ion interaction with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have the ion interaction with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we have the ion interaction with the
+electrons we have the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we have the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons we have the electrons
+interacting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with
+themselves and now we have this new term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and now we have this new term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and now we have this new term
+that's called The Exchange correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+potential so this is the energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so this is the energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so this is the energy right
+here that we were missing before in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we were missing before in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that we were missing before in the
+quantum chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approach but there's a problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but there's a problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach but there's a problem we
+actually don't know what this exchange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know what this exchange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't know what this exchange
+correlation function looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation function looks
+like so people use a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so people use a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so people use a bunch of different
+approximations um the two most commonly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations um the two most commonly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations um the two most commonly
+used are the local density approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used are the local density approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used are the local density approximation
+and the general gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the general gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the general gradient
+approximation um and I mean they they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um and I mean they they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation um and I mean they they're
+pretty self-explanatory so the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty self-explanatory so the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty self-explanatory so the local
+density approximation you just proximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density approximation you just proximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density approximation you just proximate
+the local density as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local density as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local density as
+being uh flat in a local area and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh flat in a local area and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being uh flat in a local area and the
+general gradient approximation you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general gradient approximation you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general gradient approximation you sort
+of assume the a first derivative so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assume the a first derivative so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of assume the a first derivative so you
+know if you have some potential that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have some potential that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you have some potential that
+that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like that looks like this you might the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that looks like this you might the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that looks like this you might the
+local uh density approximation might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh density approximation might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh density approximation might
+approximate is looking something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate is looking something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate is looking something like
+that whereas the uh General gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whereas the uh General gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that whereas the uh General gradient
+approximation would you know get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation would you know get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation would you know get the
+slopes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slopes for
+each um so generally the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each um so generally the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each um so generally the general
+gradient approximation ends up being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient approximation ends up being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient approximation ends up being a
+little bit more accurate but they both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more accurate but they both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more accurate but they both
+have their strengths and weaknesses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their strengths and weaknesses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have their strengths and weaknesses and
+depending on what problem you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what problem you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on what problem you want to
+solve you really need to pay attention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve you really need to pay attention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve you really need to pay attention
+to uh what you should expect from either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh what you should expect from either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh what you should expect from either
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so how does this process actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does this process actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how does this process actually
+work so this is a lot like the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this is a lot like the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so this is a lot like the solution
+to the Harry equation we start with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Harry equation we start with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the Harry equation we start with our
+guess at the um at the position of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess at the um at the position of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess at the um at the position of the
+ions which may or may not change from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions which may or may not change from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions which may or may not change from
+there we also need to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we also need to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there we also need to start with a
+couple um initial parameters that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple um initial parameters that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple um initial parameters that we
+didn't talk about for the Harry case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about for the Harry case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about for the Harry case uh
+so in this case we're going to pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we're going to pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case we're going to pick a
+cut off for the plane wave basis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off for the plane wave basis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off for the plane wave basis so
+that's something I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something I'm going to talk about
+in a minute I haven't talked about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute I haven't talked about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a minute I haven't talked about that
+yet then we guess what our electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet then we guess what our electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet then we guess what our electrons
+look like in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like in this
+system from that guess of the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from that guess of the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system from that guess of the electrons
+we calculate the terms in the Hamilton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate the terms in the Hamilton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we calculate the terms in the Hamilton
+Onan that we're missing we solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Onan that we're missing we solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Onan that we're missing we solve the
+hamiltonian we just diagonalize it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we just diagonalize it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian we just diagonalize it and
+that diagonalization gives us a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagonalization gives us a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagonalization gives us a new
+density um and then again we ask is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density um and then again we ask is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density um and then again we ask is this
+density close enough to our input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density close enough to our input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density close enough to our input
+density or is it pretty far away and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or is it pretty far away and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density or is it pretty far away and if
+it's pretty far away we go back up use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty far away we go back up use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty far away we go back up use
+that new calculated density again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new calculated density again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new calculated density again to
+calculate the terms in the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the terms in the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the terms in the hamiltonian
+that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were
+missing go diagonalize the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing go diagonalize the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing go diagonalize the hamiltonian
+again get a new density and you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again get a new density and you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again get a new density and you know we
+just keep doing this again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep doing this again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just keep doing this again and again
+until we've found something that we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we've found something that we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until we've found something that we say
+is close enough to the original density
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close enough to the original density
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close enough to the original density
+that we've probably found something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've probably found something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've probably found something
+that's a good approximation so um you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good approximation so um you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good approximation so um you'll
+notice that this is actually different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is actually different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this is actually different
+from the heart tree so this looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the heart tree so this looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the heart tree so this looks very
+similar to the the solution of the Harry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the the solution of the Harry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the the solution of the Harry
+equation but you'll notice that instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but you'll notice that instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but you'll notice that instead
+of solving um one electron wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving um one electron wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solving um one electron wave function
+at a time every time we have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time every time we have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time every time we have to do the
+self-consistent cycle all we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent cycle all we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent cycle all we have to do
+here is just diagonalize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just diagonalize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is just diagonalize this
+hamiltonian so this is why the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so this is why the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian so this is why the process
+speeds up so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much uh so these there are a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh so these there are a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uh so these there are a bunch of
+software that people use for DFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that people use for DFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that people use for DFT
+calculations some of them are free some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations some of them are free some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations some of them are free some
+of them are not um I think you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are not um I think you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are not um I think you guys are
+using Siesta which is not on this table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Siesta which is not on this table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using Siesta which is not on this table
+um but all of these different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but all of these different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but all of these different uh
+software have you know their strengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software have you know their strengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software have you know their strengths
+and weaknesses and depending on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weaknesses and depending on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and weaknesses and depending on what you
+want to calculate you should probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate you should probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to calculate you should probably
+think about which model is the best for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about which model is the best for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about which model is the best for
+you um but I guess we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um but I guess we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um but I guess we're going to be
+looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a
+pwscf um input file and just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwscf um input file and just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwscf um input file and just to give you
+a general idea of what these input files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general idea of what these input files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general idea of what these input files
+look like and I guess pretty soon you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and I guess pretty soon you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and I guess pretty soon you'll
+get you'll find out anyway since you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you'll find out anyway since you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you'll find out anyway since you'll
+have to write some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to write some of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+um all right so I promised you I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so I promised you I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all right so I promised you I was
+going to talk about basis functions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about basis functions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about basis functions that
+was that one parameter in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that one parameter in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that one parameter in the
+self-consistent cycle that that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent cycle that that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent cycle that that you have
+to pick um so a basis function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick um so a basis function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pick um so a basis function is
+basically just whatever uh function you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just whatever uh function you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just whatever uh function you
+like what function you want to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what function you want to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what function you want to deal with
+mathematically that you can write your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that you can write your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically that you can write your
+wave functions in terms of so we all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions in terms of so we all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions in terms of so we all we
+do is we take our wave functions and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we take our wave functions and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we take our wave functions and we
+expand them so we get some linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand them so we get some linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand them so we get some linear
+combination of whatever basis we like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of whatever basis we like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of whatever basis we like so
+usually people pick uh gaussians or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people pick uh gaussians or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually people pick uh gaussians or
+plane waves or things that are really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves or things that are really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves or things that are really
+easy to calculate because it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to calculate because it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to calculate because it's pretty
+because you can write any wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can write any wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can write any wave function
+in as in terms of a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as in terms of a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in as in terms of a linear combination
+of these as long as you have uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these as long as you have uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these as long as you have uh a
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+basis um so we pick these states these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis um so we pick these states these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis um so we pick these states these
+this basis such that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis such that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basis such that it's
+orthonormalized so what we can do from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormalized so what we can do from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormalized so what we can do from
+that is you know um when you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know um when you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is you know um when you multiply
+one of these by another one you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these by another one you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these by another one you'll get a
+Delta function fun so basically if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function fun so basically if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function fun so basically if I
+multiply through by uh so I have to sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by uh so I have to sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by uh so I have to sum
+over all space or integrate over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all space or integrate over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over all space or integrate over all
+space because these functions exist over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because these functions exist over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because these functions exist over
+all space so I integrate over all space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all space so I integrate over all space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all space so I integrate over all space
+I pick one particular um one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick one particular um one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick one particular um one of these
+particular basis functions that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular basis functions that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular basis functions that I
+multiply by and that picks out exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by and that picks out exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by and that picks out exactly
+the J basis function here so this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J basis function here so this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the J basis function here so this whole
+term when I integrate out because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term when I integrate out because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term when I integrate out because it's
+orthogonal I only get the J Term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I only get the J Term here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal I only get the J Term here
+because it's normalized I get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's normalized I get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's normalized I get one
+so I'm just left with this e and CJ on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just left with this e and CJ on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm just left with this e and CJ on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+side on this side when I do that same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side on this side when I do that same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side on this side when I do that same um
+integration over all space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over all space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration over all space and
+multiplication by this J um basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by this J um basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication by this J um basis
+function I get something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I get something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I get something more
+complicated because I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because I have this
+hamiltonian uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian uh in
+between so I get this hamilt so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so I get this hamilt so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between so I get this hamilt so this
+hamiltonian this hi function is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um not quite as simple as it looks it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not quite as simple as it looks it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um not quite as simple as it looks it's
+an integration over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integration over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integration over all
+space of uh the hamiltonian acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of uh the hamiltonian acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of uh the hamiltonian acting on
+the basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basis set
+I um and then the inner product of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um and then the inner product of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I um and then the inner product of that
+with basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with basis set
+J the uh complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the uh complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J the uh complex
+conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate
+um so but this is something we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but this is something we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so but this is something we can
+calculate so that's this actually ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so that's this actually ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate so that's this actually ends
+up being the hamiltonian that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being the hamiltonian that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being the hamiltonian that we
+diagonalize in the end so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize in the end so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize in the end so you can see
+that the choice of these basis functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the choice of these basis functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the choice of these basis functions
+to make it something that's easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it something that's easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it something that's easy to
+calculate this term is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this term is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate this term is going to be
+really crucial for uh getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crucial for uh getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crucial for uh getting the
+shortest possible computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest possible computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest possible computation
+time so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so a
+common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common
+um one that's commonly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one that's commonly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one that's commonly used
+is uh plane waves so this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh plane waves so this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh plane waves so this is this is a
+plain wave e to the so the exact form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain wave e to the so the exact form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain wave e to the so the exact form of
+the ones we use e to the i gj. r so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we use e to the i gj. r so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we use e to the i gj. r so you
+guys know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um e to the
+IX is equal to cosine X plus I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sinx so you can see why these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx so you can see why these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx so you can see why these are called
+plane waves because um in real space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves because um in real space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane waves because um in real space
+they're basically just you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically just you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically just you know some
+wave uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and B uh and what I'm going to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B uh and what I'm going to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B uh and what I'm going to do so
+this R is the real space Vector what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R is the real space Vector what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this R is the real space Vector what we
+have to do is pick what JS we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is pick what JS we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do is pick what JS we're going
+to use in our simulation so really if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in our simulation so really if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in our simulation so really if
+we're going to expand any function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to expand any function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to expand any function in
+terms of this basis we need this basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this basis we need this basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of this basis we need this basis
+to be complete which means I mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be complete which means I mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be complete which means I mean that
+that means basically what it says it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means basically what it says it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means basically what it says it's
+it's complete meaning it 10 uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complete meaning it 10 uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's complete meaning it 10 uh you can
+expand anything in terms of it but we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand anything in terms of it but we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand anything in terms of it but we we
+don't really want a complete basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want a complete basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really want a complete basis set
+because for this to be complete this G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for this to be complete this G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for this to be complete this G
+would have to go to Infinity we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to go to Infinity we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to go to Infinity we'd have
+to go you know put every number in for G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go you know put every number in for G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go you know put every number in for G
+between zero and infinity and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and infinity and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and infinity and we don't
+have the computational time to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the computational time to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the computational time to do that
+because the uh the size of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh the size of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh the size of our
+hamiltonian that we diagonalize depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that we diagonalize depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian that we diagonalize depends
+on the number of these functions that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the number of these functions that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the number of these functions that we
+put in so what we hope to do is pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in so what we hope to do is pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in so what we hope to do is pick a
+maximum G that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum G that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum G that's
+sufficient to C to capture all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to C to capture all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to C to capture all the
+physics that happens but not so big that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that happens but not so big that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics that happens but not so big that
+our computational time it takes forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our computational time it takes forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our computational time it takes forever
+so you know so as I increase G I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know so as I increase G I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know so as I increase G I get
+shorter and shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and shorter
+wavelengths and at some point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and at some point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths and at some point this
+wavelength is going to be so short that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is going to be so short that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is going to be so short that
+it's going to be it's going to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be it's going to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be it's going to represent
+a really high kinetic energy system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really high kinetic energy system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a really high kinetic energy system and
+it's going to be just unphysical I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be just unphysical I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be just unphysical I mean
+if I have so if I have an atom here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have so if I have an atom here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have so if I have an atom here and
+an atom here and an atom here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom here and an atom here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an atom here and an atom here
+probably the variation in electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the variation in electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the variation in electron
+density is not this great right around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is not this great right around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is not this great right around
+that nucleus and so uh at some point we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nucleus and so uh at some point we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nucleus and so uh at some point we
+can just cut off G and say you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just cut off G and say you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just cut off G and say you know we
+have enough we can probably capture all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough we can probably capture all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have enough we can probably capture all
+the physics we need just from the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics we need just from the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physics we need just from the up
+going up to the G that we have um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up to the G that we have um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up to the G that we have um so you
+can see actually how this plane wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see actually how this plane wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see actually how this plane wave
+basis works really well for periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis works really well for periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis works really well for periodic
+crystals I mean I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals I mean I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals I mean I just
+drew electrons uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew electrons uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew electrons uh sorry
+nuclei here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei here
+so when you have an infinite Crystal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have an infinite Crystal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you have an infinite Crystal you
+have an electron here an electron here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electron here an electron here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electron here an electron here
+sorry a nucleus here a nucleus here a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a nucleus here a nucleus here a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry a nucleus here a nucleus here a
+nucleus here and because they're all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here and because they're all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here and because they're all the
+same you don't expect that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you don't expect that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you don't expect that the wave
+function or the density should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or the density should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function or the density should be
+different at this nucleus than it is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different at this nucleus than it is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different at this nucleus than it is at
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+So This Plane wave is actually a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So This Plane wave is actually a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So This Plane wave is actually a great
+representation of that because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of that because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of that because the
+density is the same here as it is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is the same here as it is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is the same here as it is here
+as it'll be here and so I mean so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it'll be here and so I mean so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it'll be here and so I mean so this
+these plane waves are actually ideal for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plane waves are actually ideal for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these plane waves are actually ideal for
+calculating periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating periodic
+crystals so how are we going to attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+molecules what we're going to do is put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules what we're going to do is put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules what we're going to do is put
+these molecules in a box we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules in a box we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules in a box we're going to
+put them in a box with some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in a box with some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them in a box with some amount of
+vacuum on either side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum on either side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum on either side and
+then repeat that box in all directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then repeat that box in all directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then repeat that box in all directions
+in X in Y and Z we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X in Y and Z we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in X in Y and Z we're going to
+infinitely repeat this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely repeat this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely repeat this
+box um and so now instead of having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box um and so now instead of having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box um and so now instead of having an
+atom here and an atom here and an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom here and an atom here and an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom here and an atom here and an atom
+here we're going to have molecule here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to have molecule here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to have molecule here
+and a molecule here and a molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a molecule here and a molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a molecule here and a molecule
+here uh so you can see how maybe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so you can see how maybe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh so you can see how maybe with
+this these plane waves might represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these plane waves might represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this these plane waves might represent
+that system a little bit better but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system a little bit better but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system a little bit better but
+there's some things you have to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things you have to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some things you have to take
+into consideration with this um so since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into consideration with this um so since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into consideration with this um so since
+there's a molecule here and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a molecule here and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a molecule here and some
+distance away there's another molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance away there's another molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance away there's another molecule
+they might interact with each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might interact with each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might interact with each other and
+if you want just the properties of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want just the properties of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want just the properties of that
+molecule by itself in vacuum you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule by itself in vacuum you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule by itself in vacuum you don't
+want them interacting with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them interacting with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them interacting with other
+molecules so you need to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so you need to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules so you need to make sure that
+you've included enough vacuum between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've included enough vacuum between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've included enough vacuum between
+these molecules between the molecule and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules between the molecule and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these molecules between the molecule and
+the edge of its unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of its unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edge of its unit
+cell that the the interaction will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that the the interaction will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that the the interaction will
+be negligible or will be on the order of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negligible or will be on the order of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negligible or will be on the order of
+the error that you have from everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error that you have from everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error that you have from everything
+else in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else in your
+calculation so once we've done this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so once we've done this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so once we've done this we
+can then start our self-consistent Loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then start our self-consistent Loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then start our self-consistent Loop
+so what happens so we calculate the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens so we calculate the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what happens so we calculate the um
+we've we've put in where the ions are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've put in where the ions are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've put in where the ions are we
+calculate our potential we've guessed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate our potential we've guessed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate our potential we've guessed
+our some at some original electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our some at some original electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our some at some original electron
+density we've calculated all the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density we've calculated all the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density we've calculated all the terms
+in the hamiltonian we've diagonalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hamiltonian we've diagonalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hamiltonian we've diagonalized
+that hamiltonian that diagonalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hamiltonian that diagonalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hamiltonian that diagonalization
+gives us our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us our
+energy and then the program said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then the program said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then the program said well
+that new uh density wasn't really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new uh density wasn't really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new uh density wasn't really close
+to the old density so let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the old density so let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the old density so let's do that
+again and it does that again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and it does that again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and it does that again and
+calculates energy and you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates energy and you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates energy and you can see how
+the energy always goes uh down so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy always goes uh down so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy always goes uh down so this
+is a negative number the energy always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative number the energy always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a negative number the energy always
+goes down so that's the variational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down so that's the variational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down so that's the variational
+principle as you approach the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle as you approach the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle as you approach the correct
+ground state you get lower in energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state you get lower in energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground state you get lower in energy and
+you can see that the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the difference between
+these successively gets smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these successively gets smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these successively gets smaller and
+smaller and that's what you really want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and that's what you really want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and that's what you really want
+to have happen because that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have happen because that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have happen because that means that
+your energy is converging and you'll end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy is converging and you'll end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy is converging and you'll end
+up with a pretty good approximation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a pretty good approximation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a pretty good approximation of
+the ground state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state
+energy you've also ended up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you've also ended up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you've also ended up with the
+charge density because that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density because that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge density because that's what
+you've been calculating this this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been calculating this this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've been calculating this this whole
+time to calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to calculate the
+energy so just with those two properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so just with those two properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy so just with those two properties
+and being kind of clever you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being kind of clever you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and being kind of clever you can
+actually calculate a huge range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate a huge range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually calculate a huge range of
+important molecular and solid properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important molecular and solid properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important molecular and solid properties
+so you can calculate you can or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can calculate you can or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can calculate you can or at least
+you can guess at a structure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guess at a structure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can guess at a structure you can
+calculate Bal modulus sheer modulus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate Bal modulus sheer modulus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate Bal modulus sheer modulus
+elastic constants you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic constants you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic constants you can calculate
+vibrational properties and sound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational properties and sound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrational properties and sound
+velocity uh binding energy is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity uh binding energy is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity uh binding energy is actually
+just probably going to be this energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just probably going to be this energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just probably going to be this energy
+that you've calculated um um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've calculated um um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've calculated um um you can
+kind of guess that reaction Pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of guess that reaction Pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of guess that reaction Pathways
+those are a little bit harder to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a little bit harder to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a little bit harder to do with
+this approach uh you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach uh you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this approach uh you can calculate
+forces pressure stress you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces pressure stress you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces pressure stress you can calculate
+all of these properties just with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these properties just with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these properties just with this
+simple calculation that we can not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculation that we can not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple calculation that we can not do
+but how do we know that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we know that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how do we know that these
+calculations are meaningful how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are meaningful how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations are meaningful how do we
+know that we've actually said anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we've actually said anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that we've actually said anything
+useful I mean dck was complaining that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful I mean dck was complaining that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful I mean dck was complaining that
+you know his he found that his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know his he found that his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know his he found that his
+calculations never really matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations never really matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations never really matched
+experiment but but don't lose heart but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but but don't lose heart but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment but but don't lose heart but
+I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean
+when when should you lose heart or when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when should you lose heart or when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when should you lose heart or when
+should you maybe check to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you maybe check to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you maybe check to make sure that
+what you're doing is as accurate as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is as accurate as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing is as accurate as you
+can get we need to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get we need to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get we need to talk about
+convergence so there are a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so there are a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence so there are a couple
+different properties that um you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different properties that um you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different properties that um you need to
+worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry
+about uh so we talked about is the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh so we talked about is the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh so we talked about is the basis
+big enough so that's did I pick a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough so that's did I pick a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big enough so that's did I pick a high
+enough G that I got enough wiggliness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough G that I got enough wiggliness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough G that I got enough wiggliness of
+my wave functions my input uh um basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wave functions my input uh um basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my wave functions my input uh um basis
+wave functions that I've captured all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions that I've captured all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave functions that I've captured all
+the relevant physics and so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant physics and so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relevant physics and so you know
+this is the trade-off you it takes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the trade-off you it takes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the trade-off you it takes more
+time if you have a larger basis set but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you have a larger basis set but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you have a larger basis set but
+you also lose some accuracy by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also lose some accuracy by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also lose some accuracy by
+decreasing the size of your basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the size of your basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing the size of your basis set
+and at some point the um when you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point the um when you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at some point the um when you've
+taken out too many basis functions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out too many basis functions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken out too many basis functions you
+suddenly get something that's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly get something that's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly get something that's not going
+to be meaningful at all because you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be meaningful at all because you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be meaningful at all because you just
+don't have the right structure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the right structure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the right structure of the
+potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential
+um we talked about is the Box big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talked about is the Box big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we talked about is the Box big enough
+so did you include enough vacuum so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did you include enough vacuum so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did you include enough vacuum so that
+you don't get interactions between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get interactions between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't get interactions between
+molecules in neighboring unit cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in neighboring unit cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in neighboring unit cells
+because if you want the the properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you want the the properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you want the the properties
+of the molecule by itself in vacuum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule by itself in vacuum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the molecule by itself in vacuum you
+don't want the interaction of those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the interaction of those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want the interaction of those two
+molecules to play a part but here we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules to play a part but here we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules to play a part but here we get
+actually a trade-off with the basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a trade-off with the basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a trade-off with the basis set
+so the bigger you make your box the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bigger you make your box the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the bigger you make your box the
+bigger you need your basis set to be so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger you need your basis set to be so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger you need your basis set to be so
+you can kind of see if I have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see if I have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see if I have you know
+if this is the size of my basis set oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the size of my basis set oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is the size of my basis set oh
+sorry the size of my box is here then uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the size of my box is here then uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the size of my box is here then uh
+the cut and this is my cut off G has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut and this is my cut off G has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut and this is my cut off G has a
+wavelength of this if I suddenly make my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of this if I suddenly make my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of this if I suddenly make my
+box much bigger this wavelength is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box much bigger this wavelength is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box much bigger this wavelength is going
+to expand and it's going to be a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand and it's going to be a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expand and it's going to be a much
+bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger
+wavelength um and so maybe now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength um and so maybe now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength um and so maybe now this is
+actually an important wavelength to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an important wavelength to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually an important wavelength to my
+system and maybe even a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and maybe even a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and maybe even a smaller
+wavelength is an important wavelength to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is an important wavelength to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is an important wavelength to
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+system does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system does that make
+sense okay so so making your box bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so so making your box bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so so making your box bigger
+means that you need a bigger basis set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you need a bigger basis set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you need a bigger basis set
+which means more computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means more computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means more computational
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+um uh but on the other hand you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but on the other hand you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh but on the other hand you don't
+want to include the effects of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to include the effects of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to include the effects of
+intermolecular interaction finally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular interaction finally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermolecular interaction finally you
+can ask if you exited the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask if you exited the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can ask if you exited the
+self-consistent loop at the right time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent loop at the right time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-consistent loop at the right time I
+mean so i' I keep saying like well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so i' I keep saying like well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean so i' I keep saying like well we
+compare the old density to the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the old density to the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the old density to the new
+density and if they're close enough then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and if they're close enough then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density and if they're close enough then
+you know we assume it's right but what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we assume it's right but what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we assume it's right but what's
+that definition of close enough and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition of close enough and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that definition of close enough and how
+do you know that that definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that that definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know that that definition of
+close enough is close enough so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough is close enough so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close enough is close enough so that's
+another property that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another property that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another property that you're going to
+have to converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+along so let's just take a look at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along so let's just take a look at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along so let's just take a look at an
+example um input file and see how some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um input file and see how some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um input file and see how some
+of these properties that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these properties that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these properties that you need to
+converge along and the other properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge along and the other properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converge along and the other properties
+you might care about um show up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might care about um show up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might care about um show up in this
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+so we might care about you know putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might care about you know putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we might care about you know putting
+in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right
+atoms uh talk about how the atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms uh talk about how the atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms uh talk about how the atoms are
+related to each other spatially um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each other spatially um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each other spatially um and
+then these three parameters that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these three parameters that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these three parameters that we
+talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+about uh that we need to converge along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh that we need to converge along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh that we need to converge along
+so this is a just a sample of water um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a just a sample of water um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a just a sample of water um
+and so here this is the size of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here this is the size of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here this is the size of the cell
+this is the number of atoms number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of atoms number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the number of atoms number of
+types of atoms this is that this uh e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of atoms this is that this uh e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of atoms this is that this uh e
+cut so this is the energy cut off which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut so this is the energy cut off which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut so this is the energy cut off which
+refers to the the size of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the the size of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to the the size of your
+G and then um your atoms and the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and then um your atoms and the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G and then um your atoms and the atomic
+positions and these are just the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and these are just the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions and these are just the um
+pseudo potentials so I we haven't talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo potentials so I we haven't talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo potentials so I we haven't talked
+at all about pseudo potentials but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all about pseudo potentials but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all about pseudo potentials but just
+so you know um we we talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know um we we talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know um we we talked about the
+fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that
+um uh when we think about atoms we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh when we think about atoms we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh when we think about atoms we only
+care about the veence electrons right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the veence electrons right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the veence electrons right so
+all those core electrons still exist but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those core electrons still exist but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those core electrons still exist but
+we don't want to ccate them so we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to ccate them so we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to ccate them so we use
+pseudo potentials to sort of capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo potentials to sort of capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo potentials to sort of capture
+those inner electrons a little bit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inner electrons a little bit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those inner electrons a little bit and
+and sort of tell us how those inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of tell us how those inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sort of tell us how those inner
+electrons are going to affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are going to affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are going to affect the
+valence electrons and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valence electrons and everything else
+because when we have um an electron that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we have um an electron that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when we have um an electron that
+has oh sorry an atom that has some core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has oh sorry an atom that has some core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has oh sorry an atom that has some core
+of electrons so let's say you know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons so let's say you know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electrons so let's say you know this
+has 27 protons in it an electron out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 27 protons in it an electron out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has 27 protons in it an electron out
+here is not going to feel that 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not going to feel that 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is not going to feel that 27
+electron charge uh proton charge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron charge uh proton charge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron charge uh proton charge is
+going to feel that 27 protons shielded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feel that 27 protons shielded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to feel that 27 protons shielded
+by some number of corter electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some number of corter electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some number of corter electrons and
+so um to get that the kulum interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um to get that the kulum interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um to get that the kulum interaction
+right there we need to have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there we need to have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there we need to have some kind of
+modified version of of what exactly our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified version of of what exactly our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modified version of of what exactly our
+atoms potential looks like so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms potential looks like so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms potential looks like so that's
+that's what the pseudo potentials are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the pseudo potentials are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the pseudo potentials are
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+so that's it I mean that's we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it I mean that's we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it I mean that's we've covered
+basically the basis of quantum chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the basis of quantum chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the basis of quantum chemistry
+and density functional Theory today are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and density functional Theory today are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and density functional Theory today are
+there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions all right thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IKXWnA5Xdqo.txt b/IKXWnA5Xdqo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b8031da3cf4928ae1d506fd629314dae2125a289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IKXWnA5Xdqo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+they spent a lot of time looking at you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spent a lot of time looking at you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spent a lot of time looking at you
+know all proteins are made from amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all proteins are made from amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know all proteins are made from amino
+acid building blocks and so one question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid building blocks and so one question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acid building blocks and so one question
+again and students hate this is why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and students hate this is why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and students hate this is why do I
+need to know I make them memorize I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know I make them memorize I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know I make them memorize I make
+you memorize the side chains in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you memorize the side chains in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you memorize the side chains in the
+amino acids why do I do that because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids why do I do that because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids why do I do that because the
+side chains of the amino acids are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains of the amino acids are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side chains of the amino acids are the
+key to weigh all the catalysts in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to weigh all the catalysts in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key to weigh all the catalysts in your
+body function a catalyst simply enhances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body function a catalyst simply enhances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body function a catalyst simply enhances
+the rate of conversion of some small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of conversion of some small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of conversion of some small
+molecule into some other small molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule into some other small molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule into some other small molecule
+and you know it can enhance the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it can enhance the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know it can enhance the rate of
+the inter conversion by 10 to the 15th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter conversion by 10 to the 15th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inter conversion by 10 to the 15th
+fold so if you didn't have that catalyst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold so if you didn't have that catalyst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold so if you didn't have that catalyst
+you couldn't you couldn't do anything so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't you couldn't do anything so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you couldn't you couldn't do anything so
+amino acid side chains play a key role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid side chains play a key role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acid side chains play a key role
+in catalysis so thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in catalysis so thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in catalysis so thinking about the
+properties of the amino acid side chains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the amino acid side chains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the amino acid side chains
+is key to understanding all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is key to understanding all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is key to understanding all the
+transformations in your body so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations in your body so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations in your body so what is
+the pKa of a Minnesota you remember how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pKa of a Minnesota you remember how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pKa of a Minnesota you remember how
+can you not remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you not remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you not remember that
+anyhow the pKa of the MS ol is like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow the pKa of the MS ol is like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow the pKa of the MS ol is like you
+know close to 7 okay so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know close to 7 okay so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know close to 7 okay so those
+physiological everything in the body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological everything in the body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physiological everything in the body is
+controlled the pH has to be controlled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled the pH has to be controlled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled the pH has to be controlled
+and so that means that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that means that you could
+protonate or deprotonated this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonate or deprotonated this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protonate or deprotonated this so
+knowing that is key to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that is key to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that is key to thinking about
+how the chemical reaction is gonna work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the chemical reaction is gonna work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the chemical reaction is gonna work
+like the amino acid side chains now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the amino acid side chains now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the amino acid side chains now and
+everybody thought there were 21 amino
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thought there were 21 amino
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody thought there were 21 amino
+acids but now we know almost all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids but now we know almost all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acids but now we know almost all these
+amino acids can be modified once they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids can be modified once they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids can be modified once they
+get into the protein so that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the protein so that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the protein so that's called
+post translational modification so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post translational modification so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post translational modification so now
+we have probably another 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have probably another 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have probably another 250
+modifications and one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications and one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications and one of the
+modifications that is essential not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications that is essential not for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications that is essential not for
+the catalysis part of proteins but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalysis part of proteins but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the catalysis part of proteins but for
+the structural part of proteins is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural part of proteins is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structural part of proteins is
+hydroxylation of the amino acid prolene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation of the amino acid prolene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylation of the amino acid prolene
+so if you don't hydroxylate prolene then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't hydroxylate prolene then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you don't hydroxylate prolene then
+you can't make this molecule called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make this molecule called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't make this molecule called
+collagen and collagen is the structural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collagen and collagen is the structural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collagen and collagen is the structural
+proteins 25% of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins 25% of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins 25% of all
+humans protein okay and it's found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans protein okay and it's found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans protein okay and it's found
+extracellular gram per gram that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular gram per gram that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracellular gram per gram that has a
+strength of steel it has very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of steel it has very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength of steel it has very
+complicated by a synthetic pathway it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated by a synthetic pathway it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated by a synthetic pathway it
+has amazing tensile strength that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has amazing tensile strength that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has amazing tensile strength that's
+found in cartilage and teeth and bone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in cartilage and teeth and bone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found in cartilage and teeth and bone
+and a key component of collagen is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a key component of collagen is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a key component of collagen is is
+this hydroxylated prolene because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydroxylated prolene because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hydroxylated prolene because
+without it you can't form the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it you can't form the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it you can't form the actual
+collagen structure so collagen is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collagen structure so collagen is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collagen structure so collagen is this
+long most proteins if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long most proteins if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long most proteins if you look at the
+structures they look like little balls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures they look like little balls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures they look like little balls
+that globular but collagen is a five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that globular but collagen is a five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that globular but collagen is a five
+brillar protein so it's very long as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brillar protein so it's very long as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brillar protein so it's very long as I
+think it's probably the longest protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably the longest protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's probably the longest protein
+- it's three thousand angstroms long and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- it's three thousand angstroms long and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- it's three thousand angstroms long and
+so and it has three chains initially and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and it has three chains initially and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so and it has three chains initially and
+they they're left-handed sort of Gila
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're left-handed sort of Gila
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they're left-handed sort of Gila
+C's but not really a few then they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's but not really a few then they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's but not really a few then they have
+to wind around each other to form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wind around each other to form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wind around each other to form a
+right-handed helix this all happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed helix this all happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-handed helix this all happens
+inside the cell then somehow has to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell then somehow has to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside the cell then somehow has to get
+to the outside of the cell people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outside of the cell people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outside of the cell people are
+studying that now and then it forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying that now and then it forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying that now and then it forms
+additional fibrils and they become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional fibrils and they become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional fibrils and they become
+insoluble and that provides the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble and that provides the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insoluble and that provides the strength
+the extracellular structures provide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular structures provide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extracellular structures provide the
+strength to maintain the cells shape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength to maintain the cells shape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strength to maintain the cells shape and
+viability of the cell and a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability of the cell and a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viability of the cell and a key
+component of our lattice hydroxylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of our lattice hydroxylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of our lattice hydroxylation
+of prolene and how did they find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prolene and how did they find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of prolene and how did they find that
+this goes back to again misregulation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back to again misregulation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this goes back to again misregulation so
+in the 1600s so whenever they used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1600s so whenever they used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1600s so whenever they used to
+sail the ocean blue with no food they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sail the ocean blue with no food they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sail the ocean blue with no food they
+didn't have enough vitamin c so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have enough vitamin c so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have enough vitamin c so they
+didn't have any citrus fruit so vitamin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any citrus fruit so vitamin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any citrus fruit so vitamin
+c has has the vitamin ascorbate and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c has has the vitamin ascorbate and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c has has the vitamin ascorbate and a
+score beit plays a key role in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score beit plays a key role in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score beit plays a key role in the
+chemistry of allowing the prolene to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of allowing the prolene to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry of allowing the prolene to
+become hydroxylated so it turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become hydroxylated so it turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become hydroxylated so it turns out to
+get the prolene to be hydroxylated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the prolene to be hydroxylated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the prolene to be hydroxylated
+use again metal catalyzed reactions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use again metal catalyzed reactions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use again metal catalyzed reactions so
+he is iron - and if that iron - it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is iron - and if that iron - it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he is iron - and if that iron - it
+reacts with oxygen if if it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts with oxygen if if it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reacts with oxygen if if it gets
+oxidized ir3 can't react so the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized ir3 can't react so the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidized ir3 can't react so the function
+of this vitamin is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vitamin is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this vitamin is
+to keep the iron - in the in the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the iron - in the in the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the iron - in the in the reduced
+state so there's an example people study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so there's an example people study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so there's an example people study
+that took them many many many years like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took them many many many years like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took them many many many years like
+two hundred years later when they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred years later when they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hundred years later when they really
+understand the details of how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the details of how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the details of how this
+post-translational modification actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-translational modification actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post-translational modification actually
+occurs and we understand a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and we understand a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs and we understand a lot about
+that chemistry now and this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemistry now and this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chemistry now and this was the
+first one of these modifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one of these modifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one of these modifications
+discovered and now and now they finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and now and now they finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered and now and now they finding
+this modification everywhere so lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modification everywhere so lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modification everywhere so lots of
+amino acids turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids turned out to be
+hydroxylated not just prolene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylated not just prolene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydroxylated not just prolene
+so these modified amino acids now are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these modified amino acids now are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these modified amino acids now are
+because the technology we have is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the technology we have is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the technology we have is so
+mind-boggling we can find a needle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-boggling we can find a needle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind-boggling we can find a needle in a
+haystack and where isn't the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haystack and where isn't the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haystack and where isn't the beginning
+you know we were just trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we were just trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we were just trying to figure
+out what the amino acids were now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the amino acids were now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the amino acids were now we
+have very very some sort of analytical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very very some sort of analytical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very very some sort of analytical
+methods which allow us to see all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods which allow us to see all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods which allow us to see all of
+these modifications that then the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modifications that then the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these modifications that then the key
+question is what is the function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the function of the
+modification and that's not so easy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification and that's not so easy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modification and that's not so easy in
+terms of thinking about regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of thinking about regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of thinking about regulation
+anyhow and that's the focus of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow and that's the focus of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyhow and that's the focus of a lot of
+people's efforts right now
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IYKULUq6YPQ.txt b/IYKULUq6YPQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..60457c37c6fa87894700b6c486f607cfa02c8e1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IYKULUq6YPQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4363 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi today we're going to discuss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today we're going to discuss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi today we're going to discuss the
+technique known as variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique known as variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique known as variation of
+parameters which is a Shier method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters which is a Shier method for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters which is a Shier method for
+finding a particular solution of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a particular solution of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding a particular solution of a
+linear differential equation provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equation provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear differential equation provided
+only and I say only with a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and I say only with a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only and I say only with a little bit of
+a shutter provided only that we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shutter provided only that we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shutter provided only that we know the
+general solution of the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of the homogeneous
+equation and I'll talk about that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I'll talk about that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and I'll talk about that in a
+minute you see the idea is this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute you see the idea is this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute you see the idea is this let's
+suppose and again we'll stick with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose and again we'll stick with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose and again we'll stick with our
+second order equation for purposes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order equation for purposes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second order equation for purposes of
+illustration y prime plus p ofx y Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration y prime plus p ofx y Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration y prime plus p ofx y Prime
++ q ofx y = f ofx we're given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ q ofx y = f ofx we're given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ q ofx y = f ofx we're given that
+equation not necessarily constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation not necessarily constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation not necessarily constant
+coefficients and what we're assuming is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and what we're assuming is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients and what we're assuming is
+that the solution of the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solution of the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solution of the homogeneous
+equation l Of yals Z is known in full in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation l Of yals Z is known in full in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation l Of yals Z is known in full in
+other words we know the general Solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we know the general Solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words we know the general Solution
+by the way let's keep in mind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way let's keep in mind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way let's keep in mind the
+following two things one of which is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following two things one of which is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following two things one of which is by
+way of review and the other is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of review and the other is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of review and the other is a
+forecaster of what we'll be doing next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecaster of what we'll be doing next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecaster of what we'll be doing next
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+this whole method is going to hinge on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole method is going to hinge on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole method is going to hinge on
+knowing the general solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the general solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the general solution of the
+homogeneous equation notice that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation notice that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation notice that in
+particular the one kind of equation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the one kind of equation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular the one kind of equation that
+we can certainly find the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can certainly find the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can certainly find the homogeneous
+solution of is the equation involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of is the equation involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of is the equation involving
+constant coefficients you see so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients you see so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients you see so
+obviously then the method of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously then the method of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously then the method of variation
+of parameters if I'm correct in what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters if I'm correct in what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters if I'm correct in what I
+just said will apply to line linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said will apply to line linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said will apply to line linear
+equations with constant coefficients the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with constant coefficients the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with constant coefficients the
+hardship of using variation of par
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardship of using variation of par
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardship of using variation of par
+will center around the fact that what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will center around the fact that what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will center around the fact that what if
+we don't know how to find the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how to find the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know how to find the general
+solution of the homogeneous equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the homogeneous equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the homogeneous equation and
+that's what the lecture of next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the lecture of next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the lecture of next time
+will be all about but for the time being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be all about but for the time being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be all about but for the time being
+let's focus on this technique and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus on this technique and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's focus on this technique and what
+it means we assume that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means we assume that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means we assume that we have the
+general solution of the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of the homogeneous
+equation in other words Y subh is C1 U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in other words Y subh is C1 U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in other words Y subh is C1 U1
+of X Plus C2 U2 ofx where Again by way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X Plus C2 U2 ofx where Again by way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X Plus C2 U2 ofx where Again by way
+of review U1 and U2 are L independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of review U1 and U2 are L independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of review U1 and U2 are L independent
+Solutions of the homogeneous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of the homogeneous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of the homogeneous equation
+meaning that U1 and U2 are solutions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that U1 and U2 are solutions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that U1 and U2 are solutions of
+the equation the homogeneous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation the homogeneous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation the homogeneous equation
+and they are not constant multiples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are not constant multiples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they are not constant multiples of
+one another that's going to play a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another that's going to play a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another that's going to play a very
+crucial role that they not be constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial role that they not be constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial role that they not be constant
+multiples of one another uh in our punch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of one another uh in our punch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of one another uh in our punch
+line in proving how the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in proving how the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line in proving how the method of
+variation of parameters works at any R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters works at any R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters works at any R
+what about this fancy name variation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this fancy name variation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this fancy name variation of
+parameters where does it come from and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters where does it come from and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters where does it come from and
+it comes from the fact that we replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from the fact that we replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from the fact that we replace
+the arbitrary constants by arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arbitrary constants by arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arbitrary constants by arbitrary
+functions so that we're really now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that we're really now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions so that we're really now
+having a variation of the parameters see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a variation of the parameters see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a variation of the parameters see
+C1 and C2 are parameters by writing them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and C2 are parameters by writing them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 and C2 are parameters by writing them
+as functions of X you see I I am now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as functions of X you see I I am now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as functions of X you see I I am now
+varying the parameters you see as I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying the parameters you see as I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying the parameters you see as I let
+X take on different values so what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X take on different values so what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X take on different values so what I'm
+going to try now is this knowing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try now is this knowing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try now is this knowing the
+general solution of this equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of this equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of this equation the
+reduced equation I try for a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced equation I try for a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced equation I try for a particular
+solution of the original equation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the original equation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the original equation in the
+form G1 U1 plus G2 U2 where G1 and G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form G1 U1 plus G2 U2 where G1 and G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form G1 U1 plus G2 U2 where G1 and G2
+are now arbitrary functions rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now arbitrary functions rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now arbitrary functions rather than
+arbitrary constants and I now go and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constants and I now go and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constants and I now go and I
+look to find out what the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to find out what the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look to find out what the particular
+solution has to look like to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has to look like to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution has to look like to be the
+right answer to my problem and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer to my problem and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right answer to my problem and this is
+sort of a hand waving type thing only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a hand waving type thing only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a hand waving type thing only in
+the sense not that the proof isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense not that the proof isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense not that the proof isn't
+rigorous but I'm trying to motivate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous but I'm trying to motivate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous but I'm trying to motivate for
+you how without the proper hindsight I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how without the proper hindsight I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how without the proper hindsight I
+would have invented these steps by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have invented these steps by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have invented these steps by
+myself quite frankly I never would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself quite frankly I never would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself quite frankly I never would have
+invented this proof by myself but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this proof by myself but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented this proof by myself but I
+think I can give you an insight as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can give you an insight as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I can give you an insight as to
+how it comes about and more importantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it comes about and more importantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it comes about and more importantly
+for those of you who don't know how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who don't know how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who don't know how it
+comes about and for even more of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes about and for even more of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes about and for even more of you who
+don't even here how it comes about we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even here how it comes about we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even here how it comes about we
+will have a resume of what the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a resume of what the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a resume of what the technique
+means after we've at least gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means after we've at least gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means after we've at least gone through
+showing what the proof of the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing what the proof of the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing what the proof of the technique
+is what we do is is starting with G1 U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we do is is starting with G1 U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what we do is is starting with G1 U1
+G2 U2 where U1 and U2 now are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 U2 where U1 and U2 now are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 U2 where U1 and U2 now are known
+functions of X and G1 and G2 are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of X and G1 and G2 are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions of X and G1 and G2 are the
+undetermined functions of X what we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetermined functions of X what we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undetermined functions of X what we say
+is okay let's find y p Prime so notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay let's find y p Prime so notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay let's find y p Prime so notice
+that each term over here when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each term over here when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that each term over here when we
+differentiate gives rise to two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate gives rise to two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate gives rise to two terms
+because with differentiating a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with differentiating a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because with differentiating a product
+in other words there'll be one term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there'll be one term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words there'll be one term
+which will be G1 U1 Prime another term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be G1 U1 Prime another term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be G1 U1 Prime another term
+which will be G1 Prime U1 G2 U2 Prime G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be G1 Prime U1 G2 U2 Prime G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be G1 Prime U1 G2 U2 Prime G2
+Prime U2 I'm going to group the terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime U2 I'm going to group the terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime U2 I'm going to group the terms
+sort of like this for the time being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like this for the time being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like this for the time being in
+other words I take the derivative I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I take the derivative I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I take the derivative I'm
+going to group the terms this way one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to group the terms this way one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to group the terms this way one
+reason I want to group the terms this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want to group the terms this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason I want to group the terms this
+way is the following look at I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is the following look at I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way is the following look at I have
+picked G1 and G2 completely at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked G1 and G2 completely at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked G1 and G2 completely at random
+that means I have one degree of Freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I have one degree of Freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means I have one degree of Freedom
+at my disposal in other words I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my disposal in other words I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at my disposal in other words I can
+still impose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still impose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still impose
+a condition on how G1 and G2 have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition on how G1 and G2 have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a condition on how G1 and G2 have to be
+related in order to facilitate how I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in order to facilitate how I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related in order to facilitate how I can
+find a solution to this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a solution to this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a solution to this particular
+equation my feeling is this in trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation my feeling is this in trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation my feeling is this in trying to
+find G1 and G2 I don't want to have G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find G1 and G2 I don't want to have G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find G1 and G2 I don't want to have G1
+G2 G1 Prime G2 Prime G1 double Prime G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 G1 Prime G2 Prime G1 double Prime G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 G1 Prime G2 Prime G1 double Prime G2
+double Prime dangling all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime dangling all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime dangling all over the place
+I would like to hold the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to hold the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would like to hold the number of
+places where G1 and G2 occur down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where G1 and G2 occur down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where G1 and G2 occur down to
+sort of a minimum so I'm going to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a minimum so I'm going to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a minimum so I'm going to hold
+these two terms already involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms already involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms already involving the
+first derivative off here I'm to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative off here I'm to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivative off here I'm to hold
+them separately for a while the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them separately for a while the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them separately for a while the worst
+that will happen is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will happen is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will happen is that this
+simplification won't help me at all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification won't help me at all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification won't help me at all in
+which case I can look for a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case I can look for a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case I can look for a different
+simplification at any rate starting with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification at any rate starting with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplification at any rate starting with
+this I now find YP double Prime see I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I now find YP double Prime see I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I now find YP double Prime see I
+need the second derivative here and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the second derivative here and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the second derivative here and how
+do I differentiate well each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I differentiate well each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I differentiate well each of these
+terms gives rise to two terms each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms gives rise to two terms each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms gives rise to two terms each of
+these gives rise to two terms because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gives rise to two terms because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gives rise to two terms because
+they're products and this I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're products and this I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're products and this I'll just
+leave as symbolically being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave as symbolically being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave as symbolically being
+differentiated in other words ypou Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated in other words ypou Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated in other words ypou Prime
+is simply going to be G1 U1 prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply going to be G1 U1 prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply going to be G1 U1 prime plus
+G1 Prime U1 prime plus G2 U2 prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G1 Prime U1 prime plus G2 U2 prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G1 Prime U1 prime plus G2 U2 prime plus
+G2 Prime U2 Prime in other words I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 Prime U2 Prime in other words I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 Prime U2 Prime in other words I've
+differentiated G1 U1 prime plus G2 U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated G1 U1 prime plus G2 U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated G1 U1 prime plus G2 U2
+Prime and the term that I'm holding off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and the term that I'm holding off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and the term that I'm holding off
+separately I'll just differentiate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately I'll just differentiate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately I'll just differentiate that
+and indicate that by a prime now here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indicate that by a prime now here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indicate that by a prime now here's
+what I'm leading up to notice by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm leading up to notice by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm leading up to notice by the way
+if I were to differentiate this term YP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to differentiate this term YP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I were to differentiate this term YP
+double Prime would have eight terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime would have eight terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime would have eight terms in
+it instead of just these four also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it instead of just these four also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it instead of just these four also
+notice a rather interesting thing I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a rather interesting thing I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice a rather interesting thing I'll
+ultimately I'm going to take YP Prime YP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately I'm going to take YP Prime YP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately I'm going to take YP Prime YP
+Prime and YP and substitute them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and YP and substitute them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and YP and substitute them into
+this equation in order to see what G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation in order to see what G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation in order to see what G1
+and G2 must look like notice that ypou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 must look like notice that ypou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 must look like notice that ypou
+Prime has a G1 U1 doup Prime terminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime has a G1 U1 doup Prime terminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime has a G1 U1 doup Prime terminate
+YP Prime has a G1 U1 Prime terminate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YP Prime has a G1 U1 Prime terminate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YP Prime has a G1 U1 Prime terminate and
+YP has a G1 U1 terminate similarly for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YP has a G1 U1 terminate similarly for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+YP has a G1 U1 terminate similarly for
+U2 Prime U2 double Prime Etc but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 Prime U2 double Prime Etc but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 Prime U2 double Prime Etc but the
+idea is this if I now leave this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is this if I now leave this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is this if I now leave this term
+here out in fact what's the best way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here out in fact what's the best way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here out in fact what's the best way to
+leave it out I will now invoke one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it out I will now invoke one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave it out I will now invoke one of my
+only free choice I will say look at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only free choice I will say look at I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only free choice I will say look at I
+will now put a restriction on what G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now put a restriction on what G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will now put a restriction on what G1
+and G2 have to look like they will no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 have to look like they will no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 have to look like they will no
+longer be completely arbitrary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer be completely arbitrary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer be completely arbitrary but
+rather I will choose them as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather I will choose them as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather I will choose them as follows
+looking at the derivatives G1 Prime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the derivatives G1 Prime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the derivatives G1 Prime and
+G2 Prime what I will do is I will pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 Prime what I will do is I will pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 Prime what I will do is I will pick
+one of these at random and then choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these at random and then choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these at random and then choose
+the other one so that G1 Prime U1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so that G1 Prime U1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one so that G1 Prime U1 plus
+G2 Prime U2 will be zero you you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 Prime U2 will be zero you you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 Prime U2 will be zero you you see
+look at U1 and U2 are known functions if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at U1 and U2 are known functions if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at U1 and U2 are known functions if
+I pick G2 Prime at random G2 Prime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick G2 Prime at random G2 Prime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick G2 Prime at random G2 Prime is
+then known U1 is then known U2 is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then known U1 is then known U2 is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then known U1 is then known U2 is known
+if I set this equal to zero I can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I set this equal to zero I can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I set this equal to zero I can solve
+for the G1 Prime that satisfies that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the G1 Prime that satisfies that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the G1 Prime that satisfies that
+equation so I am free to impose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I am free to impose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so I am free to impose that
+particular condition so I say okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular condition so I say okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular condition so I say okay I
+will set this equal to zero once I set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will set this equal to zero once I set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will set this equal to zero once I set
+this equal to zero look what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal to zero look what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equal to zero look what happens
+when I compute YP prime plus P of X Y P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I compute YP prime plus P of X Y P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I compute YP prime plus P of X Y P
+prime plus Q of xyp in general look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus Q of xyp in general look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus Q of xyp in general look what
+happens I get what I get a G1 U1 double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I get what I get a G1 U1 double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens I get what I get a G1 U1 double
+Prime term right plus a G2 U2 double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime term right plus a G2 U2 double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime term right plus a G2 U2 double
+Prime term plus a G1 Prime U1 Prime term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime term plus a G1 Prime U1 Prime term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime term plus a G1 Prime U1 Prime term
+plus a G2 Prime U2 Prime term that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a G2 Prime U2 Prime term that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a G2 Prime U2 Prime term that all
+comes from YP Prime I'm lining these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from YP Prime I'm lining these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from YP Prime I'm lining these
+things up judiciously you see to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up judiciously you see to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things up judiciously you see to have
+you see more emphatically what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see more emphatically what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see more emphatically what's going
+on here now from the P of XY P Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here now from the P of XY P Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on here now from the P of XY P Prime
+term this will give me what p g1u U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this will give me what p g1u U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term this will give me what p g1u U1
+prime plus pg2 U2 Prime pg1 U1 prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus pg2 U2 Prime pg1 U1 prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus pg2 U2 Prime pg1 U1 prime
+plus pg2 U2 Prime and finally the Q * y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pg2 U2 Prime and finally the Q * y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus pg2 U2 Prime and finally the Q * y
+subp term Q * y subp remember what Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subp term Q * y subp remember what Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subp term Q * y subp remember what Y
+subp is Q * that will give me what Q G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subp is Q * that will give me what Q G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subp is Q * that will give me what Q G1
+U1 plus qg2 U2 qg1 U1 plus Q G2 U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 plus qg2 U2 qg1 U1 plus Q G2 U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 plus qg2 U2 qg1 U1 plus Q G2 U2
+there's my eight terms but the beauty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my eight terms but the beauty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my eight terms but the beauty is
+that because U1 Prime and U2 Prime were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because U1 Prime and U2 Prime were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because U1 Prime and U2 Prime were
+Solutions of the homogeneous equation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of the homogeneous equation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of the homogeneous equation in
+other words since L of U1 and L of U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words since L of U1 and L of U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words since L of U1 and L of U2
+are zero look at what these three terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero look at what these three terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero look at what these three terms
+add up to I can factor out a G1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to I can factor out a G1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to I can factor out a G1 and
+what's left U1 double prime plus P U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left U1 double prime plus P U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's left U1 double prime plus P U1
+prime plus Q U1 and by definition of U1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus Q U1 and by definition of U1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus Q U1 and by definition of U1
+that satisfies L of U1 equals 0 these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies L of U1 equals 0 these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfies L of U1 equals 0 these
+three terms add up to zero these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three terms add up to zero these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three terms add up to zero these three
+terms in a similar way factoring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in a similar way factoring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in a similar way factoring out the
+G2 I get U2 prime plus P U2 prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 I get U2 prime plus P U2 prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 I get U2 prime plus P U2 prime plus
+Q2 which must be zero because U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 which must be zero because U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q2 which must be zero because U2
+satisfies the homogeneous equation these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the homogeneous equation these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies the homogeneous equation these
+add up to zero all I have left are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to zero all I have left are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add up to zero all I have left are these
+two terms namely G1 Prime U1 prime plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms namely G1 Prime U1 prime plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms namely G1 Prime U1 prime plus
+G2 Prime U2 Prime and since this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 Prime U2 Prime and since this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G2 Prime U2 Prime and since this must be
+identically equal to F ofx it must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically equal to F ofx it must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically equal to F ofx it must be
+that these two terms are identically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two terms are identically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these two terms are identically
+equal to their sum is identically f ofx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to their sum is identically f ofx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to their sum is identically f ofx
+in other words once I have imposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words once I have imposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words once I have imposed
+arbitrarily this condition I am forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily this condition I am forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrarily this condition I am forced
+to accept this condition at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept this condition at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to accept this condition at any rate
+whether I'm forced to or not forced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I'm forced to or not forced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I'm forced to or not forced to
+the two conditions I now have to fulfill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two conditions I now have to fulfill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two conditions I now have to fulfill
+are these two equations in shall I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two equations in shall I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two equations in shall I say
+two unknowns remember the functions I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns remember the functions I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two unknowns remember the functions I'm
+looking for are G1 and G2 U1 and U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for are G1 and G2 U1 and U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for are G1 and G2 U1 and U2
+consequently U1 Prime and U2 Prime are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently U1 Prime and U2 Prime are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequently U1 Prime and U2 Prime are
+known functions they were the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known functions they were the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known functions they were the functions
+that made up the General solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made up the General solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made up the General solution of the
+homogeneous equation f ofx is the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation f ofx is the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation f ofx is the given
+right hand side of the non-homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the non-homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side of the non-homogeneous
+equation consequently all I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation consequently all I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation consequently all I don't know
+are G1 and G2 and by the way notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are G1 and G2 and by the way notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are G1 and G2 and by the way notice
+these equations are in terms of G1 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations are in terms of G1 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these equations are in terms of G1 Prime
+and G2 Prime if I know G1 Prime and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 Prime if I know G1 Prime and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 Prime if I know G1 Prime and I
+know G2 Prime I can integrate to find G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know G2 Prime I can integrate to find G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know G2 Prime I can integrate to find G1
+and G2 you see in other words to find G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 you see in other words to find G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 you see in other words to find G1
+and G2 it's sufficient to find G1 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 it's sufficient to find G1 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 it's sufficient to find G1 Prime
+and G2 Prime even by the way if it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 Prime even by the way if it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 Prime even by the way if it turns
+out I can't hand the integral the mere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I can't hand the integral the mere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out I can't hand the integral the mere
+fact that a function is integral means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that a function is integral means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that a function is integral means
+that we know what it's that its integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know what it's that its integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know what it's that its integral
+exists and we therefore say we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and we therefore say we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists and we therefore say we know what
+it is even if we can't express it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is even if we can't express it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is even if we can't express it
+explicitly but that's not the key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but that's not the key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly but that's not the key point
+the key point is that we must be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point is that we must be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key point is that we must be able to
+solve this system of equations uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system of equations uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system of equations uniquely
+hopefully or not even uniquely but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully or not even uniquely but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully or not even uniquely but we
+should be able we hope that we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able we hope that we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able we hope that we can solve
+these for G1 Prime and G2 Prime and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for G1 Prime and G2 Prime and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these for G1 Prime and G2 Prime and the
+only time that we can solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time that we can solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time that we can solve these
+equations for G1 Prime and G2 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for G1 Prime and G2 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations for G1 Prime and G2 Prime
+would be when the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be when the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be when the determinant of
+coefficients is equal to zero in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients is equal to zero in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients is equal to zero in other
+words we can solve uniquely for G1 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we can solve uniquely for G1 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words we can solve uniquely for G1 Prime
+and G2 Prime provided only that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 Prime provided only that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and G2 Prime provided only that this
+determinant the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant the determinant of
+coefficient see G1 Prime and G2 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient see G1 Prime and G2 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient see G1 Prime and G2 Prime
+are unknowns is not zero but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unknowns is not zero but what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unknowns is not zero but what is
+this determinant it's U1 U2 Prime minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determinant it's U1 U2 Prime minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this determinant it's U1 U2 Prime minus
+U1 Prime U2 that must be unequal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 Prime U2 that must be unequal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 Prime U2 that must be unequal to zero
+look at I hope by this time you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I hope by this time you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I hope by this time you see
+what's happening with this trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with this trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening with this trick
+whenever it comes up this seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it comes up this seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever it comes up this seems to
+suggest the derivative of a quotient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest the derivative of a quotient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest the derivative of a quotient
+this would be the derivative of U2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the derivative of U2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be the derivative of U2 over
+U1 if U1 2 had been in the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 if U1 2 had been in the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U1 if U1 2 had been in the denominator
+here but notice that I can divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but notice that I can divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but notice that I can divide
+through by U1 2 because 0 ided U1 s is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by U1 2 because 0 ided U1 s is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by U1 2 because 0 ided U1 s is
+still zero in other words the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still zero in other words the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still zero in other words the left hand
+side with a U1 squ in the denominator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with a U1 squ in the denominator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side with a U1 squ in the denominator is
+just the derivative of U2 over U1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the derivative of U2 over U1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the derivative of U2 over U1 and
+the condition that this not be zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that this not be zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the condition that this not be zero is
+simply the condition that U2 over U1 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the condition that U2 over U1 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the condition that U2 over U1 not
+be a constant and this is the key point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant and this is the key point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant and this is the key point
+the fact that U1 and U2 were chosen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that U1 and U2 were chosen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that U1 and U2 were chosen to
+give the general solution of Y subh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the general solution of Y subh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the general solution of Y subh in
+other words if U1 had been a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if U1 had been a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words if U1 had been a constant
+multiple of U2 we would not have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of U2 we would not have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of U2 we would not have had
+this be the general solution remember to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be the general solution remember to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be the general solution remember to
+find the general solution you needed two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the general solution you needed two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the general solution you needed two
+solutions which were not constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions which were not constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions which were not constant
+multiples of one another so the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of one another so the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiples of one another so the fact
+that we chose U1 and U2 not just to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we chose U1 and U2 not just to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we chose U1 and U2 not just to be
+Solutions of the reduced equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of the reduced equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions of the reduced equation the
+homogeneous equation but linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation but linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation but linearly
+independent Solutions guarantees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Solutions guarantees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent Solutions guarantees the
+fact that this can't be a constant that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this can't be a constant that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that this can't be a constant that
+guarantees the fact that we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees the fact that we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees the fact that we can solve
+for G1 Prime and G2 Prime and that ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for G1 Prime and G2 Prime and that ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for G1 Prime and G2 Prime and that ends
+the theoretical part of today's lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical part of today's lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theoretical part of today's lesson
+in summary leaving out the entire theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary leaving out the entire theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary leaving out the entire theory
+if L of y equals f ofx with not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if L of y equals f ofx with not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if L of y equals f ofx with not
+necessarily constant coefficients here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily constant coefficients here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily constant coefficients here
+and if the general solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the general solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if the general solution of the
+homogeneous equation L of y equals 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation L of y equals 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation L of y equals 0 is
+known and in particular is C1 U1 plus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known and in particular is C1 U1 plus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known and in particular is C1 U1 plus C2
+U2 then a particular Sol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 then a particular Sol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 then a particular Sol
+solution of L of y = f ofx is given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of L of y = f ofx is given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of L of y = f ofx is given by
+G1 U1 plus G2 U2 where G1 and G2 are any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G1 U1 plus G2 U2 where G1 and G2 are any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G1 U1 plus G2 U2 where G1 and G2 are any
+pair of functions satisfying this pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of functions satisfying this pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair of functions satisfying this pair
+of equations by the way just in passing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations by the way just in passing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations by the way just in passing
+notice that whereas G1 Prime and G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that whereas G1 Prime and G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that whereas G1 Prime and G2
+Prime are uniquely determined G1 and G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime are uniquely determined G1 and G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime are uniquely determined G1 and G2
+are determined only up to an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are determined only up to an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are determined only up to an arbitrary
+constant for one thing I only need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for one thing I only need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant for one thing I only need a
+particular solution so I can drop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution so I can drop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution so I can drop the
+arbitrary constant for another thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant for another thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant for another thing if
+you insist that I put the arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you insist that I put the arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you insist that I put the arbitrary
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in notice that when I multiply out look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in notice that when I multiply out look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in notice that when I multiply out look
+what I have left G1 U1 plus G2 U2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have left G1 U1 plus G2 U2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I have left G1 U1 plus G2 U2 plus
+C1 U1 plus C2 U2 and that's just my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 U1 plus C2 U2 and that's just my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 U1 plus C2 U2 and that's just my
+homogeneous solution back again which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous solution back again which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous solution back again which
+jibes with the fact that once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jibes with the fact that once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jibes with the fact that once you've
+seen one particular solution you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen one particular solution you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen one particular solution you've seen
+them all namely once we have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all namely once we have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all namely once we have one
+particular solution any other particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution any other particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution any other particular
+solution is obtained by adding on any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is obtained by adding on any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is obtained by adding on any
+solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the
+homogeneous equation to the particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation to the particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation to the particular
+solution obtained but that's just again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution obtained but that's just again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution obtained but that's just again
+an aside I think the best way to hammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aside I think the best way to hammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aside I think the best way to hammer
+home what we're talking about is to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home what we're talking about is to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home what we're talking about is to come
+back to the example that we ended the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the example that we ended the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the example that we ended the
+lecture of last time with with which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of last time with with which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture of last time with with which we
+ended the lecture of last time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended the lecture of last time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended the lecture of last time the
+example was if you recall y Prime + y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was if you recall y Prime + y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example was if you recall y Prime + y
+equals secant x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals secant x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals secant x
+the point is that because we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that because we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point is that because we have
+constant coefficients here we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients here we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients here we can
+certainly write down the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly write down the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly write down the general
+solution of the homogeneous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the homogeneous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the homogeneous equation
+this is y Prime + yal 0 that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is y Prime + yal 0 that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is y Prime + yal 0 that leads to
+the characteristic equation r^2 + 1 is0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic equation r^2 + 1 is0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characteristic equation r^2 + 1 is0
+that leads to Ral plus or minus I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to Ral plus or minus I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that leads to Ral plus or minus I and
+using our usual technique that leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our usual technique that leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our usual technique that leads to
+the general solution C1 sinx plus C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution C1 sinx plus C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution C1 sinx plus C2
+cosine X in other words in this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X in other words in this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X in other words in this problem
+sinx will play the role of U1 cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx will play the role of U1 cosine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx will play the role of U1 cosine X
+will play the role of U2 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will play the role of U2 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will play the role of U2 and now
+according to the technique to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the technique to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the technique to find a
+particular solution of this given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution of this given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution of this given
+equation all we must do is write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all we must do is write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation all we must do is write down
+what G1 sinx plus G2 cosin X where G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what G1 sinx plus G2 cosin X where G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what G1 sinx plus G2 cosin X where G1
+Prime U1 plus G2 Prime U2 is zero and G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime U1 plus G2 Prime U2 is zero and G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime U1 plus G2 Prime U2 is zero and G1
+Prime U1 Prime see U1 is sin x U1 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime U1 Prime see U1 is sin x U1 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime U1 Prime see U1 is sin x U1 Prime
+is cosine X Plus G2 Prime U2 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine X Plus G2 Prime U2 Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cosine X Plus G2 Prime U2 Prime
+U2 is cosine X so U2 Prime is minus sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 is cosine X so U2 Prime is minus sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U2 is cosine X so U2 Prime is minus sin
+x that must equal F ofx and in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that must equal F ofx and in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x that must equal F ofx and in our
+problem f ofx is secant x so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem f ofx is secant x so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem f ofx is secant x so these are
+the two equations and two unknowns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two equations and two unknowns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two equations and two unknowns that
+I have to solve for G1 Prime and G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to solve for G1 Prime and G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to solve for G1 Prime and G2
+Prime the easiest way to do this I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime the easiest way to do this I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime the easiest way to do this I guess
+is to solve for G1 Prime multiply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to solve for G1 Prime multiply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to solve for G1 Prime multiply the
+top equation by sin x the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top equation by sin x the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top equation by sin x the bottom
+equation by cosine X and add if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by cosine X and add if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by cosine X and add if I do
+that I get that G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get that G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I get that G1
+Prime is a constant Factor common factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is a constant Factor common factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is a constant Factor common factor
+this is sin^2 + cosine squ which is 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sin^2 + cosine squ which is 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sin^2 + cosine squ which is 1 so
+this is G1 Prime these two terms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is G1 Prime these two terms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is G1 Prime these two terms here
+cancel because they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel because they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel because they're the same
+magnitudes with opposite signs cine x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes with opposite signs cine x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes with opposite signs cine x *
+secant x is 1 so G1 Prime is 1 if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant x is 1 so G1 Prime is 1 if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant x is 1 so G1 Prime is 1 if the
+derivative of G1 is identically one G1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of G1 is identically one G1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of G1 is identically one G1
+itself must have been X plus some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself must have been X plus some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself must have been X plus some
+constant and I put the constant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and I put the constant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and I put the constant in
+accentuated chalk markings because all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuated chalk markings because all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuated chalk markings because all I
+need is a particular solution G1 could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is a particular solution G1 could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is a particular solution G1 could
+be X all right now the idea is knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X all right now the idea is knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be X all right now the idea is knowing
+that G1 Prime is 1 coming back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that G1 Prime is 1 coming back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that G1 Prime is 1 coming back to this
+equation that tells me that sinx plus G2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that tells me that sinx plus G2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that tells me that sinx plus G2
+Prime cosine X is zero from which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime cosine X is zero from which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime cosine X is zero from which I
+conclude that G2 Prime is minus sin x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that G2 Prime is minus sin x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that G2 Prime is minus sin x
+over cosine X observing that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine X observing that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cosine X observing that the
+derivative of cosine X is minus sinx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of cosine X is minus sinx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of cosine X is minus sinx
+this becomes G2 Prime is Du over U where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes G2 Prime is Du over U where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this becomes G2 Prime is Du over U where
+U is cosine X integral of du over U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is cosine X integral of du over U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is cosine X integral of du over U is
+log absolute value of U plus a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log absolute value of U plus a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log absolute value of U plus a constant
+which G2 is log absolute value cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which G2 is log absolute value cosine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which G2 is log absolute value cosine X
+plus some constant but again all I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some constant but again all I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus some constant but again all I need
+is what a particular solution how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what a particular solution how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what a particular solution how do I
+get it I multiply U1 sinx by G1 and U2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it I multiply U1 sinx by G1 and U2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it I multiply U1 sinx by G1 and U2
+cosine X by G2 G1 was X G2 was log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X by G2 G1 was X G2 was log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X by G2 G1 was X G2 was log
+absolute value cosine X here is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value cosine X here is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value cosine X here is my
+particular solution of the equation Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution of the equation Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution of the equation Y
+Prime + yal secant x and again notice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime + yal secant x and again notice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime + yal secant x and again notice if
+I had put in the arbitrary constants C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had put in the arbitrary constants C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had put in the arbitrary constants C1
+and C2 C1 would have multiplied sinx C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 C1 would have multiplied sinx C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C2 C1 would have multiplied sinx C2
+would have multiplied cosine X and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have multiplied cosine X and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have multiplied cosine X and I
+would have found out that I not only had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have found out that I not only had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have found out that I not only had
+a particular solution here I had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular solution here I had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular solution here I had the
+general solution but that's not again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution but that's not again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution but that's not again
+important I just mentioned that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I just mentioned that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important I just mentioned that so you
+don't think that I lost the arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that I lost the arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think that I lost the arbitrary
+constants I want to emphasize the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants I want to emphasize the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants I want to emphasize the fact
+that all I need is a particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all I need is a particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all I need is a particular solution
+a solution of L of yals f ofx is all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution of L of yals f ofx is all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution of L of yals f ofx is all I
+need to tack on to Y subh to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tack on to Y subh to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to tack on to Y subh to get the
+general solution of L of yals f ofx at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of L of yals f ofx at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of L of yals f ofx at
+any rate let's check to see if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate let's check to see if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any rate let's check to see if this is
+the right answer and by the way before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer and by the way before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right answer and by the way before I
+even check it out let's keep in mind in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even check it out let's keep in mind in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even check it out let's keep in mind in
+terms of the lecture of last time when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the lecture of last time when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the lecture of last time when
+we said it was easy to guess what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said it was easy to guess what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said it was easy to guess what you
+had to differentiate to get a sign or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to differentiate to get a sign or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to differentiate to get a sign or a
+cosine or an exponential or a power of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine or an exponential or a power of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine or an exponential or a power of X
+what is the likelihood and be humble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the likelihood and be humble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the likelihood and be humble
+about this and honest that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and honest that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this and honest that you could
+have looked at secant x and said look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at secant x and said look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have looked at secant x and said look at
+the function I want to give me this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function I want to give me this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function I want to give me this is
+going to be X sinx Plus log absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be X sinx Plus log absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be X sinx Plus log absolute
+value of cosine X time cosine X see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of cosine X time cosine X see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of cosine X time cosine X see if
+you can do that without any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that without any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do that without any of these
+theories and the like I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and the like I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories and the like I don't think you
+need the course I think you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the course I think you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the course I think you should be
+out clairvoyantly teaching it but look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out clairvoyantly teaching it but look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out clairvoyantly teaching it but look
+at how complicated this solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how complicated this solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at how complicated this solution is
+assuming of course there is a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming of course there is a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming of course there is a solution
+let's check that it really is a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check that it really is a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check that it really is a solution
+given that Y subp is this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that Y subp is this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that Y subp is this to
+differentiate this this is a product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this this is a product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this this is a product
+this is what x cine X Plus sinx * 1 that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what x cine X Plus sinx * 1 that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what x cine X Plus sinx * 1 that
+gives me these two terms if I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me these two terms if I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me these two terms if I now
+differentiate this this is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this this is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate this this is also a
+product this is is this times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this is is this times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product this is is this times the
+derivative of cosine X which is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of cosine X which is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of cosine X which is minus
+sin x and then it's going to be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin x and then it's going to be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin x and then it's going to be what
+this times the derivative of this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times the derivative of this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this times the derivative of this but
+the derivative of this we already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this we already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this we already know
+is- sin x over cosine X the cosine X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is- sin x over cosine X the cosine X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is- sin x over cosine X the cosine X is
+cancel all I'm left with is minus sin x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel all I'm left with is minus sin x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel all I'm left with is minus sin x
+if I now look at this these two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I now look at this these two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I now look at this these two terms
+drop out that's my YP Prime to find YP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out that's my YP Prime to find YP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop out that's my YP Prime to find YP
+double Prime again this is a product so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime again this is a product so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double Prime again this is a product so
+it's the derivative of the first * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the derivative of the first * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the derivative of the first * the
+second that's cosine X plus the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that's cosine X plus the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that's cosine X plus the first
+which is X time the of the second which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is X time the of the second which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is X time the of the second which
+is minus sinx that gives me this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus sinx that gives me this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus sinx that gives me this term
+now I have to differentiate this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to differentiate this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have to differentiate this term
+which is also a product that's minus log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a product that's minus log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also a product that's minus log
+absolute value cosine X time cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value cosine X time cosine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value cosine X time cosine X
+see that's this term over here and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's this term over here and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that's this term over here and now
+it's going to be what this times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be what this times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be what this times the
+derivative of this we already know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this we already know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this we already know that
+the derivative of this is- sinx over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this is- sinx over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of this is- sinx over
+cine x with a minus sin in front it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine x with a minus sin in front it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cine x with a minus sin in front it just
+becomes sin x over cosine X multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes sin x over cosine X multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes sin x over cosine X multiplying
+that by sin x I get sin X over cosine X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by sin x I get sin X over cosine X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by sin x I get sin X over cosine X
+so y p Prime is this y p is this if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so y p Prime is this y p is this if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so y p Prime is this y p is this if I
+now add YP Prime to YP what happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now add YP Prime to YP what happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now add YP Prime to YP what happens here
+is an X sinx term appearing here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an X sinx term appearing here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an X sinx term appearing here is a
+minus X sinx term appearing they cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X sinx term appearing they cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus X sinx term appearing they cancel
+here's a log absolute value cosine x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a log absolute value cosine x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a log absolute value cosine x *
+cosine X term appearing here is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X term appearing here is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X term appearing here is the same
+term with a minus sign you see they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term with a minus sign you see they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term with a minus sign you see they
+cancel and all I'm left with is what YP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and all I'm left with is what YP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel and all I'm left with is what YP
+prime plus YP is is equal to cine x +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus YP is is equal to cine x +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus YP is is equal to cine x +
+sin^2 x over cosine X you see now I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2 x over cosine X you see now I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin^2 x over cosine X you see now I put
+this over a common denominator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over a common denominator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this over a common denominator that
+gives me what cosine 2 X+ sin^2 X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me what cosine 2 X+ sin^2 X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me what cosine 2 X+ sin^2 X which
+is 1 over cosine X and 1 / cosine X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over cosine X and 1 / cosine X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1 over cosine X and 1 / cosine X is
+secant x and so indeed this messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant x and so indeed this messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secant x and so indeed this messy
+function is a particular solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a particular solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is a particular solution of
+this equation because it satisfies the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation because it satisfies the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation because it satisfies the
+equation in other words the general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in other words the general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in other words the general
+solution of Y Prime + y = secant x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of Y Prime + y = secant x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of Y Prime + y = secant x is
+simply C1 sinx plus C2 cosine X you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply C1 sinx plus C2 cosine X you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply C1 sinx plus C2 cosine X you see
+that's my y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's my y
+subh plus X sinx Plus log absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subh plus X sinx Plus log absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subh plus X sinx Plus log absolute value
+cosine X time cosine X and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X time cosine X and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X time cosine X and that's the
+method of variation of parameters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of variation of parameters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of variation of parameters and
+where is it used primarily when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it used primarily when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it used primarily when you have
+to tackle a problem which does not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle a problem which does not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tackle a problem which does not have
+constant coefficients or if it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients or if it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients or if it has
+constant coefficients but the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients but the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant coefficients but the right hand
+side is isn't as pleasant as e to the MX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is isn't as pleasant as e to the MX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is isn't as pleasant as e to the MX
+sin MX cosine MX or x to the N Power by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin MX cosine MX or x to the N Power by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin MX cosine MX or x to the N Power by
+the way just as a note and this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way just as a note and this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way just as a note and this will be
+proven in the homework exercises it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven in the homework exercises it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proven in the homework exercises it
+turns out that if U1 is any solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that if U1 is any solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that if U1 is any solution of
+L of y equals z the method that we used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of y equals z the method that we used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L of y equals z the method that we used
+in variation of parameters in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in variation of parameters in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in variation of parameters in other
+words trying for a particular solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words trying for a particular solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words trying for a particular solution
+in the form y subpal G1 U1 rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form y subpal G1 U1 rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the form y subpal G1 U1 rather than
+C1 U1 G1 is a function of X now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 U1 G1 is a function of X now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1 U1 G1 is a function of X now that
+this will always lead to to a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will always lead to to a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will always lead to to a second
+independent solution of L of y equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent solution of L of y equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent solution of L of y equals 0
+by the way a little note here and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way a little note here and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way a little note here and if you
+don't catch this right now it's not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't catch this right now it's not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't catch this right now it's not too
+important because I'll hammer that home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because I'll hammer that home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because I'll hammer that home
+in the exercises this is only true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises this is only true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises this is only true for
+linear homogeneous equations of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear homogeneous equations of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear homogeneous equations of order
+two if the order were greater than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if the order were greater than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two if the order were greater than two
+all this technique does is it red it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this technique does is it red it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this technique does is it red it
+guarantees that it will reduce this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that it will reduce this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees that it will reduce this
+homogeneous equation to a homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation to a homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation to a homogeneous
+equation of lower order the point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of lower order the point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of lower order the point is
+that if the order is two lower order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the order is two lower order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the order is two lower order
+means means one and we already know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means means one and we already know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means means one and we already know how
+to solve equations of order one in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve equations of order one in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve equations of order one in other
+words though what this means is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words though what this means is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words though what this means is in
+particular if the order is two it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if the order is two it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular if the order is two it means
+that to find the general solution of Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to find the general solution of Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to find the general solution of Y
+prime plus p ofx y prime plus q ofx y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus p ofx y prime plus q ofx y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime plus p ofx y prime plus q ofx y
+equals F ofx and this is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F ofx and this is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals F ofx and this is very important
+the use of variation of parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of variation of parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of variation of parameters
+requires only that we know one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires only that we know one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires only that we know one
+particular solution of the reduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution of the reduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular solution of the reduced
+equation in other words if I could find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in other words if I could find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in other words if I could find
+just one solution of the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one solution of the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one solution of the homogeneous
+equation by our note the method of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by our note the method of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by our note the method of
+variation of parameters would allow me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters would allow me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation of parameters would allow me
+to find a second lineally independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a second lineally independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a second lineally independent
+solution that would then give me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that would then give me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution that would then give me the
+general solution of the reduced equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of the reduced equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general solution of the reduced equation
+the homogeneous equation and now knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homogeneous equation and now knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the homogeneous equation and now knowing
+the general solution of the homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution of the homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general solution of the homogeneous
+equation the usual method of variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the usual method of variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation the usual method of variation
+of parameters is what allows me then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters is what allows me then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parameters is what allows me then to
+find the particular solution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the particular solution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the particular solution of the
+original equation and I then add that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original equation and I then add that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original equation and I then add that on
+to the general solution of of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the general solution of of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the general solution of of the
+homogeneous equation and I then have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation and I then have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homogeneous equation and I then have the
+desired General solution the hard part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired General solution the hard part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired General solution the hard part
+is that when you don't have constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you don't have constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you don't have constant
+coefficients how do you find even that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients how do you find even that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients how do you find even that
+one solution of the homogeneous equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution of the homogeneous equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution of the homogeneous equation
+that you need and that is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need and that is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need and that is going to be
+the discussion for next time at any rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion for next time at any rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion for next time at any rate
+then until next time that's about it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then until next time that's about it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then until next time that's about it for
+now and we'll see you in our next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we'll see you in our next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and we'll see you in our next
+lecture when we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when we're going to talk about
+the use of power Series in find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of power Series in find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of power Series in find
+solutions to linear differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to linear differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to linear differential
+equations funding for the publication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations funding for the publication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations funding for the publication of
+this video was provided by the gabri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the gabri
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this video was provided by the gabri
+Ella and Paul rosenbom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ella and Paul rosenbom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ella and Paul rosenbom
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation help ocw continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+making a donation at ocw.mit.edu/donate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/IiD3YZkkCmE.txt b/IiD3YZkkCmE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2971512acd07690f1cedc817c18f3eb97772234
--- /dev/null
+++ b/IiD3YZkkCmE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11768 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so today and next Tuesday we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today and next Tuesday we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today and next Tuesday we're
+talking about the role of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the role of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the role of natural
+language processing in machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing in machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing in machine learning
+in healthcare and this is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in healthcare and this is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in healthcare and this is going to be a
+heterogeneous kind of presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous kind of presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heterogeneous kind of presentation
+mainly today I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly today I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly today I'm going to talk about
+stuff that happened or that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that happened or that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that happened or that takes
+advantage of methods that are not based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of methods that are not based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of methods that are not based
+on neural network representations and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on neural network representations and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on neural network representations and on
+Tuesday I'm going to speak mostly about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday I'm going to speak mostly about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday I'm going to speak mostly about
+stuff that does depend on neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that does depend on neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that does depend on neural network
+representations but I'm not sure where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations but I'm not sure where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations but I'm not sure where
+the boundary is going to fall I've also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary is going to fall I've also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary is going to fall I've also
+invited dr. Catherine liao over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited dr. Catherine liao over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invited dr. Catherine liao over there
+who will join me in a question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will join me in a question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who will join me in a question and
+answer session an interview like we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer session an interview like we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer session an interview like we did
+a couple of weeks ago with David cat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of weeks ago with David cat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of weeks ago with David cat is
+a Rheumatologist in the Partners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Rheumatologist in the Partners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Rheumatologist in the Partners
+HealthCare System and and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HealthCare System and and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HealthCare System and and you'll
+actually be hearing about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be hearing about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be hearing about some of the
+work that we've done together in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we've done together in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that we've done together in the
+past before we go to the interview so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past before we go to the interview so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past before we go to the interview so
+roughly the outline of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the outline of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the outline of these two
+lectures is that I want to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is that I want to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures is that I want to talk a little
+bit about why we care about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about why we care about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about why we care about about
+clinical text and then I'm going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical text and then I'm going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical text and then I'm going to talk
+about some conceptually very appealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some conceptually very appealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about some conceptually very appealing
+but practically not very feasible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but practically not very feasible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but practically not very feasible
+methods that involve analyzing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that involve analyzing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods that involve analyzing these
+narrative texts as linguistic entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative texts as linguistic entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative texts as linguistic entities
+as linguistic objects in the way that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as linguistic objects in the way that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as linguistic objects in the way that a
+linguist might approach them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist might approach them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguist might approach them and then
+we're going to talk about what is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about what is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about what is very
+often done which is a kind of term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often done which is a kind of term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often done which is a kind of term
+spotting approach that says well we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotting approach that says well we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotting approach that says well we may
+not be able to understand exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to understand exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to understand exactly
+everything that it that goes on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that it that goes on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that it that goes on in the
+narratives but we can identify certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives but we can identify certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narratives but we can identify certain
+words on certain phrases that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words on certain phrases that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words on certain phrases that are very
+highly indicative that the patient has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly indicative that the patient has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly indicative that the patient has a
+certain disease a certain symptom that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain disease a certain symptom that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain disease a certain symptom that
+some particular thing was done to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular thing was done to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some particular thing was done to them
+and so this is a lot of the bread and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a lot of the bread and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is a lot of the bread and
+butter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+butter of
+how clinical research has done nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how clinical research has done nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how clinical research has done nowadays
+and then I'll go on to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll go on to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll go on to some other
+techniques so here's an example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques so here's an example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques so here's an example this is
+a discharge summary from mimic when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discharge summary from mimic when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a discharge summary from mimic when you
+played with mimic you notice that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with mimic you notice that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played with mimic you notice that it's
+de-identified and so names and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de-identified and so names and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de-identified and so names and things
+are replaced with square brackets star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replaced with square brackets star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are replaced with square brackets star
+star star kinds of things and here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star star kinds of things and here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star star kinds of things and here I
+have replaced we replaced those with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have replaced we replaced those with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have replaced we replaced those with
+since synthetic names so mister blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since synthetic names so mister blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since synthetic names so mister blind
+isn't really mr. blind and and November
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really mr. blind and and November
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't really mr. blind and and November
+15th probably really isn't November 15th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th probably really isn't November 15th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th probably really isn't November 15th
+etc but I wanted something that read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc but I wanted something that read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc but I wanted something that read
+like real text so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like real text so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like real text so if you look at
+something like this you see that mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this you see that mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this you see that mr.
+blind is a 79 year old white white male
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind is a 79 year old white white male
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blind is a 79 year old white white male
+so somebody repeated a word with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody repeated a word with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so somebody repeated a word with the
+history of diabetes mellitus in inferior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of diabetes mellitus in inferior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of diabetes mellitus in inferior
+mi who underwent open repair of his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mi who underwent open repair of his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mi who underwent open repair of his
+increased of reticulum on November 13th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased of reticulum on November 13th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased of reticulum on November 13th
+at some again that's not the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some again that's not the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some again that's not the name of the
+actual place medical center and then he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual place medical center and then he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual place medical center and then he
+developed hematemesis so he was spitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed hematemesis so he was spitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed hematemesis so he was spitting
+up blood and was intubated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up blood and was intubated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up blood and was intubated for
+respiratory distress so he wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory distress so he wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respiratory distress so he wasn't
+breathing well so these are all really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing well so these are all really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breathing well so these are all really
+important things about what happened to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things about what happened to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things about what happened to
+mr. mr. blind and so we'd like to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. mr. blind and so we'd like to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. mr. blind and so we'd like to be
+able to take advantage of this and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take advantage of this and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take advantage of this and in
+fact to give you a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact to give you a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact to give you a slightly more
+quantitative version of this cat and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative version of this cat and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative version of this cat and I
+worked on a project back around 2010
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on a project back around 2010
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked on a project back around 2010
+where we were looking at trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were looking at trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were looking at trying to
+understand what are the genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what are the genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what are the genetic
+correlates of rheumatoid arthritis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates of rheumatoid arthritis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlates of rheumatoid arthritis and
+so we went to the research patient data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went to the research patient data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went to the research patient data
+repository of Mass General and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository of Mass General and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repository of Mass General and and the
+Brigham Partners HealthCare and we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brigham Partners HealthCare and we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brigham Partners HealthCare and we said
+okay who are the patients who have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who are the patients who have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who are the patients who have been
+billed for a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billed for a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billed for a room
+arthritis visit and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis visit and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis visit and there are many
+thousands of those people okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of those people okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of those people okay and then
+we selected a random set of I think four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we selected a random set of I think four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we selected a random set of I think four
+hundred of those patients we gave them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred of those patients we gave them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred of those patients we gave them
+to rheumatologists and we said which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rheumatologists and we said which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to rheumatologists and we said which of
+these people actually have rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people actually have rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these people actually have rheumatoid
+arthritis okay so these were based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis okay so these were based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis okay so these were based on
+billing codes so what would you guess is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billing codes so what would you guess is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billing codes so what would you guess is
+the positive predictive value of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive predictive value of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the positive predictive value of having
+a billing code for rheumatoid arthritis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billing code for rheumatoid arthritis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a billing code for rheumatoid arthritis
+in this data set I mean how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this data set I mean how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this data set I mean how many people
+think it's more than 50% okay that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's more than 50% okay that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's more than 50% okay that would
+be nice but it's not how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice but it's not how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be nice but it's not how many people
+think it's more than 25% god you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's more than 25% god you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's more than 25% god you guys
+are getting really fast Mystik well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting really fast Mystik well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are getting really fast Mystik well it
+also isn't so turning it turned out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also isn't so turning it turned out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also isn't so turning it turned out to
+be something like 19% in this cohort now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like 19% in this cohort now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be something like 19% in this cohort now
+before you start calling you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you start calling you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you start calling you know the
+fraud investigators you have to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud investigators you have to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud investigators you have to ask
+yourself why is it that this data is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself why is it that this data is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself why is it that this data is so
+lousy right what and and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy right what and and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lousy right what and and there's a
+systematic reason because those billing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic reason because those billing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic reason because those billing
+codes were not created in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes were not created in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes were not created in order to
+specify what's wrong with the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what's wrong with the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what's wrong with the patient
+they were created in order to tell an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were created in order to tell an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were created in order to tell an
+insurance company or Medicare or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company or Medicare or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance company or Medicare or
+somebody how much of a payment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody how much of a payment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody how much of a payment is
+deserved by the doctors taking care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserved by the doctors taking care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deserved by the doctors taking care of
+them and so what this means is that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so what this means is that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and so what this means is that for
+example if I clutch my chest and go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I clutch my chest and go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I clutch my chest and go and
+an ambulance rushes me over to Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ambulance rushes me over to Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ambulance rushes me over to Mass
+General and they do a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and they do a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and they do a whole bunch of
+tests and they decide that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and they decide that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tests and they decide that I'm not
+having a heart attack the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a heart attack the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a heart attack the correct
+billing code for that visit is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billing code for that visit is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billing code for that visit is
+myocardial infarction because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myocardial infarction because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myocardial infarction because of course
+the work that they had to do in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that they had to do in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that they had to do in order to
+figure out that I'm not having a heart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that I'm not having a heart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out that I'm not having a heart
+attack is the same as the work they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack is the same as the work they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack is the same as the work they
+would have had to do to figure out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had to do to figure out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have had to do to figure out that
+I was having a heart attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was having a heart attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was having a heart attack
+and so the building codes what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the building codes what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the building codes what we've
+talked about this a little bit before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this a little bit before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this a little bit before
+but they're a very imperfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're a very imperfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're a very imperfect
+representation of reality so we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of reality so we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of reality so we said
+well okay what if we insisted that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay what if we insisted that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay what if we insisted that you
+have three building codes for rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three building codes for rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three building codes for rheumatoid
+arthritis rather than just one and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis rather than just one and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis rather than just one and that
+turned out to raise the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to raise the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out to raise the positive
+predictive value all the way up to 27%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value all the way up to 27%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value all the way up to 27%
+okay so you go really how could you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you go really how could you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you go really how could you get
+built three times right well the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built three times right well the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built three times right well the answer
+is that you get build for you know every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you get build for you know every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you get build for you know every
+aspirin you take at the hospital and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin you take at the hospital and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspirin you take at the hospital and so
+for example it's very easy to accumulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it's very easy to accumulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example it's very easy to accumulate
+three billing codes for the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three billing codes for the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three billing codes for the same thing
+because you go see a doctor the doctor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you go see a doctor the doctor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you go see a doctor the doctor
+bills you for a rheumatoid arthritis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills you for a rheumatoid arthritis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bills you for a rheumatoid arthritis
+visit you he or she sends you to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit you he or she sends you to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit you he or she sends you to a
+radiologist to take an x-ray of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiologist to take an x-ray of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiologist to take an x-ray of your
+fingers your joints that bill is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers your joints that bill is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers your joints that bill is another
+billing code for RA the doctor also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billing code for RA the doctor also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billing code for RA the doctor also
+sends you to the lab to have a blood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends you to the lab to have a blood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends you to the lab to have a blood
+drawn so that they can check your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn so that they can check your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawn so that they can check your
+anti-ccp titer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-ccp titer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-ccp titer
+that's another billing code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another billing code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another billing code for
+rheumatoid arthritis and it may be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatoid arthritis and it may be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatoid arthritis and it may be that
+all of all of this is negative and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of all of this is negative and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of all of this is negative and you
+don't actually have the disease right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have the disease right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually have the disease right so
+this is something that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something that's really
+important to to think about and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to think about and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to to think about and to
+remember when you're analyzing these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when you're analyzing these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember when you're analyzing these
+data and so we started off in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so we started off in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and so we started off in this
+project saying well we need to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project saying well we need to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project saying well we need to get a
+positive predictive value more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive predictive value more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive predictive value more on the
+order of 95% because we wanted a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 95% because we wanted a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of 95% because we wanted a very
+pure sample of people who really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure sample of people who really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure sample of people who really did
+have the disease because we were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the disease because we were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the disease because we were going
+to take blood samples from those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take blood samples from those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take blood samples from those
+patients pay a bunch of money to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients pay a bunch of money to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients pay a bunch of money to the
+Brogue two to analyze them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brogue two to analyze them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brogue two to analyze them and then
+hopefully come up with a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully come up with a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully come up with a better
+understanding of the relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the relationship
+between their genetics and their disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between their genetics and their disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between their genetics and their disease
+and of course if you talk to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you talk to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course if you talk to a
+biostatistician as we did they told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biostatistician as we did they told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biostatistician as we did they told us
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+if we have more than about 5% corruption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have more than about 5% corruption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have more than about 5% corruption
+of that database then we're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that database then we're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that database then we're gonna get
+meaningless results from it okay so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless results from it okay so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningless results from it okay so that
+that's the goal here so what we did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal here so what we did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal here so what we did is
+to say well if you train a data set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well if you train a data set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say well if you train a data set that
+tries to tell you whether somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to tell you whether somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to tell you whether somebody
+really has rheumatoid arthritis or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has rheumatoid arthritis or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really has rheumatoid arthritis or not
+based on just codified data so codified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on just codified data so codified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on just codified data so codified
+data as things like lab values and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as things like lab values and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data as things like lab values and and
+prescriptions and demographics and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptions and demographics and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptions and demographics and stuff
+that this in tabular form then we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in tabular form then we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this in tabular form then we were
+getting a positive predictive value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a positive predictive value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a positive predictive value of
+about 88% and they said well how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 88% and they said well how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 88% and they said well how how
+well could we do by instead of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could we do by instead of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well could we do by instead of looking
+at that codified data looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that codified data looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at that codified data looking at the
+narrative text in nursing notes doctor's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative text in nursing notes doctor's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative text in nursing notes doctor's
+notes this chart summaries various other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes this chart summaries various other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes this chart summaries various other
+sources could we do as well or better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources could we do as well or better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources could we do as well or better
+and the answer turned out that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer turned out that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer turned out that we were
+getting about 89% using only the natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting about 89% using only the natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting about 89% using only the natural
+language processing on these notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing on these notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing on these notes and
+not surprisingly when you put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprisingly when you put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not surprisingly when you put them
+together the joint model gave us about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the joint model gave us about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together the joint model gave us about
+94% okay so that was definitely an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94% okay so that was definitely an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+94% okay so that was definitely an
+improvement so this is the this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement so this is the this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement so this is the this was
+published in 2010 and so this is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in 2010 and so this is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in 2010 and so this is not the
+latest hot off the the the the bench
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest hot off the the the the bench
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest hot off the the the the bench
+results but it's but to me it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results but it's but to me it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results but it's but to me it's a very
+compelling story that says there is real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling story that says there is real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compelling story that says there is real
+value in these clinical narratives okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's okay so how did we do this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay so how did we do this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay so how did we do this well
+we took about four million patients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took about four million patients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we took about four million patients in
+the EMR we selected about 29,000 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EMR we selected about 29,000 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EMR we selected about 29,000 of them
+by requiring that they have at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by requiring that they have at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by requiring that they have at least one
+icd-9 code for rheumatoid arthritis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-9 code for rheumatoid arthritis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-9 code for rheumatoid arthritis or
+that they've had an anti C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've had an anti C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've had an anti C
+CP tighter done in the lab and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP tighter done in the lab and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP tighter done in the lab and then we
+oh it was 500 not 400 so we looked at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it was 500 not 400 so we looked at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it was 500 not 400 so we looked at at
+at 500 cases which we got gold standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 500 cases which we got gold standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 500 cases which we got gold standard
+readings on and then we trained a an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings on and then we trained a an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings on and then we trained a an
+algorithm that predicted whether this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that predicted whether this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that predicted whether this
+patient really had RA or not and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient really had RA or not and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient really had RA or not and that
+predicted about 3,500 3,500 85 cases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted about 3,500 3,500 85 cases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted about 3,500 3,500 85 cases we
+then sampled a validation set of 400 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sampled a validation set of 400 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sampled a validation set of 400 of
+those we threatened our rheumatologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those we threatened our rheumatologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those we threatened our rheumatologists
+with bodily harm if they didn't read all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bodily harm if they didn't read all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with bodily harm if they didn't read all
+those cases and give us a gold standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases and give us a gold standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those cases and give us a gold standard
+judgment now I'm kidding I mean they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment now I'm kidding I mean they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment now I'm kidding I mean they're
+actually really cooperative and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really cooperative and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really cooperative and and
+there are some details here that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some details here that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some details here that you can
+look at in the slide and I had a pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in the slide and I had a pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at in the slide and I had a pointer
+to the original paper if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original paper if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original paper if you're
+interested in the details but we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the details but we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the details but we were
+looking at icd-9 codes for rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at icd-9 codes for rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at icd-9 codes for rheumatoid
+arthritis and really related diseases we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis and really related diseases we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis and really related diseases we
+excluded some icd-9 codes that fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded some icd-9 codes that fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded some icd-9 codes that fall
+under the general category of rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the general category of rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the general category of rheumatoid
+diseases because they're they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases because they're they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases because they're they're not
+correct for the sample that we were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for the sample that we were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for the sample that we were in
+true interested in we dealt with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true interested in we dealt with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true interested in we dealt with this
+multiple coding by ignoring codes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple coding by ignoring codes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple coding by ignoring codes that
+happened within a week of each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened within a week of each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened within a week of each other so
+that we didn't get you know this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't get you know this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we didn't get you know this problem
+of multiple bills from the same visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple bills from the same visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple bills from the same visit
+and then we looked for electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we looked for electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we looked for electronic
+prescriptions of various sorts we looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptions of various sorts we looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptions of various sorts we looked
+for lab tests mainly RF rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lab tests mainly RF rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lab tests mainly RF rheumatoid
+factor and anti cyclic citrulline ated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and anti cyclic citrulline ated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and anti cyclic citrulline ated
+peptide if I pronounced that correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide if I pronounced that correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide if I pronounced that correctly
+and another thing we found not only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another thing we found not only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another thing we found not only in
+this study but in a number of others is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study but in a number of others is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study but in a number of others is
+it's very helpful just to count up how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very helpful just to count up how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very helpful just to count up how
+many facts are on the database about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many facts are on the database about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many facts are on the database about a
+particular patient that's not a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular patient that's not a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular patient that's not a bad
+proxy for how sick they are right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy for how sick they are right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proxy for how sick they are right if
+you're not very sick you tend to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not very sick you tend to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not very sick you tend to have a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+bit of data and if you're sick or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of data and if you're sick or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of data and if you're sick or you
+tend to have more data so these were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have more data so these were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to have more data so these were the
+the courts election and then from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the courts election and then from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the courts election and then from the
+for the narrative text we used a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the narrative text we used a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the narrative text we used a system
+that was built by Chang Jiang and her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was built by Chang Jiang and her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was built by Chang Jiang and her
+colleagues at the time was called high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues at the time was called high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues at the time was called high
+tech it's definitely not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech it's definitely not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tech it's definitely not
+state-of-the-art today but this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art today but this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art today but this was a
+system that extracted entities from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that extracted entities from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that extracted entities from
+narrative text and did a capable job for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative text and did a capable job for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative text and did a capable job for
+it 0 and we did this from health care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 0 and we did this from health care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it 0 and we did this from health care
+provider notes radiology and pathology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider notes radiology and pathology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider notes radiology and pathology
+reports discharge summaries operative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports discharge summaries operative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports discharge summaries operative
+reports and we also extracted disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports and we also extracted disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reports and we also extracted disease
+diagnosis notes mentions from the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis notes mentions from the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis notes mentions from the same
+data medications lab data or radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data medications lab data or radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data medications lab data or radiation
+radiology findings etc and then we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiology findings etc and then we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiology findings etc and then we had
+augmented the list that came with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented the list that came with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented the list that came with that
+tool with the sort of hand curated wrist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool with the sort of hand curated wrist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool with the sort of hand curated wrist
+list of alternative ways of saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of alternative ways of saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of alternative ways of saying the
+same thing in order to expand our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in order to expand our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing in order to expand our
+coverage and we played with negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage and we played with negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coverage and we played with negation
+detection because of course if a note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection because of course if a note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection because of course if a note
+says the patient does not have X then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the patient does not have X then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says the patient does not have X then
+you don't want to say the patient had X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to say the patient had X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't want to say the patient had X
+because X was mentioned and I'll say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X was mentioned and I'll say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because X was mentioned and I'll say a
+few more words about that in a minute so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more words about that in a minute so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more words about that in a minute so
+if you look at the model we built using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the model we built using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the model we built using
+logistic regression which is very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression which is very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression which is very common
+method what you find is that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what you find is that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method what you find is that there are
+positive and negative predictors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative predictors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive and negative predictors and the
+predictors actually are an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictors actually are an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictors actually are an interesting
+mix of ones based on natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of ones based on natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix of ones based on natural language
+processing and once that are codified so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and once that are codified so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and once that are codified so
+for example you have rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example you have rheumatoid
+arthritis if if a note says the patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis if if a note says the patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis if if a note says the patient
+has rheumatoid arthritis that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rheumatoid arthritis that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has rheumatoid arthritis that's pretty
+good evidence that they do if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good evidence that they do if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good evidence that they do if somebody
+is characterized as being seropositive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is characterized as being seropositive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is characterized as being seropositive
+that's again good evidence and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again good evidence and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again good evidence and then
+erosions and so on but they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosions and so on but they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erosions and so on but they're also
+codified thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codified thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codified thing
+like if you see that the rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you see that the rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you see that the rheumatoid
+factor in a lab test was negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in a lab test was negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor in a lab test was negative
+then actually what I don't know why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually what I don't know why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually what I don't know why
+that's oh no that counts against okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's oh no that counts against okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's oh no that counts against okay
+and then various exclusions so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then various exclusions so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then various exclusions so these
+were the things selected by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the things selected by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the things selected by our
+regularized logistic regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularized logistic regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularized logistic regression
+algorithm and and and I showed you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and and and I showed you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and and and I showed you the
+results before so we were able to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results before so we were able to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results before so we were able to get a
+positive predictive value of about 0.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive predictive value of about 0.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive predictive value of about 0.9
+for yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I think so the regression coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so the regression coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think so the regression coefficients
+in a logistic regression are typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a logistic regression are typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a logistic regression are typically
+just odds ratios right so they tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just odds ratios right so they tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just odds ratios right so they tell you
+whether something makes makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something makes makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether something makes makes a
+diagnosis more or less likely and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis more or less likely and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagnosis more or less likely and where
+does it say standardized Oh regret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it say standardized Oh regret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it say standardized Oh regret
+standardized I don't know why it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized I don't know why it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized I don't know why it's a
+standardized you know why it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized you know why it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standardized you know why it's a
+standard measure not exactly how each by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard measure not exactly how each by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard measure not exactly how each by
+regression coefficient so NLP RA is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression coefficient so NLP RA is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression coefficient so NLP RA is up
+top at one point one one so that has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top at one point one one so that has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top at one point one one so that has the
+highest you know weight whereas the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest you know weight whereas the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highest you know weight whereas the
+other DMARDs you know lend it only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other DMARDs you know lend it only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other DMARDs you know lend it only a
+little bit more okay so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah if assuming it's present so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if assuming it's present so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah if assuming it's present so the the
+negation algorithm hopefully would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation algorithm hopefully would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation algorithm hopefully would have
+picked up if it said is absent and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up if it said is absent and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up if it said is absent and you
+wouldn't get that feature all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get that feature all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get that feature all right so
+here's an interesting thing this group I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an interesting thing this group I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an interesting thing this group I
+was not involved in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not involved in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was not involved in this particular
+project said well could we replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project said well could we replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project said well could we replicate
+this study at Vanderbilt and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study at Vanderbilt and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study at Vanderbilt and at
+Northwestern University so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwestern University so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwestern University so we have
+colleagues in those places they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in those places they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues in those places they also
+have electronic medical record systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electronic medical record systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have electronic medical record systems
+they also are interested in identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also are interested in identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also are interested in identifying
+people with rheumatoid arthritis and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with rheumatoid arthritis and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with rheumatoid arthritis and so
+partners had about 4 million patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners had about 4 million patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners had about 4 million patients
+Northwestern had to point to Vanderbilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwestern had to point to Vanderbilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Northwestern had to point to Vanderbilt
+at 1.7 and we couldn't run exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1.7 and we couldn't run exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at 1.7 and we couldn't run exactly the
+same stuff because of course these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stuff because of course these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same stuff because of course these are
+different systems and so the medications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems and so the medications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different systems and so the medications
+for example were extracted from their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example were extracted from their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example were extracted from their
+local EMR in very different ways and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local EMR in very different ways and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local EMR in very different ways and the
+natural language queries were also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language queries were also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural language queries were also
+extracted in different ways because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted in different ways because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted in different ways because
+Vanderbilt for example already had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanderbilt for example already had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vanderbilt for example already had a
+tool in place where they would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool in place where they would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool in place where they would try to
+translate any text in their notes into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate any text in their notes into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate any text in their notes into
+new MLS concepts which we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new MLS concepts which we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new MLS concepts which we'll talk about
+again a little while so my expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a little while so my expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a little while so my expectation
+when I heard about this study is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I heard about this study is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I heard about this study is that
+this would be a disaster okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a disaster okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be a disaster okay
+it would simply not work because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would simply not work because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would simply not work because there
+are local effects local factors local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are local effects local factors local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are local effects local factors local
+ways that people have of describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people have of describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that people have of describing
+patients that I thought would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that I thought would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients that I thought would be very
+different between Nashville Chicago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between Nashville Chicago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different between Nashville Chicago and
+Boston and much to my surprise what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and much to my surprise what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and much to my surprise what they
+found was that in fact it kind of worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that in fact it kind of worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found was that in fact it kind of worked
+so the model performance even taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the model performance even taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the model performance even taking
+into account that the way the data was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account that the way the data was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into account that the way the data was
+extracted out of the notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted out of the notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracted out of the notes and
+clinical systems was different was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical systems was different was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical systems was different was
+fairly similar now one thing that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly similar now one thing that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly similar now one thing that is
+worrisome is that the PPV of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome is that the PPV of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome is that the PPV of our
+algorithm on our data the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on our data the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm on our data the way we
+calculated PPV I they calculated PPV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated PPV I they calculated PPV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated PPV I they calculated PPV and
+in this study came in lower than the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this study came in lower than the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this study came in lower than the way
+we had done it when we when we found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had done it when we when we found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had done it when we when we found it
+and so there's a technical reason for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a technical reason for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there's a technical reason for it
+but it's still disturbing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still disturbing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still disturbing that we're
+getting a different result the technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a different result the technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a different result the technical
+reason is described here that here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is described here that here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is described here that here the
+PPV is estimated from a five fold cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPV is estimated from a five fold cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PPV is estimated from a five fold cross
+validation of the data whereas in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation of the data whereas in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validation of the data whereas in our
+study we had a held out data set from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study we had a held out data set from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study we had a held out data set from
+which we were calculating the positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we were calculating the positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we were calculating the positive
+predictive value so it's a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value so it's a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value so it's a different
+analysis it's not that we made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it's not that we made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it's not that we made some
+arithmetic mistake but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mistake but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetic mistake but this is
+interesting and what you see is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and what you see is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and what you see is that if
+you plot the areas under the or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot the areas under the or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you plot the areas under the or if you
+plot the ROC curves what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the ROC curves what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot the ROC curves what you see is that
+that training on Northwestern data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that training on Northwestern data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that training on Northwestern data and
+testing on either partners or vanderbilt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing on either partners or vanderbilt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing on either partners or vanderbilt
+data was not so good but training on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was not so good but training on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data was not so good but training on
+either partners or vanderbilt data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either partners or vanderbilt data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either partners or vanderbilt data and
+testing on any of the others turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing on any of the others turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing on any of the others turned out
+to be quite decent alright so there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quite decent alright so there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be quite decent alright so there is
+some generality to the algorithm all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some generality to the algorithm all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some generality to the algorithm all
+right I'm gonna switch gears for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm gonna switch gears for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm gonna switch gears for a
+minute so this was from an old paper by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so this was from an old paper by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute so this was from an old paper by
+barrows from 19 years ago and he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrows from 19 years ago and he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrows from 19 years ago and he was
+reading nursing notes in an electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading nursing notes in an electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading nursing notes in an electronic
+medical record system and he came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical record system and he came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical record system and he came up
+with a note which has exactly that text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a note which has exactly that text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a note which has exactly that text
+on the left hand side in the nursing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side in the nursing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the left hand side in the nursing
+though okay except it wasn't nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though okay except it wasn't nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though okay except it wasn't nicely
+separated into separate lines it was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated into separate lines it was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated into separate lines it was all
+run together so what does that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and anybody have a clue I didn't laughs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anybody have a clue I didn't laughs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anybody have a clue I didn't laughs
+what I was looking at it so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was looking at it so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I was looking at it so here's the
+interpretation so that's a date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation so that's a date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation so that's a date
+IP n stands for intern progress note sob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP n stands for intern progress note sob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IP n stands for intern progress note sob
+does not mean do you think it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean do you think it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not mean do you think it means
+it's shortness of breath and do e is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shortness of breath and do e is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's shortness of breath and do e is
+dyspnea on exertion so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyspnea on exertion so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dyspnea on exertion so this is
+difficulty breathing when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty breathing when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty breathing when you're
+exerting yourself but that has decreased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting yourself but that has decreased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exerting yourself but that has decreased
+presumably from some previous assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably from some previous assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably from some previous assessment
+and the patient's vital signs are stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the patient's vital signs are stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the patient's vital signs are stable
+so V SS and the patient is afebrile AF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V SS and the patient is afebrile AF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so V SS and the patient is afebrile AF
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+etc so this is harder than reading The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so this is harder than reading The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so this is harder than reading The
+Wall Street Journal because the Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street Journal because the Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wall Street Journal because the Wall
+Street Journal is meant to be readable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal is meant to be readable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal is meant to be readable
+by anybody who speaks English and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anybody who speaks English and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anybody who speaks English and this
+is probably not meant to be readable by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably not meant to be readable by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is probably not meant to be readable by
+anybody except the person who wrote it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody except the person who wrote it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody except the person who wrote it
+or maybe their immediate friends and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe their immediate friends and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe their immediate friends and
+colleagues so this is a real real issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues so this is a real real issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues so this is a real real issue
+and one that we don't have a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one that we don't have a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one that we don't have a very good
+solution for yet now what do you use NLP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for yet now what do you use NLP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for yet now what do you use NLP
+for well I had mentioned that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for well I had mentioned that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for well I had mentioned that one of the
+things we want to do is to codify things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to do is to codify things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we want to do is to codify things
+that appear in a note so if it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear in a note so if it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that appear in a note so if it says
+rheumatoid arthritis we want to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatoid arthritis we want to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatoid arthritis we want to say well
+that's equivalent to a particular icd-9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equivalent to a particular icd-9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's equivalent to a particular icd-9
+code we might want to use natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code we might want to use natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code we might want to use natural
+language processing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing for the
+identification of data I mentioned that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of data I mentioned that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification of data I mentioned that
+before you know mimic the only way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know mimic the only way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you know mimic the only way that
+that roger marks group got permission to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roger marks group got permission to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that roger marks group got permission to
+release that data and make it available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release that data and make it available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release that data and make it available
+for people like you to use his by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people like you to use his by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people like you to use his by
+persuading the IRB that we had done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuading the IRB that we had done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persuading the IRB that we had done a
+good enough job of getting rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough job of getting rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough job of getting rid of the
+all the identifying information in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the identifying information in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the identifying information in all
+of those records so that it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those records so that it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those records so that it's probably
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+technically impossible but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically impossible but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically impossible but it's very
+difficult to figure out who the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to figure out who the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to figure out who the the
+patients actually were in that cohort in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients actually were in that cohort in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients actually were in that cohort in
+that database and the reason we ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that database and the reason we ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that database and the reason we ask you
+to sign a data use agreement is is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign a data use agreement is is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sign a data use agreement is is to
+deal with that residual you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that residual you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that residual you know
+difficult but not necessarily impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult but not necessarily impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult but not necessarily impossible
+because of correlations with other data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of correlations with other data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of correlations with other data
+and then you have little problems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have little problems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you have little problems like
+mr. Huntington suffers from Huntington's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. Huntington suffers from Huntington's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. Huntington suffers from Huntington's
+disease in which the first Huntington is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease in which the first Huntington is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease in which the first Huntington is
+is protected health information because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is protected health information because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is protected health information because
+it's a patient's name the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a patient's name the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a patient's name the second
+Huntington is actually an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington is actually an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington is actually an important
+medical fact and so you wouldn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical fact and so you wouldn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical fact and so you wouldn't want to
+get rid of that one you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that one you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that one you want to
+determine aspects of each entity its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine aspects of each entity its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine aspects of each entity its
+time its location its degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time its location its degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time its location its degree of
+certainty you want to look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty you want to look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty you want to look for
+relationships between different entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between different entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships between different entities
+that are identified in the text for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are identified in the text for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are identified in the text for
+example does one proceed another does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example does one proceed another does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example does one proceed another does it
+cause it does it treat it prevent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause it does it treat it prevent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause it does it treat it prevent it
+indicate it etc so there are a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate it etc so there are a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate it etc so there are a whole
+bunch of relationships like that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of relationships like that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of relationships like that that
+we're interested in and then you're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in and then you're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're interested in and then you're also
+for certain kinds of applications what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain kinds of applications what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain kinds of applications what
+you'd really like to do is to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd really like to do is to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd really like to do is to identify
+what part of a textual record addresses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what part of a textual record addresses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what part of a textual record addresses
+a certain question so even if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain question so even if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain question so even if you can't
+tell what the answer is you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what the answer is you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what the answer is you should be
+able to point to a piece of the record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to point to a piece of the record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to point to a piece of the record
+and say oh this tells me about in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh this tells me about in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh this tells me about in this
+case the patient's exercise regimen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the patient's exercise regimen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the patient's exercise regimen and
+then summarization is a very real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then summarization is a very real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then summarization is a very real
+challenge as well especially because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge as well especially because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge as well especially because of
+the cut and paste that has come about as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut and paste that has come about as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cut and paste that has come about as
+a result of these electronic medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of these electronic medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result of these electronic medical
+record systems where when a nurse is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record systems where when a nurse is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record systems where when a nurse is
+writing a new note it's tempting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a new note it's tempting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing a new note it's tempting and
+supported by the system for him or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by the system for him or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported by the system for him or her
+to just take the old note copy it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just take the old note copy it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just take the old note copy it over
+to a new note and then maybe make a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new note and then maybe make a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a new note and then maybe make a few
+changes but that means that it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but that means that it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes but that means that it's very
+repetitive the same stuff is recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive the same stuff is recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive the same stuff is recorded
+over and over again and sometimes that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and sometimes that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and sometimes that's
+not even appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even appropriate
+because they may not have changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they may not have changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they may not have changed
+everything that needed to be changed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that needed to be changed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that needed to be changed the
+other thing to keep in mind is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to keep in mind is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing to keep in mind is that
+there are two very different tasks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two very different tasks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are two very different tasks so
+for example if I'm doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if I'm doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if I'm doing the
+identification essentially I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification essentially I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification essentially I have to
+look at every word in a narrative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at every word in a narrative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at every word in a narrative in
+order to see whether it's protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to see whether it's protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to see whether it's protected
+health information but there are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information but there are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information but there are often
+aggregate judgments that I need to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate judgments that I need to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate judgments that I need to make
+where many of the words don't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where many of the words don't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where many of the words don't make any
+difference and so for example one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so for example one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference and so for example one of the
+first challenges that we ran back in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first challenges that we ran back in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first challenges that we ran back in in
+2006 was where we gave people medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 was where we gave people medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2006 was where we gave people medical
+records narrative tax records from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records narrative tax records from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records narrative tax records from a
+bunch of patients and said is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of patients and said is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of patients and said is this
+person a smoker okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a smoker okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person a smoker okay
+well you can imagine that there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can imagine that there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can imagine that there are
+certain words that are very helpful like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain words that are very helpful like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain words that are very helpful like
+smoker or tobacco user or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoker or tobacco user or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoker or tobacco user or something like
+that but even those are sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but even those are sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but even those are sometimes
+misleading so for example we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading so for example we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading so for example we saw
+somebody who happened to be a researcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who happened to be a researcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who happened to be a researcher
+working on tobacco mosaic virus who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on tobacco mosaic virus who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on tobacco mosaic virus who was
+not a smoker and and then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a smoker and and then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a smoker and and then you have
+interesting cases like the patient quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases like the patient quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases like the patient quit
+smoking two days ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+really are they or not so and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are they or not so and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really are they or not so and also
+aggregate judgment is things like cohort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate judgment is things like cohort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggregate judgment is things like cohort
+selection where it's not every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection where it's not every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection where it's not every single
+thing that you need to know about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you need to know about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that you need to know about this
+patient you just need to know if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient you just need to know if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient you just need to know if they
+fit a certain pattern so let me give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a certain pattern so let me give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit a certain pattern so let me give you
+a little historical note so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little historical note so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little historical note so this
+happened to be work that was done by my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be work that was done by my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened to be work that was done by my
+PhD thesis advisor the gentleman whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis advisor the gentleman whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PhD thesis advisor the gentleman whose
+picture is on the slide there and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is on the slide there and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is on the slide there and he
+published this paper in 1966 called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this paper in 1966 called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this paper in 1966 called
+English for the computer in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English for the computer in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English for the computer in the
+Proceedings of the fall joint computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proceedings of the fall joint computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Proceedings of the fall joint computer
+conference this was the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference this was the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference this was the big
+Computer Conference of the 1960s and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computer Conference of the 1960s and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computer Conference of the 1960s and his
+idea was that the way to do English the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was that the way to do English the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea was that the way to do English the
+way to process English is to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to process English is to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to process English is to assume that
+there's a grammar and any English text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a grammar and any English text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a grammar and any English text
+that you run across you parse according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you run across you parse according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you run across you parse according
+to this grammar and that each parsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this grammar and that each parsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this grammar and that each parsing
+rule corresponds to some semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule corresponds to some semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule corresponds to some semantic
+function and so the picture that emerges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so the picture that emerges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and so the picture that emerges
+is one like this where if you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one like this where if you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one like this where if you have two
+phrases and they have some syntactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases and they have some syntactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases and they have some syntactic
+relationship between them then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between them then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between them then you can
+map each phrase to its meaning and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map each phrase to its meaning and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map each phrase to its meaning and the
+semantic relationship between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic relationship between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic relationship between those two
+meanings is determined by the syntactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings is determined by the syntactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings is determined by the syntactic
+relationship in in the language so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in in the language so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship in in the language so this
+seems like a fairly obvious idea but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a fairly obvious idea but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems like a fairly obvious idea but
+apparently nobody had tried this on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently nobody had tried this on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently nobody had tried this on a
+computer before and so Fred built over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer before and so Fred built over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer before and so Fred built over
+the next 20 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 20 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next 20 years
+computer systems some of which I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer systems some of which I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer systems some of which I worked
+on that tried to follow this this method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that tried to follow this this method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that tried to follow this this method
+and he was in fact able to build systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was in fact able to build systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was in fact able to build systems
+that were used by researchers in areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were used by researchers in areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were used by researchers in areas
+like anthropology where you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anthropology where you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like anthropology where you don't have
+nice coded data and where a lot of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice coded data and where a lot of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice coded data and where a lot of stuff
+is in narrative text and yet he was able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in narrative text and yet he was able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in narrative text and yet he was able
+to help one anthropologist and I worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help one anthropologist and I worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help one anthropologist and I worked
+with at Caltech to analyze a database of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at Caltech to analyze a database of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with at Caltech to analyze a database of
+about 80,000 interviews that he had done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80,000 interviews that he had done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 80,000 interviews that he had done
+with members of the gemba Tonga tribe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with members of the gemba Tonga tribe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with members of the gemba Tonga tribe
+who lived in the valley that is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lived in the valley that is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who lived in the valley that is now
+flooded by the Zambezi River reservoir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooded by the Zambezi River reservoir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooded by the Zambezi River reservoir
+on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe
+that was fascinating and he became very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was fascinating and he became very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was fascinating and he became very
+well known for some of that research in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known for some of that research in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well known for some of that research in
+the 1980s I was amused to see that SR I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s I was amused to see that SR I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1980s I was amused to see that SR I
+which doesn't stand for anything but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't stand for anything but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which doesn't stand for anything but
+used to stand for Stanford Research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to stand for Stanford Research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to stand for Stanford Research
+Institute built a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute built a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute built a system
+diamond diagram which was intended to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond diagram which was intended to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond diagram which was intended to
+help people to help people interact with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people to help people interact with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help people to help people interact with
+the computer system when they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer system when they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the computer system when they didn't
+know command language for the computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know command language for the computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know command language for the computer
+so they could express what they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could express what they wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could express what they wanted
+to do in English and the English would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in English and the English would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do in English and the English would
+be translated into some semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be translated into some semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be translated into some semantic
+representation and from that the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and from that the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation and from that the right
+thing was triggered in the computer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was triggered in the computer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing was triggered in the computer so
+these guys walk around Hobbs said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys walk around Hobbs said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys walk around Hobbs said well
+why don't we apply this idea to natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we apply this idea to natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why don't we apply this idea to natural
+language access to medical text and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language access to medical text and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language access to medical text and so
+they built a system that didn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a system that didn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they built a system that didn't work
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+but it tried to do this by essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tried to do this by essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tried to do this by essentially
+translating the English that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating the English that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating the English that it was
+reading into some formal predicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading into some formal predicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading into some formal predicate
+calculus representation of what they saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus representation of what they saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus representation of what they saw
+and and and then a process with that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then a process with that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then a process with that in
+that system the original a diamond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system the original a diamond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system the original a diamond
+diagram system that was built for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram system that was built for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram system that was built for people
+who were naive computer users and didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were naive computer users and didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were naive computer users and didn't
+know command languages actually had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know command languages actually had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know command languages actually had a
+very rigid syntax and so what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rigid syntax and so what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rigid syntax and so what people
+what they discovered is that people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they discovered is that people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they discovered is that people are
+more adaptable than computers and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more adaptable than computers and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more adaptable than computers and that
+they could they could adapt to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could they could adapt to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could they could adapt to this
+rigid syntax how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid syntax how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigid syntax how many of you have
+you know Google home or a Amazon echo or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Google home or a Amazon echo or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Google home or a Amazon echo or
+Apple something or other that you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple something or other that you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple something or other that you deal
+with well so it's training you right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well so it's training you right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with well so it's training you right
+because you're it's not very good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're it's not very good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're it's not very good at
+letting you train it but you're more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting you train it but you're more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting you train it but you're more you
+were more adaptable and so you quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more adaptable and so you quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were more adaptable and so you quickly
+learn that if you phrase things one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that if you phrase things one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn that if you phrase things one way
+it understands you and if you phrase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it understands you and if you phrase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it understands you and if you phrase
+things a different way it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a different way it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things a different way it doesn't
+understand you and you learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you and you learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand you and you learn how to
+phrase it so that's what these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it so that's what these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it so that's what these guys are
+relying on is that that they can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on is that that they can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on is that that they can get
+people to adopt the conventions that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to adopt the conventions that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to adopt the conventions that the
+computer is able to understand the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is able to understand the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer is able to understand the most
+radical version of this was a guy named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical version of this was a guy named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radical version of this was a guy named
+the home who I met in 1983 in Paris he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home who I met in 1983 in Paris he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the home who I met in 1983 in Paris he
+was a doctor at at la pjsalt pet creer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a doctor at at la pjsalt pet creer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a doctor at at la pjsalt pet creer
+which is one of these medieval hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of these medieval hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one of these medieval hospitals
+and in Paris and it's a wonderful place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Paris and it's a wonderful place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in Paris and it's a wonderful place
+although when they built it it was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although when they built it it was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although when they built it it was just
+a place to die because they really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place to die because they really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a place to die because they really
+couldn't do much for you so the home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do much for you so the home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't do much for you so the home
+convinced the chief of cardiology at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced the chief of cardiology at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced the chief of cardiology at
+that hospital that he would develop an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hospital that he would develop an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hospital that he would develop an
+artificial language for taking notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial language for taking notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial language for taking notes
+about cardiac patients he would teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cardiac patients he would teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about cardiac patients he would teach
+this to all of the fellows and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to all of the fellows and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to all of the fellows and and
+junior doctors in the cardiology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior doctors in the cardiology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junior doctors in the cardiology
+department at the hospital and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department at the hospital and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department at the hospital and they
+would be required by the chief it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be required by the chief it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be required by the chief it's very
+powerful in France to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful in France to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful in France to use this
+artificial language to write notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial language to write notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial language to write notes
+instead of using French to write notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using French to write notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using French to write notes
+and they actually did this for a month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually did this for a month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they actually did this for a month
+and when I met the home he was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I met the home he was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when I met the home he was in the
+middle of analyzing the data that he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of analyzing the data that he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of analyzing the data that he had
+collected and what he found was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected and what he found was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected and what he found was that the
+language was not expressive enough there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language was not expressive enough there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language was not expressive enough there
+were things that people wanted to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were things that people wanted to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were things that people wanted to say
+that they couldn't say in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they couldn't say in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they couldn't say in this
+artificial language he had created and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial language he had created and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial language he had created and
+so he went back to create version 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he went back to create version 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he went back to create version 2 and
+then he went back to the cardiologists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he went back to the cardiologists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he went back to the cardiologists
+and said well let's do this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said well let's do this again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and said well let's do this again
+and then they threatened to kill him so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they threatened to kill him so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they threatened to kill him so
+so the experiments the experiment was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the experiments the experiment was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the experiments the experiment was
+not repeated okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeated okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not repeated okay
+so back to term spotting traditionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to term spotting traditionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to term spotting traditionally
+if you were trying to do this what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were trying to do this what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were trying to do this what you
+would do is you would sit down with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is you would sit down with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do is you would sit down with a
+bunch of medical experts and you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of medical experts and you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of medical experts and you would
+say all right tell me all the words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right tell me all the words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right tell me all the words that
+you think might appear in a note that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think might appear in a note that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think might appear in a note that
+are indicative of some condition that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indicative of some condition that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are indicative of some condition that
+I'm interested in and they would give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in and they would give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm interested in and they would give
+you a long list and then you do grep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a long list and then you do grep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a long list and then you do grep
+you'd search through the notes for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd search through the notes for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd search through the notes for those
+terms okay and if you want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay and if you want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms okay and if you want it to be
+really sophisticated you would use an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sophisticated you would use an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sophisticated you would use an
+algorithm like Negus which is a negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm like Negus which is a negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm like Negus which is a negation
+expression detector that helps get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression detector that helps get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression detector that helps get rid
+of things that are not true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that are not true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things that are not true
+and then as people did this they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as people did this they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as people did this they said
+well there must be more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there must be more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there must be more sophisticated
+ways of doing this and so a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing this and so a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing this and so a whole
+industry developed of people saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry developed of people saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry developed of people saying that
+not only should we use the terms that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only should we use the terms that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only should we use the terms that we
+got originally from the doctors who were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got originally from the doctors who were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got originally from the doctors who were
+interested in doing these queries but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing these queries but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing these queries but we
+can define a machine learning problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define a machine learning problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can define a machine learning problem
+which is how do we learn the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how do we learn the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how do we learn the set of
+terms that we should actually use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we should actually use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that we should actually use that
+will give us better results than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us better results than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us better results than just
+the terms we started with and so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms we started with and so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terms we started with and so I'm
+going to talk about a little bit of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a little bit of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about a little bit of that
+approach first of all for negation wendy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach first of all for negation wendy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach first of all for negation wendy
+chapman now at utah but at the time at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapman now at utah but at the time at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapman now at utah but at the time at
+pittsburgh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pittsburgh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pittsburgh
+published this paper in 2001 called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this paper in 2001 called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this paper in 2001 called
+a simple algorithm for identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple algorithm for identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple algorithm for identifying
+negated findings and diseases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negated findings and diseases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negated findings and diseases and
+discharge summaries and it is indeed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge summaries and it is indeed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge summaries and it is indeed a
+very simple algorithm and here's how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple algorithm and here's how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple algorithm and here's how it
+works you find all the you MLS terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you find all the you MLS terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works you find all the you MLS terms in
+each sentence of a discharge summary so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sentence of a discharge summary so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each sentence of a discharge summary so
+I meant I'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I meant I'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I meant I'll talk a little bit about
+that but basically it's a dictionary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but basically it's a dictionary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but basically it's a dictionary
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+you look up in this very large database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look up in this very large database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look up in this very large database
+of medical terms and translate them into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medical terms and translate them into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of medical terms and translate them into
+some kind of expression that represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of expression that represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of expression that represents
+what that term means and then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that term means and then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that term means and then you find
+two kinds of patterns one pattern is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of patterns one pattern is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two kinds of patterns one pattern is a
+negation phrase followed within five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation phrase followed within five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation phrase followed within five
+words by one of these umls terms and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words by one of these umls terms and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words by one of these umls terms and the
+other is a umls term followed within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is a umls term followed within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other is a umls term followed within
+five words by a negation phrase a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five words by a negation phrase a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five words by a negation phrase a
+different set of negation phrases so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of negation phrases so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of negation phrases so if
+you see no sign of something that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see no sign of something that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see no sign of something that means
+it's not present or if you see ruled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not present or if you see ruled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not present or if you see ruled out
+unlikely something then it's not present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely something then it's not present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely something then it's not present
+absence of not demonstrated denies etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of not demonstrated denies etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of not demonstrated denies etc
+and post modifiers if you say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and post modifiers if you say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and post modifiers if you say something
+declined or something unlikely that also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined or something unlikely that also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declined or something unlikely that also
+indicates that it's not present and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that it's not present and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that it's not present and then
+they hacked up a bunch of exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hacked up a bunch of exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hacked up a bunch of exceptions
+where for example if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for example if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where for example if you say
+gram-negative that doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-negative that doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram-negative that doesn't mean that
+it's negative or whatever follows it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative or whatever follows it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's negative or whatever follows it or
+whatever precedes it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever precedes it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever precedes it right
+etc so there are a bunch of exceptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so there are a bunch of exceptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc so there are a bunch of exceptions
+and what they found is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they found is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they found is that this
+actually considering how incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually considering how incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually considering how incredibly
+simple it is does reasonably well so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it is does reasonably well so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple it is does reasonably well so if
+you look at sentences that do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at sentences that do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at sentences that do not
+contain a negation phrase and looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a negation phrase and looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain a negation phrase and looked at
+500 of them you find that you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 of them you find that you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 of them you find that you get a
+sensitivity and specificity of 88 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and specificity of 88 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity and specificity of 88 and
+52% for those that don't contain one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52% for those that don't contain one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52% for those that don't contain one of
+these phrases of course the sensitivity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phrases of course the sensitivity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phrases of course the sensitivity
+is zero and the specificity is a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and the specificity is a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and the specificity is a hundred
+percent and on the baseline and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and on the baseline and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and on the baseline and if you
+use negates what you find is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use negates what you find is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use negates what you find is that you
+can significantly improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can significantly improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can significantly improve the
+specificity over the baseline all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity over the baseline all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specificity over the baseline all right
+and what and you wind up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what and you wind up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what and you wind up with
+with a better result although not in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a better result although not in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a better result although not in all
+schemes so what this means is that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes so what this means is that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schemes so what this means is that very
+simplistic techniques can actually work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic techniques can actually work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplistic techniques can actually work
+reasonably well at times well so how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well at times well so how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well at times well so how do
+we do this generalization one way is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this generalization one way is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do this generalization one way is to
+take advantage of related terms like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of related terms like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of related terms like
+hypo or hyper names things that are sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypo or hyper names things that are sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypo or hyper names things that are sub
+categories or super categories of a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories or super categories of a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categories or super categories of a word
+you might look for those other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might look for those other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might look for those other
+associated terms for example if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated terms for example if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated terms for example if you're
+looking to see whether a patient has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to see whether a patient has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to see whether a patient has a
+certain disease then you can do a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain disease then you can do a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain disease then you can do a little
+bit of diagnostic reasoning and say if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of diagnostic reasoning and say if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of diagnostic reasoning and say if I
+see a lot of symptoms of that disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of symptoms of that disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a lot of symptoms of that disease
+mentioned then maybe the disease is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned then maybe the disease is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned then maybe the disease is
+present as well and so the recursive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present as well and so the recursive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present as well and so the recursive
+machine learning problem is how best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning problem is how best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning problem is how best to
+identify the things associated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the things associated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the things associated with the
+term and this is generally known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this is generally known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and this is generally known as
+phenotyping now how many of you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotyping now how many of you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotyping now how many of you have
+used the umls just just a few so in 1985
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the umls just just a few so in 1985
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used the umls just just a few so in 1985
+or 84 the newly appointed director of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 84 the newly appointed director of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 84 the newly appointed director of
+the National Library of Medicine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Library of Medicine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the National Library of Medicine which
+is one of the NIH Institute's decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the NIH Institute's decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the NIH Institute's decided to
+make a big investment in creating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a big investment in creating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a big investment in creating this
+unified medical language system which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified medical language system which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unified medical language system which
+was an attempt to take all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an attempt to take all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was an attempt to take all of the
+terminologies that various medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies that various medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminologies that various medical
+professional societies had developed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional societies had developed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional societies had developed and
+unify them into a single what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unify them into a single what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unify them into a single what they
+called a metaphor Saurus so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a metaphor Saurus so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a metaphor Saurus so it's not
+really a thesaurus because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a thesaurus because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a thesaurus because it's not
+completely well integrated but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely well integrated but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely well integrated but it does
+include all of this terminology and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all of this terminology and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include all of this terminology and then
+they spent a lot of both human and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spent a lot of both human and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they spent a lot of both human and
+machine resources in order to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine resources in order to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine resources in order to identify
+cases in which two different expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in which two different expressions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases in which two different expressions
+from different terminologies really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different terminologies really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from different terminologies really
+meant the same thing so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the same thing so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant the same thing so for example
+myocardial infarction and heart attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myocardial infarction and heart attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myocardial infarction and heart attack
+really mean exactly the same thing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean exactly the same thing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean exactly the same thing and
+in some terminologies it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some terminologies it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some terminologies it's called
+cute myocardial infarction or acute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute myocardial infarction or acute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute myocardial infarction or acute
+infarct or acute you know whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infarct or acute you know whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infarct or acute you know whatever and
+they paid people and they paid machines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they paid people and they paid machines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they paid people and they paid machines
+to scour those entire databases and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scour those entire databases and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to scour those entire databases and come
+up with a mapping that said okay we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a mapping that said okay we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a mapping that said okay we're
+gonna have some concept you know see 3 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have some concept you know see 3 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have some concept you know see 3 9
+8 7 5 - I just made that up which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 7 5 - I just made that up which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 7 5 - I just made that up which
+corresponds to that particular concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that particular concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to that particular concept
+and then they mapped all those together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they mapped all those together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they mapped all those together
+so that's an enormous help in two ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an enormous help in two ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an enormous help in two ways
+it helps you normalize databases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps you normalize databases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it helps you normalize databases that
+come from different places and that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from different places and that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from different places and that are
+described differently it also tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described differently it also tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described differently it also tells you
+for natural language processing how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for natural language processing how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for natural language processing how it
+is it gives you a treasure trove of ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it gives you a treasure trove of ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it gives you a treasure trove of ways
+of expressing the same conceptual idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expressing the same conceptual idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of expressing the same conceptual idea
+and then you can use those in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use those in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use those in order to
+expand the kinds of phrases that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the kinds of phrases that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand the kinds of phrases that you're
+looking for so there are as of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so there are as of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for so there are as of the
+current moment there are about 3.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current moment there are about 3.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current moment there are about 3.7
+million distinct concepts in this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million distinct concepts in this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million distinct concepts in this in
+this concern in this concept base there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concern in this concept base there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concern in this concept base there
+are also hierarchies and relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also hierarchies and relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also hierarchies and relationships
+that are imported from all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are imported from all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are imported from all these
+different sources of terminology but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources of terminology but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sources of terminology but
+those are a pretty jumbled mess and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a pretty jumbled mess and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are a pretty jumbled mess and then
+over the whole thing they created a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the whole thing they created a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the whole thing they created a
+semantic network that says there are 54
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic network that says there are 54
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic network that says there are 54
+relations at 127 types and every concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations at 127 types and every concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations at 127 types and every concept
+unique identifier is assigned at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifier is assigned at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifier is assigned at least
+one semantic type so this is very useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one semantic type so this is very useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one semantic type so this is very useful
+for looking through this stuff here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for looking through this stuff here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for looking through this stuff here are
+the the umls semantic concepts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the umls semantic concepts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the umls semantic concepts of
+various or the semantic types so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various or the semantic types so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various or the semantic types so you see
+that the most common semantic type is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most common semantic type is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the most common semantic type is
+this T 0 61 which stands for therapeutic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T 0 61 which stands for therapeutic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this T 0 61 which stands for therapeutic
+or preventive procedure and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or preventive procedure and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or preventive procedure and there are
+260 thousand of those concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+260 thousand of those concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+260 thousand of those concepts
+in in the in the meta thesaurus there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the meta thesaurus there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the in the meta thesaurus there
+are 200 33,000 findings 170 mm drugs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 200 33,000 findings 170 mm drugs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 200 33,000 findings 170 mm drugs
+organic chemicals pharmacologic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemicals pharmacologic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic chemicals pharmacologic
+substances amino acid peptide or protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances amino acid peptide or protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substances amino acid peptide or protein
+invertebrate so the data does not come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertebrate so the data does not come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertebrate so the data does not come
+only from human medicine but also from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only from human medicine but also from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only from human medicine but also from
+veterinary medicine and bioinformatics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterinary medicine and bioinformatics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veterinary medicine and bioinformatics
+research and all over the place but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and all over the place but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research and all over the place but you
+see that these are a useful listing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+appropriate semantic types that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate semantic types that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate semantic types that you can
+then look for in in such a database and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look for in in such a database and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look for in in such a database and
+the types are hierarchically organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types are hierarchically organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types are hierarchically organized
+so for example there the relations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example there the relations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example there the relations are
+organized so there's an effects relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized so there's an effects relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized so there's an effects relation
+which has sub relations manages treats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has sub relations manages treats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has sub relations manages treats
+disrupts complicates interacts with or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts complicates interacts with or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrupts complicates interacts with or
+prevents something like biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents something like biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents something like biological
+function can be a physiologic function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be a physiologic function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function can be a physiologic function
+or a pathologic function and again each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a pathologic function and again each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a pathologic function and again each
+of these has subcategories so the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these has subcategories so the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these has subcategories so the idea
+is that each concept each unique concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that each concept each unique concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that each concept each unique concept
+is labeled with at least one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is labeled with at least one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is labeled with at least one of these
+semantic types and that helps to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic types and that helps to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantic types and that helps to
+identify things when you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify things when you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify things when you're looking
+through the data there are also some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the data there are also some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the data there are also some
+tools that deal with the typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that deal with the typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that deal with the typical
+linguistic problems that if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic problems that if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linguistic problems that if I want to
+say bleeds or bleed or bleeding those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say bleeds or bleed or bleeding those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say bleeds or bleed or bleeding those
+are really all the same concept and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really all the same concept and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really all the same concept and so
+there's these lexical variant generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these lexical variant generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's these lexical variant generator
+that helps us normalize that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us normalize that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helps us normalize that and then
+there's a normalization function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a normalization function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a normalization function that
+takes some statement like mr. Huntington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some statement like mr. Huntington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes some statement like mr. Huntington
+was admitted blah blah and normalizes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was admitted blah blah and normalizes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was admitted blah blah and normalizes it
+into lowercase alphabetized versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into lowercase alphabetized versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into lowercase alphabetized versions of
+the text where things are are translated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text where things are are translated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text where things are are translated
+into other potential meanings linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into other potential meanings linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into other potential meanings linguistic
+meanings of that text so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings of that text so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings of that text so for example
+this one says was but one of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one says was but one of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one says was but one of its
+translations is B because was is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations is B because was is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translations is B because was is just a
+form of B okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of B okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of B okay
+this can also get you in trouble I I ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can also get you in trouble I I ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this can also get you in trouble I I ran
+into a problem where I was finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a problem where I was finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a problem where I was finding
+beryllium in everybody's medical records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium in everybody's medical records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beryllium in everybody's medical records
+because it also knows that B E is a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it also knows that B E is a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it also knows that B E is a is
+an abbreviation for beryllium and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abbreviation for beryllium and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abbreviation for beryllium and so you
+have to be a little careful about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a little careful about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be a little careful about how
+you use this stuff there's an online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this stuff there's an online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use this stuff there's an online
+tool where you can type in something and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool where you can type in something and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool where you can type in something and
+it says weakness of the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says weakness of the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says weakness of the upper
+extremities and it says oh you mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremities and it says oh you mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremities and it says oh you mean the
+concept proximal weakness upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept proximal weakness upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept proximal weakness upper
+extremities okay and then it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremities okay and then it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremities okay and then it has a
+relationship to various contexts that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to various contexts that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship to various contexts that it
+has siblings and it has all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has siblings and it has all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has siblings and it has all kinds of
+other things that that one can look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that that one can look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things that that one can look up
+I built a tool a few years ago where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I built a tool a few years ago where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I built a tool a few years ago where if
+you populate it with one of these this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you populate it with one of these this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you populate it with one of these this
+short summaries it tries to color-code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short summaries it tries to color-code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short summaries it tries to color-code
+the types of things that it found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of things that it found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of things that it found in
+that summary and so this is using a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that summary and so this is using a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that summary and so this is using a tool
+called meta map which again comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called meta map which again comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called meta map which again comes from
+the from the National Library of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the National Library of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the from the National Library of
+Medicine and a locally built you MLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicine and a locally built you MLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicine and a locally built you MLS
+lookup tool that in this particular case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup tool that in this particular case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lookup tool that in this particular case
+finds exactly the same the same mappings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds exactly the same the same mappings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds exactly the same the same mappings
+from the text and so you can look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the text and so you can look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the text and so you can look
+through the text and say okay so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the text and say okay so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the text and say okay so no
+indicates negation and you're an output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates negation and you're an output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates negation and you're an output
+is a kind of one of these concepts if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of one of these concepts if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a kind of one of these concepts if
+you mouse over it it would show you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mouse over it it would show you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mouse over it it would show you okay
+I think what I'm gonna do is stop there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what I'm gonna do is stop there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think what I'm gonna do is stop there
+today so that I can invite cat to join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that I can invite cat to join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so that I can invite cat to join
+us and and talk about a what's happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and and talk about a what's happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us and and talk about a what's happened
+since 2010 and be how is this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2010 and be how is this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since 2010 and be how is this stuff
+actually used by clinicians and clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used by clinicians and clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used by clinicians and clinical
+clinician researchers cat okay well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician researchers cat okay well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinician researchers cat okay well
+welcome cat nice to see you again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome cat nice to see you again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome cat nice to see you again
+so are the techniques that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are the techniques that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so are the techniques that were
+represented in that in that paper from 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in that in that paper from 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in that in that paper from 9
+years ago still being used today in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago still being used today in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago still being used today in in
+research settings yeah so I'd say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research settings yeah so I'd say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research settings yeah so I'd say yes
+the the bare-bones platform I would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bare-bones platform I would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the bare-bones platform I would say
+that pipeline is being used but now I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pipeline is being used but now I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pipeline is being used but now I'd
+say we're in version 5 we're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're in version 5 we're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we're in version 5 we're actually
+actually your your on that revision list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your your on that revision list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually your your on that revision list
+but we've done a lot of improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've done a lot of improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we've done a lot of improvement
+since then to actually automate things a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then to actually automate things a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since then to actually automate things a
+little more so the rate limiting factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more so the rate limiting factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more so the rate limiting factor
+in phenotyping is always the clinician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phenotyping is always the clinician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in phenotyping is always the clinician
+always getting that label doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always getting that label doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always getting that label doing the
+chart review coming up with that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart review coming up with that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart review coming up with that term
+list so I don't know if you want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so I don't know if you want me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list so I don't know if you want me to
+go into some of the details and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into some of the details and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into some of the details and what
+we've been doing but yeah if you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing but yeah if you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing but yeah if you would
+kind of plugs it in so if you recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of plugs it in so if you recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of plugs it in so if you recall
+that diagram there are several steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagram there are several steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagram there are several steps
+where you started with the EMR there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you started with the EMR there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you started with the EMR there was
+that filter with the ICD codes then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that filter with the ICD codes then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that filter with the ICD codes then you
+get this data Mart and then you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this data Mart and then you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this data Mart and then you start
+training you have to select random 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training you have to select random 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training you have to select random 500
+which is a lot it's a lot of chart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot it's a lot of chart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a lot it's a lot of chart
+review to do it is a lot so our goal was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review to do it is a lot so our goal was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review to do it is a lot so our goal was
+to reduce that amount of chart review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce that amount of chart review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reduce that amount of chart review
+and part of the way to reduce that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the way to reduce that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and part of the way to reduce that is
+reducing the feature space so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the feature space so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the feature space so one of the
+things that we didn't know when we first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we didn't know when we first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we didn't know when we first
+started out was how many goals Center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out was how many goals Center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out was how many goals Center
+labels that we need and how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels that we need and how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels that we need and how many
+features that we need and which of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we need and which of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features that we need and which of those
+features would be important so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features would be important so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features would be important so by
+features I mean ICD codes the diagnosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features I mean ICD codes the diagnosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features I mean ICD codes the diagnosis
+code medications and all that list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code medications and all that list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code medications and all that list of
+NLP terms that might be related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NLP terms that might be related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NLP terms that might be related to the
+condition and so now we have ways to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and so now we have ways to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition and so now we have ways to try
+to whittle down that list before we even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whittle down that list before we even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to whittle down that list before we even
+use those gold standard labels and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those gold standard labels and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use those gold standard labels and so
+let me think about this is an NLP the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me think about this is an NLP the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me think about this is an NLP the
+focus here is on NLP so there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus here is on NLP so there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus here is on NLP so there's a couple
+ways we're doing this so one rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we're doing this so one rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways we're doing this so one rate
+limiting step was getting the clinicians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting step was getting the clinicians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiting step was getting the clinicians
+to come up with a list of terms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with a list of terms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with a list of terms that are
+important for a certain condition you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for a certain condition you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for a certain condition you
+can imagine if you get five doctors in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine if you get five doctors in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine if you get five doctors in a
+room to try to agree on a list it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to try to agree on a list it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to try to agree on a list it takes
+forever and so we tried to get that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so we tried to get that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever and so we tried to get that out
+of the way so one thing we started doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way so one thing we started doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the way so one thing we started doing
+was we took just common things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we took just common things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was we took just common things that are
+freely available on the web Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely available on the web Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freely available on the web Wikipedia
+MEDLINE the Merck Manual that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MEDLINE the Merck Manual that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MEDLINE the Merck Manual that have
+medical information and we actually now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical information and we actually now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical information and we actually now
+process those articles look for medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process those articles look for medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process those articles look for medical
+terms pull those out map them to concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms pull those out map them to concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms pull those out map them to concept
+and that becomes that term list now that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that becomes that term list now that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that becomes that term list now that
+goes into so now instead of if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into so now instead of if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes into so now instead of if you think
+about in the old days we came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the old days we came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in the old days we came up with
+the list we had ICD lists and term lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list we had ICD lists and term lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the list we had ICD lists and term lists
+which got mapped to a concept now we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which got mapped to a concept now we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which got mapped to a concept now we go
+straight to the article we kind of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to the article we kind of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight to the article we kind of do
+majority voting with the articles you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority voting with the articles you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority voting with the articles you
+take five articles if three out of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take five articles if three out of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take five articles if three out of five
+mention it more than X amount of time we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it more than X amount of time we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention it more than X amount of time we
+say that could potentially be important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that could potentially be important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that could potentially be important
+so that's the term list get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the term list get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the term list get the
+clinicians out of that step and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians out of that step and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinicians out of that step and then we
+then actually we don't train yet so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually we don't train yet so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then actually we don't train yet so now
+instead of training right away in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of training right away in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of training right away in the
+gold standard labels we train on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard labels we train on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gold standard labels we train on a
+silver standard label mainly most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver standard label mainly most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver standard label mainly most of the
+time we use the main ICD code but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we use the main ICD code but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we use the main ICD code but
+sometimes we use the main NLP cuy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we use the main NLP cuy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we use the main NLP cuy
+because sometimes there is no code for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes there is no code for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sometimes there is no code for
+the phenotype we're interested in that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenotype we're interested in that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenotype we're interested in that's
+kind of some of the steps that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some of the steps that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of some of the steps that we've
+done to automate things a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to automate things a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done to automate things a little bit
+more and formalize that pipeline so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and formalize that pipeline so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and formalize that pipeline so in
+fact the pipeline is now part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the pipeline is now part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact the pipeline is now part of the
+partners bio Bank which is a partner to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners bio Bank which is a partner to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partners bio Bank which is a partner to
+healthcare as Pete mentioned is Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare as Pete mentioned is Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare as Pete mentioned is Mass
+General Brigham Women's Hospital they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Brigham Women's Hospital they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General Brigham Women's Hospital they
+are recruiting patients to come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are recruiting patients to come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are recruiting patients to come in and
+you know get the blood sample linked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get the blood sample linked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get the blood sample linked it
+with their notes so people can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their notes so people can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their notes so people can do
+research on let's teach our data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on let's teach our data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on let's teach our data and
+blood samples so this is how this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood samples so this is how this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood samples so this is how this is the
+pipeline the user phenotyping now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline the user phenotyping now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline the user phenotyping now I'm
+over at the Boston VA along with tan Chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over at the Boston VA along with tan Chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over at the Boston VA along with tan Chi
+and this is the pipeline we're laying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the pipeline we're laying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the pipeline we're laying
+down for also the million veterans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for also the million veterans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down for also the million veterans
+program which is even bigger some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which is even bigger some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which is even bigger some
+million vets and they have each our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million vets and they have each our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million vets and they have each our data
+going back decades so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back decades so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back decades so it's pretty
+exciting so what are the kinds of I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting so what are the kinds of I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting so what are the kinds of I mean
+this study that we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study that we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this study that we were talking about
+today was for rheumatoid arthritis but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was for rheumatoid arthritis but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today was for rheumatoid arthritis but
+what other diseases are being targeted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other diseases are being targeted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what other diseases are being targeted
+by by this phenotyping approach so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by this phenotyping approach so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by this phenotyping approach so all
+kinds of diseases so whoever so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of diseases so whoever so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of diseases so whoever so what
+there's a lot of things we learn though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things we learn though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things we learn though
+the phenotyping approach is best suited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenotyping approach is best suited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phenotyping approach is best suited
+the pipeline that we the base pipeline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline that we the base pipeline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pipeline that we the base pipeline
+is best suited for conditions that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best suited for conditions that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best suited for conditions that have
+a prevalence of 1 percent or higher so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prevalence of 1 percent or higher so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a prevalence of 1 percent or higher so
+rheumatoid arthritis is kind of at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatoid arthritis is kind of at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatoid arthritis is kind of at that
+lower bound rheumatoid arthritis is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound rheumatoid arthritis is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bound rheumatoid arthritis is a
+chronic inflammatory joint disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic inflammatory joint disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronic inflammatory joint disease
+affects 1 percent of the population but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects 1 percent of the population but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects 1 percent of the population but
+it is the most common autoimmune joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the most common autoimmune joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is the most common autoimmune joint
+disease once you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease once you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease once you go to
+rare diseases that are episodic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare diseases that are episodic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare diseases that are episodic that
+don't happen if we you know not only is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't happen if we you know not only is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't happen if we you know not only is
+it below 1% but only happens once in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it below 1% but only happens once in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it below 1% but only happens once in a
+while this type of approach is not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this type of approach is not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while this type of approach is not as
+robust but most diseases are above 1% so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust but most diseases are above 1% so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robust but most diseases are above 1% so
+at the VA we've kind of laid down this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the VA we've kind of laid down this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the VA we've kind of laid down this
+pipeline for a phenomics Corps and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline for a phenomics Corps and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipeline for a phenomics Corps and
+they're running through acute stroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're running through acute stroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're running through acute stroke
+myocardial infarction you know all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myocardial infarction you know all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myocardial infarction you know all kinds
+of these diabetes and just really a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these diabetes and just really a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these diabetes and just really a lot
+of all the common diseases that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the common diseases that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the common diseases that we want
+to study now you were mentioning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study now you were mentioning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to study now you were mentioning that
+that when you identify such a patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you identify such a patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you identify such a patient
+you then try to get a blood sample so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then try to get a blood sample so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then try to get a blood sample so
+that you can do genotyping on them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do genotyping on them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do genotyping on them is
+that also common across all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also common across all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that also common across all these
+diseases or are there different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases or are there different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases or are there different
+approaches yeah so it's interesting back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches yeah so it's interesting back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches yeah so it's interesting back
+10 years ago it was very different it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago it was very different it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 years ago it was very different it
+was very expensive to genotype of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very expensive to genotype of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very expensive to genotype of
+patients so it was anywhere between five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so it was anywhere between five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients so it was anywhere between five
+to seven hundred dollars per patient and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seven hundred dollars per patient and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to seven hundred dollars per patient and
+that was just for single nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just for single nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was just for single nucleotide
+polymorphisms yes just for a snip so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms yes just for a snip so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polymorphisms yes just for a snip so we
+had to be very careful about who we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be very careful about who we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to be very careful about who we
+selected so 10 years ago we did is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected so 10 years ago we did is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected so 10 years ago we did is we
+said okay we have four million patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay we have four million patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said okay we have four million patients
+and partners who has RA with good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partners who has RA with good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and partners who has RA with good
+certainty then we select those patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty then we select those patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainty then we select those patients
+and we genotype them because it cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we genotype them because it cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we genotype them because it cost so
+much you didn't want to genotype someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you didn't want to genotype someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much you didn't want to genotype someone
+who didn't have RA not only would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't have RA not only would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who didn't have RA not only would it
+alter the the it would reduce the power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter the the it would reduce the power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter the the it would reduce the power
+of our association study it would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our association study it would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our association study it would just
+be like wasted dollars the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like wasted dollars the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like wasted dollars the interesting
+now the the change has happened and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the change has happened and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the the change has happened and
+we've come to completely think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've come to completely think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've come to completely think of a
+different way of approaching things as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of approaching things as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of approaching things as
+now you have these bio banks you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have these bio banks you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you have these bio banks you have
+something like the VA MVP or UK bio bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the VA MVP or UK bio bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like the VA MVP or UK bio bank
+they're being systematically recruited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being systematically recruited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being systematically recruited
+blood samples are taking their genotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood samples are taking their genotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blood samples are taking their genotype
+with no study in mind linked with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no study in mind linked with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no study in mind linked with the
+EHR so now I walk into the VA it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EHR so now I walk into the VA it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EHR so now I walk into the VA it's a
+completely different story ten years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different story ten years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different story ten years
+later I'm at the VA and I'm interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I'm at the VA and I'm interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later I'm at the VA and I'm interested
+in identifying rheumatoid arthritis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in identifying rheumatoid arthritis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in identifying rheumatoid arthritis
+interesting enough this algorithm port
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting enough this algorithm port
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting enough this algorithm port
+swell over there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swell over there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swell over there too
+but now we just we tested our new method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we just we tested our new method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we just we tested our new method
+on there but now instead of saying I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there but now instead of saying I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on there but now instead of saying I
+need to identify these patients and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to identify these patients and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to identify these patients and get
+the genotype all the genotypes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genotype all the genotypes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genotype all the genotypes are
+already there so it's a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there so it's a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already there so it's a completely
+different approach to research now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach to research now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different approach to research now
+yep interesting yeah so the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep interesting yeah so the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep interesting yeah so the other the
+other question I wanted to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question I wanted to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other question I wanted to ask you
+before we turn it over to questions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we turn it over to questions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we turn it over to questions from
+the audience is so this is all focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience is so this is all focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the audience is so this is all focused
+on research uses of the data are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on research uses of the data are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on research uses of the data are there
+clinical uses that people have adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical uses that people have adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical uses that people have adopted
+that used this kind of approach to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used this kind of approach to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that used this kind of approach to you
+know trying to read the the note we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know trying to read the the note we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know trying to read the the note we had
+we had fantasized decades ago that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had fantasized decades ago that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had fantasized decades ago that you
+know when when you get a report from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when when you get a report from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when when you get a report from a
+pathologist that somehow or other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologist that somehow or other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologist that somehow or other
+machine learning algorithm using natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm using natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning algorithm using natural
+language processing would grovel over it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing would grovel over it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing would grovel over it
+identify the important things that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the important things that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the important things that came
+out and then either incorporate that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then either incorporate that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and then either incorporate that in
+decision support or in some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support or in some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision support or in some kind of
+warning systems that drew people's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning systems that drew people's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warning systems that drew people's
+attention to the important results as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the important results as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the important results as
+opposed to the unimportant ones has any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the unimportant ones has any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to the unimportant ones has any
+of that happened I think we're not there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that happened I think we're not there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that happened I think we're not there
+yet but I feel like we're so much closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but I feel like we're so much closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet but I feel like we're so much closer
+than we were before that's probably how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we were before that's probably how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than we were before that's probably how
+you felt a few decades ago one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you felt a few decades ago one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you felt a few decades ago one of the
+the challenges is as you know each ours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges is as you know each ours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the challenges is as you know each ours
+actually weren't really widely adopted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually weren't really widely adopted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually weren't really widely adopted
+until the high tech Act in 2010 so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the high tech Act in 2010 so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the high tech Act in 2010 so a lot
+of systems are actually now just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems are actually now just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systems are actually now just getting
+the EHR and the reason that we've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EHR and the reason that we've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the EHR and the reason that we've had
+the luxury of playing around with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luxury of playing around with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the luxury of playing around with the
+data is because partners was ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is because partners was ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is because partners was ahead of
+the curve and had developed an EHR the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and had developed an EHR the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and had developed an EHR the
+VA happened to have an EHR so but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA happened to have an EHR so but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VA happened to have an EHR so but I
+think first because research and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think first because research and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think first because research and
+clinical medicine is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical medicine is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical medicine is very different
+research if you mess up and you miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research if you mess up and you miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research if you mess up and you miss
+classify someone with the disease it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify someone with the disease it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify someone with the disease it's
+okay right you just you lose power in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right you just you lose power in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay right you just you lose power in
+your study but in the clinical setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your study but in the clinical setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your study but in the clinical setting
+if you mess up it's it's a really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you mess up it's it's a really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you mess up it's it's a really big
+deal so I think the bar is much higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so I think the bar is much higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal so I think the bar is much higher
+and so what we're doing one of our goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're doing one of our goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're doing one of our goals
+with all this phenotyping is to get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all this phenotyping is to get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all this phenotyping is to get it
+to that point where you know we feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that point where you know we feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that point where you know we feel
+pretty confident we're not going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty confident we're not going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty confident we're not going to say
+someone has or hasn't a disease but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has or hasn't a disease but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has or hasn't a disease but we
+are you know actually 10 she and I are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know actually 10 she and I are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you know actually 10 she and I are
+thinking or have been planning this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking or have been planning this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking or have been planning this
+grant we're what's outputted from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant we're what's outputted from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant we're what's outputted from this
+algorithm is a probability of disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is a probability of disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm is a probability of disease
+and for some of our phenotype algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some of our phenotype algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for some of our phenotype algorithms
+are pretty good and so what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty good and so what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are pretty good and so what we want to
+test is whether what thresholds that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is whether what thresholds that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test is whether what thresholds that
+probability that you would want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you would want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that you would want to tell
+a clinician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clinician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a clinician
+that hey if you're not thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hey if you're not thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hey if you're not thinking about
+rheumatoid arthritis in this patient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatoid arthritis in this patient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatoid arthritis in this patient
+this is particularly helpful in places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is particularly helpful in places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is particularly helpful in places
+where they're in remote locations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're in remote locations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they're in remote locations where
+there aren't rheumatologist available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't rheumatologist available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there aren't rheumatologist available
+you should be thinking about it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be thinking about it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be thinking about it and
+maybe you know considering referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know considering referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know considering referring
+them or you know speaking to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or you know speaking to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them or you know speaking to a
+Rheumatologist through telehealth which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rheumatologist through telehealth which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rheumatologist through telehealth which
+is also something there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also something there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also something there's a lot of
+things that are changing that are making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are changing that are making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are changing that are making
+something like this much more fit much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this much more fit much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this much more fit much
+more into the workflow so yep so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more into the workflow so yep so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more into the workflow so yep so you're
+so you're as optimistic as I was well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're as optimistic as I was well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're as optimistic as I was well
+you know it will surely happen at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it will surely happen at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it will surely happen at some
+point did any of you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point did any of you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point did any of you go to the
+festivities around the opening of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivities around the opening of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+festivities around the opening of the
+Schwartzman college of computing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwartzman college of computing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schwartzman college of computing so
+they've had a lot of discussions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had a lot of discussions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've had a lot of discussions on
+healthcare does keep coming up over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare does keep coming up over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthcare does keep coming up over and
+over again as one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again as one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over again as one of the great
+opportunities and i profoundly believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and i profoundly believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities and i profoundly believe
+that but on the other hand I've learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but on the other hand I've learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but on the other hand I've learned
+over many decades not to be quite as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over many decades not to be quite as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over many decades not to be quite as
+optimistic as my natural proclivities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic as my natural proclivities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic as my natural proclivities
+are and I think some of the speakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and I think some of the speakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and I think some of the speakers
+here have not yet learned that same that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have not yet learned that same that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have not yet learned that same that
+same lesson so the things may take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same lesson so the things may take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same lesson so the things may take a
+little bit longer so let me open up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit longer so let me open up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit longer so let me open up the
+question of the floor the floor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the floor the floor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of the floor the floor to
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so you're speaking about when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you're speaking about when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so you're speaking about when we
+were trying to create that term list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to create that term list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to create that term list and
+we map the terms or the concepts yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we map the terms or the concepts yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we map the terms or the concepts yeah
+yeah so that's that's all out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's that's all out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so that's that's all out there
+we've we pop so as a academic group we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we pop so as a academic group we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we pop so as a academic group we
+try to publish everything we do we put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to publish everything we do we put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to publish everything we do we put
+our codes up on github or cran for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our codes up on github or cran for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our codes up on github or cran for other
+people to to play out and test and break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to to play out and test and break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to to play out and test and break
+so so yeah the terms are really you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yeah the terms are really you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so yeah the terms are really you know
+similar in you MLS I don't know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in you MLS I don't know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar in you MLS I don't know if you
+had a chance to look through it they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a chance to look through it they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a chance to look through it they
+have a lot of key words so there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of key words so there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of key words so there is a
+general way to map key words to term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way to map key words to term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general way to map key words to term
+two concepts so that's that's the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two concepts so that's that's the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two concepts so that's that's the basis
+of what we do there maybe a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we do there maybe a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we do there maybe a little bit
+more there but there's nothing fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there but there's nothing fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more there but there's nothing fancy
+behind it and as you can imagine because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it and as you can imagine because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it and as you can imagine because
+we're trying to go across many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to go across many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to go across many
+phenotypes when we think about mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes when we think about mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes when we think about mapping
+it always has to be automated we try not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always has to be automated we try not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it always has to be automated we try not
+our first round was very manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first round was very manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first round was very manual
+incredibly manual but now we try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly manual but now we try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly manual but now we try to use
+systems that are available such as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are available such as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems that are available such as you
+MLS and and other mapping methods so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MLS and and other mapping methods so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MLS and and other mapping methods so
+what what map presumably you don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what map presumably you don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what map presumably you don't use
+high-tech today no so which which tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-tech today no so which which tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high-tech today no so which which tools
+to use just think I had a two-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use just think I had a two-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use just think I had a two-hour
+conversation with with Oakridge about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with with Oakridge about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with with Oakridge about
+this we're using a system that Sheng
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're using a system that Sheng
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we're using a system that Sheng
+developed called Nile and it had to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed called Nile and it had to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed called Nile and it had to do
+with the fact that sea takes which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that sea takes which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the fact that sea takes which is a
+really robust system was just a it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really robust system was just a it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really robust system was just a it was
+too computationally intensive and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too computationally intensive and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too computationally intensive and for
+the purposes of phenotyping we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes of phenotyping we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purposes of phenotyping we didn't
+need that level of detail we we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that level of detail we we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that level of detail we we need
+what we really needed was was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really needed was was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we really needed was was it
+mentioned what's the concept and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned what's the concept and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned what's the concept and the
+negation and so Nile is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation and so Nile is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation and so Nile is something that
+we've been using and have kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using and have kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been using and have kind of
+validated over time with the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated over time with the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated over time with the different
+methods we've been testing so I Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we've been testing so I Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we've been testing so I Tuesday
+I'll talk a little bit about that system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk a little bit about that system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk a little bit about that system
+and some of its successors so you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of its successors so you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of its successors so you'll get
+a sense of how that works I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of how that works I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sense of how that works I should
+mention also that that one of the papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention also that that one of the papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention also that that one of the papers
+that was on your reading list is a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on your reading list is a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was on your reading list is a paper
+out of David's on tags group which uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of David's on tags group which uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of David's on tags group which uses
+this anchors concept and that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anchors concept and that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this anchors concept and that's very
+much along the same lines that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much along the same lines that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much along the same lines that it's a
+way of trying to automate just as Kat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of trying to automate just as Kat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of trying to automate just as Kat
+was saying you know if you if if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying you know if you if if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was saying you know if you if if the
+doctors mentioned some term and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors mentioned some term and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors mentioned some term and you
+discover that that term is very often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that that term is very often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover that that term is very often
+used with certain other terms by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used with certain other terms by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used with certain other terms by looking
+at Wikipedia or at the Mayo Clinic data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Wikipedia or at the Mayo Clinic data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Wikipedia or at the Mayo Clinic data
+or at wherever your sources are then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at wherever your sources are then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at wherever your sources are then
+that's a good clue that that other term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good clue that that other term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good clue that that other term
+might also be useful so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also be useful so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might also be useful so this is a
+formalization of that idea as a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalization of that idea as a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formalization of that idea as a machine
+learning problem so basically that paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem so basically that paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning problem so basically that paper
+talks about how to take some very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how to take some very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about how to take some very
+certain terms that are highly indicative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain terms that are highly indicative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain terms that are highly indicative
+of a disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a disease
+and then use those as anchors in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use those as anchors in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then use those as anchors in order
+to claim a machine learning model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to claim a machine learning model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to claim a machine learning model that
+identifies more terms that are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies more terms that are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifies more terms that are also
+likely to be useful so this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be useful so this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be useful so this notion of
+Chi and David talked about a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chi and David talked about a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chi and David talked about a similar
+idea in in a previous lecture where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in in a previous lecture where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea in in a previous lecture where you
+get a silver standard instead of a gold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a silver standard instead of a gold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a silver standard instead of a gold
+standard and the silver standard can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and the silver standard can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard and the silver standard can be
+derived from a smaller gold standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from a smaller gold standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derived from a smaller gold standard
+using some machine learning algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some machine learning algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using some machine learning algorithm
+and then you can use that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can use that in your
+further computations so what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further computations so what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further computations so what was the
+process like for well I was really lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like for well I was really lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process like for well I was really lucky
+there was a big study called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big study called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a big study called the
+informatics for integrating biology than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics for integrating biology than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informatics for integrating biology than
+that side parts are called itv2 led by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side parts are called itv2 led by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that side parts are called itv2 led by
+Zack oh honey and so that was already in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zack oh honey and so that was already in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zack oh honey and so that was already in
+place and Pete had already been pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and Pete had already been pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and Pete had already been pulled
+in and tan Chi so what what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and tan Chi so what what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and tan Chi so what what they
+basically did was locked all of us in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically did was locked all of us in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically did was locked all of us in a
+room for three hours every Friday and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for three hours every Friday and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room for three hours every Friday and it
+was like what's the problem what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like what's the problem what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like what's the problem what's the
+question and how do we get there and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and how do we get there and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and how do we get there and so
+I think that infrastructure was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that infrastructure was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that infrastructure was so
+helpful in bringing everyone to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in bringing everyone to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful in bringing everyone to the
+table because it's not easy because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table because it's not easy because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table because it's not easy because
+you're not rotating in the same space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not rotating in the same space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not rotating in the same space
+and the way you think is very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you think is very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way you think is very different
+so so that's how we did it now there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's how we did it now there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's how we did it now there are
+now that it's more mainstream I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it's more mainstream I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that it's more mainstream I think
+when we first started everyone was my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first started everyone was my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first started everyone was my
+colleagues joked with me they're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues joked with me they're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleagues joked with me they're like
+what are you doing r2d2 you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing r2d2 you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing r2d2 you you know
+what's what's going on with you are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's going on with you are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's what's going on with you are you
+going off the deep end over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off the deep end over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off the deep end over there
+because you know the type of research we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the type of research we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the type of research we
+do was more along the ways of clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do was more along the ways of clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do was more along the ways of clinical
+trials and clinic projects but now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials and clinic projects but now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trials and clinic projects but now you
+know we have I run a core at Brigham so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have I run a core at Brigham so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we have I run a core at Brigham so
+it's run out of the Rheumatology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's run out of the Rheumatology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's run out of the Rheumatology
+division and so we kind of try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and so we kind of try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and so we kind of try to
+connect people together I did post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect people together I did post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect people together I did post
+through our core the consulting session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our core the consulting session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our core the consulting session
+here but you know if there is interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you know if there is interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but you know if there is interest
+there's ways there's probably more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ways there's probably more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's ways there's probably more
+groups that are doing this where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that are doing this where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups that are doing this where we can
+kind of more formally have joint talks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more formally have joint talks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of more formally have joint talks
+or you know connect people together yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know connect people together yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know connect people together yeah
+yeah but it's not easy it's very I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's not easy it's very I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but it's not easy it's very I have
+to say it's it takes a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it's it takes a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say it's it takes a lot of time
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+when Pete put up that thing in the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Pete put up that thing in the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Pete put up that thing in the what
+look like a different language I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a different language I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a different language I mean
+that just I didn't even it didn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just I didn't even it didn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just I didn't even it didn't even
+occur to me that it was hard to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur to me that it was hard to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur to me that it was hard to read
+right so so it's like you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so it's like you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so it's like you know you're
+into these two different world and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these two different world and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into these two different world and so
+you have to work to meet in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to work to meet in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to work to meet in the middle
+and it takes time it also takes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes time it also takes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it takes time it also takes the
+right people so I have to say that Zach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people so I have to say that Zach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people so I have to say that Zach
+was probably very clever in bringing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably very clever in bringing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was probably very clever in bringing the
+right people to the table and locking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people to the table and locking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right people to the table and locking
+those for three hours at a time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those for three hours at a time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those for three hours at a time because
+for example our biostatistician jian chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example our biostatistician jian chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example our biostatistician jian chi
+chi just you know she speaks AI or she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi just you know she speaks AI or she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chi just you know she speaks AI or she
+has learned to speak AI and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has learned to speak AI and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has learned to speak AI and there are
+still plenty of statisticians who just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still plenty of statisticians who just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still plenty of statisticians who just
+have allergic reactions to the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have allergic reactions to the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have allergic reactions to the kinds of
+things that we do and it would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we do and it would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that we do and it would be very
+difficult to work with them so having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to work with them so having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to work with them so having
+the right combination of people is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right combination of people is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right combination of people is also
+really I think critical as one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think critical as one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I think critical as one of my
+mentor said you have to kiss a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor said you have to kiss a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentor said you have to kiss a lot of
+frogs yeah you've definitely hit the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogs yeah you've definitely hit the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frogs yeah you've definitely hit the
+nail on the head one of the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail on the head one of the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail on the head one of the major
+barriers are several things but alarm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers are several things but alarm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers are several things but alarm
+fatigue is one of them so EMRs became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue is one of them so EMRs became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatigue is one of them so EMRs became
+more prominent in 2010 but now along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prominent in 2010 but now along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more prominent in 2010 but now along
+with the mrs came a lot of regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mrs came a lot of regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the mrs came a lot of regulations
+on physicians so we literally and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on physicians so we literally and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on physicians so we literally and then
+came getting rid of our old systems for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came getting rid of our old systems for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came getting rid of our old systems for
+these new systems that are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new systems that are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these new systems that are now
+government compliant so epic is this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government compliant so epic is this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government compliant so epic is this big
+monster system that's being rolled out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster system that's being rolled out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monster system that's being rolled out
+across the country where you literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country where you literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the country where you literally
+have it's so complicated in places like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's so complicated in places like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it's so complicated in places like
+Mayo they hire scribes so the physician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mayo they hire scribes so the physician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mayo they hire scribes so the physician
+sits in the office and there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits in the office and there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits in the office and there's another
+person who actually listens in and types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who actually listens in and types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who actually listens in and types
+and and clicks all the buttons that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and clicks all the buttons that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and clicks all the buttons that you
+need to get the information there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the information there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to get the information there so
+Alon fatigue is definitely one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alon fatigue is definitely one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alon fatigue is definitely one of the
+barriers but the other barrier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers but the other barrier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barriers but the other barrier is
+fact that the EMRs are so user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the EMRs are so user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the EMRs are so user
+unfriendly now they're not built for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfriendly now they're not built for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfriendly now they're not built for
+clinical care they're built for billing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical care they're built for billing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical care they're built for billing
+that you know we have to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we have to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know we have to be careful
+about how we roll this out and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we roll this out and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we roll this out and that's
+one reason why I think things have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why I think things have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why I think things have been
+held up actually yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held up actually yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held up actually yeah
+not necessarily the science it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the science it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily the science it's the
+implementation part it's gonna be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation part it's gonna be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation part it's gonna be very
+hard so that isn't new by the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so that isn't new by the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so that isn't new by the way I
+remember a class I taught in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a class I taught in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember a class I taught in in
+biomedical computing about 15 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical computing about 15 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biomedical computing about 15 years ago
+David Bates who's the chief of general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Bates who's the chief of general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+David Bates who's the chief of general
+internal medicine or something at at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal medicine or something at at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal medicine or something at at at
+the Brigham came and and gave a guest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brigham came and and gave a guest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brigham came and and gave a guest
+lecture and he was describing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and he was describing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and he was describing their
+experience with a drug drug interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with a drug drug interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with a drug drug interaction
+system that they had they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that they had they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that they had they had
+implemented and they purchased a dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and they purchased a dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented and they purchased a dataset
+from a vendor called First Data Bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a vendor called First Data Bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a vendor called First Data Bank
+that had scoured the literature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had scoured the literature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that had scoured the literature and
+found all the instances where people had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found all the instances where people had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found all the instances where people had
+reported cases were a patient taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported cases were a patient taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reported cases were a patient taking
+both this medication and that medication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both this medication and that medication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both this medication and that medication
+had an apparent adverse event so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an apparent adverse event so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an apparent adverse event so there
+was some interaction between them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some interaction between them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was some interaction between them and
+they bought this thing they implemented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bought this thing they implemented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they bought this thing they implemented
+it and they discovered that on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they discovered that on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and they discovered that on the
+majority of drug orders that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of drug orders that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of drug orders that they were
+making through their pharmacy system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making through their pharmacy system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making through their pharmacy system
+being red alert would pop up saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being red alert would pop up saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being red alert would pop up saying you
+know are you aware of the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are you aware of the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are you aware of the fact that
+there's a potential interaction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a potential interaction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a potential interaction between
+this drug and some other drugs that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drug and some other drugs that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drug and some other drugs that this
+patient is taking and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is taking and the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient is taking and the problem is
+that the incentives for the company that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the incentives for the company that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the incentives for the company that
+curated this database were to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curated this database were to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curated this database were to make sure
+they didn't miss anything because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't miss anything because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't miss anything because they
+didn't want to be responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to be responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to be responsible for
+failing to alarm but of course there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to alarm but of course there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failing to alarm but of course there's
+no push back saying that if you warned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no push back saying that if you warned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no push back saying that if you warned
+on every second order then no one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every second order then no one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on every second order then no one's
+gonna pay any attention to any of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pay any attention to any of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna pay any attention to any of them
+and so David's solution was to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so David's solution was to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so David's solution was to get a
+bunch of the senior doctors together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the senior doctors together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of the senior doctors together and
+they did some study of what actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did some study of what actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did some study of what actual
+adverse events had they experienced at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse events had they experienced at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adverse events had they experienced at
+the hospital and they cut this list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital and they cut this list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hospital and they cut this list of
+thousands of drug interactions down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of drug interactions down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of drug interactions down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said okay those are the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said okay those are the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they said okay those are the only
+ones we're gonna alarm on yeah and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we're gonna alarm on yeah and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones we're gonna alarm on yeah and then
+they threw that hour an epic came in so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they threw that hour an epic came in so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they threw that hour an epic came in so
+now when I put in an order I get like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I put in an order I get like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now when I put in an order I get like a
+list of ten and I just click oh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of ten and I just click oh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of ten and I just click oh so
+that's the problem and the threshold is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the problem and the threshold is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the problem and the threshold is
+gonna be so there's gonna be an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be so there's gonna be an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be so there's gonna be an entire
+thing there's gonna be entire methods of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there's gonna be entire methods of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing there's gonna be entire methods of
+Elmen that's gonna have to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elmen that's gonna have to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elmen that's gonna have to happen
+between between figuring out where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between figuring out where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between between figuring out where that
+threshold is and in the fatigue from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is and in the fatigue from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold is and in the fatigue from the
+alarms oh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so let me answer the first one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let me answer the first one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so let me answer the first one the
+second one is is work in progress so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is is work in progress so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is is work in progress so
+icd-10 came to the US on October 1st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-10 came to the US on October 1st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-10 came to the US on October 1st
+2015 I remember it it hurt us all so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 I remember it it hurt us all so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 I remember it it hurt us all so we
+actually don't have that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't have that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't have that much
+information on icd-10 yet but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on icd-10 yet but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on icd-10 yet but it's
+definitely impacted our work so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely impacted our work so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely impacted our work so if you
+think about when Pete was pointing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when Pete was pointing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about when Pete was pointing to
+the number of ICD counts for icd-9 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ICD counts for icd-9 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of ICD counts for icd-9 for
+those of you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you don't know
+I see 9 was developed decades ago I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see 9 was developed decades ago I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see 9 was developed decades ago I see
+you ten maybe two decades ago but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ten maybe two decades ago but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ten maybe two decades ago but what
+icd-10 did was it added more granularity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-10 did was it added more granularity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-10 did was it added more granularity
+so for rheumatoid arthritis I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for rheumatoid arthritis I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for rheumatoid arthritis I mentioned
+it's a systemic chronic inflammatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a systemic chronic inflammatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a systemic chronic inflammatory
+joint disease we used to have a code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint disease we used to have a code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint disease we used to have a code
+that said rheumatoid arthritis in icd-10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said rheumatoid arthritis in icd-10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that said rheumatoid arthritis in icd-10
+and now says rheumatoid arthritis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now says rheumatoid arthritis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now says rheumatoid arthritis
+rheumatoid factor positive rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatoid factor positive rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rheumatoid factor positive rheumatoid
+arthritis rheumatoid factor negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis rheumatoid factor negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis rheumatoid factor negative and
+under each category is RA of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under each category is RA of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under each category is RA of the right
+wrist area the left wrist area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrist area the left wrist area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrist area the left wrist area of the
+right knee left knee can you imagine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right knee left knee can you imagine so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right knee left knee can you imagine so
+we're clicking off all of these and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're clicking off all of these and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're clicking off all of these and so
+as it turns out surprisingly so we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out surprisingly so we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it turns out surprisingly so we did
+we've actually were about to publish a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually were about to publish a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've actually were about to publish a
+small study now we're like how did is RA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small study now we're like how did is RA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small study now we're like how did is RA
+any more accurate now that you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more accurate now that you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more accurate now that you have all
+these granular it turns out I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these granular it turns out I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these granular it turns out I think we
+got annoyed because it's actually less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got annoyed because it's actually less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got annoyed because it's actually less
+accurate now than the icd-9 so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate now than the icd-9 so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate now than the icd-9 so that's
+one thing but that's you know only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing but that's you know only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing but that's you know only two
+or three years of data I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three years of data I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three years of data I think it's
+going to become pretty equivalent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become pretty equivalent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to become pretty equivalent the
+other thing is you'll see an explosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is you'll see an explosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing is you'll see an explosion
+in the number of ICD codes so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number of ICD codes so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the number of ICD codes so you have
+to think about how do you deal with back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how do you deal with back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about how do you deal with back
+it before 20 before October 1st 2015
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before 20 before October 1st 2015
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it before 20 before October 1st 2015
+when you hand why not RA code but after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hand why not RA code but after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you hand why not RA code but after
+2015 you know depends on when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 you know depends on when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2015 you know depends on when the
+patient comes in they may have RA of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient comes in they may have RA of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient comes in they may have RA of the
+right wrist on one day they don't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wrist on one day they don't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right wrist on one day they don't the
+left knee the other day that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left knee the other day that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left knee the other day that looks like
+a different code so right now we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different code so right now we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different code so right now we have to
+think of systemic systems to roll up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of systemic systems to roll up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of systemic systems to roll up
+though I think the biggest challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I think the biggest challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though I think the biggest challenge
+right now is the mapping so icd-9 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is the mapping so icd-9 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is the mapping so icd-9 you
+know is now doesn't map directly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is now doesn't map directly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is now doesn't map directly to
+icd-10 or back because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-10 or back because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-10 or back because there are
+diseases that we didn't know when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that we didn't know when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases that we didn't know when they
+develop I see nine now exist in icd-10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop I see nine now exist in icd-10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop I see nine now exist in icd-10
+in icd-10 they talk about diseases in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in icd-10 they talk about diseases in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in icd-10 they talk about diseases in
+ways that weren't described in IC you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that weren't described in IC you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that weren't described in IC you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+so when you're trying to harmonize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're trying to harmonize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you're trying to harmonize the
+data this is actively something dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this is actively something dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data this is actively something dealing
+with right now at the VA how do you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with right now at the VA how do you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with right now at the VA how do you now
+count the ICD codes how do you consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the ICD codes how do you consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count the ICD codes how do you consider
+that someone has an ICD code for RA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone has an ICD code for RA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that someone has an ICD code for RA so
+those are all things that are being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all things that are being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all things that are being
+developed now CMS the Center for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed now CMS the Center for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed now CMS the Center for
+Medicaid and Medicare again this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicaid and Medicare again this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicaid and Medicare again this is for
+billing purposes has come up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billing purposes has come up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billing purposes has come up with a
+mapping system that many of us are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping system that many of us are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping system that many of us are using
+now given what we have and by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given what we have and by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now given what we have and by the way
+they're the committee that is designing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the committee that is designing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the committee that is designing
+icd-11 yeah has been very active for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-11 yeah has been very active for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icd-11 yeah has been very active for
+years and so there's another one coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and so there's another one coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and so there's another one coming
+down down the pike although from what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down down the pike although from what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down down the pike although from what I
+understood yes well so but actually I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood yes well so but actually I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood yes well so but actually I'm
+a little bit optimistic because unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit optimistic because unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit optimistic because unlike
+the traditional ICD system this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional ICD system this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional ICD system this one is
+based on sno-med which has a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on sno-med which has a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on sno-med which has a much more
+logical structure okay so you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical structure okay so you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical structure okay so you know my
+favorite icd-10 code is closed fracture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite icd-10 code is closed fracture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite icd-10 code is closed fracture
+of the left femur due to space craft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the left femur due to space craft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the left femur due to space craft
+accident okay as far as I know that code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident okay as far as I know that code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident okay as far as I know that code
+has never been applied to anybody but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never been applied to anybody but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never been applied to anybody but
+it's there just in case so I see deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there just in case so I see deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there just in case so I see deal
+well I don't know what it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know what it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I don't know what it's gonna be
+because they haven't defined it yet but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they haven't defined it yet but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they haven't defined it yet but
+the idea behind sno-med is that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind sno-med is that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea behind sno-med is that it's
+more a combinatorial system so it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a combinatorial system so it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a combinatorial system so it's more
+like a grammar of descriptions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a grammar of descriptions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a grammar of descriptions that you
+can assemble according to certain rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assemble according to certain rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can assemble according to certain rules
+of what assemblies make sense and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what assemblies make sense and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what assemblies make sense and so
+that means that you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that you don't have to
+explicitly mention something like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly mention something like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly mention something like the
+spacecraft accident one but if that ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft accident one but if that ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft accident one but if that ever
+arises then there is a way to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises then there is a way to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises then there is a way to construct
+something that would describe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would describe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that would describe that
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+Chris I ran into Chris at a meeting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris I ran into Chris at a meeting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chris I ran into Chris at a meeting and
+he said something along the lines that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said something along the lines that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said something along the lines that
+he thinks it's gonna be more NLP based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks it's gonna be more NLP based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he thinks it's gonna be more NLP based
+even I don't know is it gonna be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even I don't know is it gonna be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even I don't know is it gonna be more
+like a language well I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a language well I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a language well I think it's
+definitely going to be more like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to be more like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely going to be more like a
+language but it'll be more like the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but it'll be more like the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language but it'll be more like the the
+old you know Fred Thompson or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old you know Fred Thompson or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old you know Fred Thompson or the
+diamond diagram kind of language it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond diagram kind of language it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diamond diagram kind of language it's a
+designed language that you're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed language that you're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed language that you're gonna have
+to learn in order to figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn in order to figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn in order to figure out how to
+describe things appropriately or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe things appropriately or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe things appropriately or at
+least your Billy clerk will have to will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least your Billy clerk will have to will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least your Billy clerk will have to will
+have to learn it yeah so we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn it yeah so we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn it yeah so we actually
+have three categories definite possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three categories definite possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three categories definite possible
+and no so there's always ambiguity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no so there's always ambiguity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no so there's always ambiguity and
+then you always want to have more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you always want to have more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you always want to have more than
+one reviewer so in clinical trials when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reviewer so in clinical trials when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reviewer so in clinical trials when
+you have outcomes you have what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have outcomes you have what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have outcomes you have what we call
+Jude ocation so you have some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jude ocation so you have some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jude ocation so you have some kind of
+system where you have to first sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have to first sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have to first sit down
+you should define the phenotype because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should define the phenotype because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should define the phenotype because
+not everybody's an agree even for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody's an agree even for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everybody's an agree even for a
+really clear disease how do you define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clear disease how do you define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really clear disease how do you define
+the disease like what are the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease like what are the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disease like what are the components
+that has to happen for that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to happen for that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has to happen for that they're
+usually for societies or classification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for societies or classification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually for societies or classification
+criteria for research so there actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for research so there actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criteria for research so there actually
+is one for RNA you know for coronary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one for RNA you know for coronary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one for RNA you know for coronary
+artery disease and then it is having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artery disease and then it is having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artery disease and then it is having
+those different categories in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different categories in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those different categories in a very
+structured system for adjudicating you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured system for adjudicating you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured system for adjudicating you
+know blindly having two reviewers review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know blindly having two reviewers review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know blindly having two reviewers review
+twenty you know let's say twenty of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty you know let's say twenty of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty you know let's say twenty of the
+same notes and see look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same notes and see look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same notes and see look at the
+interrater reliability yeah that's a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrater reliability yeah that's a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interrater reliability yeah that's a big
+issue all right I think we have expired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue all right I think we have expired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue all right I think we have expired
+so cat thank you very much thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J-ocRQCjcwE.txt b/J-ocRQCjcwE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bef8d36f75084fd008e5ecbd53b795e966ddce41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/J-ocRQCjcwE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5147 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we have a near-miss Learning Tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a near-miss Learning Tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have a near-miss Learning Tree
+it's a little bit different but a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different but a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little bit different but a little
+bit similar we've got different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit similar we've got different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit similar we've got different types of
+we're trying to learn about different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to learn about different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to learn about different
+light sources so well we're sort about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sources so well we're sort about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light sources so well we're sort about
+different lamps flashlights all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lamps flashlights all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different lamps flashlights all sorts of
+things so these guys can have types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so these guys can have types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so these guys can have types of
+support a bass or wires the base can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support a bass or wires the base can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support a bass or wires the base can be
+flat clamped or have legs the legs can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat clamped or have legs the legs can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat clamped or have legs the legs can
+be flat bottom two-wheeled the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flat bottom two-wheeled the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flat bottom two-wheeled the light
+source can be incandescent fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source can be incandescent fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source can be incandescent fluorescent
+or sodium vapor and the energy source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sodium vapor and the energy source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sodium vapor and the energy source
+that powers it can be electric battery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that powers it can be electric battery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that powers it can be electric battery
+oil or gas so there's also some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil or gas so there's also some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil or gas so there's also some other
+things but these are the trees that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but these are the trees that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but these are the trees that we
+might be climbing up with the climb tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be climbing up with the climb tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be climbing up with the climb tree
+here a stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a stick
+our starting model is we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our starting model is we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our starting model is we have an
+incandescent bulb the height is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent bulb the height is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent bulb the height is equal to
+24 inches exactly they have a flat base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 inches exactly they have a flat base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 inches exactly they have a flat base
+there's electricity to power it and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's electricity to power it and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's electricity to power it and it
+has a shade so our starting our starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a shade so our starting our starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a shade so our starting our starting
+model is basically like a table lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is basically like a table lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is basically like a table lamp
+that you set on the table it's got you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you set on the table it's got you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you set on the table it's got you
+know the shade over top of it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the shade over top of it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the shade over top of it you know
+the standard broom table what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard broom table what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard broom table what is our
+starting model so recall in arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting model so recall in arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting model so recall in arch
+learning which is what we are using here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which is what we are using here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which is what we are using here
+that there are several heuristics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are several heuristics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there are several heuristics that
+we might want to use let's see well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to use let's see well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to use let's see well the
+heuristics are um let's see we've got um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+require link forbid link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've got climb-tree extend set closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got climb-tree extend set closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got climb-tree extend set closed
+interval and we also have we also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and we also have we also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and we also have we also have
+drop link forgot about that one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop link forgot about that one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop link forgot about that one that's
+served with the link so I can put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served with the link so I can put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served with the link so I can put it
+here okay so if you want to do well on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so if you want to do well on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so if you want to do well on
+these questions if that if they appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions if that if they appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions if that if they appear
+on the final first of all you better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the final first of all you better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the final first of all you better
+know what those six heuristics do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what those six heuristics do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what those six heuristics do so
+basically require link is a heuristic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically require link is a heuristic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically require link is a heuristic
+that it goes into your model and it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes into your model and it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it goes into your model and it as a
+requirement where before your model just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement where before your model just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirement where before your model just
+didn't care so let's say there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't care so let's say there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't care so let's say there was
+something about color for your light for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about color for your light for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about color for your light for
+your lamp's base or for the lamp and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lamp's base or for the lamp and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lamp's base or for the lamp and
+right now it doesn't care about color at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it doesn't care about color at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it doesn't care about color at
+all but let's say that you wound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but let's say that you wound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all but let's say that you wound up
+having an example that was for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an example that was for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having an example that was for instance
+blue or white or whatever these colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue or white or whatever these colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue or white or whatever these colors
+are and it lets it and and it wound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and it lets it and and it wound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and it lets it and and it wound up
+get it wound up getting that blue was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it wound up getting that blue was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it wound up getting that blue was
+okay for a for idiots model wound up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a for idiots model wound up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for a for idiots model wound up
+getting okay blue and white are okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting okay blue and white are okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting okay blue and white are okay and
+then it or actually know it even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it or actually know it even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it or actually know it even more
+basic example let's say that it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic example let's say that it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic example let's say that it just
+kept getting blue lamps as examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept getting blue lamps as examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept getting blue lamps as examples and
+all of them were blue and it just didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them were blue and it just didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them were blue and it just didn't
+care about the fence they were blue but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the fence they were blue but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care about the fence they were blue but
+they did turn out to be blue and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did turn out to be blue and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did turn out to be blue and then
+eventually it found a red one that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it found a red one that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually it found a red one that was
+exactly the same as its model but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as its model but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as its model but the
+red one was a near-miss then it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red one was a near-miss then it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red one was a near-miss then it might
+require blue which was um already an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require blue which was um already an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require blue which was um already an
+acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptable
+permissible thing in his model but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible thing in his model but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permissible thing in his model but it
+could be required now another thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be required now another thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be required now another thing you
+can do is forbid some people ask me why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is forbid some people ask me why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is forbid some people ask me why
+would you bother saying forbid read say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you bother saying forbid read say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you bother saying forbid read say
+if you could already just require blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could already just require blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you could already just require blue
+like together they cover they cover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like together they cover they cover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like together they cover they cover the
+same ground the answer is because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ground the answer is because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same ground the answer is because this
+system this ARS learning system remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this ARS learning system remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system this ARS learning system remember
+Patrick's doctoral thesis is an old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick's doctoral thesis is an old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick's doctoral thesis is an old
+system very because it was not built on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system very because it was not built on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system very because it was not built on
+old systems and because also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old systems and because also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old systems and because also it's
+generally a good idea it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally a good idea it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally a good idea it was very
+parsimonious if you let's say you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious if you let's say you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious if you let's say you had a
+set of colors red blue yellow green pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of colors red blue yellow green pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of colors red blue yellow green pink
+purple orange and you found that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple orange and you found that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple orange and you found that only
+orange was giving you problems you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange was giving you problems you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange was giving you problems you could
+try to require that it be in this or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to require that it be in this or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to require that it be in this or you
+could even use extend set making to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even use extend set making to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could even use extend set making to make
+it make a giant set of red blue yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make a giant set of red blue yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it make a giant set of red blue yellow
+green purple orange but oh sorry purple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green purple orange but oh sorry purple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green purple orange but oh sorry purple
+pink but not orange but if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink but not orange but if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pink but not orange but if you just
+forbid orange you've just saved them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid orange you've just saved them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid orange you've just saved them a
+whole bunch of space particularly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of space particularly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of space particularly if
+there's a large possible as soon as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large possible as soon as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a large possible as soon as the
+set you want to have the ability to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you want to have the ability to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you want to have the ability to
+forbid because it meet well it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid because it meet well it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid because it meet well it needs to
+have the smallest bottle that it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the smallest bottle that it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the smallest bottle that it can
+that covers all of its samples so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that covers all of its samples so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that covers all of its samples so we
+also have climb tree climb tree takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have climb tree climb tree takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have climb tree climb tree takes
+one of the elements in our model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the elements in our model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the elements in our model and
+moves up the tree one level to be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up the tree one level to be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves up the tree one level to be you
+know so let's say we only we said only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so let's say we only we said only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know so let's say we only we said only
+incandescent lights are good but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent lights are good but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent lights are good but we
+found that fluorescent lights are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that fluorescent lights are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that fluorescent lights are also
+good whoop we move up two leg stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good whoop we move up two leg stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good whoop we move up two leg stores
+climb tree extend set we don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb tree extend set we don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb tree extend set we don't have any
+sets here but let's go back to red blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets here but let's go back to red blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets here but let's go back to red blue
+orange yellow extend set is when we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange yellow extend set is when we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange yellow extend set is when we say
+only red is good as an example but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only red is good as an example but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only red is good as an example but we
+see another positive example the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another positive example the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see another positive example the yellow
+so they say okay I'll extend the set red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they say okay I'll extend the set red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they say okay I'll extend the set red
+and yellow or both good all right close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow or both good all right close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yellow or both good all right close
+interval closed interval is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval closed interval is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval closed interval is really
+obvious when you need to use it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious when you need to use it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious when you need to use it because
+not only is it only used for intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is it only used for intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only is it only used for intervals
+like height equals 24 inches or some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like height equals 24 inches or some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like height equals 24 inches or some
+kind of numbers but it is the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of numbers but it is the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of numbers but it is the only thing
+you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use
+for for when I equals some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for when I equals some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for when I equals some kind of
+numbers close interval will let you fuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers close interval will let you fuss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers close interval will let you fuss
+around with the intervals and say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with the intervals and say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with the intervals and say oh
+well I guess one with a 20-inch bate 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess one with a 20-inch bate 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I guess one with a 20-inch bate 20
+inch height is okay too so we'll make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch height is okay too so we'll make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inch height is okay too so we'll make
+the whole interval 20 to 24 inches good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole interval 20 to 24 inches good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole interval 20 to 24 inches good
+because it doesn't make any sense for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't make any sense for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it doesn't make any sense for it
+be like 20 is good 24 is go but nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like 20 is good 24 is go but nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like 20 is good 24 is go but nothing
+in between is good no those are awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between is good no those are awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in between is good no those are awful
+so that closed interval covers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that closed interval covers the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that closed interval covers the
+entire interval last but not least is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire interval last but not least is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire interval last but not least is
+drop link um the thing about drop link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop link um the thing about drop link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop link um the thing about drop link
+is that drop link is again only really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that drop link is again only really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that drop link is again only really
+used due to the fact that the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used due to the fact that the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used due to the fact that the system
+wants to be as parsimonious as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to be as parsimonious as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to be as parsimonious as possible
+with its model drop link is let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its model drop link is let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with its model drop link is let's say
+that you have a color and you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a color and you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have a color and you're like
+okay only red is acceptable and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay only red is acceptable and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay only red is acceptable and then you
+see a blue one it's go okay and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a blue one it's go okay and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a blue one it's go okay and let's
+say red blue yellow your only colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say red blue yellow your only colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say red blue yellow your only colors
+only red and blue except wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only red and blue except wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only red and blue except wait a minute
+no we could just stop say that only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we could just stop say that only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we could just stop say that only
+yellow is not acceptable or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow is not acceptable or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow is not acceptable or something
+like that all right but then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that all right but then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that all right but then you see
+yellow as a positive example actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow as a positive example actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow as a positive example actually
+you can't even switch to the yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even switch to the yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't even switch to the yellow
+being not acceptable cuz you've only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not acceptable cuz you've only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being not acceptable cuz you've only
+seen positive renders you say only red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen positive renders you say only red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen positive renders you say only red
+and blue are acceptable lesson for us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue are acceptable lesson for us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blue are acceptable lesson for us as
+indicated in the climb tree to light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated in the climb tree to light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated in the climb tree to light
+sources we don't see one that's Soviet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources we don't see one that's Soviet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources we don't see one that's Soviet
+of a percent stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a percent stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a percent stream
+do we have to go back down the tree or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have to go back down the tree or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we have to go back down the tree or
+do we just add up for bid one is we high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we just add up for bid one is we high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we just add up for bid one is we high
+florescent to light source when we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florescent to light source when we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+florescent to light source when we see
+sodium vapour what do we do the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium vapour what do we do the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium vapour what do we do the answer
+is our system unlike with lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our system unlike with lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our system unlike with lattice
+learning in arch learning our system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in arch learning our system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning in arch learning our system is
+memoryless of its previous examples it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoryless of its previous examples it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memoryless of its previous examples it's
+incapable of going back down the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incapable of going back down the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incapable of going back down the tree
+and so if you've got a incandescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you've got a incandescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if you've got a incandescent
+fluorescent climb up the light source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent climb up the light source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent climb up the light source
+your only recourse if you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your only recourse if you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your only recourse if you see the
+subbing vapor doesn't work is to forbid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subbing vapor doesn't work is to forbid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subbing vapor doesn't work is to forbid
+link sodium vapor that's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link sodium vapor that's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link sodium vapor that's a good question
+it shows good understanding of how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows good understanding of how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it shows good understanding of how we
+work so drop link is you see red and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so drop link is you see red and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so drop link is you see red and
+blue they both are okay you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue they both are okay you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue they both are okay you don't know
+about yellow so you can't just switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yellow so you can't just switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yellow so you can't just switch
+that to a forbidden link to yellow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a forbidden link to yellow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to a forbidden link to yellow but
+then you see yellow is also okay what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see yellow is also okay what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you see yellow is also okay what do
+you do you can drop the link altogether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you can drop the link altogether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do you can drop the link altogether
+save yourself space you don't if all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save yourself space you don't if all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save yourself space you don't if all the
+colors that you have in the entire world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors that you have in the entire world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors that you have in the entire world
+are fine you just not have part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fine you just not have part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are fine you just not have part of your
+model be the color and just say any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model be the color and just say any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model be the color and just say any
+color is fine color must not be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is fine color must not be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color is fine color must not be really
+part of what defines a lamp and I'd say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what defines a lamp and I'd say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what defines a lamp and I'd say
+it's not I mean it's what defines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not I mean it's what defines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not I mean it's what defines a
+tacky lamp I guess but it's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacky lamp I guess but it's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacky lamp I guess but it's not what
+defines a lamp so I mean that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a lamp so I mean that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines a lamp so I mean that might be
+why color isn't here to begin with so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why color isn't here to begin with so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why color isn't here to begin with so to
+make yourselves do better on this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yourselves do better on this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make yourselves do better on this more
+knowledge equals less search let's have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge equals less search let's have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge equals less search let's have
+more knowledge there's only some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more knowledge there's only some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more knowledge there's only some of
+these are used to generalize to make our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are used to generalize to make our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are used to generalize to make our
+model more accepting of new examples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model more accepting of new examples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model more accepting of new examples and
+those are ones we would use after we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are ones we would use after we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are ones we would use after we've
+seen a positive hit sort of generalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a positive hit sort of generalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a positive hit sort of generalize
+learn more things in the model some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more things in the model some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn more things in the model some of
+these are used to specialize and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are used to specialize and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are used to specialize and make
+our model refine it make our model more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model refine it make our model more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model refine it make our model more
+specific you'd only use those after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific you'd only use those after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific you'd only use those after you
+saw a near-miss so let's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a near-miss so let's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a near-miss so let's actually
+separate those that way you guys will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate those that way you guys will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate those that way you guys will
+never make the mistake of using one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never make the mistake of using one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never make the mistake of using one of
+these in the wrong situation and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the wrong situation and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in the wrong situation and more
+knowledge less search and less search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge less search and less search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge less search and less search
+means faster quiz time so require link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means faster quiz time so require link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means faster quiz time so require link
+what do you guys think is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you guys think is that a
+specialized ER or generalizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized ER or generalizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized ER or generalizer
+specialized er that's right we'd only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized er that's right we'd only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized er that's right we'd only
+use it when we saw him you're miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it when we saw him you're miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it when we saw him you're miss
+forbid links specialized or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid links specialized or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid links specialized or a
+generalizer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizer
+specialized er we only forbid something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized er we only forbid something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized er we only forbid something
+if we saw miss climb-tree specialize or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we saw miss climb-tree specialize or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we saw miss climb-tree specialize or
+generalizer generalize it that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizer generalize it that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizer generalize it that's right
+we'd only climb up to a more generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd only climb up to a more generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd only climb up to a more generic
+thing in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in the tree
+if we saw a positive example extend set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we saw a positive example extend set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we saw a positive example extend set
+generalizer we'd only extend to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizer we'd only extend to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizer we'd only extend to the
+things that are set if we saw a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are set if we saw a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are set if we saw a positive
+example close interval that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example close interval that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example close interval that's a
+generalizer we'd only make the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizer we'd only make the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizer we'd only make the interval
+bigger if we saw a if we saw a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger if we saw a if we saw a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger if we saw a if we saw a positive
+example someone asks what do you do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example someone asks what do you do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example someone asks what do you do if
+you have like 10 to 30 and then you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like 10 to 30 and then you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have like 10 to 30 and then you find
+a negative example in 20 it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative example in 20 it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a negative example in 20 it's pretty
+it's generally pretty annoying for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's generally pretty annoying for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's generally pretty annoying for the
+system to have to deal with that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to have to deal with that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to have to deal with that there's
+a variety of things you could do based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of things you could do based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a variety of things you could do based
+on your implementation I've never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your implementation I've never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your implementation I've never seen
+us ask it in a quiz but one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us ask it in a quiz but one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us ask it in a quiz but one thing you
+could do is forbid 20 exactly just 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is forbid 20 exactly just 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is forbid 20 exactly just 20
+and just just have a little hole at at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just just have a little hole at at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just just have a little hole at at
+exactly 20 so then drop links specialize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 20 so then drop links specialize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly 20 so then drop links specialize
+or generalizer generalizer this one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or generalizer generalizer this one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or generalizer generalizer this one is
+an easy one to mess up if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy one to mess up if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy one to mess up if you don't
+understand the system because dropping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the system because dropping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the system because dropping
+you think Oh getting rid of something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think Oh getting rid of something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think Oh getting rid of something
+that's special it actually no you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's special it actually no you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's special it actually no you're
+generalizing the entire area it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing the entire area it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing the entire area it's saying
+we can forget about it because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can forget about it because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can forget about it because they're
+all good all right so given that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good all right so given that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all good all right so given that we are
+set to do this problem it we have pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to do this problem it we have pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to do this problem it we have pretty
+reasonable amount of time considering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of time considering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable amount of time considering
+that we don't have to do a sobs it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have to do a sobs it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have to do a sobs it's
+great so our first example is a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so our first example is a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great so our first example is a sort of
+one of those stem reading lights that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those stem reading lights that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those stem reading lights that
+you sort of have it on the stand and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of have it on the stand and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sort of have it on the stand and you
+can like adjust the little light bulb up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like adjust the little light bulb up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can like adjust the little light bulb up
+or down it is a in it's an incandescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down it is a in it's an incandescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or down it is a in it's an incandescent
+bulb it has a height of 11 inches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb it has a height of 11 inches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bulb it has a height of 11 inches and
+it's got a flat base it's electric it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a flat base it's electric it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got a flat base it's electric it's
+got a shade and it's a hit it's a hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a shade and it's a hit it's a hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a shade and it's a hit it's a hit a
+positive example plus it's good so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive example plus it's good so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive example plus it's good so right
+away we know that we can only use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away we know that we can only use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away we know that we can only use the
+esses or the G's the G's we can only use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esses or the G's the G's we can only use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+esses or the G's the G's we can only use
+the G's because it's a hit so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G's because it's a hit so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the G's because it's a hit so we're
+not gonna be requiring we're not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be requiring we're not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not gonna be requiring we're not gonna
+be forbidding today we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be forbidding today we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be forbidding today we're going to be
+happy and using in generalizer so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and using in generalizer so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and using in generalizer so I'll
+help do the first one you guys will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help do the first one you guys will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help do the first one you guys will help
+me do the next one or someone can say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do the next one or someone can say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me do the next one or someone can say we
+didn't cover this and I'll do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't cover this and I'll do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't cover this and I'll do all of
+them but I'll do the first one and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I'll do the first one and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but I'll do the first one and we'll
+stop but so we've got an incandescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop but so we've got an incandescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop but so we've got an incandescent
+light that's the same as our model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that's the same as our model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light that's the same as our model where
+we've got a height of 11 inches oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a height of 11 inches oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a height of 11 inches oh I'm
+not only covers 24 flat base that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only covers 24 flat base that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only covers 24 flat base that's the
+same as our model electricity same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as our model electricity same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as our model electricity same as
+our model shade same as our models so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model shade same as our models so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our model shade same as our models so I
+say the only difference is the height I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the only difference is the height I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the only difference is the height I
+say we need to close the interval closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we need to close the interval closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we need to close the interval closed
+interval and I say that our model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and I say that our model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval and I say that our model is
+model is same as before except for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is same as before except for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is same as before except for that
+height it is an element of 11 to 24 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height it is an element of 11 to 24 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height it is an element of 11 to 24 all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+simple enough I picked the easy one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple enough I picked the easy one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple enough I picked the easy one for
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+next one so this one is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah this one is going to be the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this one is going to be the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah this one is going to be the picture
+here didn't turn out but it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here didn't turn out but it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here didn't turn out but it's basically
+a lamp that doesn't have a shade it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lamp that doesn't have a shade it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lamp that doesn't have a shade it just
+sort of has the light sort of shining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has the light sort of shining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of has the light sort of shining
+shining on you so it is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining on you so it is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining on you so it is a positive
+example its incandescent height equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example its incandescent height equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example its incandescent height equals
+11.5 flat base and electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so first of all which kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so first of all which kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so first of all which kind
+would we use stresses on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we use stresses on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we use stresses on the
+specializing or generalizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializing or generalizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specializing or generalizing
+generalizing and particularly anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing and particularly anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalizing and particularly anyone
+want to take a look at our model which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a look at our model which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to take a look at our model which
+is the starting model except for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the starting model except for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the starting model except for that
+the height can go 11 to 24 what which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height can go 11 to 24 what which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height can go 11 to 24 what which
+heuristic do we need to use here all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic do we need to use here all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic do we need to use here all
+right so people are all saying drop-link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so people are all saying drop-link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so people are all saying drop-link
+yes that's right someone said extend set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right someone said extend set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's right someone said extend set
+well I suppose we could extend the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I suppose we could extend the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I suppose we could extend the set
+to shade it or not shade but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shade it or not shade but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shade it or not shade but that's
+everything so drop-link is the answer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so drop-link is the answer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything so drop-link is the answer we
+can drop the shade shade or no shade or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop the shade shade or no shade or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can drop the shade shade or no shade or
+not this is still pretty much a lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is still pretty much a lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is still pretty much a lamp
+so that's correct we drop link so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's correct we drop link so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's correct we drop link so the
+model alright there's been enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model alright there's been enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model alright there's been enough
+changes to it I think I'll write it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to it I think I'll write it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes to it I think I'll write it out
+again the model is incandescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+incandescent height equals an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent height equals an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent height equals an element
+from 11 to 24 and flat face an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 11 to 24 and flat face an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 11 to 24 and flat face an
+electricity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good stop
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you're the same thing except for it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're the same thing except for it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're the same thing except for it's
+tough for that there's one that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough for that there's one that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tough for that there's one that's the
+same with no shades and isn't izzy is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same with no shades and isn't izzy is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same with no shades and isn't izzy is a
+mere miss or something so that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mere miss or something so that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mere miss or something so that you need
+to or you're on site you're saying what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or you're on site you're saying what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to or you're on site you're saying what
+if there's one that has a shade now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's one that has a shade now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's one that has a shade now
+that's a near miss and so it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a near miss and so it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a near miss and so it would
+probably try to forbid link shades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably try to forbid link shades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably try to forbid link shades
+that's sort of the question or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the question or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sort of the question or you're
+right the system is that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the system is that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the system is that's an
+inconsistency in the data the system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency in the data the system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistency in the data the system is
+very fragile it's very fragile too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fragile it's very fragile too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fragile it's very fragile too
+ordering in particular and um I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering in particular and um I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering in particular and um I mean
+you'd be surprised how awesomeness this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be surprised how awesomeness this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd be surprised how awesomeness this
+does uh considering that it was made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh considering that it was made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does uh considering that it was made in
+like the sixties like it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sixties like it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the sixties like it's pretty
+impressive stuff but is old we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive stuff but is old we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive stuff but is old we're not
+saying that this is a way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this is a way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that this is a way that you
+should do all of your learning nowadays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do all of your learning nowadays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do all of your learning nowadays
+because it has some serious issues but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has some serious issues but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has some serious issues but
+um it's it's old but it's pretty damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's old but it's pretty damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's it's old but it's pretty damn
+good for what it did a newer style of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for what it did a newer style of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for what it did a newer style of
+this kind of learning made by me and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of learning made by me and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of learning made by me and
+another friend who's now working at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another friend who's now working at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another friend who's now working at
+Google is a lattice learning which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google is a lattice learning which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google is a lattice learning which has
+his own share of issues one of which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own share of issues one of which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his own share of issues one of which is
+that since it's trying to act like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since it's trying to act like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since it's trying to act like a
+little kid at first it tries to claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kid at first it tries to claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little kid at first it tries to claim
+that everything is okay until you show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is okay until you show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everything is okay until you show
+it some good negative examples but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some good negative examples but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some good negative examples but very
+particularly one way gets around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly one way gets around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly one way gets around this
+problem is it's not memoryless it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is it's not memoryless it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is it's not memoryless it in
+fact stores all the examples it's ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact stores all the examples it's ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact stores all the examples it's ever
+seen and compares and contrasts them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and compares and contrasts them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen and compares and contrasts them to
+what it sees in the new in the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it sees in the new in the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it sees in the new in the new
+example and this allows it to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and this allows it to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and this allows it to say
+something like let's say you can teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like let's say you can teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like let's say you can teach
+it what can fly in lattice learning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what can fly in lattice learning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it what can fly in lattice learning you
+say all right well bluej can fly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right well bluej can fly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say all right well bluej can fly it's
+like and and then if you ask it can a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and and then if you ask it can a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like and and then if you ask it can a
+caliph I sure Kyle jumped over the moon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caliph I sure Kyle jumped over the moon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caliph I sure Kyle jumped over the moon
+everything can fly so that's its problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything can fly so that's its problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything can fly so that's its problem
+if you say actually cow that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say actually cow that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say actually cow that was a
+nursery rhyme a cow cannot in fact fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursery rhyme a cow cannot in fact fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nursery rhyme a cow cannot in fact fly
+it will then say only birds can fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will then say only birds can fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will then say only birds can fly
+because it remembers that the bluej can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it remembers that the bluej can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it remembers that the bluej can
+fly and then you can eventually say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly and then you can eventually say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly and then you can eventually say well
+actually bats can fly uproot back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bats can fly uproot back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually bats can fly uproot back and
+fly oh okay so chiroptera pnes can fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly oh okay so chiroptera pnes can fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly oh okay so chiroptera pnes can fly
+and burn to fly but that's it and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burn to fly but that's it and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burn to fly but that's it and you
+can give it some other examples but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give it some other examples but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give it some other examples but
+there are other spells of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other spells of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are other spells of learning
+you're absolutely right in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're absolutely right in fact if
+there's a multiple choice asking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a multiple choice asking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a multiple choice asking you
+about like the strengths and weaknesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the strengths and weaknesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like the strengths and weaknesses
+of arch learning one of the weaknesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arch learning one of the weaknesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arch learning one of the weaknesses
+it's very vulnerable to ordering of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very vulnerable to ordering of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very vulnerable to ordering of what
+you teach it it can look but think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you teach it it can look but think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you teach it it can look but think about
+it if our first example was one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if our first example was one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if our first example was one that's
+exactly the same as this but with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as this but with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same as this but with a
+shape with a shade and it was a Miss the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape with a shade and it was a Miss the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape with a shade and it was a Miss the
+system would just yell at you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would just yell at you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system would just yell at you like
+you're kind of being an to it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of being an to it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of being an to it to
+give it to things that are inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to things that are inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it to things that are inconsistent
+you might say in the real world that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say in the real world that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say in the real world that
+happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens
+well arts learning not great with real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well arts learning not great with real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well arts learning not great with real
+world messy data it just it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world messy data it just it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world messy data it just it goes
+ballistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballistic
+it's very OCD wants everything to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very OCD wants everything to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very OCD wants everything to match
+up if it gets to things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if it gets to things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up if it gets to things that are
+inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inconsistent
+it'll just yell at you it's like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just yell at you it's like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just yell at you it's like you're
+wrong this is this can't be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong this is this can't be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong this is this can't be true
+because you said it's okay with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you said it's okay with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you said it's okay with the
+shade so that's a very good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade so that's a very good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade so that's a very good question
+another question to the model and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question to the model and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question to the model and it's
+in dear Miss and I'm sorry to cut you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dear Miss and I'm sorry to cut you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in dear Miss and I'm sorry to cut you
+off we based on timing I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off we based on timing I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off we based on timing I'm just going to
+say whatever you said afterwards doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whatever you said afterwards doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say whatever you said afterwards doesn't
+apply due to the fact at that point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply due to the fact at that point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply due to the fact at that point it's
+not a near miss it's very important it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a near miss it's very important it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a near miss it's very important it's
+only in your miss if there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in your miss if there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only in your miss if there's only one
+change otherwise it's just a miss and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change otherwise it's just a miss and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change otherwise it's just a miss and if
+it's a miss with more than one change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a miss with more than one change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a miss with more than one change
+you're probably gonna say how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably gonna say how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably gonna say how do you
+know what to change the answer is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to change the answer is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to change the answer is you
+can't change anything because any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change anything because any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't change anything because any of
+them could have been what was wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them could have been what was wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them could have been what was wrong
+that's why for hit oh it can have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why for hit oh it can have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why for hit oh it can have as
+many differences as you want you'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many differences as you want you'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many differences as you want you'll just
+generalize them all from Miss it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize them all from Miss it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize them all from Miss it can
+only have one thing different in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one thing different in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have one thing different in fact
+there might be one here that's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be one here that's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be one here that's not in
+your miss and you just say oh we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your miss and you just say oh we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your miss and you just say oh we don't
+do anything we'll keep going we'll night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything we'll keep going we'll night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do anything we'll keep going we'll night
+see it if we have time so question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it if we have time so question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it if we have time so question
+ordering is a factor for this your thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering is a factor for this your thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordering is a factor for this your thing
+and you encounter a item which has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you encounter a item which has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you encounter a item which has two
+discrepancies in values but is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies in values but is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancies in values but is
+eventually but if the ordering were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually but if the ordering were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually but if the ordering were
+different such that that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different such that that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different such that that would be
+accountable like deliver be turned back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable like deliver be turned back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accountable like deliver be turned back
+so today's lesson how you not hear this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lesson how you not hear this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so today's lesson how you not hear this
+can you hold onto it and use it later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you hold onto it and use it later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you hold onto it and use it later
+when it would be in your mince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it would be in your mince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it would be in your mince the
+answer is nope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is nope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is nope
+if we're going here for a system that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going here for a system that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're going here for a system that
+doesn't remember things you can put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't remember things you can put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't remember things you can put in
+some clutches that definitely makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clutches that definitely makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clutches that definitely makes it
+smarter it uses odds data but we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter it uses odds data but we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smarter it uses odds data but we want
+Patrick in the 60s making this up strove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick in the 60s making this up strove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Patrick in the 60s making this up strove
+for elegance and the elegant solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for elegance and the elegant solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for elegance and the elegant solution is
+let's just be memory less completely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just be memory less completely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just be memory less completely the
+idea being well little babies don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea being well little babies don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea being well little babies don't
+can't tell you ever experience they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you ever experience they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell you ever experience they had
+with playing with blocks with an arch so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with playing with blocks with an arch so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with playing with blocks with an arch so
+let's remember nothing with lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's remember nothing with lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's remember nothing with lattice
+learning our idea is that people sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning our idea is that people sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning our idea is that people sort of
+somewhere in the subconscious maybe do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the subconscious maybe do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the subconscious maybe do
+store all the examples or at least a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store all the examples or at least a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store all the examples or at least a lot
+more than you give them credit for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you give them credit for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you give them credit for so
+why not store them but with arch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not store them but with arch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not store them but with arch
+learning it's little babies can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's little babies can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's little babies can't tell
+you oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you oh yeah
+there's at one time I played with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at one time I played with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's at one time I played with a
+block or I played with a lamp and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block or I played with a lamp and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block or I played with a lamp and it
+didn't have a shade and so it wasn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a shade and so it wasn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a shade and so it wasn't a
+lamp or something like that they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp or something like that they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp or something like that they're not
+going to be able to store it they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to store it they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to store it they're not
+gonna be able to save it for later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be able to save it for later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be able to save it for later
+it really really in sort of installed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really really in sort of installed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really really in sort of installed
+Turing who believed a human would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turing who believed a human would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turing who believed a human would be a
+teacher to a computer arch learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher to a computer arch learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teacher to a computer arch learning
+really focuses on the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focuses on the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really focuses on the fact that the
+human is a kind and good teacher who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human is a kind and good teacher who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human is a kind and good teacher who
+offers examples that are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers examples that are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers examples that are exactly
+appropriate at a time and that puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate at a time and that puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate at a time and that puts a
+lot of pressure on you as the trainer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of pressure on you as the trainer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of pressure on you as the trainer of
+a large learning system good questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large learning system good questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large learning system good questions
+all let's continue working this guy out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let's continue working this guy out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let's continue working this guy out
+so the next example is basically another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next example is basically another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next example is basically another
+one of these scan lamps it's got a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these scan lamps it's got a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these scan lamps it's got a light
+shining down which is fluorescent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining down which is fluorescent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shining down which is fluorescent it
+looks like this it's fluorescent height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this it's fluorescent height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this it's fluorescent height
+equals 13 inches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flat base electric shade okay and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat base electric shade okay and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flat base electric shade okay and yeah
+as I put here it's a it's a hit so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I put here it's a it's a hit so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I put here it's a it's a hit so as
+you guys have told me countless times so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have told me countless times so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys have told me countless times so
+I believe you remember we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe you remember we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe you remember we're going to
+generalize for the hit so what should we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize for the hit so what should we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize for the hit so what should we
+do here so some people are staying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here so some people are staying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do here so some people are staying
+extend set the people who are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend set the people who are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend set the people who are saying
+climb tree are correct why do we climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb tree are correct why do we climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climb tree are correct why do we climb
+to extend extend set because of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extend extend set because of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extend extend set because of the fact
+that it's a tree not a set and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a tree not a set and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a tree not a set and it is
+more parsimonious to climb the tree than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more parsimonious to climb the tree than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more parsimonious to climb the tree than
+it is to treat it as a set and extend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to treat it as a set and extend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is to treat it as a set and extend
+the set sets don't have a hierarchy it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set sets don't have a hierarchy it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set sets don't have a hierarchy it's
+just like red comma blue color yellow or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like red comma blue color yellow or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like red comma blue color yellow or
+shade common not shade whenever you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade common not shade whenever you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade common not shade whenever you have
+a tree it's a fact that it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree it's a fact that it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tree it's a fact that it's more
+parsimonious to just climb it than it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious to just climb it than it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious to just climb it than it is
+to treat it as a set and extend it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat it as a set and extend it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat it as a set and extend it even
+though you couldn't do that I suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you couldn't do that I suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though you couldn't do that I suppose
+and arts learning its parsimonious its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arts learning its parsimonious its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arts learning its parsimonious its
+elegant it's simple and the elegant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant it's simple and the elegant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant it's simple and the elegant
+thing to do just climb up so yes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do just climb up so yes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to do just climb up so yes we're
+going to climb up the tree so our model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to climb up the tree so our model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to climb up the tree so our model
+is same as last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same as last time except that this time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as last time except that this time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as last time except that this time
+it has a light source instead of as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a light source instead of as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a light source instead of as
+light stores instead of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light stores instead of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light stores instead of saying
+incandescent it just planted the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent it just planted the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent it just planted the lights
+are sure all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sure all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sure all right
+so the next one is pretty cool it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next one is pretty cool it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the next one is pretty cool it's
+another one of those fluorescent shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of those fluorescent shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one of those fluorescent shine
+down lamps but in space it has like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down lamps but in space it has like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down lamps but in space it has like a
+tripod with three legs and those legs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod with three legs and those legs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tripod with three legs and those legs
+all have wheels so it is also a hit so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have wheels so it is also a hit so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have wheels so it is also a hit so
+it is fluorescent height equals 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is fluorescent height equals 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is fluorescent height equals 14
+inches we old legs and electric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches we old legs and electric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches we old legs and electric so
+obviously we're generalizing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're generalizing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we're generalizing what
+heuristic we'll use this time climb tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic we'll use this time climb tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heuristic we'll use this time climb tree
+again that's right we're going to climb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's right we're going to climb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's right we're going to climb
+from flat base to base support itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flat base to base support itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flat base to base support itself
+because wheeled legs and flat base base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because wheeled legs and flat base base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because wheeled legs and flat base base
+support is an ancestor of both so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support is an ancestor of both so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support is an ancestor of both so our
+model is the same as before but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is the same as before but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is the same as before but this
+point has changed enough that I might as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point has changed enough that I might as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point has changed enough that I might as
+well write it out so we'll see that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well write it out so we'll see that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well write it out so we'll see that it
+is light source height between 11 and 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is light source height between 11 and 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is light source height between 11 and 24
+inches base support some sort of support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches base support some sort of support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inches base support some sort of support
+and a letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awesome
+now come on parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah no back up you there we go so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah no back up you there we go so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah no back up you there we go so that
+down there don't get confused that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there don't get confused that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down there don't get confused that down
+there's our most recent model we now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our most recent model we now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's our most recent model we now
+have Oh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Oh oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Oh oops
+Kiki um okay I actually missed one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kiki um okay I actually missed one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kiki um okay I actually missed one of
+the examples however we were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples however we were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the examples however we were actually
+completely correct which gives away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely correct which gives away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely correct which gives away
+quite a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot
+we had a miss incandescent bulb back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a miss incandescent bulb back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a miss incandescent bulb back in
+the old days when incandescent was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days when incandescent was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old days when incandescent was the
+only kind of light we had um height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only kind of light we had um height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only kind of light we had um height
+equals 60 inches flat back in the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 60 inches flat back in the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 60 inches flat back in the old
+days when flat was only when we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when flat was only when we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days when flat was only when we had
+electric back in the old days when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric back in the old days when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric back in the old days when we
+had electric and we also have shade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had electric and we also have shade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had electric and we also have shade
+after we've dropped the link for shade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we've dropped the link for shade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we've dropped the link for shade
+so we know that shade or not shade are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that shade or not shade are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that shade or not shade are
+both okay so the question is what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay so the question is what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both okay so the question is what do we
+do first of all do we specialize or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do first of all do we specialize or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do first of all do we specialize or
+generalize with this miss so obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize with this miss so obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize with this miss so obviously
+we're only going to be able to require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to be able to require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to be able to require
+for bid so standardly traditionally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bid so standardly traditionally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bid so standardly traditionally the
+answer would be nothing how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer would be nothing how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer would be nothing how are we
+accepted as sane the possibility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted as sane the possibility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accepted as sane the possibility that
+you might put a require onto the height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might put a require onto the height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might put a require onto the height
+some students did that like say oh gosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students did that like say oh gosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students did that like say oh gosh
+well that's it that's a hard set 11 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's it that's a hard set 11 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's it that's a hard set 11 to
+24 but that's not what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 but that's not what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+24 but that's not what you would
+normally do so just to show that we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally do so just to show that we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally do so just to show that we try
+to understand that there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand that there might be
+multiple ideas in a weird situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ideas in a weird situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ideas in a weird situation
+we did get except that that one time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did get except that that one time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did get except that that one time but
+generally there's not anything you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there's not anything you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally there's not anything you have
+to do this is the system at the time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is the system at the time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this is the system at the time and
+still now set 11 to 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still now set 11 to 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still now set 11 to 24
+this is spookily exactly the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is spookily exactly the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is spookily exactly the correct
+place where the example would go but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the example would go but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where the example would go but you
+don't have to do anything to the model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do anything to the model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to do anything to the model
+you don't have to use any heuristics ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to use any heuristics ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to use any heuristics ok
+so last step the question is a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok it only the first one no first by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok it only the first one no first by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok it only the first one no first by a
+lot it actually do beer as we did it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot it actually do beer as we did it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot it actually do beer as we did it it
+would be any recipe no it doesn't in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be any recipe no it doesn't in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be any recipe no it doesn't in
+different than light source height is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than light source height is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than light source height is
+different than height flat is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than height flat is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than height flat is different
+than base support so uh variety gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than base support so uh variety gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than base support so uh variety gave a
+huge number and ok here's a question if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number and ok here's a question if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge number and ok here's a question if
+even though on the tape on the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though on the tape on the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though on the tape on the tree
+incandescent is a child it is a child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent is a child it is a child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent is a child it is a child
+branch off the branching off hook light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch off the branching off hook light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch off the branching off hook light
+source if we instead encountered a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source if we instead encountered a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source if we instead encountered a
+because our current model says like come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our current model says like come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our current model says like come
+a look not okay instead we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look not okay instead we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look not okay instead we got a
+negative thing that said fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative thing that said fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative thing that said fluorescent
+again would that be considered about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would that be considered about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again would that be considered about a
+near-miss because for us at the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near-miss because for us at the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near-miss because for us at the first
+lectures um so listen would it not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures um so listen would it not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures um so listen would it not be
+considered a near-miss if you had say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a near-miss if you had say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered a near-miss if you had say
+fluorescent and rather than light source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent and rather than light source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent and rather than light source
+because fluorescent differs from light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fluorescent differs from light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because fluorescent differs from light
+source so the answer there is um well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so the answer there is um well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source so the answer there is um well
+sure it is memoryless it doesn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it is memoryless it doesn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it is memoryless it doesn't know
+that fluorescent used to be a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fluorescent used to be a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fluorescent used to be a positive
+example before unfortunately let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example before unfortunately let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example before unfortunately let's say
+we did have an example that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did have an example that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did have an example that was
+fluorescent height is an element of 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent height is an element of 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent height is an element of 11
+to 20 for base support electric but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 for base support electric but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 20 for base support electric but
+actually let's say we have on a sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's say we have on a sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually let's say we have on a sodium
+vapour height is 13 sodium vapour height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapour height is 13 sodium vapour height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vapour height is 13 sodium vapour height
+is 13 base support for some reason it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 13 base support for some reason it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 13 base support for some reason it
+was base it was called base apart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was base it was called base apart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was base it was called base apart and
+electric that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric that's
+possible right we haven't seen a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible right we haven't seen a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible right we haven't seen a
+positive the sodium-vapor let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the sodium-vapor let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive the sodium-vapor let's say the
+sodium-vapor was not allowed if we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium-vapor was not allowed if we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium-vapor was not allowed if we don't
+say that that's in your miss and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that's in your miss and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that that's in your miss and then
+forbid link sodium-vapor how are we ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid link sodium-vapor how are we ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid link sodium-vapor how are we ever
+going to get rid of studying vapor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get rid of studying vapor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get rid of studying vapor
+unfortunately because of that we lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately because of that we lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately because of that we lose
+some we lose some amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some we lose some amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some we lose some amount of
+expressiveness it's actually um your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressiveness it's actually um your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressiveness it's actually um your
+what you're saying is very logical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying is very logical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying is very logical and
+make sense that you would want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that you would want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense that you would want to have
+the ability to say okay this is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to say okay this is a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability to say okay this is a subset
+this should be okay but unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be okay but unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be okay but unfortunately
+because of that we climb the tree even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that we climb the tree even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that we climb the tree even
+when we haven't seen a positive example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we haven't seen a positive example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we haven't seen a positive example
+for all things in the bottom on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all things in the bottom on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all things in the bottom on that
+tree we actually lose that ability it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we actually lose that ability it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree we actually lose that ability it's
+a trade-off it's a it is most certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade-off it's a it is most certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trade-off it's a it is most certainly
+a weakness of Irish learning that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weakness of Irish learning that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weakness of Irish learning that you
+have pointed out here lattice learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pointed out here lattice learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have pointed out here lattice learning
+fixes that but it has its own it has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes that but it has its own it has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixes that but it has its own it has its
+own problems so you're right that you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own problems so you're right that you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own problems so you're right that you'd
+want to be able to do that but you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to do that but you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be able to do that but you can't
+because it's memoryless so last but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's memoryless so last but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's memoryless so last but not
+least which model would we present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least which model would we present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least which model would we present in
+order to teach the system right now from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to teach the system right now from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to teach the system right now from
+its final system that a lamp requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its final system that a lamp requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its final system that a lamp requires a
+base support so we need to be required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base support so we need to be required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base support so we need to be required
+link for a base for the base support so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link for a base for the base support so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link for a base for the base support so
+really fast incandescent bulb with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast incandescent bulb with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fast incandescent bulb with a
+height of six a flat base and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of six a flat base and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of six a flat base and
+electricity would that do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity would that do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity would that do it
+incandescent bulb with a height of eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent bulb with a height of eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent bulb with a height of eight
+and a battery incandescent bulb with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a battery incandescent bulb with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a battery incandescent bulb with a
+height of 12 wire support and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of 12 wire support and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+height of 12 wire support and
+electricity oh yeah by the way this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity oh yeah by the way this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity oh yeah by the way this will
+have to be amiss to teach you require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be amiss to teach you require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be amiss to teach you require
+fluorescent bulb height of twenty one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent bulb height of twenty one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent bulb height of twenty one
+clamp base and electricity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp base and electricity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp base and electricity or
+incandescent bulb height of twelve flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent bulb height of twelve flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incandescent bulb height of twelve flat
+bottom legs and electricity so did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom legs and electricity so did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom legs and electricity so did
+anyone pick that out over the fasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone pick that out over the fasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone pick that out over the fasted
+miss of me saying it because Ottawa is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss of me saying it because Ottawa is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss of me saying it because Ottawa is
+gonna want to come in question or answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna want to come in question or answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna want to come in question or answer
+hmm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so I know fast you can look through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I know fast you can look through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so I know fast you can look through
+quiz 2007 final because Saturday is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz 2007 final because Saturday is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz 2007 final because Saturday is
+going to come in a minute but it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come in a minute but it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come in a minute but it would
+be a miss on the one that was correct on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a miss on the one that was correct on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a miss on the one that was correct on
+everything except for it was a wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except for it was a wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything except for it was a wire
+support then the question you have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support then the question you have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support then the question you have is
+wait a minute it says incandescent ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute it says incandescent ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wait a minute it says incandescent ball
+that is now a subset of light source you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is now a subset of light source you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is now a subset of light source you
+have his question again the answer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have his question again the answer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have his question again the answer to
+that is they must have decided they must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they must have decided they must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is they must have decided they must
+have decided here that that was okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have decided here that that was okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have decided here that that was okay but
+on the other hand how would it learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand how would it learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand how would it learn
+sodium vapor if that if that wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium vapor if that if that wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium vapor if that if that wasn't
+decided to be okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to be okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to be okay
+that's going to have to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to have to be an
+implementation detail so one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation detail so one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation detail so one thing you
+can do is try to treat subsets as okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is try to treat subsets as okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is try to treat subsets as okay
+in the logical way because questions may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the logical way because questions may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the logical way because questions may
+do that and then I guess you've lost the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and then I guess you've lost the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and then I guess you've lost the
+ability to forbid say sodium vapor so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to forbid say sodium vapor so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to forbid say sodium vapor so
+you have to lose one or the other I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to lose one or the other I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to lose one or the other I
+think you're definitely okay to ask TAS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're definitely okay to ask TAS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you're definitely okay to ask TAS
+or someone who's proctoring if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or someone who's proctoring if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or someone who's proctoring if a
+situation like that comes up which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like that comes up which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation like that comes up which
+implementation detail is chosen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation detail is chosen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation detail is chosen because
+you could choose either when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could choose either when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could choose either when you're
+running arch learning
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/J6rzqMwDUmM.txt b/J6rzqMwDUmM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..325692a51da867a7f81f7d44789e4fb1bd3e1f15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/J6rzqMwDUmM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+We are given the combinational circuit shown
+here consisting of an inverter, an AND gate,
+
+an exclusive OR gate, and a multiplexor.
+
+We are also provided with the contamination
+and propagation delays for each of the components
+
+in the circuit.
+
+We are then asked to determine the contamination
+delay and propagation delay for the entire
+
+circuit.
+
+The propagation delay of a circuit is defined
+as the longest delay that can occur from when
+
+the inputs changed to when the output becomes
+stable.
+
+In order to calculate the propagation delay
+of a circuit, we need to identify the path
+
+from input to output whose sum of the propagation
+delays is the largest.
+
+For this circuit, the longest delay path is
+through the exclusive or gate and the multiplexor.
+
+The sum of the propagation delay across these
+2 gates is 2.1 + 1.5 = 3.6 ns.
+
+The contamination delay of a circuit is defined
+as the shortest delay from when the inputs
+
+change to when the outputs begin to change,
+or when the outputs are no longer guaranteed
+
+to be holding their previous stable value.
+
+In order to calculate the contamination delay,
+we find the path whose sum of the contamination
+
+delays is the least.
+
+For this circuit, the shortest path is from
+input A through the selector of the multiplexor.
+
+So the contamination delay for this circuit
+is equal to the contamination delay of the
+
+multiplexor which equals 0.2 ns.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JMrFgnqSS0w.txt b/JMrFgnqSS0w.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c5e74036422c5337167d4a13da6e73ffa345c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JMrFgnqSS0w.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9424 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu today we are introducing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we are introducing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu today we are introducing an
+exciting new pledge in 6034 anyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting new pledge in 6034 anyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting new pledge in 6034 anyone who
+has already looked at any of the neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already looked at any of the neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already looked at any of the neural
+net problems will have easily been able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net problems will have easily been able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net problems will have easily been able
+to see that even though Patrick only has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that even though Patrick only has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that even though Patrick only has
+them back up to 2006 now there still are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back up to 2006 now there still are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them back up to 2006 now there still are
+well out of four tests perhaps two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well out of four tests perhaps two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well out of four tests perhaps two or
+three different ways that the noral Nets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different ways that the noral Nets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different ways that the noral Nets
+were drawn our exciting new pledge is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were drawn our exciting new pledge is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were drawn our exciting new pledge is we
+are going to draw them in a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to draw them in a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to draw them in a particular
+way this year and I will show you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this year and I will show you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way this year and I will show you which
+way assuming that this works yes we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way assuming that this works yes we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way assuming that this works yes we are
+going to draw them like the way on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw them like the way on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw them like the way on the
+right the one on the left is the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the one on the left is the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the one on the left is the same as
+the one on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one on the right
+at first not having had me explain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first not having had me explain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first not having had me explain the
+um difference between the two of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difference between the two of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um difference between the two of them
+you might think you want the one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think you want the one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might think you want the one on the
+left but you really want the one on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left but you really want the one on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left but you really want the one on the
+right and I'll explain why the 2007 quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'll explain why the 2007 quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I'll explain why the 2007 quiz
+was drawn roughly similarly to this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was drawn roughly similarly to this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was drawn roughly similarly to this also
+if you somehow wind up in tutorial or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you somehow wind up in tutorial or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you somehow wind up in tutorial or
+somewhere else doing one of the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else doing one of the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere else doing one of the older
+quizzes a lot of them were drawn exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes a lot of them were drawn exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes a lot of them were drawn exactly
+like this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in this
+representation one thing I really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation one thing I really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation one thing I really don't
+like is that the inputs are called X's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is that the inputs are called X's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is that the inputs are called X's
+and the outputs are called y's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outputs are called y's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outputs are called y's but
+like there's two x's so the inputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's two x's so the inputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's two x's so the inputs are
+not X and Y and then they often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X and Y and then they often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not X and Y and then they often
+correspond to axes of a graph and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to axes of a graph and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to axes of a graph and then
+people get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people get
+confused additional um issues that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused additional um issues that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused additional um issues that many
+people have are the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have are the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have are the fact that the
+summation and multi the multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation and multi the multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summation and multi the multiplication
+with the weight is implied the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the weight is implied the weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the weight is implied the weights
+are written on the edges where outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are written on the edges where outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are written on the edges where outputs
+and inputs go and the summation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inputs go and the summation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inputs go and the summation of the
+two inputs into the node are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs into the node are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two inputs into the node are also
+implied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implied
+but take a look here this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but take a look here this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but take a look here this is the same
+net these um these W's here would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net these um these W's here would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net these um these W's here would be the
+W's that are um these W's here would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's that are um these W's here would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's that are um these W's here would be
+the W's that are written into um onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W's that are written into um onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the W's that are written into um onto
+these lines are here actually the better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines are here actually the better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lines are here actually the better
+way to draw it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to draw it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to draw it would
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+like see better way to draw it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like see better way to draw it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like see better way to draw it would be
+like so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so
+since each of these can have their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each of these can have their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since each of these can have their own
+W which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different so each of the W's that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so each of the W's that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different so each of the W's that are
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+here are being explicitly sent through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are being explicitly sent through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are being explicitly sent through a
+multiplier whereas here you just had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier whereas here you just had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier whereas here you just had to
+remember to multiply The Weight by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to multiply The Weight by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember to multiply The Weight by the
+input that was coming by here you see an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that was coming by here you see an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input that was coming by here you see an
+input comes to a multiplier you multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input comes to a multiplier you multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input comes to a multiplier you multiply
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+weight then once you've multiplied all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight then once you've multiplied all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight then once you've multiplied all
+the inputs by the weight you send them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs by the weight you send them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inputs by the weight you send them
+through a sum that's the sigma is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a sum that's the sigma is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a sum that's the sigma is just a
+sum you sum them add them all up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum you sum them add them all up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum you sum them add them all up
+together send the result of that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together send the result of that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together send the result of that into
+the sigmoid function our old buddy 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigmoid function our old buddy 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sigmoid function our old buddy 1
+over 1 plus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 plus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 plus e
+negative whatever our input was with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative whatever our input was with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative whatever our input was with a
+weight for an offset and then we send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight for an offset and then we send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight for an offset and then we send
+the result of that into more multipliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of that into more multipliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result of that into more multipliers
+with more weights more sums more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more weights more sums more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with more weights more sums more
+sigin so this is how it's going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigin so this is how it's going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigin so this is how it's going to look
+like on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like on the
+quiz and this is a conversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and this is a conversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and this is a conversion
+guide from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guide from
+version you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you
+know. n beta into version 1.0 so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. n beta into version 1.0 so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know. n beta into version 1.0 so if you
+see something that looks like this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something that looks like this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see something that looks like this on
+one of the old quizzes that you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the old quizzes that you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the old quizzes that you're doing
+see if you can convert it and then solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can convert it and then solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if you can convert it and then solve
+the problem chances are if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem chances are if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem chances are if you can
+convert it you're probably going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fine so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll start off not only with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start off not only with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start off not only with this
+conversion guide but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also yeah I'll leave that up here also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yeah I'll leave that up here also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yeah I'll leave that up here also
+we're going I'm going to work out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going I'm going to work out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going I'm going to work out the
+formula for you guys one more time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for you guys one more time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for you guys one more time the
+these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the
+formula that you're going to need on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that you're going to need on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that you're going to need on the
+quiz and then we're going to decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and then we're going to decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz and then we're going to decide what
+will change in the formula if and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change in the formula if and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will change in the formula if and this
+is a very likely if there seems to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very likely if there seems to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very likely if there seems to be a
+good amount of times that this happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good amount of times that this happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good amount of times that this happens
+if the um the sigmoid function in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the um the sigmoid function in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the um the sigmoid function in those
+neurons up there was ever changed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons up there was ever changed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons up there was ever changed into
+some other kind of function H it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind of function H it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other kind of function H it's
+changed into a plus already in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed into a plus already in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed into a plus already in the
+problem we're about to do people change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're about to do people change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we're about to do people change
+it all the time into some Bizarro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time into some Bizarro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it all the time into some Bizarro
+function I've seen arct tangent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I've seen arct tangent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I've seen arct tangent I
+think so here we go let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so here we go let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so here we go let's look at the
+formula first of all sigmoid well our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula first of all sigmoid well our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula first of all sigmoid well our
+old buddy sigmoid I just said it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old buddy sigmoid I just said it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old buddy sigmoid I just said it a
+moment ago sigmoid is 1/ 1 + e-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+x also fun fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x also fun fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x also fun fact about
+sigmoid um the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigmoid of sigmoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+itself uh the derivative of sigmoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is um let's say that the sigmoid we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um let's say that the sigmoid we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um let's say that the sigmoid we
+we'll just turn sigmoid into like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just turn sigmoid into like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just turn sigmoid into like the
+letter say y y is the result right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter say y y is the result right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter say y y is the result right so if
+you say y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say y
+= 1 / 1 + e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tox then the derivative of sigmoid is y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tox then the derivative of sigmoid is y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tox then the derivative of sigmoid is y
+* 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+y you you can also write out the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you you can also write out the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y you you can also write out the whole
+nasty thing it's 1 over 1+ e x * 1 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty thing it's 1 over 1+ e x * 1 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty thing it's 1 over 1+ e x * 1 - 1
+over 1+ e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1+ e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1+ e
+tox it's a nice property of sigmoid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tox it's a nice property of sigmoid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tox it's a nice property of sigmoid it's
+going to be important for us in the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important for us in the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be important for us in the very
+near future and that future begins now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near future and that future begins now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near future and that future begins now
+now um so now the performance function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so now the performance function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now um so now the performance function
+this is the function we use to tell our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the function we use to tell our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the function we use to tell our
+um neural Nets when they inevitably act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neural Nets when they inevitably act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um neural Nets when they inevitably act
+up and give us really crappy results uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and give us really crappy results uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and give us really crappy results uh
+at first uh we tell them how just how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first uh we tell them how just how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first uh we tell them how just how
+wrong they are with our performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong they are with our performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong they are with our performance
+function the performance function can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the performance function can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function the performance function can be
+any sane function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sane function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sane function
+that gives you a um that gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a um that gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you a um that gives you a
+better score where better can be decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better score where better can be decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better score where better can be decided
+is lower or higher if you feel like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower or higher if you feel like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower or higher if you feel like it
+um but gives you a better score if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but gives you a better score if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but gives you a better score if your
+answers are closer to the answer you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers are closer to the answer you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers are closer to the answer you're
+looking for uh however in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for uh however in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for uh however in this
+case we have with a very sneaky for very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have with a very sneaky for very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we have with a very sneaky for very
+sneaky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneaky
+reason uh chosen the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason uh chosen the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason uh chosen the performance
+function to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+12 D which is the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 D which is the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 D which is the desired
+output minus o the actual output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared so we want a small um well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so we want a small um well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared so we want a small um well it's
+negative so we want a small negative or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so we want a small negative or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so we want a small negative or
+zero that would mean we performed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that would mean we performed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero that would mean we performed
+well so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so why
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+well the main reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the main reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the main reason
+is uh DDX of performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is the two comes down the O is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the two comes down the O is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the two comes down the O is the
+variable that we're actually ding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we're actually ding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we're actually ding so
+maybe I should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should say
+DDO um that negative comes out we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+L and yeah we're using derivatives here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and yeah we're using derivatives here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L and yeah we're using derivatives here
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so that's those are fine these are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's those are fine these are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's those are fine these are two
+assumptions they could be changed during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions they could be changed during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions they could be changed during
+the test we're going to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test we're going to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the test we're going to figure out what
+happens if we change them if we change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we change them if we change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens if we change them if we change
+the performance if we change the sigmoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance if we change the sigmoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance if we change the sigmoid
+that is if we change the sigmoid to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if we change the sigmoid to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if we change the sigmoid to some
+other function what's going to happen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function what's going to happen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other function what's going to happen to
+the next three functions which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three functions which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next three functions which are
+basically the only things that you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the only things that you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the only things that you need
+to know to do back propagation so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know to do back propagation so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know to do back propagation so let's
+look at them first W Prime this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them first W Prime this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at them first W Prime this is the
+formula for a new weight after one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a new weight after one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a new weight after one step
+of back propagation a new weight in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back propagation a new weight in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of back propagation a new weight in any
+of these positions that you can see up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these positions that you can see up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these positions that you can see up
+here on this on this um beautiful neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this on this um beautiful neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this on this um beautiful neural
+net that W all each of the W's will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net that W all each of the W's will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net that W all each of the W's will have
+to change step by step that's in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change step by step that's in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change step by step that's in fact
+how you do the hill climbing neural Nets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do the hill climbing neural Nets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you do the hill climbing neural Nets
+you change the weights incrementally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the weights incrementally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change the weights incrementally you
+step a little bit in the direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step a little bit in the direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step a little bit in the direction
+towards giving you your desired results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards giving you your desired results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards giving you your desired results
+until eventually you hope you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until eventually you hope you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until eventually you hope you have an
+intelligent neural net and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent neural net and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent neural net and maybe you
+have many different training samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many different training samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have many different training samples
+that you run it on in a cycle um hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you run it on in a cycle um hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you run it on in a cycle um hoping
+that you don't overfit to your one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't overfit to your one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't overfit to your one
+sample on a computer but on the test we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample on a computer but on the test we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample on a computer but on the test we
+won't probably won not do that so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't probably won not do that so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't probably won not do that so let's
+take a look at how you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at how you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at how you calculate the
+weights for the next level given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights for the next level given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights for the next level given that
+you have the weights for the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the weights for the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the weights for the current
+level so first things first new weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so first things first new weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so first things first new weight
+weight Prime equals starts with the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight Prime equals starts with the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight Prime equals starts with the old
+weight that has to go there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that has to go there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight that has to go there because
+otherwise we're just going to jump off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we're just going to jump off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise we're just going to jump off
+somewhere at random we want to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere at random we want to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere at random we want to make a
+little step in some Direction so we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little step in some Direction so we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little step in some Direction so we want
+to start where we are with the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start where we are with the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start where we are with the weight
+and then we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+add three things so if we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add three things so if we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add three things so if we're talking
+about the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the weight
+between some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between some
+I and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I and some
+J here are some examples of the names of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J here are some examples of the names of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J here are some examples of the names of
+Weights so this is W1 I that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weights so this is W1 I that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Weights so this is W1 I that's the
+weight between one and a oh so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight between one and a oh so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight between one and a oh so this is
+W1 a it's the weight between one and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 a it's the weight between one and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W1 a it's the weight between one and a
+this is w2b which is the way between two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is w2b which is the way between two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is w2b which is the way between two
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+B makes sense well it makes sense so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B makes sense well it makes sense so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B makes sense well it makes sense so far
+but what what what if it's just called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what what if it's just called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what what what if it's just called
+WB then it's the way between the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WB then it's the way between the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WB then it's the way between the these
+W's that only have one letter we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's that only have one letter we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W's that only have one letter we'll get
+to later they're the bias they're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to later they're the bias they're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to later they're the bias they're the
+offset they are always attached to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset they are always attached to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offset they are always attached to a
+negative one so you can pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one so you can pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one so you can pretty much
+treat um you can pretty much treat there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat um you can pretty much treat there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat um you can pretty much treat there
+as being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being
+a like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a like a
+negative one here that is then fed to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one here that is then fed to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one here that is then fed to a
+multiplier with this WB if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like this is implied to be that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is implied to be that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is implied to be that all of
+the offsets are implied to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offsets are implied to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the offsets are implied to be
+that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so
+w+ sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w+ sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w+ sum
+Alpha why is it a Greek letter where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha why is it a Greek letter where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha why is it a Greek letter where
+does it come from how do we calculate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it come from how do we calculate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it come from how do we calculate it
+well Alpha is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Alpha is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Alpha is just some
+um value told to you on the quiz you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um value told to you on the quiz you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um value told to you on the quiz you'll
+find it somewhere there's no way you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it somewhere there's no way you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it somewhere there's no way you're
+going to have to calculate Alpha you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to calculate Alpha you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to calculate Alpha you
+might be asked to try to give a say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be asked to try to give a say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be asked to try to give a say in
+Alpha but probably not Alpha is supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha but probably not Alpha is supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alpha but probably not Alpha is supposed
+to give it the size of our little steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it the size of our little steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give it the size of our little steps
+that we take when we're doing hill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we take when we're doing hill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we take when we're doing hill
+climbing very large Alpha take a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing very large Alpha take a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+climbing very large Alpha take a huge
+step very small Alpha take tentative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step very small Alpha take tentative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step very small Alpha take tentative
+steps so Alpha is just there to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so Alpha is just there to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps so Alpha is just there to change
+basically to change this answer in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to change this answer in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to change this answer in um
+make to make the new value either very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to make the new value either very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make to make the new value either very
+close to W or very far from W depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to W or very far from W depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to W or very far from W depending
+on our taste so plus Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um
+I so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I
+is the value coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the value coming
+in um yeah I is the value coming into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um yeah I is the value coming into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um yeah I is the value coming into
+the into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the into the
+node we're changing the weight here so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node we're changing the weight here so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node we're changing the weight here so I
+is the I is the value for instance I sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the I is the value for instance I sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the I is the value for instance I sub
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+here I would be the I would be the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I would be the I would be the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I would be the I would be the value
+at wac I would be the value coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at wac I would be the value coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at wac I would be the value coming
+output of w of um of node a at WBC I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of w of um of node a at WBC I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of w of um of node a at WBC I
+would be the output of node b i is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the output of node b i is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the output of node b i is
+sometimes specifically label as I I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes specifically label as I I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes specifically label as I I is
+the input coming in to meet that weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input coming in to meet that weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input coming in to meet that weight
+at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the
+multiplier and then it's multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier and then it's multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier and then it's multiplied
+by Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Delta
+J where Delta is the Delta that belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J where Delta is the Delta that belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J where Delta is the Delta that belongs
+bels to these neural net nodes what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bels to these neural net nodes what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bels to these neural net nodes what is
+the Delta you say finding you may ask is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta you say finding you may ask is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta you say finding you may ask is
+a strange Greek letter it sort of comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strange Greek letter it sort of comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a strange Greek letter it sort of comes
+from the fact that we're doing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that we're doing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the fact that we're doing some
+partial derivatives and stuff but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives and stuff but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial derivatives and stuff but the
+main way you're going to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main way you're going to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main way you're going to figure out what
+the Deltas are are these two formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deltas are are these two formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deltas are are these two formula
+that I have not written in yet so hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have not written in yet so hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have not written in yet so hold
+off on um um trying to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on um um trying to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off on um um trying to figure out what
+the Delta is until well right now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta is until well right now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta is until well right now I'm
+about to tell you what the Delta is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to tell you what the Delta is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to tell you what the Delta is so
+the Delta is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Delta is basically
+think of the Delta as using partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the Delta as using partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the Delta as using partial
+derivatives to figure out which way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to figure out which way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives to figure out which way
+you're going to step when you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to step when you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to step when you're doing
+hill climbing because you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill climbing because you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hill climbing because you know when
+you're doing hill climbing you like look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing hill climbing you like look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing hill climbing you like look
+around you figure out okay this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you figure out okay this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around you figure out okay this is the
+direction of the highest increase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the highest increase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of the highest increase and
+then you step off in that direction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you step off in that direction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you step off in that direction so
+the Deltas are sort of telling you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deltas are sort of telling you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deltas are sort of telling you which
+way to step with the weights and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to step with the weights and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to step with the weights and the way
+they do that is by taking the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that is by taking the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that is by taking the partial
+derivative of basically you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of basically you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of basically you try to
+figure out how the weight that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how the weight that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how the weight that you're
+currently looking at is contributing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently looking at is contributing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently looking at is contributing to
+the performance of the net contributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of the net contributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance of the net contributing
+to either the good performance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either the good performance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to either the good performance of the
+net or the bad performance of the net so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net or the bad performance of the net so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net or the bad performance of the net so
+when you're when you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're when you're dealing with
+like when you're dealing with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you're dealing with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when you're dealing with the
+weights like WBC and waac that pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights like WBC and waac that pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights like WBC and waac that pretty
+much directly feed into the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much directly feed into the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much directly feed into the end of the
+net they feed into the last node it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net they feed into the last node it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net they feed into the last node it then
+comes out it's the output okay then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out it's the output okay then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out it's the output okay then
+that's that's pretty easy you can tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's pretty easy you can tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's pretty easy you can tell
+exactly how much those weights and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much those weights and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how much those weights and the
+values coming from them are contributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values coming from them are contributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values coming from them are contributing
+to the end and we do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end and we do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end and we do that
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+first we do that by essentially remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we do that by essentially remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we do that by essentially remember
+we want the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want the partial
+derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative
+so partial derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so partial derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so partial derivative
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+um in fact the is in fact the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact the is in fact the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in fact the is in fact the way that
+the final weights are contributing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final weights are contributing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final weights are contributing to
+the performance is just the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance is just the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the performance is just the performance
+function partial derivative well I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function partial derivative well I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function partial derivative well I've
+already figured out the derivative here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already figured out the derivative here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already figured out the derivative here
+it's just D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+o this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o this is
+for this is for sort of final weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is for sort of final weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this is for sort of final weights
+the weights in the in the last level D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights in the in the last level D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weights in the in the last level D
+minus o it's that we're not done yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus o it's that we're not done yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus o it's that we're not done yet
+because we're when we do derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're when we do derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're when we do derivatives
+remember the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the chain
+rule to get from the end to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to get from the end to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to get from the end to these
+weights we pass through well should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights we pass through well should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights we pass through well should be a
+sigmoid here it's not we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid here it's not we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid here it's not we're going to
+pretend it is pretend it is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend it is pretend it is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretend it is pretend it is for the
+moment we pass through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we pass through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we pass through a
+sigmoid and since we pass through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid and since we pass through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid and since we pass through the
+sigmoid we better take the derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid we better take the derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid we better take the derivative of
+the sigmoid function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is uh y * 1 - y well what is y what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh y * 1 - y well what is y what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh y * 1 - y well what is y what is
+the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the
+sigmoid it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid it's
+O so that's also multiplied by o * 1 - o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however there is a uh let me see let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there is a uh let me see let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there is a uh let me see let me
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+yes sorry I'm I'm carefully studying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry I'm I'm carefully studying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sorry I'm I'm carefully studying the
+sheet to make sure my Gomen clature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet to make sure my Gomen clature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet to make sure my Gomen clature is
+exactly right for our new nomenclature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right for our new nomenclature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right for our new nomenclature
+which so new and brave that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so new and brave that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which so new and brave that we're going
+doing it that we only knew for sure we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it that we only knew for sure we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it that we only knew for sure we
+were going to do it on Wednesday so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to do it on Wednesday so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to do it on Wednesday so we
+have D minus o * o * 1 -0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you say that's fine that can get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say that's fine that can get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you say that's fine that can get us
+you know these weights here even this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these weights here even this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these weights here even this
+WC how are we going to get the um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WC how are we going to get the um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WC how are we going to get the um how
+are we going to get the Deltas for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to get the Deltas for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to get the Deltas for the
+the Deltas for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deltas for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deltas for the
+new the Delta for the new weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here oh I realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh I realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh I realize
+um yeah yeah I got it so the Delta this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah I got it so the Delta this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um yeah yeah I got it so the Delta this
+is the by the way this is the Delta at C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the by the way this is the Delta at C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the by the way this is the Delta at C
+how is Neuron C contributing to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is Neuron C contributing to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how is Neuron C contributing to the
+output well it's directly contributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output well it's directly contributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output well it's directly contributing
+to the output and it's got a sigmoid in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output and it's got a sigmoid in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output and it's got a sigmoid in
+it it doesn't really but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't really but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't really but we're
+pretending it does for now D- o * o * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending it does for now D- o * o * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending it does for now D- o * o * 1
+- o what about an inner node node B node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- o what about an inner node node B node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- o what about an inner node node B node
+a what are we going to have to do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what are we going to have to do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a what are we going to have to do well
+the way they contribute to the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they contribute to the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they contribute to the output is
+that they contribute to node C so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they contribute to node C so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they contribute to node C so we can
+do this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this problem
+recursively so let's do it recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively so let's do it recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively so let's do it recursively
+first of all as you probably figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all as you probably figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all as you probably figured out
+all of them are going to have an O * 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them are going to have an O * 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them are going to have an O * 1 -
+o factor in from the chain rule because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o factor in from the chain rule because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o factor in from the chain rule because
+they're all sigmoids well pretending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all sigmoids well pretending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all sigmoids well pretending
+that they're all sigmoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're all sigmoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're all sigmoids
+so we actually have a dir of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually have a dir of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually have a dir of good
+problems that are actually sigmoid on U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are actually sigmoid on U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems that are actually sigmoid on U
+on the web right now there's only 2007
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web right now there's only 2007
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the web right now there's only 2007
+but um here's o * 1 -0 so what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um here's o * 1 -0 so what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um here's o * 1 -0 so what are we
+going to do for the rest of it how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do for the rest of it how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do for the rest of it how does
+it contribute to our final result well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contribute to our final result well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contribute to our final result well
+it contributes to our final result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contributes to our final result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it contributes to our final result
+recursively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursively
+so we're talking about Delta I I is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about Delta I I is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about Delta I I is an
+inner is sort of an inner node it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner is sort of an inner node it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner is sort of an inner node it's not
+it's not a final node it's somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a final node it's somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a final node it's somewhere
+along the way so sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J of
+w going from I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+J uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J uh
+times Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Delta
+J now some overall J J such that I leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J now some overall J J such that I leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J now some overall J J such that I leads
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+J I need to have a direct path into J so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J I need to have a direct path into J so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J I need to have a direct path into J so
+if I if I in this instance was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I in this instance was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I if I in this instance was a
+everyone the only possible J in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone the only possible J in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone the only possible J in this
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+be C that's right we would not sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be C that's right we would not sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be C that's right we would not sum over
+um b as one of the J because I does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um b as one of the J because I does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um b as one of the J because I does not
+lead to to b or a does not lead to B A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to to b or a does not lead to B A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to to b or a does not lead to B A
+only leads to C also note that c does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only leads to C also note that c does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only leads to C also note that c does
+not lead to B here that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not lead to B here that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not lead to B here that's going
+backwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards
+so you just to figure out which J you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just to figure out which J you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just to figure out which J you're
+looking at look directly forwards at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at look directly forwards at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at look directly forwards at the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+one so if there was another D here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if there was another D here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so if there was another D here or
+something like that a does not go to D A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that a does not go to D A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that a does not go to D A
+goes to C you only look at the next then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to C you only look at the next then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to C you only look at the next then
+you look at the next level's children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the next level's children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the next level's children
+and you sum over all of those all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sum over all of those all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sum over all of those all of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+children the weight between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children the weight between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children the weight between them
+multiply by the child's Delta that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the child's Delta that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by the child's Delta that makes
+sense right because the way we affect if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right because the way we affect if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense right because the way we affect if
+if the child's Delta is the way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the child's Delta is the way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the child's Delta is the way the
+child affects the output calling these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child affects the output calling these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child affects the output calling these
+children for a moment if the then if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children for a moment if the then if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children for a moment if the then if
+this this one directly affects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one directly affects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one directly affects the
+output then the way this one affects it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output then the way this one affects it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output then the way this one affects it
+is you use the uh it affects it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you use the uh it affects it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you use the uh it affects it because
+it affects this but it's also multipli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects this but it's also multipli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it affects this but it's also multipli
+by this weight so in fact for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this weight so in fact for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this weight so in fact for instance
+if the weight between a and C was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the weight between a and C was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the weight between a and C was
+Zero then a doesn't affect the output at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero then a doesn't affect the output at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Zero then a doesn't affect the output at
+all right because its weight is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right because its weight is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right because its weight is zero and
+when we do this problem we go this times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this problem we go this times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we do this problem we go this times
+zero and then we try to add it in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we try to add it in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then we try to add it in there
+it doesn't affect anything if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't affect anything if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't affect anything if it's
+weight is very high it's going to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is very high it's going to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is very high it's going to really
+dominate um it's going to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate um it's going to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate um it's going to really
+dominate it see and that is taken into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate it see and that is taken into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate it see and that is taken into
+account here and then multiply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account here and then multiply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account here and then multiply by the
+Delta for the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta for the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta for the right
+node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node
+so I pose the following question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I pose the following question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I pose the following question and
+since I spent a lot of time with formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I spent a lot of time with formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I spent a lot of time with formula
+and not that many time that much time um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not that many time that much time um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not that many time that much time um
+starting on the problem I will not call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting on the problem I will not call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting on the problem I will not call
+on someone at random but rather take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on someone at random but rather take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on someone at random but rather take a
+volunteer and if no one volunteers I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer and if no one volunteers I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer and if no one volunteers I'll
+eventually tell you which is we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually tell you which is we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually tell you which is we've got
+some nice formula for on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice formula for on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some nice formula for on the bottom
+three if we change the sigmoid function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three if we change the sigmoid function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three if we change the sigmoid function
+what has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change that's right the only thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's right the only thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that's right the only thing that
+changes in this crazy ass problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in this crazy ass problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in this crazy ass problem right
+here which by the way changes the sigal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which by the way changes the sigal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here which by the way changes the sigal
+functions it's adders is that we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions it's adders is that we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions it's adders is that we take
+all of the O * 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the O * 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the O * 1 -
+o in Delta Alpha and Delta I equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o in Delta Alpha and Delta I equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o in Delta Alpha and Delta I equation
+and we change it to the new derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we change it to the new derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we change it to the new derivative
+we then do the exact same thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then do the exact same thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we then do the exact same thing that we
+would have done correct and on a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done correct and on a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have done correct and on a similar
+note if we change the performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note if we change the performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note if we change the performance
+function how many of these equations at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function how many of these equations at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function how many of these equations at
+all have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have to
+change all on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three yeah that's right just one just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three yeah that's right just one just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three yeah that's right just one just
+Delta F take the D minus o make it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F take the D minus o make it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta F take the D minus o make it the
+new derivative of the new performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new derivative of the new performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new derivative of the new performance
+function and in fact Delta I doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and in fact Delta I doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and in fact Delta I doesn't
+change at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change at
+all does everyone see that because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all does everyone see that because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all does everyone see that because it is
+very common for something to be replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common for something to be replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very common for something to be replaced
+I think three of the four quizzes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think three of the four quizzes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think three of the four quizzes that
+we have replaced in some changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have replaced in some changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have replaced in some changed
+something in some way all right let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in some way all right let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in some way all right let's go
+we're going to do 2008 quiz because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do 2008 quiz because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to do 2008 quiz because it
+has a part at the end that screwed up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a part at the end that screwed up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a part at the end that screwed up
+everyone and so let's make sure we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone and so let's make sure we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone and so let's make sure we get
+to that part that's going to be the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that part that's going to be the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that part that's going to be the part
+that you probably care about the most at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you probably care about the most at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you probably care about the most at
+this point so these are all adders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so these are all adders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so these are all adders
+instead of sigmoids that means that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of sigmoids that means that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of sigmoids that means that they
+simply add up everything as normal for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply add up everything as normal for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply add up everything as normal for a
+normal noral net and then there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal noral net and then there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal noral net and then there's no
+sigmoid threshold they just give some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid threshold they just give some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid threshold they just give some
+kind of value question yeah um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of value question yeah um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of value question yeah um so we
+talking about the A and are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the A and are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the A and are the
+multiplier things we don't count those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier things we don't count those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplier things we don't count those
+they are not neural net nodes that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not neural net nodes that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not neural net nodes that is
+one of the reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the reasons
+why one of the reasons why that other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why one of the reasons why that other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why one of the reasons why that other
+form that you can see over there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that you can see over there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form that you can see over there is
+elegant it only has the actual nodes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant it only has the actual nodes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant it only has the actual nodes on
+it it's very compact it's one of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's very compact it's one of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's very compact it's one of the the
+forms we've used used in previous test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms we've used used in previous test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms we've used used in previous test
+the question is do those multipliers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is do those multipliers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is do those multipliers
+count as NOS um however by not putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count as NOS um however by not putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count as NOS um however by not putting
+in the multipliers we feel it sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the multipliers we feel it sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the multipliers we feel it sometimes
+confuses people of explicitness the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuses people of explicitness the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confuses people of explicitness the ones
+that are nodes will always have a label
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are nodes will always have a label
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are nodes will always have a label
+like a or here you see there's a sigmoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a or here you see there's a sigmoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a or here you see there's a sigmoid
+and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an
+L1 um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L1 um the
+multipliers are there for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers are there for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers are there for your
+convenience to remind you to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience to remind you to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenience to remind you to multiply
+and also those if you look those sigmas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also those if you look those sigmas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also those if you look those sigmas
+that are over there you're there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are over there you're there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are over there you're there for
+your convenience to remind you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your convenience to remind you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your convenience to remind you to
+but in fact the only thing that counts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact the only thing that counts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact the only thing that counts
+as a node in the noral net and that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a node in the noral net and that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a node in the noral net and that's a
+very good question is usually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question is usually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good question is usually the
+sigmoids here it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoids here it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoids here it's the
+adders we've essentially taken out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adders we've essentially taken out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adders we've essentially taken out the
+sigmoids these adders are the um the oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoids these adders are the um the oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoids these adders are the um the oh
+here's the way to tell if it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the way to tell if it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the way to tell if it's got a
+threshold weight associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold weight associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold weight associated with
+it then it's one of the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then it's one of the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then it's one of the actual
+nodes a threshold weight I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes a threshold weight I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes a threshold weight I guess the
+multipliers look like they have a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers look like they have a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multipliers look like they have a weight
+but this is just the weight that's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just the weight that's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is just the weight that's being
+multiplied in to um this is a weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied in to um this is a weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied in to um this is a weight
+that's being multiplied in with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being multiplied in with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's being multiplied in with the
+input but if it has a threshold weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but if it has a threshold weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input but if it has a threshold weight
+just like wa WB oh I promised I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like wa WB oh I promised I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like wa WB oh I promised I would
+tell you guys the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you guys the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you guys the difference between the
+two weights so let's do that very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weights so let's do that very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weights so let's do that very
+quickly the kind of Weights that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the kind of Weights that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the kind of Weights that that
+say w2b or W1 a our weight that comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say w2b or W1 a our weight that comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say w2b or W1 a our weight that comes
+between input one and a or between a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between input one and a or between a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between input one and a or between a and
+C they're meant to be multiplying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C they're meant to be multiplying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C they're meant to be multiplying the
+input by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input by this
+weight and then eventually that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and then eventually that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight and then eventually that's that's
+added together the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added together the threshold
+weights they just have a like WB wa a WC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights they just have a like WB wa a WC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights they just have a like WB wa a WC
+they are essentially to decide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are essentially to decide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are essentially to decide the
+threshold for a success or a failure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for a success or a failure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold for a success or a failure for
+a one or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one or a
+zero um or anything between at any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um or anything between at any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero um or anything between at any of
+the given nodes so the idea is maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the given nodes so the idea is maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the given nodes so the idea is maybe you
+at some node want to have a really high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some node want to have a really high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some node want to have a really high
+cut off you have to have a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off you have to have a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut off you have to have a very high
+value coming in or else this is zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value coming in or else this is zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value coming in or else this is zero so
+you put a high threshold the weight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a high threshold the weight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put a high threshold the weight is
+multiplied by1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by1
+and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fact in fact um the threshold weight one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in fact um the threshold weight one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact in fact um the threshold weight one
+you one could consider if you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one could consider if you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one could consider if you wanted to
+that the threshold weight time-1 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the threshold weight time-1 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the threshold weight time-1 was
+also added in at that sum instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also added in at that sum instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also added in at that sum instead of
+putting it um at the same location as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it um at the same location as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it um at the same location as
+the node if that works better for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node if that works better for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the node if that works better for you
+when you're converting it you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're converting it you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're converting it you can also
+think of it that way because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it that way because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it that way because the
+threshold weight is essentially multipli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold weight is essentially multipli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold weight is essentially multipli
+by ne1 and added in it that same sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ne1 and added in it that same sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by ne1 and added in it that same sum
+over there so that's that is another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so that's that is another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there so that's that is another way
+to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it
+um there's a lot of ways to visualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of ways to visualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a lot of ways to visualize
+these noral nets just make sure you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these noral nets just make sure you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these noral nets just make sure you have
+a way that make sense to you and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that make sense to you and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that make sense to you and that
+you can tell pretty much whatever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell pretty much whatever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can tell pretty much whatever we
+write as long as it looks vaguely like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as long as it looks vaguely like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write as long as it looks vaguely like
+that how to get it in your mind into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how to get it in your mind into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how to get it in your mind into the
+representation that works for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that works for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation that works for you
+because once you have the representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you have the representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because once you have the representation
+right for you you're more than halfway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for you you're more than halfway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right for you you're more than halfway
+to solving these guys they aren't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solving these guys they aren't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solving these guys they aren't that
+bad they just look nasty they don't bite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad they just look nasty they don't bite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad they just look nasty they don't bite
+okay so these are just adders so if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are just adders so if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so these are just adders so if it's
+just an Adder then that means that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an Adder then that means that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just an Adder then that means that if we
+take all the we take um all the X inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the we take um all the X inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all the we take um all the X inputs
+coming in let's do X and Y for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in let's do X and Y for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in let's do X and Y for the
+moment so we can figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so we can figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment so we can figure out the
+derivative then what comes out after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative then what comes out after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative then what comes out after
+after we just add up the X what comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we just add up the X what comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we just add up the X what comes
+out Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out Y
+equals X right we're just adding it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals X right we're just adding it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals X right we're just adding it up
+all the adding up all the input we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the adding up all the input we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the adding up all the input we're
+not doing anything to it Y equals X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing anything to it Y equals X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not doing anything to it Y equals X is
+what this node does did people see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this node does did people see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this node does did people see that
+so the derivative is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the derivative is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the derivative is just
+one so that's pretty easy because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's pretty easy because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so that's pretty easy because the
+first problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem
+says um what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says um what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says um what is the
+new formula Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new formula Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new formula Delta
+F so I'll just tell you you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so I'll just tell you you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F so I'll just tell you you guys
+probably figured it out it's O * 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figured it out it's O * 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably figured it out it's O * 1 -
+o cuz we replace D minus o with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o cuz we replace D minus o with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o cuz we replace D minus o with
+one okay Mak sense so far please ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay Mak sense so far please ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay Mak sense so far please ask
+questions along the way because I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions along the way because I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions along the way because I'm not
+going to be asking you guys I'll do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be asking you guys I'll do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be asking you guys I'll do it
+myself question why repus one oh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself question why repus one oh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself question why repus one oh um
+that's a good question the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question the reason is
+because I did the wrong thing so see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I did the wrong thing so see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I did the wrong thing so see
+it's good that you guys were asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good that you guys were asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's good that you guys were asking
+questions um it actually should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um it actually should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions um it actually should be
+replacing o * 1 - o with one the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing o * 1 - o with one the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing o * 1 - o with one the answer
+is Delta f equals D minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta f equals D minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta f equals D minus
+o so yes perhaps I did it to trick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o so yes perhaps I did it to trick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o so yes perhaps I did it to trick you
+no I actually messed up um but yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I actually messed up um but yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I actually messed up um but yes
+please ask questions along the way again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please ask questions along the way again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please ask questions along the way again
+I don't I don't have time to call on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't I don't have time to call on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't I don't have time to call on you
+guys at random to figure out if you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys at random to figure out if you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys at random to figure out if you guys
+are following along so I'll do it myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are following along so I'll do it myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are following along so I'll do it myself
+we're replacing the O * 1 - with 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're replacing the O * 1 - with 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're replacing the O * 1 - with 1
+because of the fact that the sigmoid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that the sigmoid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that the sigmoid is
+gone and we get just Delta FAL D minus l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone and we get just Delta FAL D minus l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone and we get just Delta FAL D minus l
+so great we uh we now want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great we uh we now want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so great we uh we now want to know what
+the equation is for Delta I at the node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is for Delta I at the node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation is for Delta I at the node
+a so Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so Delta
+a well let's take a look the O * 1 - is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well let's take a look the O * 1 - is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well let's take a look the O * 1 - is
+gone now we just have the sum over J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone now we just have the sum over J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone now we just have the sum over J
+which is you guys already told me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you guys already told me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you guys already told me is
+only C of wac time Delta C and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only C of wac time Delta C and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only C of wac time Delta C and we know
+that Delta C is D minus o so the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta C is D minus o so the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Delta C is D minus o so the answer
+is Delta a is just w a c * D minus o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta a is just w a c * D minus o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Delta a is just w a c * D minus o
+that time I got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time I got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time I got it
+right I see the answer here though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I see the answer here though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I see the answer here though it's
+written in a very different format from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a very different format from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in a very different format from
+the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old
+quiz any questions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz any questions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiz any questions on
+that well that's part A that we finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well that's part A that we finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well that's part A that we finished
+out of C that's go to Part B Part B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of C that's go to Part B Part B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of C that's go to Part B Part B is
+doing one step of back propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one step of back propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing one step of back propagation
+there's almost always going to be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost always going to be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost always going to be one of
+these in here so the first thing it asks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in here so the first thing it asks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these in here so the first thing it asks
+is to figure out what the output O is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out what the output O is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out what the output O is
+for um this normal net if all weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um this normal net if all weights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for um this normal net if all weights
+are initially one except that this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are initially one except that this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are initially one except that this guy
+right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here
+is5 all the other ones start off as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is5 all the other ones start off as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is5 all the other ones start off as
+one so let's do a step oh what Also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's do a step oh what Also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so let's do a step oh what Also
+let's see what are the inputs the inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what are the inputs the inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what are the inputs the inputs
+are also all one this is desired output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also all one this is desired output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also all one this is desired output
+is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+one and in fact the rate constant Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in fact the rate constant Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and in fact the rate constant Alpha
+is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also
+one this is the only thing that isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is the only thing that isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this is the only thing that isn't
+one folks so let's see what happens 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one folks so let's see what happens 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one folks so let's see what happens 1 *
+1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is
+1 then this is - 1 * 1 isga 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then this is - 1 * 1 isga 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 then this is - 1 * 1 isga 1 that's
+zero the exact same thing happens here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the exact same thing happens here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the exact same thing happens here
+because it's symmetrical so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's symmetrical so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's symmetrical so these are
+both zero 0 * 1 is 0 0 * 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both zero 0 * 1 is 0 0 * 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both zero 0 * 1 is 0 0 * 1 is
+0 then this is-1 * .5 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 then this is-1 * .5 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 then this is-1 * .5 is
+pos5 so 0 + 0 + pos5 the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pos5 so 0 + 0 + pos5 the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pos5 so 0 + 0 + pos5 the output is
+pos5 does everyone see that if not um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pos5 does everyone see that if not um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pos5 does everyone see that if not um
+you can convince yourself that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince yourself that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince yourself that it's
+positive .5 that would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive .5 that would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive .5 that would be a good
+exercise for you running through one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for you running through one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise for you running through one
+forward run the output is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward run the output is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward run the output is definitely
+positive .5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive .5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive .5
+first time around okay now we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time around okay now we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time around okay now we have to do
+one step of back propagation to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step of back propagation to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one step of back propagation to do that
+let's calculate all the Deltas so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate all the Deltas so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's calculate all the Deltas so that
+we can calculate all the new weights the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can calculate all the new weights the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can calculate all the new weights the
+new weight primes so Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new weight primes so Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new weight primes so Delta
+C that's easy you guys can tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's easy you guys can tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C that's easy you guys can tell me what
+Delta C is we figured out what the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta C is we figured out what the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta C is we figured out what the new
+Delta C is going to be it's a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta C is going to be it's a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta C is going to be it's a simple
+addition or subtraction problem everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition or subtraction problem everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition or subtraction problem everyone
+Delta C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta C
+is five2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and we know that Delta a and Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we know that Delta a and Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we know that Delta a and Delta
+B are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are just
+W A Time Delta C WBC * Delta C so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W A Time Delta C WBC * Delta C so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W A Time Delta C WBC * Delta C so they
+are also 12 because all the weights were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also 12 because all the weights were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also 12 because all the weights were
+one Easy Street okay we've got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Easy Street okay we've got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Easy Street okay we've got all the
+Deltas are 1/2 and all but a few of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deltas are 1/2 and all but a few of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Deltas are 1/2 and all but a few of the
+weights are one so let's figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are one so let's figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights are one so let's figure out what
+the new weights are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay new
+wac okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so yeah so let's see what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so let's see what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah so let's see what's going to be
+the new wac so the new wac is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new wac so the new wac is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new wac so the new wac is going to
+be old W uh uh so old wac which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be old W uh uh so old wac which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be old W uh uh so old wac which is one
+because all of them are one except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of them are one except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of them are one except for
+WC plus the rate constant which is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WC plus the rate constant which is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WC plus the rate constant which is one
+times um the input coming in here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um the input coming in here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times um the input coming in here but
+remember that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that was
+zero so at actually it's just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so at actually it's just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so at actually it's just going to
+be the same as the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the old
+wac and since it's this is a symmetrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wac and since it's this is a symmetrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wac and since it's this is a symmetrical
+problem between b and a at the moment uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem between b and a at the moment uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem between b and a at the moment uh
+this is going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be the
+same all right some things are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same all right some things are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same all right some things are going to
+change though what about WC that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change though what about WC that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change though what about WC that was the
+one that was actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that was actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that was actually not
+one okay so new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so new
+WC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WC
+WC uh remember the I for WC the the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WC uh remember the I for WC the the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WC uh remember the I for WC the the um
+the I that we use in this equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I that we use in this equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I that we use in this equation is
+always ne1 because it's a threshold so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ne1 because it's a threshold so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ne1 because it's a threshold so
+we have the old WC which is .5 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the old WC which is .5 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the old WC which is .5 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* uh + 1 * - 1 * Delta C which is 12 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* uh + 1 * - 1 * Delta C which is 12 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* uh + 1 * - 1 * Delta C which is 12 so
+we have .5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have .5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have .5
++5 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
++5 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++5 equals
+1 W1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 W1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 W1
+a well we've got W1 a starts as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well we've got W1 a starts as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well we've got W1 a starts as
+one then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then
+we also know that um we're W1 a is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that um we're W1 a is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also know that um we're W1 a is going
+to be equal to 1 + 1 time the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to 1 + 1 time the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be equal to 1 + 1 time the input
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+1 time um Delta of a which is 1/2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1.5 and since it's symmetrical between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 and since it's symmetrical between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 and since it's symmetrical between a
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+b um then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b um then
+w2b is also 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2b is also 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w2b is also 1.5
+and then finally W and WB the offsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally W and WB the offsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally W and WB the offsets
+here well they start at 1 + 1 * -1 * .5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well they start at 1 + 1 * -1 * .5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well they start at 1 + 1 * -1 * .5
+so they're they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're they're
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+everyone one half that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that's right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's right because
+negative 1 is their I negative 1 * 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 is their I negative 1 * 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative 1 is their I negative 1 * 12
+plus positive one is just2 that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus positive one is just2 that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus positive one is just2 that's one
+full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full
+step maybe it might easier than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step maybe it might easier than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step maybe it might easier than you
+might be used to seeing but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be used to seeing but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be used to seeing but that's a
+full step and it asks what's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full step and it asks what's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full step and it asks what's going to be
+the output after one step of back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output after one step of back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output after one step of back
+propagation while we can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+look so we have 1 * the new W1 a which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so we have 1 * the new W1 a which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look so we have 1 * the new W1 a which
+is 1.5 we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1.5 we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 1.5 we've got
+1.5 then the new wa is just .5 -.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 then the new wa is just .5 -.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 then the new wa is just .5 -.5
+that's a one coming into an Adder we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one coming into an Adder we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a one coming into an Adder we've
+got another one coming in here because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another one coming in here because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got another one coming in here because
+it's symmetrical so one and a one 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetrical so one and a one 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's symmetrical so one and a one 1 *
+wac is 1 1 * WBC is 1 so we have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wac is 1 1 * WBC is 1 so we have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wac is 1 1 * WBC is 1 so we have two
+ones coming in here they're added that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones coming in here they're added that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones coming in here they're added that's
+two then this has become -1 in fact at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then this has become -1 in fact at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two then this has become -1 in fact at
+this point so 1 * 1 that's three and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so 1 * 1 that's three and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point so 1 * 1 that's three and the
+output is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is three
+all right cool we've now finished Part B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool we've now finished Part B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right cool we've now finished Part B
+which is worth over half of everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is worth over half of everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is worth over half of everything
+oh no we've not one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+thing these are adders they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sigmoids what if we train this entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoids what if we train this entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoids what if we train this entire
+neural net to try to learn this data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural net to try to learn this data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural net to try to learn this data so
+that it can sort of draw a line on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can sort of draw a line on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can sort of draw a line on the
+graph or draw some lines or do some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or draw some lines or do some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph or draw some lines or do some kind
+of learning to separate off the minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning to separate off the minuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of learning to separate off the minuses
+from all the pluses you've seen maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the pluses you've seen maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from all the pluses you've seen maybe
+and if not you're about to in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if not you're about to in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if not you're about to in a second
+cuz they it ask you to do this in detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz they it ask you to do this in detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz they it ask you to do this in detail
+that Neal Nets can usually draw one line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Neal Nets can usually draw one line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Neal Nets can usually draw one line
+on the graph for each of the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the graph for each of the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the graph for each of the sort of
+nodes in the net because each of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the net because each of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes in the net because each of the
+nodes has some kind of threshold and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes has some kind of threshold and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes has some kind of threshold and you
+can do some logic between them like ands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some logic between them like ands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do some logic between them like ands
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ores so what do you guys think this net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores so what do you guys think this net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores so what do you guys think this net
+is going to draw if the anyone could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to draw if the anyone could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to draw if the anyone could
+volunteer I'm not going to ask anyone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer I'm not going to ask anyone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer I'm not going to ask anyone to
+give this answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give this answer
+no okay this is a little bit tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay this is a little bit tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay this is a little bit tricky
+because usually if you had this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually if you had this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because usually if you had this many
+nodes you could easily draw like a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes you could easily draw like a box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes you could easily draw like a box
+and box off the minuses from the pluses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and box off the minuses from the pluses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and box off the minuses from the pluses
+however it draws this and it asks what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it draws this and it asks what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however it draws this and it asks what
+is the error the error is oh yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the error the error is oh yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the error the error is oh yeah it
+even tells you the error is 1/8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even tells you the error is 1/8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even tells you the error is 1/8
+because why these are all adders you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why these are all adders you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because why these are all adders you
+can't actually do anything logical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually do anything logical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually do anything logical
+because this entire net boils down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this entire net boils down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this entire net boils down to
+just one node because it just adds up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one node because it just adds up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one node because it just adds up
+every time and it takes a threshold at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time and it takes a threshold at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time and it takes a threshold at
+any point so you you can't turn it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point so you you can't turn it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any point so you you can't turn it into
+logical ones and zeros because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical ones and zeros because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical ones and zeros because it's
+basically it's not digital at all it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's not digital at all it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's not digital at all it's
+analog it's giving us some very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog it's giving us some very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analog it's giving us some very high
+number so it all blows on to one cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so it all blows on to one cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so it all blows on to one cut off
+and that's the best one the one that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the best one the one that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the best one the one that I
+drew right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drew right
+here okay did that not make sense to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay did that not make sense to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay did that not make sense to you
+that's okay this problem is much harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay this problem is much harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's okay this problem is much harder
+and putting them both on the same quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting them both on the same quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and putting them both on the same quiz
+was a bit was a bit brutal but by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit was a bit brutal but by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a bit was a bit brutal but by the
+time you're done with this this you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're done with this this you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're done with this this you will
+understand what a noral net can do or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what a noral net can do or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what a noral net can do or
+not I put these in simplified form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I put these in simplified form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I put these in simplified form
+because of the fact that we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that we don't care
+about their values or anything like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their values or anything like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about their values or anything like that
+but inside of these little circles as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but inside of these little circles as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but inside of these little circles as a
+sigmoid the multipliers and the summers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid the multipliers and the summers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoid the multipliers and the summers
+are implied just so that I think in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are implied just so that I think in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are implied just so that I think in the
+in the simplified form when we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simplified form when we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simplified form when we're not
+actually doing back propagation it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing back propagation it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually doing back propagation it's
+easier to view it and see how many nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to view it and see how many nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to view it and see how many nodes
+there are for the same reason you asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are for the same reason you asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are for the same reason you asked
+your question about how many there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question about how many there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your question about how many there are
+so all of those big circles are a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of those big circles are a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all of those big circles are a node
+and in those node is a sigmoid now not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in those node is a sigmoid now not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in those node is a sigmoid now not
+those crazy adders we have the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those crazy adders we have the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those crazy adders we have the following
+problem we have to try to match each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have to try to match each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we have to try to match each of
+ABCDE EF to 1 2 3 four five stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCDE EF to 1 2 3 four five stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ABCDE EF to 1 2 3 four five stations
+using each of them only once that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using each of them only once that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using each of them only once that's
+important because of the fact that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because of the fact that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because of the fact that some
+of the more powerful networks in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more powerful networks in here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the more powerful networks in here
+can do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a lot of
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+so it's like yes the powerful networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like yes the powerful networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's like yes the powerful networks
+could do some of the easier problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do some of the easier problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do some of the easier problems
+here but we want to match each net to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we want to match each net to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but we want to match each net to a
+problem it can do and there is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it can do and there is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it can do and there is exactly
+one mapping that will map with that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mapping that will map with that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one mapping that will map with that is
+one to one and Maps um exactly uses all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one and Maps um exactly uses all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one and Maps um exactly uses all
+six of the Nets to solve all six of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six of the Nets to solve all six of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six of the Nets to solve all six of
+these problems here so some of you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems here so some of you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems here so some of you may
+be looking at like what how am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at like what how am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at like what how am I going
+to solve these problems I gave away a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these problems I gave away a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve these problems I gave away a
+hint before which is that each node in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint before which is that each node in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hint before which is that each node in
+the neural net each sigmoid node can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural net each sigmoid node can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neural net each sigmoid node can
+usually draw one line on the it can draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually draw one line on the it can draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually draw one line on the it can draw
+one line into the picture the line can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line into the picture the line can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one line into the picture the line can
+be diagonal if that node receives both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diagonal if that node receives both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be diagonal if that node receives both
+of the inputs which here i1 and I2 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inputs which here i1 and I2 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inputs which here i1 and I2 you
+see there's an i1 and an I2 axis like X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's an i1 and an I2 axis like X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there's an i1 and an I2 axis like X
+and A Y axis the node has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A Y axis the node has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and A Y axis the node has to be
+horizontal or vertical if the uh sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal or vertical if the uh sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal or vertical if the uh sorry
+the line has to be horizontal or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line has to be horizontal or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line has to be horizontal or
+vertical if the node only receives one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical if the node only receives one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical if the node only receives one
+of the inputs and then if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inputs and then if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the inputs and then if you have a
+deeper level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper level
+these these secondary level nodes can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these secondary level nodes can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these secondary level nodes can
+sort of do a logical can do some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do a logical can do some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of do a logical can do some kind of
+Boolean thing like and or or of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean thing like and or or of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boolean thing like and or or of the
+first two which can help you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two which can help you out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two which can help you out
+all right and so let's try to figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so let's try to figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so let's try to figure it
+out so right off the bat and I'll hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so right off the bat and I'll hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so right off the bat and I'll hope
+that people will help and call um call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people will help and call um call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people will help and call um call
+this out because I know we we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out because I know we we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out because I know we we don't have
+enough time that I can force you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time that I can force you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough time that I can force you guys to
+all get it right off the B which one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get it right off the B which one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all get it right off the B which one of
+these looks like is the easiest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these looks like is the easiest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these looks like is the easiest
+one six that's great six is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one six that's great six is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one six that's great six is definitely
+the easiest one it's a single line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest one it's a single line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the easiest one it's a single line so
+this is just how I would have solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just how I would have solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just how I would have solved
+this problem is find the easiest one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is find the easiest one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem is find the easiest one now
+which of these the crappiest net a a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these the crappiest net a a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which of these the crappiest net a a is
+the crappiest net in fact there's no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crappiest net in fact there's no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crappiest net in fact there's no way
+in hell that a is going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hell that a is going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hell that a is going to be able to
+get any of these except for six so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any of these except for six so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get any of these except for six so let's
+WR off the bat say that six is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a all right six is a that's a we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right six is a that's a we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a all right six is a that's a we don't
+have to worry about a okay cool now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about a okay cool now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about a okay cool now
+let's look at some other ones that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some other ones that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at some other ones that are
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+interesting all the rest of these draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting all the rest of these draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting all the rest of these draw
+two lines ex well these three draw two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines ex well these three draw two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two lines ex well these three draw two
+lines these three draw three lines they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines these three draw three lines they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines these three draw three lines they
+draw triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw triangle
+so despite the fact that this C is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so despite the fact that this C is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so despite the fact that this C is a
+very powerful neural net indeed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful neural net indeed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very powerful neural net indeed with
+three whole levels here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three whole levels here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three whole levels here of
+sigmoids it looks like there's only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoids it looks like there's only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigmoids it looks like there's only two
+Nets in our little stable of Nets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nets in our little stable of Nets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nets in our little stable of Nets that
+are equipped to handle number one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equipped to handle number one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equipped to handle number one and
+two and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and those
+are and F because and F have three nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and F because and F have three nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and F because and F have three nodes
+at the first level they can draw three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first level they can draw three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first level they can draw three
+lines and then they can do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and then they can do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines and then they can do something
+logical about those lines like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical about those lines like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical about those lines like for
+instance maybe if it's inside all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance maybe if it's inside all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance maybe if it's inside all of
+those lines there's a way to do that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines there's a way to do that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those lines there's a way to do that you
+just basically can give negative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically can give negative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just basically can give negative and
+positive weights as you so choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive weights as you so choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive weights as you so choose to
+make sure that it's under certain ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it's under certain ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that it's under certain ones
+above other ones and then make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above other ones and then make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above other ones and then make the
+threshold such that it has to follow all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold such that it has to follow all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold such that it has to follow all
+three of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of your
+rules so between E and F which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so between E and F which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules so between E and F which one
+should be two and which one should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be two and which one should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be two and which one should be
+one anyone see well let's look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one anyone see well let's look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one anyone see well let's look at two
+and one which one of these is easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one which one of these is easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one which one of these is easier to
+do between two and one two it's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do between two and one two it's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do between two and one two it's got a
+horizontal and a vertical one has all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and a vertical one has all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and a vertical one has all
+three diagonal and which one of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three diagonal and which one of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three diagonal and which one of these is
+a weaker net between and f f f f has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weaker net between and f f f f has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a weaker net between and f f f f has one
+node that can only do a horizontal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that can only do a horizontal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node that can only do a horizontal and
+one node that can only do a vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one node that can only do a vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one node that can only do a vertical
+line so which one is f going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so which one is f going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line so which one is f going to have to
+do two and E does one good job guys good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two and E does one good job guys good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two and E does one good job guys good
+job guys you got this so now let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job guys you got this so now let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+job guys you got this so now let's look
+at the last three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+number three is definitely the hardest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three is definitely the hardest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three is definitely the hardest
+it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an
+exor those of you who have played around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor those of you who have played around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor those of you who have played around
+with2 kind of stuff or even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with2 kind of stuff or even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with2 kind of stuff or even just
+logic probably know that there is no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic probably know that there is no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic probably know that there is no way
+to um to make a sort of simple linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to make a sort of simple linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um to make a sort of simple linear
+combination of um in one level of logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of um in one level of logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of um in one level of logic
+to create an exor exor is um very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an exor exor is um very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create an exor exor is um very
+difficult to create there are um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to create there are um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to create there are um some
+interesting problems involving trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems involving trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting problems involving trying to
+uh trying to teach an exor to a noral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to teach an exor to a noral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh trying to teach an exor to a noral
+net if the noral net is simple enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net if the noral net is simple enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net if the noral net is simple enough
+it's just not going to be able to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not going to be able to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just not going to be able to get
+the xor because of the fact that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xor because of the fact that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the xor because of the fact that you can
+tell it okay I want this one to be high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it okay I want this one to be high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell it okay I want this one to be high
+and this one to be low that's fine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one to be low that's fine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one to be low that's fine you
+can say these both have to be high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say these both have to be high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say these both have to be high
+that's fine but it's hard to say like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but it's hard to say like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but it's hard to say like
+it's pretty much impossible to say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much impossible to say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty much impossible to say this
+one or this one but not the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or this one but not the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or this one but not the other
+because of um need to be high in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of um need to be high in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of um need to be high in a
+single node because of the fact that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single node because of the fact that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single node because of the fact that if
+if you just just play with it you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just just play with it you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just just play with it you'll see
+you need to set a threshold somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to set a threshold somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to set a threshold somewhere
+and it's and it's not going to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and it's not going to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's and it's not going to be able
+to distinguish between if the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish between if the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish between if the threshold
+is set such that the ore is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set such that the ore is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set such that the ore is going to
+work the whole or is going to work it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the whole or is going to work it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work the whole or is going to work it's
+going to accept when both of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to accept when both of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to accept when both of them are
+positive as well so how are we going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as well so how are we going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive as well so how are we going to
+do an X or we need more logic we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an X or we need more logic we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do an X or we need more logic we need to
+use some combinations of ends and ores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some combinations of ends and ores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use some combinations of ends and ores
+in a two-l way and to do that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two-l way and to do that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two-l way and to do that we need
+the deepest noral net that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deepest noral net that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deepest noral net that we have
+there's only one that's capable of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one that's capable of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only one that's capable of that
+and that is it's C so you there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is it's C so you there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is it's C so you there are many
+different ways to do let's think of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to do let's think of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to do let's think of a
+possibility i1 and I2 draw these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility i1 and I2 draw these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility i1 and I2 draw these two
+lines or sorry not i1 these two let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines or sorry not i1 these two let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines or sorry not i1 these two let's
+call these one two three four five of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call these one two three four five of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call these one two three four five of
+node one and node two draw these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node one and node two draw these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node one and node two draw these two
+lines I'll just sort of draw it here for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines I'll just sort of draw it here for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines I'll just sort of draw it here for
+you guys then maybe node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys then maybe node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys then maybe node
+three gives value to um yeah let me see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three gives value to um yeah let me see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three gives value to um yeah let me see
+node three can give value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node three can give value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node three can give value
+to perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no let's see node three can give value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no let's see node three can give value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no let's see node three can give value
+to everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is oh I mean there there there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh I mean there there there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is oh I mean there there there are a lot
+of possibilities here node three could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities here node three could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of possibilities here node three could
+give value to everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is up here actually why don't no three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up here actually why don't no three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is up here actually why don't no three
+could give value to everything except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give value to everything except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give value to everything except
+for this bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this bottom
+part and then um node four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then um node four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part and then um node four
+or could give value to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could give value to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could give value to
+say oh no doesn't do it yet but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh no doesn't do it yet but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh no doesn't do it yet but there's
+a few there's there's a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few there's there's a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few there's there's a few different
+ways to do it if you play it around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it if you play it around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do it if you play it around the
+key um the key idea is that node three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key um the key idea is that node three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key um the key idea is that node three
+and node four can give value to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and node four can give value to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and node four can give value to some
+combination of and or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of and or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of and or or
+not and um then node five can give value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and um then node five can give value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and um then node five can give value
+based on um based on being above or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on um based on being above or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on um based on being above or
+below a certain threshold combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below a certain threshold combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below a certain threshold combination of
+three and four you can build an ex or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four you can build an ex or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and four you can build an ex or
+out of the logic gates I will I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the logic gates I will I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the logic gates I will I will
+ponder on that in the back burner for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponder on that in the back burner for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ponder on that in the back burner for a
+moment um as we continue onward but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um as we continue onward but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment um as we continue onward but
+clearly C has to do number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly C has to do number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly C has to do number
+three okay now we're left with four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay now we're left with four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three okay now we're left with four and
+five I think intrinsically five looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I think intrinsically five looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five I think intrinsically five looks
+like it may be more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it may be more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it may be more complicated than
+four because of the fact that it need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four because of the fact that it need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four because of the fact that it need it
+needs to do both different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to do both different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to do both different directions
+instead of two of the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two of the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of two of the same direction
+however there's um and so however just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's um and so however just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however there's um and so however just
+the idea of the one with the fewer lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the one with the fewer lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the one with the fewer lines
+being the simpler one may not get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the simpler one may not get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being the simpler one may not get us
+through here and there's a reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here and there's a reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through here and there's a reason why
+look what we have left to use we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what we have left to use we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look what we have left to use we have to
+use D or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use D or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use D or
+B what is the property of the two lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what is the property of the two lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B what is the property of the two lines
+that D can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D can
+draw D being the simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw D being the simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw D being the simpler
+one one horizontal and one vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one horizontal and one vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one horizontal and one vertical
+that's right so even though it may look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so even though it may look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so even though it may look
+simpler to just have two horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler to just have two horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler to just have two horizontal
+lines it actually requires b b is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it actually requires b b is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines it actually requires b b is the
+only one that can draw two horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one that can draw two horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one that can draw two horizontal
+lines because D has to draw one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines because D has to draw one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines because D has to draw one
+horizontal and one vertical so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and one vertical so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal and one vertical so that
+leaves us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves us with
+B on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B on
+this D on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this D on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this D on
+this and excellent we have a question I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and excellent we have a question I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and excellent we have a question I
+would have thought it would been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have thought it would been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have thought it would been
+possible we had no questions or maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we had no questions or maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible we had no questions or maybe I
+just explained this the best I ever have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just explained this the best I ever have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just explained this the best I ever have
+question I get why has to be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I get why has to be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I get why has to be to
+horizontal uh all right so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh all right so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal uh all right so the question
+is I don't understand why B has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I don't understand why B has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I don't understand why B has to be
+two horizontal lines the answer is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two horizontal lines the answer is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two horizontal lines the answer is it
+doesn't um B can be anything but D can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't um B can be anything but D can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't um B can be anything but D can't
+be two horizontal lines and so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two horizontal lines and so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be two horizontal lines and so by
+process of elimination it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B well take a look at d right so D has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well take a look at d right so D has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B well take a look at d right so D has
+three nodes one 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nodes one 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three nodes one 2
+3 node one and node two can just draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 node one and node two can just draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 node one and node two can just draw a
+line anywhere they want involving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line anywhere they want involving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line anywhere they want involving the
+inputs they receive what input does node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs they receive what input does node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs they receive what input does node
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+receive which inputs go to node one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive which inputs go to node one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive which inputs go to node one I
+only i1 so it can only make a cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only i1 so it can only make a cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only i1 so it can only make a cut off
+based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on
+i1 so therefore for it can only draw by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 so therefore for it can only draw by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i1 so therefore for it can only draw by
+making a cut off above or below I a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a cut off above or below I a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a cut off above or below I a
+certain point i1 it can only draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point i1 it can only draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point i1 it can only draw
+vertical line node two can only draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line node two can only draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line node two can only draw a
+horizontal line because it can only make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line because it can only make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal line because it can only make
+a cut off based on where it is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cut off based on where it is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cut off based on where it is in
+I2 therefore they can't both draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 therefore they can't both draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I2 therefore they can't both draw a
+horizontal that's why this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal that's why this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal that's why this is the
+trickiest part this last part because B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickiest part this last part because B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickiest part this last part because B
+is more powerful B does not only have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more powerful B does not only have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more powerful B does not only have to
+do two horizontal lines it can do two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two horizontal lines it can do two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two horizontal lines it can do two
+lines two diagonal lines it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines two diagonal lines it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines two diagonal lines it can do
+anything it wants it just happens that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it wants it just happens that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it wants it just happens that
+it's stuck doing this somewhat easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stuck doing this somewhat easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's stuck doing this somewhat easier
+problem because of the fact it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because of the fact it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem because of the fact it's the
+only one left that has the power to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one left that has the power to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one left that has the power to do
+it so let's see we've done we're done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's see we've done we're done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so let's see we've done we're done
+and we have aced this part of the quiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have aced this part of the quiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have aced this part of the quiz
+that like no one got well not no one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like no one got well not no one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like no one got well not no one but
+very few people got when we put it on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few people got when we put it on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few people got when we put it on in
+um 2008 the only thing we have left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2008 the only thing we have left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um 2008 the only thing we have left to
+ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask
+is let me see the only yeah the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let me see the only yeah the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is let me see the only yeah the only
+thing we have left to ask is what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have left to ask is what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have left to ask is what are we
+going to do here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+this all right let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right let's see
+um for for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um for for the
+exor let's see if I can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor let's see if I can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor let's see if I can do this
+xor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xor
+so okay um how about this one ready I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay um how about this one ready I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay um how about this one ready I'm
+an idiot this is the easiest way number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idiot this is the easiest way number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idiot this is the easiest way number
+one draws this line number two draws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one draws this line number two draws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one draws this line number two draws
+this line number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this line number
+three and the line the two lines number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the line the two lines number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and the line the two lines number
+three says only if both of them are true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three says only if both of them are true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three says only if both of them are true
+will I accept number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I accept number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I accept number
+four knots the two lines and number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four knots the two lines and number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four knots the two lines and number five
+ores between three and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+four thank you no it's not that hard I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thank you no it's not that hard I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thank you no it's not that hard I
+just completely blank there's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely blank there's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just completely blank there's because
+there's another way that a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way that a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another way that a lot of people
+like to do it that involves drawing in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do it that involves drawing in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do it that involves drawing in a
+lot of lines and then making the cut off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lines and then making the cut off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of lines and then making the cut off
+B two but I can't remember it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B two but I can't remember it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B two but I can't remember it at the
+moment are there any other question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment are there any other question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment are there any other question
+because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I
+be I think that if you have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I think that if you have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I think that if you have a question
+now like four other people have it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like four other people have it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now like four other people have it and
+just aren't raising their hand so ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just aren't raising their hand so ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just aren't raising their hand so ask
+any questions about this drawing thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about this drawing thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about this drawing thing
+question why do we do this why do we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why do we do this why do we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question why do we do this why do we do
+this drawing thing that that a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drawing thing that that a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this drawing thing that that a very good
+question the answer is so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the answer is so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question the answer is so that you can
+see what kinds of Nets you might need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what kinds of Nets you might need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what kinds of Nets you might need to
+use in these simple problems to um to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in these simple problems to um to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in these simple problems to um to
+answer these simple problems so that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer these simple problems so that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer these simple problems so that if
+um you know Athena forbid you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Athena forbid you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know Athena forbid you have to
+draw use a noral net in a in a job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw use a noral net in a in a job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw use a noral net in a in a job
+somewhere to do some actual learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to do some actual learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere to do some actual learning and
+and you see some sort of quality about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see some sort of quality about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see some sort of quality about
+the problem you know not to make a net
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you know not to make a net
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem you know not to make a net
+that's too simple for instance and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too simple for instance and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's too simple for instance and you
+wouldn't want a net that's more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want a net that's more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't want a net that's more complex
+than it has to be so that you can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it has to be so that you can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than it has to be so that you can sort
+of see what the Nets do at each level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see what the Nets do at each level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of see what the Nets do at each level
+and and more visibly understand I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and more visibly understand I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and more visibly understand I think
+a lot of the people who drew problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the people who drew problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the people who drew problems
+like this just want make sure people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this just want make sure people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this just want make sure people
+know oh yeah it's not just these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know oh yeah it's not just these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know oh yeah it's not just these numbers
+that were mindlessly back propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were mindlessly back propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were mindlessly back propagating
+from the other part of the problem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other part of the problem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other part of the problem to
+make them higher or lower this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them higher or lower this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them higher or lower this is what
+we're doing at Easter level this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing at Easter level this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're doing at Easter level this is what
+we're this is the space that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're this is the space that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're this is the space that we're
+looking at each node is performing Logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at each node is performing Logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at each node is performing Logic
+on the steps before so that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the steps before so that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the steps before so that if you
+actually have to use a neurl net later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to use a neurl net later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to use a neurl net later
+on down the road well then you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on down the road well then you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on down the road well then you'll be
+able to you'll be able to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you'll be able to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you'll be able to figure out
+what your next going to need to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your next going to need to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your next going to need to look
+like you'll be able to figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you'll be able to figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you'll be able to figure out what
+it's doing at least as as well as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing at least as as well as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's doing at least as as well as you
+can figure out what it's doing for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what it's doing for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can figure out what it's doing for a
+neural net since it often will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural net since it often will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neural net since it often will start
+getting out these really crazy numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out these really crazy numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting out these really crazy numbers
+you'll have all sorts of nodes in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have all sorts of nodes in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have all sorts of nodes in a in a
+like a real noral net that's being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a real noral net that's being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a real noral net that's being used
+nowadays there will be tons of nodes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays there will be tons of nodes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays there will be tons of nodes and
+you'll just see the numbers fluctuating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just see the numbers fluctuating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll just see the numbers fluctuating
+wildly and then suddenly it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly and then suddenly it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly and then suddenly it's going to
+start working or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start working or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start working or
+not uh that's a good question any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh that's a good question any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh that's a good question any other
+questions we still have a few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we still have a few minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions we still have a few minutes
+not many but a few any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many but a few any other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not many but a few any other questions
+on any of the stuff question sorry this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any of the stuff question sorry this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on any of the stuff question sorry this
+question on what she just asked I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on what she just asked I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question on what she just asked I'm just
+completely confused as to why a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely confused as to why a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely confused as to why a machine
+needs to learn by drawing pictures like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to learn by drawing pictures like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to learn by drawing pictures like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+like ask you're confused why the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ask you're confused why the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ask you're confused why the machine
+is learned by what by the pictures on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is learned by what by the pictures on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is learned by what by the pictures on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+right oh okay machine does not have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh okay machine does not have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh okay machine does not have to
+learn by drawing pictures and calling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by drawing pictures and calling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn by drawing pictures and calling
+them in let me give you some real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in let me give you some real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in let me give you some real
+applications my friend at University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications my friend at University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications my friend at University of
+Maryland recently actually used noral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryland recently actually used noral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryland recently actually used noral
+Nets um because yeah he he actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nets um because yeah he he actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nets um because yeah he he actually did
+um because of the fact that he was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because of the fact that he was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because of the fact that he was doing
+a um a game plan competition where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um a game plan competition where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um a game plan competition where the
+game was not known when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was not known when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was not known when you were
+designing your AI it had to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your AI it had to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing your AI it had to be able to
+there were some very elegant General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some very elegant General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were some very elegant General
+game solver thing that you had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game solver thing that you had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game solver thing that you had to be
+able to hook up into and then they made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to hook up into and then they made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to hook up into and then they made
+up the rules and you had a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the rules and you had a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up the rules and you had a little bit of
+time and then it started so some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then it started so some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and then it started so some of the
+AIS what they did was they trained once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS what they did was they trained once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AIS what they did was they trained once
+they found out what the rules were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found out what the rules were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they found out what the rules were on
+their own with the rules in his case he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own with the rules in his case he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own with the rules in his case he
+had a noral net because it was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a noral net because it was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a noral net because it was so
+generic you just have a web of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic you just have a web of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic you just have a web of random
+stuff random goop he thought it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff random goop he thought it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff random goop he thought it could
+learn anything and then um he never did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything and then um he never did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn anything and then um he never did
+tell me how it went probably didn't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how it went probably didn't go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me how it went probably didn't go
+well but um maybe it did um it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but um maybe it did um it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but um maybe it did um it it
+basically tried to it it tried to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tried to it it tried to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically tried to it it tried to learn
+some things about the rules some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about the rules some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some things about the rules some of the
+other people who were more principled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who were more principled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other people who were more principled
+game players actually tried to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game players actually tried to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game players actually tried to find out
+fundamental properties of the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental properties of the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental properties of the space of
+the rules by testing a few different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules by testing a few different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules by testing a few different
+things so that they could you know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that they could you know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so that they could you know more
+knowledge is less search so that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is less search so that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is less search so that they
+could do less search when the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do less search when the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do less search when the actual
+game plan came on and then when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game plan came on and then when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game plan came on and then when the
+actual game plan came on pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual game plan came on pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual game plan came on pretty much
+everyone did some kind of um game tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone did some kind of um game tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone did some kind of um game tree
+based stuff he telling me that a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based stuff he telling me that a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based stuff he telling me that a lot of
+Monte Carlo based um game stre stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo based um game stre stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monte Carlo based um game stre stuff
+that is just very non-deterministic is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just very non-deterministic is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is just very non-deterministic is
+what they're doing nowadays rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing nowadays rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're doing nowadays rather than
+our more deterministic Alpha Beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our more deterministic Alpha Beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our more deterministic Alpha Beta
+although he said it converges to Alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he said it converges to Alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although he said it converges to Alpha
+Beta if you give it enough time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta if you give it enough time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta if you give it enough time that's
+what he told me but that's someone I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he told me but that's someone I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he told me but that's someone I
+know who is using Neal Nets I've also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who is using Neal Nets I've also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who is using Neal Nets I've also in
+a cognitive science class I took saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cognitive science class I took saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cognitive science class I took saw
+Neal Nets that tried to attach like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neal Nets that tried to attach like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neal Nets that tried to attach like
+qualities to objects by having just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities to objects by having just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities to objects by having just this
+huge huge number of nodes in levels in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge huge number of nodes in levels in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge huge number of nodes in levels in
+between and then eventually it was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and then eventually it was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between and then eventually it was like
+a duck flies and you're like how is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a duck flies and you're like how is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a duck flies and you're like how is it
+doing this again I'm not sure but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this again I'm not sure but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this again I'm not sure but it is
+so the basic idea is that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea is that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the basic idea is that one of the
+main reasons that were used so much back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reasons that were used so much back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reasons that were used so much back
+in the day is the people on many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the day is the people on many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the day is the people on many
+different sides of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sides of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sides of this problem
+cognitive science AI whatever were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science AI whatever were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive science AI whatever were all
+seeing wait a minute there's networks of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing wait a minute there's networks of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing wait a minute there's networks of
+neurons and they can do stuff and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and they can do stuff and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons and they can do stuff and we're
+seeing it in different places and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it in different places and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing it in different places and when
+you see it in so many different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it in so many different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see it in so many different places
+at once must be a genius idea that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once must be a genius idea that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at once must be a genius idea that's
+going to revolutionize everything and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to revolutionize everything and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to revolutionize everything and so
+then everyone started using them to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everyone started using them to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then everyone started using them to try
+to connect all these things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect all these things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect all these things together
+which I think is a noble Endeavor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is a noble Endeavor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is a noble Endeavor but
+unfortunately people just stopped using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately people just stopped using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately people just stopped using
+it it didn't work as as they had wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it didn't work as as they had wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it didn't work as as they had wanted
+it turned out that figuring out how our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out that figuring out how our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turned out that figuring out how our
+Norms worked in our head was not the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norms worked in our head was not the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Norms worked in our head was not the um
+the way to solve all AI hard problems at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to solve all AI hard problems at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way to solve all AI hard problems at
+once and they fall into disfavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and they fall into disfavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once and they fall into disfavor
+although are still used for some reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although are still used for some reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although are still used for some reasons
+like U some reasons like that so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like U some reasons like that so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like U some reasons like that so we
+wouldn't use it just to draw these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't use it just to draw these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't use it just to draw these
+pictures the reason why we have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures the reason why we have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures the reason why we have these
+pictures is because we give you simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures is because we give you simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures is because we give you simple
+Nets that you can work out by hand on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nets that you can work out by hand on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nets that you can work out by hand on
+the quiz um any net that was really used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz um any net that was really used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the quiz um any net that was really used
+nowadays would make would make you your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays would make would make you your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays would make would make you your
+head explode if we tried to make you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head explode if we tried to make you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head explode if we tried to make you do
+something with it on the quiz it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with it on the quiz it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with it on the quiz it would
+just be horrible looking so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be horrible looking so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be horrible looking so I think
+that's a good question if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good question if there's no
+other questions or even if there are cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions or even if there are cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions or even if there are cuz
+we have to head out um if there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to head out um if there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to head out um if there's any
+other questions you can see me as I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions you can see me as I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions you can see me as I'm
+walking out
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/JZcFjR4dMmw.txt b/JZcFjR4dMmw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f45467002ec63e31214beb684897ef5050476fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/JZcFjR4dMmw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+hi I'm Danny jack I'm a fifth year grad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Danny jack I'm a fifth year grad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi I'm Danny jack I'm a fifth year grad
+student getting my PhD at Johns Hopkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student getting my PhD at Johns Hopkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student getting my PhD at Johns Hopkins
+and biomedical engineering my project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biomedical engineering my project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and biomedical engineering my project
+what I'm trying to look into is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to look into is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to look into is how
+attention is related to models of visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is related to models of visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is related to models of visual
+cortex the first lecture was by Jim De
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the first lecture was by Jim De
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cortex the first lecture was by Jim De
+Carlo he gave a talk about how models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo he gave a talk about how models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carlo he gave a talk about how models of
+object recognition seemed to match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition seemed to match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object recognition seemed to match
+pretty well with the behavior of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well with the behavior of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty well with the behavior of
+inferotemporal cortex in macaques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferotemporal cortex in macaques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inferotemporal cortex in macaques
+we know that also in macaques earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that also in macaques earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that also in macaques earlier
+areas of visual visual processing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of visual visual processing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of visual visual processing are
+modulated by attention so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by attention so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated by attention so the question
+is well okay we have this model let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well okay we have this model let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well okay we have this model let's
+say we add some modulation due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we add some modulation due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we add some modulation due to
+attention what does that do downstream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention what does that do downstream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention what does that do downstream
+as that information propagates through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that information propagates through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that information propagates through
+the network I'm building a model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network I'm building a model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network I'm building a model and
+Python right now and it's running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python right now and it's running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Python right now and it's running the
+main goal of the model is to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main goal of the model is to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main goal of the model is to see how
+some modulation and earlier cortex would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some modulation and earlier cortex would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some modulation and earlier cortex would
+propagate through a model like what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate through a model like what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate through a model like what we
+believe is happening in the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is happening in the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe is happening in the brain
+already a boring finding would be that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a boring finding would be that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a boring finding would be that a
+10% modulation results in a 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% modulation results in a 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% modulation results in a 10%
+modulation downstream I'm expecting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation downstream I'm expecting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation downstream I'm expecting that
+that's not the case because there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case because there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not the case because there's a
+whole bunch of nonlinearities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of nonlinearities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of nonlinearities and
+normalization that happens that should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization that happens that should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization that happens that should
+propagate through this network the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate through this network the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagate through this network the
+question is what is the magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is what is the magnitude of
+that how does that affect things if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how does that affect things if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how does that affect things if the
+10% modulation is not actually the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% modulation is not actually the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% modulation is not actually the right
+number because of some measurements or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because of some measurements or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number because of some measurements or
+the way I'm interpreting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I'm interpreting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I'm interpreting the
+measurements that have been made already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that have been made already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements that have been made already
+what would different numbers allow for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would different numbers allow for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would different numbers allow for
+or perhaps the modulation as we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps the modulation as we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or perhaps the modulation as we found
+downstream or I'll do two other feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream or I'll do two other feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream or I'll do two other feedback
+from other areas rather than this going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other areas rather than this going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from other areas rather than this going
+back to the beginning and propagating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning and propagating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning and propagating
+all the way through the idea came about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through the idea came about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way through the idea came about
+from Ethan Mayer he was originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Ethan Mayer he was originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Ethan Mayer he was originally
+interested in trying to do this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in trying to do this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in trying to do this kind of
+two passes through a network one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two passes through a network one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two passes through a network one in
+which you sort of try and figure out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you sort of try and figure out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you sort of try and figure out the
+location of an object and another in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of an object and another in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location of an object and another in
+which you try to recognize it I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you try to recognize it I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you try to recognize it I kind of
+took that in a different direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that in a different direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took that in a different direction
+because I was more interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was more interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was more interested in the
+neurophysiology side of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurophysiology side of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurophysiology side of things
+my current lab I wouldn't have had time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my current lab I wouldn't have had time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my current lab I wouldn't have had time
+to do something like this because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something like this because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do something like this because I
+wasn't planning on investing a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't planning on investing a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't planning on investing a lot of
+time understanding what deep networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time understanding what deep networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time understanding what deep networks
+were so really having the time to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so really having the time to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were so really having the time to sort
+of work on a free project has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on a free project has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work on a free project has been
+really nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really nice
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/N4ceWhmXxcs.txt b/N4ceWhmXxcs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e553e4a44d2822e0b94125f86faef49389cc447b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/N4ceWhmXxcs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1276 @@
+GILBERT STRANG: OK, I
+thought I would talk
+
+today about power series.
+
+These are powers of x.
+
+I'm going to keep going.
+
+All powers, all those x to the
+fourth, x to the fifth,
+
+they'll all come in too.
+
+And my idea is combine them,
+add them up to get
+
+a function of x.
+
+So we're doing calculus, but a
+new part of it, with these
+
+infinite series.
+
+So what do I mean
+by combine them?
+
+I mean I'll multiply those
+powers by some numbers.
+
+Let me call those numbers a0.
+
+So this first guy will be
+an a0, and then I'll
+
+add on an a1 x.
+
+I'm out of x.
+
+I'll add on some a2 x squared,
+some a3 x cubed and onwards.
+
+So now I have a function.
+
+And that function, let
+me call it f of x.
+
+So here's my starting
+plan here.
+
+Well, we've seen this
+for e to the x.
+
+Let me remember how e to the x
+could come, the series for
+
+that particular function.
+
+So here's the plan.
+
+I'm going to choose those
+a's so as to match--
+
+let me put these words down.
+
+I'll match at x equals 0.
+
+The function, its derivative,
+its next derivative, its third
+
+derivative, and onwards.
+
+Each a, like a3, will be chosen
+so that that right-hand
+
+side has the correct derivative,
+third derivative,
+
+at x equals 0.
+
+So this Taylor series--
+
+Taylor's name is associated
+with series like this--
+
+everything's happening
+at x equals 0.
+
+So in the case of e
+to the x, all its
+
+derivatives were the same.
+
+Still e to the x.
+
+And they all equal
+1 at x equals 0.
+
+So I want that function
+to give me 1 for every
+
+derivative.
+
+That doesn't mean that the
+a's should all be 1.
+
+Why not?
+
+Because when I take the
+derivative, for example, of
+
+this guy, that x cubed,
+the first
+
+derivative, will be 3x squared.
+
+The next derivative 6x.
+
+The next derivative 6.
+
+That's the one I want.
+
+That third derivative, but it'll
+be 6 so a3 will have to
+
+be 1/6 to give me the
+correct answer 1.
+
+Let me write those
+things down.
+
+So what we just did is the
+derivative of x to the n-th.
+
+The n-th derivative.
+
+What's the n-th derivative
+of x to the n?
+
+We get to use our nice formula
+for derivatives.
+
+So the first derivative is
+nx to the n minus 1.
+
+The derivative of that will be
+n times n minus 1 x to one
+
+lower power.
+
+Keep going, do it n times,
+and what have you got?
+
+You finally got down to the 0-th
+power of x, a constant.
+
+But what is that constant?
+
+It's n times n minus 1, so that
+n-th derivative will be n
+
+from the first, n minus
+1 from the second.
+
+Keep multiply until you
+finally get down to 1.
+
+And of course, that's called
+because it comes up often
+
+enough to have its
+own special name.
+
+That name is n factorial.
+
+And it's written n with
+an exclamation mark.
+
+So that's n factorial and that's
+the n-th derivative of
+
+x to the n.
+
+So for the particular function
+e to the x, if I worked out
+
+its series, all the derivatives
+I'm trying to get
+
+are all 1's.
+
+But what the powers of x gives
+me these n factorials.
+
+The a's had better divide
+by the n factorial.
+
+So let me recall the series for
+e to the x, and then go
+
+onto new functions.
+
+That's the point
+of my lecture.
+
+So we're getting e to the x in
+a slightly different way from
+
+the original way, but
+this is a good way.
+
+e to the x at x equals 0 is 1.
+
+At the first derivative of e to
+the x is 1, so I divide by
+
+1 factorial.
+
+That's 1.
+
+But here I have to divide by 2
+because the second derivative
+
+is 2 and I want those
+to cancel.
+
+And here I divide by--
+
+what do I divide by?
+
+6 because the third
+derivative is 6.
+
+And a typical term is I have
+to divide by n factorial
+
+because when I take n
+derivatives I get n factorial.
+
+The n-th derivative of
+that thing we just
+
+worked out is n factorial.
+
+So I divide by n factorial and
+I've got the derivative to
+
+come out 1.
+
+And that's correct
+for e to the x.
+
+So that's the plan, matching
+derivatives at x equals 0 by
+
+each power of x.
+
+And now I'm ready for
+a new function.
+
+And a nice choice is sine x.
+
+So now on this board, if I can
+come here, I'm going take a
+
+different function.
+
+No longer e to the x.
+
+My function is going
+to be sine x.
+
+Well, I better figure out
+all its derivatives.
+
+And they're nice, of course.
+
+Sine x, its derivative.
+
+Can I just list them all?
+
+These are the things that
+I have to match.
+
+I'll plug in x equals 0.
+
+But let me first find
+the derivatives.
+
+The derivative of
+sine is cosine.
+
+The derivative of cosine
+is minus the sine.
+
+The derivative of minus the
+sine is minus the cosine.
+
+And then I'm back to sine again,
+and repeating forever.
+
+That's a list of the derivatives
+of sine x.
+
+This is my f of x here.
+
+This guy, first one.
+
+OK, now I plug in x equals
+0 because I want all the
+
+derivatives at 0.
+
+The whole series is being
+built focused on that
+
+point x equals 0.
+
+So at x equals 0, that's
+easy to plug in.
+
+The sine is 0, the cosine is
+1, the minus the sine is 0.
+
+Minus the cosine is minus 1.
+
+The sine is 0.
+
+And repeat.
+
+0, 1, 0, minus 1 forever.
+
+OK, so I know the derivatives
+that I have to match.
+
+Now can I construct the power
+series that matches that?
+
+OK, so that power series will
+give me sine x, and
+
+what will it have?
+
+It starts with 0.
+
+The constant term is 0 because
+the sine of 0 when x is 0-- of
+
+course, we want to get
+the answer is 0.
+
+Then, the next term, the x,
+its coefficient is 1.
+
+1x.
+
+No x squared's in sine x.
+
+No x squared's.
+
+But now minus.
+
+Do I have minus 1x cubed?
+
+Not quite.
+
+Minus x cubed, but I have to
+divide by 6 because when I
+
+take that three derivatives,
+it will produce 6.
+
+So I have to divide by 6,
+which is 3 factorial.
+
+That's really the number
+that's there.
+
+3 times 2 times 1.
+
+6.
+
+Now the fourth degree
+term, the x to the
+
+fourth is not there.
+
+x to the fifth is going to
+come in with a plus.
+
+So there's a plus
+from this guy.
+
+This is x to the 0,
+1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
+
+x to the fifth.
+
+And now what do I
+divide by now?
+
+5 factorial.
+
+120.
+
+And then minus and so on.
+
+Minus an x to the seventh
+over 7 factorial.
+
+We have created the power series
+around 0, focused on 0.
+
+And let me remove that 1 because
+just waste of space.
+
+x minus x cubed.
+
+All odd powers and
+that's because
+
+sine x is an odd function.
+
+If I change from x to minus x,
+everything will change sign.
+
+What would happen if I plugged
+in x equal pi?
+
+Suppose I took x equal pi in
+this formula for sine x.
+
+This infinite formula,
+keeps going forever.
+
+Well, I would get pi minus pi
+cubed over 6 plus pi to the
+
+fifth over 120.
+
+It would look ridiculous.
+
+But you and I know that the
+answer would have to come out.
+
+The correct sine of pi?
+
+0.
+
+I don't plan to do it,
+but it has to work.
+
+OK, so that's the sine.
+
+That's the sine.
+
+And it's an odd series.
+
+Now OK, good example.
+
+Its twin has got to
+show up here.
+
+The cosine.
+
+What's the series
+for the cosine?
+
+These are the two series
+that are worth knowing.
+
+You notice here that slope of
+1, the big deal about the
+
+slope of sine x at x equals
+0, the slope is 1.
+
+And that does have
+a slope of 1.
+
+OK, what about the cosine?
+
+Well, now I have to plug in.
+
+All right, the cosine is
+going to start here.
+
+Cosine minus sine
+minus cosine.
+
+Now my f of x is going
+to be cosine x.
+
+And I need its derivatives.
+
+I'm going to have three lines
+again that are going to look
+
+just like these three lines.
+
+But they'll be for the cosine.
+
+So they start with a cosine.
+
+Its derivative is
+minus the sine.
+
+Its derivative is minus
+the cosine.
+
+Its derivative is what?
+
+Plus sine and then cosine, and
+forever, minus the sine.
+
+And let me plug in now
+at x equals 0.
+
+This is our system.
+
+Find the derivatives,
+plug in 0.
+
+So find the derivative at 0.
+
+Well, the function itself,
+the 0-th derivative is 1.
+
+The first derivative is 0.
+
+The second derivative
+is minus 1.
+
+The third is 0.
+
+The fourth derivative is
+plus 1, 0, and so on.
+
+It's the same line as we have,
+but just starting over by 1.
+
+Starting with the cosine.
+
+I know what derivatives I
+want, now I just have to
+
+create my series for cosine x,
+which matches these numbers.
+
+One more time.
+
+Just match those numbers with
+the coefficients that I
+
+originally called a0, a1, a2,
+a3, but now we have numbers.
+
+OK, at x equals 0.
+
+So how does this series start?
+
+At x equals 0, the
+cosine of 0 is 1.
+
+It starts with a 1.
+
+That's the constant term
+sitting there.
+
+The coefficient of x, the
+linear term is 0.
+
+Because the cosine has
+0 slope at the start.
+
+Then we come to something
+that shows up.
+
+Minus.
+
+This will be-- now what
+are we in to?
+
+This is the constant, the
+first power is gone.
+
+The second power minus
+x squared.
+
+But you know if I'm looking to
+match the second derivative to
+
+make it b minus 1.
+
+Right now it's minus 2.
+
+Differentiating would give
+me a 2x and a 2.
+
+So I have to divide by that
+2 or 2 factorial.
+
+Now it's good.
+
+Now it matches the correct
+second derivative minus 1.
+
+Then there's no third
+derivative.
+
+The fourth derivative
+is plus 1 x to the
+
+fourth over 4 factorial.
+
+And then minus and so on, x to
+the sixth over 6 factorial.
+
+All even powers, so this
+is an even powers.
+
+The 0-th, second, fourth,
+sixth power.
+
+So it's an even function.
+
+That means that the cosine of
+minus x is exactly the same as
+
+the cosine of x.
+
+We get a nice little insight
+on these two special groups
+
+for which the sine is the
+perfect example of an odd
+
+function and the cosine
+is the perfect
+
+example of an even function.
+
+Well, there's so much here.
+
+What happens if I cut
+the series off?
+
+I just want to look at those
+first terms to see exactly
+
+what they represent.
+
+Suppose I stop here after
+the linear term.
+
+What do I have?
+
+What is that x just by itself?
+
+It's really 0 plus x because
+there was a 0 from the
+
+constant term.
+
+That is the linear
+approximation.
+
+That gives me the equation
+of the tangent line, y
+
+equals x, slope 1.
+
+More interesting, cut
+this one off.
+
+Cut this one off here.
+
+That's a very important
+estimate.
+
+It's not the exact cosine
+because the exact cosine has
+
+got all these later guys.
+
+But don't forget and I should
+have said this from the very
+
+beginning, these n factorials
+grow fast. And all the series
+
+that we're talking about,
+because those n factorials
+
+grow so fast and I'm dividing by
+them, I can take any x and
+
+I get a reasonable number.
+
+If I take x equaled pi, that's
+this sine series gave me 0.
+
+What do I get if I plug
+in x equals pi
+
+in the cosine series?
+
+So the cosine series, if I
+plugged in x equals pi and had
+
+patience to go pretty far, my
+numbers would be getting near
+
+the cosine of pi.
+
+Which would be minus 1.
+
+I don't see minus
+1 coming out.
+
+Here is 1, minus 1/2
+of pi squared.
+
+I don't know, that's around--
+
+1/2 pi squared might be
+around 5 or something.
+
+But they knock each other off.
+
+They get very small and we
+get the answer minus 1.
+
+OK, so those are two important
+series and now I get to tell
+
+you about Euler's
+great formula.
+
+It connects these three series
+that you've seen.
+
+But to make that connection
+I have to bring in the
+
+imaginary number i.
+
+Is that OK?
+
+Just imagine a number i.
+
+And everybody knows what you're
+supposed to imagine.
+
+You're supposed to imagine that
+i squared is minus 1.
+
+And we all know there
+is no real number.
+
+The square of a real number is
+always going to be greater or
+
+equal to 0.
+
+So let's just create a symbol
+i with a rule, with the
+
+understanding that any time we
+see i squared, I'm entitled to
+
+write minus 1.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, what is Euler's
+great formula?
+
+Euler's great formula, his
+brilliant insight was make x
+
+in this e to the x series,
+make x imaginary.
+
+Change x to ix.
+
+So make it an imaginary
+number.
+
+So can I just take Euler's, take
+Taylor's series, or oh,
+
+maybe Euler's out of this
+too, because that
+
+letter e is his initial.
+
+Probably he did.
+
+So I guess that's why he found
+this lovely connection.
+
+So if I take e to the ix and
+instead of x in this series I
+
+put in ix, just go for it.
+
+Let x be imaginary.
+
+OK, can I write out the
+series 1 plus--
+
+instead of x I have ix.
+
+And then I have 1 over 2
+factorial ix squared.
+
+And then I have 1 over
+3 factorial ix cubes.
+
+And 1 over 4 factorial
+ix to the fourth.
+
+That's e to the ix.
+
+OK, you say, you just
+changed x to ix.
+
+That's all I did.
+
+Now, here's the point.
+
+Now I'm going to look at this
+mess and I'm going to separate
+
+out the part that is real from
+the part that's imaginary.
+
+I'm going to separate it into
+its real part and its
+
+imaginary part.
+
+So what is real in this thing?
+
+I see one is certainly
+a real number.
+
+Do you see the other one, the
+next one that's real?
+
+It comes from this i squared.
+
+That i squared I can replace
+by minus 1, perfectly real.
+
+So it's minus from the i squared
+1 over 2 factorial.
+
+x squared is still there.
+
+The i squared was minus 1.
+
+That's all.
+
+And then would come something
+from the i to the fourth.
+
+Because what is i
+to the fourth?
+
+It's i squared squared
+minus 1 squared.
+
+We'd be back to plus 1.
+
+So plus sign.
+
+Good.
+
+Now comes the part that has an
+i in it and a single i I have
+
+to live with.
+
+So that i is multiplied by x.
+
+Now I have i cubed.
+
+How do I deal with i cubed?
+
+i cubed is i squared
+minus 1 times i.
+
+i squared times i is minus i.
+
+So I have a minus i.
+
+1 over 3 factorial and the
+x cubed and so on.
+
+Do you see what we have?
+
+Do you see what this real
+part of e to the ix is?
+
+It's the cosine.
+
+Right there, same thing.
+
+So I'm getting cosine x for the
+real part and then i times
+
+this series.
+
+And you can see what
+that series is.
+
+It's the sine series, x minus
+1/6 x cubed plus 1/20 of x to
+
+the fifth sine x.
+
+There is Euler's great formula
+that e to the ix--
+
+oh, I better write it
+on a fresh board.
+
+Maybe I'll just write
+it over here.
+
+I'm going to copy from this
+board my Euler's great formula
+
+that e to the ix comes out to
+have a real part cos x.
+
+Imaginary part gives
+me the i sine x.
+
+And I'll write that down.
+
+Now let me work here.
+
+e to the ix is cos
+x plus i sine x.
+
+And I want to draw a picture.
+
+OK, here's a picture.
+
+Actually, Euler often wrote his
+formula, or we often write
+
+his formula because we're taking
+cosines and sines.
+
+Somehow x isn't such--
+
+those are angles.
+
+So it's more natural
+to write--
+
+Now that we've showing up with
+sines and cosines, it's more
+
+natural to write a symbol
+that we think of as
+
+an angle like theta.
+
+So you would more often
+see it this way.
+
+I'm just changing letters from
+x to theta as a way of
+
+remembering that
+it's an angle.
+
+And now I'll draw it.
+
+So I have to draw that thing.
+
+OK, this is the real direction
+and that's
+
+the imaginary direction.
+
+I just go that's
+the real part.
+
+I go cos theta across here.
+
+So let that be cos theta.
+
+And then I go upwards in the
+imaginary up or down.
+
+So across is the real part,
+up/down is the imaginary part.
+
+Say sine theta I go up.
+
+That height is sine theta
+and that angle is theta.
+
+Fantastic.
+
+That's a picture of
+Euler's formula.
+
+Well, that's the best
+way to see it is
+
+that beautiful statement.
+
+And this is a picture
+to remind us.
+
+We would say that's the complex
+plane because points
+
+have two parts, a real part
+and an imaginary part.
+
+Nothing so complex about that.
+
+Now, before I stop, we've done
+three important series.
+
+Can I mention two more, just two
+more out of a long list of
+
+possibilities?
+
+One is the most important
+series of all, where the
+
+coefficients are all 1's.
+
+So the coefficients
+are all 1's.
+
+That's called the geometric
+series.
+
+Let me write its name here.
+
+That's a Taylor series.
+
+That's a power series.
+
+And the function it comes
+from happens to be 1
+
+over 1 minus x.
+
+That's the function.
+
+And you will see why, if you
+multiply both sides by 1 minus
+
+x, I'll get 1 here.
+
+If you watch, everything will
+cancel except the 1.
+
+So that's it.
+
+Now, there's a significant
+difference between that series
+
+and e to the x.
+
+The biggest difference is
+we're not dividing by n
+
+factorial anymore.
+
+And as a result, these terms
+don't get necessarily smaller
+
+and smaller and smaller.
+
+Unless x is below 1.
+
+So we're OK for x below 1.
+
+And x could be negative.
+
+I can even say absolute value of
+x below 1, then these terms
+
+gets smaller.
+
+But at x equals 1 we're dead.
+
+At x equals 1 I have 1
+plus 1 plus 1 plus 1.
+
+All 1's.
+
+I'm getting infinity.
+
+And on the left side I'm
+getting infinity also.
+
+At x equals 1 blows up.
+
+OK, one more series,
+then we're done.
+
+One more.
+
+It's a neat one because it
+brings in the logarithm.
+
+How am I going to get it?
+
+I'm going to start with this
+series, which is the big one,
+
+the geometric series.
+
+And I'm going to take the
+integral of every term.
+
+So if I integrate 1 I get x.
+
+If I integrate x I get
+x squared over 2.
+
+If I integrate x squared
+I get x cube over 3.
+
+x fourth over 4 and so on.
+
+Not 3 factorial, just 3.
+
+And if I integrate this, well,
+let me put the answer down and
+
+then we can take its derivative
+and say, yep, it
+
+does give that.
+
+So the answer is minus.
+
+This minus sign shows up
+here as a minus the
+
+logarithm of 1 minus x.
+
+Because if I take the derivative
+of that the
+
+logarithm always puts this
+inside function down to the
+
+bottom, and then the derivative
+of the inside
+
+function, the chain rule brings
+out a minus 1, and the
+
+minus 1's go away,
+and beautiful.
+
+So just have a look at that
+series then for the logarithm.
+
+The logarithm of 1 minus x.
+
+Again, we're matching
+at x equals 0.
+
+At x equals 0, this
+function is OK.
+
+In fact, at x equals 0,
+what is that function?
+
+Logarithm of 1, which is 0, and
+there's no constant term.
+
+Good.
+
+OK, what comments to make about
+this final example?
+
+This one was OK for
+x smaller than 1.
+
+But then it died
+at x equals 1.
+
+This one, well, it's getting
+a little help dividing
+
+by 3 and 4 and 5.
+
+But that's puny help.
+
+That's no way compared to
+dividing by 3 factorial, 4
+
+factorial, and so on, which
+will really help.
+
+So actually, this series
+is also only OK
+
+out to x equals 1.
+
+At x equals 1, it fails again.
+
+At x equals 1, what do I have?
+
+When x is 1, I have the log
+of 0 minus infinity.
+
+I've got infinity
+at x equals 1.
+
+At x equals 1, this is
+1 plus 1/2 plus 1/3
+
+plus 1/4 plus 1/5.
+
+Getting smaller, but
+not very fast and
+
+adding up to infinity.
+
+So there's a whole discussion.
+
+We could spend hours on that
+famous series, 1 plus 1/2 plus
+
+1/3 plus a quarter and other
+series of numbers.
+
+I wanted to do calculus,
+derivatives, integrals, so I
+
+took functions and series of
+powers, not series of numbers
+
+to illustrate this.
+
+OK, good.
+
+Thanks.
+
+ANNOUNCER: This has been
+a production of MIT
+
+OpenCourseWare and
+Gilbert Strang.
+
+Funding for this video was
+provided by the Lord
+
+Foundation.
+
+To help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access
+
+to MIT courses, please
+make a donation at
+
+ocw.mit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/NbYB0fiHoCs.txt b/NbYB0fiHoCs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccd66d95273f8380ab3cc24d6cc46de3704c7b8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/NbYB0fiHoCs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,875 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will now go through a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now go through a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will now go through a probability
+calculation for the case where we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for the case where we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for the case where we have a
+continuous sample space we revisit our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous sample space we revisit our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous sample space we revisit our
+earlier example in which we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier example in which we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier example in which we were
+throwing a dart into a square target the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing a dart into a square target the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing a dart into a square target the
+square target being the unit square and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square target being the unit square and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square target being the unit square and
+we were guaranteed that our dart would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were guaranteed that our dart would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were guaranteed that our dart would
+fall somewhere inside this set so our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall somewhere inside this set so our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall somewhere inside this set so our
+sample space is the unit square itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space is the unit square itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample space is the unit square itself
+we have a description of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a description of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a description of the sample
+space but we do not yet have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but we do not yet have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but we do not yet have a
+probability law we need to specify one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law we need to specify one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law we need to specify one
+the choice of an probability law could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of an probability law could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of an probability law could
+be arbitrary it's up to us to choose how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arbitrary it's up to us to choose how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be arbitrary it's up to us to choose how
+to model a certain situation and to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model a certain situation and to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model a certain situation and to keep
+things simple we're going to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simple we're going to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things simple we're going to assume that
+our probability law is a uniform one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our probability law is a uniform one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our probability law is a uniform one so
+that which means that the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which means that the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that which means that the probability of
+any particular subset of the sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular subset of the sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular subset of the sample
+space is going to be the area of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is going to be the area of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is going to be the area of that
+subset so if we have some subset lying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset so if we have some subset lying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset so if we have some subset lying
+somewhere here and we ask what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here and we ask what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere here and we ask what is the
+probability that we fall into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we fall into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that we fall into that
+subset the probability is exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset the probability is exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset the probability is exactly the
+area of that particular subset once more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of that particular subset once more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of that particular subset once more
+this is an arbitrary choice of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an arbitrary choice of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an arbitrary choice of a
+probability law there is nothing in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law there is nothing in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law there is nothing in our
+assumption so far that would force us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so far that would force us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption so far that would force us to
+make this particular choice and we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this particular choice and we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this particular choice and we just
+use it for the purposes of this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for the purposes of this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it for the purposes of this example
+so now let us calculate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let us calculate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let us calculate some
+probabilities let us look at this event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities let us look at this event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities let us look at this event
+this is the event that the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the event that the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the event that the sum of the
+two numbers that we get in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers that we get in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two numbers that we get in our
+experiment is less than or equal to 1/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is less than or equal to 1/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is less than or equal to 1/2
+it is always useful to work in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is always useful to work in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is always useful to work in terms of
+a picture and to depict that event in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture and to depict that event in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a picture and to depict that event in a
+picture of the sample space so in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the sample space so in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the sample space so in terms
+of that sample space the knot the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sample space the knot the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that sample space the knot the points
+that make this event to be true are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make this event to be true are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make this event to be true are just
+a triangle that lies below the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triangle that lies below the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a triangle that lies below the line
+where this is the line that x plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the line that x plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is the line that x plus y
+equals to 1/2 anything below that line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 1/2 anything below that line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals to 1/2 anything below that line
+these are the outcomes that make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the outcomes that make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the outcomes that make this
+event happen so we're trying to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event happen so we're trying to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event happen so we're trying to find the
+probability of this red event we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this red event we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of this red event we have
+assumed that probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that probe
+is equal to area therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to area therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to area therefore the
+probability we're trying to calculate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we're trying to calculate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability we're trying to calculate is
+the area of a triangle and the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a triangle and the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of a triangle and the area of a
+triangle is one half times the base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is one half times the base of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle is one half times the base of
+the triangle which is one half in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle which is one half in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle which is one half in our
+case times the height of the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case times the height of the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case times the height of the triangle
+which is again one half in our case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again one half in our case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is again one half in our case and
+the end result is one over eight let us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result is one over eight let us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end result is one over eight let us
+now calculate another probability now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now calculate another probability now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now calculate another probability now
+this is an event that consists of only a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an event that consists of only a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an event that consists of only a
+single element we take the point 0.5 0.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single element we take the point 0.5 0.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single element we take the point 0.5 0.3
+which sits somewhere here the event of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sits somewhere here the event of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sits somewhere here the event of
+interest is a set but that set consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is a set but that set consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest is a set but that set consists
+of a single point so we're asking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single point so we're asking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a single point so we're asking for
+the probability that our dart falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that our dart falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that our dart falls
+exactly on top of that point what is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly on top of that point what is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly on top of that point what is it
+well it is the area of a set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is the area of a set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it is the area of a set that
+consists of a single point what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a single point what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of a single point what is the
+area of a single point it is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of a single point it is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of a single point it is zero and
+similarly for any other single point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for any other single point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly for any other single point
+inside that sample space that we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that sample space that we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside that sample space that we might
+have considered the answer is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have considered the answer is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have considered the answer is going to
+be zero let us now abstract from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero let us now abstract from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero let us now abstract from this
+example as well as the previous one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as well as the previous one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example as well as the previous one and
+note the following probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note the following probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note the following probability
+calculations involve a sequence of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations involve a sequence of four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations involve a sequence of four
+steps starting with the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps starting with the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steps starting with the world
+description of a problem of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a problem of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of a problem of a
+probabilistic experiment we first write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic experiment we first write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic experiment we first write
+down the sample space then we specify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the sample space then we specify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the sample space then we specify a
+probability law let me emphasize again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law let me emphasize again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law let me emphasize again
+here that this step has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that this step has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that this step has some
+arbitrariness in it you can choose any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrariness in it you can choose any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrariness in it you can choose any
+probability law you like although for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law you like although for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability law you like although for
+your results to be useful it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your results to be useful it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your results to be useful it would be
+good if your probability law captures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if your probability law captures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good if your probability law captures
+the real-world phenomenon you are trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real-world phenomenon you are trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real-world phenomenon you are trying
+to model typically you are interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model typically you are interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model typically you are interested in
+calculating the probability of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the probability of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the probability of some
+event that event may be described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that event may be described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event that event may be described in
+some loose manner so you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some loose manner so you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some loose manner so you need to
+describe it mathematically and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it mathematically and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe it mathematically and if
+possible it's always good to describe it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's always good to describe it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible it's always good to describe it
+in terms of a picture pictures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a picture pictures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a picture pictures are
+immensely useful when going through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely useful when going through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immensely useful when going through this
+and finally the last step is to go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the last step is to go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the last step is to go ahead
+and calculate the probability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate the probability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and calculate the probability of the
+event of interest now a probability law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of interest now a probability law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event of interest now a probability law
+in principle specifies the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle specifies the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in principle specifies the probability
+of every event and there is nothing else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every event and there is nothing else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of every event and there is nothing else
+to do but quite often the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but quite often the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do but quite often the probability
+law will be given in some implicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law will be given in some implicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law will be given in some implicit
+manner for example by specifying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner for example by specifying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manner for example by specifying the
+probabilities of only some of the events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of only some of the events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of only some of the events
+in that case you may have to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you may have to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case you may have to do some
+additional work to find the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work to find the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional work to find the probability
+of the particular event that you care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particular event that you care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particular event that you care
+about this last step sometimes will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this last step sometimes will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this last step sometimes will be
+easy sometimes it may be complicated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy sometimes it may be complicated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy sometimes it may be complicated but
+in either case by following this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either case by following this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in either case by following this
+four-step procedure and by being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-step procedure and by being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-step procedure and by being
+systematic you will always be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic you will always be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic you will always be able to
+come up with a single correct answer
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Nv3C7q88MqA.txt b/Nv3C7q88MqA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82b8748a88be8d37e54fca6d3aaba1cf421e612b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Nv3C7q88MqA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2819 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to
+recitation I today I wanted to teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I today I wanted to teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation I today I wanted to teach you
+a uh A variation on trig substitution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh A variation on trig substitution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh A variation on trig substitution so
+this is called hyperbolic trigonometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called hyperbolic trigonometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is called hyperbolic trigonometric
+substitution and I'm going to teach you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and I'm going to teach you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and I'm going to teach you
+it just by going through a a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just by going through a a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just by going through a a nice
+example of of a question where it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of a question where it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of of a question where it turns
+out to be useful so the question is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful so the question is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful so the question is the
+following um compute the area of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um compute the area of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following um compute the area of the
+region below so what's the region well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region below so what's the region well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region below so what's the region well I
+have here here the the hyperbola x^2 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here here the the hyperbola x^2 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here here the the hyperbola x^2 -
+y^2 = 1 and I've chosen a point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 = 1 and I've chosen a point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 = 1 and I've chosen a point on the
+hyperbola uh whose coordinates are Kosh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola uh whose coordinates are Kosh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola uh whose coordinates are Kosh
+T cinch T so remember that Kosh T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cinch T so remember that Kosh T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cinch T so remember that Kosh T is the
+hyperbolic cosine and cinch T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic cosine and cinch T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic cosine and cinch T is the
+hyperbolic sign and they're given by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic sign and they're given by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic sign and they're given by the
+formulas c t equal e to the t plus e the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas c t equal e to the t plus e the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas c t equal e to the t plus e the
+minus t/ two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t/ two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t/ two
+and C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and C
+= e tus eus T / 2 so and we saw in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= e tus eus T / 2 so and we saw in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= e tus eus T / 2 so and we saw in an
+earlier recitation video that that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier recitation video that that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier recitation video that that this
+point K T cinch T is a is a point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point K T cinch T is a is a point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point K T cinch T is a is a point on the
+right branch of this hyperbola so I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right branch of this hyperbola so I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right branch of this hyperbola so I've
+got a region so I've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a region so I've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a region so I've got the
+hyperbola I've got that point I've drawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola I've got that point I've drawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola I've got that point I've drawn
+a straight line between the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line between the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a straight line between the origin and
+that point so the the region that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point so the the region that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point so the the region that I want
+you to find the area of is this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find the area of is this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to find the area of is this region
+here so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's
+so it's the the the region uh below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the the the region uh below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's the the the region uh below that
+line segment above the x-axis and to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment above the x-axis and to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment above the x-axis and to the
+left of this branch of the hyperbola now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of this branch of the hyperbola now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left of this branch of the hyperbola now
+I'm not going to I'm not going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to I'm not going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not going to I'm not going to just
+ask you to do that alone because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to do that alone because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to do that alone because there's
+this technique that I want that I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique that I want that I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this technique that I want that I want
+you to use so let's so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use so let's so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to use so let's so let's start
+setting up the integral together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the integral together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting up the integral together and
+then I'll describe the technique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll describe the technique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll describe the technique and
+give you a chance to work it out your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a chance to work it out your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a chance to work it out your
+yourself to work out the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to work out the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to work out the problem
+yourself so from looking at this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so from looking at this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so from looking at this region
+so let's let's think about computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's think about computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's let's think about computing the
+area of this region um there are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of this region um there are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of this region um there are there
+are two ways we could split it up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways we could split it up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two ways we could split it up right
+we could we could cut it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could cut it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could we could cut it up into
+vertical rectangles and integrate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical rectangles and integrate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical rectangles and integrate with
+respect to X or we could cut it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X or we could cut it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to X or we could cut it up into
+horizontal rectangles and integrate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal rectangles and integrate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal rectangles and integrate with
+respect to Y now if we cut it up into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y now if we cut it up into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to Y now if we cut it up into
+vertical rectangles our life is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical rectangles our life is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical rectangles our life is a little
+complicated because the we have to cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because the we have to cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because the we have to cut
+the region into two pieces here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region into two pieces here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the region into two pieces here right
+there's the there because until we so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the there because until we so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the there because until we so
+this is the point one Z where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point one Z where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the point one Z where the
+hyperbola crosses the x-axis so so over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola crosses the x-axis so so over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola crosses the x-axis so so over
+here you know the top part is the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know the top part is the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know the top part is the line
+segment and the bottom part is the xaxis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and the bottom part is the xaxis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segment and the bottom part is the xaxis
+and then over here the top part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then over here the top part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then over here the top part is the
+line segment and the bottom part is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment and the bottom part is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line segment and the bottom part is the
+hyperbola so life is complicated if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola so life is complicated if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbola so life is complicated if we
+use vertical rectangles it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use vertical rectangles it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use vertical rectangles it's a little
+bit simpler if we use horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit simpler if we use horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit simpler if we use horizontal
+rectangles so let's go with that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles so let's go with that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles so let's go with that you
+know the the amount of work will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the amount of work will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the the amount of work will be
+similar either way but but I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar either way but but I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar either way but but I like this
+way lets you write it down in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way lets you write it down in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way lets you write it down in one
+integral so the so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so the so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral so the so the
+area Okay so if we if we use horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Okay so if we if we use horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area Okay so if we if we use horizontal
+rectangles to compute the area of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles to compute the area of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles to compute the area of a
+region then the area is we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region then the area is we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region then the area is we need to
+integrate from the from the bottom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from the from the bottom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from the from the bottom to
+the top whatever the you know the bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top whatever the you know the bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top whatever the you know the bounds
+on y are and then the thing we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on y are and then the thing we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on y are and then the thing we have to
+integrate has to be the the area of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate has to be the the area of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate has to be the the area of one
+of those little rectangles so the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those little rectangles so the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those little rectangles so the area
+of the little rectangle while its height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the little rectangle while its height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the little rectangle while its height
+is dy and it's length or width I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dy and it's length or width I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dy and it's length or width I guess
+is the the x coordinate of its rightmost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the x coordinate of its rightmost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the the x coordinate of its rightmost
+Point minus the x coordinate of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point minus the x coordinate of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point minus the x coordinate of its
+leftmost point so okay so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost point so okay so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftmost point so okay so we need to
+integrate from the lowest value of y to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from the lowest value of y to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from the lowest value of y to
+the highest value so we start at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest value so we start at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the highest value so we start at the
+bottom at y equals 0 and we need to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom at y equals 0 and we need to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom at y equals 0 and we need to go
+all the way up to the top here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to the top here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to the top here which is
+at y equals cinch T so it's an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at y equals cinch T so it's an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at y equals cinch T so it's an integral
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero to cinch T okay and so we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to cinch T okay and so we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to cinch T okay and so we need the
+the x coordinate on the right here minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x coordinate on the right here minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x coordinate on the right here minus
+the x coordinate on the left so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x coordinate on the left so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x coordinate on the left so what's
+the x coordinate on the right well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x coordinate on the right well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the x coordinate on the right well we
+need to solve this equation for x in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve this equation for x in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to solve this equation for x in
+terms of Y right this is going to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Y right this is going to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Y right this is going to be an
+integral with respect to Y so that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with respect to Y so that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral with respect to Y so that if we
+solve for the this point we get X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the this point we get X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the this point we get X is
+equal to the square root of y^2 + 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square root of y^2 + 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the square root of y^2 + 1 so
+the right coordinate is the square Ro T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right coordinate is the square Ro T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right coordinate is the square Ro T
+of y^2 + 1 and the left coordinate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y^2 + 1 and the left coordinate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of y^2 + 1 and the left coordinate this
+is just a straight line passing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a straight line passing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a straight line passing through
+the origin so its equation is y = cinch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so its equation is y = cinch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin so its equation is y = cinch
+T over c t * X or X = cos T over CCH T *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over c t * X or X = cos T over CCH T *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over c t * X or X = cos T over CCH T *
+y so this isus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K
+T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T
+over cinch T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cinch T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over cinch T
+* Y and we're integrating with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Y and we're integrating with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Y and we're integrating with respect
+to Y okay so this is the the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y okay so this is the the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Y okay so this is the the integral
+that we're interested in this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're interested in this is
+integral gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral gives us the
+area and some just a couple of things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and some just a couple of things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and some just a couple of things to
+notice about it so T is a constant it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice about it so T is a constant it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice about it so T is a constant it's
+just fixed so K T over cinch T which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fixed so K T over cinch T which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fixed so K T over cinch T which we
+could also if we wanted to this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also if we wanted to this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also if we wanted to this is the
+hyperbolic coent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic coent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic coent
+but that's really not important at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's really not important at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's really not important at all
+but we could call it that if we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could call it that if we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we could call it that if we wanted
+to so this is just a constant um so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this is just a constant um so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so this is just a constant um so so
+we have a minus a constant times y Dy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a minus a constant times y Dy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a minus a constant times y Dy so
+this part's easy to integrate um so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part's easy to integrate um so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part's easy to integrate um so the
+hard part is going to be integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part is going to be integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard part is going to be integrating
+this y^2 + 1 now one thing you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this y^2 + 1 now one thing you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this y^2 + 1 now one thing you've seen
+is that when you have a a y square a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you have a a y square a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that when you have a a y square a
+square root of well when you have a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of well when you have a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of well when you have a y
+sare + one one substitution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare + one one substitution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sare + one one substitution that
+sometimes work is the is a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes work is the is a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes work is the is a tangent
+substitution and the reason a tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and the reason a tangent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution and the reason a tangent
+sub subtitution works is that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub subtitution works is that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub subtitution works is that you have a
+trig identity tan^ + 1al secant s um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig identity tan^ + 1al secant s um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig identity tan^ + 1al secant s um in
+this case I'd like to suggest a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'd like to suggest a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case I'd like to suggest a
+different substitution all right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different substitution all right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different substitution all right so so
+this integral is the integral that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is the integral that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral is the integral that you
+want and I'd like to suggest a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and I'd like to suggest a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want and I'd like to suggest a
+substitution which is that you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution which is that you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution which is that you use a
+hyperbolic trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trig
+function as as your as the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as as your as the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function as as your as the thing that
+you substitute so in particular instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute so in particular instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you substitute so in particular instead
+of using instead of relying on the trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using instead of relying on the trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using instead of relying on the trig
+identity tan^ s + 1al secant squ you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity tan^ s + 1al secant squ you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity tan^ s + 1al secant squ you can
+use the the hyperbolic trig identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the the hyperbolic trig identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the the hyperbolic trig identity
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+that cinch 2 U + 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cinch 2 U + 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cinch 2 U + 1
+equals cos s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals cos s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals cos s
+u so this identity so here we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so this identity so here we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u so this identity so here we have a
+something s + 1 equal something squar so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something s + 1 equal something squar so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something s + 1 equal something squar so
+the identity this suggests is to try the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity this suggests is to try the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity this suggests is to try the
+substitution y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+= c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= c
+you all right so so this is a hyperb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right so so this is a hyperb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all right so so this is a hyperb
+trig substitution so why don't you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig substitution so why don't you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trig substitution so why don't you take
+that hint try it out on this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hint try it out on this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hint try it out on this integral
+see how it goes uh take take some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it goes uh take take some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how it goes uh take take some time
+pause the video Work It Out come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video Work It Out come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video Work It Out come back
+and we can work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together welcome back hopefully you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome back hopefully you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together welcome back hopefully you had
+some some luck solving this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some luck solving this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some luck solving this integral
+using a hyperbolic trig substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a hyperbolic trig substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a hyperbolic trig substitution
+let's work it out together see see if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work it out together see see if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's work it out together see see if if
+if my answer matches the one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my answer matches the one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if my answer matches the one that you
+came up with so as I said before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with so as I said before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with so as I said before the
+this integral comes in two parts there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral comes in two parts there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral comes in two parts there's
+the the hard part the square otk of y^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hard part the square otk of y^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the hard part the square otk of y^2
++ 1 part and there's the easy part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 part and there's the easy part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 part and there's the easy part the
+this this Y part so before I make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Y part so before I make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Y part so before I make the
+substitution let me just deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution let me just deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution let me just deal with the
+easy part um so I'll do that over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy part um so I'll do that over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy part um so I'll do that over here
+so we have the one part of the area or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the one part of the area or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have the one part of the area or
+or one part of the integral really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one part of the integral really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or one part of the integral really is
+the integral from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral from zero to
+cinch t T of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch t T of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch t T of
+minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K
+T over cinch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over cinch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T over cinch
+T time y Dy okay so this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T time y Dy okay so this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T time y Dy okay so this is just a
+constant so it's a constant time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it's a constant time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so it's a constant time
+y so this is equal to uh well it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so this is equal to uh well it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y so this is equal to uh well it's the
+same constant comes along minus c t over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same constant comes along minus c t over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same constant comes along minus c t over
+cinch T * y^2 two for y between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch T * y^2 two for y between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch T * y^2 two for y between
+0 and this upper bound cinch T so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this upper bound cinch T so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and this upper bound cinch T so that's
+equal okay so when Y is zero this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay so when Y is zero this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal okay so when Y is zero this is
+just zero so this equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero so this equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just zero so this equals
+minus K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus K
+T cinch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cinch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T cinch
+t/ two so this is the that's the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t/ two so this is the that's the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t/ two so this is the that's the easy
+part of the integral so in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the integral so in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the integral so in order to
+compute the the total area we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the the total area we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the the total area we need to
+add this expression that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this expression that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add this expression that we just
+computed to the to the integral of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed to the to the integral of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed to the to the integral of this
+first part so that's what we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part so that's what we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first part so that's what we need to
+compute next and that's what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute next and that's what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute next and that's what we're going
+to use the hyperbolic trig substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the hyperbolic trig substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the hyperbolic trig substitution
+on so we're going to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we're going to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so we're going to compute the
+integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from
+zero to cinch T of the square < TK of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to cinch T of the square < TK of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to cinch T of the square < TK of
+y^2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y^2 +
+1 Dy and we're going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Dy and we're going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 Dy and we're going to use the
+substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution
+um c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um c
+u equals y or y equals c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u equals y or y equals c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u equals y or y equals c
+u okay so um we need what do I need I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u okay so um we need what do I need I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u okay so um we need what do I need I
+need I need what Dy is and I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I need what Dy is and I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need I need what Dy is and I need to
+change the bounds so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the bounds so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the bounds so
+Dy sorry I'm going to flip this around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy sorry I'm going to flip this around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dy sorry I'm going to flip this around
+to take the so Dy is I need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the so Dy is I need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take the so Dy is I need the
+differential of s u sorry of cinch U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of s u sorry of cinch U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential of s u sorry of cinch U and
+so we saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we saw in the
+earlier hyperbolic trig function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier hyperbolic trig function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier hyperbolic trig function
+recitation that that's Kos U du or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation that that's Kos U du or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation that that's Kos U du or if
+you like you could just differentiate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like you could just differentiate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like you could just differentiate
+using the formulas that we know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the formulas that we know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the formulas that we know for
+cinch and Kosh um and we need need uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch and Kosh um and we need need uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch and Kosh um and we need need uh we
+need bounds so when Y is zero we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need bounds so when Y is zero we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need bounds so when Y is zero we need
+cinch of something is zero and CCH so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch of something is zero and CCH so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinch of something is zero and CCH so it
+happens that that value is zero so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that that value is zero so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens that that value is zero so if
+you remember the graph of the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the graph of the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember the graph of the function
+or you can just check in the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can just check in the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can just check in the formula
+when cinch is zero when when T is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when cinch is zero when when T is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when cinch is zero when when T is zero
+that's when you get cinch is zero it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you get cinch is zero it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's when you get cinch is zero it's
+the only time e to the T equals e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time e to the T equals e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only time e to the T equals e to the
+minus t okay so when Y is zero uh then U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t okay so when Y is zero uh then U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus t okay so when Y is zero uh then U
+is zero and when Y is cinch T then U is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and when Y is cinch T then U is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and when Y is cinch T then U is
+is T right because CCH U is CCH T So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T right because CCH U is CCH T So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is T right because CCH U is CCH T So
+under the substitution this becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the substitution this becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the substitution this becomes the
+integral from 0 to T now from U equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to T now from U equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to T now from U equals 0
+to T of well okay so this becomes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T of well okay so this becomes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to T of well okay so this becomes the
+square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root
+of cinch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cinch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cinch
+squar U +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar U +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar U +
+1 and then Dy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then Dy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and then Dy is
+times c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times c
+u d u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u d u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u d u
+okay now now the reason we made this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now now the reason we made this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now now the reason we made this
+substitution in the first place is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in the first place is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in the first place is that
+this this uh this we can use a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh this we can use a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this uh this we can use a a
+hyperbolic trig identity here so sinch s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trig identity here so sinch s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trig identity here so sinch s
+u + 1 is just c^ squ U and square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u + 1 is just c^ squ U and square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u + 1 is just c^ squ U and square root
+of cos squ U is c u remember that c u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cos squ U is c u remember that c u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cos squ U is c u remember that c u is
+positive so we don't have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so we don't have to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive so we don't have to worry about
+an absolute value here so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value here so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an absolute value here so this is the
+integral from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to
+T of cos squar U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+du okay so at this point there are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du okay so at this point there are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du okay so at this point there are a
+couple of different things you can do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different things you can do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different things you can do um
+one is that you can just like when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you can just like when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that you can just like when we
+have certain uh trig identities we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have certain uh trig identities we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have certain uh trig identities we have
+corresponding hyperbolic trig identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding hyperbolic trig identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding hyperbolic trig identities
+that we could that we could try out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could that we could try out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could that we could try out here
+um so we we could try something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we we could try something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so we we could try something like
+that another thing you can do is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another thing you can do is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that another thing you can do is you can
+just go go back to the formula right Ki
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go go back to the formula right Ki
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go go back to the formula right Ki
+has a simple formula in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a simple formula in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a simple formula in terms of
+exponentials so you can go back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials so you can go back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentials so you can go back to this
+formula and you can plug in so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and you can plug in so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and you can plug in so let's
+let's just try that um quickly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just try that um quickly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just try that um quickly because
+that's that's a sort of easy way to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a sort of easy way to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a sort of easy way to to
+handle this so this is uh Kosh squ U duu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this so this is uh Kosh squ U duu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle this so this is uh Kosh squ U duu
+so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to
+write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write
+Okay carry that all the way up here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay carry that all the way up here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay carry that all the way up here so
+this is the integral from 0 to T well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the integral from 0 to T well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the integral from 0 to T well if
+you take the formula for for hyperbolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the formula for for hyperbolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the formula for for hyperbolic
+cosine and square it uh what you get I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and square it uh what you get I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and square it uh what you get I'm
+going to do this all in one step is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this all in one step is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this all in one step is you
+get e to the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get e to the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get e to the 2
+U + 2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U + 2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U + 2 +
+e- 2 U over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+du okay and so now this is once you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du okay and so now this is once you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du okay and so now this is once you've
+replaced everything with exponentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced everything with exponentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced everything with exponentials
+this is easy to integrate this is um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy to integrate this is um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is easy to integrate this is um so
+e the 2 U the integral is e 2 U over 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the 2 U the integral is e 2 U over 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e the 2 U the integral is e 2 U over 2
+so that comes over 8 2 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes over 8 2 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that comes over 8 2 over
+4 you integrate that and that's just 2 U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you integrate that and that's just 2 U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you integrate that and that's just 2 U
+over 4 which is U over 2 and now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 which is U over 2 and now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4 which is U over 2 and now the
+last one is minus E to the - 2 U over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is minus E to the - 2 U over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one is minus E to the - 2 U over
+8 between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 between
+0 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and
+T okay so now we take the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so now we take the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay so now we take the difference
+here uh at T we get e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh at T we get e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh at T we get e to the
+2T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T over
+8 plus t/ 2 - e the-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 plus t/ 2 - e the-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 plus t/ 2 - e the-
+2T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+8 minus okay and when uh when U is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 minus okay and when uh when U is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 minus okay and when uh when U is equal
+so that was at U equals T at U equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was at U equals T at U equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was at U equals T at U equals z
+we get 1/8 + 0 minus 1/8 so that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 1/8 + 0 minus 1/8 so that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get 1/8 + 0 minus 1/8 so that's just
+zero okay so this is this is the what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this is this is the what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so this is this is the what we
+get for that um part of the integral so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for that um part of the integral so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get for that um part of the integral so
+okay so so we've now split the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we've now split the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so we've now split the integral
+into two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into two pieces
+we computed one piece because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed one piece because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we computed one piece because it was
+just easy we were integrating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just easy we were integrating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just easy we were integrating a
+polinomial we computed the other piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial we computed the other piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial we computed the other piece
+which was more complicated using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was more complicated using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was more complicated using a
+hyperbolic trig substitution the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trig substitution the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trig substitution the whole
+integral is the sum of those two pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is the sum of those two pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is the sum of those two pieces
+so now I the whole integral I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I the whole integral I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I the whole integral I have to
+take this piece and I have to add it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this piece and I have to add it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this piece and I have to add it to
+the thing that I computed for the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that I computed for the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that I computed for the other
+piece before which was somewhere where'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece before which was somewhere where'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece before which was somewhere where'
+it go here it is right here which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go here it is right here which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it go here it is right here which was
+minus c t cinch T over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c t cinch T over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus c t cinch T over
+two okay um so I'm going to save you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay um so I'm going to save you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay um so I'm going to save you a
+little arithmetic and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arithmetic and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little arithmetic and I'm going to
+observe that minus c t c t/ 2 is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that minus c t c t/ 2 is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that minus c t c t/ 2 is exactly
+equal to the minus E 2T over 8 plus eus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the minus E 2T over 8 plus eus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the minus E 2T over 8 plus eus
+2T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T
+over8 so adding these two expressions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together gives us so the this first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together gives us so the this first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together gives us so the this first
+expression minus cos t c t/ 2 is minus E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression minus cos t c t/ 2 is minus E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression minus cos t c t/ 2 is minus E
+2T / 8 + e- 2T / 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T / 8 + e- 2T / 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2T / 8 + e- 2T / 8
+plus okay plus what we've got right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus okay plus what we've got right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus okay plus what we've got right here
+which is e 2T 8 - e- 2T / 8 + T / 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is e 2T 8 - e- 2T / 8 + T / 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is e 2T 8 - e- 2T / 8 + T / 2 and
+that's exactly equal to t/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 okay so this is the area of that sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so this is the area of that sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 okay so this is the area of that sort
+of hyperbolic triangle thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hyperbolic triangle thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hyperbolic triangle thing that we
+started out with at the beginning so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with at the beginning so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out with at the beginning so let
+me just walk back over there for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just walk back over there for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just walk back over there for a
+second so so we use this hyperbolic trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so so we use this hyperbolic trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second so so we use this hyperbolic trig
+substitution in order to compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in order to compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in order to compute that
+the area of this triangle is t/2 now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of this triangle is t/2 now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of this triangle is t/2 now I
+just want to first of all I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to first of all I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to first of all I want to
+observe that that's a really nice answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that that's a really nice answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe that that's a really nice answer
+so that's kind of cool the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of cool the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's kind of cool the other thing
+that I want to observe is that this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to observe is that this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to observe is that this is a
+very close analogy with something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close analogy with something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very close analogy with something that
+happens in the in the case of regular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the in the case of regular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in the in the case of regular uh
+Circle trigonometric functions which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle trigonometric functions which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle trigonometric functions which is
+if you look at the a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the a regular
+Circle and you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle and you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circle and you take the
+point cosine Theta comma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point cosine Theta comma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point cosine Theta comma
+sin Theta then the area of this little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta then the area of this little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sin Theta then the area of this little
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+here is Theta over two so in this case U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Theta over two so in this case U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is Theta over two so in this case U
+doesn't measure an angle but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't measure an angle but it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't measure an angle but it does
+measure an area in exactly the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure an area in exactly the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure an area in exactly the same way
+that Theta measures an area so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta measures an area so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Theta measures an area so there's a
+really cool relationship there between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool relationship there between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool relationship there between
+the hyperbolic trig function and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic trig function and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hyperbolic trig function and the
+regular trig function so that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular trig function so that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular trig function so that's just a
+kind of cool fact the the the useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool fact the the the useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of cool fact the the the useful
+piece of knowledge that you can extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of knowledge that you can extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of knowledge that you can extract
+from what we've just done though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've just done though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from what we've just done though is that
+you can use this hyperbolic trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this hyperbolic trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use this hyperbolic trig
+substitution in integrals of certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in integrals of certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution in integrals of certain
+forms so in the same way that trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms so in the same way that trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms so in the same way that trig
+substitutions are suggested by certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions are suggested by certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions are suggested by certain
+forms of the integrand hyperbolic trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the integrand hyperbolic trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of the integrand hyperbolic trig
+substitutions are also suggested by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions are also suggested by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutions are also suggested by
+certain forms of the integrand and often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain forms of the integrand and often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain forms of the integrand and often
+you have a choice about which one to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a choice about which one to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a choice about which one to use
+and in this particular instance a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular instance a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this particular instance a
+hyperbolic trig substitution worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trig substitution worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperbolic trig substitution worked out
+quite nicely much more nicely than than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nicely much more nicely than than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite nicely much more nicely than than
+a trig substitution would have worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trig substitution would have worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a trig substitution would have worked
+out um so that's just another tool for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um so that's just another tool for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out um so that's just another tool for
+your toolbox I'll end with that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PAlB9kA7c-s.txt b/PAlB9kA7c-s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b7755c2405225b6393d310ac7c2691f5832f6b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PAlB9kA7c-s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1075 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's our equation three terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's our equation three terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's our equation three terms
+first term spontaneous emission second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term spontaneous emission second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first term spontaneous emission second
+term stimulated emission proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term stimulated emission proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term stimulated emission proportional to
+n B third term increases and B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n B third term increases and B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n B third term increases and B is
+absorption our strategy now is so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption our strategy now is so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption our strategy now is so what
+do you do with this this looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do with this this looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you do with this this looks like a
+good equation but what what are we to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good equation but what what are we to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good equation but what what are we to do
+we haven't used three really so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't used three really so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't used three really so we can
+solve for you and this time the equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for you and this time the equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for you and this time the equation
+won't want to make you equal zero it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't want to make you equal zero it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't want to make you equal zero it
+will give us something and then we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us something and then we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give us something and then we can
+compare with the thermal equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with the thermal equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare with the thermal equilibrium
+relation to get something so that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to get something so that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to get something so that's our
+goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal
+so how do we solve for u let's divide by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we solve for u let's divide by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we solve for u let's divide by
+NB so divide by five by Mb so a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NB so divide by five by Mb so a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NB so divide by five by Mb so a zero
+here pass this to that side and divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here pass this to that side and divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here pass this to that side and divide
+by M B so you get a on the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by M B so you get a on the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by M B so you get a on the left hand
+side equals let's see if should I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side equals let's see if should I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side equals let's see if should I put
+the minus B B a and B actually I'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus B B a and B actually I'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus B B a and B actually I'll do
+it like this the second term first be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this the second term first be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this the second term first be a
+B over B a B and a over n B times u so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B over B a B and a over n B times u so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B over B a B and a over n B times u so
+I'll put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll put it here
+au of Omega B a minus b b:a okay so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au of Omega B a minus b b:a okay so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+au of Omega B a minus b b:a okay so I
+move the first term to the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the first term to the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move the first term to the left hand
+side group the you why do I group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side group the you why do I group the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side group the you why do I group the
+you because I said let's find what u is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because I said let's find what u is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you because I said let's find what u is
+and try to compare with other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to compare with other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try to compare with other things
+that we have so now we can solve for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so now we can solve for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have so now we can solve for the
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you of Omega B a is equal to a divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of Omega B a is equal to a divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of Omega B a is equal to a divided
+by this quantity so it's a divided by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this quantity so it's a divided by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this quantity so it's a divided by a
+big thing let me factor out the B a B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing let me factor out the B a B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big thing let me factor out the B a B so
+now we have here n a over n B minus B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have here n a over n B minus B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have here n a over n B minus B
+B a over B a B or a over B a be 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B a over B a B or a over B a be 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B a over B a B or a over B a be 1 over n
+a over and B is there is e to the beta H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over and B is there is e to the beta H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over and B is there is e to the beta H
+bar Omega B a it's a minus sign with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega B a it's a minus sign with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar Omega B a it's a minus sign with
+respect to number 2 minus B B a over B a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to number 2 minus B B a over B a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to number 2 minus B B a over B a
+B ok this is great we're very good shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B ok this is great we're very good shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B ok this is great we're very good shape
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+in fact or here let's compare with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact or here let's compare with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact or here let's compare with our
+thermal radiation so here is what we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal radiation so here is what we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal radiation so here is what we got
+and we have to compare with point fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to compare with point fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to compare with point fact
+number three which is the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three which is the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three which is the thermal
+radiation formula which is H bar over pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation formula which is H bar over pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation formula which is H bar over pi
+squared C cubed Omega cubed Omega cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared C cubed Omega cubed Omega cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared C cubed Omega cubed Omega cubed
+one over e to the beta H Omega and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over e to the beta H Omega and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over e to the beta H Omega and I'm
+comparing with the thermal radiation u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing with the thermal radiation u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing with the thermal radiation u
+of Omega a B I cancel the deal Magus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega a B I cancel the deal Magus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Omega a B I cancel the deal Magus
+because this is you without the V Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is you without the V Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is you without the V Omega
+so Omega be a be a minus 1 alright it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Omega be a be a minus 1 alright it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Omega be a be a minus 1 alright it's
+perfectly nice and ready we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly nice and ready we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly nice and ready we need to
+compare this formula with this one they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this formula with this one they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare this formula with this one they
+have to be equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be equal
+well this factor must be equal to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this factor must be equal to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this factor must be equal to this
+factor given that here you have the e to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor given that here you have the e to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor given that here you have the e to
+the beta H bar Omega ba these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta H bar Omega ba these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beta H bar Omega ba these are
+constants and the first thing that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and the first thing that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants and the first thing that you
+discover is BBA equal Bab and yes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is BBA equal Bab and yes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is BBA equal Bab and yes very
+nice this is what we learn in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice this is what we learn in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice this is what we learn in
+perturbation theory these two processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory these two processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory these two processes
+have similar identical rate so the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have similar identical rate so the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have similar identical rate so the first
+statement that this equality requires is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that this equality requires is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that this equality requires is
+that a over B a B now it's that BA B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a over B a B now it's that BA B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a over B a B now it's that BA B is
+equal to B B a so there's just one B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B B a so there's just one B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B B a so there's just one B
+coefficient just like this one a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient just like this one a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient just like this one a
+coefficient and the second thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the second thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the second thing that
+you learn is that a over B a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this raesha it's h-bar Omega B a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this raesha it's h-bar Omega B a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this raesha it's h-bar Omega B a
+cubed over pi squared C cube so we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over pi squared C cube so we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed over pi squared C cube so we will
+be able to calculate the B coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to calculate the B coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to calculate the B coefficients
+because they represent the familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they represent the familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they represent the familiar
+properties of harmonic perturbations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of harmonic perturbations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of harmonic perturbations
+transitions and we've done already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and we've done already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions and we've done already
+calculating a is harder in principle the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating a is harder in principle the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating a is harder in principle the
+process of spontaneous emission is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of spontaneous emission is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of spontaneous emission is a
+harder process but this relation says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder process but this relation says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder process but this relation says
+that we don't have to worry about it we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have to worry about it we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we don't have to worry about it we
+already if we know B these are constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already if we know B these are constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already if we know B these are constants
+we know a so many times even in problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know a so many times even in problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know a so many times even in problems
+in the homework that they will you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the homework that they will you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the homework that they will you will
+be asked what is the spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked what is the spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be asked what is the spontaneous
+transition rate for this decay you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rate for this decay you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition rate for this decay you have
+an oscillator it's in an excited state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oscillator it's in an excited state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an oscillator it's in an excited state
+what is the rate of spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the rate of spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the rate of spontaneous
+transition and then it say okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and then it say okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition and then it say okay this is
+complicated but you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but you calculate the
+stimulated transition rate and then plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated transition rate and then plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated transition rate and then plug
+in this coefficient so it will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this coefficient so it will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this coefficient so it will not be
+difficult now spontaneous emission as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult now spontaneous emission as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult now spontaneous emission as we
+discussed there in the top doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed there in the top doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed there in the top doesn't
+include the factor having to do with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the factor having to do with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the factor having to do with the
+density of photons they you that tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of photons they you that tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density of photons they you that tells
+you how many photons there are because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how many photons there are because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how many photons there are because
+the photons play no deep role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons play no deep role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the photons play no deep role in
+producing the transition but at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the transition but at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing the transition but at some
+level this transition while it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this transition while it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level this transition while it's not
+stimulated by the photons that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated by the photons that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated by the photons that are
+flying around when you calculate it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around when you calculate it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying around when you calculate it and
+in a in a serious detail calculation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a serious detail calculation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a in a serious detail calculation you
+can think of them as stimulated by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of them as stimulated by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can think of them as stimulated by the
+vacuum fluctuations of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum fluctuations of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacuum fluctuations of the
+electromagnetic field so if you were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field so if you were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field so if you were to
+quantize the electromagnetic field there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the electromagnetic field there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantize the electromagnetic field there
+are vacuum fluctuations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vacuum fluctuations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are vacuum fluctuations and
+most vacuum fluctuations you could say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most vacuum fluctuations you could say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most vacuum fluctuations you could say
+there are stimulating what we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are stimulating what we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are stimulating what we call
+spontaneous emission so at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission so at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission so at the end of
+the day the electromagnetic field is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day the electromagnetic field is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day the electromagnetic field is a
+quantum field and therefore it has zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field and therefore it has zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field and therefore it has zero
+point energies Casimir effect vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point energies Casimir effect vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point energies Casimir effect vacuum
+fluctuations you can't get away from it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations you can't get away from it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations you can't get away from it
+so in some sense everything is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense everything is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense everything is
+stimulated emission stimulated by a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission stimulated by a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission stimulated by a lot
+of photons or stimulated by the vacuum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photons or stimulated by the vacuum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of photons or stimulated by the vacuum
+fields anyway will still remain with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields anyway will still remain with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields anyway will still remain with the
+name of spontaneous emission and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of spontaneous emission and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name of spontaneous emission and keep
+those things very distinct these rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things very distinct these rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things very distinct these rates
+have different effects at the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different effects at the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different effects at the different
+temperatures as well so we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures as well so we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures as well so we'll we'll
+consider that for example in that at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that for example in that at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that for example in that at low
+temperatures the blackbody radiation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the blackbody radiation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures the blackbody radiation has
+very little number of photons so most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little number of photons so most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little number of photons so most of
+the transitions if they occur are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions if they occur are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transitions if they occur are
+happening due to spontaneous transitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening due to spontaneous transitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening due to spontaneous transitions
+on the other hand as you increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand as you increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand as you increase the
+temperature the number of photons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the number of photons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature the number of photons that
+are available per unit volume increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available per unit volume increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available per unit volume increases
+and stimulate that the mission takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulate that the mission takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stimulate that the mission takes
+over so this is a this these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so this is a this these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so this is a this these are the
+different contributions to the rates and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contributions to the rates and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different contributions to the rates and
+it gives you perspective at very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you perspective at very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you perspective at very low
+temperatures spontaneous dominates at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures spontaneous dominates at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures spontaneous dominates at
+verified temperatures stimulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified temperatures stimulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verified temperatures stimulated
+emission dominates
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/PxCxlsl_YwY.txt b/PxCxlsl_YwY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b373e53bbeed46598ab18c125b1631b6adf822a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/PxCxlsl_YwY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1501 @@
+So let's start right away with
+stuff that we will need to see
+
+before we can go on to more
+advanced things.
+
+So, hopefully yesterday in
+recitation, you heard a bit
+
+about vectors.
+How many of you actually knew
+
+about vectors before that?
+OK, that's the vast majority.
+
+If you are not one of those
+people, well,
+
+hopefully you'll learn about
+vectors right now.
+
+I'm sorry that the learning
+curve will be a bit steeper for
+
+the first week.
+But hopefully,
+
+you'll adjust fine.
+If you have trouble with
+
+vectors, do go to your
+recitation instructor's office
+
+hours for extra practice if you
+feel the need to.
+
+You will see it's pretty easy.
+So, just to remind you,
+
+a vector is a quantity that has
+both a direction and a magnitude
+
+of length.
+
+So -- So, concretely the way
+you draw a vector is by some
+
+arrow, like that,
+OK?
+
+And so, it has a length,
+and it's pointing in some
+
+direction.
+And, so, now,
+
+the way that we compute things
+with vectors,
+
+typically, as we introduce a
+coordinate system.
+
+So, if we are in the plane,
+x-y-axis, if we are in space,
+
+x-y-z axis.
+So, usually I will try to draw
+
+my x-y-z axis consistently to
+look like this.
+
+And then, I can represent my
+vector in terms of its
+
+components along the coordinate
+axis.
+
+So, that means when I have this
+row, I can ask,
+
+how much does it go in the x
+direction?
+
+How much does it go in the y
+direction?
+
+How much does it go in the z
+direction?
+
+And, so, let's call this a
+vector A.
+
+So, it's more convention.
+When we have a vector quantity,
+
+we put an arrow on top to
+remind us that it's a vector.
+
+If it's in the textbook,
+then sometimes it's in bold
+
+because it's easier to typeset.
+If you've tried in your
+
+favorite word processor,
+bold is easy and vectors are
+
+not easy.
+So, the vector you can try to
+
+decompose terms of unit vectors
+directed along the coordinate
+
+axis.
+So, the convention is there is
+
+a vector that we call
+***amp***lt;i***amp***gt;
+
+hat that points along the x
+axis and has length one.
+
+There's a vector called
+***amp***lt;j***amp***gt;
+
+hat that does the same along
+the y axis,
+
+and the
+***amp***lt;k***amp***gt;
+
+hat that does the same along
+the z axis.
+
+And, so, we can express any
+vector in terms of its
+
+components.
+So, the other notation is
+
+***amp***lt;a1,
+a2, a3 ***amp***gt;
+
+between these square brackets.
+Well, in angular brackets.
+
+So, the length of a vector we
+denote by, if you want,
+
+it's the same notation as the
+absolute value.
+
+So, that's going to be a
+number, as we say,
+
+now, a scalar quantity.
+OK, so, a scalar quantity is a
+
+usual numerical quantity as
+opposed to a vector quantity.
+
+And, its direction is sometimes
+called dir A,
+
+and that can be obtained just
+by scaling the vector down to
+
+unit length,
+for example,
+
+by dividing it by its length.
+So -- Well, there's a lot of
+
+notation to be learned.
+So, for example,
+
+if I have two points,
+P and Q, then I can draw a
+
+vector from P to Q.
+And, that vector is called
+
+vector PQ, OK?
+So, maybe we'll call it A.
+
+But, a vector doesn't really
+have, necessarily,
+
+a starting point and an ending
+point.
+
+OK, so if I decide to start
+here and I go by the same
+
+distance in the same direction,
+this is also vector A.
+
+It's the same thing.
+So, a lot of vectors we'll draw
+
+starting at the origin,
+but we don't have to.
+
+So, let's just check and see
+how things went in recitation.
+
+So, let's say that I give you
+the vector
+
+***amp***lt;3,2,1***amp***gt;.
+And so, what do you think about
+
+the length of this vector?
+OK, I see an answer forming.
+
+So, a lot of you are answering
+the same thing.
+
+Maybe it shouldn't spoil it for
+those who haven't given it yet.
+
+OK, I think the overwhelming
+vote is in favor of answer
+
+number two.
+I see some sixes, I don't know.
+
+That's a perfectly good answer,
+too, but hopefully in a few
+
+minutes it won't be I don't know
+anymore.
+
+So, let's see.
+How do we find -- -- the length
+
+of a vector three,
+two, one?
+
+Well, so, this vector,
+A, it comes towards us along
+
+the x axis by three units.
+It goes to the right along the
+
+y axis by two units,
+and then it goes up by one unit
+
+along the z axis.
+OK, so, it's pointing towards
+
+here.
+That's pretty hard to draw.
+
+So, how do we get its length?
+Well, maybe we can start with
+
+something easier,
+the length of the vector in the
+
+plane.
+So, observe that A is obtained
+
+from a vector,
+B, in the plane.
+
+Say, B equals three (i) hat
+plus two (j) hat.
+
+And then, we just have to,
+still, go up by one unit,
+
+OK?
+So, let me try to draw a
+
+picture in this vertical plane
+that contains A and B.
+
+If I draw it in the vertical
+plane,
+
+so, that's the Z axis, 
+that's not any particular axis, 
+
+then my vector B will go here, 
+and my vector A will go above
+
+it.
+And here, that's one unit.
+
+And, here I have a right angle.
+So, I can use the Pythagorean
+
+theorem to find that length A^2
+equals length B^2 plus one.
+
+Now, we are reduced to finding
+the length of B.
+
+The length of B,
+we can again find using the
+
+Pythagorean theorem in the XY
+plane because here we have the
+
+right angle.
+Here we have three units,
+
+and here we have two units.
+OK, so, if you do the
+
+calculations,
+you will see that,
+
+well, length of B is square
+root of (3^2 2^2),
+
+that's 13.
+So, the square root of 13 -- --
+
+and length of A is square root
+of length B^2 plus one (square
+
+it if you want) which is going
+to be square root of 13 plus one
+
+is the square root of 14,
+hence, answer number two which
+
+almost all of you gave.
+OK, so the general formula,
+
+if you follow it with it,
+in general if we have a vector
+
+with components a1,
+a2, a3,
+
+then the length of A is the
+square root of a1^2 plus a2^2
+
+plus a3^2.
+OK, any questions about that?
+
+Yes?
+Yes.
+
+So, in general,
+we indeed can consider vectors
+
+in abstract spaces that have any
+number of coordinates.
+
+And that you have more
+components.
+
+In this class,
+we'll mostly see vectors with
+
+two or three components because
+they are easier to draw,
+
+and because a lot of the math
+that we'll see works exactly the
+
+same way whether you have three
+variables or a million
+
+variables.
+If we had a factor with more
+
+components, then we would have a
+lot of trouble drawing it.
+
+But we could still define its
+length in the same way,
+
+by summing the squares of the
+components.
+
+So, I'm sorry to say that here,
+multi-variable,
+
+multi will mean mostly two or
+three.
+
+But, be assured that it works
+just the same way if you have
+
+10,000 variables.
+Just, calculations are longer.
+
+OK, more questions?
+So, what else can we do with
+
+vectors?
+Well, another thing that I'm
+
+sure you know how to do with
+vectors is to add them to scale
+
+them.
+So, vector addition,
+
+so, if you have two vectors,
+A and B, then you can form,
+
+their sum, A plus B.
+How do we do that?
+
+Well, first,
+I should tell you,
+
+vectors, they have this double
+life.
+
+They are, at the same time, 
+geometric objects that we can
+
+draw like this in pictures,
+and there are also
+
+computational objects that we
+can represent by numbers.
+
+So, every question about
+vectors will have two answers,
+
+one geometric,
+and one numerical.
+
+OK, so let's start with the
+geometric.
+
+So, let's say that I have two
+vectors, A and B,
+
+given to me.
+And, let's say that I thought
+
+of drawing them at the same
+place to start with.
+
+Well, to take the sum,
+what I should do is actually
+
+move B so that it starts at the
+end of A, at the head of A.
+
+OK, so this is, again, vector B.
+So, observe,
+
+this actually forms,
+now, a parallelogram,
+
+right?
+So, this side is,
+
+again, vector A.
+And now, if we take the
+
+diagonal of that parallelogram,
+this is what we call A plus B, 
+
+OK, so, the idea being that to
+move along A plus B,
+
+it's the same as to move first
+along A and then along B,
+
+or, along B, then along A.
+A plus B equals B plus A.
+
+OK, now, if we do it
+numerically,
+
+then all you do is you just add
+the first component of A with
+
+the first component of B,
+the second with the second, 
+
+and the third with the third.
+OK, say that A was
+
+***amp***lt;a1,
+a2, a3***amp***gt;
+
+B was ***amp***lt;b1,
+b2, b3***amp***gt;,
+
+then you just add this way.
+OK, so it's pretty
+
+straightforward.
+So, for example,
+
+I said that my vector over
+there, its components are three,
+
+two, one.
+But, I also wrote it as 3i 2j k.
+
+What does that mean?
+OK, so I need to tell you first
+
+about multiplying by a scalar.
+So, this is about addition.
+
+So, multiplication by a scalar,
+it's very easy.
+
+If you have a vector,
+A, then you can form a vector
+
+2A just by making it go twice as
+far in the same direction.
+
+Or, we can make half A more
+modestly.
+
+We can even make minus A,
+and so on.
+
+So now, you see,
+if I do the calculation,
+
+3i 2j k, well,
+what does it mean?
+
+3i is just going to go along
+the x axis, but by distance of
+
+three instead of one.
+And then, 2j goes two units
+
+along the y axis,
+and k goes up by one unit.
+
+Well, if you add these
+together, you will go from the
+
+origin, then along the x axis,
+then parallel to the y axis,
+
+and then up.
+And, you will end up,
+
+indeed, at the endpoint of a
+vector.
+
+OK, any questions at this point?
+Yes?
+
+Exactly.
+To add vectors geometrically,
+
+you just put the head of the
+first vector and the tail of the
+
+second vector in the same place.
+And then, it's head to tail
+
+addition.
+Any other questions?
+
+Yes?
+That's correct.
+
+If you subtract two vectors,
+that just means you add the
+
+opposite of a vector.
+So, for example,
+
+if I wanted to do A minus B,
+I would first go along A and
+
+then along minus B,
+which would take me somewhere
+
+over there, OK?
+So, A minus B,
+
+if you want,
+would go from here to here.
+
+OK, so hopefully you've kind of
+seen that stuff either before in
+
+your lives, or at least
+yesterday.
+
+So, I'm going to use that as an
+excuse to move quickly forward.
+
+So, now we are going to learn a
+few more operations about
+
+vectors.
+And, these operations will be
+
+useful to us when we start
+trying to do a bit of geometry.
+
+So, of course,
+you've all done some geometry.
+
+But, we are going to see that
+geometry can be done using
+
+vectors.
+And, in many ways,
+
+it's the right language for
+that,
+
+and in particular when we learn
+about functions we really will
+
+want to use vectors more than,
+maybe, the other kind of
+
+geometry that you've seen
+before.
+
+I mean, of course,
+it's just a language in a way.
+
+I mean, we are just
+reformulating things that you
+
+have seen, you already know
+since childhood.
+
+But, you will see that notation
+somehow helps to make it more
+
+straightforward.
+So, what is dot product?
+
+Well, dot product as a way of
+multiplying two vectors to get a
+
+number, a scalar.
+And, well, let me start by
+
+giving you a definition in terms
+of components.
+
+What we do, let's say that we
+have a vector,
+
+A, with components a1,
+a2, a3, vector B with
+
+components b1,
+b2, b3.
+
+Well, we multiply the first
+components by the first
+
+components, the second by the
+second, the third by the third.
+
+If you have N components,
+you keep going.
+
+And, you sum all of these
+together.
+
+OK, and important:
+this is a scalar.
+
+OK, you do not get a vector.
+You get a number.
+
+I know it sounds completely
+obvious from the definition
+
+here,
+but in the middle of the action
+
+when you're going to do
+complicated problems,
+
+it's sometimes easy to forget.
+So, that's the definition.
+
+What is it good for?
+Why would we ever want to do
+
+that?
+That's kind of a strange
+
+operation.
+So, probably to see what it's
+
+good for, I should first tell
+you what it is geometrically.
+
+OK, so what does it do
+geometrically?
+
+Well, what you do when you
+multiply two vectors in this
+
+way,
+I claim the answer is equal to
+
+the length of A times the length
+of B times the cosine of the
+
+angle between them.
+So, I have my vector, A, 
+
+and if I have my vector, B, 
+and I have some angle between
+
+them,
+I multiply the length of A
+
+times the length of B times the
+cosine of that angle.
+
+So, that looks like a very
+artificial operation.
+
+I mean, why would want to do
+that complicated multiplication?
+
+Well, the basic answer is it
+tells us at the same time about
+
+lengths and about angles.
+And, the extra bonus thing is
+
+that it's very easy to compute
+if you have components,
+
+see, that formula is actually
+pretty easy.
+
+So, OK, maybe I should first
+tell you, how do we get this
+
+from that?
+Because, you know,
+
+in math, one tries to justify
+everything to prove theorems.
+
+So, if you want,
+that's the theorem.
+
+That's the first theorem in
+18.02.
+
+So, how do we prove the theorem?
+How do we check that this is,
+
+indeed, correct using this
+definition?
+
+So, in more common language,
+what does this geometric
+
+definition mean?
+Well, the first thing it means,
+
+before we multiply two vectors,
+let's start multiplying a
+
+vector with itself.
+That's probably easier.
+
+So, if we multiply a vector,
+A, with itself,
+
+using this dot product,
+so, by the way,
+
+I should point out,
+we put this dot here.
+
+That's why it's called dot
+product.
+
+So, what this tells us is we
+should get the same thing as
+
+multiplying the length of A with
+itself, so, squared,
+
+times the cosine of the angle.
+But now, the cosine of an
+
+angle, of zero,
+cosine of zero you all know is
+
+one.
+OK, so that's going to be
+
+length A^2.
+Well, doesn't stand a chance of
+
+being true?
+Well, let's see.
+
+If we do AdotA using this
+formula, we will get a1^2 a2^2
+
+a3^2.
+That is, indeed,
+
+the square of the length.
+So, check.
+
+That works.
+OK, now, what about two
+
+different vectors?
+Can we understand what this
+
+says, and how it relates to
+that?
+
+So, let's say that I have two
+different vectors,
+
+A and B, and I want to try to
+understand what's going on.
+
+So, my claim is that we are
+going to be able to understand
+
+the relation between this and
+that in terms of the law of
+
+cosines.
+So, the law of cosines is
+
+something that tells you about
+the length of the third side in
+
+the triangle like this in terms
+of these two sides,
+
+and the angle here.
+OK, so the law of cosines,
+
+which hopefully you have seen
+before, says that,
+
+so let me give a name to this
+side.
+
+Let's call this side C,
+and as a vector,
+
+C is A minus B.
+It's minus B plus A.
+
+So, it's getting a bit
+cluttered here.
+
+So, the law of cosines says
+that the length of the third
+
+side in this triangle is equal
+to length A2 plus length B2.
+
+Well, if I stopped here,
+that would be Pythagoras,
+
+but I don't have a right angle.
+So, I have a third term which
+
+is twice length A,
+length B, cosine theta,
+
+OK?
+Has everyone seen this formula
+
+sometime?
+I hear some yeah's.
+
+I hear some no's.
+Well, it's a fact about,
+
+I mean, you probably haven't
+seen it with vectors,
+
+but it's a fact about the side
+lengths in a triangle.
+
+And, well, let's say,
+if you haven't seen it before,
+
+then this is going to be a
+proof of the law of cosines if
+
+you believe this.
+Otherwise, it's the other way
+
+around.
+So, let's try to see how this
+
+relates to what I'm saying about
+the dot product.
+
+So, I've been saying that
+length C^2, that's the same
+
+thing as CdotC,
+OK?
+
+That, we have checked.
+Now, CdotC, well,
+
+C is A minus B.
+So, it's A minus B,
+
+dot product,
+A minus B.
+
+Now, what do we want to do in a
+situation like that?
+
+Well, we want to expand this
+into a sum of four terms.
+
+Are we allowed to do that?
+Well, we have this dot product
+
+that's a mysterious new
+operation.
+
+We don't really know.
+Well, the answer is yes,
+
+we can do it.
+You can check from this
+
+definition that it behaves in
+the usual way in terms of
+
+expanding, vectoring,
+and so on.
+
+So, I can write that as AdotA
+minus AdotB minus BdotA plus
+
+BdotB.
+So, AdotA is length A^2.
+
+Let me jump ahead to the last
+term.
+
+BdotB is length B^2,
+and then these two terms,
+
+well, they're the same.
+You can check from the
+
+definition that AdotB and BdotA
+are the same thing.
+
+Well, you see that this term,
+I mean, this is the only
+
+difference between these two
+formulas for the length of C.
+
+So, if you believe in the law
+of cosines, then it tells you
+
+that, yes, this a proof that
+AdotB equals length A length B
+
+cosine theta.
+Or, vice versa,
+
+if you've never seen the law of
+cosines, you are willing to
+
+believe this.
+Then, this is the proof of the
+
+law of cosines.
+So, the law of cosines,
+
+or this interpretation,
+are equivalent to each other.
+
+OK, any questions?
+Yes?
+
+So, in the second one there
+isn't a cosine theta because I'm
+
+just expanding a dot product.
+OK, so I'm just writing C
+
+equals A minus B,
+and then I'm expanding this
+
+algebraically.
+And then, I get to an answer
+
+that has an A.B.
+So then, if I wanted to express
+
+that without a dot product,
+then I would have to introduce
+
+a cosine.
+And, I would get the same as
+
+that, OK?
+So, yeah, if you want,
+
+the next step to recall the law
+of cosines would be plug in this
+
+formula for AdotB.
+And then you would have a
+
+cosine.
+OK, let's keep going.
+
+OK, so what is this good for?
+Now that we have a definition,
+
+we should figure out what we
+can do with it.
+
+So, what are the applications
+of dot product?
+
+Well, will this discover new
+applications of dot product
+
+throughout the entire
+semester,but let me tell you at
+
+least about those that are
+readily visible.
+
+So, one is to compute lengths
+and angles, especially angles.
+
+So, let's do an example.
+Let's say that,
+
+for example,
+I have in space,
+
+I have a point,
+P, which is at (1,0,0).
+
+I have a point,
+Q, which is at (0,1,0).
+
+So, it's at distance one here,
+one here.
+
+And, I have a third point,
+R at (0,0,2),
+
+so it's at height two.
+And, let's say that I'm
+
+curious, and I'm wondering what
+is the angle here?
+
+So, here I have a triangle in
+space connect P,
+
+Q, and R, and I'm wondering,
+what is this angle here?
+
+OK, so, of course,
+one solution is to build a
+
+model and then go and measure
+the angle.
+
+But, we can do better than that.
+We can just find the angle
+
+using dot product.
+So, how would we do that?
+
+Well, so, if we look at this
+formula, we see,
+
+so, let's say that we want to
+find the angle here.
+
+Well, let's look at the formula
+for PQdotPR.
+
+Well, we said it should be
+length PQ times length PR times
+
+the cosine of the angle,
+OK?
+
+Now, what do we know,
+and what do we not know?
+
+Well, certainly at this point
+we don't know the cosine of the
+
+angle.
+That's what we would like to
+
+find.
+The lengths,
+
+certainly we can compute.
+We know how to find these
+
+lengths.
+And, this dot product we know
+
+how to compute because we have
+an easy formula here.
+
+OK, so we can compute
+everything else and then find
+
+theta.
+So, I'll tell you what we will
+
+do is we will find theta -- --
+in this way.
+
+We'll take the dot product of
+PQ with PR, and then we'll
+
+divide by the lengths.
+
+OK, so let's see.
+So, we said cosine theta is
+
+PQdotPR over length PQ length
+PR.
+
+So, let's try to figure out
+what this vector,
+
+PQ,
+well, to go from P to Q, 
+
+I should go minus one unit
+along the x direction plus one
+
+unit along the y direction.
+And, I'm not moving in the z
+
+direction.
+So, to go from P to Q,
+
+I have to move by
+***amp***lt;-1,1,0***amp***gt;.
+
+To go from P to R,
+I go -1 along the x axis and 2
+
+along the z axis.
+So, PR, I claim, is this.
+
+OK, then, the lengths of these
+vectors, well,(-1)^2 (1)^2
+
+(0)^2, square root,
+and then same thing with the
+
+other one.
+OK, so, the denominator will
+
+become the square root of 2,
+and there's a square root of 5.
+
+What about the numerator?
+Well, so, remember,
+
+to do the dot product,
+we multiply this by this,
+
+and that by that,
+that by that.
+
+And, we add.
+Minus 1 times minus 1 makes 1
+
+plus 1 times 0,
+that's 0.
+
+Zero times 2 is 0 again.
+So, we will get 1 over square
+
+root of 10.
+That's the cosine of the angle.
+
+And, of course if we want the
+actual angle,
+
+well, we have to take a
+calculator, find the inverse
+
+cosine, and you'll find it's
+about 71.5°.
+
+Actually, we'll be using mostly
+radians, but for today,
+
+that's certainly more speaking.
+OK, any questions about that?
+
+No?
+OK, so in particular,
+
+I should point out one thing
+that's really neat about the
+
+answer.
+I mean, we got this number.
+
+We don't really know what it
+means exactly because it mixes
+
+together the lengths and the
+angle.
+
+But, one thing that's
+interesting here,
+
+it's the sign of the answer,
+the fact that we got a positive
+
+number.
+So, if you think about it,
+
+the lengths are always
+positive.
+
+So, the sign of a dot product
+is the same as a sign of cosine
+
+theta.
+So, in fact,
+
+the sign of AdotB is going to
+be positive if the angle is less
+
+than 90°.
+So, that means geometrically,
+
+my two vectors are going more
+or less in the same direction.
+
+They make an acute angle.
+It's going to be zero if the
+
+angle is exactly 90°,
+OK, because that's when the
+
+cosine will be zero.
+And, it will be negative if the
+
+angle is more than 90°.
+So, that means they go,
+
+however, in opposite
+directions.
+
+So, that's basically one way to
+think about what dot product
+
+measures.
+It measures how much the two
+
+vectors are going along each
+other.
+
+OK, and that actually leads us
+to the next application.
+
+So, let's see,
+did I have a number one there?
+
+Yes.
+So, if I had a number one,
+
+I must have number two.
+The second application is to
+
+detect orthogonality.
+It's to figure out when two
+
+things are perpendicular.
+OK, so orthogonality is just a
+
+complicated word from Greek to
+say things are perpendicular.
+
+So, let's just take an example.
+Let's say I give you the
+
+equation x 2y 3z = 0.
+OK, so that defines a certain
+
+set of points in space,
+and what do you think the set
+
+of solutions look like if I give
+you this equation?
+
+So far I see one,
+two, three answers,
+
+OK.
+So, I see various competing
+
+answers, but,
+yeah, I see a lot of people
+
+voting for answer number four.
+I see also some I don't knows,
+
+and some other things.
+But, the majority vote seems to
+
+be a plane.
+And, indeed that's the correct
+
+answer.
+So, how do we see that it's a
+
+plane?
+
+So, I should say,
+this is the equation of a
+
+plane.
+So, there's many ways to see
+
+that, and I'm not going to give
+you all of them.
+
+But, here's one way to think
+about it.
+
+So, let's think geometrically
+about how to express this
+
+condition in terms of vectors.
+So, let's take the origin O,
+
+by convention is the point
+(0,0,0).
+
+And, let's take a point,
+P, that will satisfy this
+
+equation on it,
+so, at coordinates x,
+
+y, z.
+So, what does this condition
+
+here mean?
+Well, it means the following
+
+thing.
+So, let's take the vector, OP.
+
+OK, so vector OP,
+of course, has components x,
+
+y, z.
+Now, we can think of this as
+
+actually a dot product between
+OP and a mysterious vector that
+
+won't remain mysterious for very
+long,
+
+namely, the vector one,
+two, three.
+
+OK, so, this condition is the
+same as OP.A equals zero,
+
+right?
+If I take the dot product
+
+OPdotA I get x times one plus y
+times two plus z times three.
+
+But now, what does it mean that
+the dot product between OP and A
+
+is zero?
+Well, it means that OP and A
+
+are perpendicular.
+OK, so I have this vector, A.
+
+I'm not going to be able to
+draw it realistically.
+
+Let's say it goes this way.
+Then, a point,
+
+P, solves this equation exactly
+when the vector from O to P is
+
+perpendicular to A.
+And, I claim that defines a
+
+plane.
+For example,
+
+if it helps you to see it,
+take a vertical vector.
+
+What does it mean to be
+perpendicular to the vertical
+
+vector?
+It means you are horizontal.
+
+It's the horizontal plane.
+Here, it's a plane that passes
+
+through the origin and is
+perpendicular to this vector,
+
+A.
+OK, so what we get is a plane
+
+through the origin perpendicular
+to A.
+
+And, in general, 
+what you should remember is
+
+that two vectors have a dot
+product equal to zero if and
+
+only if that's equivalent to the
+cosine of the angle between them
+
+is zero.
+That means the angle is 90°.
+
+That means A and B are
+perpendicular.
+
+So, we have a very fast way of
+checking whether two vectors are
+
+perpendicular.
+So, one additional application
+
+I think we'll see actually
+tomorrow is to find the
+
+components of a vector along a
+certain direction.
+
+So, I claim we can use this
+intuition I gave about dot
+
+product telling us how much to
+vectors go in the same direction
+
+to actually give a precise
+meaning to the notion of
+
+component for vector,
+not just along the x,
+
+y, or z axis,
+but along any direction in
+
+space.
+So, I think I should probably
+
+stop here.
+But, I will see you tomorrow at
+
+2:00 here, and we'll learn more
+about that and about cross
+
+products.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/QMeKIiufg5s.txt b/QMeKIiufg5s.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a4cfafed4d207d6ce735c1acd89111a8b7e40e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/QMeKIiufg5s.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1899 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this will be qualitative insights on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be qualitative insights on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be qualitative insights on the
+wavefunction its qualitative and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefunction its qualitative and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefunction its qualitative and it's
+partially quantitative of insight into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+energy let's say energy eigenstates so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy let's say energy eigenstates so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy let's say energy eigenstates so
+whenever you have a problem and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a problem and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have a problem and a
+potential we have what is called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we have what is called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential we have what is called the
+total energy the kinetic energy and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy the kinetic energy and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy the kinetic energy and the
+potential energy equal kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy equal kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy equal kinetic energy
+plus a potential energy now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a potential energy now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a potential energy now the
+potential energy as you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy as you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy as you've seen
+sometimes depends of position we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes depends of position we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes depends of position we did
+piecewise continues and potentials but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise continues and potentials but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piecewise continues and potentials but
+they could be more complicated to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be more complicated to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could be more complicated to find
+things so this is a function of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+classically speaking we speak of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically speaking we speak of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically speaking we speak of the
+energy you see in quantum mechanics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you see in quantum mechanics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy you see in quantum mechanics the
+energies an observable is the result of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies an observable is the result of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies an observable is the result of
+a measurement with a hermitian operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurement with a hermitian operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measurement with a hermitian operator
+sometimes there could be uncertainty but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there could be uncertainty but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes there could be uncertainty but
+in classical physics which this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical physics which this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical physics which this
+intuition will come from well you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition will come from well you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition will come from well you have a
+total energy this conserve is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy this conserve is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total energy this conserve is equal to
+potential energy of kinetic energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy of kinetic energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy of kinetic energy that
+will also depend on where the particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also depend on where the particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also depend on where the particle
+is in a potential let's do a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a potential let's do a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a potential let's do a very simple
+case coordinate X a potential V of X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case coordinate X a potential V of X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case coordinate X a potential V of X is
+this a potential V of X is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a potential V of X is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a potential V of X is a constant
+nothing that complicated and suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that complicated and suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing that complicated and suppose you
+have a total energy now the total energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total energy now the total energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a total energy now the total energy
+in classical mechanics is conserved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical mechanics is conserved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in classical mechanics is conserved
+I draw a line and not incline that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw a line and not incline that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw a line and not incline that is a
+function of X that sometimes their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X that sometimes their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X that sometimes their
+energy is like that no it's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is like that no it's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is like that no it's just a
+number there that I fix here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number there that I fix here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number there that I fix here is the
+energy and then wherever you move is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then wherever you move is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and then wherever you move is the
+particle the classical particle is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the classical particle is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle the classical particle is here
+then it has some potential energy V of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has some potential energy V of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it has some potential energy V of X
+and some kinetic energy K effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some kinetic energy K effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some kinetic energy K effects
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+building up the total energy classically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up the total energy classically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up the total energy classically
+the kid netic energy determines our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kid netic energy determines our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kid netic energy determines our
+momentum the kinetic energy is P squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the kinetic energy is P squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum the kinetic energy is P squared
+over 2m now the kinetic energy is P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m now the kinetic energy is P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2m now the kinetic energy is P
+squared over 2m in this case the kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m in this case the kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared over 2m in this case the kinetic
+energy is a constant then momentum will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a constant then momentum will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is a constant then momentum will
+be a constant and then what we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant and then what we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a constant and then what we really
+want to just say something about is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just say something about is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just say something about is the
+wave function well but if we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function well but if we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function well but if we know the
+momentum classically is a momentum P we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum classically is a momentum P we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum classically is a momentum P we
+can infer that they broadly wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can infer that they broadly wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can infer that they broadly wavelength
+of the particle and the de Broglie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particle and the de Broglie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the particle and the de Broglie
+wavelength would be H over P and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength would be H over P and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength would be H over P and that's
+for the wave function so we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave function so we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the wave function so we should
+expect a wave function that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a wave function that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect a wave function that has a
+wavelength equal to lambda after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength equal to lambda after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength equal to lambda after all
+that is what the problem is and from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what the problem is and from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is what the problem is and from the
+problem you got the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you got the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you got the Schrodinger equation
+the Schrodinger equation if access this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation if access this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Schrodinger equation if access this
+if you look at it again so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it again so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at it again so if you look
+at the wave function well it must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the wave function well it must have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the wave function well it must have
+wavelength lambda and therefore I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength lambda and therefore I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength lambda and therefore I'm
+talking about real wave function so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about real wave function so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about real wave function so it
+could be a cosine or a sine that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a cosine or a sine that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a cosine or a sine that has
+that wavelength lambda of course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wavelength lambda of course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wavelength lambda of course in
+quantum mechanics of cosine or sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics of cosine or sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics of cosine or sine
+doesn't have exactly it's not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have exactly it's not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have exactly it's not an
+eigenstate of momentum but it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of momentum but it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of momentum but it's an
+eigenstate of energy and we want to plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of energy and we want to plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenstate of energy and we want to plot
+idle States of energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idle States of energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idle States of energies
+you will have something like that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have something like that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will have something like that with
+that lambda and that's sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda and that's sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda and that's sort of the
+intuition you go from the diagram to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition you go from the diagram to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition you go from the diagram to a
+kinetic energy from a kinetic energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy from a kinetic energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy from a kinetic energy to
+a momentum from a momentum to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a momentum from a momentum to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a momentum from a momentum to a
+wavelength and that's the wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and that's the wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength and that's the wavelength of
+your energy eigenstate and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy eigenstate and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your energy eigenstate and maybe
+together you try to convince yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you try to convince yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you try to convince yourself
+this is true by looking together the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true by looking together the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true by looking together the
+Schrodinger equation for this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation for this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation for this simple
+case of a constant potential energy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a constant potential energy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of a constant potential energy that
+is bigger you will find this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger you will find this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bigger you will find this without
+very quickly but let's do now more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly but let's do now more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly but let's do now more
+interesting case in which here is X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case in which here is X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting case in which here is X and
+the potential is a growing function of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is a growing function of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is a growing function of X
+and there's a total energy here still so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a total energy here still so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a total energy here still so
+if you are at some point here here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are at some point here here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are at some point here here is
+the potential effects and now this is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential effects and now this is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential effects and now this is K
+effect and now comes the interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and now comes the interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and now comes the interesting
+thing you see as your as a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you see as your as a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you see as your as a particle
+whatever particles moving here the kid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever particles moving here the kid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever particles moving here the kid
+netic energy is decreasing as you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netic energy is decreasing as you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+netic energy is decreasing as you move
+to the right so the kinetic energy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right so the kinetic energy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right so the kinetic energy to
+determine some velocity and slows down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine some velocity and slows down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine some velocity and slows down
+slows down slows down the kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows down slows down the kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slows down slows down the kinetic energy
+becoming smaller and smaller therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming smaller and smaller therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming smaller and smaller therefore
+the momentum is becoming smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum is becoming smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the momentum is becoming smaller and
+smaller and therefore the wavelength the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and therefore the wavelength the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and therefore the wavelength the
+de Broglie wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Broglie wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Broglie wavelength
+must be becoming bigger and bigger now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be becoming bigger and bigger now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be becoming bigger and bigger now
+that is not exact because you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not exact because you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is not exact because you really
+have to solve the Schrodinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve the Schrodinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve the Schrodinger equation
+to do this but intuitively you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this but intuitively you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this but intuitively you know that
+if a potential is constant this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a potential is constant this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a potential is constant this is
+absolutely true the kinetic energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true the kinetic energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true the kinetic energy and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+mein Kommandant the prompt away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mein Kommandant the prompt away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mein Kommandant the prompt away from
+home related in this way it will be sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home related in this way it will be sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+home related in this way it will be sort
+of tore approximately true if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tore approximately true if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tore approximately true if the
+potential is not changing that fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is not changing that fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is not changing that fast
+because then it's approximately constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then it's approximately constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then it's approximately constant
+so there's a notion but slowly changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a notion but slowly changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a notion but slowly changing
+potential in which we can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in which we can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential in which we can talk about the
+K effects that is decreasing as we move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K effects that is decreasing as we move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K effects that is decreasing as we move
+to the right a P of X that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right a P of X that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right a P of X that is also
+decreasing and a lambda of X that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing and a lambda of X that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing and a lambda of X that would
+be increasing a wave with a de Broglie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be increasing a wave with a de Broglie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be increasing a wave with a de Broglie
+wavelength that is increasing now should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that is increasing now should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength that is increasing now should
+written up here maybe KX this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written up here maybe KX this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written up here maybe KX this is
+decreasing decreasing increasing so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing decreasing increasing so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing decreasing increasing so I
+can plot it here and I would say well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plot it here and I would say well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can plot it here and I would say well I
+don't know exactly how this goes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly how this goes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know exactly how this goes but
+baby's the wavelength is small and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby's the wavelength is small and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby's the wavelength is small and then
+the wavelength is becoming well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is becoming well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelength is becoming well the
+wavelength becoming bigger in the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength becoming bigger in the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength becoming bigger in the energy
+eigenstate that you will find is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but there's also the question whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also the question whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also the question whether
+the amplitude of the wave will change or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the wave will change or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amplitude of the wave will change or
+not so we'll answer that in a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we'll answer that in a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so we'll answer that in a couple of
+minutes but the de Broglie wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but the de Broglie wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes but the de Broglie wavelength
+now is kind of becoming a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is kind of becoming a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is kind of becoming a function of
+position now you know that solving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now you know that solving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position now you know that solving the
+Schrodinger equation now with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation now with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation now with an
+arbitrary potentials of difficult thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary potentials of difficult thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary potentials of difficult thing
+with of linear potentials a difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with of linear potentials a difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with of linear potentials a difficult
+problem in which the exact solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in which the exact solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in which the exact solution
+exists in terms of air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in terms of air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in terms of air
+functions and things like that so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and things like that so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and things like that so this
+can only be an approximate statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be an approximate statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can only be an approximate statement
+that the de Broglie wavelength is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the de Broglie wavelength is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the de Broglie wavelength is
+becoming bigger and bigger because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming bigger and bigger because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming bigger and bigger because the
+momentum is becoming smaller and smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is becoming smaller and smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum is becoming smaller and smaller
+but it's a very useful statement and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very useful statement and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a very useful statement and
+whenever you look at wave functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you look at wave functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you look at wave functions of
+potentials you see that they happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you see that they happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials you see that they happen
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me draw another diagram that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw another diagram that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me draw another diagram that
+illustrates this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so three erasers so let's draw a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three erasers so let's draw a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so three erasers so let's draw a general
+picture for potential now so we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for potential now so we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture for potential now so we can make
+a few features to here so here it is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have a potential of this way this V of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential of this way this V of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a potential of this way this V of X
+maybe some energy E and that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some energy E and that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some energy E and that's it
+now what happens classically well if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens classically well if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what happens classically well if the
+particle has some energy you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has some energy you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has some energy you know
+already this part is V of X this is K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this part is V of X this is K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already this part is V of X this is K
+effect there is a potential energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect there is a potential energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect there is a potential energy and
+kinetic energy the kinetic energy cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy the kinetic energy cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy the kinetic energy cannot
+become negative classically so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become negative classically so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become negative classically so the
+particle cannot go to the left of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle cannot go to the left of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle cannot go to the left of this
+point for X L X to the left so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for X L X to the left so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for X L X to the left so this
+region X less than X left is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region X less than X left is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region X less than X left is the
+classically and forbidden similarly on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically and forbidden similarly on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically and forbidden similarly on
+the right you cannot go beyond here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right you cannot go beyond here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right you cannot go beyond here
+because then you would have negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you would have negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you would have negative
+kinetic energy so this is the next right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy so this is the next right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetic energy so this is the next right
+and everything to the right also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything to the right also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything to the right also
+classically forbidden this points X left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically forbidden this points X left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classically forbidden this points X left
+an X right are called turning points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because those are the poets when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the poets when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the poets when a
+particle a classical particle if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a classical particle if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle a classical particle if he
+lives in this potential has to bounce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in this potential has to bounce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in this potential has to bounce
+back and turn as we mentioned at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and turn as we mentioned at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and turn as we mentioned at any
+general point you have video effects and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general point you have video effects and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general point you have video effects and
+carry effects and this point for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry effects and this point for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry effects and this point for example
+is the point with maximum carry effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the point with maximum carry effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the point with maximum carry effects
+or maximum velocity this is the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maximum velocity this is the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maximum velocity this is the point
+where the particle is moving the fastest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the particle is moving the fastest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the particle is moving the fastest
+and it always kind of slows down as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it always kind of slows down as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it always kind of slows down as it
+reaches the turning point because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the turning point because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches the turning point because the
+kid nanokarrin which is becoming smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid nanokarrin which is becoming smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kid nanokarrin which is becoming smaller
+and smaller so as we said if you had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller so as we said if you had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and smaller so as we said if you had a
+constant potential this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant potential this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant potential this would be the
+solutions constant P constant lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions constant P constant lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions constant P constant lambda
+nice simple wave function if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice simple wave function if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice simple wave function if it's not
+constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant
+well nothing is warranteed but if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well nothing is warranteed but if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well nothing is warranteed but if it's
+sufficiently constant or slowly vary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently constant or slowly vary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently constant or slowly vary
+then you're in good shape now what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in good shape now what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in good shape now what is
+the meaning of slowly varying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of slowly varying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meaning of slowly varying the
+meaning of slowly varying it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of slowly varying it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of slowly varying it has to be
+set in a precise way and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in a precise way and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set in a precise way and this is what
+leads eventually to the so called wkb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads eventually to the so called wkb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads eventually to the so called wkb
+approximation of quantum mechanics that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of quantum mechanics that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of quantum mechanics that
+we're sort of giving you the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of giving you the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sort of giving you the first
+results of this approximation that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of this approximation that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results of this approximation that you
+can understand how they go to mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand how they go to mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand how they go to mean that
+you have a slowly varying potential it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a slowly varying potential it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a slowly varying potential it's
+a potential whose percentage change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential whose percentage change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a potential whose percentage change is
+small in the relevant distances so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small in the relevant distances so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small in the relevant distances so it's
+the change in the potential over the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the potential over the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the potential over the red
+and distance must be small compared to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance must be small compared to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance must be small compared to
+the potential but what is the relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential but what is the relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential but what is the relevant
+distances if we use the nutrition from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances if we use the nutrition from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distances if we use the nutrition from
+quantum mechanics is that the Broglie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is that the Broglie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics is that the Broglie
+wavelength at any point that is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength at any point that is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength at any point that is sort of
+but the quantum particle see so what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the quantum particle see so what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the quantum particle see so what we
+need is that the change in the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is that the change in the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is that the change in the potential
+over a de Broglie wavelength is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a de Broglie wavelength is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a de Broglie wavelength is not
+divided take the derivative multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided take the derivative multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided take the derivative multiplied
+by the de Broglie wave must be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the de Broglie wave must be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the de Broglie wave must be much
+smaller and the potential itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and the potential itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and the potential itself and
+notice of course the potential is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice of course the potential is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice of course the potential is a
+function of X and even lambda is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and even lambda is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X and even lambda is a
+function of X there is the current of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X there is the current of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X there is the current of
+the de Broglie wavelength now an exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the de Broglie wavelength now an exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the de Broglie wavelength now an exact
+solution will not be a sine or a cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will not be a sine or a cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution will not be a sine or a cosine
+so to save as a precise defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to save as a precise defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to save as a precise defined
+wavelength is an approximation is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is an approximation is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength is an approximation is the
+approximation of slowly varying but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of slowly varying but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation of slowly varying but it's
+a nice approximation and this lambda is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice approximation and this lambda is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice approximation and this lambda is
+the lambda that would come as H over P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda that would come as H over P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lambda that would come as H over P
+of X and H over P of X is the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and H over P of X is the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X and H over P of X is the square
+root of 2m then the kinetic energy over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2m then the kinetic energy over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root of 2m then the kinetic energy over
+H squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H squared
+no it's just that square root of 2m k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+square root of two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+9kx okay so so the idea is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9kx okay so so the idea is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9kx okay so so the idea is that you can
+roughly say okay the de Broglie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly say okay the de Broglie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly say okay the de Broglie
+wavelength here these have some value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength here these have some value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength here these have some value
+here the momentum to be small that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the momentum to be small that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the momentum to be small that the
+Bradley Wiggins is large and so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradley Wiggins is large and so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bradley Wiggins is large and so when you
+draw things you adjust that you say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw things you adjust that you say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw things you adjust that you say okay
+here the momentum is large therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the momentum is large therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the momentum is large therefore the
+de Broglie wavelength is small so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Broglie wavelength is small so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+de Broglie wavelength is small so you
+write a short wavelength thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a short wavelength thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a short wavelength thing and then
+it becomes longer wavelength and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes longer wavelength and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it becomes longer wavelength and then
+shorter and you just try to get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and you just try to get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter and you just try to get some
+insight into how this thing looks
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/R0sw85RkKCY.txt b/R0sw85RkKCY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6627bf2ac02f425ee4beee35e0f03fe0c5919b0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/R0sw85RkKCY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9768 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+big picture i showed you this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture i showed you this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big picture i showed you this big
+picture before we're now going to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture before we're now going to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture before we're now going to add to
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+look at what we've done huh electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we've done huh electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we've done huh electronic
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+all the way up through you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up through you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up through you know
+accessibility lewis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility lewis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility lewis right
+molecular orbital theory how to handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital theory how to handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecular orbital theory how to handle
+multi electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi electrons
+all these different kinds of bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different kinds of bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these different kinds of bonding
+check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check
+we've done we've covered every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done we've covered every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done we've covered every single
+one of these and this is solid-state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these and this is solid-state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these and this is solid-state
+chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry
+okay but now here we are right now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now here we are right now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but now here we are right now okay
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+we also talked about some very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also talked about some very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also talked about some very first
+lecture when you classify solids there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when you classify solids there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture when you classify solids there
+are two things that are really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two things that are really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are two things that are really important
+okay one is the bonding type how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one is the bonding type how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one is the bonding type how do
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+how do the atoms in the solid want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the atoms in the solid want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do the atoms in the solid want to
+talk to each other how do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other how do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to each other how do they
+interact and that is something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and that is something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and that is something that we
+have covered in a lot of different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have covered in a lot of different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have covered in a lot of different ways
+but the next is how they come together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the next is how they come together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the next is how they come together
+the actual arrangement of those atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual arrangement of those atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual arrangement of those atoms
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+what we're going to talk about today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to talk about today and
+on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on wednesday
+and then as we learn after exam two as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as we learn after exam two as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as we learn after exam two as
+we learn about x-rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn about x-rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we learn about x-rays
+that's a way to characterize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way to characterize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a way to characterize the
+arrangement so that you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement so that you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement so that you can see how
+they're ordered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ordered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're ordered
+okay we're gonna use x-rays and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna use x-rays and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we're gonna use x-rays and do
+something called x-ray diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called x-ray diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called x-ray diffraction
+but for this week for this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this week for this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this week for this week
+i want to just classify i want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to just classify i want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to just classify i want to talk
+about the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the things
+that the tools that we use to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tools that we use to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the tools that we use to understand
+how a solid forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a solid forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how a solid forms
+right how to describe the formation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how to describe the formation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how to describe the formation of a
+solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid
+right how how the atoms can be described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how how the atoms can be described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right how how the atoms can be described
+and okay so of course a solid is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so of course a solid is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay so of course a solid is that
+which is dimensionally stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dimensionally stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is dimensionally stable
+simple definition right but we can break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple definition right but we can break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple definition right but we can break
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+how these atoms arrange into into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these atoms arrange into into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how these atoms arrange into into two
+basic categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic categories
+okay it's the atomic arrangement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the atomic arrangement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's the atomic arrangement the
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+and what we call it right in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we call it right in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we call it right in the first
+category
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category
+it's regular so what that means is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's regular so what that means is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's regular so what that means is that
+everywhere i look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere i look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere i look
+i have the same thing repeating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the same thing repeating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the same thing repeating
+and and you know what it repeats over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know what it repeats over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you know what it repeats over a
+long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long
+long way like really long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way like really long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long way like really long
+okay so that kind of regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that kind of regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that kind of regular
+long range order is a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range order is a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long range order is a crystal
+that's a crystalline solid and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a crystalline solid and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a crystalline solid and that
+is going to be the topic of this week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the topic of this week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the topic of this week
+crystalline solids now there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline solids now there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystalline solids now there are also
+solids that you can make where there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids that you can make where there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids that you can make where there
+isn't order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't order
+or maybe there's some but not much so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe there's some but not much so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe there's some but not much so
+things are kind of jumbled up they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are kind of jumbled up they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are kind of jumbled up they're
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+regularly repeating they might be random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly repeating they might be random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly repeating they might be random
+the atomic arrangement or maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic arrangement or maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic arrangement or maybe there's
+repetition but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetition but it's very
+short range so things look ordered but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range so things look ordered but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short range so things look ordered but
+only for a few bond lengths not 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for a few bond lengths not 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only for a few bond lengths not 10 to
+the 23rd bond lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 23rd bond lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 23rd bond lengths
+right those are called amorphous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are called amorphous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those are called amorphous
+solids or also glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids or also glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids or also glass
+now as i mentioned this is the topic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as i mentioned this is the topic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now as i mentioned this is the topic of
+this week and this will be covered on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week and this will be covered on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this week and this will be covered on
+exam two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam two
+this is the topic of after exam two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the topic of after exam two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the topic of after exam two
+next week okay so we'll talk about both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week okay so we'll talk about both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week okay so we'll talk about both
+of these types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these types
+of solids as we go all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solids as we go all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solids as we go all right
+now okay it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay it turns out
+that nature has been thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature has been thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that nature has been thinking about
+order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order
+for a long long time and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long long time and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long long time and there's a
+reason for this nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for this nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for this nature
+because nature wants to be efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nature wants to be efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because nature wants to be efficient
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+this plant is like well i'm only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plant is like well i'm only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plant is like well i'm only going
+to grow this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grow this big
+and i got to put as many seeds as i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i got to put as many seeds as i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i got to put as many seeds as i can
+on the surface of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of this thing
+how do i fit them how do i pack them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i fit them how do i pack them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do i fit them how do i pack them in
+well i you know i could fit them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i you know i could fit them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i you know i could fit them
+randomly but it doesn't seem like i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly but it doesn't seem like i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly but it doesn't seem like i
+could get as many seeds on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get as many seeds on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could get as many seeds on there
+what if i pack them in in some regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i pack them in in some regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i pack them in in some regular
+pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern
+what if i pack them in in some regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i pack them in in some regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if i pack them in in some regular
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+well you can pack a lot more in and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can pack a lot more in and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can pack a lot more in and so
+nature has already been thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature has already been thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature has already been thinking about
+symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry
+and order and even long-range order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and order and even long-range order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and order and even long-range order for
+a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long time
+people have been thinking about this too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been thinking about this too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have been thinking about this too
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+robert hook the same person from hook's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robert hook the same person from hook's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robert hook the same person from hook's
+law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law
+in the 1600s he was all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1600s he was all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1600s he was all about
+cannonballs and he's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannonballs and he's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannonballs and he's like
+how can i stack cannonballs and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i stack cannonballs and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i stack cannonballs and you know
+he tried this right he's like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tried this right he's like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tried this right he's like well
+maybe if i just put them like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if i just put them like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if i just put them like this
+is that a good way to stack them i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a good way to stack them i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a good way to stack them i don't
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh and then you know he sort of put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you know he sort of put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then you know he sort of put them
+all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together
+and then but now he tried this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then but now he tried this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then but now he tried this and then
+he tried another arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tried another arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he tried another arrangement
+and and he'd be like well but how first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he'd be like well but how first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and he'd be like well but how first
+of all are they stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all are they stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all are they stable
+do they fall over easily because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they fall over easily because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they fall over easily because you
+don't want cannonballs falling all over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want cannonballs falling all over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want cannonballs falling all over
+the place but then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place but then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place but then also
+did you pack as much in this way as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you pack as much in this way as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you pack as much in this way as
+another way i said he was thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way i said he was thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way i said he was thinking about
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and he really he figured out that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he really he figured out that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he really he figured out that you
+could pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could pack
+more cannonballs in for the same area or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cannonballs in for the same area or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more cannonballs in for the same area or
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+if you sort of switched it up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of switched it up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sort of switched it up right
+and then he saw well maybe other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he saw well maybe other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he saw well maybe other things
+have packing too and he thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have packing too and he thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have packing too and he thought about
+all sorts of things he looked at salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things he looked at salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of things he looked at salt
+crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals
+and he said they must also pack in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said they must also pack in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said they must also pack in some
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+because cannonballs do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cannonballs do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because cannonballs do
+so people have been thinking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have been thinking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people have been thinking about this
+for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long time
+okay now people are also inspired by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now people are also inspired by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now people are also inspired by
+regular order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular order
+right so if you look at for example an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you look at for example an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you look at for example an
+escher painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escher painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escher painting
+right you can see that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can see that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can see that there's a
+repetitive pattern here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive pattern here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive pattern here
+right this is a crystal of ducks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a crystal of ducks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a crystal of ducks
+right now the now when you look at a pat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the now when you look at a pat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the now when you look at a pat
+okay so now when you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now when you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now when you look at
+patterns like this you have to well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns like this you have to well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns like this you have to well you
+don't have to but we have to in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to but we have to in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to but we have to in this
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+we got to figure out what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to figure out what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got to figure out what is the
+repeating unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeating unit
+what is it that is repeating everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that is repeating everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that is repeating everywhere
+right so that's the first question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the first question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the first question we
+need to ask and you can see if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ask and you can see if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to ask and you can see if you look
+at this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this picture
+you can draw a box like that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw a box like that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can draw a box like that you know
+there's a box around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a box around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a box around
+one a light color dark colored duck and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a light color dark colored duck and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a light color dark colored duck and
+you and now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and now you see
+if you take this box and you move it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take this box and you move it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take this box and you move it
+over you translate it over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you translate it over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you translate it over there
+you get exactly the same thing what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get exactly the same thing what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get exactly the same thing what if
+you take that box and you put it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that box and you put it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that box and you put it up
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+you get exactly the same thing so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get exactly the same thing so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get exactly the same thing so that
+is a repeating unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a repeating unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a repeating unit
+that is a repeating oh we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a repeating oh we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a repeating oh we have a
+definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition
+it's a unit cell it's called a unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a unit cell it's called a unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a unit cell it's called a unit cell
+and it's the repeating unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a repeating unit now it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a repeating unit now it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a repeating unit now it's not
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+obvious right right so there's one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right right so there's one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious right right so there's one way
+that i could repeat and make and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i could repeat and make and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i could repeat and make and take
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and make the picture by repeating it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make the picture by repeating it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make the picture by repeating it
+everywhere but check this out i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but check this out i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere but check this out i could
+have done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done that
+well if you stare at that you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you stare at that you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you stare at that you can see
+that that is also a repeating unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is also a repeating unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is also a repeating unit
+right that is also a repeating unit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is also a repeating unit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that is also a repeating unit that
+that if i take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i take this
+and i move it down here i get exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i move it down here i get exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i move it down here i get exactly
+the same thing and i move it over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing and i move it over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing and i move it over there
+and i can tile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can tile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can tile
+all of space i can tile all of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and something is really important here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something is really important here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something is really important here i
+can i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i can
+take these repeating units and stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these repeating units and stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these repeating units and stamp
+them oh i like that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them oh i like that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them oh i like that word
+and and i can and i can tile all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i can and i can tile all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i can and i can tile all the
+space and recreate this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and recreate this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and recreate this picture
+without any voids right i didn't miss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any voids right i didn't miss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any voids right i didn't miss
+anything i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything i
+filled all of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled all of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled all of space
+i filled all the space and that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i filled all the space and that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i filled all the space and that is what
+a crystal system is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal system is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crystal system is
+right a crystal system let's write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a crystal system let's write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a crystal system let's write it
+here a crystal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a crystal system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here a crystal system
+crystal system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that is a way of enumerating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a way of enumerating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a way of enumerating
+enumerates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enumerates
+ways that space can be filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay enumerates ways that space can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay enumerates ways that space can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay enumerates ways that space can be
+filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filled
+with no voids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a crystal system okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a crystal system okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a crystal system okay
+well let's go back to the cannons for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's go back to the cannons for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's go back to the cannons for a
+minute because we can we can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute because we can we can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute because we can we can think about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+first in 3d before we we're just warming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in 3d before we we're just warming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first in 3d before we we're just warming
+up before we get to 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up before we get to 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up before we get to 3d
+okay now um okay so oh there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um okay so oh there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now um okay so oh there it is
+that's a unit cell okay now the thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a unit cell okay now the thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a unit cell okay now the thing is
+so i've drawn a unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've drawn a unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i've drawn a unit cell
+and notice what i've done i've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice what i've done i've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice what i've done i've taken
+this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and
+i've drawn it this way okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've drawn it this way okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've drawn it this way okay
+and those vectors define the unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those vectors define the unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those vectors define the unit cell
+right those vectors to find the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those vectors to find the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right those vectors to find the unit
+cell so those are my stamps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so those are my stamps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell so those are my stamps
+the vectors there so these things here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors there so these things here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vectors there so these things here
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+they went a little far there but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went a little far there but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they went a little far there but they
+should go to the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should go to the center
+of the next cannonball so now these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next cannonball so now these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the next cannonball so now these are
+vectors if i just take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors if i just take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors if i just take these
+and i and i and i put them now if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and i and i put them now if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and i and i put them now if i
+translate them over to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate them over to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate them over to
+there then i get this the next unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then i get this the next unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there then i get this the next unit cell
+and the next one and i go up and i go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one and i go up and i go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the next one and i go up and i go
+over and i get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and i get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and i get all the
+tiling of all space and so those vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiling of all space and so those vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiling of all space and so those vectors
+are really important and they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important and they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really important and they have a
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+those are called the lattice vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+those are the lattice vectors i really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the lattice vectors i really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the lattice vectors i really
+like to think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to think of them
+as my stamps or my stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my stamps or my stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as my stamps or my stamp
+it is a stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a stamp
+and no voids these vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no voids these vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and no voids these vectors are
+my stamp now i'm stamping all of space i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my stamp now i'm stamping all of space i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my stamp now i'm stamping all of space i
+didn't really say what i'm putting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really say what i'm putting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really say what i'm putting there
+i i mean here there's cannonballs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i mean here there's cannonballs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i i mean here there's cannonballs in
+escher there's ducks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escher there's ducks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escher there's ducks
+doesn't matter right now right it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter right now right it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter right now right it's a
+stamp that fills all of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp that fills all of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamp that fills all of space
+that is how we're building up our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how we're building up our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is how we're building up our
+knowledge of crystals okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of crystals okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of crystals okay
+well you can also ask the question right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can also ask the question right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can also ask the question right
+which is how much could you fill in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how much could you fill in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is how much could you fill in
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+right and that's a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's a very important
+question that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that we want
+that we want to know okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to know okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to know okay
+okay now so i've got my lattice vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so i've got my lattice vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now so i've got my lattice vectors
+but i want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i want to know
+now what am i put you know because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what am i put you know because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what am i put you know because i
+could put there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put there
+i could you know look at this i could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could you know look at this i could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could you know look at this i could
+take a lattice vector like this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lattice vector like this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a lattice vector like this that
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+square lattice okay if it's a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square lattice okay if it's a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square lattice okay if it's a square
+lattice then those are the same length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice then those are the same length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice then those are the same length
+right a is like the length of the l this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a is like the length of the l this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right a is like the length of the l this
+is like the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of the lattice vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right all right now if i if i took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right now if i if i took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right all right now if i if i took
+this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh
+lattice this stamp and say okay now i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice this stamp and say okay now i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice this stamp and say okay now i'm
+gonna decide what to put there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna decide what to put there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna decide what to put there
+i'm gonna put circles okay so i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna put circles okay so i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm gonna put circles okay so i'm gonna
+put a circle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a circle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a circle there
+circle there and what you do then is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle there and what you do then is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle there and what you do then is you
+put a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a circle
+everywhere that you stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere that you stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere that you stamp
+right okay so i have now st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so i have now st
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay so i have now st
+i've now taken my stamp and i've stamped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've now taken my stamp and i've stamped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've now taken my stamp and i've stamped
+everywhere and i've put something at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and i've put something at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere and i've put something at
+each place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each place
+a circle but i might ask a question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle but i might ask a question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a circle but i might ask a question and
+this is a very important question which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very important question which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a very important question which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+what is the maximum if i have circles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the maximum if i have circles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the maximum if i have circles
+what is the maximum that they can pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the maximum that they can pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the maximum that they can pack
+in for this lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for this lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for this lattice
+how much can i pack to well you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much can i pack to well you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much can i pack to well you can just
+visualize that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize that now
+let's grow them a stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's grow them a stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's grow them a stamp
+means it's the same thing everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's the same thing everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's the same thing everywhere
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so it so now if i make one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it so now if i make one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it so now if i make one of them
+bigger well i've made them all bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger well i've made them all bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger well i've made them all bigger
+right because they're all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they're all the same
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+and if i make them all big enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i make them all big enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i make them all big enough
+eventually they're going to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they're going to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually they're going to touch
+like that that's a special thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that's a special thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that that's a special thing
+because now i've grown the shape that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now i've grown the shape that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now i've grown the shape that
+i'm putting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm putting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm putting there
+to the point where it's the maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where it's the maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the point where it's the maximum
+packing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing right
+and so you know you can imagine this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know you can imagine this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you know you can imagine this the
+area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area
+of maximum packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximum packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximum packing
+is a very important parameter and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important parameter and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very important parameter and it's
+something that we'll talk about today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we'll talk about today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that we'll talk about today
+with 3d crystals right which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3d crystals right which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3d crystals right which is the
+solids of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solids of
+elements in the periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if you stay with the square analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you stay with the square analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you stay with the square analogy
+so my lattice is a square my stamp is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my lattice is a square my stamp is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my lattice is a square my stamp is a
+square my sides are equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square my sides are equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square my sides are equivalent
+and what i put there is a circle then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i put there is a circle then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i put there is a circle then
+the area of maximum packing is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of maximum packing is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area of maximum packing is something
+you can calculate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can calculate
+right because the the circle itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the the circle itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because the the circle itself
+in this case if i if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case if i if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case if i if i
+goes in tight you know if i if i look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in tight you know if i if i look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes in tight you know if i if i look at
+it then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it then
+oh that's not a good circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but anyway you you'll get the point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway you you'll get the point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway you you'll get the point here
+which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that
+oh boy which is that you know if this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy which is that you know if this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy which is that you know if this is
+the lattice vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice vector is
+a a right like i do there and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a right like i do there and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a right like i do there and i'm
+looking at the maximum packing then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the maximum packing then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the maximum packing then you
+know already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know already
+that the radius of the circle is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius of the circle is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the radius of the circle is a half
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+so radius equals one half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so radius equals one half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so radius equals one half a
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean if the radius of the circle is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if the radius of the circle is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if the radius of the circle is a
+half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half a
+okay if the radius of a circle is a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the radius of a circle is a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if the radius of a circle is a half
+a then you also know what the area is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then you also know what the area is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a then you also know what the area is
+i'm in 2d right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in 2d right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in 2d right now
+i'm in 2d so if i've maximized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in 2d so if i've maximized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm in 2d so if i've maximized the
+packing of these circles on the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing of these circles on the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing of these circles on the square
+lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+then the area then the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the area then the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the area then the area
+area of the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one half
+that's a pi times r squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pi times r squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a pi times r squared
+so one half a squared equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one half a squared equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one half a squared equals
+all right pi a squared over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right pi a squared over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right pi a squared over four
+but see i also know how much i packed it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see i also know how much i packed it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but see i also know how much i packed it
+in right now i'm doing this slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right now i'm doing this slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in right now i'm doing this slowly
+on purpose because we'll go faster when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on purpose because we'll go faster when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on purpose because we'll go faster when
+we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do
+uh uh some of the other ones but i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh some of the other ones but i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh some of the other ones but i want
+to do the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the first one
+slow because then we'll all be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow because then we'll all be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow because then we'll all be able to
+see what we're talking about with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we're talking about with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what we're talking about with the
+simplest case the area of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case the area of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest case the area of the square
+is a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and so the the packing the area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the the packing the area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so the the packing the area of
+max packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max packing
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+uh okay pi a squared over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay pi a squared over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay pi a squared over four
+over a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a squared
+pi over four right because the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over four right because the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi over four right because the a
+squared's cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared's cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared's cancel
+right so it's 78 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is what hook was it but did i max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what hook was it but did i max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what hook was it but did i max
+it out or could i do something different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out or could i do something different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out or could i do something different
+could i pick a different lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i pick a different lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could i pick a different lattice
+what if we made cannonballs into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we made cannonballs into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if we made cannonballs into
+rectangles bad idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles bad idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangles bad idea
+no he's stuck with spheres but how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he's stuck with spheres but how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he's stuck with spheres but how do
+you pack them in how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pack them in how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pack them in how can you
+arrange them in a way to change the max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange them in a way to change the max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrange them in a way to change the max
+packing that's what nature does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing that's what nature does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing that's what nature does
+with atoms as we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for example if i had a 2d hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if i had a 2d hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if i had a 2d hexagonal
+lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+instead of my stamp being a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of my stamp being a square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of my stamp being a square
+so if it were a 2d hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it were a 2d hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it were a 2d hexagonal
+hexagonal lattice i won't do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal lattice i won't do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal lattice i won't do this one
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+but then the packing the max packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the packing the max packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the packing the max packing
+goes all the way up to 91. 91
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all the way up to 91. 91
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes all the way up to 91. 91
+that's a lot more per area max packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot more per area max packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a lot more per area max packing
+max packing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max packing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+max packing right
+so this is something that we care a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something that we care a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something that we care a lot
+about it's something that we care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's something that we care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it's something that we care about
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+i mean this is this is you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is this is you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean this is this is you know when
+atoms see each other in a solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms see each other in a solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms see each other in a solid
+what's the first thing they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the first thing they want to
+determine the first thing they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the first thing they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the first thing they want to
+do is they want to go back in here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they want to go back in here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they want to go back in here and
+they want to be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be like
+which one of those can we do can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of those can we do can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of those can we do can we
+can we find some way to bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we find some way to bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we find some way to bond
+that's what atoms do that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what atoms do that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what atoms do that's what
+everyone does how can we bond together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone does how can we bond together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone does how can we bond together
+what kind of relationship are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of relationship are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of relationship are we going
+to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have
+they can't do that they want to max that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't do that they want to max that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't do that they want to max that
+out right and so they want to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and so they want to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out right and so they want to try to
+pack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack in
+given the bond that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the bond that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the bond that they're going to
+have and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and that
+is what's going to dictate the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's going to dictate the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's going to dictate the kind of
+arrangement they can have in the crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement they can have in the crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangement they can have in the crystal
+okay so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we are and we're going from 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are and we're going from 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we are and we're going from 2d
+to 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 3d
+now the thing is we will not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing is we will not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the thing is we will not do
+uh uh you know this is not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know this is not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh you know this is not going to be
+an in-depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in-depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an in-depth
+dive into symmetry and space groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into symmetry and space groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into symmetry and space groups
+and group theory those are all great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and group theory those are all great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and group theory those are all great
+topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics
+but i'm just going to tell you and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just going to tell you and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm just going to tell you and it's
+actually kind of cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually kind of cool
+in 3d there are only seven unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d there are only seven unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 3d there are only seven unique
+crystal systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal systems
+there are only seven ways that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only seven ways that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only seven ways that you can
+do this you can only pack in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you can only pack in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this you can only pack in
+and and have no voids and have no voids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and have no voids and have no voids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and have no voids and have no voids
+you can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can only
+pack in these seven different systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack in these seven different systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack in these seven different systems
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where
+as you can see what's changing here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see what's changing here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see what's changing here well
+it's cartesian coordinates so you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cartesian coordinates so you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's cartesian coordinates so you've got
+the length of each lattice vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of each lattice vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of each lattice vector
+and their relative angles right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their relative angles right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their relative angles right that's
+all you're changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you're changing
+well you know sometimes you change all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know sometimes you change all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know sometimes you change all
+the angles at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angles at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angles at once
+okay sometimes you change uh only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sometimes you change uh only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sometimes you change uh only if
+well sometimes you change only a few of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sometimes you change only a few of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well sometimes you change only a few of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+sometimes you make them all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you make them all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you make them all the same
+sometimes you change a few sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you change a few sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you change a few sometimes
+each you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each you have
+all of them be even and sometimes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them be even and sometimes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of them be even and sometimes some
+of them are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are equal
+some of the lattice lengths are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the lattice lengths are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the lattice lengths are equal
+but another one is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another one is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but another one is different
+all right these are the seven ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right these are the seven ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right these are the seven ways that
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+fill all of space and there are only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill all of space and there are only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill all of space and there are only
+seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven
+in this class we're only going to focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we're only going to focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class we're only going to focus
+on one and that's the cubic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one and that's the cubic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on one and that's the cubic system
+right and and the reason is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and the reason is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and the reason is that this
+gives us plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us plenty
+to work with to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work with to understand
+crystallography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography
+and how chemistry relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how chemistry relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how chemistry relates to
+crystallography and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography and
+there's the benefit of the fact that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the benefit of the fact that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the benefit of the fact that a
+lot of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of elements
+take these three take one of these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these three take one of these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these three take one of these three
+actually only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only two
+but they take cubic symmetry what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they take cubic symmetry what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they take cubic symmetry what does
+that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mean
+well it means it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it means it means
+that all the lattice vectors are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the lattice vectors are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the lattice vectors are the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+each one has a length a they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one has a length a they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one has a length a they're
+orthogonal to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to each other
+right which means that the angle is 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which means that the angle is 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which means that the angle is 90
+degrees so we've got a cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so we've got a cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees so we've got a cube
+okay now it turns out that now i say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it turns out that now i say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now it turns out that now i say
+well how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well how do you
+pack how can i pack things together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack how can i pack things together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pack how can i pack things together
+in the cubic system and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cubic system and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cubic system and there
+there's three different ways to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three different ways to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three different ways to do it
+so what what this is is it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what this is is it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what what this is is it's more
+symmetry and more group theory and math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and more group theory and math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry and more group theory and math
+that goes into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes into this
+that brave figured out and so we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brave figured out and so we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that brave figured out and so we call
+these brave lattices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these brave lattices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these brave lattices
+now what brave figured out and again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what brave figured out and again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what brave figured out and again you
+don't need to know all the math behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know all the math behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know all the math behind
+this but i want you to know these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but i want you to know these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but i want you to know these
+three cubic lattices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cubic lattices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three cubic lattices
+what he figured out is that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he figured out is that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he figured out is that from the
+seven crystal systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven crystal systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven crystal systems
+there are only 14 ways to pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only 14 ways to pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are only 14 ways to pack
+there are 14 ways to pack that's it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 14 ways to pack that's it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 14 ways to pack that's it no
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+that's pretty cool there's no 15.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool there's no 15.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool there's no 15.
+there's no 16 there's 14 exactly 14 ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no 16 there's 14 exactly 14 ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no 16 there's 14 exactly 14 ways
+that you can by having a lattice which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can by having a lattice which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can by having a lattice which
+means a stamp there are only 14 ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a stamp there are only 14 ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a stamp there are only 14 ways you
+can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do it
+for the seven crystal systems and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the seven crystal systems and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the seven crystal systems and for
+the cubic system there's only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubic system there's only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cubic system there's only three
+so i have three types of stamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have three types of stamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have three types of stamp
+that's what it means three types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means three types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it means three types of
+stamps where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stamps where
+i leave no voids right i leave no void
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i leave no voids right i leave no void
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i leave no voids right i leave no void
+so i can tile all of 3d space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can tile all of 3d space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can tile all of 3d space
+right okay and it's acute and it forms a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and it's acute and it forms a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay and it's acute and it forms a
+cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+unit cell cubic unit cell these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell cubic unit cell these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell cubic unit cell these are the
+three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways
+a simple cubic a body center cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple cubic a body center cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple cubic a body center cubic
+and a face centered cubic these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a face centered cubic these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a face centered cubic these are the
+three types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three types
+of lattices that have cubic symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lattices that have cubic symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lattices that have cubic symmetry
+they're the only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the only three
+so in a brave lattice the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a brave lattice the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a brave lattice the difference
+is in a brave lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a brave lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in a brave lattice
+what brave did was he enumerated so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what brave did was he enumerated so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what brave did was he enumerated so here
+we enumerate the way space can be filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he enumerated in new meri
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the packing all the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packing all the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packing all the ways
+that the space can be packed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the space can be packed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the space can be packed with
+for example packing within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example packing within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example packing within
+the unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's three distinct ways to pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's three distinct ways to pack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's three distinct ways to pack
+within a cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a cubic
+unit cell okay so that's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell okay so that's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell okay so that's what we're
+going to bring to life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring to life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to bring to life
+today and we'll talk more about on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and we'll talk more about on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and we'll talk more about on
+wednesday as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what i want to do is i want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to do is i want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i want to do is i want to go
+through each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through each one
+so we're going to go through simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to go through simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to go through simple
+cubic body center cubic face center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic body center cubic face center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic body center cubic face center
+cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+and then um with each one i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um with each one i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then um with each one i'm going to
+talk about it for a minute and then i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it for a minute and then i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about it for a minute and then i'm
+going to show you a little video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a little video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you a little video
+so that we can really see how the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can really see how the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that we can really see how the unit
+cell gets kind of sliced up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell gets kind of sliced up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell gets kind of sliced up and
+there's a like a razor that comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a like a razor that comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a like a razor that comes in and
+slices it it's really cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices it it's really cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices it it's really cool
+and so you can really see and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can really see and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can really see and feel
+what we're talking about and speaking of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about and speaking of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're talking about and speaking of
+seeing and feeling so i have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and feeling so i have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing and feeling so i have these
+and and i had wanted for these to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i had wanted for these to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i had wanted for these to be
+what go in your goody bag but apparently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what go in your goody bag but apparently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what go in your goody bag but apparently
+like a hundred thousand dollars is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hundred thousand dollars is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hundred thousand dollars is too
+much or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much or whatever
+um but uh but so you have smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh but so you have smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but uh but so you have smaller
+versions of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of these
+and and i encourage you there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i encourage you there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and i encourage you there's no
+better way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better way to think about
+crystallography than to build stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography than to build stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography than to build stuff
+and see it you got to do that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see it you got to do that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see it you got to do that it's
+really cool and and so these are this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool and and so these are this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cool and and so these are this is
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+uh the simple cubic okay so we'll pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the simple cubic okay so we'll pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the simple cubic okay so we'll pass
+that around and this is the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that around and this is the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that around and this is the body
+centered cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic
+and here you have spheres right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have spheres right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you have spheres right
+yeah that's fine but in all we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's fine but in all we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah that's fine but in all we've done
+so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far
+is set up a lattice this could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set up a lattice this could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is set up a lattice this could be
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+it's a repeat lattice it's a lattice no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a repeat lattice it's a lattice no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a repeat lattice it's a lattice no
+that's what a lattice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a lattice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what a lattice is
+the lattice just defines that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice just defines that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice just defines that this is
+the same as this whatever is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this whatever is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as this whatever is here
+is the same is the same as this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same is the same as this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same is the same as this is the
+same as this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as this
+that's what we're defining here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're defining here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're defining here okay
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let's talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's talk about
+these three these are um this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three these are um this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three these are um this is a
+picture from april
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from april
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture from april
+these are the three systems i just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three systems i just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the three systems i just
+talked about the three bravais lattices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the three bravais lattices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the three bravais lattices
+three different ways to pack in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different ways to pack in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three different ways to pack in a in a
+in a cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a cubic
+symmetric cell and and notice there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric cell and and notice there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric cell and and notice there's
+three ways of looking at it right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways of looking at it right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three ways of looking at it right so
+here's sort of a ball and stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sort of a ball and stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's sort of a ball and stick
+model which is easy it makes it easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is easy it makes it easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which is easy it makes it easy to
+see the bonding and the atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the bonding and the atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the bonding and the atoms
+but the space filling model is is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the space filling model is is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the space filling model is is is
+really important here because the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important here because the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important here because the space
+filling model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling model
+lets us think about the maximum packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us think about the maximum packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lets us think about the maximum packing
+that's really important remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important remember the
+maximum packing because remember these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum packing because remember these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum packing because remember these
+are bonding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are bonding
+really these are bonding together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these are bonding together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really these are bonding together
+right so drawing them all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so drawing them all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so drawing them all the way up to
+where they touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they touch
+right that's going to help us understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's going to help us understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's going to help us understand
+how they pack in how what their maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they pack in how what their maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they pack in how what their maximum
+packing can be so let's look at that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing can be so let's look at that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing can be so let's look at that for
+the simple cubic okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple cubic okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple cubic okay
+so with a simple cubic we'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with a simple cubic we'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so with a simple cubic we'll do that
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simple cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay simple cubic
+oh let's just call it sc for short why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's just call it sc for short why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh let's just call it sc for short why
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+now one of the things you want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the things you want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the things you want to think
+about is how many nearest neighbors do i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how many nearest neighbors do i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is how many nearest neighbors do i
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+and i lost so you can see look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i lost so you can see look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i lost so you can see look at what
+look at the edge and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the edge and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the edge and think about
+how many nearest neighbors are well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many nearest neighbors are well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many nearest neighbors are well you
+know you got six right if you're in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you got six right if you're in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you got six right if you're in the
+corner there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner there
+of of the cube and you're simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the cube and you're simple cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of the cube and you're simple cubic
+you've got six nearest neighbors okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got six nearest neighbors okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got six nearest neighbors okay
+that's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important
+right six nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right six nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right six nearest
+neighbors those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors those are
+why is that important well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that important well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is that important well it's
+important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because
+that's how many bonds that's how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how many bonds that's how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how many bonds that's how many
+other atoms you could bond with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atoms you could bond with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other atoms you could bond with
+in this solid okay but the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this solid okay but the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this solid okay but the other thing
+we want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know
+is the packing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again what you want to do to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you want to do to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again what you want to do to figure out
+the maximum packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum packing
+is you want to think about it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to think about it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you want to think about it in the
+same way we did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way we did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way we did here
+think about putting something at each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about putting something at each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about putting something at each of
+the lattice points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lattice points
+and then growing it out right until they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then growing it out right until they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then growing it out right until they
+they can't grow anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't grow anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can't grow anymore
+right that's a good way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a good way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a good way to think about
+it and in this case we're gonna we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in this case we're gonna we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and in this case we're gonna we're
+gonna take spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take spheres
+we're gonna we're gonna be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna we're gonna be taking
+spheres because that's how we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres because that's how we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres because that's how we're gonna
+represent atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent atoms
+okay so we're gonna be taking spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna be taking spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're gonna be taking spheres
+and we're gonna grow them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna grow them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna grow them out
+and see what the packing is yeah but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what the packing is yeah but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what the packing is yeah but but
+i got to do the same trick i did here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got to do the same trick i did here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got to do the same trick i did here
+i got to do the same trick i did here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got to do the same trick i did here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got to do the same trick i did here i
+got to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to write the
+the radius of the atom in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of the atom in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of the atom in terms of the
+unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell
+so if the unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the unit cell
+oh boy i'm gonna be drawing a 3d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy i'm gonna be drawing a 3d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh boy i'm gonna be drawing a 3d
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+danger a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+danger a a
+a it's a cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a cube
+all the sides are a i just i made myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sides are a i just i made myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the sides are a i just i made myself
+very happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very happy
+it's a cube now oh so we're but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cube now oh so we're but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a cube now oh so we're but we have
+a cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cubic
+now okay here we go this one oh but see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay here we go this one oh but see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay here we go this one oh but see
+i want maximum packing so i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want maximum packing so i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want maximum packing so i'm going to
+grow them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow them out
+and you can see what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see what's going to happen
+right as i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so you can see that in the case of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see that in the case of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can see that in the case of a
+simple cubic lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic lattice
+it's just like in the square lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like in the square lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like in the square lattice
+it's just like in the square lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like in the square lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like in the square lattice
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+the when i've grown out the sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when i've grown out the sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the when i've grown out the sphere
+the radius of that sphere the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of that sphere the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius of that sphere the radius
+is r equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is r equals
+now oh wait a second okay so i have po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh wait a second okay so i have po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now oh wait a second okay so i have po
+four thirds pi or k okay but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds pi or k okay but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thirds pi or k okay but that
+doesn't matter yet don't do volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter yet don't do volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter yet don't do volume
+think about the radius okay the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the radius okay the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the radius okay the radius
+is just going to be a half the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be a half the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to be a half the lattice
+right so radius is a half a volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so radius is a half a volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so radius is a half a volume
+is four thirds pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four thirds pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four thirds pi
+a half a cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half a cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half a cubed
+right now this is important that is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is important that is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now this is important that is at
+at the max packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i've grown these volumes out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've grown these volumes out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i've grown these volumes out and
+i've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've seen
+what the packing can be now we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the packing can be now we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the packing can be now we actually
+call this you know so now i've got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this you know so now i've got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this you know so now i've got the
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+of of an atom i'm pretending that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of an atom i'm pretending that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of an atom i'm pretending that these
+are atoms now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are atoms now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are atoms now
+no i'm not pretending anymore it's real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm not pretending anymore it's real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm not pretending anymore it's real
+these spheres are now atoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spheres are now atoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these spheres are now atoms and
+okay so that's the volume of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the volume of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's the volume of the atom
+all right and so we can write atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+packing fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+atomic packing fraction now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic packing fraction now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic packing fraction now
+right as the volume of the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as the volume of the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right as the volume of the atom
+over the volume of the cell well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the volume of the cell well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the volume of the cell well that's
+exactly what i did up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i did up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what i did up here
+right that's how we got right the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's how we got right the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's how we got right the area
+of the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the square
+right the area of the circle right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the area of the circle right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the area of the circle right
+but there's one more thing that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's one more thing that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's one more thing that's really
+important which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important which is
+it has to be times the number of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be times the number of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be times the number of atoms
+in the cell when i say cell i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell when i say cell i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cell when i say cell i mean
+unit cell it has to be times the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell it has to be times the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell it has to be times the number
+of atoms in the unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in the unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms in the unit cell
+right so it's however many atoms i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's however many atoms i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's however many atoms i have
+times the volume of the atom okay that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the volume of the atom okay that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the volume of the atom okay that's
+good that's how much is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's how much is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's how much is
+inside of the cell divided by the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the cell divided by the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the cell divided by the volume
+of the cell and that gives me the atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell and that gives me the atomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell and that gives me the atomic
+packing fraction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing fraction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing fraction so
+in the case of a simple cubic the apf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of a simple cubic the apf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the case of a simple cubic the apf
+right the atomic packing fraction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the atomic packing fraction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the atomic packing fraction is
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+um pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pi
+over 6 which is 52
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 which is 52
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 6 which is 52
+that's not very good right that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very good right that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not very good right that's not
+well i mean it's it's relative we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean it's it's relative we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i mean it's it's relative we don't
+know yet but it feels kind of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yet but it feels kind of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know yet but it feels kind of low
+52 so with a simple cubic lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 so with a simple cubic lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+52 so with a simple cubic lattice
+all i can do in my wildest dreams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i can do in my wildest dreams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all i can do in my wildest dreams
+is cover 52 of that volume that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cover 52 of that volume that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is cover 52 of that volume that's not
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+uh that doesn't feel like a lot and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that doesn't feel like a lot and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that doesn't feel like a lot and in
+fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact
+when you look at the periodic table what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the periodic table what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at the periodic table what
+you find is that there's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is that there's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find is that there's only one
+element one that takes the simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element one that takes the simple cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element one that takes the simple cubic
+lattice does anybody know what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice does anybody know what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice does anybody know what it is
+of course it's polonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's polonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's polonium
+of course that's a really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that's a really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that's a really good
+conversation starter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation starter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation starter
+i'm just saying that is a great way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just saying that is a great way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just saying that is a great way to
+meet people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meet people
+which one is polonium why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is polonium why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is polonium why
+relativity relativistic in polonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity relativistic in polonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity relativistic in polonium
+those electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those electrons
+they're so high energy literally they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so high energy literally they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're so high energy literally they're
+so high energy they're like close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high energy they're like close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so high energy they're like close to the
+speed of light they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed of light they're
+they're relativistic their mass is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relativistic their mass is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're relativistic their mass is
+heavier all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavier all sorts of
+interesting things happen polonium's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things happen polonium's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting things happen polonium's the
+only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one
+that goes simple cubic i promised the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes simple cubic i promised the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes simple cubic i promised the
+video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video
+oh there's a l oh ha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's a l oh ha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh there's a l oh ha
+a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a a
+there's a diagonal there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a diagonal there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a diagonal there's another
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal
+oh we're going to come back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's draw that because that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw that because that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's draw that because that's that
+might be important right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be important right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be important right so
+if i have a cube then this diagonal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a cube then this diagonal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a cube then this diagonal if
+that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a
+and that's a then that is a root a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a then that is a root a root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's a then that is a root a root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the body diagonal that's the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the body diagonal that's the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the body diagonal that's the body
+diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is a root three not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a root three not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a root three not
+equals a root three right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a root three right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals a root three right
+okay we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll come back
+but i didn't need that because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i didn't need that because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i didn't need that because this is
+just a over two but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a over two but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a over two but
+whoa hold on we're coming to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa hold on we're coming to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoa hold on we're coming to it
+but i promise the video first so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i promise the video first so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i promise the video first so here's
+a video with the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video with the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video with the laser
+coming in and you're gonna really see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and you're gonna really see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in and you're gonna really see
+this will come to life a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will come to life a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will come to life a little bit
+of a cube the simple or primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cube the simple or primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cube the simple or primitive
+cubic unit cell has particles at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic unit cell has particles at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic unit cell has particles at the
+corners only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners only
+in reality the particles lie as close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality the particles lie as close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reality the particles lie as close to
+each other as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other as possible
+note that the particles touch along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the particles touch along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note that the particles touch along the
+cube edges but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube edges but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube edges but
+not along a diagonal in the face or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not along a diagonal in the face or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not along a diagonal in the face or
+along a diagonal through the body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a diagonal through the body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along a diagonal through the body
+by slicing away parts that belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by slicing away parts that belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by slicing away parts that belong to
+neighboring unit cells we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring unit cells we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighboring unit cells we
+see that the actual unit cell consists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the actual unit cell consists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that the actual unit cell consists
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+portions of the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of the particles
+when the cells pack next to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cells pack next to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the cells pack next to each other
+in all three dimensions we obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all three dimensions we obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all three dimensions we obtain the
+crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal
+if we fade the others out you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we fade the others out you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we fade the others out you can see
+the original group of eight particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original group of eight particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original group of eight particles
+within the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within the array
+and the unit cell within that group we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the unit cell within that group we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the unit cell within that group we
+find the number of particles in one unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the number of particles in one unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the number of particles in one unit
+cell by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell by
+combining all the particles portions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining all the particles portions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining all the particles portions
+in the simple cubic unit cell eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simple cubic unit cell eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the simple cubic unit cell eight
+corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners
+each of which is 1 8 of a particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which is 1 8 of a particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of which is 1 8 of a particle
+combine to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine to give
+one particle a key feature of a crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particle a key feature of a crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particle a key feature of a crystal
+structure is its coordination number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is its coordination number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure is its coordination number
+the number of the nearest neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of the nearest neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of the nearest neighbors
+surrounding each particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding each particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrounding each particle
+in a simple cubic array any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simple cubic array any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a simple cubic array any given
+particle has a neighboring particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has a neighboring particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has a neighboring particle
+above below to the right to the left in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above below to the right to the left in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above below to the right to the left in
+front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+and in back of it for a total of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in back of it for a total of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in back of it for a total of six
+nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest
+neighbors the body-centered cubic unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors the body-centered cubic unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors the body-centered cubic unit
+cell has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you see how that's so cool right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see how that's so cool right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you see how that's so cool right
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+and you're figuring out how many atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're figuring out how many atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're figuring out how many atoms
+are in the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the cell
+right you say well why didn't you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say well why didn't you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you say well why didn't you just
+put the atom in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the atom in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the atom in the middle
+you could do that but then it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that but then it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do that but then it's not
+at the point right so you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point right so you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point right so you got to
+understand the concept of the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the concept of the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the concept of the lattice
+is that whatever i put here wherever my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that whatever i put here wherever my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that whatever i put here wherever my
+vectors go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors go
+that's what i put there right and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i put there right and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what i put there right and there
+and there and and so we often as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and and so we often as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there and and so we often as a
+standard we say well okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard we say well okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard we say well okay
+what did i put there i put an atom right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did i put there i put an atom right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did i put there i put an atom right
+and i put another atom but then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i put another atom but then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i put another atom but then your
+unit cell is that cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell is that cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell is that cube
+and so we cut the unit cell and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we cut the unit cell and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we cut the unit cell and you're
+like well how many atoms do i have in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well how many atoms do i have in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well how many atoms do i have in it
+well let's see i got one here but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see i got one here but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see i got one here but it's
+shared with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with
+all these other cubes so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other cubes so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these other cubes so there's an
+eighth of an atom there right and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth of an atom there right and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth of an atom there right and an
+eighth and event on there we add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth and event on there we add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth and event on there we add them
+all up and you get one atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up and you get one atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all up and you get one atom
+right back which you knew which you knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back which you knew which you knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right back which you knew which you knew
+and by the way this was not one over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this was not one over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by the way this was not one over a
+uh uh it was i i wrote it mistakenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it was i i wrote it mistakenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh it was i i wrote it mistakenly
+sworn every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sworn every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sworn every
+the radius is a half a okay over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is a half a okay over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is a half a okay over there
+all right which was which is correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right which was which is correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right which was which is correct
+here okay good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay good
+now next crystal structure oh look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now next crystal structure oh look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now next crystal structure oh look
+how do you know what crystal structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know what crystal structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know what crystal structure
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh there it is look right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there it is look right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there it is look right there
+it's the periodic table to the rescue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the periodic table to the rescue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the periodic table to the rescue
+again he had it right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again he had it right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again he had it right there
+thank you that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you that that
+means t-shirts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means t-shirts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means t-shirts and
+t-shirts and t-shirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts and t-shirts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t-shirts and t-shirts
+and t-shirts and all right i'm going all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t-shirts and all right i'm going all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and t-shirts and all right i'm going all
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+up there and up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there and up there
+we'll bring more you bring a periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll bring more you bring a periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll bring more you bring a periodic
+table like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table like that
+what is the crystal symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the crystal symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the crystal symmetry
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+i know which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know which one
+is simple cubic polonium where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple cubic polonium where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simple cubic polonium where's
+it's only polonium a cow there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only polonium a cow there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only polonium a cow there it is
+polonium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polonium
+thank you for being representative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for being representative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you for being representative of
+simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic
+crystals but now we're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals but now we're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals but now we're talking about the
+next kind which is body centered cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kind which is body centered cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next kind which is body centered cubic
+and look a lot more have a body center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look a lot more have a body center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look a lot more have a body center
+cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic
+and here here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here here
+okay so if it's bcc body centered cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if it's bcc body centered cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if it's bcc body centered cubic
+well now you know if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you know if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well now you know if i
+take these atoms at these corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these atoms at these corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these atoms at these corners
+and i add now there's a lattice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i add now there's a lattice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i add now there's a lattice that
+takes me to the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes me to the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes me to the middle
+all right remember my lattice is giving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right remember my lattice is giving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right remember my lattice is giving
+me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me this
+this symmetry my lattice is giving me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetry my lattice is giving me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this symmetry my lattice is giving me
+this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so
+it means whatever i put here i put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means whatever i put here i put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means whatever i put here i put it
+all the corners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the corners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the corners
+and i put in the middle right that's bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i put in the middle right that's bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i put in the middle right that's bcc
+that's what bcc means well yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what bcc means well yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what bcc means well yeah
+if you grow that okay so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you grow that okay so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you grow that okay so first of all
+eight nearest neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nearest neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight nearest neighbors
+right eight nearest neighbors well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right eight nearest neighbors well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right eight nearest neighbors well you
+can see that because i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that because i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that because i've got
+the six but then i've got these ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six but then i've got these ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the six but then i've got these ones
+here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right
+all right i've got actually it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i've got actually it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right i've got actually it's it's
+not the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the six
+i've got the one along the diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got the one along the diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got the one along the diagonal
+which is kind of the point i wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of the point i wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of the point i wanted to
+make next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make next
+this oh this is bcc this is bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oh this is bcc this is bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this oh this is bcc this is bcc
+right now is it how do you see that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is it how do you see that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now is it how do you see that it's
+bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bcc
+because you stare at it and you stare at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you stare at it and you stare at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you stare at it and you stare at
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+you build it you get together with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build it you get together with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you build it you get together with
+friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends
+you get together with friends and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get together with friends and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get together with friends and you
+build even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build even more
+and you see how much you can build and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see how much you can build and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you see how much you can build and
+then you look and you see look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you look and you see look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you look and you see look
+here it is there's my square right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is there's my square right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it is there's my square right okay
+and there's another square and that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another square and that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's another square and that's my
+cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube
+and you go like this and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go like this and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go like this and then you're
+like oh look and there's an atom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh look and there's an atom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh look and there's an atom in the
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle
+that's bcc and they're all the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bcc and they're all the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bcc and they're all the same
+that's bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's bcc
+right but see because this is a lot this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but see because this is a lot this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but see because this is a lot this
+is defined by the lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined by the lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined by the lattice
+i could have made my square anywhere no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have made my square anywhere no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could have made my square anywhere no
+this didn't have to be the middle atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't have to be the middle atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this didn't have to be the middle atom
+i could move it over and then this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could move it over and then this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i could move it over and then this would
+be the middle atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the middle atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the middle atom
+or this right they're all equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this right they're all equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this right they're all equivalent
+it's a lattice now if you look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lattice now if you look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lattice now if you look at this
+and you take that square or that cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take that square or that cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take that square or that cube
+then then what you'll find is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then what you'll find is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then what you'll find is that if
+you go along the body diagonal see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go along the body diagonal see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go along the body diagonal see now
+i'm going to take each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take each of these
+and i'm going to grow them where do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to grow them where do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to grow them where do the
+atoms touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms touch
+if i grow the atoms in a bcc crystal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i grow the atoms in a bcc crystal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i grow the atoms in a bcc crystal
+they touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they touch
+along the body diagonal first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the body diagonal first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the body diagonal first
+now that's really important let's pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's really important let's pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's really important let's pass
+this one around too that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one around too that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one around too that's really
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important
+okay because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because now
+we have this this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have this this concept
+that is also very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is also very important
+which is the closed pack direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for this for the bcc structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this for the bcc structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this for the bcc structure
+it's the body diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but over here it's the cube edge for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over here it's the cube edge for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over here it's the cube edge for a
+simple cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cubic
+it's the cube edge cube edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the cube edge cube edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the cube edge cube edge
+is the closed packed okay how is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the closed packed okay how is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the closed packed okay how is that
+going to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to work
+i'll do this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll do this that
+no that's going to be confusing cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's going to be confusing cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no that's going to be confusing cube
+edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge
+close packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close packed
+oh that's really small but you get my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's really small but you get my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh that's really small but you get my
+point close packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point close packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point close packed
+direction close pack direction body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction close pack direction body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction close pack direction body
+diagonal what that what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal what that what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal what that what that means is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know and and you can see it right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and you can see it right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and and you can see it right
+here where's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where's the
+you know if you go back all the way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go back all the way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you go back all the way back
+to this there it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this there it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this there it is
+let's see as i grow these these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see as i grow these these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see as i grow these these are the
+same they're colored blue just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same they're colored blue just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same they're colored blue just for
+clarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarity
+just so you can see but these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you can see but these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just so you can see but these are the
+same because it's a bcc lattice and as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because it's a bcc lattice and as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same because it's a bcc lattice and as i
+grow them these all have the same radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow them these all have the same radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow them these all have the same radius
+these are the ones that touch first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones that touch first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the ones that touch first
+along the diagonal not those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the diagonal not those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the diagonal not those
+right not those and that feeds into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not those and that feeds into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right not those and that feeds into what
+the radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radius is
+of the atom i do the same trick and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom i do the same trick and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atom i do the same trick and the
+apf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apf
+and the apf is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the apf is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the apf is going to be
+okay four thirds pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay four thirds pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay four thirds pi
+and now i've got my a root three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i've got my a root three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i've got my a root three
+over 4. why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4. why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 4. why because
+a is the length of the cube and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the length of the cube and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is the length of the cube and you can
+see here i've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here i've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here i've got
+four radii right two diameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four radii right two diameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four radii right two diameters
+of the sphere go down the body diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere go down the body diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sphere go down the body diagonal
+so r cubed four thirds pi r cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r cubed four thirds pi r cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so r cubed four thirds pi r cubed
+is going to be the volume of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the volume of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the volume of
+a maximally packed sphere in a bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximally packed sphere in a bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a maximally packed sphere in a bcc
+lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice
+so this has to be divided by the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has to be divided by the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this has to be divided by the whole
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+which is a cubed but i'm missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a cubed but i'm missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a cubed but i'm missing
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+because there's not just one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not just one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's not just one right
+there's not just one there's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not just one there's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not just one there's another one
+there's actually two atoms in a unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two atoms in a unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two atoms in a unit
+cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell
+there's two of these you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two of these you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two of these you can see that
+one in the middle and then the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the middle and then the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in the middle and then the eighth
+eighth a they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth a they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth a they they
+you've got two so i got to multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two so i got to multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got two so i got to multiply it
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+two and it gives you sixty eight percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it gives you sixty eight percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and it gives you sixty eight percent
+is the af app and that's why so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the af app and that's why so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the af app and that's why so many
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more
+structures especially metals are happy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures especially metals are happy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures especially metals are happy
+to be bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bcc
+let's watch the video again or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's watch the video again or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's watch the video again or a
+different video this one on bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different video this one on bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different video this one on bcc
+particle at each corner and one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at each corner and one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle at each corner and one in the
+center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center
+which is colored pink to make it easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is colored pink to make it easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is colored pink to make it easier
+to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see
+with full size spheres you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with full size spheres you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with full size spheres you can see that
+the particles don't touch along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles don't touch along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles don't touch along the
+edges of the cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges of the cube
+but each corner particle does touch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each corner particle does touch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each corner particle does touch the
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+in the center the actual unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center the actual unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the center the actual unit cell
+consists of portions of the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of portions of the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consists of portions of the corner
+particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles
+and the whole one in the center eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole one in the center eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the whole one in the center eight
+eighths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighths
+give one particle and the one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give one particle and the one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give one particle and the one in the
+center gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center gives
+another for a total of two particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another for a total of two particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another for a total of two particles
+in this tiny portion of a body-centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tiny portion of a body-centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tiny portion of a body-centered
+cubic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic array
+you can see that any given particle has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that any given particle has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that any given particle has
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+nearest neighbors above and four below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors above and four below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors above and four below
+for a total of eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a total of eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a total of eight
+nearest neighbors okay now it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors okay now it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors okay now it's really
+important right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important right that's
+this you see conceptually visually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you see conceptually visually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you see conceptually visually how
+we got this the close pack direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this the close pack direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got this the close pack direction
+for bcc is four times the radius i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bcc is four times the radius i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bcc is four times the radius i want
+to write that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write that
+four times the radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times the radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times the radius
+and it's that it's that thing that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that it's that thing that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's that it's that thing that we're
+doing now a couple of times right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now a couple of times right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing now a couple of times right where
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+you've got the radius of this sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the radius of this sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got the radius of this sphere
+that you're packing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're packing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're packing in
+with a given symmetry but i got to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a given symmetry but i got to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a given symmetry but i got to write
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+in terms of the lattice vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the lattice vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the lattice vectors
+which are in this case all a right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in this case all a right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are in this case all a right so
+it's really easy but but they're all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy but but they're all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really easy but but they're all a
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i got to write it in terms of the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got to write it in terms of the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got to write it in terms of the length
+of the lattice that's how you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lattice that's how you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lattice that's how you get the
+atomic packing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic packing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic packing
+okay good now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay good now
+the last one is fcc look at how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is fcc look at how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last one is fcc look at how many
+elements take the fcc form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements take the fcc form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements take the fcc form
+how do you know you bring out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know you bring out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you know you bring out the
+periodic table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table
+and you look it up now some of these i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look it up now some of these i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look it up now some of these i
+mean many of these elements can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean many of these elements can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean many of these elements can take
+different crystal symmetries the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different crystal symmetries the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different crystal symmetries the ones
+that are listed are the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are listed are the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are listed are the ones
+that are often always the most stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are often always the most stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are often always the most stable
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+right the most stable one but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the most stable one but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the most stable one but sometimes
+they can take many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can take many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can take many different
+symmetries if you do something like add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries if you do something like add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetries if you do something like add
+temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature
+or pressure or other things to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pressure or other things to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or pressure or other things to the
+system what's in the periodic table is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what's in the periodic table is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system what's in the periodic table is
+the most stable one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most stable one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most stable one
+now the fcc the fcc is the last one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fcc the fcc is the last one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the fcc the fcc is the last one that
+we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're
+going to care about and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to care about and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to care about and it
+is the face centered cubic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the face centered cubic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the face centered cubic
+now this is okay so on this one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is okay so on this one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is okay so on this one uh
+we got an atom this is the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an atom this is the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got an atom this is the face
+right so we've got these atoms that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've got these atoms that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we've got these atoms that are
+sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing
+across the face and then we've got these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the face and then we've got these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the face and then we've got these
+atoms here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms here
+right at the corners there's nothing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the corners there's nothing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right at the corners there's nothing in
+the middle now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle now
+but they're on the faces and sorry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're on the faces and sorry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're on the faces and sorry the
+corners and the faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and the faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners and the faces
+right and so if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so if you if you
+look at this what you can see from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this what you can see from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this what you can see from
+looking at this and you've got to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this and you've got to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at this and you've got to look
+at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it
+where's my cube where's my unit cell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my cube where's my unit cell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's my cube where's my unit cell you
+now know it's called the unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know it's called the unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now know it's called the unit cell
+right oh and i see and then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh and i see and then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh and i see and then there's the
+face atom right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face atom right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face atom right there's
+there's a square there and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a square there and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a square there and there's the
+atom in the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in the face
+and there's nothing in the middle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing in the middle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's nothing in the middle it's
+not bcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not bcc
+right but if i look at another and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if i look at another and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but if i look at another and
+another edge of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another edge of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another edge of that
+ah right there's the atom in that face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah right there's the atom in that face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah right there's the atom in that face
+and so on and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so on
+right now what's really cool about fcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's really cool about fcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now what's really cool about fcc
+is that it's got a lot of neighbors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's got a lot of neighbors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it's got a lot of neighbors and
+it's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's got
+more packing so for fcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more packing so for fcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more packing so for fcc
+this is the closed pack direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the closed pack direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the closed pack direction
+close pack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction is
+the face is the did i write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face is the did i write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face is the did i write down
+i didn't write down okay that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't write down okay that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't write down okay that's fine
+it's the face diagonal face diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right which is a root 2 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is a root 2 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is a root 2 in
+length and so the atomic packing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and so the atomic packing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and so the atomic packing so the
+nearest neighbors is 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors is 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors is 12
+and the atomic packing fraction for fcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the atomic packing fraction for fcc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the atomic packing fraction for fcc
+is four-thirds pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four-thirds pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is four-thirds pi
+times and now here we go right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and now here we go right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and now here we go right that's
+when i expand them it's along the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i expand them it's along the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i expand them it's along the face
+that they're going to touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're going to touch
+right so that's the close-packed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the close-packed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's the close-packed
+direction face diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction face diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction face diagonal
+that's this one here right so it's root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this one here right so it's root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this one here right so it's root
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+root 2 over four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 2 over four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root 2 over four
+right because again i've got a radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because again i've got a radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because again i've got a radius
+and another and another and another i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another and another and another i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another and another and another i
+can you know there's two diameters worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know there's two diameters worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you know there's two diameters worth
+that go across that face and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go across that face and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that go across that face and so that's
+going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be
+cubed yeah okay divided by a cubed now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed yeah okay divided by a cubed now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed yeah okay divided by a cubed now
+is there something missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something missing
+yes the number of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the number of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes the number of atoms
+if you look at a fcc crystal and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at a fcc crystal and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at a fcc crystal and
+and you look at the corners each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the corners each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at the corners each one of
+those shares with eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those shares with eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those shares with eight
+other unit cells so there's an eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unit cells so there's an eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other unit cells so there's an eighth
+that gives you the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the one
+like in our simple cubic but now you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in our simple cubic but now you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in our simple cubic but now you got
+all these ones sharing across faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these ones sharing across faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these ones sharing across faces
+you've got six of those each one sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got six of those each one sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got six of those each one sharing
+a half atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half atom
+so that's three more so there's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this gives you a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gives you a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this gives you a very nice
+packing of 74
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing of 74
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing of 74
+74 let's see what our video guy says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 let's see what our video guy says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+74 let's see what our video guy says
+about fcc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ah the face centered cubic unit cell has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah the face centered cubic unit cell has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah the face centered cubic unit cell has
+a particle at each corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle at each corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particle at each corner
+and in each face which are colored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each face which are colored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each face which are colored
+yellow here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow here
+but none in the center the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none in the center the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none in the center the corner
+particles don't touch each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles don't touch each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles don't touch each other
+but each corner does touch a particle in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each corner does touch a particle in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each corner does touch a particle in
+the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face
+and those in the faces touch each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those in the faces touch each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those in the faces touch each other
+as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well
+the actual unit cell consists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual unit cell consists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual unit cell consists of
+portions of particles at the corners and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of particles at the corners and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portions of particles at the corners and
+in the faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the faces
+eight eighths at the corners gives one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight eighths at the corners gives one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight eighths at the corners gives one
+particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle
+and half a particle in each of six faces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half a particle in each of six faces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and half a particle in each of six faces
+gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives
+three more for a total of four particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more for a total of four particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more for a total of four particles
+in this tiny portion of a face-centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tiny portion of a face-centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this tiny portion of a face-centered
+cubic array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic array
+notice that a given particle has four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that a given particle has four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that a given particle has four
+nearest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest
+neighbors around it four more above and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors around it four more above and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors around it four more above and
+four more below for a total of twelve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four more below for a total of twelve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four more below for a total of twelve
+nearest neighbors stacking spheres shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors stacking spheres shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearest neighbors stacking spheres shows
+how the three cubic unit cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the three cubic unit cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the three cubic unit cells are
+talking about packing arrange a layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about packing arrange a layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about packing arrange a layer of
+spheres in horizontal and vertical rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres in horizontal and vertical rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres in horizontal and vertical rows
+note the large diamond shape space among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note the large diamond shape space among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note the large diamond shape space among
+the particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the particles
+placing the next layer directly over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing the next layer directly over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placing the next layer directly over the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+gives a structure based on the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a structure based on the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives a structure based on the simple
+cubic unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic unit cell
+those larger spaces mean an inefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those larger spaces mean an inefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those larger spaces mean an inefficient
+use of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use of space
+in fact only 52 percent of the available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact only 52 percent of the available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact only 52 percent of the available
+volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume
+is actually occupied by spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually occupied by spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually occupied by spheres
+because of this inefficiency the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this inefficiency the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of this inefficiency the simple
+cubic unit cell is seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic unit cell is seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubic unit cell is seen
+rarely in nature polonium a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely in nature polonium a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rarely in nature polonium a more
+efficient stacking occurs if we place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient stacking occurs if we place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient stacking occurs if we place
+the second layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second layer
+over the spaces formed by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the spaces formed by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the spaces formed by the first
+layer and the third layer over the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and the third layer over the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer and the third layer over the space
+is formed by the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed by the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed by the second
+that simple change leads to 68 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple change leads to 68 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simple change leads to 68 percent
+of the available volume occupied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the available volume occupied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the available volume occupied by the
+spheres
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres
+and a structure based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a structure based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a structure based on the
+body-centered cubic unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body-centered cubic unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body-centered cubic unit cell
+many metals including all the alkali
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many metals including all the alkali
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many metals including all the alkali
+metals adopt this arrangement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals adopt this arrangement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metals adopt this arrangement
+for the most efficient stacking shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most efficient stacking shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the most efficient stacking shift
+every other row in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other row in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every other row in the first
+layer so the large diamond shaped spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so the large diamond shaped spaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer so the large diamond shaped spaces
+become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become
+smaller triangular spaces and place the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller triangular spaces and place the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller triangular spaces and place the
+second layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second layer
+over them then the third layer goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them then the third layer goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over them then the third layer goes
+over the holes visible through the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the holes visible through the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the holes visible through the first
+and second layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and second layers
+in this arrangement called cubic closest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this arrangement called cubic closest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this arrangement called cubic closest
+packing spheres occupy 74
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing spheres occupy 74
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packing spheres occupy 74
+of the volume note that it is based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the volume note that it is based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the volume note that it is based
+on the fcc crystal brave lattice that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fcc crystal brave lattice that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the fcc crystal brave lattice that's
+what he meant to say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he meant to say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he meant to say there
+and you really see it come to life right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you really see it come to life right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you really see it come to life right
+i wish i could do this somehow with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wish i could do this somehow with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i wish i could do this somehow with the
+3d models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3d models
+but you stir it to 3d models you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you stir it to 3d models you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you stir it to 3d models you see
+that you know what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know what's interesting is
+the way you put it you you re you slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you put it you you re you slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you put it you you re you slide
+this is what hook did with the cannon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what hook did with the cannon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what hook did with the cannon
+balls you slide that base layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls you slide that base layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balls you slide that base layer
+and then you can stack them differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can stack them differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can stack them differently
+but it's still a cubic system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still a cubic system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's still a cubic system
+fcc all right we'll pick up on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcc all right we'll pick up on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fcc all right we'll pick up on this
+on wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RDvH76Cj-UY.txt b/RDvH76Cj-UY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45a0c8d1f292263fb205af966ef8f5eb3b17634b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RDvH76Cj-UY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the steady state magnetic levitation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state magnetic levitation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the steady state magnetic levitation of
+current carrying conductors over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current carrying conductors over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current carrying conductors over a
+ground plane demonstrates magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane demonstrates magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane demonstrates magnetic
+forces due to conduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+currents this cylindrical conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents this cylindrical conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents this cylindrical conductor
+carries the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I the current is returned in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the current is returned in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the current is returned in a
+conducting plane just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting plane just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conducting plane just
+below it is alternating at a high enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it is alternating at a high enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below it is alternating at a high enough
+frequency that both the conductor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that both the conductor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that both the conductor and
+the ground plane act as perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane act as perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane act as perfect
+conductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the current in the conductor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current in the conductor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current in the conductor and
+oppositely directed current in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely directed current in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely directed current in the
+ground plane distribute themselves into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane distribute themselves into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane distribute themselves into
+surfaces in just such a way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces in just such a way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surfaces in just such a way that the
+magnetic flux normal to the surfaces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux normal to the surfaces of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic flux normal to the surfaces of
+the conductor and the ground plane tends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductor and the ground plane tends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conductor and the ground plane tends
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+zero the magnetic field between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the magnetic field between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the magnetic field between the
+conductor and the ground plane is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor and the ground plane is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor and the ground plane is the
+same as that of a line current and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that of a line current and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as that of a line current and its
+oppositely directed image these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely directed image these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oppositely directed image these two
+currents are positioned so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are positioned so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currents are positioned so that the
+magnetic field is tangental potential to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is tangental potential to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field is tangental potential to
+the ground plane and to the cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane and to the cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane and to the cylindrical
+conductor parallel currents in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor parallel currents in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor parallel currents in opposite
+directions cause a force of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+repulsion to better understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion to better understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion to better understand the
+repulsive Force let's look at how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive Force let's look at how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive Force let's look at how the
+current and magnetic field interact here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and magnetic field interact here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current and magnetic field interact here
+at the bottom surface of the cylindrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom surface of the cylindrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bottom surface of the cylindrical
+conductor at a given instant the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor at a given instant the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor at a given instant the current
+density is in the axial Direction while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is in the axial Direction while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is in the axial Direction while
+the magnetic field is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field is f
+directed the current density is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed the current density is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed the current density is in the
+axial Direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial Direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axial Direction
+the magnetic field is f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field is f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic field is f
+directed the current density crossed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed the current density crossed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed the current density crossed
+into the magnetic flux density is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the magnetic flux density is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the magnetic flux density is the
+force density acting on the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force density acting on the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force density acting on the bottom of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+conductor the force density acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor the force density acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor the force density acting on
+other parts of the conductor also has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the conductor also has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other parts of the conductor also has
+horizontal components but these cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal components but these cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizontal components but these cancel
+there is even some Force density at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is even some Force density at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is even some Force density at the
+top of the conductor acting downward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the conductor acting downward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of the conductor acting downward
+where J is the same but B has reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where J is the same but B has reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where J is the same but B has reverse
+Direction but that force is smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but that force is smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction but that force is smaller
+because B is smaller on the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because B is smaller on the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because B is smaller on the upper
+surface than on the lower surface this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface than on the lower surface this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface than on the lower surface this
+is because of the proximity of the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of the proximity of the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because of the proximity of the lower
+surface of the cylindrical conductor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the cylindrical conductor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the cylindrical conductor to
+the ground plane the net force F on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane the net force F on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane the net force F on the
+conductor is upward when the distance Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor is upward when the distance Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor is upward when the distance Z
+from the ground plane to the conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ground plane to the conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the ground plane to the conductor
+Center is much larger than the cylinder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center is much larger than the cylinder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center is much larger than the cylinder
+radius R the upper image current is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius R the upper image current is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius R the upper image current is at
+about the cylinder Center while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cylinder Center while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cylinder Center while the
+image current below is the same distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image current below is the same distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image current below is the same distance
+Z below the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z below the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z below the ground
+plane the lorence force is is the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the lorence force is is the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane the lorence force is is the length
+of the wire L times the cross product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wire L times the cross product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wire L times the cross product of
+the current I in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current I in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current I in the
+conductor with the magnetic field B from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor with the magnetic field B from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor with the magnetic field B from
+the image current a distance to Z below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image current a distance to Z below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image current a distance to Z below
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductor we can equivalently determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor we can equivalently determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor we can equivalently determine
+the net force per unit length acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net force per unit length acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the net force per unit length acting on
+the cylindrical conductor by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylindrical conductor by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cylindrical conductor by using
+conservation of energy the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation of energy the vertical
+position of the conductor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+z the inductance for a Sol ccal wire of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z the inductance for a Sol ccal wire of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z the inductance for a Sol ccal wire of
+length L is a function of the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length L is a function of the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length L is a function of the vertical
+displacement z r is the conductor radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement z r is the conductor radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement z r is the conductor radius
+when the conductor radius is very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the conductor radius is very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the conductor radius is very small
+compared to the vertical displacement Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the vertical displacement Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the vertical displacement Z
+the inductance formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simplifies conservation of energy tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies conservation of energy tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifies conservation of energy tells
+us that the force in the wire is 12 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the force in the wire is 12 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us that the force in the wire is 12 I
+squared times the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared times the derivative of the
+inductance with respect to Z when Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance with respect to Z when Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance with respect to Z when Z is
+much greater than R the force is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater than R the force is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much greater than R the force is
+identical to that derived using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to that derived using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to that derived using the
+lorence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lorence
+force in the experiment the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in the experiment the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force in the experiment the current
+carrying wire has been wound into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying wire has been wound into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying wire has been wound into a
+pancake shaped coil line current at 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancake shaped coil line current at 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pancake shaped coil line current at 60
+Herz is supplied to the coil through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herz is supplied to the coil through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Herz is supplied to the coil through
+flexible wires which are connected to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variac here is the actual experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac here is the actual experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac here is the actual experiment
+with the pancake coil excited by 60 HZ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pancake coil excited by 60 HZ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the pancake coil excited by 60 HZ
+current from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current from this
+variac the current is measured with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac the current is measured with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variac the current is measured with this
+clipon am met and indicated on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oscilloscope the ground plane is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope the ground plane is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope the ground plane is this
+aluminum sheet its thickness is 1.27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum sheet its thickness is 1.27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum sheet its thickness is 1.27
+CM the coil has a thickness of about 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM the coil has a thickness of about 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM the coil has a thickness of about 1
+and A2 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a typical current in the coil is 20 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical current in the coil is 20 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical current in the coil is 20 to
+30 amp so it's made of large diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 amp so it's made of large diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 amp so it's made of large diameter
+wire to reduce its resistance the 250
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire to reduce its resistance the 250
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire to reduce its resistance the 250
+turns are of number 10 aluminum wire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns are of number 10 aluminum wire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns are of number 10 aluminum wire
+aluminum is chosen for its lightweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum is chosen for its lightweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum is chosen for its lightweight
+its density is 2.7 G per cubic cm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its density is 2.7 G per cubic cm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its density is 2.7 G per cubic cm so
+that for a given current and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a given current and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for a given current and thus
+magnetic force the coil will will rise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force the coil will will rise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force the coil will will rise
+higher than if made of copper although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than if made of copper although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher than if made of copper although
+copper is a better conductor by a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper is a better conductor by a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper is a better conductor by a factor
+of about 1.6 its density is about 3.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 1.6 its density is about 3.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about 1.6 its density is about 3.3
+times greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times greater than
+aluminum the scope Trace indicates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum the scope Trace indicates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum the scope Trace indicates the
+coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil
+current here again is what happens as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current here again is what happens as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current here again is what happens as
+the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+raised the force on the conductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised the force on the conductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised the force on the conductor
+results in vibrations which we hear is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in vibrations which we hear is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in vibrations which we hear is
+Telltale evidence that the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telltale evidence that the current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Telltale evidence that the current is
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+increased the force is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the force is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased the force is proportional to
+the square of the 60 HZ current these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the 60 HZ current these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the 60 HZ current these
+vibrations result from the 120 HZ second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations result from the 120 HZ second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vibrations result from the 120 HZ second
+harmonic component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic component of the
+force when the RMS current is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force when the RMS current is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force when the RMS current is large
+enough that the lorence force can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the lorence force can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the lorence force can
+overcome the coil weight the coil lifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the coil weight the coil lifts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome the coil weight the coil lifts
+off the ground plane increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the ground plane increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the ground plane increasing the
+current further results in an increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current further results in an increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current further results in an increase
+in the levitation Force at a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the levitation Force at a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the levitation Force at a given
+altitude so the coil Rises to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude so the coil Rises to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altitude so the coil Rises to make the
+upwards magnetic force equal to that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards magnetic force equal to that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upwards magnetic force equal to that of
+the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil
+weight let's see if we can estimate how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight let's see if we can estimate how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight let's see if we can estimate how
+high the pan coil will rise for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the pan coil will rise for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the pan coil will rise for a given
+coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+current we are limited in height by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we are limited in height by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current we are limited in height by the
+maximum current before we blow a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fuse focusing attention on a single turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse focusing attention on a single turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuse focusing attention on a single turn
+of the circular coil with radius a with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circular coil with radius a with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circular coil with radius a with
+a much larger than the wire diameter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much larger than the wire diameter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much larger than the wire diameter we
+can approximately use our inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can approximately use our inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can approximately use our inductance
+formula for a straight wire of length L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a straight wire of length L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for a straight wire of length L
+if we take L to just be the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take L to just be the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we take L to just be the coil
+circumference 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a if we had n concentrated turns in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if we had n concentrated turns in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a if we had n concentrated turns in our
+coil the inductance increases by n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil the inductance increases by n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil the inductance increases by n
+squ one factor of n arises because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ one factor of n arises because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ one factor of n arises because there
+are n turns each carrying the current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n turns each carrying the current I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are n turns each carrying the current I
+thus the net current that is affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the net current that is affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the net current that is affect
+effective in producing the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in producing the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in producing the magnetic
+field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is
+n the second factor of n is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the second factor of n is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n the second factor of n is because the
+flux link by all n turns is n times that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux link by all n turns is n times that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux link by all n turns is n times that
+link by one turn so the inductance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link by one turn so the inductance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link by one turn so the inductance of
+the N Turn coil is roughly that of a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N Turn coil is roughly that of a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N Turn coil is roughly that of a one
+turn coil multiplied by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n^2 in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n^2 in our
+experiment we have a pancake coil rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we have a pancake coil rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we have a pancake coil rather
+than a single concentrated circular coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a single concentrated circular coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a single concentrated circular coil
+with a single radius our 250 turn coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single radius our 250 turn coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a single radius our 250 turn coil
+has an average radius of about 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cm because of the large variation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm because of the large variation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm because of the large variation in
+radius from 2 and2 to 16 cm it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius from 2 and2 to 16 cm it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius from 2 and2 to 16 cm it is not
+clear what eff of radius a to use in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what eff of radius a to use in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what eff of radius a to use in our
+approximate inductance formula so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate inductance formula so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximate inductance formula so we
+choose to write it in a generalized form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to write it in a generalized form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to write it in a generalized form
+in terms of the parameter L we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the parameter L we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of the parameter L we can
+estimate a value of L equal m a n^2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a value of L equal m a n^2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate a value of L equal m a n^2 by
+using the average radius of 9 cm so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the average radius of 9 cm so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the average radius of 9 cm so that
+l not equal 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l not equal 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l not equal 7
+milen to estimate L not for measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milen to estimate L not for measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+milen to estimate L not for measurements
+we use this inductance meter to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this inductance meter to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use this inductance meter to measure
+the coil inductance as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil inductance as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil inductance as a function of the
+coil position Z where Z is measured from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil position Z where Z is measured from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil position Z where Z is measured from
+the ground plane to the midpoint of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane to the midpoint of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane to the midpoint of the
+coil the coil inductance is measured at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil the coil inductance is measured at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil the coil inductance is measured at
+1 khz so that the ground plane acts as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 khz so that the ground plane acts as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 khz so that the ground plane acts as a
+perfect conductor at 1 khz the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect conductor at 1 khz the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect conductor at 1 khz the skin
+depth is much less than the thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth is much less than the thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth is much less than the thickness of
+the conducting sheet the coil inductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conducting sheet the coil inductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conducting sheet the coil inductance
+increases as the coil height is inre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increased here when the coil rests on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased here when the coil rests on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased here when the coil rests on
+the ground plane the coil inductance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane the coil inductance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane the coil inductance is
+about 1.7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1.7
+mandri while when the center is at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandri while when the center is at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandri while when the center is at about
+5 cm above the ground plane the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 cm above the ground plane the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 cm above the ground plane the coil
+inductance is about 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mandri our measurements are shown as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandri our measurements are shown as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandri our measurements are shown as
+dots on the plot eln has been estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots on the plot eln has been estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots on the plot eln has been estimated
+to give a perfect fit to this mid-range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a perfect fit to this mid-range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give a perfect fit to this mid-range
+data point at Z equals 7.25 CM the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point at Z equals 7.25 CM the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data point at Z equals 7.25 CM the value
+of Ln fitted this way is 1.3 mendies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ln fitted this way is 1.3 mendies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Ln fitted this way is 1.3 mendies
+about 1/5 what we estimated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1/5 what we estimated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1/5 what we estimated the
+discrepancy is in part due to the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy is in part due to the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy is in part due to the large
+size of the coil with the winding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the coil with the winding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the coil with the winding
+distributed over radial and axial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed over radial and axial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed over radial and axial
+positions our model assumed all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions our model assumed all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions our model assumed all the
+interns to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interns to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interns to be
+concentrated when we use Ln equal 1.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated when we use Ln equal 1.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated when we use Ln equal 1.3
+mandri our formula approximates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandri our formula approximates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mandri our formula approximates the
+position dependence of inductance over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position dependence of inductance over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position dependence of inductance over
+most of the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the range of
+Z Now that we know from empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Now that we know from empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z Now that we know from empirical
+measurements how the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements how the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements how the coil
+self-inductance depends on coil position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-inductance depends on coil position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-inductance depends on coil position
+we find the magnetic force as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the magnetic force as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find the magnetic force as a function
+of coil position by differentiating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coil position by differentiating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coil position by differentiating the
+coil inductance with respect to position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil inductance with respect to position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil inductance with respect to position
+Z the gravitational force that balances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z the gravitational force that balances
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z the gravitational force that balances
+the magnetic force is constant for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic force is constant for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the magnetic force is constant for a
+given RMS coil current I the coil height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given RMS coil current I the coil height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given RMS coil current I the coil height
+Z will adjust itself so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z will adjust itself so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z will adjust itself so that the
+magnetic force Force just equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force Force just equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force Force just equals the
+coil weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil weight
+mg we solve this equation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I the current required to just lift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the current required to just lift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the current required to just lift the
+coil off the ground plane can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil off the ground plane can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil off the ground plane can be
+estimated using as the position Z half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated using as the position Z half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimated using as the position Z half
+the coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coil
+thickness then with the pancake coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness then with the pancake coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness then with the pancake coil
+mass of 1.8 kg in the 1G gravity field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of 1.8 kg in the 1G gravity field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of 1.8 kg in the 1G gravity field
+of 9.8 m/s squared with Z equal 0.75 CM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 9.8 m/s squared with Z equal 0.75 CM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 9.8 m/s squared with Z equal 0.75 CM
+half the coil height and with Ln equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the coil height and with Ln equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the coil height and with Ln equal
+1.3 mandri we calculate the liftoff coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 mandri we calculate the liftoff coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.3 mandri we calculate the liftoff coil
+current to be about 14.3 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+RMS we reconnect the pancake coil to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS we reconnect the pancake coil to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS we reconnect the pancake coil to the
+varc the clipon ammeter measures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varc the clipon ammeter measures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varc the clipon ammeter measures the
+current which is displayed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is displayed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current which is displayed on the
+osilloscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osilloscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+osilloscope
+we raise the current slowly and find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we raise the current slowly and find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we raise the current slowly and find the
+coil lifts off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at about 15.5 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 15.5 amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at about 15.5 amp
+RMS what we predicted was 14.3 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS what we predicted was 14.3 amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS what we predicted was 14.3 amp
+RMS as we raise the current further the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS as we raise the current further the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS as we raise the current further the
+coil height above the ground plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+increases here the coil Center Rises by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases here the coil Center Rises by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases here the coil Center Rises by
+2.25 CM at 20 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.25 CM at 20 amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.25 CM at 20 amp
+RMS we take other data points by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS we take other data points by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS we take other data points by
+increasing the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+further here is our 20 amp data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further here is our 20 amp data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further here is our 20 amp data
+point the solid line shows the estimated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the solid line shows the estimated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the solid line shows the estimated
+mid coil position as a function of RMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid coil position as a function of RMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mid coil position as a function of RMS
+coil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coil
+current discrepancies between Theory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current discrepancies between Theory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current discrepancies between Theory and
+experiment are due to our many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment are due to our many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment are due to our many
+approximations in particular errors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in particular errors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximations in particular errors are
+Amplified because our Force computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified because our Force computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified because our Force computation
+depends on the derivative of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the derivative of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the derivative of the
+inductance with position Z also how good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance with position Z also how good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductance with position Z also how good
+an approximation is it to assume that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation is it to assume that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an approximation is it to assume that at
+60 hertz the coil and ground plane are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 hertz the coil and ground plane are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 hertz the coil and ground plane are
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductors the skin depth in aluminum at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors the skin depth in aluminum at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors the skin depth in aluminum at
+60 hertz is 1.1 cm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 hertz is 1.1 cm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 hertz is 1.1 cm
+at first one may think that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first one may think that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at first one may think that for the
+Assumption of a perfectly conducting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of a perfectly conducting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assumption of a perfectly conducting
+ground plane to be accurate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane to be accurate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane to be accurate the
+frequency must be high enough that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency must be high enough that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency must be high enough that the
+ground plane thickness is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane thickness is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground plane thickness is greater than
+the skin depth for our experiments thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin depth for our experiments thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the skin depth for our experiments thus
+far the aluminum ground plane thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the aluminum ground plane thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the aluminum ground plane thickness
+has been 1.27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been 1.27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been 1.27
+CM this thickness is about a skin depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM this thickness is about a skin depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CM this thickness is about a skin depth
+to demonstrate the dependence on ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate the dependence on ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to demonstrate the dependence on ground
+plane thickness we can try a ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane thickness we can try a ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane thickness we can try a ground
+plane with half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane with half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane with half the
+thickness this plate has a thickness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness this plate has a thickness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness this plate has a thickness of
+6.35 M mm this is about half the skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.35 M mm this is about half the skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6.35 M mm this is about half the skin
+depth remember that with 1.27 CM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth remember that with 1.27 CM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth remember that with 1.27 CM
+thickness liftoff occurred at 15.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness liftoff occurred at 15.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness liftoff occurred at 15.5
+amp with this half skin depth thick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp with this half skin depth thick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp with this half skin depth thick
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+plane liftoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane liftoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane liftoff
+occurs at 16.3 rather than 15.5 amp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at 16.3 rather than 15.5 amp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs at 16.3 rather than 15.5 amp
+RMS this current is only slightly higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS this current is only slightly higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RMS this current is only slightly higher
+than with the 1.27 CM thick ground plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than with the 1.27 CM thick ground plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than with the 1.27 CM thick ground plane
+even though the ground plane thick is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the ground plane thick is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though the ground plane thick is
+now about half the skin depth it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about half the skin depth it still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now about half the skin depth it still
+acts essentially as a perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts essentially as a perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acts essentially as a perfect
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductor with a 1 mm thick plane the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor with a 1 mm thick plane the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor with a 1 mm thick plane the
+coil does not lift up even at 30 amp RMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the ground plane is now so thin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane is now so thin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground plane is now so thin that
+most of the magnetic field penetrates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the magnetic field penetrates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the magnetic field penetrates
+through the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the ground
+plane we just blew a fuse again but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we just blew a fuse again but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane we just blew a fuse again but this
+time because of an arc the enamel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because of an arc the enamel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time because of an arc the enamel
+insulation on the wires may not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation on the wires may not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insulation on the wires may not be
+enough to prevent arcing to the sheet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to prevent arcing to the sheet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to prevent arcing to the sheet we
+have just seen an example of this let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just seen an example of this let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just seen an example of this let's
+try it again now with some Gaffers tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it again now with some Gaffers tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try it again now with some Gaffers tape
+for better insulation on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bottom here it is again with a current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here it is again with a current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom here it is again with a current
+of 30 to 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 30 to 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 30 to 40
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+amp the coil doesn't lift off but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp the coil doesn't lift off but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amp the coil doesn't lift off but the
+induced current does make the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced current does make the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced current does make the ground
+plain very hot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+our coil has the making of a burner for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our coil has the making of a burner for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our coil has the making of a burner for
+a stove our thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stove our thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a stove our thin
+sheet could be the bottom of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet could be the bottom of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet could be the bottom of a
+pan our experiment has been turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan our experiment has been turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pan our experiment has been turned
+upside down the protective border
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down the protective border
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upside down the protective border
+prevents spillage let's turn the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents spillage let's turn the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevents spillage let's turn the current
+up and let it heat for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it takes a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a while
+but it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cook the experiment demonstrates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook the experiment demonstrates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cook the experiment demonstrates the
+magnetic induction of current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic induction of current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic induction of current in
+conductors and both the resulting Lorent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors and both the resulting Lorent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductors and both the resulting Lorent
+magnetic force of repulsion and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force of repulsion and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic force of repulsion and the
+heating
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RTmoWFZQ-WE.txt b/RTmoWFZQ-WE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f96a288409e0069dfdee2ad86ca422694f7c2b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RTmoWFZQ-WE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license
+your support will help MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OpenCourseWare continue to offer high
+quality educational resources for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality educational resources for free
+to make a donation or view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+so I put the slide up so you could walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put the slide up so you could walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I put the slide up so you could walk
+in and say you know I came to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and say you know I came to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and say you know I came to this
+course to learn about high-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to learn about high-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course to learn about high-level
+cognition machines that do amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition machines that do amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognition machines that do amazing
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+surely this guy's not going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely this guy's not going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surely this guy's not going to talk
+about a fly but I am going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a fly but I am going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a fly but I am going to talk about
+a fly and I will try in the beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fly and I will try in the beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fly and I will try in the beginning to
+explain to you why and hopefully by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you why and hopefully by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain to you why and hopefully by the
+end I will see I won't declare victory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I will see I won't declare victory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end I will see I won't declare victory
+at all and you can tell me if if if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and you can tell me if if if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and you can tell me if if if it
+applies or whatever the reason I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies or whatever the reason I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies or whatever the reason I'm
+talking about the fly is this quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the fly is this quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the fly is this quote
+really flies are in all sorts of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really flies are in all sorts of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really flies are in all sorts of in
+mushroom bodies I'm going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom bodies I'm going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom bodies I'm going to talk about
+a part of the fly brain called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the fly brain called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the fly brain called the
+mushroom body and mushroom bodies are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body and mushroom bodies are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body and mushroom bodies are in
+all sorts of insects and you know I kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of insects and you know I kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of insects and you know I kind
+of like this quote we more like to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this quote we more like to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like this quote we more like to say
+the mushroom body is the soul of the fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom body is the soul of the fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom body is the soul of the fly
+but what I want to point out here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want to point out here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what I want to point out here is
+this part of the quote flies are not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the quote flies are not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the quote flies are not as
+intelligent as you but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent as you but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent as you but there are
+intelligent much of it comes from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent much of it comes from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent much of it comes from this
+small part of the brain called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small part of the brain called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small part of the brain called the
+mushroom body if you have free will they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body if you have free will they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body if you have free will they
+have free will but unlike you you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have free will but unlike you you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have free will but unlike you you know
+we can here point to a part of the brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can here point to a part of the brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can here point to a part of the brain
+and say that's where it is and I'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that's where it is and I'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say that's where it is and I'll try
+to convince you of that as we go on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince you of that as we go on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to convince you of that as we go on and
+so that's why I'm talking about a fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I'm talking about a fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's why I'm talking about a fly
+you can really say there's this small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really say there's this small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can really say there's this small
+part of the brain called the mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the brain called the mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the brain called the mushroom
+body I'll show it to you in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body I'll show it to you in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body I'll show it to you in a second
+we're maybe not uniquely but certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're maybe not uniquely but certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're maybe not uniquely but certainly
+is is a point at which in hell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a point at which in hell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a point at which in hell
+intelligent behavior arises in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent behavior arises in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent behavior arises in which
+something like free will whatever makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like free will whatever makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like free will whatever makes
+different flies do different things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flies do different things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different flies do different things on
+different occasions arises now not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different occasions arises now not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different occasions arises now not only
+that again compared to what you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again compared to what you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that again compared to what you might
+you know know in a mammal this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know in a mammal this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know know in a mammal this is a
+region of the brain where all the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the brain where all the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the brain where all the cell
+types are known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types are known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types are known
+there's genetic control over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's genetic control over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's genetic control over all the
+cell types there's a very good optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types there's a very good optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell types there's a very good optical
+level anatomy and very soon there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level anatomy and very soon there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level anatomy and very soon there'll be
+an e/m leveling out of me so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e/m leveling out of me so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e/m leveling out of me so it's a
+region of the brain that has all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the brain that has all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the brain that has all of that
+and so I thought it would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I thought it would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I thought it would be a good
+example of you know where the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of you know where the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of you know where the sort of
+limits of knowledge of neuroscience are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of knowledge of neuroscience are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits of knowledge of neuroscience are
+really extended out you have to put up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really extended out you have to put up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really extended out you have to put up
+with it's only fleischer it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it's only fleischer it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it's only fleischer it's kind of a
+stupid animal but I'll show you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid animal but I'll show you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid animal but I'll show you some
+behaviors and and what this thing can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and and what this thing can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors and and what this thing can do
+and we'll see how we'll go and maybe do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see how we'll go and maybe do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see how we'll go and maybe do
+some machine learning whoops so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some machine learning whoops so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some machine learning whoops so these
+are the people involved this this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people involved this this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the people involved this this is a
+talk in which the fraction of the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk in which the fraction of the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk in which the fraction of the work
+that I did is not zero but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did is not zero but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I did is not zero but it's very
+very small and so much of it is done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and so much of it is done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small and so much of it is done in
+collaboration with Richard Axel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with Richard Axel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration with Richard Axel and
+members of his lab of whom all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of his lab of whom all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of his lab of whom all of these
+you can see the names and as a theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the names and as a theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the names and as a theory
+student who worked with me but an awful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who worked with me but an awful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student who worked with me but an awful
+lot of the work is done at Genelia in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the work is done at Genelia in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the work is done at Genelia in a
+collaboration which with Jerry Rubens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration which with Jerry Rubens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collaboration which with Jerry Rubens
+group and in particular Yoshi ah-so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and in particular Yoshi ah-so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group and in particular Yoshi ah-so
+did a huge amount of work here so I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a huge amount of work here so I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a huge amount of work here so I feel
+just fortunate to be able to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fortunate to be able to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fortunate to be able to kind of
+correct the commas on the paper that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the commas on the paper that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct the commas on the paper that was
+my role in this project so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my role in this project so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my role in this project so that's the
+people okay so what is the mushroom body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay so what is the mushroom body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay so what is the mushroom body
+all about this is a diagram of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about this is a diagram of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all about this is a diagram of the
+olfactory system I should have said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory system I should have said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory system I should have said to
+beginning not only the Flies it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning not only the Flies it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning not only the Flies it's a
+fraction you know how two of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction you know how two of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction you know how two of the most
+can you pick the more boring sense and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you pick the more boring sense and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you pick the more boring sense and a
+more boring creature so anyway let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more boring creature so anyway let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more boring creature so anyway let's
+give it a try so flies have receptors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a try so flies have receptors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it a try so flies have receptors in
+there along their antennae they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there along their antennae they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there along their antennae they're not
+there on the nose but that's where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the nose but that's where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the nose but that's where the
+olfactory receptors are I'll show you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory receptors are I'll show you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory receptors are I'll show you in
+a schematic a little bit later their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schematic a little bit later their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a schematic a little bit later their
+neurons that that receive the odors then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that that receive the odors then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that that receive the odors then
+send a signal to this structure this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a signal to this structure this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a signal to this structure this is
+called the antennae lobe and at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the antennae lobe and at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the antennae lobe and at that
+point it gets relayed from these set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it gets relayed from these set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point it gets relayed from these set of
+neurons to a set of neurons called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons to a set of neurons called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons to a set of neurons called
+projection neurons those go up here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection neurons those go up here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection neurons those go up here and
+they send their signal to the mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send their signal to the mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send their signal to the mushroom
+body and the mushroom body is this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and the mushroom body is this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body and the mushroom body is this kind
+of L shaped thing here that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L shaped thing here that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of L shaped thing here that I'll
+describe in more detail and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in more detail and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in more detail and then they
+also sent axons to another region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sent axons to another region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sent axons to another region of the
+called the lateral horn I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the lateral horn I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the lateral horn I'll come back
+to that I think I'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that I think I'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that I think I'll come back to that
+maybe I should say it now so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should say it now so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should say it now so I don't
+forget so as you'll see the mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget so as you'll see the mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget so as you'll see the mushroom
+body is going to be responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is going to be responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body is going to be responsible for
+learn behaviors is responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn behaviors is responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn behaviors is responsible for
+learned behaviors in the fly and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned behaviors in the fly and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned behaviors in the fly and the
+lateral horn is responsible for innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral horn is responsible for innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral horn is responsible for innate
+behaviors you'll see at the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors you'll see at the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors you'll see at the end of the
+talk actually evidence of that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk actually evidence of that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk actually evidence of that so
+there's a division which actually occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a division which actually occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a division which actually occurs
+in your brain two of the olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your brain two of the olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your brain two of the olfactory
+pathway to an innate pathway and a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to an innate pathway and a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to an innate pathway and a more
+flexible learned pathway all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible learned pathway all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexible learned pathway all right so
+this is a diagram this is again from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a diagram this is again from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a diagram this is again from the
+Genelia work of real pictures of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genelia work of real pictures of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genelia work of real pictures of the
+stuff it's overlaid on a fly brain you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's overlaid on a fly brain you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff it's overlaid on a fly brain you
+don't see the periphery here but these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see the periphery here but these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see the periphery here but these
+are the antennae lobes so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the antennae lobes so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the antennae lobes so this is this
+relay station in the fly brain here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay station in the fly brain here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relay station in the fly brain here is
+one of the projection neurons you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the projection neurons you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the projection neurons you see
+here this is the mushroom body again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the mushroom body again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here this is the mushroom body again
+this l-shaped thing and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this l-shaped thing and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this l-shaped thing and then it goes
+backwards so that purple either are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so that purple either are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards so that purple either are the
+cell bodies of the mushroom body and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell bodies of the mushroom body and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell bodies of the mushroom body and
+here you can see it again going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see it again going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can see it again going to the
+lateral horn this is the the optic part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral horn this is the the optic part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral horn this is the the optic part
+of the of the fly brain for doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the fly brain for doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the fly brain for doing the
+whole faction this is obviously a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole faction this is obviously a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole faction this is obviously a
+schematic of the stages of olfaction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic of the stages of olfaction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic of the stages of olfaction in
+the fly these are supposed to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly these are supposed to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly these are supposed to be the
+receptors so let me start with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors so let me start with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors so let me start with them
+they're called olfactory receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called olfactory receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called olfactory receptor
+neurons there are about a thousand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons there are about a thousand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons there are about a thousand of
+them they come in around 50 types and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they come in around 50 types and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they come in around 50 types and
+here the types have been drawn in colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the types have been drawn in colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the types have been drawn in colors
+and what a type means is a cell that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what a type means is a cell that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what a type means is a cell that
+expresses a single receptor molecule so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses a single receptor molecule so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expresses a single receptor molecule so
+it will bind to a set of odors whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will bind to a set of odors whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will bind to a set of odors whatever
+that particular molecule does and so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular molecule does and so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular molecule does and so all
+of these red guys are virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these red guys are virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these red guys are virtually
+identical in their responses all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in their responses all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical in their responses all of the
+green guys are identical etc and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green guys are identical etc and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green guys are identical etc and there
+are 50 types and I'll show you in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 50 types and I'll show you in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 50 types and I'll show you in a
+second they they form about a 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second they they form about a 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second they they form about a 30
+dimensional representation oval factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional representation oval factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional representation oval factory
+space not as high as in your nose not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space not as high as in your nose not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space not as high as in your nose not
+nearly as high as in Anamosa snows but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as high as in Anamosa snows but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nearly as high as in Anamosa snows but
+that's what you get okay as I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you get okay as I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you get okay as I mentioned
+these project to this structure which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these project to this structure which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these project to this structure which is
+the antennae lobe in my little diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antennae lobe in my little diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the antennae lobe in my little diagram
+and they have the property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have the property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they have the property that
+all of the cells of a certain type in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the cells of a certain type in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the cells of a certain type in
+other words expressing a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words expressing a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words expressing a particular
+receptor project to the same site which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor project to the same site which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptor project to the same site which
+is called a glomerulus so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a glomerulus so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called a glomerulus so you can see
+all the red guys go to the red one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the red guys go to the red one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the red guys go to the red one all
+the purple guys to the purple one etc so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purple guys to the purple one etc so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purple guys to the purple one etc so
+this is an incredibly precise wiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredibly precise wiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an incredibly precise wiring
+getting these 50 olfactory signals from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these 50 olfactory signals from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting these 50 olfactory signals from
+the 50 types that to a point in space or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50 types that to a point in space or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 50 types that to a point in space or
+a you know region in space and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know region in space and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know region in space and that's
+the point at which the next cells so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at which the next cells so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point at which the next cells so
+this is obviously the input layer I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is obviously the input layer I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is obviously the input layer I'm
+sort of over here giving you a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of over here giving you a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of over here giving you a computer
+language if you want for all this so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language if you want for all this so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language if you want for all this so at
+this point you have the projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you have the projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point you have the projection
+neurons pick up the signal there about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons pick up the signal there about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons pick up the signal there about
+200 of them again in the exact same 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 of them again in the exact same 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 of them again in the exact same 50
+types because there are a few projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types because there are a few projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types because there are a few projection
+neurons for each of these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons for each of these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons for each of these different
+glomeruli and they send the signal on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomeruli and they send the signal on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glomeruli and they send the signal on to
+the mushroom body and as I mentioned the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom body and as I mentioned the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom body and as I mentioned the
+lateral horn although we won't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral horn although we won't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral horn although we won't talk
+about that whole lot until the end and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that whole lot until the end and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that whole lot until the end and
+this is a one-to-one connection so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one-to-one connection so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a one-to-one connection so every
+projection neuron let's say they're you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection neuron let's say they're you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection neuron let's say they're you
+know there are red type projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are red type projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there are red type projection
+neurons that just pick up the red signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that just pick up the red signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons that just pick up the red signal
+send it onward they're purple type guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it onward they're purple type guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send it onward they're purple type guys
+are not really called this but they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not really called this but they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not really called this but they they
+Nix they accept these 50 signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nix they accept these 50 signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nix they accept these 50 signals
+maintain them as separate pathways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain them as separate pathways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain them as separate pathways
+alright so what's this thing doing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so what's this thing doing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so what's this thing doing from
+a sort of computer science point of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of computer science point of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sort of computer science point of view
+obviously it's pooling so these a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's pooling so these a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously it's pooling so these a
+thousand cells are pooling their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand cells are pooling their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand cells are pooling their
+resources into 50 glomeruli so so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources into 50 glomeruli so so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources into 50 glomeruli so so you're
+averaging and you're in you're reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging and you're in you're reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaging and you're in you're reducing
+noise and there's also a normalization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and there's also a normalization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noise and there's also a normalization
+process that goes on here there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that goes on here there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that goes on here there are
+lateral connections here that try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral connections here that try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral connections here that try to
+even out the responses so that lets say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even out the responses so that lets say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even out the responses so that lets say
+at a fixed concentration one odor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fixed concentration one odor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fixed concentration one odor that
+causes a lot of responses in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a lot of responses in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes a lot of responses in the
+receptors and another odor that require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors and another odor that require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receptors and another odor that require
+that that gives much less response kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gives much less response kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that gives much less response kind
+of get equal out here so that the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get equal out here so that the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of get equal out here so that the the
+the strong odor doesn't overwhelm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong odor doesn't overwhelm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strong odor doesn't overwhelm the
+the weaker odor okay so that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weaker odor okay so that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the weaker odor okay so that's this
+stage and I thought I'd show you some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and I thought I'd show you some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stage and I thought I'd show you some of
+these responses so here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these responses so here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these responses so here are the
+this is not all data this is data plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not all data this is data plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not all data this is data plus
+extrapolation but the data comes from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation but the data comes from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation but the data comes from a
+beautiful study of Hallam and Carlson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful study of Hallam and Carlson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful study of Hallam and Carlson
+these would be the 5000 RNs types so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be the 5000 RNs types so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would be the 5000 RNs types so one
+of each type and here are 110 odors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each type and here are 110 odors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each type and here are 110 odors that
+were tested and the response is in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tested and the response is in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were tested and the response is in in
+firing rate color kind of look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate color kind of look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firing rate color kind of look like this
+you can see they've been graded here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see they've been graded here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see they've been graded here the
+responses gets stronger as you move from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses gets stronger as you move from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses gets stronger as you move from
+left to right that's just the way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right that's just the way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to right that's just the way they
+ordered them and you can see they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered them and you can see they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered them and you can see they're
+quite unequal uneven so here's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite unequal uneven so here's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite unequal uneven so here's a kind of
+weak responding odors and here are much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak responding odors and here are much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weak responding odors and here are much
+stronger responding odors so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger responding odors so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger responding odors so that's
+what's coming in now if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming in now if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming in now if you look at the
+PM level now this is not data this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PM level now this is not data this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PM level now this is not data this is a
+model it's a model really due to Rachel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's a model really due to Rachel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it's a model really due to Rachel
+Wilson and members of her lab but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson and members of her lab but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wilson and members of her lab but also
+constructed by Sean Lowe and and Kennedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed by Sean Lowe and and Kennedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructed by Sean Lowe and and Kennedy
+in my group and you can see the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my group and you can see the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my group and you can see the argument
+so basically what's happened is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what's happened is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically what's happened is these
+inputs come in and have gone through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs come in and have gone through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs come in and have gone through a
+model that represents our doing P ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that represents our doing P ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that represents our doing P ends
+have not been tested with this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not been tested with this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not been tested with this whole
+panel of voters but you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel of voters but you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+panel of voters but you can see the
+normalization effect you notice that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization effect you notice that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization effect you notice that the
+activity is spread much more equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is spread much more equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity is spread much more equally
+across these orders than these odors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across these orders than these odors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across these orders than these odors and
+that's reflected in the fact that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reflected in the fact that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's reflected in the fact that if you
+if you measure by various ways the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure by various ways the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you measure by various ways the
+dimension of this reorientation you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of this reorientation you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension of this reorientation you get
+about 30 and here it goes up a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 and here it goes up a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 and here it goes up a little
+bit to 35 because of this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to 35 because of this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to 35 because of this kind of
+Equalization effect and also some D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equalization effect and also some D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Equalization effect and also some D
+correlation effect that goes on okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation effect that goes on okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation effect that goes on okay so
+there is that now so what I've described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that now so what I've described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is that now so what I've described
+here is sort of the front end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is sort of the front end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is sort of the front end of this
+olfactory system and it is completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory system and it is completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfactory system and it is completely
+stereotyped it's it's a precise wiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped it's it's a precise wiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped it's it's a precise wiring
+I've described it to you it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've described it to you it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've described it to you it's the same
+in every fly if you look at two neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every fly if you look at two neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every fly if you look at two neurons
+of the same type they look virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same type they look virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same type they look virtually
+identical so this is a hardwired system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical so this is a hardwired system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical so this is a hardwired system
+and you would not have to say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would not have to say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you would not have to say there's
+any free will or intelligence in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any free will or intelligence in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any free will or intelligence in this
+system it is getting the signal in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it is getting the signal in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system it is getting the signal in and
+you'll see a little bit more of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a little bit more of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a little bit more of that
+later okay so what about the next level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so what about the next level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later okay so what about the next level
+the next level is the mushroom body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level is the mushroom body so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next level is the mushroom body so
+these yellow things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these yellow things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these yellow things
+are are the mushroom body neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are the mushroom body neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are the mushroom body neurons
+they're called Kenyan cells they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called Kenyan cells they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called Kenyan cells they're
+about 2,000 of them they come in only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2,000 of them they come in only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2,000 of them they come in only
+seven types so we already we sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven types so we already we sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven types so we already we sense
+something's happening here there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's happening here there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something's happening here there's
+something changing about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something changing about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something changing about the
+representation the representation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation the representation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation the representation is
+getting much higher dimensional it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting much higher dimensional it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting much higher dimensional it's
+something like a thousand dimensional so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a thousand dimensional so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like a thousand dimensional so
+there's a projection out to a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a projection out to a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a projection out to a high
+dimensional representation and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional representation and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional representation and this is
+where the free will comes in and in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the free will comes in and in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the free will comes in and in an
+anatomical turns the reason it does is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical turns the reason it does is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical turns the reason it does is
+because I'll try to persuade you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'll try to persuade you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'll try to persuade you with
+the data that this acts exactly like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that this acts exactly like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data that this acts exactly like a
+random high dimensional hidden layer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random high dimensional hidden layer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random high dimensional hidden layer in
+in a machine learning system so this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a machine learning system so this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a machine learning system so this guy
+is suddenly a new beast within one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suddenly a new beast within one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suddenly a new beast within one
+synapse that the system's gone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse that the system's gone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapse that the system's gone from
+completely stereotyped to you know crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stereotyped to you know crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stereotyped to you know crazy
+completely random I would say there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely random I would say there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely random I would say there's
+lots of evidence that it's different in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of evidence that it's different in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of evidence that it's different in
+every fly that every one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every fly that every one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every fly that every one of these
+neurons is different and you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons is different and you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons is different and you've
+completely given up the stereo Tippi so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely given up the stereo Tippi so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely given up the stereo Tippi so
+now how do you get back to sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do you get back to sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how do you get back to sense because
+you've built this beautiful olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've built this beautiful olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've built this beautiful olfactory
+representation here and it's as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation here and it's as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation here and it's as if
+you've thrown it out you've just gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've thrown it out you've just gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've thrown it out you've just gone
+crazy and so now so what I've put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and so now so what I've put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crazy and so now so what I've put the
+box around here just to remind us this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box around here just to remind us this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box around here just to remind us this
+is a different beast all of a sudden and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different beast all of a sudden and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different beast all of a sudden and
+it's a very unusual beast in the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very unusual beast in the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very unusual beast in the front
+fly brain I'll come back to that but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly brain I'll come back to that but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly brain I'll come back to that but now
+you have output so these yellow neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have output so these yellow neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have output so these yellow neurons
+as you'll see do not leave the mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll see do not leave the mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll see do not leave the mushroom
+body they're not they don't send any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body they're not they don't send any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body they're not they don't send any
+signal out there completely intrinsic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal out there completely intrinsic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal out there completely intrinsic to
+the mushroom body but they're neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom body but they're neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom body but they're neurons
+called mushroom body output neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mushroom body output neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called mushroom body output neurons that
+do send the signal out and again now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do send the signal out and again now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do send the signal out and again now
+it's it's a new ballgame first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a new ballgame first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a new ballgame first of all
+look at the numbers you've gone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the numbers you've gone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the numbers you've gone from
+2,000 neurons to 34 neurons of 21 types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 neurons to 34 neurons of 21 types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,000 neurons to 34 neurons of 21 types
+you've got about a twenty dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got about a twenty dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got about a twenty dimensional
+representation there's been a collapse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation there's been a collapse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation there's been a collapse
+of the of the representation so I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the representation so I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the representation so I would
+argue you can just see right away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue you can just see right away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue you can just see right away from
+this slide that this is an olfactory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide that this is an olfactory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this slide that this is an olfactory
+representation this is no factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation this is no factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation this is no factory
+representation cleaned up a bit this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation cleaned up a bit this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation cleaned up a bit this is
+a crazy random olfactory representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy random olfactory representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a crazy random olfactory representation
+this is not a llama factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a llama factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a llama factory
+representation the dimension is lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation the dimension is lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation the dimension is lower
+than what you started with so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you started with so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what you started with so there's no
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+you can represent the full thing this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can represent the full thing this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can represent the full thing this is
+already somehow making a decision about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already somehow making a decision about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already somehow making a decision about
+olfaction it's it's well on the way to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfaction it's it's well on the way to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olfaction it's it's well on the way to a
+behavior and again the great thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and again the great thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior and again the great thing about
+the fly here is that you get there very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly here is that you get there very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly here is that you get there very
+quickly if you went to Jim's talk today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly if you went to Jim's talk today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly if you went to Jim's talk today
+I'm sure he talked to you about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure he talked to you about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure he talked to you about the the
+long pathway in the in the visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long pathway in the in the visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long pathway in the in the visual
+systems of monkeys in which these stages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of monkeys in which these stages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of monkeys in which these stages
+you know take up a good fraction of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take up a good fraction of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know take up a good fraction of your
+brain these more complicated stages do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain these more complicated stages do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain these more complicated stages do
+it and then it's very difficult to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then it's very difficult to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and then it's very difficult to see
+where this transition is to decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this transition is to decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this transition is to decisions
+and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things like that
+here the transition from orderly input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the transition from orderly input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the transition from orderly input
+representation sort of retinal like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation sort of retinal like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation sort of retinal like to
+IT like if you want in the visual system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT like if you want in the visual system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IT like if you want in the visual system
+occurs in one synapse and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in one synapse and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs in one synapse and then the
+return to a decision of behavior in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to a decision of behavior in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return to a decision of behavior in
+another synapse it's very quick and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another synapse it's very quick and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another synapse it's very quick and I
+would think of that in in computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of that in in computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would think of that in in computer
+science terms as a readout layer as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science terms as a readout layer as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science terms as a readout layer as
+you'll see it's actually a layered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it's actually a layered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see it's actually a layered
+system but it's the readout ok and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's the readout ok and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but it's the readout ok and this
+system here it goes back to being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here it goes back to being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system here it goes back to being
+completely stereotyped these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stereotyped these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely stereotyped these these
+they're very few neurons per type if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very few neurons per type if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're very few neurons per type if you
+notice there are almost as many cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there are almost as many cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice there are almost as many cell
+types as there are neurons and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types as there are neurons and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types as there are neurons and they're
+the same in every animal so you've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in every animal so you've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same in every animal so you've gone
+from stereo tippy at the input stage a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stereo tippy at the input stage a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from stereo tippy at the input stage a
+wild and crazy random thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild and crazy random thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wild and crazy random thing in the
+middle and then bear it back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then bear it back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle and then bear it back to
+stereotypic to get to the output which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypic to get to the output which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypic to get to the output which
+of course you have to do right your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you have to do right your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you have to do right your
+motor neurons have to go to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons have to go to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons have to go to the right
+muscles you can't randomly wire your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles you can't randomly wire your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+muscles you can't randomly wire your
+motor neurons and thinking occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons and thinking occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor neurons and thinking occurs
+between those same thing with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those same thing with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those same thing with your
+retina it has to be wired to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina it has to be wired to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retina it has to be wired to give you
+the basic visual signal but between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic visual signal but between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic visual signal but between
+those two extremes that's where we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two extremes that's where we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two extremes that's where we do
+our thinking and as I say that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thinking and as I say that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our thinking and as I say that that that
+you can see here but it's in this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here but it's in this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here but it's in this one
+layer ok all right so and the key is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer ok all right so and the key is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer ok all right so and the key is
+going to be exactly as in a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly as in a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be exactly as in a machine
+learning system as you'll see the key to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning system as you'll see the key to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning system as you'll see the key to
+the whole system is the plasticity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system is the plasticity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole system is the plasticity and
+modulation that occurs at that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation that occurs at that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation that occurs at that set of
+connections there's no evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections there's no evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections there's no evidence that
+these connections these connections in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these connections these connections in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these connections these connections in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+connections are at least very plastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are at least very plastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections are at least very plastic
+they may be modulated a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be modulated a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they may be modulated a little bit but
+the business end of this thing just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business end of this thing just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the business end of this thing just as
+in you know many machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know many machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know many machine learning
+networks is that the readout units being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is that the readout units being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks is that the readout units being
+being adjusted and I will come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being adjusted and I will come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being adjusted and I will come back to
+that all right so here's the mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so here's the mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so here's the mushroom
+body it started out as it was in the fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it started out as it was in the fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body it started out as it was in the fly
+and as it turns you'll see why it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it turns you'll see why it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as it turns you'll see why it's
+called the mushroom body yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the mushroom body yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the mushroom body yeah you know
+now that looks like a mushroom so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that looks like a mushroom so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that looks like a mushroom so these
+are the cell bodies they receive you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the cell bodies they receive you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the cell bodies they receive you
+can't really see very well here but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really see very well here but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really see very well here but they
+receive their input sort of right under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive their input sort of right under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive their input sort of right under
+the mushroom and then they send axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom and then they send axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom and then they send axons
+down and these axons form the load so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and these axons form the load so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and these axons form the load so
+this whole thing is made out of Kenyan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is made out of Kenyan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole thing is made out of Kenyan
+cells that's that's the Kenyan cells all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that's that's the Kenyan cells all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that's that's the Kenyan cells all
+together forming this structure a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together forming this structure a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together forming this structure a couple
+of thousand ok now here you can see one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousand ok now here you can see one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousand ok now here you can see one
+of the projection neurons it's getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the projection neurons it's getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the projection neurons it's getting
+here's where it gets its input from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where it gets its input from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where it gets its input from the
+antenna lobe goes up to the mushroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna lobe goes up to the mushroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antenna lobe goes up to the mushroom
+body goes over to the lateral horn and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body goes over to the lateral horn and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body goes over to the lateral horn and
+and here you can see it's it's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you can see it's it's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here you can see it's it's sort of
+hard to distinguish that neural pill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to distinguish that neural pill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to distinguish that neural pill
+from the cell bodies here but here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell bodies here but here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the cell bodies here but here you
+can see that sort of under this layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that sort of under this layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that sort of under this layer of
+cell bodies it's making its connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell bodies it's making its connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell bodies it's making its connections
+and what I want to stress here is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to stress here is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I want to stress here is this
+idea that the the projection neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the the projection neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that the the projection neurons
+occur very few cells per cell type now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur very few cells per cell type now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur very few cells per cell type now
+these cell types I guess you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cell types I guess you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cell types I guess you know I'm
+gonna get ahead of myself a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get ahead of myself a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get ahead of myself a little bit
+but through jurkat janelia farm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but through jurkat janelia farm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but through jurkat janelia farm in
+particular there have been these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there have been these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular there have been these
+intersectional strategies for expressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersectional strategies for expressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersectional strategies for expressing
+various markers in these cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various markers in these cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various markers in these cells and
+they've been supremely successful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been supremely successful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been supremely successful so
+typically when you get a cell type in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you get a cell type in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically when you get a cell type in
+this business it's it's often two cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business it's it's often two cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this business it's it's often two cells
+one on each side of the fly they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on each side of the fly they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on each side of the fly they're
+perfect mirror images of each other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect mirror images of each other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect mirror images of each other and
+they're identical in all flies so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're identical in all flies so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're identical in all flies so that's
+what you mean by a cell type and in much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you mean by a cell type and in much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you mean by a cell type and in much
+of the fly there are very few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fly there are very few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fly there are very few of them
+per per this is per side it would always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per per this is per side it would always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per per this is per side it would always
+be an even number and you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an even number and you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an even number and you know you can
+see there are 50 types a couple hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there are 50 types a couple hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see there are 50 types a couple hundred
+cells it's a vet that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it's a vet that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells it's a vet that's part of the
+specific wiring now if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific wiring now if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific wiring now if you look at the
+Kenyan cells so here they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenyan cells so here they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenyan cells so here they are
+there are as I mentioned about a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are as I mentioned about a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are as I mentioned about a couple
+of thousand of them and they're you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousand of them and they're you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thousand of them and they're you know
+up to 600 of them per type it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 600 of them per type it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to 600 of them per type it's much
+more like what we think of as cortex we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like what we think of as cortex we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more like what we think of as cortex we
+don't think of the cortex as having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think of the cortex as having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think of the cortex as having
+millions and millions of cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of cell types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions and millions of cell types
+maybe thousands but there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe thousands but there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe thousands but there are many many
+cells per cell type and that occurs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells per cell type and that occurs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells per cell type and that occurs here
+very small number of cell types relative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number of cell types relative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small number of cell types relative
+to the other things and you here's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other things and you here's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the other things and you here's one
+one of them is superimposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is superimposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them is superimposed
+so these Kenyan cells they have their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these Kenyan cells they have their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these Kenyan cells they have their
+cell body here they make their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell body here they make their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell body here they make their
+connections so they get the input from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections so they get the input from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections so they get the input from
+the projection neuron send an axon down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection neuron send an axon down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the projection neuron send an axon down
+which in some cases splits and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in some cases splits and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in some cases splits and there are
+five lobes here there's an alpha lobe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five lobes here there's an alpha lobe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five lobes here there's an alpha lobe or
+an alpha prime lobe here a beta lobe or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha prime lobe here a beta lobe or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alpha prime lobe here a beta lobe or
+a beta prime load here and then some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta prime load here and then some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beta prime load here and then some of
+them send a single axon down to a gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them send a single axon down to a gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them send a single axon down to a gamma
+lobe you will see that a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe you will see that a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe you will see that a little bit more
+but and that's it that's how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and that's it that's how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but and that's it that's how the
+mushroom body is built and they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body is built and they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body is built and they don't
+give you notice they do not send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you notice they do not send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you notice they do not send
+anything out in a mushroom body so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything out in a mushroom body so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything out in a mushroom body so the
+first thing I want to ask then is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I want to ask then is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first thing I want to ask then is what
+happens at this junction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at this junction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens at this junction between the
+orderly world of the fly characterized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderly world of the fly characterized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orderly world of the fly characterized
+by these p ends and the wild and random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these p ends and the wild and random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these p ends and the wild and random
+world of the fly characterized by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of the fly characterized by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world of the fly characterized by these
+kenyon sites here's where they meet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kenyon sites here's where they meet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kenyon sites here's where they meet in
+this calyx of the mushroom body so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calyx of the mushroom body so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calyx of the mushroom body so the
+experiment that that I was involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that that I was involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment that that I was involved in
+the data analysis of came from Richards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data analysis of came from Richards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data analysis of came from Richards
+lab and was done in the following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and was done in the following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab and was done in the following way
+first a single Kenyan cell so here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a single Kenyan cell so here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a single Kenyan cell so here you
+can see all these cell bodies of Kenyan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all these cell bodies of Kenyan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see all these cell bodies of Kenyan
+cells they're zillions of them up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they're zillions of them up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells they're zillions of them up there
+thousands of them up there but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of them up there but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of them up there but one of
+them has been that the GFP and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has been that the GFP and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has been that the GFP and one of
+them has been activated photo activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has been activated photo activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them has been activated photo activated
+so you can see this single Kenyan cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see this single Kenyan cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see this single Kenyan cell
+comes down here it's making connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down here it's making connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down here it's making connections
+to get the olfactory input from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the olfactory input from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the olfactory input from the
+projection neurons and then the axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection neurons and then the axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection neurons and then the axons
+going to go down through the floor into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go down through the floor into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go down through the floor into
+the other parts that I showed you so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parts that I showed you so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other parts that I showed you so the
+trick in this thing you can't see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick in this thing you can't see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick in this thing you can't see very
+well but I think I maybe made a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but I think I maybe made a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well but I think I maybe made a circle
+around one you can't see it very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one you can't see it very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one you can't see it very well
+but the the terminals of this guy the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the terminals of this guy the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the the terminals of this guy the
+post synaptic terminals are like claws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post synaptic terminals are like claws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post synaptic terminals are like claws
+they're called claws and they grab hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called claws and they grab hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're called claws and they grab hold
+of one of the terminals of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the terminals of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the terminals of the
+projection neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projection neurons
+make a synapse so that's how they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a synapse so that's how they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a synapse so that's how they work
+this guy has about seven of these claws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has about seven of these claws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy has about seven of these claws
+so they're very few connections per per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're very few connections per per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're very few connections per per
+canyon cell the trick was for for Sophie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canyon cell the trick was for for Sophie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canyon cell the trick was for for Sophie
+to inject a dye right into the claw here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inject a dye right into the claw here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to inject a dye right into the claw here
+which is a very tightly sealed little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very tightly sealed little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a very tightly sealed little
+micro glomerulus and that dye is taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro glomerulus and that dye is taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro glomerulus and that dye is taken
+up by a projection neuron the one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by a projection neuron the one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up by a projection neuron the one and
+only one projection on that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one projection on that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one projection on that has a
+terminal there and here you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal there and here you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal there and here you can see the
+axon of that projection run as it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon of that projection run as it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axon of that projection run as it makes
+you know terminals in other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know terminals in other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know terminals in other parts of
+this calyx and makes connections with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calyx and makes connections with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this calyx and makes connections with
+other Canyon cells so there it is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Canyon cells so there it is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other Canyon cells so there it is so
+that that's not the important part the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not the important part the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's not the important part the
+important part is you can trace back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part is you can trace back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important part is you can trace back
+this projection neuron to the antennae
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this projection neuron to the antennae
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this projection neuron to the antennae
+lobe and see where it got its input and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe and see where it got its input and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe and see where it got its input and
+now because the antennae lobe is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the antennae lobe is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the antennae lobe is a
+totally stereotyped structured thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally stereotyped structured thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally stereotyped structured thing you
+can now read out if you know the antenna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now read out if you know the antenna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can now read out if you know the antenna
+lobe you will know that this input is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe you will know that this input is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe you will know that this input is of
+a certain type it's from a certain set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain type it's from a certain set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain type it's from a certain set
+of receptors so you know right away that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of receptors so you know right away that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of receptors so you know right away that
+this guy is getting input from receptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is getting input from receptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy is getting input from receptor
+number three or some whoever whoever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three or some whoever whoever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three or some whoever whoever
+sends projections to that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends projections to that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sends projections to that thing
+furthermore you can repeat this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore you can repeat this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore you can repeat this with
+other terminals of that cell get a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terminals of that cell get a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other terminals of that cell get a whole
+lot of projections and find essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of projections and find essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of projections and find essentially
+all of the inputs sometimes not all but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the inputs sometimes not all but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the inputs sometimes not all but
+most of the inputs that go to this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the inputs that go to this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the inputs that go to this this
+canyon cell and figure out what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canyon cell and figure out what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canyon cell and figure out what they are
+so in other words the result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words the result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in other words the result of this
+without doing eeehm or all that is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing eeehm or all that is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing eeehm or all that is a
+connectome it's the connection matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectome it's the connection matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectome it's the connection matrix
+between the glomeruli or if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the glomeruli or if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the glomeruli or if you want
+these olfactory channels and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these olfactory channels and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these olfactory channels and there are
+50 of around here plus some hot and cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of around here plus some hot and cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 of around here plus some hot and cold
+and some other stuff but basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other stuff but basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some other stuff but basically the
+50 glomerular at the top and 200 kenyon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 glomerular at the top and 200 kenyon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 glomerular at the top and 200 kenyon
+cells that were measured going down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that were measured going down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that were measured going down the
+side not all 2,000 kenyon cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side not all 2,000 kenyon cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side not all 2,000 kenyon cells are
+measured these are not measured from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured these are not measured from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measured these are not measured from the
+same animal but you basically get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same animal but you basically get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same animal but you basically get this
+connectivity matrix a red little square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity matrix a red little square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity matrix a red little square
+here means that this connection was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here means that this connection was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here means that this connection was
+found for this Kenyan cell and a yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found for this Kenyan cell and a yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found for this Kenyan cell and a yellow
+one means a double connection there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one means a double connection there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one means a double connection there were
+actually two connections between that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two connections between that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two connections between that
+Kenyan cell and that glomerulus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenyan cell and that glomerulus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenyan cell and that glomerulus so
+there's the matrix so then my job at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the matrix so then my job at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the matrix so then my job at
+this point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point
+say well what's the structure of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well what's the structure of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well what's the structure of this
+matrix and that's a trickier problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and that's a trickier problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and that's a trickier problem I
+mean you look at it by eye say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you look at it by eye say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you look at it by eye say well
+looks random it just looks like a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks random it just looks like a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks random it just looks like a bunch
+of dots but what you have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dots but what you have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dots but what you have to remember
+and I think this is a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think this is a really important
+thing to remember in connectomes is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember in connectomes is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to remember in connectomes is
+connect tones don't come labeled all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect tones don't come labeled all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect tones don't come labeled all
+right so this matrix is arranged in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this matrix is arranged in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this matrix is arranged in the
+following way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following way
+this is alphabetical which probably is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is alphabetical which probably is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is alphabetical which probably is
+not a fundamental neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fundamental neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a fundamental neuroscience
+significance and this is the order in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance and this is the order in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance and this is the order in
+which the cells were measured which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the cells were measured which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the cells were measured which is
+also probably not of neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also probably not of neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also probably not of neuroscience
+significance so the question is is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance so the question is is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance so the question is is there
+any way to permute the rows and columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way to permute the rows and columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way to permute the rows and columns
+of this matrix to get a structure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this matrix to get a structure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this matrix to get a structure that's
+the question you have to answer here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you have to answer here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question you have to answer here and
+just let me show you an example of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let me show you an example of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just let me show you an example of that
+so here's a matrix that I've shrunk the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a matrix that I've shrunk the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a matrix that I've shrunk the
+size a bit but it's it's exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size a bit but it's it's exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size a bit but it's it's exactly the
+same kind of matrix in fact it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of matrix in fact it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of matrix in fact it probably
+looks to you pretty much like the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks to you pretty much like the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks to you pretty much like the data
+it doesn't have the colors but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have the colors but other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't have the colors but other
+than that so here's a data matrix but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so here's a data matrix but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that so here's a data matrix but
+this one I made up and it turns out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I made up and it turns out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I made up and it turns out of
+course I knew the trick that if you sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I knew the trick that if you sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course I knew the trick that if you sort
+if you if you permute the rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you permute the rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you permute the rows and
+columns it looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns it looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns it looks like this
+so just because that looks random does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just because that looks random does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just because that looks random does
+not at all mean there's no structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all mean there's no structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at all mean there's no structure
+there so you have to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you have to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you have to do a lot of
+analysis to convince yourself that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to convince yourself that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis to convince yourself that
+there's no structure so you know one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no structure so you know one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no structure so you know one of
+the first things you could do you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first things you could do you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first things you could do you know
+random doesn't mean uniform so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random doesn't mean uniform so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random doesn't mean uniform so one thing
+you can do is just some down the columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is just some down the columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do is just some down the columns
+here and ask how many connections does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and ask how many connections does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and ask how many connections does
+each of the glomeruli make and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the glomeruli make and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the glomeruli make and it's not
+uniform it's quite uneven here's here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform it's quite uneven here's here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform it's quite uneven here's here's
+a histogram but really the question we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a histogram but really the question we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a histogram but really the question we
+ask is is there something more to it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is is there something more to it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is is there something more to it for
+example if Kenyan cell gets one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if Kenyan cell gets one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if Kenyan cell gets one of these
+inputs is it more likely to also get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs is it more likely to also get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs is it more likely to also get one
+of those inputs are there any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those inputs are there any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those inputs are there any
+correlations here and that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations here and that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlations here and that's really the
+question and we did a whole lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and we did a whole lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and we did a whole lot of
+analysis and the answer's no I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and the answer's no I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and the answer's no I'm not
+going to take you through it that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take you through it that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take you through it that all
+the tests we could possibly do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tests we could possibly do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tests we could possibly do are
+completely consistent with just randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely consistent with just randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely consistent with just randomly
+selecting from this probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting from this probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selecting from this probability
+distribution without you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution without you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution without you know
+independent iid or whatever it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent iid or whatever it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent iid or whatever it's called
+okay so so there are other papers an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so there are other papers an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so there are other papers an
+earlier paper and a later paper that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier paper and a later paper that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier paper and a later paper that
+essentially come to the same conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially come to the same conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially come to the same conclusion
+what's interesting about the Demir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting about the Demir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting about the Demir
+Yetta and LaRon paper is they actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yetta and LaRon paper is they actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yetta and LaRon paper is they actually
+provide some evidence that in fact it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some evidence that in fact it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide some evidence that in fact it's
+different in different animals this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different animals this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different animals this
+doesn't prove that because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't prove that because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't prove that because this is
+already taken from different animals I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken from different animals I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already taken from different animals I'm
+not going to present that evidence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to present that evidence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to present that evidence but
+there's evidence that that this this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence that that this this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence that that this this is
+different in different animals so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different animals so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different in different animals so you
+know this looks like a random structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this looks like a random structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this looks like a random structure
+now it's interesting you guys y7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's interesting you guys y7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's interesting you guys y7
+connection 7 seems awfully small to us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection 7 seems awfully small to us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection 7 seems awfully small to us
+you know quartic eccentric people and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quartic eccentric people and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know quartic eccentric people and so
+why 7 well you can do a following little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why 7 well you can do a following little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why 7 well you can do a following little
+exercise you can say suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you can say suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you can say suppose that the
+Kenya cells only had one connection then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya cells only had one connection then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya cells only had one connection then
+how many duplicate Kenyan cells would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many duplicate Kenyan cells would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many duplicate Kenyan cells would
+there be well there are only 50 possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be well there are only 50 possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there be well there are only 50 possible
+types of input right there 50 types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of input right there 50 types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of input right there 50 types of
+Kenya grant so so if you only have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya grant so so if you only have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenya grant so so if you only have one
+connection you're making 2,000 cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection you're making 2,000 cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection you're making 2,000 cells
+you're going to get tons of repeats and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get tons of repeats and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get tons of repeats and
+you know hundreds of thousands of pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hundreds of thousands of pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hundreds of thousands of pairs
+that are identical so that you would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are identical so that you would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are identical so that you would not
+get spread out now you can do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get spread out now you can do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get spread out now you can do this
+calculation for two connections three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for two connections three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation for two connections three
+connections four connections and it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections four connections and it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections four connections and it goes
+down and if you look at the line where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and if you look at the line where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and if you look at the line where
+you'd only expect one pair to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd only expect one pair to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd only expect one pair to be the
+same the mushroom body in fact if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the mushroom body in fact if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the mushroom body in fact if you
+averaged it's between six and seven it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged it's between six and seven it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averaged it's between six and seven it
+sits right in there the mushroom body is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits right in there the mushroom body is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits right in there the mushroom body is
+it right at the point where you convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right at the point where you convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right at the point where you convince
+yourself that most of the time every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that most of the time every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself that most of the time every
+cell will be different and then why go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell will be different and then why go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell will be different and then why go
+any further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any further
+some of you may know something about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know something about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may know something about
+this cerebellum these are like granule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cerebellum these are like granule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cerebellum these are like granule
+of granule cells of the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of granule cells of the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of granule cells of the cerebellum
+granule cells in the cerebellum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granule cells in the cerebellum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granule cells in the cerebellum
+typically they have four or five inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they have four or five inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically they have four or five inputs
+very they're small cells with with claws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very they're small cells with with claws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very they're small cells with with claws
+with very few inputs and their axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very few inputs and their axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very few inputs and their axons
+form parallel fibers if you you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form parallel fibers if you you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form parallel fibers if you you know and
+then can it get connected by Purkinje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can it get connected by Purkinje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then can it get connected by Purkinje
+cells this system is the same if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this system is the same if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells this system is the same if you
+notice that the parallel fibers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the parallel fibers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the parallel fibers are
+forming the trunk and that l-shaped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the trunk and that l-shaped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming the trunk and that l-shaped
+region in the in the mushroom body so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the in the mushroom body so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region in the in the mushroom body so
+these are like granule cells in okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like granule cells in okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are like granule cells in okay so
+where are we so we got to get a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we so we got to get a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are we so we got to get a signal
+out of this thing or it's completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this thing or it's completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of this thing or it's completely
+useless right so we've got this random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless right so we've got this random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useless right so we've got this random
+signal into this piece so what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal into this piece so what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal into this piece so what are the
+output look'd neurons look like there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output look'd neurons look like there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output look'd neurons look like there's
+an output neuron one of them and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output neuron one of them and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an output neuron one of them and what
+you might notice is it's going to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might notice is it's going to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might notice is it's going to a very
+compact region right at the head of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact region right at the head of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact region right at the head of this
+alpha I don't know if this is an alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha I don't know if this is an alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha I don't know if this is an alpha
+or alpha prime but it's it's it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alpha prime but it's it's it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or alpha prime but it's it's it's going
+to one or the other of those lobes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one or the other of those lobes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to one or the other of those lobes so
+it's very restricted in its in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very restricted in its in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very restricted in its in its
+dendrites and then off it goes carrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites and then off it goes carrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dendrites and then off it goes carrying
+the signal you know wherever it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal you know wherever it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signal you know wherever it's going
+so in fact I tried to argue earlier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact I tried to argue earlier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in fact I tried to argue earlier that
+the output neurons are mushroom body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output neurons are mushroom body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output neurons are mushroom body
+I've gone back to this other mode very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gone back to this other mode very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've gone back to this other mode very
+few cells per type practically as many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few cells per type practically as many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few cells per type practically as many
+types as output cells and a very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types as output cells and a very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types as output cells and a very small
+number of cells and if you took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cells and if you took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of cells and if you took a
+picture of this cell in another animal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this cell in another animal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of this cell in another animal
+it would look exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would look exactly the same
+alright so it was known before that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so it was known before that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so it was known before that this
+Genelia work that if you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genelia work that if you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genelia work that if you take the
+mushroom body lobe so this is this else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body lobe so this is this else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body lobe so this is this else
+type structure at the bottom or it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type structure at the bottom or it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type structure at the bottom or it's
+really at the front of the mushroom body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at the front of the mushroom body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really at the front of the mushroom body
+and you peel off the gamma lobe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you peel off the gamma lobe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you peel off the gamma lobe the
+gambler would sit there but it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambler would sit there but it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gambler would sit there but it would
+kind of block your view so it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of block your view so it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of block your view so it's been
+peeled off here so you have this alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeled off here so you have this alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peeled off here so you have this alpha
+beta lobe that that's one set of axons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta lobe that that's one set of axons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta lobe that that's one set of axons
+that have bifurcated and they come in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have bifurcated and they come in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have bifurcated and they come in
+sort of here and then bifurcate you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of here and then bifurcate you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of here and then bifurcate you have
+the Alpha prime beta low bifurcating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alpha prime beta low bifurcating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Alpha prime beta low bifurcating and
+then you have this third Gamma lobe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this third Gamma lobe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you have this third Gamma lobe that
+this divides up into each of these into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this divides up into each of these into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this divides up into each of these into
+five sections there they're numbered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five sections there they're numbered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five sections there they're numbered
+like this but they're five of them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but they're five of them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this but they're five of them okay
+alpha 1 2 3 and beta 1 2 so each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 2 3 and beta 1 2 so each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha 1 2 3 and beta 1 2 so each of
+these guys gets divided into five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys gets divided into five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys gets divided into five
+compartments and then there's an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments and then there's an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments and then there's an extra
+compartment right here called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment right here called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartment right here called the
+peduncle where that you know here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle where that you know here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle where that you know here's the
+mushroom head here's the stalk and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom head here's the stalk and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom head here's the stalk and then
+you get this and right at the base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this and right at the base of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this and right at the base of
+the stalk there's another one and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stalk there's another one and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stalk there's another one and so
+what what the the Genelia collaboration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the the Genelia collaboration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what the the Genelia collaboration
+figured out by by genetically targeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out by by genetically targeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out by by genetically targeting
+these cells very precisely it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells very precisely it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cells very precisely it is
+summarized by this picture so this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized by this picture so this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarized by this picture so this shows
+different types of these output neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of these output neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of these output neurons
+in different colors and what you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different colors and what you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different colors and what you can see
+is that they are respecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they are respecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they are respecting the
+compartments right that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments right that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments right that you have
+basically one type of output neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one type of output neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically one type of output neuron
+going to each compartment without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to each compartment without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to each compartment without
+overlap and there really is there's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and there really is there's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap and there really is there's now
+AM level data and they really don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AM level data and they really don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AM level data and they really don't
+overlap at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap at all
+here's kind of what it looks like in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's kind of what it looks like in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's kind of what it looks like in an
+anatomical diagram here the Kenyan cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical diagram here the Kenyan cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anatomical diagram here the Kenyan cells
+here's the calyx where they get their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the calyx where they get their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the calyx where they get their
+input here's this l-shaped structure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input here's this l-shaped structure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input here's this l-shaped structure and
+these these output neurons have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these output neurons have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these output neurons have you know
+respect each other's territory here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect each other's territory here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect each other's territory here is
+the sixteen compartments where they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixteen compartments where they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sixteen compartments where they do
+and then they're very well organized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're very well organized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they're very well organized in
+another way you notice these colors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you notice these colors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way you notice these colors here
+these colors refer to the transmitter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these colors refer to the transmitter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these colors refer to the transmitter of
+the output neuron so all the glutamate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output neuron so all the glutamate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output neuron so all the glutamate
+guys are over here all the GABA guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are over here all the GABA guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are over here all the GABA guys are
+down here that call nergic guys are over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here that call nergic guys are over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here that call nergic guys are over
+here now again you get this extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now again you get this extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now again you get this extreme
+order returning to the system here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order returning to the system here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order returning to the system here's a
+here's a theorist version of this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a theorist version of this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a theorist version of this here
+are the compartments the sixteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the compartments the sixteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the compartments the sixteen
+compartments five Pirlo plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments five Pirlo plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments five Pirlo plus the
+peduncle which kind of belongs to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle which kind of belongs to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peduncle which kind of belongs to the
+alpha beta lobe here they are their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta lobe here they are their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha beta lobe here they are their
+different compartments and then here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compartments and then here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different compartments and then here are
+the output cells assigned to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output cells assigned to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output cells assigned to them
+they're not necessarily one cell per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily one cell per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not necessarily one cell per
+blob here sometimes there are few cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob here sometimes there are few cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob here sometimes there are few cells
+but basically those are the cell types
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically those are the cell types
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically those are the cell types
+and as I mentioned they respect they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned they respect they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as I mentioned they respect they
+only go to one compartment each and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go to one compartment each and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only go to one compartment each and then
+those are the transmitters which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the transmitters which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the transmitters which in this
+diagram they don't cluster nicely but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram they don't cluster nicely but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram they don't cluster nicely but in
+the and the other diagram they do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the other diagram they do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the and the other diagram they do now
+you guys why bother to do this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys why bother to do this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys why bother to do this because
+there's a there are axons going down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there are axons going down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there are axons going down the
+parallel fibers that the Kenyan cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel fibers that the Kenyan cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel fibers that the Kenyan cells
+make they go that way so all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make they go that way so all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make they go that way so all of these
+guys have access to exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have access to exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys have access to exactly the same
+input so what would it matter if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so what would it matter if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input so what would it matter if this
+guy decided to send a branch over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy decided to send a branch over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy decided to send a branch over and
+pick up the axon over there instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the axon over there instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick up the axon over there instead of
+over there it would make no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there it would make no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there it would make no difference
+at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all
+so at this point you would sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point you would sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so at this point you would sort of
+wonder why are they respecting these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why are they respecting these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder why are they respecting these
+compartments so faithfully and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments so faithfully and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments so faithfully and that's
+answered in this slide so these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered in this slide so these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered in this slide so these are the
+output neurons as you can see kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neurons as you can see kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neurons as you can see kind of
+tiling the thing in these compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiling the thing in these compartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiling the thing in these compartments
+and this is a set of dopamine neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a set of dopamine neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a set of dopamine neurons
+which were also genetically isolated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were also genetically isolated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were also genetically isolated in
+this way and and labeled that target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and and labeled that target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and and labeled that target
+these compartments and you notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compartments and you notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compartments and you notice the
+perfect alignment so the reason these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect alignment so the reason these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect alignment so the reason these
+guys are compartmentalized is so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are compartmentalized is so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are compartmentalized is so they
+can be individually moderate modulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be individually moderate modulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be individually moderate modulated
+by dopamine and you can see that here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dopamine and you can see that here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by dopamine and you can see that here so
+the dopamine neurons come again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine neurons come again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine neurons come again
+in slightly more numbers of types but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slightly more numbers of types but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in slightly more numbers of types but
+they align and exactly innervate these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they align and exactly innervate these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they align and exactly innervate these
+compartments without overlap so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments without overlap so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments without overlap so the
+reason the beta-2 guys in here is so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the beta-2 guys in here is so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason the beta-2 guys in here is so it
+can be innervated by these particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be innervated by these particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be innervated by these particular
+dopamine neurons the dopamine neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine neurons the dopamine neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine neurons the dopamine neurons
+are divided into two classes and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are divided into two classes and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are divided into two classes and again
+if we go to the anatomical or I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go to the anatomical or I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go to the anatomical or I should
+mention you know if you notice there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention you know if you notice there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention you know if you notice there
+were some missing compartments there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some missing compartments there but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some missing compartments there but
+some of the dopamine neurons go to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the dopamine neurons go to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the dopamine neurons go to two
+so the everybody gets covered if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the everybody gets covered if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the everybody gets covered if you go
+back to this anatomical dog diagram what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this anatomical dog diagram what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this anatomical dog diagram what
+you see is everybody over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is everybody over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is everybody over here
+gets modulated by these what are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets modulated by these what are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets modulated by these what are called
+Pam dopamine neurons and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pam dopamine neurons and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pam dopamine neurons and they're
+associated with reward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with reward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with reward
+so when good stuff happens you hammer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when good stuff happens you hammer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when good stuff happens you hammer
+this part of the mushroom body when bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the mushroom body when bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the mushroom body when bad
+stuff happens you hammer this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happens you hammer this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff happens you hammer this part of
+the mushroom body with a different set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom body with a different set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mushroom body with a different set
+of what are called ppl one dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are called ppl one dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what are called ppl one dopamine
+neurons so again this beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so again this beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so again this beautiful
+structure alright so let me finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure alright so let me finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure alright so let me finish
+elaborating this for you this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborating this for you this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborating this for you this is the
+basic structure again I didn't put it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic structure again I didn't put it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic structure again I didn't put it on
+first but some of these guys actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but some of these guys actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first but some of these guys actually
+couldn't contact two compartments so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't contact two compartments so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't contact two compartments so you
+know it's that quite true what I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's that quite true what I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's that quite true what I said
+but basically that's the output stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically that's the output stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically that's the output stream
+from the mushroom body and then there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mushroom body and then there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mushroom body and then there is
+a layered system put on these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a layered system put on these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a layered system put on these are the
+connections but I kind of depicted it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections but I kind of depicted it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections but I kind of depicted it
+down here more schematically what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here more schematically what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here more schematically what you
+have in this output system is a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this output system is a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this output system is a one
+layer system down here a two layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer system down here a two layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer system down here a two layer
+system a three layer system and a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a three layer system and a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system a three layer system and a four
+layer system so the output is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer system so the output is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer system so the output is actually a
+four layered network feed-forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four layered network feed-forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four layered network feed-forward
+network there's no recurrence at this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network there's no recurrence at this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network there's no recurrence at this up
+to this point um and all of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this point um and all of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this point um and all of the action
+occurs on the alpha-beta load the alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs on the alpha-beta load the alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs on the alpha-beta load the alpha
+beta lobe is responsible for long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta lobe is responsible for long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta lobe is responsible for long term
+memories you could sort of think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories you could sort of think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memories you could sort of think of this
+as the most sophisticated lobe Gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the most sophisticated lobe Gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the most sophisticated lobe Gamma
+lobe is more for short term memories has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe is more for short term memories has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe is more for short term memories has
+a simpler readout alpha prime beta prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simpler readout alpha prime beta prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simpler readout alpha prime beta prime
+lobe is if to me kind of god knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe is if to me kind of god knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lobe is if to me kind of god knows what
+but I'm probably somebody knows anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm probably somebody knows anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm probably somebody knows anyway
+but it's again a simpler output system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's again a simpler output system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's again a simpler output system
+so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know
+just a beautiful system and part I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a beautiful system and part I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a beautiful system and part I'm
+telling you about it because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about it because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you about it because it's
+beautiful okay so that's the the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful okay so that's the the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful okay so that's the the thing
+and then these outputs go to a various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these outputs go to a various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these outputs go to a various
+regions if you don't know the fly brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions if you don't know the fly brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions if you don't know the fly brain
+you don't care but what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care but what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't care but what's interesting is
+now the loop closes so the regions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the loop closes so the regions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the loop closes so the regions that
+receive output from the mushroom body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive output from the mushroom body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive output from the mushroom body
+also provide input to the dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provide input to the dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also provide input to the dopamine
+neurons so when the mushroom body acts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so when the mushroom body acts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons so when the mushroom body acts
+the dopamine neurons know about it when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine neurons know about it when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine neurons know about it when
+and when the dopamine neurons react the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the dopamine neurons react the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the dopamine neurons react the
+mushroom body knows about it so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body knows about it so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body knows about it so you have
+this closed system which finally loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this closed system which finally loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this closed system which finally loops
+together and that dopamine system is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that dopamine system is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and that dopamine system is a
+reporter of behavior so tells the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter of behavior so tells the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter of behavior so tells the
+mushroom body what the Flies doing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body what the Flies doing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body what the Flies doing or
+also internal state how the Flies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also internal state how the Flies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also internal state how the Flies
+feeling I'll show you that in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling I'll show you that in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling I'll show you that in a second
+and then these are going to be obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these are going to be obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then these are going to be obviously
+some sound learned or modulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sound learned or modulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sound learned or modulated
+responses modulated by this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses modulated by this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responses modulated by this system
+you remember that these cannot have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that these cannot have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember that these cannot have any
+intrinsic meaning because they've gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic meaning because they've gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic meaning because they've gone
+through a random stage here they cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a random stage here they cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a random stage here they cannot
+be assigned meaning without some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assigned meaning without some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be assigned meaning without some sort of
+learning or instruction so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning or instruction so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning or instruction so these are
+learned outputs and so that's the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned outputs and so that's the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned outputs and so that's the system
+ok so what does this system do one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what does this system do one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what does this system do one of
+the the nice things that's happened in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nice things that's happened in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the nice things that's happened in
+parallel sort of with this anatomical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel sort of with this anatomical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel sort of with this anatomical
+advance that I've been describing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that I've been describing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance that I've been describing is a
+behavioral advance of kind of what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral advance of kind of what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavioral advance of kind of what's the
+mushroom for I'll start with the classic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom for I'll start with the classic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom for I'll start with the classic
+picture mushroom body has been studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture mushroom body has been studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture mushroom body has been studied
+for a long long time that quote was from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long long time that quote was from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a long long time that quote was from
+1850 and it's mostly been studied as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850 and it's mostly been studied as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1850 and it's mostly been studied as a
+classical conditioning system memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical conditioning system memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical conditioning system memory
+system you train a fly to be afraid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you train a fly to be afraid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system you train a fly to be afraid of
+an odor or to be attracted to an odor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odor or to be attracted to an odor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an odor or to be attracted to an odor
+through a classical conditioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a classical conditioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a classical conditioning
+experiment and you know here's how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and you know here's how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and you know here's how
+here's a nice recent version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nice recent version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a nice recent version of that
+that's quite instructive so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite instructive so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's quite instructive so in this
+experiment what you do is you put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what you do is you put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment what you do is you put one
+odor in at the end of a chamber very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odor in at the end of a chamber very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odor in at the end of a chamber very
+small chamber that holds a fly one odor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small chamber that holds a fly one odor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small chamber that holds a fly one odor
+comes in one end one odor comes in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in one end one odor comes in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes in one end one odor comes in the
+other end you pump it out in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end you pump it out in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other end you pump it out in the middle
+and then you track the fly flies pace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you track the fly flies pace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you track the fly flies pace
+back and forth and so the ply paces back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and so the ply paces back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and so the ply paces back
+and forth but frequently if it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth but frequently if it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forth but frequently if it doesn't
+like odor B it might come to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like odor B it might come to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like odor B it might come to this
+central region say oh that's order B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central region say oh that's order B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central region say oh that's order B
+turn around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn around
+go back and so what you do is count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and so what you do is count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back and so what you do is count
+electronically how many times the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically how many times the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronically how many times the the
+fly crosses these boundaries and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly crosses these boundaries and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly crosses these boundaries and you can
+get a measure of its preference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a measure of its preference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a measure of its preference for
+being in the a end or the b end and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the a end or the b end and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the a end or the b end and this
+is experiments done in geremy's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is experiments done in geremy's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is experiments done in geremy's and
+backs laboratory now what you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backs laboratory now what you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backs laboratory now what you can do
+then if is in the first set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if is in the first set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if is in the first set of
+experiments that I'll show you they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that I'll show you they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments that I'll show you they just
+look at the innate preference of the fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the innate preference of the fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the innate preference of the fly
+for an odor without any training that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an odor without any training that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an odor without any training that's
+due to lateral horn as you'll see but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to lateral horn as you'll see but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to lateral horn as you'll see but
+then you can associate one of the odors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can associate one of the odors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can associate one of the odors
+for example with an electric shock and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with an electric shock and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example with an electric shock and
+presumably the fly is going to then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the fly is going to then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the fly is going to then
+associate that odor with danger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate that odor with danger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate that odor with danger and
+avoid it so here's the data know first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid it so here's the data know first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid it so here's the data know first I
+guess I built a little model so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I built a little model so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I built a little model so you know
+it's been long suspected how this could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been long suspected how this could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's been long suspected how this could
+work this is quite easy you have there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this is quite easy you have there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work this is quite easy you have there
+the Kenyan cells here's a mushroom body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kenyan cells here's a mushroom body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Kenyan cells here's a mushroom body
+output neuron here's a dopamine neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron here's a dopamine neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron here's a dopamine neuron
+so an order comes along that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an order comes along that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an order comes along that's the
+conditioned stimulus activates some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned stimulus activates some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioned stimulus activates some
+Kenyan cells then the unconditioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenyan cells then the unconditioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kenyan cells then the unconditioned
+stimulus comes along the shock that app
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus comes along the shock that app
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus comes along the shock that app
+activates the dopamine neuron and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates the dopamine neuron and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activates the dopamine neuron and where
+you have activity plus dopamine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have activity plus dopamine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have activity plus dopamine for
+example you strengthen the synapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you strengthen the synapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you strengthen the synapses
+there's evidence that it actually might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence that it actually might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evidence that it actually might
+work by weakening the synapses but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by weakening the synapses but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work by weakening the synapses but for
+this diagram I strengthen this synapses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram I strengthen this synapses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this diagram I strengthen this synapses
+okay then later on when the odor comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then later on when the odor comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay then later on when the odor comes
+along it activates the same set now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it activates the same set now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along it activates the same set now you
+have these strengths and synapses you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these strengths and synapses you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these strengths and synapses you
+activate the mushroom body output neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the mushroom body output neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the mushroom body output neuron
+and you send an alarm signal so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you send an alarm signal so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you send an alarm signal so that's
+just classical conditioning with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just classical conditioning with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just classical conditioning with this
+system and here here the data it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here here the data it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and here here the data it's
+showing it work so first of all this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it work so first of all this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it work so first of all this is
+the innate preference what's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innate preference what's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innate preference what's interesting
+the reason I I included this laid our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I I included this laid our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason I I included this laid our
+experiment is because they looked at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is because they looked at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment is because they looked at the
+innate preference as well as the learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate preference as well as the learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innate preference as well as the learn
+preference so this is just showing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference so this is just showing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference so this is just showing you
+that this is the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is the distance between the
+p-n activity for these odors so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-n activity for these odors so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-n activity for these odors so this is
+a measure of the discriminability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the discriminability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the discriminability and
+and they sort of argue that the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sort of argue that the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they sort of argue that the these
+odors which have a zero preference i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odors which have a zero preference i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odors which have a zero preference i
+can't maybe can't be distinguished by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't maybe can't be distinguished by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't maybe can't be distinguished by
+the fly you don't know that but any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly you don't know that but any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly you don't know that but any
+right zero means they're equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right zero means they're equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right zero means they're equally likely
+to go at both ends so these odors they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go at both ends so these odors they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go at both ends so these odors they
+don't care but you know when the odors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care but you know when the odors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care but you know when the odors
+are quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are quite
+different they can have a fairly strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they can have a fairly strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they can have a fairly strong
+preference for one order over the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for one order over the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference for one order over the other
+now you train and suddenly you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you train and suddenly you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you train and suddenly you have a
+strong preference or a strong avoidance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong preference or a strong avoidance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong preference or a strong avoidance
+a preference for one over over the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preference for one over over the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a preference for one over over the one
+that was associated with shock and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was associated with shock and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was associated with shock and now
+what they did was genetically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did was genetically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did was genetically I
+mentioned that we now have genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that we now have genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned that we now have genetic
+access to all these cells one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to all these cells one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to all these cells one of the
+things you can do is block synaptic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do is block synaptic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do is block synaptic
+transmission from all the Kenyan cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission from all the Kenyan cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission from all the Kenyan cells
+so you just wipe out the output of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just wipe out the output of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you just wipe out the output of the
+mushroom body that's done by raising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body that's done by raising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mushroom body that's done by raising the
+temperature of these flies and suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of these flies and suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of these flies and suddenly
+they go right back to their innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go right back to their innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they go right back to their innate
+preferences if they never learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences if they never learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferences if they never learned
+something but they still consents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but they still consents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but they still consents the
+odor they still have their innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odor they still have their innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odor they still have their innate
+preference almost identical to what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference almost identical to what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference almost identical to what it
+was before but they've lost now if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before but they've lost now if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was before but they've lost now if you
+cool down these flies they'll pop back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down these flies they'll pop back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down these flies they'll pop back
+up to there okay that's classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to there okay that's classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to there okay that's classical
+conditioning and oh I should I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and oh I should I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning and oh I should I know what
+is gonna mention here not in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna mention here not in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is gonna mention here not in these
+experiments but another experiments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but another experiments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments but another experiments you
+can replace the electric shock by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace the electric shock by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can replace the electric shock by an
+activation of the dopamine neurons so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the dopamine neurons so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation of the dopamine neurons so
+you can show that these you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that these you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can show that these you know
+avoidance type dopamine neurons really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance type dopamine neurons really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoidance type dopamine neurons really
+do convey the avoidance message because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do convey the avoidance message because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do convey the avoidance message because
+you can train them to avoid odor B when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can train them to avoid odor B when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can train them to avoid odor B when
+all they got was an activation let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they got was an activation let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they got was an activation let's say
+an opto genetic activation of a dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opto genetic activation of a dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an opto genetic activation of a dopamine
+neuron that's been done tons now okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that's been done tons now okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that's been done tons now okay
+so here's another example as I said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another example as I said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another example as I said well
+I think you know the classic literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know the classic literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you know the classic literature
+on on the fly is that it's classical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the fly is that it's classical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on on the fly is that it's classical
+conditioning studied in in zillions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning studied in in zillions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditioning studied in in zillions of
+ways looking at the molecular basis etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways looking at the molecular basis etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways looking at the molecular basis etc
+etc but um here's some more newer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc but um here's some more newer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc but um here's some more newer
+results so you his ones from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so you his ones from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so you his ones from from
+Daisuke Ettore in Richards lab it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daisuke Ettore in Richards lab it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Daisuke Ettore in Richards lab it
+involves this alpha prime 3 load just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves this alpha prime 3 load just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves this alpha prime 3 load just to
+show you what it is and it has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what it is and it has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you what it is and it has the
+following features so it's a little hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following features so it's a little hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following features so it's a little hard
+to see maybe but this is a pulse that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see maybe but this is a pulse that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see maybe but this is a pulse that
+shows that the odor which is ma MCH here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that the odor which is ma MCH here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows that the odor which is ma MCH here
+the odor has been introduced and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odor has been introduced and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the odor has been introduced and here's
+the response of this alpha prime 3 dope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of this alpha prime 3 dope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response of this alpha prime 3 dope
+output neuron so there you're seeing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron so there you're seeing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron so there you're seeing a
+response and if you look across time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and if you look across time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response and if you look across time
+that response fades away it even starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response fades away it even starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that response fades away it even starts
+to reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reverse
+maybe so there's an adaptation of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so there's an adaptation of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe so there's an adaptation of this
+response you know you say big deal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response you know you say big deal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response you know you say big deal but
+this adaptation is definitely occurring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this adaptation is definitely occurring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this adaptation is definitely occurring
+at the output of the mushroom body the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the output of the mushroom body the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the output of the mushroom body the
+mud the Kenyan cells are not adapting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud the Kenyan cells are not adapting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mud the Kenyan cells are not adapting
+it's due to the dopamine because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's due to the dopamine because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's due to the dopamine because if you
+block the dopamine you don't get it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the dopamine you don't get it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the dopamine you don't get it so
+this is a dopamine specific adaptation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dopamine specific adaptation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a dopamine specific adaptation
+but what's more interesting about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's more interesting about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what's more interesting about it is
+shown here that if you take an odor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here that if you take an odor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown here that if you take an odor
+response to MCH adapted away but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to MCH adapted away but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response to MCH adapted away but then
+present a new odor benzaldehyde now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present a new odor benzaldehyde now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present a new odor benzaldehyde now you
+get a response again then you can adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a response again then you can adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a response again then you can adapt
+away the response of the benzaldehyde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the response of the benzaldehyde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away the response of the benzaldehyde
+and to produces a third odor you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to produces a third odor you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to produces a third odor you get a
+thing so this is an older dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this is an older dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing so this is an older dependent
+adaptation which really suggests that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation which really suggests that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adaptation which really suggests that
+the dopamine is specifically weakening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine is specifically weakening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopamine is specifically weakening
+the synapses that are active at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synapses that are active at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the synapses that are active at the time
+of the dopamine response so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dopamine response so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dopamine response so it's it's
+like the classical condition but there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the classical condition but there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the classical condition but there's
+no conditioning here furthermore when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no conditioning here furthermore when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no conditioning here furthermore when
+you adapt one odor and then another the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adapt one odor and then another the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you adapt one odor and then another the
+first order remains adapted so I sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order remains adapted so I sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order remains adapted so I sort of
+see this system you know I've always had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this system you know I've always had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this system you know I've always had
+trouble with the classic condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with the classic condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with the classic condition
+experiments imagining where would a fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments imagining where would a fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments imagining where would a fly
+get into a situation you know where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a situation you know where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into a situation you know where it
+smells an odor and gets a shock or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells an odor and gets a shock or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smells an odor and gets a shock or
+something like that but but this you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but but this you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but but this you can
+immediately see would be very useful you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see would be very useful you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately see would be very useful you
+could adapt to an environment that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could adapt to an environment that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could adapt to an environment that has a
+whole set of odors and then if you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of odors and then if you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set of odors and then if you come
+back to that environment and there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that environment and there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that environment and there's a
+new odor present you'll immediately know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new odor present you'll immediately know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new odor present you'll immediately know
+it because this neurons gonna respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because this neurons gonna respond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it because this neurons gonna respond
+whereas if you come back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you come back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you come back to the
+identical environment or with no out new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical environment or with no out new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical environment or with no out new
+orders this-this-this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders this-this-this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orders this-this-this
+won't respond so this is a neuron to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't respond so this is a neuron to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't respond so this is a neuron to
+identify kind of unexpected oh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify kind of unexpected oh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify kind of unexpected oh all
+factory features of an environment it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory features of an environment it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory features of an environment it's
+one thing it could do okay I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing it could do okay I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing it could do okay I think I
+just repeated that because I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeated that because I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just repeated that because I wanted to
+say that here's another example this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that here's another example this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that here's another example this
+comes from Rafael Cohen and in Vanessa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Rafael Cohen and in Vanessa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from Rafael Cohen and in Vanessa
+Rudy's lab and this is really the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rudy's lab and this is really the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rudy's lab and this is really the effect
+of internal state so I argued for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of internal state so I argued for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of internal state so I argued for you
+that these dopamine neurons were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these dopamine neurons were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these dopamine neurons were
+reflecting the internal state of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the internal state of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting the internal state of the
+animal and they have a very beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and they have a very beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal and they have a very beautiful
+experiment on that so the these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment on that so the these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment on that so the these are the
+gamma I guess I didn't say before but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma I guess I didn't say before but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma I guess I didn't say before but
+these are the gamma -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the gamma -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the gamma -
+two gamma five compartments that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gamma five compartments that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gamma five compartments that we're
+going to talk about what they did was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about what they did was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about what they did was to
+image the dopamine neurons in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image the dopamine neurons in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image the dopamine neurons in those
+compartments gamma two three four and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments gamma two three four and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments gamma two three four and
+five and observed that when the why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and observed that when the why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and observed that when the why is
+the fly is in an uncomfortable position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly is in an uncomfortable position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fly is in an uncomfortable position
+to put it mildly here it's glued to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it mildly here it's glued to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it mildly here it's glued to
+something I don't know what and as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't know what and as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I don't know what and as a
+whole in its head other than that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole in its head other than that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole in its head other than that you
+know everything's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know everything's fine
+so it's an unhappy fly you might you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an unhappy fly you might you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's an unhappy fly you might you
+might want to speculate that this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to speculate that this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to speculate that this isn't
+a happy fly and what they observed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a happy fly and what they observed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a happy fly and what they observed is
+while the fly is flailing about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the fly is flailing about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the fly is flailing about and
+unhappily expressing its unhappiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappily expressing its unhappiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappily expressing its unhappiness
+these gamma 2 and gamma 3 compartments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gamma 2 and gamma 3 compartments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gamma 2 and gamma 3 compartments
+have dopamine input and the gamma 4 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dopamine input and the gamma 4 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have dopamine input and the gamma 4 and
+gamma 5 don't but they also observe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 5 don't but they also observe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma 5 don't but they also observe that
+every once in a while the fly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while the fly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every once in a while the fly just
+chills out hangs there I go Christ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chills out hangs there I go Christ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chills out hangs there I go Christ and
+when that happens it reverses the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens it reverses the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when that happens it reverses the
+pattern now these are not dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern now these are not dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern now these are not dopamine
+activated and these ones are dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated and these ones are dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated and these ones are dopamine
+modulator although you know this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulator although you know this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulator although you know this is not
+it is not unequivocal happiness this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not unequivocal happiness this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is not unequivocal happiness this is
+you know mixed but then they started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mixed but then they started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know mixed but then they started
+manipulating so here you take one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating so here you take one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating so here you take one of
+these unhappy flies you give it some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these unhappy flies you give it some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these unhappy flies you give it some
+sugar it becomes a happy fly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar it becomes a happy fly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sugar it becomes a happy fly right
+remember the red over here this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the red over here this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the red over here this is a
+happy fly this is a sad fly because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy fly this is a sad fly because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy fly this is a sad fly because they
+shocked it so it's clear that this these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked it so it's clear that this these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocked it so it's clear that this these
+this thing is really reading out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is really reading out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is really reading out you
+know it will be a little fanciful but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it will be a little fanciful but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it will be a little fanciful but
+happy fly satisfied you could take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy fly satisfied you could take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy fly satisfied you could take a
+look at these compartments and say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these compartments and say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these compartments and say that
+there's one unhappy fly or one happy fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one unhappy fly or one happy fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one unhappy fly or one happy fly
+furthermore now so that means the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore now so that means the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore now so that means the
+internal state is being represented here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal state is being represented here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal state is being represented here
+but in addition it has an effect so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in addition it has an effect so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in addition it has an effect so this
+is an experiment where they imaged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an experiment where they imaged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an experiment where they imaged the
+output term of the the dendrites of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output term of the the dendrites of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output term of the the dendrites of the
+output neuron okay so they're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron okay so they're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron okay so they're looking at
+transmission from the Kenyan cell to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission from the Kenyan cell to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission from the Kenyan cell to the
+output neuron they present an odor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron they present an odor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output neuron they present an odor and
+they activate the dam that dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they activate the dam that dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they activate the dam that dopamine
+neuron themself so when they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron themself so when they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron themself so when they don't
+activate the dopamine neuron this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the dopamine neuron this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activate the dopamine neuron this is a
+measure of synaptic transmission the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of synaptic transmission the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of synaptic transmission the
+older response here is weak when they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older response here is weak when they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older response here is weak when they do
+it gets much stronger so now what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets much stronger so now what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets much stronger so now what you
+have is something I mean I think if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is something I mean I think if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have is something I mean I think if I
+saw this in cortex I'd go wild is is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this in cortex I'd go wild is is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw this in cortex I'd go wild is is an
+adoring of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoring of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adoring of
+right you have internal state affecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have internal state affecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you have internal state affecting
+the thing of this and it determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing of this and it determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing of this and it determines
+where the output goes so for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the output goes so for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the output goes so for example if
+you're I can never remember which one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're I can never remember which one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're I can never remember which one's
+happy and this is happy right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and this is happy right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy and this is happy right so if
+you're happy then odors go to one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're happy then odors go to one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're happy then odors go to one one
+thing which might you know might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which might you know might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing which might you know might say
+approach that odor you know be sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that odor you know be sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach that odor you know be sort of a
+little more easygoing if you're unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more easygoing if you're unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more easygoing if you're unhappy
+then an odor response gets relayed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an odor response gets relayed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then an odor response gets relayed out
+this pathway and it might tell you to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway and it might tell you to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pathway and it might tell you to be
+afraid of all odors or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of all odors or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afraid of all odors or something like
+that be very cautious so you start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be very cautious so you start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be very cautious so you start to
+see in this system the routing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this system the routing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in this system the routing of
+sensory information by internal state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory information by internal state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensory information by internal state
+that that to me is a very exciting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that to me is a very exciting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that to me is a very exciting thing
+to see okay here's another one internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see okay here's another one internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see okay here's another one internal
+state affects memory this is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state affects memory this is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state affects memory this is from
+Tanimoto another collaboration with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanimoto another collaboration with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tanimoto another collaboration with the
+Genelia lab so you can do the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genelia lab so you can do the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Genelia lab so you can do the same kind
+of experiment I showed you before with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment I showed you before with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experiment I showed you before with
+shock only do it with sweet so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock only do it with sweet so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shock only do it with sweet so in this
+case it's a team a is a fly comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a team a is a fly comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case it's a team a is a fly comes in
+this way and you associate let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and you associate let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and you associate let's say
+odor a with a sweet reward then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odor a with a sweet reward then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odor a with a sweet reward then the
+Flies gonna come in here and most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flies gonna come in here and most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flies gonna come in here and most of the
+time go this way flies are never a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time go this way flies are never a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time go this way flies are never a
+hundred percent performers but they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent performers but they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent performers but they you
+know they'll tend to go to order a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they'll tend to go to order a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they'll tend to go to order a
+because they associate that with sweet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they associate that with sweet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they associate that with sweet
+provided they're hungry I'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided they're hungry I'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided they're hungry I'll come back
+to the hungry part so you take angry fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hungry part so you take angry fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the hungry part so you take angry fly
+it goes this way now here's what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes this way now here's what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes this way now here's what they
+did that's very clever it involves these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that's very clever it involves these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that's very clever it involves these
+these pam neurons pam dopamine neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pam neurons pam dopamine neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pam neurons pam dopamine neurons
+so they're as you all know right you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're as you all know right you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're as you all know right you get
+the hit of sugar in your mouth right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hit of sugar in your mouth right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hit of sugar in your mouth right
+away and then you get nutritional value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and then you get nutritional value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and then you get nutritional value
+or you get fat or whatever later and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you get fat or whatever later and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you get fat or whatever later and and
+the decoupling of those causes us a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decoupling of those causes us a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decoupling of those causes us a lot
+of problems so you see that here in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems so you see that here in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of problems so you see that here in this
+system very very well because they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system very very well because they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system very very well because they take
+a sugar that's sweet tasting to the fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sugar that's sweet tasting to the fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sugar that's sweet tasting to the fly
+but can't be digested by the flight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can't be digested by the flight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but can't be digested by the flight
+provides no nutritional value at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides no nutritional value at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provides no nutritional value at all and
+when they do that so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do that so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they do that so there's no
+nutrition in this sugar what they get is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition in this sugar what they get is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nutrition in this sugar what they get is
+a short-term attraction to that odor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short-term attraction to that odor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a short-term attraction to that odor
+enough to buy the next coke sort of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to buy the next coke sort of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to buy the next coke sort of it's
+conveyed through october means so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyed through october means so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveyed through october means so the
+sweetness activates octopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweetness activates octopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweetness activates octopamine
+october mean activates a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+october mean activates a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+october mean activates a certain
+of these Pam neurons that makes changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Pam neurons that makes changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these Pam neurons that makes changes
+in the transmission in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the transmission in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the transmission in various
+compartments this is not isolated to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments this is not isolated to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compartments this is not isolated to a
+unique compartment then the next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique compartment then the next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique compartment then the next time
+that odor comes on it goes out here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that odor comes on it goes out here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that odor comes on it goes out here and
+it gives you attraction but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you attraction but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gives you attraction but it's a
+short-term attraction lasts a few hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term attraction lasts a few hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term attraction lasts a few hours
+now if you make the sugar nutritious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you make the sugar nutritious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you make the sugar nutritious and
+they do this in a clever way by using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do this in a clever way by using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do this in a clever way by using
+another sugar that has no taste of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sugar that has no taste of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sugar that has no taste of the
+fly but that the fly can digest so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly but that the fly can digest so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly but that the fly can digest so now
+this is nutritious then it activates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nutritious then it activates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is nutritious then it activates a
+fructose receptor bla-bla-bla activates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose receptor bla-bla-bla activates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fructose receptor bla-bla-bla activates
+a different set of dopamine neurons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different set of dopamine neurons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a different set of dopamine neurons that
+potentiates or depresses you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiates or depresses you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentiates or depresses you don't
+actually know but it changes synapses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know but it changes synapses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually know but it changes synapses in
+the alpha-1 load and now you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha-1 load and now you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the alpha-1 load and now you get a
+long-term memory so flies are smarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory so flies are smarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term memory so flies are smarter
+than people in a way they'll only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than people in a way they'll only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than people in a way they'll only do
+this long-term memory if they then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long-term memory if they then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long-term memory if they then also
+sense a nutritional benefit to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a nutritional benefit to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a nutritional benefit to the to
+whatever they're eating okay so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they're eating okay so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they're eating okay so very
+elegant thing and then I think there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant thing and then I think there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elegant thing and then I think there's
+my final example I'll start winding up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final example I'll start winding up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final example I'll start winding up
+from Scott Waddell's lab that another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Scott Waddell's lab that another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Scott Waddell's lab that another
+feature of this sweet thing is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of this sweet thing is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of this sweet thing is if the
+Flies not hungry not surprisingly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flies not hungry not surprisingly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Flies not hungry not surprisingly it
+doesn't care anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care anymore
+so it's it's associated order it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's associated order it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's associated order it was
+sweet but now it's well-fed so who cares
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet but now it's well-fed so who cares
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sweet but now it's well-fed so who cares
+and that that's a real effect so a fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's a real effect so a fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's a real effect so a fed
+fly will not express this odor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly will not express this odor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly will not express this odor
+preference but it still has the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference but it still has the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preference but it still has the memory
+because if you then starve it now it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you then starve it now it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you then starve it now it'll
+you know it'll go to odor a okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it'll go to odor a okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it'll go to odor a okay so this
+act this what what Scott Waddell and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act this what what Scott Waddell and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act this what what Scott Waddell and his
+group realized was that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group realized was that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group realized was that this was
+activated through this dopamine neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated through this dopamine neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated through this dopamine neuron
+now this was done before all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was done before all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this was done before all this
+circuitry was derived but they but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry was derived but they but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuitry was derived but they but they
+figured it out that it's this dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it out that it's this dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured it out that it's this dopamine
+neuron because they could activate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron because they could activate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron because they could activate this
+dopamine neuron and and simulate the fed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine neuron and and simulate the fed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopamine neuron and and simulate the fed
+state so the fly would ignore the odor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the fly would ignore the odor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so the fly would ignore the odor
+or they could silence this dopamine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they could silence this dopamine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they could silence this dopamine
+neuron and then they would simulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron and then they would simulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron and then they would simulate the
+hungry State and the fly would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry State and the fly would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry State and the fly would be
+attracted to the odor but now you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to the odor but now you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted to the odor but now you notice
+this circuitry this this is a gabaergic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuitry this this is a gabaergic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this circuitry this this is a gabaergic
+neuron that inhibits the alpha beta lobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that inhibits the alpha beta lobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron that inhibits the alpha beta lobe
+output so this is a perfect pathway by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so this is a perfect pathway by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output so this is a perfect pathway by
+which you could turn off their learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could turn off their learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you could turn off their learned
+response in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response in this
+during the Fed State and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Fed State and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the Fed State and then you
+inactivate this pathway and now you turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivate this pathway and now you turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactivate this pathway and now you turn
+it on so again an internal state gating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on so again an internal state gating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on so again an internal state gating
+a memory but it's a case we don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory but it's a case we don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a memory but it's a case we don't really
+know that that everything I'm saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that everything I'm saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that that everything I'm saying is
+true they one should never assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true they one should never assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true they one should never assume that
+but but you know we now have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you know we now have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but you know we now have this
+pathway people we I say but people we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway people we I say but people we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway people we I say but people we
+can block this this pathway there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can block this this pathway there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can block this this pathway there's
+enough known about the circuitry to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough known about the circuitry to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough known about the circuitry to
+really work out to whatever where I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work out to whatever where I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really work out to whatever where I said
+it's true that you can start to get at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that you can start to get at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's true that you can start to get at
+these these things so one day I got a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these things so one day I got a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these things so one day I got a I
+got a minute to do co2 avoid and co2 boy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a minute to do co2 avoid and co2 boy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a minute to do co2 avoid and co2 boy
+and it's a really cool one so co2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a really cool one so co2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's a really cool one so co2 is
+innately repulsive to a fly doesn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innately repulsive to a fly doesn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innately repulsive to a fly doesn't like
+co2 and the reason that is is in a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 and the reason that is is in a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co2 and the reason that is is in a group
+of flies that are stressed they release
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flies that are stressed they release
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of flies that are stressed they release
+a lot of co2 so a fly will sense the o2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of co2 so a fly will sense the o2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of co2 so a fly will sense the o2
+no there's trouble in the area and will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's trouble in the area and will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no there's trouble in the area and will
+avoid it so the natural there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid it so the natural there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid it so the natural there's a
+natural avoidance through the innate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural avoidance through the innate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural avoidance through the innate
+pathway to co2 now that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to co2 now that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway to co2 now that's kind of a
+fatal flaw in the design of the fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatal flaw in the design of the fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fatal flaw in the design of the fly
+because flies eat rotting fruit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because flies eat rotting fruit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because flies eat rotting fruit that
+releases tons of co2 so you don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases tons of co2 so you don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+releases tons of co2 so you don't want
+to avoid your food source so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid your food source so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid your food source so what
+happens through it's not completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens through it's not completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens through it's not completely
+understood but somehow the innate system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood but somehow the innate system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood but somehow the innate system
+trains this beta-2 pathway to have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains this beta-2 pathway to have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trains this beta-2 pathway to have in
+addition to the innate pathway a learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the innate pathway a learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the innate pathway a learned
+pathway for co2 avoidance and in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway for co2 avoidance and in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway for co2 avoidance and in the
+hungry state the fly channels its co2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry state the fly channels its co2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hungry state the fly channels its co2 is
+still a co2 avoidance it channels it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a co2 avoidance it channels it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a co2 avoidance it channels it
+through this pathway then if at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this pathway then if at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this pathway then if at the same
+time there are fruit odors or fruit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there are fruit odors or fruit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there are fruit odors or fruit
+tastes it can modulate this pathway shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes it can modulate this pathway shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tastes it can modulate this pathway shut
+it down and turn the co2 avoidance into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down and turn the co2 avoidance into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down and turn the co2 avoidance into
+a co2 attraction so again you you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co2 attraction so again you you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a co2 attraction so again you you start
+to see the neural substrates of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the neural substrates of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see the neural substrates of these
+really quite complex behaviors you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite complex behaviors you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite complex behaviors you know
+sitting right before you in in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting right before you in in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting right before you in in this
+structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure
+alright I'll end here with sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I'll end here with sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright I'll end here with sort of the
+lesson for the machine learners so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson for the machine learners so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lesson for the machine learners so from
+machine learning perspectives this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning perspectives this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning perspectives this is a
+simple system it's not very deep it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple system it's not very deep it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple system it's not very deep it's a
+little bit deep but not very deep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit deep but not very deep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit deep but not very deep it
+contains a random hidden representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a random hidden representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains a random hidden representation
+that's not really anything radical it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really anything radical it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not really anything radical it
+contains it out instead of output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains it out instead of output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains it out instead of output
+neurons it's actually a layered output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons it's actually a layered output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons it's actually a layered output
+again nothing very radical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again nothing very radical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again nothing very radical in
+neuroscience term it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience term it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuroscience term it's kind of
+interesting that goes from these highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that goes from these highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that goes from these highly
+stereotyped to random to highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped to random to highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped to random to highly
+stereotyped but really the lesson here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped but really the lesson here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotyped but really the lesson here
+is you know this is a mediocre machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know this is a mediocre machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know this is a mediocre machine
+learning architecture not very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning architecture not very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning architecture not very many
+units and all that where does this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and all that where does this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units and all that where does this thing
+make up for it it makes up for it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up for it it makes up for it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make up for it it makes up for it in a
+stupendous complicated modulation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupendous complicated modulation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupendous complicated modulation and
+plasticity beyond any machine learners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity beyond any machine learners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plasticity beyond any machine learners
+dreams we don't know about this I tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams we don't know about this I tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dreams we don't know about this I tried
+to give you hints of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you hints of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you hints of the different
+things it can do dopamine can gate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it can do dopamine can gate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it can do dopamine can gate it
+can induce short-term learning it can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can induce short-term learning it can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can induce short-term learning it can do
+this long-term learning it can induce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long-term learning it can induce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this long-term learning it can induce
+gating of gating gating of learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gating of gating gating of learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gating of gating gating of learning
+that's what has to be worked out in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what has to be worked out in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what has to be worked out in this
+system but there's going to be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but there's going to be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system but there's going to be a really
+beautiful effect of dopamine acting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful effect of dopamine acting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful effect of dopamine acting in
+many ways on many timescales and to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways on many timescales and to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways on many timescales and to me
+in this system that's where evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this system that's where evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this system that's where evolution
+has put its money right they're not on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has put its money right they're not on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has put its money right they're not on
+in building you know 20 layers here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in building you know 20 layers here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in building you know 20 layers here or
+something like that not in worrying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that not in worrying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that not in worrying
+about a whole lot of backprop this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a whole lot of backprop this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a whole lot of backprop this is
+random it doesn't appear to be back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random it doesn't appear to be back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random it doesn't appear to be back
+prompt but in putting huge resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt but in putting huge resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prompt but in putting huge resources
+into a rich set of modulatory and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a rich set of modulatory and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a rich set of modulatory and
+plastic processes at these output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic processes at these output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastic processes at these output
+synapses and I think in the years to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses and I think in the years to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synapses and I think in the years to
+come they will be worked out and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come they will be worked out and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come they will be worked out and maybe
+they'll have implications for machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have implications for machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have implications for machine
+learning once we know what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Rlvwagd2BmY.txt b/Rlvwagd2BmY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b63b7cb3b2e63ade1d4e5810f50e441ca0bf825d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Rlvwagd2BmY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8907 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright last time we started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright last time we started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright last time we started talking
+about pseudo-random graphs and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pseudo-random graphs and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about pseudo-random graphs and we
+considered this theorem of chunk Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered this theorem of chunk Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered this theorem of chunk Graham
+and Wilson which for dense graphs gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wilson which for dense graphs gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Wilson which for dense graphs gave
+several equivalent notions of quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several equivalent notions of quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several equivalent notions of quasi
+randomness that means that face now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness that means that face now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness that means that face now you
+do not appear to be all that we cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not appear to be all that we cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not appear to be all that we cover
+them but they are actually you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they are actually you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they are actually you know you
+can deduce one from the other there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deduce one from the other there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can deduce one from the other there was
+one condition at the very end which had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one condition at the very end which had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one condition at the very end which had
+to do with eigenvalues and basically it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with eigenvalues and basically it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with eigenvalues and basically it
+said that if your second-largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that if your second-largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that if your second-largest
+eigenvalue in absolute value is small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue in absolute value is small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue in absolute value is small
+then the graph is pseudo-random right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the graph is pseudo-random right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the graph is pseudo-random right so
+that's something that I want to explore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that I want to explore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something that I want to explore
+further today to better understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further today to better understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further today to better understand the
+relationship between eigenvalues of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between eigenvalues of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between eigenvalues of a
+graph and the pseudo randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and the pseudo randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph and the pseudo randomness
+properties for much of pretty much all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for much of pretty much all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties for much of pretty much all
+today we're going to look at a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to look at a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we're going to look at a special
+class of graphs known as MD lamda graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this just means we have n vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just means we have n vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just means we have n vertices and
+we're only going to consider mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to consider mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're only going to consider mostly
+other convenience t regular graphs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other convenience t regular graphs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other convenience t regular graphs so
+this will make our life so much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will make our life so much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will make our life so much simpler
+and the lambda stands for that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lambda stands for that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the lambda stands for that if you
+look at the adjacency matrix and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the adjacency matrix and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the adjacency matrix and if you
+write down the eigenvalues of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the eigenvalues of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down the eigenvalues of the
+adjacency matrix then well what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix then well what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix then well what are
+these eigenvalues the top one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenvalues the top one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenvalues the top one because
+it's the regular is equal to d and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the regular is equal to d and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the regular is equal to d and the
+lambda corresponds to the statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda corresponds to the statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda corresponds to the statement that
+all the other eigenvalues are at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other eigenvalues are at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other eigenvalues are at most
+lambda in absolute value so the top one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda in absolute value so the top one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda in absolute value so the top one
+is equal to d all the other ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to d all the other ones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to d all the other ones in
+absolute value right so could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value right so could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value right so could be
+basically the maximum of these two it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the maximum of these two it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the maximum of these two it's
+bounded above by lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded above by lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded above by lambda
+and at the end of last time we showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of last time we showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the end of last time we showed
+this expander mixing lemma which in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expander mixing lemma which in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expander mixing lemma which in this
+language says that if G is nd lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then one has the following discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one has the following discrepancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one has the following discrepancy
+type pseudo randomness property namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type pseudo randomness property namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type pseudo randomness property namely
+that if you look at two vertex sets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at two vertex sets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at two vertex sets and
+look at how many actual edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how many actual edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how many actual edges are
+between them compared to what you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them compared to what you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them compared to what you expect
+if this were a random graph of a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this were a random graph of a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this were a random graph of a similar
+density then these two numbers are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density then these two numbers are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density then these two numbers are very
+similar and the amount of error is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and the amount of error is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar and the amount of error is
+controlled by your lambda particular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by your lambda particular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled by your lambda particular a
+smaller lender gives you a more student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller lender gives you a more student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller lender gives you a more student
+reading graph so the second part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading graph so the second part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading graph so the second part of
+today's class I want to explore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class I want to explore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's class I want to explore the
+question of how small this lambda can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how small this lambda can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how small this lambda can be
+so what's the optimal amount of pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the optimal amount of pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the optimal amount of pseudo
+randomness but first I want to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness but first I want to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness but first I want to show you
+some examples so so far we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples so so far we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some examples so so far we've been
+talking about pseudo random graphs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about pseudo random graphs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about pseudo random graphs and
+the only example really I've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only example really I've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only example really I've talked
+about is that a random graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that a random graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is that a random graph is
+pseudo-random which is true random graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random which is true random graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random which is true random graph
+is pseudo-random with high probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pseudo-random with high probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pseudo-random with high probability
+but some of the spirit of pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the spirit of pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some of the spirit of pseudo
+randomness is to come up with non random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness is to come up with non random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness is to come up with non random
+examples come up with deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples come up with deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples come up with deterministic
+constructions that give you pseudo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions that give you pseudo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions that give you pseudo
+random properties so I want to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random properties so I want to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random properties so I want to begin
+today with an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a lot of the examples especially for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the examples especially for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the examples especially for
+pseudorandomness come from this class of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudorandomness come from this class of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudorandomness come from this class of
+graphs called Cayley graphs which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs called Cayley graphs which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs called Cayley graphs which are
+built from a group we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from a group we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from a group we're going to
+reserve the letter G for graphs I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve the letter G for graphs I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve the letter G for graphs I'm
+gonna use gamma for group and I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use gamma for group and I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use gamma for group and I have a
+subset s s of gamma and s a symmetric in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset s s of gamma and s a symmetric in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset s s of gamma and s a symmetric in
+that if you invert the elements of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you invert the elements of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you invert the elements of s
+they remain in s then we define the KD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they remain in s then we define the KD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they remain in s then we define the KD
+graph given by the scoop and set s to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph given by the scoop and set s to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph given by the scoop and set s to be
+the following graph where we the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following graph where we the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following graph where we the set of
+vertices is just the set of hoop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is just the set of hoop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is just the set of hoop
+elements and the edges are obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and the edges are obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and the edges are obtained by
+taking a group element and multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a group element and multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking a group element and multiplying
+it by s to go to its neighbor so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by s to go to its neighbor so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by s to go to its neighbor so this is
+a Cayley graph and no Cayley graphs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cayley graph and no Cayley graphs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Cayley graph and no Cayley graphs are
+you start with any group start with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with any group start with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with any group start with any
+subset of the group you get a KD graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the group you get a KD graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset of the group you get a KD graph
+and this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a very important
+constructions of graphs they have lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions of graphs they have lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructions of graphs they have lots
+of nice properties and in particular an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice properties and in particular an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nice properties and in particular an
+example of a kini graph is a Paley graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they're now related so a Paley graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now related so a Paley graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're now related so a Paley graph is
+a special case of a Cayley graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special case of a Cayley graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a special case of a Cayley graph
+obtained by considering the group the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by considering the group the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained by considering the group the
+sitter group Marty where P is prime 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitter group Marty where P is prime 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitter group Marty where P is prime 1
+mod 4 and I'm looking at s being the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 4 and I'm looking at s being the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod 4 and I'm looking at s being the set
+of quadratic residue small people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes actually non-zero quadratic residues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes actually non-zero quadratic residues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes actually non-zero quadratic residues
+so elements of marpie that could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elements of marpie that could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so elements of marpie that could be a
+square so we will show in a second that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so we will show in a second that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square so we will show in a second that
+this penny graph has nice pseudo-random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this penny graph has nice pseudo-random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this penny graph has nice pseudo-random
+properties by showing that it has an ND
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties by showing that it has an ND
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties by showing that it has an ND
+lambda graph with lambda fairly small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda graph with lambda fairly small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda graph with lambda fairly small
+compared to the degree just a squirts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the degree just a squirts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the degree just a squirts
+historical note so raymond pay me pay me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical note so raymond pay me pay me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical note so raymond pay me pay me
+graph named after so he actually so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph named after so he actually so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph named after so he actually so it
+was from the earlier part of 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from the earlier part of 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from the earlier part of 20th
+century so from 1907 to 1933 so he died
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century so from 1907 to 1933 so he died
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century so from 1907 to 1933 so he died
+very young at the age of 26 and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young at the age of 26 and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very young at the age of 26 and actually
+died in an avalanche when he was skiing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died in an avalanche when he was skiing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died in an avalanche when he was skiing
+by himself in Banff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by himself in Banff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by himself in Banff
+so Banff is a national park in Alberta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Banff is a national park in Alberta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Banff is a national park in Alberta
+in Canada and when I was in Banff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Canada and when I was in Banff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Canada and when I was in Banff
+earlier this year for a math conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this year for a math conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this year for a math conference
+so there's a also a math conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a also a math conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a also a math conference
+center there so I had a chance to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center there so I had a chance to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center there so I had a chance to go
+visit the Raymond baby's tone right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the Raymond baby's tone right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the Raymond baby's tone right so
+there's a there's a grave yard there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a grave yard there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a grave yard there
+where you can you can find his his home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can you can find his his home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can you can find his his home
+it's very sad sure mathematical timespan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very sad sure mathematical timespan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very sad sure mathematical timespan
+actually he managed to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he managed to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually he managed to do a lot of
+amazing mathematical finding a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing mathematical finding a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing mathematical finding a lot of
+amazing mathematical discoveries and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing mathematical discoveries and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing mathematical discoveries and
+there are many important concepts named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many important concepts named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many important concepts named
+after him to you things like Paley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after him to you things like Paley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after him to you things like Paley
+Wiener theorem Paley zigmund little wood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiener theorem Paley zigmund little wood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wiener theorem Paley zigmund little wood
+Paley all these important ideas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paley all these important ideas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Paley all these important ideas in
+analysis named after Paley and Paley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis named after Paley and Paley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis named after Paley and Paley
+graph is also one of his contributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is also one of his contributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is also one of his contributions
+so what working or what claim is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what working or what claim is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what working or what claim is that
+this Paley graph has the desired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Paley graph has the desired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Paley graph has the desired
+pseudo-random properties in that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random properties in that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo-random properties in that if you
+look at its eigen values then the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its eigen values then the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its eigen values then the top
+eigen values accept so except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values accept so except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigen values accept so except for the
+top I can value Oh the other eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top I can value Oh the other eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top I can value Oh the other eigen
+values are quite small so keep in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are quite small so keep in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values are quite small so keep in mind
+that the size of s is basically half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the size of s is basically half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the size of s is basically half of
+the group so P minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group so P minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group so P minus 1
+- so four especially larger values of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so four especially larger values of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- so four especially larger values of P
+these eigenvalues are quite small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenvalues are quite small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these eigenvalues are quite small
+compared to the degree okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the degree okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the degree okay
+so the main way to show a Cayley graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main way to show a Cayley graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the main way to show a Cayley graphs
+like that have small eigenvalues is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that have small eigenvalues is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that have small eigenvalues is to
+to just compute what the eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just compute what the eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just compute what the eigen values
+are and this is actually not so hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and this is actually not so hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and this is actually not so hard to
+do for candy crush so let me do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for candy crush so let me do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for candy crush so let me do this
+explicitly so I will tell you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so I will tell you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly so I will tell you very
+explicitly a set of eigen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly a set of eigen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly a set of eigen vectors and
+they are first eigen vector is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are first eigen vector is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are first eigen vector is just the
+old ones vector the second eigenvector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old ones vector the second eigenvector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old ones vector the second eigenvector
+is the vector coming from one Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vector coming from one Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the vector coming from one Omega
+Omega square Omega to the P minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square Omega to the P minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega square Omega to the P minus one
+where Omega is a primitive root of unity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Omega is a primitive root of unity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where Omega is a primitive root of unity
+the next one is one Omega square Omega 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is one Omega square Omega 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next one is one Omega square Omega 4
+all the way to Omega P Omega to the 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to Omega P Omega to the 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to Omega P Omega to the 2
+times P minus 1 and so on so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P minus 1 and so on so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P minus 1 and so on so I want to
+half okay so I make this list so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so I make this list so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half okay so I make this list so these
+are my eigen vectors and let me check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my eigen vectors and let me check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are my eigen vectors and let me check
+that they are actually eigen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are actually eigen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are actually eigen vectors and
+then we can also compute eigenvalues or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can also compute eigenvalues or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we can also compute eigenvalues or
+so the top eigenvector corresponds to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one spectra in the d regular graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spectra in the d regular graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one spectra in the d regular graph
+that's always an eigen vector D and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always an eigen vector D and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's always an eigen vector D and the
+other ones we'll just do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones we'll just do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones we'll just do this
+computation so instead of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so instead of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation so instead of getting
+confused with industries let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with industries let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused with industries let me just
+compute as an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute as an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute as an example
+Jeff coordinate of the adjacency matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff coordinate of the adjacency matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jeff coordinate of the adjacency matrix
+times V 2 so the jet coordinate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V 2 so the jet coordinate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times V 2 so the jet coordinate so
+whether it comes to so yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it comes to so yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it comes to so yes
+the following some if I run over s then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following some if I run over s then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following some if I run over s then
+Omega raise to j+ s s is symmetric so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega raise to j+ s s is symmetric so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega raise to j+ s s is symmetric so i
+don't have to worry so much about plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry so much about plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to worry so much about plus
+or minus so I say J plus s so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus so I say J plus s so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus so I say J plus s so if you
+think about what this KT graph how it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what this KT graph how it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what this KT graph how it is
+defined if you hit this vector with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined if you hit this vector with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined if you hit this vector with that
+matrix that Jade coordinate is that some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that Jade coordinate is that some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that Jade coordinate is that some
+dim but I can rewrite the sum by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dim but I can rewrite the sum by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dim but I can rewrite the sum by taking
+out this common factor Omega 2 J and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this common factor Omega 2 J and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out this common factor Omega 2 J and you
+see that this is the Jade coordinate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is the Jade coordinate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that this is the Jade coordinate of
+V 2 so and this is true for all J so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 2 so and this is true for all J so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V 2 so and this is true for all J so
+this number here is lambda 2 and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here is lambda 2 and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number here is lambda 2 and more
+generally lambda K is the following some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally lambda K is the following some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally lambda K is the following some
+for K from 0 so from the K for being 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for K from 0 so from the K for being 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for K from 0 so from the K for being 1
+through P when you plug in K equals to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through P when you plug in K equals to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through P when you plug in K equals to 1
+you just get D and the others are sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get D and the others are sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get D and the others are sums
+of these exponential sums now this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these exponential sums now this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these exponential sums now this is a
+pretty straightforward computation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward computation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty straightforward computation and
+in fact we're now using anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we're now using anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact we're now using anything about
+quadratic residues right this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic residues right this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic residues right this is a
+generic fact about Kayla graphs of Zima
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic fact about Kayla graphs of Zima
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic fact about Kayla graphs of Zima
+P so this is true for all KD graphs s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so this is true for all KD graphs s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P so this is true for all KD graphs s
+not necessarily for quadratic residues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily for quadratic residues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily for quadratic residues
+and the basic reason is that here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic reason is that here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic reason is that here you
+have the set of eigenvectors and they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the set of eigenvectors and they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the set of eigenvectors and they do
+not depend on s ok so you might know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on s ok so you might know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not depend on s ok so you might know
+this concept from other places such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept from other places such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept from other places such as
+circular matrices and this is true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular matrices and this is true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circular matrices and this is true and
+the simple computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simple computation
+so now we have the values of lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the values of lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have the values of lambda
+explicitly I can now compute their sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly I can now compute their sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly I can now compute their sizes
+I want to know how big this lambda is or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know how big this lambda is or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know how big this lambda is or
+the first one when K equals to one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one when K equals to one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one when K equals to one is
+exactly D degree which is P minus 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly D degree which is P minus 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly D degree which is P minus 1 over
+2 but what about the other ones so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but what about the other ones so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 but what about the other ones so for
+the other ones we can do a computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones we can do a computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other ones we can do a computation
+as follows so note that I can rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows so note that I can rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as follows so note that I can rewrite
+lambda K by noting that if I take twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda K by noting that if I take twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda K by noting that if I take twice
+it and plus 1 then I obtain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and plus 1 then I obtain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and plus 1 then I obtain the
+following some ok so here I'm using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following some ok so here I'm using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following some ok so here I'm using that
+s as a set of quadratic residues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s as a set of quadratic residues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s as a set of quadratic residues
+consider there's some here every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider there's some here every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider there's some here every
+quadratic residue gets counted twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic residue gets counted twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic residue gets counted twice
+except for 0 which gets counted once and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for 0 which gets counted once and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for 0 which gets counted once and
+now I would like to evaluate the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would like to evaluate the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I would like to evaluate the size of
+the Sun this exponential sum and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun this exponential sum and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sun this exponential sum and this is
+something that's no matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's no matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's no matter
+cows um okay so basically a cow sum is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cows um okay so basically a cow sum is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cows um okay so basically a cow sum is
+what happens when you have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you have something
+that's like a quadratic an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a quadratic an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like a quadratic an exponential
+some with a quadratic dependence in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some with a quadratic dependence in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some with a quadratic dependence in the
+exponent and the trick here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and the trick here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponent and the trick here is to
+consider the square of this sum so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the square of this sum so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the square of this sum so the
+magnitude squared now if I expand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude squared now if I expand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude squared now if I expand the
+square okay so the squaring is a common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay so the squaring is a common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square okay so the squaring is a common
+feature of many of the things we do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of many of the things we do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of many of the things we do in
+this course really simplifies your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course really simplifies your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course really simplifies your life
+you do the square you expand the sum you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the square you expand the sum you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do the square you expand the sum you
+can reap ramírez one of the summons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do two steps at once and repro matera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two steps at once and repro matera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two steps at once and repro matera
+Singh and I'm expanding but now you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singh and I'm expanding but now you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singh and I'm expanding but now you see
+if I expand the exponent we find so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I expand the exponent we find so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I expand the exponent we find so
+that's algebra and now you notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's algebra and now you notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's algebra and now you notice that
+this sum here the sum over a is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum here the sum over a is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sum here the sum over a is equal to
+what when B is nonzero claimed that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when B is nonzero claimed that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what when B is nonzero claimed that this
+sum is zero I won't be is nonzero then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is zero I won't be is nonzero then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum is zero I won't be is nonzero then
+I'm summing over some permutations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing over some permutations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing over some permutations of
+the roots of unity so here I'm assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of unity so here I'm assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the roots of unity so here I'm assuming
+that K is bigger than not you're sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K is bigger than not you're sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that K is bigger than not you're sorry
+parameterizing K a little bit case zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing K a little bit case zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing K a little bit case zero
+then when B is not zero the sum over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when B is not zero the sum over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when B is not zero the sum over a
+is zero and otherwise the equals to P so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and otherwise the equals to P so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero and otherwise the equals to P so
+the sum over here equals to P and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over here equals to P and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum over here equals to P and
+therefore lambda K I'm just up K change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore lambda K I'm just up K change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore lambda K I'm just up K change
+zero so then lambda sub k plus 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so then lambda sub k plus 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so then lambda sub k plus 1 is
+equal to plus minus P plus 1 over 2 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to plus minus P plus 1 over 2 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to plus minus P plus 1 over 2 for
+all lambda not equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so really except for the top eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really except for the top eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so really except for the top eigenvalue
+which is the just a degree all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the just a degree all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the just a degree all the other
+ones are you know one of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are you know one of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones are you know one of these two
+values and they're all quite small okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and they're all quite small okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and they're all quite small okay
+so this is an explicit computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an explicit computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an explicit computation
+showing you that this Paley graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you that this Paley graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you that this Paley graph is
+indeed a pseudo-random graph it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed a pseudo-random graph it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed a pseudo-random graph it's an
+example of a quasi random graph yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a quasi random graph yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of a quasi random graph yes okay
+the question is do we know what the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is do we know what the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is do we know what the sign
+is so we actually so here I am not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we actually so here I am not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so we actually so here I am not
+telling you what the sign is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what the sign is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what the sign is
+but you can look up actually people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can look up actually people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can look up actually people have
+computed exactly what the sign should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed exactly what the sign should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed exactly what the sign should be
+so this is something that you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something that you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is something that you can find
+in a number theory textbook like Ireland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number theory textbook like Ireland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a number theory textbook like Ireland
+Rosen any more questions there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosen any more questions there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rosen any more questions there is a
+concept here I just want to bring out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept here I just want to bring out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept here I just want to bring out
+that you might recognize sums like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might recognize sums like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might recognize sums like this
+right so this kind of sum that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this kind of sum that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this kind of sum that's a
+Fourier coefficient so if you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier coefficient so if you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier coefficient so if you have some
+Fourier transform this is exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform this is exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform this is exactly what
+Fourier transforms look like and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transforms look like and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transforms look like and it is
+indeed the case that in general if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the case that in general if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed the case that in general if you
+have an abelian group then the eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an abelian group then the eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an abelian group then the eigen
+values and the spectral information of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the spectral information of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values and the spectral information of
+the corresponding KT graph corresponds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding KT graph corresponds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the corresponding KT graph corresponds
+to Fourier coefficients and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Fourier coefficients and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Fourier coefficients and this is a
+connection that we'll see also later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that we'll see also later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection that we'll see also later on
+in the course when we consider additive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course when we consider additive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course when we consider additive
+combinatorics and giving a Fourier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics and giving a Fourier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics and giving a Fourier
+analytic proof of Rosse theorem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic proof of Rosse theorem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic proof of Rosse theorem and
+therefore-- analysis will play a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore-- analysis will play a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore-- analysis will play a central
+role but this is actually this analogy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role but this is actually this analogy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role but this is actually this analogy I
+said Witten it is only for abelian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Witten it is only for abelian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said Witten it is only for abelian
+groups if you try to do the same for non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups if you try to do the same for non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups if you try to do the same for non
+abelian groups you will get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abelian groups you will get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abelian groups you will get something
+somewhat different so for non abelian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different so for non abelian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat different so for non abelian
+groups you do not have this nice notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you do not have this nice notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups you do not have this nice notion
+of Fourier analysis at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Fourier analysis at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Fourier analysis at least
+versions that generalizes what's above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions that generalizes what's above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions that generalizes what's above
+in a straightforward way but instead you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a straightforward way but instead you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a straightforward way but instead you
+have something else which many of you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something else which many of you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have something else which many of you've
+seen before but under a different name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before but under a different name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen before but under a different name
+and that's representation theory which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's representation theory which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's representation theory which
+in some sense is Fourier analysis except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense is Fourier analysis except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense is Fourier analysis except
+instead of one-dimensional objects no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one-dimensional objects no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of one-dimensional objects no
+complex numbers who are looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers who are looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers who are looking at
+higher dimensional representations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensional representations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher dimensional representations I
+just want to point out this connection I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out this connection I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to point out this connection I
+will see more about later any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's talk more about Cayley graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk more about Cayley graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's talk more about Cayley graphs
+all right so last time we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so last time we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so last time we mentioned
+these notions of quasi randomness and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notions of quasi randomness and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these notions of quasi randomness and I
+said at the end of the class that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the end of the class that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at the end of the class that many
+of these equivalences between quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these equivalences between quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these equivalences between quasi
+random graphs and they fail for sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graphs and they fail for sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graphs and they fail for sparse
+graphs if your density if your edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs if your density if your edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs if your density if your edge
+density is sub constant then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is sub constant then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is sub constant then the
+equivalence is no longer hold but I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is no longer hold but I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalence is no longer hold but I what
+about for cainy graphs in particular I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for cainy graphs in particular I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about for cainy graphs in particular I
+would like to consider two specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to consider two specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to consider two specific
+notions that we discussed last time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions that we discussed last time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notions that we discussed last time and
+try to understand how they relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand how they relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to understand how they relate to
+each other for Kayla drafts so for tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for Kayla drafts so for tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other for Kayla drafts so for tense
+KD graphs it's a special case of what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD graphs it's a special case of what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD graphs it's a special case of what we
+did yesterday so I'm really interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did yesterday so I'm really interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did yesterday so I'm really interested
+in sparse or Cayley graphs even bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sparse or Cayley graphs even bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sparse or Cayley graphs even bounded
+degree even bounded degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree even bounded degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree even bounded degree
+so that's much sparser than the regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's much sparser than the regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's much sparser than the regime
+we were looking at last time and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at last time and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were looking at last time and the the
+main result I want to tell you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main result I want to tell you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main result I want to tell you is that
+the disk condition is in a very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disk condition is in a very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the disk condition is in a very strong
+sense actually equivalent to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense actually equivalent to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense actually equivalent to the
+eigenvalue condition for all Cayley
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue condition for all Cayley
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue condition for all Cayley
+graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+including non-abelian hailey grasp so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including non-abelian hailey grasp so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including non-abelian hailey grasp so
+before telling you what the statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before telling you what the statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before telling you what the statement is
+I first want to give an example showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first want to give an example showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I first want to give an example showing
+you that this equivalence is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this equivalence is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that this equivalence is definitely
+not true if you remove the assumption of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true if you remove the assumption of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true if you remove the assumption of
+Kayla graphs for example if you okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kayla graphs for example if you okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kayla graphs for example if you okay so
+example that this is false for non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that this is false for non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that this is false for non
+Kayleigh because if you take let's say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kayleigh because if you take let's say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kayleigh because if you take let's say a
+large so let's say D regular graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so let's say D regular graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large so let's say D regular graph so
+let's say a large random D regular graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D here can be a constant or growing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D here can be a constant or growing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D here can be a constant or growing with
+n by this pretty robust example and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by this pretty robust example and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n by this pretty robust example and then
+I add to it an extra destroying copiers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add to it an extra destroying copiers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I add to it an extra destroying copiers
+K sub D plus 1 that's much smaller in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K sub D plus 1 that's much smaller in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K sub D plus 1 that's much smaller in
+terms of number of vertices the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of number of vertices the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of number of vertices the big
+large random graph by virtue of being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large random graph by virtue of being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large random graph by virtue of being a
+random graph has the discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph has the discrepancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random graph has the discrepancy
+property and because we're only adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and because we're only adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property and because we're only adding
+in a very small number of vertices it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very small number of vertices it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a very small number of vertices it
+does not destroy the discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not destroy the discrepancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not destroy the discrepancy
+property right so discrepancy property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right so discrepancy property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property right so discrepancy property
+if you're just adding a small number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just adding a small number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're just adding a small number of
+vertices it doesn't it doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it doesn't it doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices it doesn't it doesn't change
+much so this whole thing has discrepancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+however what about the eigenvalues claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however what about the eigenvalues claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however what about the eigenvalues claim
+that the top two eigenvalues are in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the top two eigenvalues are in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the top two eigenvalues are in fact
+both equal to D and that's because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both equal to D and that's because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both equal to D and that's because you
+have two eigenvectors one which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two eigenvectors one which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two eigenvectors one which is the
+old ones vector on this graph another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old ones vector on this graph another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old ones vector on this graph another
+which is the old ones vector on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the old ones vector on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the old ones vector on that
+graph these two days components each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph these two days components each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph these two days components each
+give you a top eigenvector of D so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a top eigenvector of D so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a top eigenvector of D so you
+get B twice in particular the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get B twice in particular the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get B twice in particular the second
+eigenvalue is not small so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is not small so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue is not small so the
+implication from disk to I can value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication from disk to I can value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication from disk to I can value
+really fails for non Cayley graphs for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fails for non Cayley graphs for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fails for non Cayley graphs for
+general graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general graphs
+the implication the other direction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implication the other direction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implication the other direction is
+actually okay the fact that eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay the fact that eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually okay the fact that eigenvalue
+implies disk is actually the content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies disk is actually the content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies disk is actually the content of
+the expander mixing lemma so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expander mixing lemma so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expander mixing lemma so this
+follows by explained your mixing lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows by explained your mixing lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows by explained your mixing lemma
+and that's because if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's because if you look at the
+expander mixing them up for a king aguar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expander mixing them up for a king aguar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expander mixing them up for a king aguar
+therefore for Cayley graph or if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore for Cayley graph or if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore for Cayley graph or if you
+have the eigenvalue condition then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the eigenvalue condition then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the eigenvalue condition then
+automatically you would find that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically you would find that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically you would find that these
+two guys here are a most M so if lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys here are a most M so if lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guys here are a most M so if lambda
+is quite small compared to the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite small compared to the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is quite small compared to the degree
+then you still have the desired type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you still have the desired type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you still have the desired type of
+quasi randomness so I'll make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi randomness so I'll make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quasi randomness so I'll make the
+statements more precise in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is how can we certify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is how can we certify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is how can we certify
+how can we show that in fact disk which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we show that in fact disk which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we show that in fact disk which
+sits seemingly weaker property implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits seemingly weaker property implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sits seemingly weaker property implies
+the stronger property of eigen value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stronger property of eigen value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stronger property of eigen value for
+KD graphs and what is a special ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD graphs and what is a special ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KD graphs and what is a special ball
+Cayley graphs I would allow you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cayley graphs I would allow you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cayley graphs I would allow you to do
+this that the statement is generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that the statement is generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that the statement is generally
+false for non Kayla grass okay so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false for non Kayla grass okay so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false for non Kayla grass okay so let me
+define okay so let me first tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define okay so let me first tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define okay so let me first tell you the
+results so this is a result due to David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so this is a result due to David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results so this is a result due to David
+:
+
+ align:start position:0%
+:
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+:
+myself two years ago so so many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself two years ago so so many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself two years ago so so many of you
+may now have been to too many seminar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may now have been to too many seminar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may now have been to too many seminar
+talks where you know there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks where you know there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks where you know there's this
+convention in mathematics talks where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention in mathematics talks where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convention in mathematics talks where
+you don't write out your full name only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't write out your full name only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't write out your full name only
+by the initial out of some kind of false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the initial out of some kind of false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the initial out of some kind of false
+modesty but of course know we all love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modesty but of course know we all love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modesty but of course know we all love
+talking about own results but somehow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about own results but somehow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about own results but somehow we
+don't like to write our own name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to write our own name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like to write our own name for
+some reason okay so here's the theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason okay so here's the theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason okay so here's the theorem
+so I start with a finite group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I start with a finite group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I start with a finite group
+gamma and let me consider a subset s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and let me consider a subset s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma and let me consider a subset s of
+gamma that is symmetric and consider GP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma that is symmetric and consider GP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma that is symmetric and consider GP
+Katie graph let me write n as the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katie graph let me write n as the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Katie graph let me write n as the number
+of vertices and D the size of s so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices and D the size of s so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices and D the size of s so this
+is a D regular graph let me define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a D regular graph let me define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a D regular graph let me define the
+following properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the first property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first property
+I'll call disk with epsilon so I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call disk with epsilon so I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll call disk with epsilon so I give
+you an explicit parameter the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an explicit parameter the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an explicit parameter the number of
+edges between x and y differs from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between x and y differs from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges between x and y differs from the
+number of edges that you would expect so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges that you would expect so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges that you would expect so
+as in the expander mixing lemma so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the expander mixing lemma so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the expander mixing lemma so the
+disk property is that this quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk property is that this quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disk property is that this quantity is
+small relative to the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small relative to the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small relative to the total number of
+edges the second property which will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges the second property which will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges the second property which will
+call I can value property like is that G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I can value property like is that G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call I can value property like is that G
+is a it's an MD lambda graph with lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a it's an MD lambda graph with lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a it's an MD lambda graph with lambda
+at most epsilon D lambda is quite small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most epsilon D lambda is quite small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most epsilon D lambda is quite small
+as a function of T the conclusion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of T the conclusion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of T the conclusion of the
+theorem is that up to a small change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that up to a small change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem is that up to a small change of
+parameters these two properties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters these two properties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters these two properties are
+equivalent in particular eigen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in particular eigen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent in particular eigen value
+implies epsilon implies disk of epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies epsilon implies disk of epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies epsilon implies disk of epsilon
+and disk of epsilon and this is a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disk of epsilon and this is a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and disk of epsilon and this is a the
+second one is the more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is the more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is the more interesting
+direction it implies like while you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it implies like while you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction it implies like while you lose
+a little bit but at most a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit but at most a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit but at most a constant
+factor I have eight Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions about the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay any questions about the statement
+so far so as I mentioned this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so as I mentioned this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so far so as I mentioned this is
+completely false if you consider non
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely false if you consider non
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely false if you consider non
+Cayley graphs and we also using expanded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cayley graphs and we also using expanded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cayley graphs and we also using expanded
+mixing lemma using that implication up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing lemma using that implication up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixing lemma using that implication up
+there this direction follows one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this direction follows one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there this direction follows one of the
+main reasons I want to show you a proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reasons I want to show you a proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main reasons I want to show you a proof
+of this theorem is that it uses this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this theorem is that it uses this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this theorem is that it uses this
+tool which i think is worth knowing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool which i think is worth knowing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool which i think is worth knowing and
+this is an important inequality known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important inequality known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an important inequality known as
+scrolls and digs involve so many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrolls and digs involve so many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrolls and digs involve so many of you
+probably know growth and ich asked this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know growth and ich asked this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably know growth and ich asked this
+famous French mathematician who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous French mathematician who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous French mathematician who
+reinvented powder in algebraic geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvented powder in algebraic geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reinvented powder in algebraic geometry
+and spend the rest of his life writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spend the rest of his life writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spend the rest of his life writing
+homes and homes of texts that have yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes and homes of texts that have yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homes and homes of texts that have yet
+to be translated to English but he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be translated to English but he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be translated to English but he also
+did some important foundational work in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did some important foundational work in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did some important foundational work in
+functional analysis before he became an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional analysis before he became an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional analysis before he became an
+algebraic geometry nerd and this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic geometry nerd and this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebraic geometry nerd and this is one
+of the important results in in that area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the important results in in that area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the important results in in that area
+that he so go from Dick's in equality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he so go from Dick's in equality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he so go from Dick's in equality
+tells us that there exists some absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that there exists some absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that there exists some absolute
+constant K such that for every matrix a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so real valued matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have that the so we have that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that the so we have that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have that the so we have that if you
+okay so here's here's the idea let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's here's the idea let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's here's the idea let's
+consider the supremum okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the supremum okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the supremum okay so let's
+consider the following quantity this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following quantity this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the following quantity this is
+a bilinear form so this is a bilinear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bilinear form so this is a bilinear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bilinear form so this is a bilinear
+form this is basically a bilinear form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is basically a bilinear form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form this is basically a bilinear form
+if you hit by vector x and y from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hit by vector x and y from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you hit by vector x and y from the
+two sides and i'm interested in what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides and i'm interested in what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sides and i'm interested in what is
+the maximum value of this bilinear form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum value of this bilinear form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum value of this bilinear form
+if you are allowed to take x and y to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are allowed to take x and y to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are allowed to take x and y to be
+plus minus one valued real numbers okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus one valued real numbers okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus one valued real numbers okay
+so this is an important quantity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an important quantity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is an important quantity and
+give you a matrix and they're basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a matrix and they're basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a matrix and they're basically
+asking you know you get to assign a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you know you get to assign a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you know you get to assign a plus
+or minus to each row and column and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus to each row and column and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus to each row and column and I
+want you maximize this this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you maximize this this number here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you maximize this this number here
+this is important quality that we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important quality that we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important quality that we'll see
+actually much more in the next chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more in the next chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually much more in the next chapter
+on graphing limits but for now just take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on graphing limits but for now just take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on graphing limits but for now just take
+my word this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my word this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my word this is a very important
+quantity and this is actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and this is actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity and this is actually in
+quantity that is very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that is very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that is very difficult to
+evaluate if I give you know very large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate if I give you know very large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate if I give you know very large
+matrix and ask you to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and ask you to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and ask you to compute this
+number here there's no good algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here there's no good algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here there's no good algorithm
+for it and it's believed that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and it's believed that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it and it's believed that there's no
+good algorithm for it on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm for it on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good algorithm for it on the other hand
+there is a relaxation of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a relaxation of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a relaxation of this problem
+which is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the following
+it's still some but now instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still some but now instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still some but now instead of
+considering the bilinear form there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the bilinear form there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering the bilinear form there
+let's consider the excise and why is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the excise and why is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's consider the excise and why is not
+take the knock from real numbers but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the knock from real numbers but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the knock from real numbers but
+take vectors so let's consider this some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take vectors so let's consider this some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take vectors so let's consider this some
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taking similar-looking some accept that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking similar-looking some accept that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking similar-looking some accept that
+excise and why ice come from a unit ball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excise and why ice come from a unit ball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excise and why ice come from a unit ball
+in some vector space with an inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some vector space with an inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some vector space with an inner
+product where P it's the unit ball in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product where P it's the unit ball in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product where P it's the unit ball in
+some RM where here the dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some RM where here the dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some RM where here the dimension is
+actually not so relevant dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not so relevant dimension is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not so relevant dimension is
+arbitrary if you like you know you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary if you like you know you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary if you like you know you can
+make em and or 2n because you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make em and or 2n because you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make em and or 2n because you only have
+that many vectors so this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many vectors so this quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many vectors so this quantity here
+just by very definition it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by very definition it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by very definition it's a
+relaxation in the right hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation in the right hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation in the right hand side of
+this this quantity here so it's at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this quantity here so it's at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this quantity here so it's at least
+as large right so in particular if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as large right so in particular if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as large right so in particular if you
+have whenever plus minus you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have whenever plus minus you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have whenever plus minus you can always
+look at the same quantity with m equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the same quantity with m equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the same quantity with m equal
+to 1 and you obtain this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and you obtain this quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1 and you obtain this quantity here
+but this quantity may be substantially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this quantity may be substantially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this quantity may be substantially
+larger it's the x and y's have more room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it's the x and y's have more room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger it's the x and y's have more room
+to to put themselves in to maximize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to put themselves in to maximize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to put themselves in to maximize the
+sum and growth and dekes inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and growth and dekes inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum and growth and dekes inequality
+tells us that the left hand side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the left hand side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the left hand side
+actually cannot be too much larger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cannot be too much larger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually cannot be too much larger than
+the right hand side it exceeded by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side it exceeded by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right hand side it exceeded by a
+most a constant factor so in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most a constant factor so in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most a constant factor so in other words
+the left hand side was just known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side was just known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side was just known as a
+semi definite relaxation you are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi definite relaxation you are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi definite relaxation you are not
+losing by more than a constant factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing by more than a constant factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losing by more than a constant factor
+compared to the original problem and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the original problem and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the original problem and
+this is important in computer science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important in computer science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is important in computer science
+because the left hand side turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the left hand side turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the left hand side turns out to
+be a semi definite program SDP which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a semi definite program SDP which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a semi definite program SDP which
+does have efficient algorithms to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have efficient algorithms to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have efficient algorithms to
+compute so you can give a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so you can give a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so you can give a constant
+factor approximation to this difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor approximation to this difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor approximation to this difficult
+to compute the important quantity by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the important quantity by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute the important quantity by
+using semi definite relaxation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using semi definite relaxation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using semi definite relaxation and
+growth and inequality promises us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and inequality promises us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth and inequality promises us that
+it is a good relaxation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you may ask what is the value of K so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may ask what is the value of K so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may ask what is the value of K so I
+said there exist some constant K so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there exist some constant K so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said there exist some constant K so this
+is actually a mystery so the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a mystery so the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a mystery so the current
+proofs have been improved over time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs have been improved over time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs have been improved over time in
+the growth and become self prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth and become self prove this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the growth and become self prove this
+theorem but a constant has been improved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but a constant has been improved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem but a constant has been improved
+over time and currently the best known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and currently the best known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time and currently the best known
+result there is something along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result there is something along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result there is something along the
+lines of K Guffey 1.78 works but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of K Guffey 1.78 works but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines of K Guffey 1.78 works but the
+optimal value which is known as cotton
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal value which is known as cotton
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal value which is known as cotton
+the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is growth indeed constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is growth indeed constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is growth indeed constant
+actually this is what I've written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is what I've written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is what I've written down
+is what's called the real growth in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's called the real growth in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's called the real growth in the
+economy can also write a version for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy can also write a version for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy can also write a version for
+complex numbers and complex vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and complex vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex numbers and complex vectors and
+that's the complex growth index constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the complex growth index constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the complex growth index constant
+yes if your lower bound that is no yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if your lower bound that is no yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if your lower bound that is no yes
+so it's no night it is strictly bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's no night it is strictly bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's no night it is strictly bigger
+than one so there are some specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so there are some specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so there are some specific
+numbers but I forget what they are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but I forget what they are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers but I forget what they are you
+can look it up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any more questions so well leave growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions so well leave growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more questions so well leave growth
+and equality we'll use it as a black box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equality we'll use it as a black box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and equality we'll use it as a black box
+okay so if you wish to learn the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you wish to learn the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if you wish to learn the proof
+is I encourage you to do so it's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I encourage you to do so it's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I encourage you to do so it's there's
+some quite nice proofs out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quite nice proofs out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some quite nice proofs out there and
+we'll use it to prove this theorem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use it to prove this theorem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use it to prove this theorem here
+about quasi random Cayley graphs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quasi random Cayley graphs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about quasi random Cayley graphs so
+let's suppose disc hos so what we like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose disc hos so what we like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's suppose disc hos so what we like
+what do we like to show we want to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we like to show we want to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we like to show we want to show
+that this eigenvalue condition holds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this eigenvalue condition holds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this eigenvalue condition holds and
+we'll use the you know some min max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the you know some min max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use the you know some min max
+characterization of eigen values but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of eigen values but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of eigen values but
+first some preliminaries suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first some preliminaries suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first some preliminaries suppose you
+have vectors x and y which have plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vectors x and y which have plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have vectors x and y which have plus
+minus 1 coordinate values then by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 coordinate values then by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 coordinate values then by
+letting okay so let's consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting okay so let's consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting okay so let's consider the
+following vectors where i split up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following vectors where i split up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following vectors where i split up
+x and y according to where they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y according to where they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y according to where they are
+positive and where they're negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here these are such that X plus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here these are such that X plus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here these are such that X plus is
+equal to so if I evaluate it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to so if I evaluate it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to so if I evaluate it on
+coordinate G then is 1 if X of G is plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate G then is 1 if X of G is plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate G then is 1 if X of G is plus
+1 and 0 otherwise its G sub minus this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 0 otherwise its G sub minus this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and 0 otherwise its G sub minus this
+one if X of G is minus 1 0 otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if X of G is minus 1 0 otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one if X of G is minus 1 0 otherwise
+so X splits into x + - x - + y splits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X splits into x + - x - + y splits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X splits into x + - x - + y splits
+into y plus minus y - let's consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into y plus minus y - let's consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into y plus minus y - let's consider
+matrix a where the G comma H entry of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a where the G comma H entry of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a where the G comma H entry of a
+is the following quantity I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following quantity I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following quantity I have this
+set s and I look at whether G inverse H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set s and I look at whether G inverse H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set s and I look at whether G inverse H
+lies in s and that cake considered an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies in s and that cake considered an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lies in s and that cake considered an
+indicator of that which 1 or 0 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of that which 1 or 0 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of that which 1 or 0 and then
+subtract the / n this value has mean 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the / n this value has mean 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract the / n this value has mean 0
+so this is a matrix and now if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a matrix and now if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a matrix and now if I
+consider the bilinear form hit a from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the bilinear form hit a from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the bilinear form hit a from
+left and right with x and y then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right with x and y then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left and right with x and y then the
+bilinear form splits according to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear form splits according to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear form splits according to the
+plus and minuses of the axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I claim that each one of these terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim that each one of these terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I claim that each one of these terms
+is controlled because of disk so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled because of disk so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is controlled because of disk so for
+example the first term is if you expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the first term is if you expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the first term is if you expand
+out what the sky are so here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the sky are so here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what the sky are so here's an
+indicator vector that's an indicator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator vector that's an indicator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator vector that's an indicator
+vector and you know if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you know if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and you know if you look at the
+definition then this is precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition then this is precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition then this is precisely the
+number of edges between X plus and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges between X plus and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges between X plus and y
+plus minus D over N times the size of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus D over N times the size of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus minus D over N times the size of X
+plus times the size of Y plus where X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus times the size of Y plus where X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus times the size of Y plus where X
+plus is the set of group elements such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is the set of group elements such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is the set of group elements such
+that X sub G is 1 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so the punchline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the punchline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so the punchline
+up there is that this quantity so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is that this quantity so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there is that this quantity so this
+quantity is and most you know by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is and most you know by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is and most you know by
+discrepancy epsilon the end so so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy epsilon the end so so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy epsilon the end so so this
+sum here by triangle inequality is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum here by triangle inequality is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum here by triangle inequality is at
+most for epsilon D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so so far we've reinterpreted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so far we've reinterpreted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so so far we've reinterpreted
+the discrepancy property and what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrepancy property and what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discrepancy property and what we
+really want to show is that this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to show is that this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to show is that this graph
+here satisfies eigen value condition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here satisfies eigen value condition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here satisfies eigen value condition so
+what does that actually mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that actually mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that actually mean
+to satisfy the eigen value condition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy the eigen value condition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to satisfy the eigen value condition so
+by the min/max characterization of eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the min/max characterization of eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the min/max characterization of eigen
+values it follows that the maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it follows that the maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values it follows that the maximum of
+these two eigen values which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two eigen values which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two eigen values which is the
+quantity that we would like to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that we would like to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that we would like to control
+is equal to the following it is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the following it is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the following it is equal to
+the supremum of the spy linear form when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum of the spy linear form when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the supremum of the spy linear form when
+x and y are vectors and this is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y are vectors and this is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y are vectors and this is simply
+because a is the matrix it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a is the matrix it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because a is the matrix it's not the
+adjacency matrix it's not the adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix it's not the adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency matrix it's not the adjacency
+matrix a is the matrix obtained by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a is the matrix obtained by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a is the matrix obtained by
+essentially taking the adjacency matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking the adjacency matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially taking the adjacency matrix
+and subtracting that constant there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting that constant there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and subtracting that constant there and
+subtracting that constant gets rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting that constant gets rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting that constant gets rid of
+the top eigenvalue and what you remained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top eigenvalue and what you remained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top eigenvalue and what you remained
+is whatever that's left and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever that's left and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is whatever that's left and you want to
+show that whatever you remain has small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that whatever you remain has small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that whatever you remain has small
+spectral radius so we would like to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral radius so we would like to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spectral radius so we would like to show
+that this quantity here is quite small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well let's do it give me a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do it give me a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's do it give me a pair of
+vectors x and y and let's set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following quantities where I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following quantities where I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following quantities where I take a
+twist of this X vector by rotating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist of this X vector by rotating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist of this X vector by rotating the
+coordinates setting X super s sub G the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates setting X super s sub G the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates setting X super s sub G the
+coordinate G to be X sub s G so so X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate G to be X sub s G so so X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate G to be X sub s G so so X is
+a vector indexed by the group elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector indexed by the group elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector indexed by the group elements
+and then rotating this indexing of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rotating this indexing of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then rotating this indexing of the
+group elements by s so that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group elements by s so that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group elements by s so that's what I
+mean by superscript s and likewise y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by superscript s and likewise y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by superscript s and likewise y
+superscript s is defined similarly okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript s is defined similarly okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superscript s is defined similarly okay
+so I claim that these twists these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim that these twists these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I claim that these twists these
+rotations do not change the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations do not change the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rotations do not change the norm of
+these vectors and that should be pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors and that should be pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these vectors and that should be pretty
+clear because I'm simply relabeling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear because I'm simply relabeling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear because I'm simply relabeling the
+coordinates in a uniform way and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in a uniform way and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates in a uniform way and
+likewise same for y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I would like to show this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I would like to show this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I would like to show this
+quantity up here is small so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity up here is small so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity up here is small so let's
+consider two unit vectors and consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two unit vectors and consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider two unit vectors and consider
+this by linear form if I expand out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by linear form if I expand out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by linear form if I expand out this
+by linear form it looks like that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by linear form it looks like that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by linear form it looks like that I'm
+just writing it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just writing it out
+but now let me just throw in an extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let me just throw in an extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now let me just throw in an extra
+variable of summation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of summation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable of summation
+Oh what do yes essentially look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh what do yes essentially look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh what do yes essentially look at the
+same sum but now I add in an extra s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so convince yourself that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so convince yourself that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so convince yourself that this is the
+same some include simply reprimanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same some include simply reprimanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same some include simply reprimanding
+there's some so this is the same sum but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some so this is the same sum but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some so this is the same sum but
+now if you look at the definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you look at the definition of a
+there's just cancellation so the 2's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just cancellation so the 2's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just cancellation so the 2's
+cancel out so let's rewrite the sum 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out so let's rewrite the sum 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancel out so let's rewrite the sum 1
+over n then G H s all group elements now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n then G H s all group elements now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over n then G H s all group elements now
+if I bring this summation of s now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I bring this summation of s now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I bring this summation of s now I
+bring it inside and then you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it inside and then you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it inside and then you see that
+what's inside is simply the inner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside is simply the inner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's inside is simply the inner
+product between the two vectors X sub G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product between the two vectors X sub G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product between the two vectors X sub G
+between the two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ok so what's inside is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what's inside is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ok so what's inside is simply the
+product inner product between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I may need to redefine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so when you're looking at when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so when you're looking at when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so when you're looking at when
+you're talking about non abelian groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about non abelian groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're talking about non abelian groups
+there's always the question of which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always the question of which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always the question of which
+side should you multiply things by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there okay well I need to change this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay well I need to change this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay well I need to change this
+asked over here but anybody see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked over here but anybody see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked over here but anybody see it
+should work yes good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work yes good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work yes good
+YH thank you yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+so I maybe I need to switch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I maybe I need to switch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I maybe I need to switch the
+definition here playing any case some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here playing any case some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition here playing any case some
+version of this should be okay figure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this should be okay figure it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this should be okay figure it
+out later in the notes but no okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out later in the notes but no okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out later in the notes but no okay so so
+you have this you have this here and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this you have this here and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have this you have this here and if
+you look at this quantity here it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this quantity here it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at this quantity here it is the
+kind of quantity that comes up in cloth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of quantity that comes up in cloth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of quantity that comes up in cloth
+and digs inequality right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and digs inequality right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and digs inequality right so this is
+basically the left-hand side of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the left-hand side of growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the left-hand side of growth
+index inequality what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index inequality what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+index inequality what about the
+right-hand side of growth index
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of growth index
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right-hand side of growth index
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+well we already controlled that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already controlled that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already controlled that we
+already controlled that because we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already controlled that because we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already controlled that because we said
+whenever you have up there little accent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have up there little accent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you have up there little accent
+of the Y so the conclusion of this board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Y so the conclusion of this board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Y so the conclusion of this board
+was that the conclusion of this sport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the conclusion of this sport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the conclusion of this sport
+was that this by linear form is bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that this by linear form is bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that this by linear form is bounded
+by a most for epsilon T for all X's Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a most for epsilon T for all X's Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a most for epsilon T for all X's Y
+being plus minus 1 coordinate valued so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being plus minus 1 coordinate valued so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being plus minus 1 coordinate valued so
+combining them by growth and eke we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining them by growth and eke we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining them by growth and eke we have
+an upper bound which is quoting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound which is quoting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an upper bound which is quoting the
+constant times for epsilon so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times for epsilon so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant times for epsilon so for
+epsilon T and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore because the Courtney
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore because the Courtney
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore because the Courtney
+constant is less than two we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is less than two we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is less than two we have a
+pound of eight epsilon T and this shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound of eight epsilon T and this shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pound of eight epsilon T and this shows
+that this variational problem which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this variational problem which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this variational problem which
+characterizes the largest eigenvalue in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the largest eigenvalue in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterizes the largest eigenvalue in
+absolute value is at most eight epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is at most eight epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value is at most eight epsilon
+D thereby implying the eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D thereby implying the eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D thereby implying the eigenvalue
+property okay so the main takeaway from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay so the main takeaway from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property okay so the main takeaway from
+this proof two things one there's growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof two things one there's growth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this proof two things one there's growth
+in the extend equality is a nice thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the extend equality is a nice thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the extend equality is a nice thing
+to know right so it's a semi definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know right so it's a semi definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know right so it's a semi definite
+relaxation that changes the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation that changes the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relaxation that changes the problem
+which is initially some more intractable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is initially some more intractable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is initially some more intractable
+to a semi definite problem which is both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a semi definite problem which is both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a semi definite problem which is both
+you know from a computer science point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from a computer science point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know from a computer science point
+of view algorithmically tractable but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view algorithmically tractable but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view algorithmically tractable but
+also has nice mathematical properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has nice mathematical properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has nice mathematical properties
+that for this application here there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this application here there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for this application here there is
+a nice trick in this proof where I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice trick in this proof where I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice trick in this proof where I'm
+cement writing the coordinates using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement writing the coordinates using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cement writing the coordinates using the
+group symmetries and that allows me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group symmetries and that allows me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group symmetries and that allows me to
+obtain this characterization showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this characterization showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtain this characterization showing
+that eigen value condition and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigen value condition and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that eigen value condition and this
+discrepancy condition are equivalent for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy condition are equivalent for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy condition are equivalent for
+Cayley graphs let's take a quick wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay any questions so far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or so we're talking about n D lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so we're talking about n D lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so we're talking about n D lambda
+graphs so T regular graphs and the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so T regular graphs and the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs so T regular graphs and the next
+question I would like to this address is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I would like to this address is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I would like to this address is
+in and en der graaf how small can lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and en der graaf how small can lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and en der graaf how small can lambda
+B so smaller lambda corresponds to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so smaller lambda corresponds to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so smaller lambda corresponds to more
+pseudo random graph so how small can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random graph so how small can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo random graph so how small can
+this be and the right kind of setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be and the right kind of setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this be and the right kind of setting
+that I want you to think about is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to think about is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want you to think about is you
+think of D as a constant so think of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of D as a constant so think of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of D as a constant so think of T
+as a constant and n getting large so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a constant and n getting large so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a constant and n getting large so how
+small and lambda P and it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and lambda P and it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and lambda P and it turns out
+there is a limit to how small it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a limit to how small it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a limit to how small it can be
+and it is known as the alone open a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is known as the alone open a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is known as the alone open a
+bound which tells you that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which tells you that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound which tells you that if you have a
+fixed T and so G is an N vertex graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed T and so G is an N vertex graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed T and so G is an N vertex graph
+with adjacency matrix eigenvalues lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+1 to lambda n sort it in non increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to lambda n sort it in non increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to lambda n sort it in non increasing
+order then the second largest eigen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order then the second largest eigen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order then the second largest eigen
+value has to be at least basically two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value has to be at least basically two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value has to be at least basically two
+root D minus one minus a small error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root D minus one minus a small error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root D minus one minus a small error
+term at all n little one where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term at all n little one where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term at all n little one where the
+little one goes to 0 as n goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little one goes to 0 as n goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little one goes to 0 as n goes to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the aluminum panel bound tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the aluminum panel bound tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the aluminum panel bound tells you
+that the lambda cannot be below this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lambda cannot be below this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the lambda cannot be below this
+quantity here and I want to explain what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here and I want to explain what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here and I want to explain what
+there's a significance of this quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significance of this quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significance of this quantity
+and you will see it in the proof and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see it in the proof and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will see it in the proof and
+this quantity is the best possible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is the best possible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity is the best possible and
+also say you know what do we know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also say you know what do we know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also say you know what do we know about
+the existence of graphs which have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of graphs which have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the existence of graphs which have
+lambda too close to this number so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda too close to this number so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda too close to this number so this
+is the optimal number you can put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the optimal number you can put here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the optimal number you can put here
+question okay question does they say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay question does they say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question okay question does they say how
+negative lambda and can be so I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative lambda and can be so I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative lambda and can be so I'll
+address that in a second but essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that in a second but essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address that in a second but essentially
+if you have a bipartite graph then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a bipartite graph then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a bipartite graph then
+lambda N equals 2 minus lambda 1 okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda N equals 2 minus lambda 1 okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda N equals 2 minus lambda 1 okay
+all questions so I want to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all questions so I want to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all questions so I want to show you a
+proof and time permitting a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and time permitting a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof and time permitting a couple
+proofs of a Lobel panel bound and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of a Lobel panel bound and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs of a Lobel panel bound and
+they're all quite simple to execute but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all quite simple to execute but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all quite simple to execute but
+the you know I think it's a good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know I think it's a good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know I think it's a good way to
+understand how the spectral techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the spectral techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the spectral techniques
+work okay so first as with all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so first as with all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so first as with all of the
+proofs that we did concerning most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs that we did concerning most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs that we did concerning most of
+them concerning eigenvalues were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them concerning eigenvalues were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them concerning eigenvalues were looking
+at the quran fischer characterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eigenvalues it suffices to show to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues it suffices to show to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalues it suffices to show to
+exhibit some vector Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so a non zero vector such that Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a non zero vector such that Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so a non zero vector such that Z is
+orthogonal to the all ones vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this quotient is at least the claimed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quotient is at least the claimed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quotient is at least the claimed
+bound right so by the Quran Fisher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound right so by the Quran Fisher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound right so by the Quran Fisher
+characterization of the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterization of the second
+eigenvalue if you vary over all such d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue if you vary over all such d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eigenvalue if you vary over all such d
+that orthogonal to the unit vector then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orthogonal to the unit vector then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that orthogonal to the unit vector then
+the maximum value this quantity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum value this quantity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the maximum value this quantity of
+things is equal to lambda2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is equal to lambda2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things is equal to lambda2
+so to show that lambda 2 is large it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to show that lambda 2 is large it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so to show that lambda 2 is large it
+suffices to exhibit such Z so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices to exhibit such Z so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffices to exhibit such Z so let me
+construct such as G for you so let R be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct such as G for you so let R be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct such as G for you so let R be
+a positive integer and let's pick an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive integer and let's pick an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a positive integer and let's pick an
+arbitrary vertex V so we it's a vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary vertex V so we it's a vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary vertex V so we it's a vertex
+in the graph and let V sub I denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph and let V sub I denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph and let V sub I denote
+vertices distance exactly i from so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices distance exactly i from so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices distance exactly i from so in
+particular V naught is equal to B and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular V naught is equal to B and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular V naught is equal to B and I
+can draw you a picture so you have V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw you a picture so you have V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can draw you a picture so you have V
+naught and then the neighbors of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and then the neighbors of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and then the neighbors of V
+naught and each of them have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and each of them have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and each of them have more
+neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm calling be not the set pick V not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm calling be not the set pick V not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm calling be not the set pick V not
+and then pick the one V sub 2 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I'm going to define a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to define a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm going to define a vector
+which I will eventually make into Z by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will eventually make into Z by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I will eventually make into Z by
+telling you what is the value of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what is the value of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you what is the value of this
+vector each of these vertices and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector each of these vertices and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector each of these vertices and we'll
+do this by setting very explicitly set X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by setting very explicitly set X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this by setting very explicitly set X
+to be a vector with value X of U to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a vector with value X of U to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a vector with value X of U to be
+WI where WI is t minus 1 raise to power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WI where WI is t minus 1 raise to power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+WI where WI is t minus 1 raise to power
+minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 2
+whenever you lies in set big V sub I so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you lies in set big V sub I so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you lies in set big V sub I so
+if US distance exactly I from V I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if US distance exactly I from V I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if US distance exactly I from V I said
+it to this number so notice that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to this number so notice that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to this number so notice that they
+decrease as you get further away from D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease as you get further away from D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease as you get further away from D
+and I do this for all distances less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do this for all distances less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I do this for all distances less
+than okay so this is my X vector and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than okay so this is my X vector and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than okay so this is my X vector and I
+said all the other back all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all the other back all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said all the other back all the other
+coordinates to be 0 the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to be 0 the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates to be 0 the distance between
+you and be leashed so like if you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and be leashed so like if you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and be leashed so like if you this
+vector and I would like to compute that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and I would like to compute that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and I would like to compute that
+quotient over there for this vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient over there for this vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient over there for this vector and
+I claim that this quotient here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is at least the following quantity this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least the following quantity this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is at least the following quantity this
+is a computation so let's just do it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a computation so let's just do it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a computation so let's just do it so
+why is this true well if you compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this true well if you compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this true well if you compute the
+norm of X so I'm just taking the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of X so I'm just taking the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of X so I'm just taking the sum of
+the squares of these coordinates or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares of these coordinates or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the squares of these coordinates or that
+comes from adding up these values I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from adding up these values I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from adding up these values I
+neighborhood so I have W squared and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood so I have W squared and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood so I have W squared and if
+I look at that quantity up there ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at that quantity up there ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I look at that quantity up there ok so
+what is this a is the adjacency matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this a is the adjacency matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this a is the adjacency matrix
+right here a is the adjacency matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here a is the adjacency matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here a is the adjacency matrix so
+this quantity I can write it as sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity I can write it as sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quantity I can write it as sum over
+all vertices U and I look at X of U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vertices U and I look at X of U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all vertices U and I look at X of U and
+now I some again over all neighbors u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I some again over all neighbors u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I some again over all neighbors u
+Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime
+it's that some day but this sum I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that some day but this sum I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that some day but this sum I have
+some control over because it is okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some control over because it is okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some control over because it is okay so
+also what is what's happening here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what is what's happening here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also what is what's happening here I
+claim it has at least the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim it has at least the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim it has at least the following
+quantity consider where us so you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity consider where us so you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity consider where us so you could
+be only nonzero if you lies in the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only nonzero if you lies in the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be only nonzero if you lies in the R
+minus 1 neighborhood so in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 neighborhood so in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 neighborhood so in that
+neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood
+I have mystified possible choices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have mystified possible choices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have mystified possible choices for
+the vertex U for that choice this XW is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex U for that choice this XW is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex U for that choice this XW is
+W sub R but what about its neighbors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W sub R but what about its neighbors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W sub R but what about its neighbors so
+it could have neighbors in the same set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have neighbors in the same set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could have neighbors in the same set
+going left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going left
+but there's okay so there's one neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's okay so there's one neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's okay so there's one neighbor
+going left and all the other neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going left and all the other neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going left and all the other neighbors
+are maybe it's in the same cell maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maybe it's in the same cell maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are maybe it's in the same cell maybe
+it's in the next set but in any case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the next set but in any case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the next set but in any case I
+have the following inequality there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following inequality there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the following inequality there's
+one neighbor in the same in the left if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one neighbor in the same in the left if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one neighbor in the same in the left if
+you look at that picture just now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at that picture just now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at that picture just now and
+then all the remaining neighbors have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the remaining neighbors have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all the remaining neighbors have
+except you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except you
+Prime's at least W sub I plus 1 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime's at least W sub I plus 1 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime's at least W sub I plus 1 because
+these weights are decreasing so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weights are decreasing so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these weights are decreasing so the
+worst case so to speak is all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case so to speak is all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worst case so to speak is all the
+neighbors point to the next set so I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors point to the next set so I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors point to the next set so I had
+that inequality there there's an issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inequality there there's an issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inequality there there's an issue
+because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go to the very last set if you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the very last set if you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the very last set if you go to the
+very last set think about what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last set think about what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last set think about what happens
+when I in that very last set I'm over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I in that very last set I'm over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I in that very last set I'm over
+counting neighbors I no longer have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting neighbors I no longer have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting neighbors I no longer have
+weights so I need to take them out so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so I need to take them out so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights so I need to take them out so I
+should subtract D minus 1 times ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should subtract D minus 1 times ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should subtract D minus 1 times ok so
+this is the maximum possible weights um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the maximum possible weights um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the maximum possible weights um
+I could have maximum possible over count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have maximum possible over count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could have maximum possible over count
+okay so each vertex here has t minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each vertex here has t minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so each vertex here has t minus 1
+neighbors at most all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors at most all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors at most all right so this
+should be pretty straightforward if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty straightforward if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be pretty straightforward if you
+do their counting correctly but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their counting correctly but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do their counting correctly but now
+let's plug in what these weights are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plug in what these weights are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's plug in what these weights are and
+you'll find that this sum here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that this sum here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find that this sum here this
+quantity is equal to I mean so the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is equal to I mean so the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity is equal to I mean so the key
+point here is that this thing simplifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that this thing simplifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point here is that this thing simplifies
+very nicely if you consider what so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely if you consider what so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nicely if you consider what so what
+ends up happening is that you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up happening is that you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up happening is that you get this
+extra factor 2 root t minus 1 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra factor 2 root t minus 1 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra factor 2 root t minus 1 and then
+the sum - okay so it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum - okay so it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum - okay so it's pretty
+straightforward computation using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward computation using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward computation using the
+specific weights that we have and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific weights that we have and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific weights that we have and one
+more thing is that notice that this ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing is that notice that this ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more thing is that notice that this ok
+so notice that the sizes of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that the sizes of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that the sizes of each
+neighborhood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighborhood
+it cannot expand by more than a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot expand by more than a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it cannot expand by more than a factor
+of P minus 1 because you only have D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P minus 1 because you only have D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of P minus 1 because you only have D
+minus 1 outward edges going forward at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 outward edges going forward at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 outward edges going forward at
+each step and as a result I can bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step and as a result I can bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each step and as a result I can bound
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you find is that there's this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that there's this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you find is that there's this whole
+thing here is at least 2 x 3 t minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is at least 2 x 3 t minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing here is at least 2 x 3 t minus 1
+the main term is the sum and this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main term is the sum and this here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main term is the sum and this here
+is less than each individual summit so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than each individual summit so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than each individual summit so I
+can do a 1 minus 1 over 2 R ok putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a 1 minus 1 over 2 R ok putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a 1 minus 1 over 2 R ok putting
+these two together you find the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so I've exhibited this vector X which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've exhibited this vector X which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've exhibited this vector X which
+has that quotient property but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that quotient property but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has that quotient property but that's
+not quite enough right because we need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite enough right because we need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite enough right because we need a
+vector called Li up here that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector called Li up here that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector called Li up here that is
+orthogonal to the old ones vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the old ones vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the old ones vector and
+not you can do because if the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you can do because if the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not you can do because if the number of
+vertices is quite a bit larger compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is quite a bit larger compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices is quite a bit larger compared
+to the degree then I claim that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the degree then I claim that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the degree then I claim that there
+exists U and V vectors vertices that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists U and V vectors vertices that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists U and V vectors vertices that are
+at distance at least 2 R so if I let so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at distance at least 2 R so if I let so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at distance at least 2 R so if I let so
+this is the size of this tree if you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the size of this tree if you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the size of this tree if you if
+everything is within distance R distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is within distance R distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is within distance R distance
+to are from a vertex then they all lie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to are from a vertex then they all lie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to are from a vertex then they all lie
+on the street and if you come a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the street and if you come a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the street and if you come a number
+of vertices in that tree it's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices in that tree it's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices in that tree it's what I
+have there's some everything here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there's some everything here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have there's some everything here so if
+I consider these two vectors so be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I consider these two vectors so be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I consider these two vectors so be
+so X be the vector obtained above which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X be the vector obtained above which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so X be the vector obtained above which
+is in some sense and I'm being somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some sense and I'm being somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in some sense and I'm being somewhat
+informal here centered at B and if I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal here centered at B and if I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal here centered at B and if I let
+Y be the back sure but I century now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y be the back sure but I century now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y be the back sure but I century now at
+the vector u then I claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector u then I claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vector u then I claim that
+essentially x and y are supported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disjoint vertex sets that have no edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint vertex sets that have no edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint vertex sets that have no edges
+even between them so in particular this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even between them so in particular this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even between them so in particular this
+in your product it's bilinear form in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your product it's bilinear form in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your product it's bilinear form in
+the product but this by linear form is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product but this by linear form is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product but this by linear form is
+equal to 0 since no edge between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 since no edge between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 since no edge between the
+supports ok so now I have two vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports ok so now I have two vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supports ok so now I have two vectors
+that do not interact but both have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not interact but both have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that do not interact but both have this
+nice property above and now I can take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice property above and now I can take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice property above and now I can take a
+linear combination let me choose the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination let me choose the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination let me choose the
+constant C that's a real constant such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C that's a real constant such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C that's a real constant such
+that this Z equal to X minus CY
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I can choose this constant so x and y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can choose this constant so x and y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can choose this constant so x and y
+are both non-negative entries they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both non-negative entries they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are both non-negative entries they're
+both non zero so I can choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both non zero so I can choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both non zero so I can choose this
+constant C so that it is the Z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C so that it is the Z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C so that it is the Z is
+orthogonal to the old ones vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the old ones vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the old ones vector and
+now I have this extra property I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have this extra property I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I have this extra property I want
+but what about the inner products these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about the inner products these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what about the inner products these
+two vectors x and y they do not interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors x and y they do not interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two vectors x and y they do not interact
+at all so the inner products split just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so the inner products split just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all so the inner products split just
+fine and the bilinear form splits just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and the bilinear form splits just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine and the bilinear form splits just
+fine so you have this inequality here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so you have this inequality here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine so you have this inequality here as
+desired and our notice that I can take R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired and our notice that I can take R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desired and our notice that I can take R
+going to infinity as n going to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to infinity as n going to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to infinity as n going to infinity
+because T is fixed and goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because T is fixed and goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because T is fixed and goes to infinity
+then R can go to infinity roughly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then R can go to infinity roughly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then R can go to infinity roughly a
+logarithmic N and that proves the loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic N and that proves the loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logarithmic N and that proves the loan
+Papa not bound X just to recap to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Papa not bound X just to recap to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Papa not bound X just to recap to prove
+this bound we needed to exhibit by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound we needed to exhibit by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bound we needed to exhibit by the
+Quran Fisher some vector with a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quran Fisher some vector with a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Quran Fisher some vector with a nice
+this quotient such that this quotient is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quotient such that this quotient is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quotient such that this quotient is
+large and we exhibit this quotient by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and we exhibit this quotient by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and we exhibit this quotient by
+constructing the vector explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the vector explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing the vector explicitly
+around the vertex and finding two such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the vertex and finding two such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the vertex and finding two such
+vertices that are far away from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that are far away from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices that are far away from
+constructing these two vectors taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing these two vectors taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing these two vectors taking
+the appropriate linear combination so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate linear combination so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appropriate linear combination so
+that the final vector is orthogonal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the final vector is orthogonal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the final vector is orthogonal to
+the unit vector to the old ones vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit vector to the old ones vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit vector to the old ones vector
+and then showing that the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then showing that the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then showing that the corresponding
+bilinear form has this large enough any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear form has this large enough any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bilinear form has this large enough any
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+I want to show you a different proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a different proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to show you a different proof
+which gives you a slightly worse result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you a slightly worse result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives you a slightly worse result
+but you know it's the proof is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's the proof is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's the proof is
+conceptually nice so let me give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually nice so let me give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually nice so let me give you a
+second proof slightly weakening and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second proof slightly weakening and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second proof slightly weakening and just
+that what show so what show so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what show so what show so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what show so what show so the
+earlier proof show that lambda2 is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier proof show that lambda2 is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier proof show that lambda2 is quite
+large but next will show that the max of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but next will show that the max of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large but next will show that the max of
+lambda 2 and the lambda n is large ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 and the lambda n is large ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 and the lambda n is large ok so
+not that the second largest eigenvalue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the second largest eigenvalue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that the second largest eigenvalue
+is large but the second largest I can no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large but the second largest I can no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is large but the second largest I can no
+absolute value so it's slightly weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value so it's slightly weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value so it's slightly weaker
+but for all intents and purposes it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for all intents and purposes it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for all intents and purposes it's
+the same spirit show this one here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same spirit show this one here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same spirit show this one here and
+this is a nice illustration that what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nice illustration that what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a nice illustration that what's
+called a trace method sometimes also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a trace method sometimes also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a trace method sometimes also a
+moment method here's the idea as we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment method here's the idea as we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment method here's the idea as we saw
+in the proof relating the quasi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proof relating the quasi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the proof relating the quasi
+randomness of c4 and eigen values or C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness of c4 and eigen values or C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness of c4 and eigen values or C
+force are most I can dollars are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force are most I can dollars are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force are most I can dollars are related
+to counting closed walks in a graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to counting closed walks in a graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to counting closed walks in a graph so
+we'll use that counting closed walks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use that counting closed walks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll use that counting closed walks in
+the graph and specifically the cue paved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph and specifically the cue paved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the graph and specifically the cue paved
+moment of the spectrum is equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of the spectrum is equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment of the spectrum is equal to the
+trace the 2k power which counts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the 2k power which counts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace the 2k power which counts the
+number of closed walks of length exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of closed walks of length exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of closed walks of length exactly
+2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so to lower bound the left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to lower bound the left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to lower bound the left hand
+side we want to lower bound the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we want to lower bound the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we want to lower bound the right
+hand side so let's consider closed walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so let's consider closed walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side so let's consider closed walks
+starting at a fixed vertex so the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at a fixed vertex so the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting at a fixed vertex so the number
+of closed walks of length okay starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of closed walks of length okay starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of closed walks of length okay starting
+at a fixed vertex B here when I do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fixed vertex B here when I do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a fixed vertex B here when I do a
+regular graph so here we are in ad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular graph so here we are in ad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular graph so here we are in ad
+regular I claim you know whatever this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular I claim you know whatever this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular I claim you know whatever this
+number is may be different from each V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is may be different from each V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is may be different from each V
+it is at least the same quantity if I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is at least the same quantity if I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is at least the same quantity if I do
+this walk in an infinite D regular tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so infinity regular tree yes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so infinity regular tree yes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so infinity regular tree yes this is
+infinite through regular tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+start with the vertex and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the vertex and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with the vertex and then you
+growth D regular so why is this true so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth D regular so why is this true so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth D regular so why is this true so
+think about how you walk let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how you walk let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about how you walk let me just
+explain this is I think pretty easy once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this is I think pretty easy once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this is I think pretty easy once
+you see things the right way to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see things the right way to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see things the right way to start
+with the vertex V think about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the vertex V think about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the vertex V think about how you
+walk and whatever way you can walk well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and whatever way you can walk well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk and whatever way you can walk well
+you can walk the same way on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can walk the same way on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can walk the same way on the
+Infinity regular tree well I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity regular tree well I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity regular tree well I mean
+whatever walk you can do on at infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever walk you can do on at infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever walk you can do on at infinity
+regular tree if you label first vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular tree if you label first vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular tree if you label first vertex
+first edge second edge if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first edge second edge if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first edge second edge if you do a
+corresponding labeling on your words no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding labeling on your words no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding labeling on your words no
+graph you can do that walk on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you can do that walk on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you can do that walk on your
+original graph although the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph although the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original graph although the original
+graph might have some additional walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph might have some additional walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph might have some additional walks
+namely things that involve cycles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely things that involve cycles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely things that involve cycles that
+are not available on your tree but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not available on your tree but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not available on your tree but
+certainly every walk you can do every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly every walk you can do every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly every walk you can do every
+closed walking you can do on the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walking you can do on the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed walking you can do on the tree
+you can do the same walk on your graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the same walk on your graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the same walk on your graph
+so you can make this more formal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make this more formal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can make this more formal right
+so you can write down a batch action or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write down a batch action or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can write down a batch action or
+injection to make this more formal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection to make this more formal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection to make this more formal but
+you know it should be fairly convincing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it should be fairly convincing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it should be fairly convincing
+that this inequality is true but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this inequality is true but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this inequality is true but this is
+just some number all right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some number all right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just some number all right so this is a
+number of 2k walks and the D regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of 2k walks and the D regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of 2k walks and the D regular
+tree starting at a vertex and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree starting at a vertex and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree starting at a vertex and this
+number has been well studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number has been well studied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number has been well studied
+I mean we don't need to know the precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we don't need to know the precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean we don't need to know the precise
+number just need to know some good lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number just need to know some good lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number just need to know some good lower
+bound and here is one lower bound which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and here is one lower bound which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and here is one lower bound which
+is that if there's at least a Catalan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if there's at least a Catalan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if there's at least a Catalan
+number the cave Catalan number times D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the cave Catalan number times D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number the cave Catalan number times D
+minus 1 to the K where C sub K it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the K where C sub K it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 to the K where C sub K it's the
+case Catalan number which is equal to ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Catalan number which is equal to ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case Catalan number which is equal to ok
+so k2 k2 is K divided by K plus 1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k2 k2 is K divided by K plus 1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so k2 k2 is K divided by K plus 1 so
+then we remind you what this is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we remind you what this is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we remind you what this is you know
+one there has many combinatorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there has many combinatorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there has many combinatorial
+interpretations and fun exercise to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations and fun exercise to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretations and fun exercise to do
+by directions between them but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by directions between them but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by directions between them but in
+particular C 3 is the equal to 5 which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular C 3 is the equal to 5 which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular C 3 is the equal to 5 which
+counts the number of ups and down walks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts the number of ups and down walks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counts the number of ups and down walks
+of length 6 that never dip below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 6 that never dip below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of length 6 that never dip below the
+horizontal line where you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then this corresponds to going away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this corresponds to going away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then this corresponds to going away
+from the route versus coming back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the route versus coming back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the route versus coming back to the
+route certainly have at least time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route certainly have at least time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route certainly have at least time
+anyways and when you are moving away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways and when you are moving away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyways and when you are moving away
+from the route you have D minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the route you have D minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the route you have D minus one
+choices which branch to go to good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+given that the right-hand side is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the right-hand side is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that the right-hand side is at
+least then and the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least then and the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least then and the number of vertices
+times the quantity above related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the quantity above related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the quantity above related to
+Catalan numbers on the other hand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalan numbers on the other hand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Catalan numbers on the other hand the
+left-hand side is at most here were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side is at most here were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left-hand side is at most here were
+using a queue case even number is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a queue case even number is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a queue case even number is at
+most D to the 2k plus okay so all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most D to the 2k plus okay so all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most D to the 2k plus okay so all the
+other eigen values are a most lambda in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other eigen values are a most lambda in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other eigen values are a most lambda in
+absolute value rearranging this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value rearranging this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value rearranging this
+inequality we find that lambda to the 2k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality we find that lambda to the 2k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality we find that lambda to the 2k
+is at least this number here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes sir I'm changing a minus one to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir I'm changing a minus one to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes sir I'm changing a minus one to end
+that and now what can we do we let n go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now what can we do we let n go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now what can we do we let n go
+to infinity and K goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and K goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to infinity and K goes to infinity
+slowly enough so if K goes to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly enough so if K goes to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly enough so if K goes to infinity
+and n goes to so K goes to infinity with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n goes to so K goes to infinity with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n goes to so K goes to infinity with
+N and but not too quickly but K is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and but not too quickly but K is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N and but not too quickly but K is not a
+rule of log n then we find that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of log n then we find that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule of log n then we find that this
+quantity here is essentially 2 to the K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 to the 2k so and this guy here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the 2k so and this guy here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the 2k so and this guy here is the
+tall one so lambda is at least 2 root D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall one so lambda is at least 2 root D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tall one so lambda is at least 2 root D
+minus 1 minus 1 so that proves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 minus 1 so that proves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 minus 1 so that proves
+essentially the alone Poupon abound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the alone Poupon abound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the alone Poupon abound
+although a small weakening because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a small weakening because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although a small weakening because we
+are this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are this big
+I can value my find might actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can value my find might actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can value my find might actually be
+very negative instead of very positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negative instead of very positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negative instead of very positive
+but that's ok before applications no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's ok before applications no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's ok before applications no
+this is not such a big deal these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not such a big deal these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not such a big deal these are
+two different proofs and I want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different proofs and I want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different proofs and I want you to
+think about are they really the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about are they really the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about are they really the same
+proof are they different proofs are they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof are they different proofs are they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof are they different proofs are they
+related to each other ok so it's worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each other ok so it's worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to each other ok so it's worth
+thinking about they look very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about they look very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about they look very different
+but how are they related to each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how are they related to each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how are they related to each other
+and one final remark do you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one final remark do you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one final remark do you know you
+already saw two different proofs as two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw two different proofs as two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already saw two different proofs as two
+shows you this number and you see where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you this number and you see where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows you this number and you see where
+this number comes from and let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number comes from and let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number comes from and let me just
+offer one final remark on where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer one final remark on where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer one final remark on where that
+number really comes from and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number really comes from and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number really comes from and it really
+comes from this infinitely regular tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it turns out that to root y -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that to root y -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out that to root y -1
+exactly is the spectral radius of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is the spectral radius of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly is the spectral radius of the
+infinite irregular tree and that is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite irregular tree and that is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite irregular tree and that is the
+reason in some sense that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason in some sense that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason in some sense that this is the
+correct number occurring along bopanna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct number occurring along bopanna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct number occurring along bopanna
+bound this is you know if you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound this is you know if you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound this is you know if you've seen
+things like algebraic topology or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like algebraic topology or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like algebraic topology or
+topology this is universal cover for T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology this is universal cover for T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topology this is universal cover for T
+regular graphs some general remarks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular graphs some general remarks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular graphs some general remarks and
+you already saw two different proofs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already saw two different proofs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you already saw two different proofs so
+the beginning of next time I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of next time I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of next time I want to
+wrap this up and show you to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap this up and show you to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrap this up and show you to explain
+some what we know about are there graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some what we know about are there graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some what we know about are there graphs
+from which this bound is tight and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which this bound is tight and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which this bound is tight and the
+answer is yes and there's lots of major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes and there's lots of major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is yes and there's lots of major
+open problems as well related to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problems as well related to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open problems as well related to what
+happens there and after that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there and after that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there and after that I would
+like to start talking about graph limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to start talking about graph limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to start talking about graph limits
+so that's the next chapter of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the next chapter of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the next chapter of this
+course
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Tj3Hpf_HMk4.txt b/Tj3Hpf_HMk4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ffe51cf5e8e8a8de11ffc9fc1af1518685ee4db1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tj3Hpf_HMk4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1027 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hello today we are going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello today we are going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hello today we are going to talk about
+real and reciprocal space in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and reciprocal space in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real and reciprocal space in two
+dimensions and three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crystallography is a major topic within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography is a major topic within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystallography is a major topic within
+material science a crystal is a highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science a crystal is a highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science a crystal is a highly
+ordered solid material made up of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered solid material made up of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordered solid material made up of a
+lattice and a periodic arrangement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and a periodic arrangement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice and a periodic arrangement of
+atoms atoms are located on every lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms atoms are located on every lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms atoms are located on every lattice
+site due to the periodic nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site due to the periodic nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site due to the periodic nature of the
+structure all crystals display what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure all crystals display what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure all crystals display what's
+called translational symmetry crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called translational symmetry crystals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called translational symmetry crystals
+are defined by their lattice vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined by their lattice vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined by their lattice vectors
+which are different in two dimensions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are different in two dimensions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are different in two dimensions in
+three dimensions in two dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions in two dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensions in two dimensions
+lattice vectors are the shortest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vectors are the shortest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vectors are the shortest and
+next to shortest translations from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to shortest translations from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to shortest translations from a
+given point these lattice vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point these lattice vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given point these lattice vectors are
+called a and B floor types of general 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a and B floor types of general 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a and B floor types of general 2d
+lattices exist oblique rectangular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices exist oblique rectangular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattices exist oblique rectangular
+Square and hexagonal and an oblique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and hexagonal and an oblique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square and hexagonal and an oblique
+lattice a and B are different and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice a and B are different and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice a and B are different and the
+angle between them is greater than 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between them is greater than 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between them is greater than 90
+degrees in a rectangular lattice and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in a rectangular lattice and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees in a rectangular lattice and B
+are different and the angle between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and the angle between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are different and the angle between them
+is 90 degrees in a square lattice a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 90 degrees in a square lattice a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 90 degrees in a square lattice a and
+B are the same and the angle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are the same and the angle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B are the same and the angle between
+them is 90 degrees and in a hexagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is 90 degrees and in a hexagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is 90 degrees and in a hexagonal
+lattice the a and B are the same and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice the a and B are the same and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice the a and B are the same and the
+angle between them is 120 degrees on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between them is 120 degrees on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle between them is 120 degrees on the
+other hand lattices in three dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand lattices in three dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand lattices in three dimensions
+are defined by the three lattice vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined by the three lattice vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are defined by the three lattice vectors
+a B and C which have angles of alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B and C which have angles of alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a B and C which have angles of alpha
+beta and gamma between them there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and gamma between them there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta and gamma between them there are
+seven types of simple crystal systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven types of simple crystal systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven types of simple crystal systems
+which you can see here these structures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see here these structures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see here these structures
+range from simple cubic where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from simple cubic where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range from simple cubic where all the
+lattice vectors are equal and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vectors are equal and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vectors are equal and all the
+angles are 90 degrees to triclinic where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are 90 degrees to triclinic where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles are 90 degrees to triclinic where
+all the lattice vectors and angles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lattice vectors and angles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the lattice vectors and angles are
+different one thing to note about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one thing to note about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one thing to note about this
+hexagonal crystal system is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal crystal system is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexagonal crystal system is it's
+actually made up of three unit cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made up of three unit cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually made up of three unit cells
+which you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can see
+here in 3d there are also non simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in 3d there are also non simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in 3d there are also non simple
+crystal systems with the non simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal systems with the non simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal systems with the non simple
+crystal systems added there are 14 total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal systems added there are 14 total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal systems added there are 14 total
+possible crystal structures for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible crystal structures for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible crystal structures for example
+body centered cubic and face centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body centered cubic and face centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body centered cubic and face centered
+cubic are non simple cubic crystals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+crystals exist in real space this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals exist in real space this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystals exist in real space this is the
+physical world around us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical world around us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical world around us
+unfortunately not all concepts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not all concepts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately not all concepts in
+material science can be properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science can be properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science can be properly
+represented in real space reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in real space reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in real space reciprocal
+space is a non physical space in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a non physical space in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space is a non physical space in
+material science it is mainly used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science it is mainly used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material science it is mainly used to
+portray diffraction phenomena for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portray diffraction phenomena for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portray diffraction phenomena for those
+of you who know reciprocal space is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who know reciprocal space is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you who know reciprocal space is the
+Fourier transform of real space however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of real space however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fourier transform of real space however
+this information is not important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information is not important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information is not important to
+understand the rest of this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the rest of this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the rest of this video
+reciprocal lattice vectors relate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice vectors relate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice vectors relate to
+sets of planes in real space reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of planes in real space reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of planes in real space reciprocal
+space has some key properties that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has some key properties that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space has some key properties that
+relate it to real space these properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate it to real space these properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate it to real space these properties
+include the units of reciprocal space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the units of reciprocal space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the units of reciprocal space
+are in inverse length the volume of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in inverse length the volume of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in inverse length the volume of a
+reciprocal unit cell is inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal unit cell is inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal unit cell is inverse of the
+real space volume and the plane spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real space volume and the plane spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real space volume and the plane spacing
+is inverted see the attached notebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inverted see the attached notebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is inverted see the attached notebook
+for more information about reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more information about reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for more information about reciprocal
+space and how to calculate reciprocal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and how to calculate reciprocal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space and how to calculate reciprocal
+lattice vectors consequently a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vectors consequently a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vectors consequently a
+reciprocal space is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space is a very important
+concept for example it is a key property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for example it is a key property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for example it is a key property
+and understanding x-ray diffraction an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding x-ray diffraction an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understanding x-ray diffraction an
+x-ray diffraction a beam of incident
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray diffraction a beam of incident
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-ray diffraction a beam of incident
+x-rays are diffracted in a material and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays are diffracted in a material and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays are diffracted in a material and
+the diffraction angle is measured this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffraction angle is measured this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffraction angle is measured this
+produces an electron diffraction pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces an electron diffraction pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produces an electron diffraction pattern
+seen here here the electron diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen here here the electron diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen here here the electron diffraction
+pattern is of silicon carbide points in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is of silicon carbide points in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pattern is of silicon carbide points in
+the pattern originated from a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern originated from a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pattern originated from a set of
+planes in the crystal and each point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes in the crystal and each point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planes in the crystal and each point
+represents a reciprocal lattice vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a reciprocal lattice vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a reciprocal lattice vector
+therefore electron diffraction patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore electron diffraction patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore electron diffraction patterns
+patterns exist in reciprocal space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we are going to compare unit cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are going to compare unit cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we are going to compare unit cells
+in real and reciprocal space to better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real and reciprocal space to better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real and reciprocal space to better
+visualize the change from real to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the change from real to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the change from real to
+reciprocal space as I said earlier there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space as I said earlier there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space as I said earlier there
+are four types of 2d lattices in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four types of 2d lattices in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are four types of 2d lattices in this
+image you can see the real space lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image you can see the real space lattice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image you can see the real space lattice
+and in this image you can see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this image you can see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this image you can see the
+reciprocal space lattice in the in real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space lattice in the in real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space lattice in the in real
+space there are lattice vectors a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there are lattice vectors a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space there are lattice vectors a and B
+and in reciprocal space there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in reciprocal space there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in reciprocal space there are
+lattice vectors a star and B star which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vectors a star and B star which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vectors a star and B star which
+are perpendicular to their real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perpendicular to their real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are perpendicular to their real
+counterpart as you can see here a change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart as you can see here a change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterpart as you can see here a change
+in real space produces an inverse result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real space produces an inverse result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real space produces an inverse result
+in reciprocal space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as the real unit cell shrinks or expands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the real unit cell shrinks or expands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the real unit cell shrinks or expands
+the reciprocal units fade cell does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal units fade cell does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reciprocal units fade cell does the
+opposite the same holds true as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite the same holds true as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite the same holds true as the
+angles change in three dimensions it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles change in three dimensions it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles change in three dimensions it is
+a little more complicated as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more complicated as I said
+before there are seven types of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there are seven types of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before there are seven types of simple
+crystal systems this image is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal systems this image is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal systems this image is the real
+space unit cell and this image is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space unit cell and this image is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space unit cell and this image is the
+reciprocal space unit cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space unit cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal space unit cell
+similar to two dimensions the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to two dimensions the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to two dimensions the real
+lattice vectors are a b and c and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vectors are a b and c and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lattice vectors are a b and c and the
+reciprocal lattice vectors are a star b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice vectors are a star b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reciprocal lattice vectors are a star b
+star and C star the points at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and C star the points at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star and C star the points at the
+vertices represents atoms in the simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices represents atoms in the simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices represents atoms in the simple
+unit cell as you can see as I change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell as you can see as I change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cell as you can see as I change the
+size of the real unit cell the volume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the real unit cell the volume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the real unit cell the volume
+between the two cells move in opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two cells move in opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two cells move in opposite
+directions as the lattice vectors change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the change in shape and volume of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in shape and volume of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in shape and volume of the
+unit cells are clearly different for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cells are clearly different for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unit cells are clearly different for the
+simplest example in cubic if we shrink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest example in cubic if we shrink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest example in cubic if we shrink
+the unit cell in real space it expands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit cell in real space it expands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit cell in real space it expands
+in reciprocal space you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reciprocal space you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in reciprocal space you can see this
+kind of behavior in any of the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behavior in any of the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of behavior in any of the unit
+cells hopefully this information helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells hopefully this information helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells hopefully this information helps
+you to visualize reciprocal space thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to visualize reciprocal space thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to visualize reciprocal space thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/TnpCMgtDPgk.txt b/TnpCMgtDPgk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2e0949ed933b13354f483771f727e983b4301007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/TnpCMgtDPgk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1512 @@
+ERIC LANDER: So, now what I'd
+like to do is turn to
+
+variations on the theme.
+
+One of the best ways to
+understand what's going on
+
+with DNA goes to RNA goes to
+protein is to consider how it
+
+works in different organisms.
+
+And the organisms we'll consider
+are eukaryotes, like
+
+you; prokaryotes, like a
+bacterium; and viruses.
+
+And each does the same basic
+copying of nucleic acid to
+
+nucleic acid, transcription,
+and translation.
+
+But there are some pretty
+fascinating
+
+variations on the theme.
+
+So let's turn to those
+variations.
+
+Let's start with DNA
+replication.
+
+For eukaryotes, your genome are
+long, double-stranded DNA
+
+molecules, and they're linear.
+
+Long, linear, double
+stranded--
+
+ds for double.
+
+I'll write it out-- double
+stranded DNA.
+
+You know this.
+
+And you've got a lot of it.
+
+The human, you actually have
+23 pairs of chromosomes.
+
+And the total length of your DNA
+is about 3 times 10 to the
+
+ninth base pairs.
+
+So about 3 billion bases or so,
+typical chromosome on the
+
+order of about 150 million
+bases or so.
+
+The mouse, pretty similar.
+
+Mouse, 20 pairs of
+chromosomes.
+
+And it's something like 2.7
+times 10 to the ninth bases.
+
+The dog's about 2.5, the
+elephant's about 3.3,
+
+essentially all mammals are
+about 3 times 10 to the ninth.
+
+Tomatoes, 12 chromosomes.
+
+They're also in the
+neighborhood of 3
+
+times 10 to the ninth.
+
+You don't have more DNA than
+a tomato, for example.
+
+Yeast, much smaller genome.
+
+Yeast is like--
+
+it's got 16 chromosomes.
+
+Yeast is in the neighborhood
+of about 13 million bases
+
+instead of billions of bases.
+
+Fruit flies, four chromosomes,
+including a pretty measly one.
+
+And it's in the order of 200
+million bases, et cetera.
+
+Many different sizes
+for eukaryotes.
+
+But there's one significant
+issue that all eukaryotes
+
+have, which is this chromosome
+here, this linear chromosome,
+
+how do we replicate it?
+
+Well, we told you.
+
+We open up a bubble.
+
+We start making little
+primers.
+
+Primase makes primers, you
+extend it, it's all just fine.
+
+Except in one place, the end.
+
+Primase makes a primer,
+continues
+
+to the end, no problem.
+
+What happens out there
+at the end?
+
+Suppose primase sits
+down here.
+
+What happens at the very
+end of the chromosome?
+
+If my primer wasn't exactly at
+the end of the chromosome,
+
+what happens?
+
+STUDENT: A little bit of it
+doesn't get replicated.
+
+ERIC LANDER: A little bit
+doesn't get replicated.
+
+Does that matter?
+
+Just a little bit--
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+ERIC LANDER: --per
+cell division.
+
+Every cell division, you lose
+a little bit of information
+
+off the end of your
+chromosome.
+
+That's not so good .
+
+The word for end is tel.
+
+And so the ends of chromosomes
+are called telomeres.
+
+And if you have a linear
+chromosome, you have a problem
+
+with replicating your telomeres
+because it's going
+
+to get a little short
+each cell division.
+
+So what do you think
+the cell does?
+
+Special mechanism, special
+enzyme that
+
+comes along and adds--
+
+there's a repeat sequence
+that occurs.
+
+There's a repetitive sequence
+that occurs out here.
+
+T2AGGG in humans, different
+things in other organisms.
+
+And there's a specific enzyme
+that comes along and adds back
+
+telomeres so you don't get in
+trouble failing to replicate
+
+enough stuff at the end.
+
+By chance, the enzyme happens
+to be called--?
+
+STUDENT: Telomerase.
+
+ERIC LANDER: Telomerase.
+
+And some folks got a Nobel Prize
+for this last year, for
+
+understanding how telomerase
+works.
+
+What cells in your body are
+in need of replicating and
+
+replicating and replicating?
+
+Well, not necessarily
+in your body.
+
+What cells in some people are
+replicating and replicating
+
+and replicating and
+replicating?
+
+Cancer cells.
+
+Cancer cells probably need
+their telomerase, right?
+
+So one way to possibly treat
+cancer might be to inhibit
+
+telomerase.
+
+So you see, all the things I'm
+telling you about, these are
+
+useful fun facts to know and
+tell about how the cell works.
+
+They're also the heart of a lot
+of approaches in medicine.
+
+Because if you could
+specifically inhibit
+
+telomerase, you might
+specifically create a
+
+liability for rapidly
+dividing cells.
+
+And so telomerase,
+very interesting.
+
+Anyway, so a linear chromosome
+has that problem.
+
+And if you understood our
+mechanisms for replication,
+
+you'll understand there why the
+linear chromosome needs
+
+some special mechanism.
+
+Now, here, prokaryotes
+are much easier.
+
+Because most prokaryotes have
+circular chromosomes,
+
+double-stranded circular--
+
+ds circular--
+
+DNA.
+
+This is much easier because
+there are no ends.
+
+They don't have to worry about
+the telomerase problem.
+
+They start somewhere, they start
+replicating around, it
+
+all works fine.
+
+E. coli, for example, 4
+million bases of DNA.
+
+The smallest are
+microbacteria.
+
+They're on the order of about
+a million bases of DNA.
+
+And they work just like
+we talked about.
+
+But now, viruses,
+they are weird.
+
+Viruses --
+
+Turns out some viruses have some
+double-stranded linear
+
+DNA, and some with multiple
+chromosomes, even.
+
+Some viruses, though, have
+double-stranded circular DNA.
+
+So it turns out viruses can
+do either of those.
+
+It turns out they can
+do more than that.
+
+Some viruses have
+single-stranded circular DNA.
+
+That is to say, when they're
+traveling around in their
+
+capsid, in the protein coat,
+what's in the protein coat
+
+that you get infected with is
+a single-strand of DNA.
+
+Well, how does it replicate?
+
+When it gets in, it becomes
+double stranded.
+
+The first thing it has to do is
+polymerases end up making
+
+this guy double stranded.
+
+But it travels around in its
+single-stranded form.
+
+Why?
+
+Because it decided to.
+
+The great thing about viruses
+is they are small.
+
+They've had a chance to
+experiment with a zillion
+
+different things.
+
+But some viruses don't have
+any DNA at all when they
+
+travel around.
+
+Instead of having DNA, they
+alternatively could have RNA.
+
+Remember I said Crick already
+figured out DNA and RNA are
+
+essentially equivalent.
+
+They're both nucleic acid.
+
+You can go from one
+to the other.
+
+Some viruses decided to bring
+along single-stranded RNA.
+
+So when the virus attaches to
+the cell, it injects an RNA.
+
+The RNA is in the cell.
+
+But how is the virus going
+to do anything?
+
+How's it going to replicate
+itself?
+
+How do you replicate RNA?
+
+Well, the same stuff I told you
+about replicating DNA--
+
+namely, for replicating DNA
+you use a DNA polymerase.
+
+It's a DNA-directed
+DNA polymerase.
+
+It uses DNA as a template.
+
+Any reason not to have an
+RNA-directed RNA polymerase?
+
+No.
+
+You can have one of those.
+
+So the way this works is
+this gets replicated
+
+into a strand of RNA.
+
+It makes double-stranded RNA
+by an RNA-directed RNA
+
+polymerase.
+
+That's a kind of weird enzyme.
+
+It takes RNA as its template.
+
+And it uses RNA as its
+template, and it
+
+makes another copy.
+
+It makes a strand of RNA to
+make it double stranded.
+
+And then it goes back and makes
+another strand of RNA.
+
+But you don't have
+that enzyme.
+
+Where does that enzyme
+come from?
+
+STUDENT: The virus.
+
+ERIC LANDER: The virus?
+
+Did it bring it with it?
+
+STUDENT: Another cell
+that it infects?
+
+ERIC LANDER: Another
+cell that infects?
+
+STUDENT: The RNA encodes--
+
+STUDENT: The RNA does--
+
+ERIC LANDER: Whoa!
+
+Wouldn't it be cool if the RNA
+was a messenger RNA and it
+
+encoded a protein, and the
+protein it encoded was the
+
+RNA-directed RNA polymerase?
+
+Bingo.
+
+That is, in fact, what happens
+with a certain class of what
+
+are called plus-strand
+viruses.
+
+This is a messenger.
+
+It's a messenger RNA.
+
+And it's actually encodes the
+instructions to the cell,
+
+please make me an RNA-directed
+RNA polymerase.
+
+That's way cool.
+
+It also turns out that some
+viruses are what are called
+
+minus-strand viruses.
+
+They don't bring a
+messenger RNA.
+
+But instead, like you said,
+they bring their own
+
+polymerase with them.
+
+The polymerase comes--
+
+So here, these bring the
+instructions for a polymerase.
+
+These actually bring the
+polymerase itself.
+
+The polymerase then copies
+this strand, which is the
+
+messenger RNA.
+
+And it makes more RNA-directed
+RNA polymerases.
+
+So both of your two
+solutions--
+
+the virus brings a polymerase
+with itself, or the virus
+
+brings the instructions
+for the polymerase.
+
+Both of those actually happen.
+
+Pretty much a good rule with
+viruses is anything that can
+
+happen does happen.
+
+This is pretty much Murphy's
+rule for viruses there.
+
+Turns out viruses can
+do one other thing.
+
+It turns out that viruses can
+take that RNA strand--
+
+RNA--
+
+and, although I won't go into
+all the details, copy that RNA
+
+strand into a DNA strand and
+then copy that DNA strand to a
+
+second DNA strand, to make
+double-stranded DNA.
+
+So some viruses that bring RNA
+with them copy themselves not
+
+into more RNA, but
+back into DNA.
+
+So instead of an RNA-directed
+RNA polymerase or a
+
+DNA-directed DNA polymerase,
+what is this?
+
+It's an RNA-directed
+DNA polymerase.
+
+So this is an RNA-directed
+DNA polymerase.
+
+In effect, what is
+this thing doing?
+
+It's doing the exact opposite
+of transcription.
+
+What's transcription?
+
+Reading DNA into RNA.
+
+What's this guy doing?
+
+Reading RNA into DNA.
+
+It's the reverse of
+transcription.
+
+What is the enzyme called?
+
+Reverse transcriptase.
+
+It's called reverse
+transcriptase.
+
+And then what happens is quite
+insidious, is that if this is
+
+your own chromosomal DNA, that
+piece of double-stranded DNA
+
+from the virus can be inserted
+into your own human
+
+chromosome.
+
+The virus can then make more
+copies of itself by
+
+transcription of that.
+
+This is a truly insidious virus
+because it doesn't just
+
+infect your cells and grow.
+
+It infects your cells, turns
+into double-stranded DNA, and
+
+installs itself.
+
+And how do you get that DNA
+from the virus out of your
+
+chromosome?
+
+You don't.
+
+You can't get it out.
+
+It's stuck there.
+
+These things, because they work
+in this fashion of back
+
+from RNA into DNA, have
+the name retroviruses.
+
+That's what these are,
+retroviruses.
+
+And can anyone name a particular
+retrovirus?
+
+STUDENT: HIV.
+
+ERIC LANDER: HIV.
+
+And that's how HIV works.
+
+It turns out that David
+Baltimore won a Nobel Prize
+
+for the discovery of reverse
+transcriptase.
+
+And again, the reason I tell you
+about all these mechanisms
+
+is A, they're cool, and
+they're about biology.
+
+And B, they're medically
+important.
+
+Why is reverse transcriptase
+not just cool
+
+but medically important?
+
+Because you could inhibit it.
+
+If you wanted to fight the HIV,
+if you wanted to fight
+
+the AIDS virus, you could come
+up with chemicals that inhibit
+
+reverse transcriptase.
+
+And of course, the cocktails
+that are given to patients who
+
+have been infected by HIV that
+now keep them alive very, very
+
+nicely include reverse
+transcriptase inhibitors.
+
+It's a very important thing.
+
+If you understand the biology
+of retroviruses, you
+
+understand the targets you can
+use for drug development.
+
+And they have saved
+billions of lives.
+
+So again, I say this is not
+entirely unimportant stuff.
+
+This is kind of cool stuff, to
+understand how this works.
+
+All right.
+
+Next up, transcription.
+
+Let's turn to transcription.
+
+Transcription is a little
+bit easier.
+
+Transcription varies.
+
+Here, eukaryotes, prokaryotes,
+and viruses.
+
+Let's see, let's start
+now with prokaryotes.
+
+Prokaryotes, pretty simple.
+
+I have a chromosome, I have my
+promoter, I make my messenger
+
+RNA, I'm done.
+
+Just like I taught you before.
+
+Transcription looks just
+like I told you.
+
+But for eukaryotes, it's
+a little weirder.
+
+Transcription, I have my RNA.
+
+I have my promoter.
+
+I make my RNA.
+
+And my RNA, it turns out, gets
+processed in all sorts of
+
+interesting ways.
+
+The three ways in which
+eukaryotic RNA are processed--
+
+first, there is a modification
+put onto the five-prime end.
+
+It is called--
+
+well, it's basically a
+backwards G. It's a G
+
+triphosphate that is put on
+backwards, so it goes GPPP,
+
+right there.
+
+And this is called a cap.
+
+And it's important for message
+recognition and stability.
+
+Eukaryotes put a funny little
+chemical modification there.
+
+Eukaryotes also do something
+where somewhere near the end,
+
+they cut the message, and they
+stick on a bunch of A's as a
+
+tail at the end.
+
+And this is also important for
+message recognition and
+
+message stability
+and all that.
+
+And this is called
+the poly(A) tail.
+
+Most of the names are
+quite reasonable.
+
+The tail of lots of A's is
+called the poly(A) tail.
+
+So eukaryotic messages have a
+cap at the front, the poly(A)
+
+tail at the back.
+
+But the truly weird thing that
+they have is, if this is my
+
+eukaryotic message here, some
+chunks of the message are cut
+
+out and discarded entirely.
+
+They are spliced out.
+
+You might make a longer message,
+and whole chunks are
+
+spliced out.
+
+This is called splicing.
+
+Splicing throws out sequences.
+
+And it could start with a long
+mRNA and make it a short mRNA.
+
+Now, Phil Sharp, who is on the
+faculty here at MIT, won a
+
+Nobel Prize some years ago for
+his discovery, together with
+
+someone else, of the phenomenon
+of splicing.
+
+So Phil is really cool.
+
+You should talk to Phil.
+
+This splicing involves leaving
+some things in and excising
+
+other things.
+
+The things that are --
+
+the things that go out
+are called introns.
+
+The things that stay
+in and are not
+
+excised are called exons.
+
+The nomenclature is
+a little nuts.
+
+If it stays in, it's an exon.
+
+If it goes out, it's
+an intron.
+
+As I told you, the phenomenon
+was discovered by
+
+Phil Sharpe at MIT.
+
+The nomenclature was
+proposed by Wally
+
+Gilbert at Harvard, [LAUGHTER]
+
+who's a good friend.
+
+I'm teasing Wally.
+
+I'm teasing Wally, but Wally
+Is responsible for this
+
+nomenclature that confuses
+generations of students.
+
+Why is this called an intron?
+
+Not because it stays in,
+but because it's
+
+an intervening sequence.
+
+It's an Intervening sequence
+when it is called an intron.
+
+And once something was called
+an intron, the other thing
+
+became an exon.
+
+But I've got to say, for all
+purposes, to me, in means in
+
+an ex means out.
+
+But it's exactly backward.
+
+I've now said that
+a few times.
+
+That may help you remember that
+it goes the other way.
+
+Introns are intervening
+sequences, okay?
+
+So there are some pretty
+impressive splicing events
+
+that go on.
+
+A typical gene, might
+start off 30
+
+kilobases, 30,000 bases.
+
+And it might get spliced down
+to 3 kilobases, 3,000 bases.
+
+But for example, the Factor
+VIII gene that encodes the
+
+factor that hemophiliacs lack,
+it starts off with 200
+
+kilobases, 200,000 bases.
+
+And all but 10,000
+are cut out.
+
+So it starts off 200,000, you
+throw out 190,000, you get
+
+down to 10.
+
+The winner, the Duchenne
+muscular dystrophy gene,
+
+starts out at 2 million bases.
+
+And it gets cut down
+to 16,000 bases.
+
+You make 2 million bases of RNA,
+and you throw out almost
+
+the entirety of it and
+retain only 16,000.
+
+What a waste.
+
+Why do this?
+
+Why break up your genes in
+patches of exons separated by
+
+big intervening spaces and then
+make a big RNA and splice
+
+it together?
+
+Why do something that dumb?
+
+Yeah?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+ERIC LANDER: Sorry?
+
+STUDENT: Are they recycled?
+
+ERIC LANDER: The nucleotides,
+you mean, in the RNA?
+
+The nucleotides are recycled.
+
+But remember, you spent the
+trinucleotides there.
+
+So that was an energy
+expenditure.
+
+Well, it turns out the
+energy expenditure,
+
+big deal, who cares?
+
+But it turns out that this is
+actually very interesting
+
+evolutionarily.
+
+I'll just tell you
+for a second.
+
+Maybe you'll forget it.
+
+In a given organism,
+it might be more
+
+efficient to not have introns.
+
+Well, actually, there's
+one use for it.
+
+If I had introns, the cell could
+do alternative splicing.
+
+It could take the same message
+and splice it different ways
+
+in different cells.
+
+Your liver might splice
+the message one
+
+way to make one protein.
+
+Your muscle might splice the
+message a different way to
+
+make another protein.
+
+So you could actually
+make multiple,
+
+different mature messages.
+
+That's cool, and that's used,
+and most genes actually have
+
+alternative splice forms.
+
+They can be spliced up
+in different ways.
+
+It's also cool evolutionarily.
+
+Because it turns out that if
+your genes are broken up into
+
+patches like that, when random
+breaks happen in your genome,
+
+and this bit of chromosome
+attaches to that bit of
+
+chromosome, as happens
+sometimes--
+
+you get hit by some little
+radiation, it breaks
+
+something, it puts
+it together--
+
+the gene you could have
+a functioning gene.
+
+Because since your cell knows
+how to take a long message and
+
+splice it together, the fact
+that there was a break and a
+
+reunion, if it happens in
+one of those intervening
+
+sequences, would give you
+a new gene, and a
+
+new functional gene.
+
+And so, in fact, some people
+think that this is one of the
+
+tricks evolution uses to
+create diversity is by
+
+breaking up its information like
+that into little patches
+
+of files that can then be
+recombined with each other in
+
+different ways.
+
+So those are the ideas.
+
+In any case, it happens
+a great deal.
+
+Now, viruses.
+
+Viruses it turns out, will
+behave with regard to this
+
+like the organism in
+which they live.
+
+Prokaryotic viruses will
+behave like prokes.
+
+Eukaryotic viruses will
+behave like eukes.
+
+Now, let's turn to
+translation.
+
+How does translation
+work between--?
+
+Well, now here, eukaryotes,
+for the most
+
+part, are well behaved.
+
+A eukaryote makes an mRNA, it
+goes to the ribosome, the mRNA
+
+makes your protein, just
+like I taught you.
+
+But now, prokaryotes
+are a little weird.
+
+Prokaryotes, you know, their
+messages are fine.
+
+None of this funny cap business,
+none of these
+
+poly(A) tails, none
+of this splicing.
+
+But here's the weirdness
+that prokes do.
+
+This mRNA, one mRNA
+might encode
+
+multiple different proteins.
+
+Multiple proteins.
+
+So this is one protein.
+
+This, multiple proteins.
+
+So what happens is this RNA, the
+ribosome gets on here at a
+
+certain site.
+
+Now remember I told you the
+ribosome finds the first AUG?
+
+Well, it's a little
+more complicated.
+
+There's a particular ribosome
+binding site that ribosomes
+
+like to go to.
+
+It turns out that this
+prokaryotic message has
+
+several of those ribosome
+binding sites.
+
+Ribosomes sit down.
+
+They then scan for the first AUG
+that they see after that
+
+point and start making
+a protein.
+
+So I might have several
+different proteins all being
+
+made by one messenger RNA, one
+RNA making multiple proteins.
+
+Why would I do that?
+
+Wouldn't it be simpler, make
+your head hurt less, to have
+
+one gene making one protein
+instead of this one mRNA
+
+encoding multiple proteins?
+
+STUDENT: They're related
+to one another.
+
+ERIC LANDER: They're related.
+
+Tell me about that.
+
+STUDENT: Well, like their
+functions, if
+
+they had similar functions.
+
+ERIC LANDER: If they had similar
+functions, it might be
+
+very efficient to have
+regulatory controls that made
+
+one message.
+
+And then I get all the proteins
+made together, rather
+
+than having separate regulatory
+
+controls for each message.
+
+Suppose I'm a prokaryote, and
+I'm dividing very rapidly, and
+
+I care about having
+a small genome.
+
+It might be very efficient
+to do it this way.
+
+So what related genes
+might you put
+
+together on the same message?
+
+STUDENT: Pathway.
+
+STUDENT: Same pathway.
+
+Maybe if you're in charge of the
+committee, you would say,
+
+I would like to arrange the
+genes encoding the multiple
+
+steps of a biochemical
+pathway.
+
+And that's often what happens.
+
+That's exactly what happens.
+
+So you can get co-regulation
+of genes, of
+
+genes in the same pathway.
+
+And such a thing, which is
+called polycistronic message.
+
+Polycistronic is an unhelpful
+name for it, but it's what
+
+they call it sometimes, or an
+operon, a regulatory thing
+
+that makes many such things.
+
+Now, why do bacteria do it?
+
+To minimize DNA.
+
+They just want to use as little
+space as possible.
+
+So once it's invented a
+regulatory control that turns
+
+on this message when I want to
+make arginine, well, just
+
+stick all the genes on
+the same message.
+
+It's cheaper, simpler,
+less DNA needed.
+
+Now, who really has trouble
+with the amount of
+
+DNA they can have?
+
+Do you have trouble with--
+
+Is replicating your DNA a rate
+limiting step in your
+
+replication as an organism?
+
+No.
+
+What is the rate limiting
+step in your organismal
+
+replication, your having
+offspring?
+
+STUDENT: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+ERIC LANDER: Sorry?
+
+STUDENT: When it comes
+to an age that--
+
+ERIC LANDER: It's graduating
+from MIT, getting a job,
+
+things like that, right?
+
+And DNA replication is not rate
+
+limiting, actually, right?
+
+Getting a degree, all that,
+that's rate limiting.
+
+But for bacteria, who are
+reproducing not every 20 years
+
+but every 20 minutes,
+DNA replication is a
+
+rate limiting step.
+
+It's important to their
+replication.
+
+And they want compact genomes.
+
+You, you don't care about
+a compact genome.
+
+It's simply not a big metabolic
+cost to you.
+
+Viruses--
+
+think about viruses.
+
+Their genomes are tiny.
+
+They're much tinier even
+than prokaryotes.
+
+Typical viruses might have
+a few thousand or tens of
+
+thousands of bases.
+
+Bacteria were millions
+of bases.
+
+Viruses sometimes might
+only have 10,000
+
+letters of nucleic acid.
+
+They really have to use their
+information very compactly.
+
+So you know what viruses
+do sometimes?
+
+Not all, but some?
+
+Some viruses make
+a messenger RNA.
+
+They have a ribosome binding
+site right here.
+
+And they start translating
+the message--
+
+let's give it a sequence.
+
+ACUUGAGCAA, and we'll put
+an AUG in front of that.
+
+They can start translating
+here.
+
+Whoops, I'm just going
+to fix that.
+
+But you know what?
+
+There's also an AUG over here.
+
+They could start
+using that one.
+
+And you know what else?
+
+If they found another AUG
+off frame, some of
+
+them use that too.
+
+Remember, the first AUG in
+normal messages get used to
+
+set the phase of the codons.
+
+But in theory, I could be
+reading those codons in a
+
+different reading frame, shifted
+over by one or shifted
+
+over by two.
+
+Some viruses are so clever
+that they encode three
+
+different proteins smack on top
+of each other by reading
+
+the same nucleic
+acid sequence.
+
+It shifted three
+different ways.
+
+It makes your head hurt to
+think, how could I make a
+
+functional protein?
+
+I've got to manage to get three
+separate functional
+
+proteins built out of a single
+nucleic acid sequence.
+
+One, it's easy.
+
+Just tell me the amino acids.
+
+Now this becomes an interesting
+puzzle.
+
+Can I make a sequence where read
+one out of frame, it also
+
+makes a protein I want.
+
+And another one where--
+
+And some viruses have evolved
+to do that, showing you how
+
+much they care about economizing
+their DNA.
+
+All right.
+
+So what have we got?
+
+We have DNA replicates.
+
+We've seen how it replicates.
+
+Its mostly the same by nucleic
+acid copying, but all these
+
+variations--
+
+linears, circulars, single
+strand, double strand, RNA,
+
+reverse transcriptase,
+transcription, translation.
+
+Look over these examples.
+
+And what they should do is help
+solidify how these things
+
+work and how they're used in
+slightly different fashions.
+
+Next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UjbutTp3z3I.txt b/UjbutTp3z3I.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..85e223f6f2254a2c59ca30bebbe549afdf2363ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UjbutTp3z3I.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1267 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we'll solve our simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll solve our simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we'll solve our simple
+example in libreoffice go ahead and open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in libreoffice go ahead and open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in libreoffice go ahead and open
+the spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spreadsheet
+imrt simple example at the top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imrt simple example at the top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imrt simple example at the top of the
+spreadsheet you should see our data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet you should see our data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet you should see our data for
+each beam lit and each voxel we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each beam lit and each voxel we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each beam lit and each voxel we have the
+dose that that beam what gives to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose that that beam what gives to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose that that beam what gives to that
+voxel at unit intensity so we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel at unit intensity so we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel at unit intensity so we have this
+data for voxel one voxel to voxel 3 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for voxel one voxel to voxel 3 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for voxel one voxel to voxel 3 all
+the way up to voxel 9 each row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to voxel 9 each row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way up to voxel 9 each row
+corresponds to one of the six beam loads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to one of the six beam loads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to one of the six beam loads
+this is the data that we saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the data that we saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the data that we saw in the
+slides in the previous video below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides in the previous video below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides in the previous video below the
+data we've outlined our decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we've outlined our decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data we've outlined our decision
+variables which are the intensities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are the intensities of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables which are the intensities of
+the beam leds so for beam once one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam leds so for beam once one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beam leds so for beam once one
+through six we have one decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through six we have one decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through six we have one decision
+variable the six decision variables are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the six decision variables are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable the six decision variables are
+outlined in yellow right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined in yellow right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlined in yellow right now the
+decision variable cells are blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variable cells are blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variable cells are blank
+because the values will be filled in by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the values will be filled in by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the values will be filled in by
+solver below the decision variables we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver below the decision variables we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver below the decision variables we
+have our objective our objective is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our objective our objective is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have our objective our objective is to
+minimize the total dose to healthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the total dose to healthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the total dose to healthy
+tissue the healthy tissue box holes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue the healthy tissue box holes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tissue the healthy tissue box holes are
+voxels 1 3 5 6 & 9 so let's go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels 1 3 5 6 & 9 so let's go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels 1 3 5 6 & 9 so let's go ahead and
+build our objective in the blue cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our objective in the blue cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build our objective in the blue cell
+here so first we want to add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so first we want to add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so first we want to add up the
+total dose that each beam lit gives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total dose that each beam lit gives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total dose that each beam lit gives to
+voxel 1 so here we'll use the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel 1 so here we'll use the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel 1 so here we'll use the function
+that we used in the previous lecture sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used in the previous lecture sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used in the previous lecture sum
+product so type an equal sign and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so type an equal sign and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product so type an equal sign and then
+sum product and select all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum product and select all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum product and select all of the
+decision variables semicolon and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables semicolon and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables semicolon and then
+all of the doses this will add up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the doses this will add up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the doses this will add up the
+total dose that beam lit one gives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total dose that beam lit one gives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total dose that beam lit one gives to
+voxel one plus the total dose beam lit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel one plus the total dose beam lit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel one plus the total dose beam lit
+two gives to voxel one plus a total dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gives to voxel one plus a total dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gives to voxel one plus a total dose
+beam with three gifts two voxel one etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam with three gifts two voxel one etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam with three gifts two voxel one etc
+now we want to repeat this for voxels 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to repeat this for voxels 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we want to repeat this for voxels 3
+5 6 & 9 the other healthy tissue box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 6 & 9 the other healthy tissue box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 6 & 9 the other healthy tissue box
+holes so go ahead and type a plus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes so go ahead and type a plus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holes so go ahead and type a plus sign
+and then sum product again the 6th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sum product again the 6th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then sum product again the 6th
+variables semicolon and this time select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables semicolon and this time select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables semicolon and this time select
+the dose data for voxel three now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dose data for voxel three now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dose data for voxel three now let's
+repeat this again but this time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this again but this time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this again but this time for
+voxel five so some product and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel five so some product and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel five so some product and then the
+decision variables and the dose data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables and the dose data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables and the dose data for
+voxel five now for voxel six some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel five now for voxel six some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel five now for voxel six some
+product the decision variables semicolon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the decision variables semicolon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product the decision variables semicolon
+and the dose data for voxel six and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dose data for voxel six and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dose data for voxel six and
+lastly we're going to add the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly we're going to add the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lastly we're going to add the sum
+product of the decision variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the decision variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the decision variables
+semicolon and then scroll over to voxel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolon and then scroll over to voxel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolon and then scroll over to voxel
+nine and select the dose data for voxel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and select the dose data for voxel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and select the dose data for voxel
+nine close the parentheses and hit enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine close the parentheses and hit enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine close the parentheses and hit enter
+you should see that the objective has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see that the objective has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see that the objective has a
+zero right now because none of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right now because none of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right now because none of our
+decision variable values are filled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variable values are filled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variable values are filled in
+when solver fills in our decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when solver fills in our decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when solver fills in our decision
+variables our objective value will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables our objective value will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables our objective value will be
+here below the objective is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here below the objective is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here below the objective is our
+constraints the first four constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints the first four constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints the first four constraints
+make sure that each voxel of the tumor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that each voxel of the tumor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that each voxel of the tumor
+is getting a dose of at least seven the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting a dose of at least seven the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is getting a dose of at least seven the
+last constraint make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last constraint make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last constraint make sure that the
+spinal cord receives a dose of no more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord receives a dose of no more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spinal cord receives a dose of no more
+than five let's go ahead and construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five let's go ahead and construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than five let's go ahead and construct
+our constraints for the first four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our constraints for the first four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our constraints for the first four
+constraints the left hand side is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints the left hand side is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints the left hand side is going
+to be the total dose that that voxel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the total dose that that voxel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the total dose that that voxel of
+the tumor gets so for voxel two we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor gets so for voxel two we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tumor gets so for voxel two we have
+the left hand side is equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side is equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side is equal to the sum
+product of the decision variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the decision variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the decision variables
+semicolon and then the data for voxel to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolon and then the data for voxel to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semicolon and then the data for voxel to
+close the parentheses and hit enter we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the parentheses and hit enter we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the parentheses and hit enter we
+want to make sure that this value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that this value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that this value is
+greater than or equal to seven now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to seven now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to seven now let's
+repeat this for voxel four so equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this for voxel four so equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat this for voxel four so equals
+some product and then in parentheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some product and then in parentheses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some product and then in parentheses
+select the decision variables semicolon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the decision variables semicolon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select the decision variables semicolon
+and the data for voxel four again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the data for voxel four again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the data for voxel four again we
+also want this one to be greater than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want this one to be greater than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want this one to be greater than or
+equal to seven now let's repeat this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to seven now let's repeat this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to seven now let's repeat this for
+voxel seven so sum product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel seven so sum product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel seven so sum product of the
+decision variables semicolon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables semicolon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables semicolon
+and then the data for voxel 7 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the data for voxel 7 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the data for voxel 7 again
+greater than or equal to 7 and lastly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 7 and lastly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to 7 and lastly
+for voxel 8 we want the sum product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for voxel 8 we want the sum product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for voxel 8 we want the sum product of
+the decision variables and the data for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision variables and the data for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision variables and the data for
+voxel 8 this time to also be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel 8 this time to also be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel 8 this time to also be greater
+than or equal to 7 and our last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 7 and our last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 7 and our last
+constraint we want to make sure that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint we want to make sure that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint we want to make sure that the
+total dose to voxel 5 the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total dose to voxel 5 the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total dose to voxel 5 the spinal cord
+voxel so some product with the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel so some product with the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxel so some product with the decision
+variables and then the data for voxel 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and then the data for voxel 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and then the data for voxel 5
+is less than or equal to 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to 5
+the remaining constraints we have are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining constraints we have are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remaining constraints we have are
+the non negativity constraints which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non negativity constraints which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the non negativity constraints which
+will add in directly in the solver so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add in directly in the solver so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add in directly in the solver so
+now go ahead and go to the Tools menu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go ahead and go to the Tools menu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now go ahead and go to the Tools menu
+and select solver the solver window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and select solver the solver window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and select solver the solver window
+should pop up first we need to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pop up first we need to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pop up first we need to tell
+solver what our objective is so go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver what our objective is so go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solver what our objective is so go ahead
+and delete what's in target cell and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and delete what's in target cell and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and delete what's in target cell and
+making sure that your cursor is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that your cursor is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that your cursor is in
+target cell select the blue objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target cell select the blue objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target cell select the blue objective
+cell now we want to change maximum to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell now we want to change maximum to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell now we want to change maximum to
+minimum because we're trying to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum because we're trying to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimum because we're trying to minimize
+the total dose to healthy tissue and our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total dose to healthy tissue and our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total dose to healthy tissue and our
+decision variables should be the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables should be the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables should be the six
+yellow cells now let's add in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow cells now let's add in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow cells now let's add in our
+constraints so in the first cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so in the first cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so in the first cell
+reference box let's select the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference box let's select the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference box let's select the first
+four constraints because they're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four constraints because they're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four constraints because they're all
+greater than or equal to constraints we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to constraints we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to constraints we
+can add them in together and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add them in together and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can add them in together and change the
+operator to greater than or equal to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to greater than or equal to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator to greater than or equal to and
+then in value select the four right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in value select the four right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in value select the four right hand
+sides now let's add in the spinal cord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides now let's add in the spinal cord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides now let's add in the spinal cord
+constraint so in the next cell reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so in the next cell reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint so in the next cell reference
+box select the spinal cord left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box select the spinal cord left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box select the spinal cord left hand
+side make sure that operator is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side make sure that operator is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side make sure that operator is less
+than or equal to and in the second value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to and in the second value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to and in the second value
+box select the spinal cord right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box select the spinal cord right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box select the spinal cord right hand
+side now let's add our non negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now let's add our non negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side now let's add our non negativity
+constraints so in the cell reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so in the cell reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints so in the cell reference
+just directly pick the six decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just directly pick the six decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just directly pick the six decision
+variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and make sure the operator is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure the operator is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make sure the operator is greater
+than or equal to and the value should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to and the value should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to and the value should
+just be zero now in the options make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be zero now in the options make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be zero now in the options make
+sure you've selected the linear solver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you've selected the linear solver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you've selected the linear solver
+and click OK now go ahead and hit solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and click OK now go ahead and hit solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and click OK now go ahead and hit solve
+you should see a solving result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see a solving result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should see a solving result that
+says solving successfully finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says solving successfully finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says solving successfully finished
+result twenty two point seven five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result twenty two point seven five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result twenty two point seven five
+that's the optimal objective function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the optimal objective function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the optimal objective function
+value go ahead and select keep result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value go ahead and select keep result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value go ahead and select keep result
+now let's take a look at our solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at our solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's take a look at our solution so
+the optimal solution is to have Bement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal solution is to have Bement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the optimal solution is to have Bement
+one at an intensity 2.25 vemma two at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at an intensity 2.25 vemma two at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one at an intensity 2.25 vemma two at an
+intensity of 0v millet three at an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of 0v millet three at an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of 0v millet three at an
+intensity of three the female at four at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of three the female at four at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity of three the female at four at
+an intensity of 3.5 being late five at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intensity of 3.5 being late five at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intensity of 3.5 being late five at
+an intensity of two point five and beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intensity of two point five and beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intensity of two point five and beam
+lit six at an intensity of zero this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit six at an intensity of zero this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lit six at an intensity of zero this
+makes sense because be Mallick two goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because be Mallick two goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes sense because be Mallick two goes
+across the spinal cord and be millet six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the spinal cord and be millet six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the spinal cord and be millet six
+only goes down healthy tissue voxels and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only goes down healthy tissue voxels and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only goes down healthy tissue voxels and
+if we look at our constraints we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at our constraints we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we look at our constraints we can
+double check that each tumor voxel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check that each tumor voxel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double check that each tumor voxel is
+receiving a dose of at least seven one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving a dose of at least seven one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving a dose of at least seven one
+two more voxel gets a dose of eight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more voxel gets a dose of eight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two more voxel gets a dose of eight and
+the spinal cord is receiving a dose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord is receiving a dose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spinal cord is receiving a dose of
+five which was the maximum possible dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five which was the maximum possible dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five which was the maximum possible dose
+in the next video we'll see an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next video we'll see an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next video we'll see an example
+of a real problem and how big the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a real problem and how big the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a real problem and how big the
+problem is on an actual tumor case
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/UuUPG_amkWc.txt b/UuUPG_amkWc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a4ef8ee93f0300a03ff9dc90f99bec48f66ff4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/UuUPG_amkWc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+This discussion of design tradeoffs completes
+Part 1 of the course.
+
+We've covered a lot of ground in the last
+eight lectures.
+
+We started by looking at the mathematics underlying
+information theory and used it to help evaluate
+
+various alternative ways of effectively using
+sequences of bits to encode information content.
+
+Then we turned our attention to adding carefully-chosen
+redundancies to our encoding to ensure that
+
+we could detect and even correct errors that
+corrupted our bit-level encodings.
+
+Next we learned how analog signaling accumulates
+errors as we added processing elements to
+
+our system.
+
+We solved the problem by using voltages "digitally"
+choosing two ranges of voltages to encode
+
+the bit values 0 and 1.
+
+We had different signaling specifications
+for our outputs and inputs, adding noise margins
+
+to make our signaling more robust.
+
+Then we developed the static discipline for
+combinational devices and were led to the
+
+conclusion that our devices had to be non-linear
+and exhibit gains > 1.
+
+In our study of combinational logic, we fist
+learned about the MOSFET, a voltage-controlled
+
+switch.
+
+We developed a technique for using MOSFETS
+to build CMOS combinational logic gates, which
+
+met all the criteria of the static discipline.
+
+Then we discussed systematic ways of synthesizing
+larger combinational circuits that could implement
+
+any functionality we could express in the
+form a truth table.
+
+To be able to perform sequences of operations,
+we first developed a reliable bistable storage
+
+element based on a positive feedback loop.
+
+To ensure the storage elements worked correctly
+we imposed the dynamic discipline which required
+
+inputs to the storage elements to be stable
+just before and after the time the storage
+
+element was transitioned to "memory mode".
+
+We introduced finite-state machines as a useful
+abstraction for designing sequential logic.
+
+And then we figured out how to deal with asynchronous
+inputs in way that minimized the chance of
+
+incorrect operation due to metastability.
+
+In the last two lectures we developed latency
+and throughput as performance measures for
+
+digital systems and discussed ways of achieving
+maximum throughput under various constraints.
+
+We discussed how it's possible to make tradeoffs
+to achieve goals of minimizing power dissipation
+
+and increasing performance through decreased
+latency or increased throughput.
+
+Whew!
+
+That's a lot of information in a short amount
+of time.
+
+Mr. Blue and the rest of the 6.004x staff
+hope you've found the course useful in increasing
+
+your skills in designing digital systems and
+analyzing their operation.
+
+You've completed several actual designs and
+you're well on your way to designing a complete
+
+computer using our standard cell library.
+
+That's quite an accomplishment.
+
+If you'd like to continue the journey, please
+join us for Part 2 of the course where we'll
+
+discuss programmable architectures and work
+out the design of a modern 32-bit processor.
+
+See you then!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V-eWuHXZGnw.txt b/V-eWuHXZGnw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab4f4732de9f85d55d9e4e9ac83b08f05fa9b4ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V-eWuHXZGnw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3795 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: Welcome to Course
+Design today, how to plan a
+
+course and avoid the pitfalls
+that many courses fall into.
+
+In the past few sessions we've
+seen some of the results, for
+
+example the misconceptions,
+the rote
+
+learning, the lack of transfer.
+
+And how do you design a course
+so that your course doesn't
+
+commit more of that and
+contribute to that problem,
+
+but instead perhaps
+mitigates it?
+
+And it's a difficult problem.
+
+So related to that, sort of
+flowing almost directly from
+
+course design is that making
+large changes to courses is
+
+politically very difficult.
+
+And several people have asked
+me questions about that.
+
+So actually the penultimate
+session will be political
+
+barriers to educational
+change.
+
+So for example, the Benezet
+experiment, what happened to
+
+Benezet's experiment?
+
+Why isn't it done more?
+
+So actually, I went to the
+Manchester School Board,
+
+Manchester, New Hampshire, and
+looked at all the school board
+
+minutes from the 1930s
+to see what happened.
+
+So I'll talk a bit about that,
+talk about what are the
+
+structural obstacles to change
+so that you know what you're
+
+up against so that you can make
+strategic, sly choices
+
+and not get yourself
+shot at too much.
+
+But that's sort of
+a consequence
+
+of good course design.
+
+And that we'll do in the
+penultimate session.
+
+This time we'll talk about if
+you had your ideal world, what
+
+would you do?
+
+Sort of a process of successive
+approximation.
+
+In the ideal world what
+would you do?
+
+And then in the real world,
+how do you get as close to
+
+that as you can?
+
+So today, course design, which
+is how do you design a course
+
+so that you avoid the
+main problems with
+
+the traditional courses?
+
+So now before I say how do you
+design a course like that, let
+
+me review a bit.
+
+We've seen some of it in
+the previous sessions.
+
+But what are the problems with
+the traditional courses?
+
+So the problems in the
+traditional courses in broad
+
+outlines are, one,
+rote learning.
+
+I think that's the most
+fundamental problem.
+
+So we've seen many
+examples of that.
+
+And I'll just remind
+you of a few.
+
+And I'll show you a couple.
+
+So I'll remind you
+of a few just to
+
+summarize it in one second.
+
+And related to rote learning is
+that there's no transfer.
+
+So what are the causes?
+
+Well, we'll come to
+that in a second.
+
+But for example, what do I
+mean by rote learning?
+
+So rote learning is the
+fundamental problem.
+
+And it actually causes
+this one.
+
+If you learn by pattern
+matching, you're not going to
+
+be able to transfer to a new
+situation unless you happen to
+
+have by luck seen that
+pattern before.
+
+But any really new situation
+will be completely unfamiliar
+
+and you won't be
+able to do it.
+
+So the examples--
+
+so the canonical example,
+because I find this actually
+
+very helpful to have a canonical
+example of what is
+
+rote learning, I think this
+is the canonical example.
+
+It's that.
+
+So I have that picture in my
+mind and the whole story
+
+behind that picture
+is this one.
+
+So this is from Wertheimer
+again.
+
+So students are learning to
+find the area of this
+
+parallelogram.
+
+And they move that triangle over
+there, make a rectangle.
+
+They know how to find the
+area of the rectangle.
+
+So rote learning, you can test
+for rote learning by giving
+
+them this picture.
+
+And the students who didn't
+understand but it only seemed
+
+like they understand, they take
+the triangle and they
+
+don't know what to do with it.
+
+So they can't find the area
+anymore, because what this
+
+reveals is that they didn't
+actually understand what they
+
+were doing.
+
+They didn't understand that the
+purpose of this procedure
+
+was to make a rectangle because
+you know how to find
+
+the area of a rectangle.
+
+They thought what you do is
+you chop off the left
+
+triangle, move it over there,
+and then you do
+
+some w times h.
+
+So operationally, it looks
+almost exactly the same.
+
+But cognitively, underneath,
+what's going on under the
+
+hood, is something completely
+different, you find out, when
+
+students have done rote
+learning, because they can't
+
+do this problem.
+
+So this one actually has all
+aspects of rote learning.
+
+So if they can't even do this
+problem, they haven't even
+
+done any learning.
+
+But if they can do this one but
+not this one, they've done
+
+rote learning.
+
+OK.
+
+So now if they haven't done
+any learning, that's a
+
+completely separate problem,
+generally not
+
+the problem we have.
+
+We have problems with students
+who have done way too much
+
+learning, but it's all in
+the wrong direction.
+
+So that's one example.
+
+Have I shown you folks--
+
+probably some of you, the
+Army bus problem?
+
+The Army bus problem
+is very amusing.
+
+So there are 1,128 soldiers.
+
+And they have to be bused from
+one base to another.
+
+So this actually, again, was
+another National Assessment of
+
+Educational Progress problem.
+
+So it was given to
+a sample of about
+
+50,000 high school students.
+
+So it was a huge study.
+
+And there's 36 per bus
+that you can take.
+
+So the question is,
+how many buses?
+
+So it's not a rocket
+science question.
+
+They're just supposed to figure
+out how many buses to
+
+use and maybe one is the
+right answer, maybe.
+
+But you just keep shuttling
+back and forth.
+
+Let's assume that's not
+what was looked for.
+
+So I'll just give you this.
+
+So 1,128 over 36
+is 31 and 1/3.
+
+So now I'm giving you that
+basically to simulate the
+
+state of mind of the students,
+because it turns out about 70%
+
+of the students did this
+division correctly.
+
+So now there's another
+30% who didn't even
+
+learn division correctly.
+
+Let's leave those
+people aside.
+
+Of the 70%, in other words most
+of them, who could do the
+
+division correctly,
+what did they say?
+
+OK.
+
+So take a minute.
+
+Find a neighbor and see if you
+can predict what the students
+
+say and what the distribution
+of answers is.
+
+So this is practice
+understanding where students
+
+are coming from.
+
+This is American high
+school students.
+
+OK.
+
+So can someone suggest one
+answer that people gave?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Actually 31
+[INAUDIBLE] buses.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So that was one of
+the answers.
+
+So actually, the way that in
+America at least when I was in
+
+school you were taught to
+write it as 31 R 12.
+
+So that means 31 remainder 12,
+which I think is a completely
+
+broken way of doing things.
+
+But that's what we learned
+in school.
+
+And that's what some fraction
+of students wrote.
+
+OK.
+
+Another answer.
+
+AUDIENCE: 31.
+
+PROFESSOR: 31.
+
+AUDIENCE: 31 because
+they round off.
+
+PROFESSOR: 31 to round off.
+
+And another one?
+
+AUDIENCE: 32.
+
+PROFESSOR: 32 would be nice.
+
+Right.
+
+So these in fact were
+the three answers.
+
+And they were all equally
+chosen, except for this was
+
+sort of slightly preferred
+to the others.
+
+So they were all roughly
+25% of--
+
+this was, say, 75%.
+
+These were all about 25%.
+
+I think this was 28%.
+
+So this one was the
+winning one.
+
+Now just stare at that
+for a minute.
+
+What does that tell you?
+
+It tells you that-- what it
+tells me is that the problem
+
+had no meaning for
+the students.
+
+Again, they'd done learning.
+
+So of the rite learning,
+they'd done learning.
+
+There's no question
+about that.
+
+They'd learn how to divide.
+
+They all could divide.
+
+But they didn't know what
+the hell they'd done.
+
+So if you wrote, oh, yeah,
+if you filled out on the
+
+requisition form for the Army
+I need 31 R 12 buses, where
+
+would you be?
+
+You'd probably be peeling
+potatoes for the
+
+next week, on KP duty.
+
+So this shows no meaning.
+
+And what it shows is that for
+most students, there was
+
+actually no meaning.
+
+Here, again this also shows
+no meaning, but in a more
+
+sophisticated way than this.
+
+At least they thought about
+what to do with the R 12.
+
+And they came up with the
+wrong answer, but they
+
+thought about it.
+
+And here, we'll hope they
+actually understood.
+
+So of the 100%, 30% couldn't
+do the division.
+
+Roughly another 20%,
+it had no meaning.
+
+Another 30%, no meaning.
+
+So now we're at 80%.
+
+And only about 20% really
+understood what was going on
+
+in a really fundamentally
+simple problem.
+
+So that is a striking example
+to me of how deep the rote
+
+learning is.
+
+It's the same as that problem I
+showed you last time, which
+
+was 3.04 times 5.3,
+I think it was.
+
+You had to multiply.
+
+And students had to choose--
+
+they had to estimate it.
+
+They didn't actually have
+to do the calculation.
+
+They had to choose between
+1.6, 16, 160,
+
+one of these four.
+
+And it was just chance,
+basically.
+
+So again, the number
+system didn't
+
+mean anything to people.
+
+So it's really fundamental.
+
+It's really terrible.
+
+And it's been studied a lot.
+
+So the problem is not just
+in American teaching.
+
+It's across the world.
+
+It shows up in physics.
+
+So the physics example I
+showed you was this.
+
+So this is the bouncing ball.
+
+So it's stationary just for an
+instant while it's bouncing.
+
+And what everyone drew
+was that there was--
+
+normal force equals
+mg and there's mg.
+
+Why?
+
+Well, v equals zero.
+
+So there's several reasons.
+
+Here, partly there was rote
+learning involved, because n
+
+was always equal to mg in all
+these other problems.
+
+So they just triggered
+off of that.
+
+The other one is that there
+is indeed misconception.
+
+They actually think
+f equals mv.
+
+So that's the third.
+
+So here, there's deep
+rote learning.
+
+There's no transfer.
+
+What are the causes?
+
+So there you see one
+of the causes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Sorry.
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+Couldn't it also be a problem
+of multiple choice thing,
+
+because [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: It wasn't
+multiple choice.
+
+They were just given the
+problem just like this.
+
+No.
+
+I don't think anyone who made
+a multiple choice would ever
+
+have dreamt to put that
+one on there.
+
+AUDIENCE: Well, I mean
+this is [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+But I think it was phrased like
+how many buses should you
+
+order, something like that.
+
+I mean, they should come
+up with some integer.
+
+AUDIENCE: They would write in an
+answer that they would get.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+No, it was a blank, not
+a multiple choice.
+
+It was a short answer.
+
+So that's how they could see
+that they'd done the division
+
+correctly or not.
+
+And so all of the ones who had
+done the division correctly,
+
+this is what you got.
+
+Another question?
+
+No.
+
+OK.
+
+Question.
+
+AUDIENCE: So I have
+another question.
+
+You've shown us many studies
+that prove that there's more
+
+rote learning going on.
+
+And all those studies come from
+the '30s and the '60s.
+
+So why is it still
+a problem today?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+So this one was '84, I
+believe, '83 or '84.
+
+And let's see, when were
+some of the others?
+
+So Wertheimer was the
+'50s or the '40s.
+
+Those examples are the '40s,
+so yeah, you're right.
+
+AUDIENCE: Why is it
+still a problem?
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, every time
+I ask this one, I
+
+get the same results.
+
+So this I've asked between 1998
+and 2009, and always got
+
+the same results.
+
+What are some of the others?
+
+So another one is quel
+age est le capitaine?
+
+So that's a French study.
+
+So they asked students--
+
+the question was, how
+do we know it's
+
+still a problem today?
+
+So they've asked students,
+there are 26 sheep and 10
+
+goats on a ship.
+
+How old is the captain?
+
+It's a good question.
+
+The problem is the answer.
+
+The answer is that people answer
+36, because they have
+
+to stir the numbers around
+somehow and get something.
+
+So that was done in the
+'80s, I believe.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: That's not quite
+what I'm asking.
+
+I'm asking, if there is so much
+evidence that supports
+
+the existence of the problem,
+why isn't it solved?
+
+PROFESSOR: Oh.
+
+OK.
+
+Good question.
+
+OK.
+
+Sorry.
+
+I thought your question was,
+wasn't it all done long ago so
+
+it's not a problem now.
+
+Oh, yeah.
+
+If there's so much evidence to
+support the existence of a
+
+problem, why isn't it solved?
+
+So I would say there's two
+parts to that answer.
+
+One part is that, a, lots of
+people don't know about this.
+
+So normally when you teach--
+
+so there's sort of an implicit
+contract, which is that if I
+
+don't ask you questions like
+that, you won't reveal to me
+
+that I'm not teaching you any
+of these important things.
+
+So for example, if you just take
+a regular course, it's
+
+actually possible to do
+all the problems by
+
+pattern-matching, mostly.
+
+So as an example in physics,
+you'll have--
+
+say you're doing circular
+motion.
+
+And someone will say, well,
+there's a car going around a
+
+turn and the radius of
+the turn is this.
+
+And it's going at 30
+miles an hour.
+
+What's the force?
+
+Or the car has a mass, m, what's
+the force that the road
+
+has to exert to keep
+it in the turn?
+
+Well, you don't have
+to know anything
+
+about circular motion.
+
+All you have to know is that
+there must be some formula
+
+which has-- so let's
+look at the
+
+variables that I just said.
+
+There is F is the unknown.
+
+m is given.
+
+v is given.
+
+And r is given.
+
+So you just flip through the
+book until you find a formula
+
+with all of those guys, which
+happens to be F equals mv
+
+squared over r.
+
+And then you just plug
+everything in.
+
+So you can do all those problems
+without understanding
+
+anything about centrifugal
+and centripetal.
+
+For example, 95% of students who
+can find this formula with
+
+no problem, if you ask them,
+well, can you draw me a force
+
+diagram, 50/50 on whether the
+force is outwards or inwards.
+
+You can ask them things like,
+OK, a car is accelerating.
+
+Where does the force
+come from?
+
+Or a car is decelerating.
+
+Where does the force
+come from?
+
+Oh, you know, the road.
+
+That seems really strange.
+
+But it's true.
+
+It's in fact from the road.
+
+So they have huge misconceptions
+even about
+
+linear forces, let alone
+circular forces.
+
+So the regular way of teaching
+actually doesn't expose those.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Do you think if the
+standardized exams had
+
+higher-level questions
+on them.
+
+like Bloom's Taxonomy, would
+that help [INAUDIBLE]?
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+That would help, actually.
+
+So I can say something
+about how--
+
+maybe I should've said this
+last time, about how--
+
+so the question was, if
+standardized exams were better
+
+and had higher-level questions,
+would that help?
+
+I think it would help.
+
+And you can still even do it
+multiple choice and still have
+
+higher-level questions.
+
+So here's actually a pretty
+striking example.
+
+Let's see if I can
+remember exactly.
+
+Oh, yeah.
+
+So you ask students--
+
+these are young kids, but
+it applies generally.
+
+And it's a question about
+how to design tests.
+
+So you ask them, I have a piece
+of red cellophane and
+
+blue cellophane.
+
+And I put them together.
+
+What color do I get?
+
+OK.
+
+So now the question isn't so
+much what is the right answer?
+
+But what do you think students
+say when you ask them that?
+
+And these are young kids.
+
+So takes a minute and see if you
+come up with what they say
+
+as their answer, their
+most common answer.
+
+So you ask this as an
+open-ended question.
+
+You don't give them
+multiple choice.
+
+So talk to your neighbor
+about that.
+
+OK.
+
+So I think it's actually very
+difficult to predict what
+
+students actually say.
+
+And I'm willing to eat
+a chalk if anyone--
+
+well, I don't know if
+I should say that.
+
+That's a bit risky.
+
+But let's just-- chalk
+is probably safe.
+
+But let's say I'm willing to eat
+a chalk, maybe with salt
+
+and pepper, if anyone can
+actually figure out what the
+
+students actually said, the main
+thing they say, because
+
+it's really, really
+counterintuitive.
+
+Yes?
+
+Oh, go ahead.
+
+AUDIENCE: Reddish-blue.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So reddish-blue is one thing.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So that's one answer they give.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Brown.
+
+PROFESSOR: Brown.
+
+Yes, they probably
+do say that.
+
+AUDIENCE: Reddish-blue
+is like violet?
+
+PROFESSOR: Reddish-blue
+is like violet.
+
+Yeah.
+
+But if they are young enough,
+they might not know of the
+
+color violet.
+
+They might, or purple.
+
+Yeah.
+
+AUDIENCE: I'll go with
+saying violet-purple.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So violet-purple.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yellow.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yellow.
+
+I'm still safe.
+
+So they do say all these.
+
+I don't know about all of them
+in particular, but they say
+
+most of these things.
+
+I'm so far safe from
+my chalk wager.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Blue.
+
+PROFESSOR: Blue.
+
+OK.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Black.
+
+PROFESSOR: Black.
+
+That would be nice.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Would they say it
+depends which one is on top?
+
+PROFESSOR: Uh-oh.
+
+I've got to eat my chalk.
+
+Yes.
+
+So does it matter
+which one's--
+
+yeah.
+
+In particular, they say,
+which one's on top?
+
+Can I have salt with that?
+
+So that is in fact the
+main question.
+
+So now why do I bring
+this question up?
+
+Well, the normal way you'd
+make a multiple choice
+
+question is you'd ask the
+question yourself.
+
+You'd think, well, what are
+the plausible answers?
+
+You'd come up with many
+of the choices here.
+
+And you'd put them down in
+the multiple choice.
+
+And you'd never think of
+putting this one there.
+
+So one way to actually design
+the questions is that you
+
+first do it with a pilot group
+with a short answer.
+
+And then you make your multiple
+choices based on the
+
+main misconceptions
+that they have.
+
+OK.
+
+So now what's the obstacle
+when you do this?
+
+The obstacle when you do this
+is you get this very funny
+
+item response curve.
+
+So the item response curve
+is the following.
+
+So the idea response curve
+you get, so it--
+
+OK.
+
+So on this axis is the student's
+overall grade.
+
+And this is the--
+
+so you have a test say, of
+50 questions or whatever.
+
+And this is their overall
+grade on this axis.
+
+On this axis is their
+probability of getting one
+
+particular question correct.
+
+So now, a usual, a normal
+question is
+
+something like that.
+
+If they don't know anything,
+they have no chance
+
+of getting it right.
+
+Maybe they have some monkey
+line level over here.
+
+So let's call it something
+like that.
+
+OK.
+
+But these kind of questions
+actually have a
+
+very different shape.
+
+Their shape is shaped like a J.
+So what happens is that--
+
+so this is the good questions.
+
+I think they are much
+better questions.
+
+But they get this shape.
+
+So what happens is when the
+students are just guessing,
+
+they're somewhere down here.
+
+But as they start to think about
+it and learn more, then
+
+they fall into the
+misconceptions.
+
+So they actually go down.
+
+So they actually can even
+be below chance.
+
+And then only when they really
+understand things
+
+do they get up here.
+
+So now what happens, for
+example, if the SAT ever
+
+contains a question like this,
+they just throw it out.
+
+They say, oh, this question does
+not measure how good a
+
+student we have.
+
+It's actually skewed.
+
+It's all messed up.
+
+So you throw it out.
+
+So these normal, standard ways
+of making standardized tests
+
+actually throw out all
+the good questions.
+
+And all you're left with is
+these kind of questions.
+
+So I actually saw an
+example of this in
+
+Cambridge, which was--
+
+so you remember the rolling down
+the plain question that I
+
+showed you last week
+or the week before?
+
+So the rolling down the
+plain question is
+
+an intuitive question.
+
+It's qualitative.
+
+It's hard.
+
+If you try to calculate it,
+you'll get yourself in a knot
+
+unless you know exactly
+what you're doing.
+
+But if you reason about it
+intuitively, you can do it
+
+quite well.
+
+OK.
+
+So that question was then put
+on the end-of-year exam for
+
+the sophomores.
+
+And the examiner said, well,
+actually this question was not
+
+a good question, because it
+didn't measure who the good
+
+students were.
+
+So what they meant was that
+the good students actually
+
+sometimes did worse on
+that question than
+
+the not-so-good students.
+
+So they said, OK.
+
+We're just going to throw
+that question out.
+
+I mean, they didn't throw
+it that time.
+
+But we're not going to use
+questions like that next time.
+
+So again, here you had a good
+qualitative question.
+
+And it didn't measure the
+quote, "good" students.
+
+So it didn't give them
+what they wanted.
+
+So they threw it out.
+
+So if you design a test like
+that, you're going to fill it
+
+with questions that
+are just sort of
+
+low on Bloom's Taxonomy.
+
+But it doesn't mean you have
+to do that it way.
+
+So if you want to make a test
+that is higher on Bloom's
+
+Taxonomy and tests misconception
+and qualitative
+
+reasoning and intuitive
+reasoning, the way you do it
+
+is you do a short answer
+first, put the main
+
+misconceptions down.
+
+And you just have to be
+willing to live with
+
+this kind of curve.
+
+AUDIENCE: But when you say you
+don't evaluate the good
+
+student, but the question is how
+do you in the first place
+
+evaluate the good students
+if you have a
+
+normal kind of system?
+
+How do you basically
+evaluate them?
+
+PROFESSOR: How do you tell who
+the good students are?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yeah.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, it's a
+reification that's going on.
+
+I mean, there's this idea
+that there's such a
+
+thing as a good student.
+
+And just because you call it
+that doesn't mean there is
+
+such a thing.
+
+So you need some definitions.
+
+So like for example,
+what is IQ?
+
+The definition is it's what
+IQ tests measure.
+
+I mean, that's the only,
+I would say, valid
+
+definition of IQ tests.
+
+So here, good student
+meant doing well on
+
+the standard problems.
+
+Now, I don't think
+that's a good
+
+definition of a good student.
+
+But that is the implicit
+definition in most courses.
+
+So to answer your question, it's
+the standard way things
+
+are done, the implicit
+definition that it makes it so
+
+hard to change the rote
+learning, but also so hard to
+
+even see that it's going on.
+
+And then the other half of
+the answer is that--
+
+and when you try to change
+it, you find all
+
+these political obstacles.
+
+And that's what we're going
+to talk about in
+
+the penultimate session.
+
+But for example, people
+downstream.
+
+And one question was raised
+about this in the questions.
+
+The next courses will say, well,
+you didn't teach them X.
+
+Suppose you say, oh my god.
+
+I'm teaching them sophomore
+mechanics and they don't know
+
+Newton's three laws.
+
+Well, I could just do oiler's
+top and the herpolhodes and
+
+the polhodes, and all of that
+stuff and gyroscopes and all
+
+this complicated stuff, which is
+sort of a nonsense if they
+
+don't understand
+Newton's laws.
+
+Or I could actually sort out
+their misconceptions on
+
+Newton's laws.
+
+Well, suppose you take
+time to do that.
+
+Well, then they haven't
+learned what
+
+the herpolhode is.
+
+So who knows what the
+herpolhode is?
+
+So I sort of remember
+a while ago.
+
+But even I taught the course
+and I hardly remember it.
+
+But the next downstream course
+will say, they didn't know the
+
+herpolhode because you spent
+time on Newton's laws.
+
+So that's the political
+problem.
+
+So you have to then somehow get
+the people downstream to
+
+see that this is a serious
+problem, that we can only
+
+build sand castles in the air
+for so high before they
+
+collapse because the air can't
+support that much.
+
+And that's what I'm going
+to talk about in
+
+the penultimate session.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+problem, was the purpose of
+the test, because if the
+
+purpose of the test is to
+evaluate the students, you
+
+don't want to throw in
+tricky questions.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well, so the question
+is which question you
+
+use, does it depend on the
+purpose of the test?
+
+It does.
+
+But I think you absolutely need
+these kind of questions,
+
+or you're not actually
+evaluating the right thing.
+
+So if you only put these kind
+of questions in, you're not
+
+exposing any misconceptions.
+
+So you're actually not
+evaluating some of the
+
+important questions about what
+the students understand.
+
+Because, for example, if you
+just give them colors on this
+
+question, you'll never realize
+that that's what they're
+
+thinking about.
+
+So actually you're just
+evaluating can they give you
+
+one of the pre-prescribed
+color answers.
+
+But that actually doesn't
+necessarily mean that they
+
+understand.
+
+So you're not actually
+evaluating their
+
+understanding.
+
+So to evaluate understanding
+you do need
+
+questions like this.
+
+And should you punish them
+for being down here?
+
+No.
+
+That's the other part of it.
+
+If they're down here,
+that means they're
+
+thinking about it.
+
+So if you then grade them and
+they came down here and you
+
+say, oh, you did really
+badly, no.
+
+Actually you're down here,
+that's because you're thinking
+
+about it and you got caught
+by the misconception.
+
+But that's the only way to sort
+out the misconception.
+
+You have to go beyond it.
+
+OK.
+
+Other questions?
+
+And then we'll take a break.
+
+OK.
+
+So it is 10:05, actually,
+according to that
+
+clock, plus an hour.
+
+So 9:15, according
+to that clock.
+
+So 10:15, see everyone
+back here.
+
+Take a short, 10-minute break,
+just as if it were two 1-hour
+
+classes with the 10
+minute break.
+
+And then I'll put the feedback
+sheets in the corners.
+
+So when you come back,
+just make sure you
+
+grab a feedback sheet.
+
+OK.
+
+So before, we talked about the
+problems with what most
+
+courses do and how rote learning
+is a primary product.
+
+And as a consequence of that,
+there's no transfer to new
+
+situations.
+
+So the knowledge is
+very brittle.
+
+So what are the causes?
+
+And what can you do about it?
+
+So just briefly, the causes
+partly are no account is taken
+
+of the misconceptions
+students have.
+
+So new rote learning is piled on
+old misconceptions, because
+
+by definition learning is
+going to turn into rote
+
+learning if there's no
+understanding and meaning
+
+given to it, just like
+the 1,128 divided
+
+by 36 is 31 R 12.
+
+So no account is taken of what
+students have rote learned and
+
+what they've really understood,
+because the way
+
+the course is normally taught,
+those ideas, those common
+
+misconceptions aren't exposed
+in the normal run of the way
+
+the course happens.
+
+And another is-- so
+that's directly
+
+related to the problem.
+
+Another one is that the
+applications are very narrow.
+
+So because the applications in
+the class are so confined to
+
+the same area, it's very easy
+to produce rote learning.
+
+And so I have a--
+
+I keep saying how pictures
+are the way to understand
+
+everything.
+
+So I have a picture for that.
+
+So I show everyone
+this picture.
+
+And if you keep this picture in
+your mind, it'll give you a
+
+guide for how you should
+make problems and
+
+what examples to choose.
+
+So suppose there is some idea
+you'd like to teach.
+
+We'll talk in a bit about why
+you'd like teach an idea at
+
+all, but some idea you
+want to teach.
+
+And you have a clear conception
+of this idea.
+
+For example, maybe the idea is
+something like DNA is the
+
+fundamental unit of information
+in living systems.
+
+OK, well that means
+something to you.
+
+But to the students, it doesn't
+
+actually mean anything.
+
+You need to give
+them examples.
+
+So you're giving them
+an example.
+
+A related one is you have
+some idea, which
+
+is dimensional analysis.
+
+And you want to give them an
+example of doing it, because
+
+just stating the Buckingham pi
+theorem for them doesn't
+
+really help them.
+
+So you do an example.
+
+But now picture yourself back
+in the student mind.
+
+What do the students see?
+
+Well, they don't have this idea
+as a separate unit yet,
+
+because they're still
+students.
+
+And the purpose of the course
+is to teach that.
+
+So they haven't got yet.
+
+So they have this merger of
+idea and example together.
+
+So they see this big package and
+have trouble making that
+
+division between idea and
+example, in other words,
+
+between transferable idea and
+thing that was particular to
+
+the situation.
+
+So of course what do you do?
+
+You give them another example.
+
+So the normal way it's done is
+here's your second example.
+
+So there's the second example.
+
+But now, again from the
+student's point of view,
+
+there's still quite a big
+overlap between idea plus
+
+example one and idea
+plus example two.
+
+So that overlap is--
+
+if they intersect things
+mentally in their head and see
+
+what's common, they still get
+a lot of stuff that's beyond
+
+just the idea.
+
+For example, if you do a bunch
+of dimensional analysis
+
+examples related to entropy,
+then they'll think, oh,
+
+dimensional analysis is a way
+of solving entropy problems.
+
+So here, the overlap
+is too big.
+
+So what do you have to do?
+
+AUDIENCE: More examples.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: More examples.
+
+PROFESSOR: More examples.
+
+And where should they
+be in this space?
+
+Yeah, way around, right?
+
+So you should make an
+example over here.
+
+So this example has very little
+intersection with the
+
+other example.
+
+So here, this one and this one
+and this one, they all have
+
+very little overlap.
+
+So now the overlap among
+all three is pretty
+
+much just the idea.
+
+But think how different that is
+from the way most courses
+
+are designed.
+
+Most courses, the examples,
+you'll do 18 problems with the
+
+ideal gas law.
+
+You'll do 18 integration
+by parts.
+
+You'll do 18 solutions
+of first order
+
+differential equations.
+
+You'll solve 18 ion
+channel problems
+
+with a Nernst equation.
+
+All of those actually don't
+teach you the fundamental idea
+
+to be able to transfer it.
+
+So that's another cause,
+see, that the
+
+applications are too narrow.
+
+So you have to choose
+your applications
+
+as widely as possible.
+
+And this makes teaching very
+hard, because it means you
+
+can't really-- yes, question?
+
+AUDIENCE: So it can't just be
+like also the structure
+
+involved with it. it's
+defined as having a
+
+class and having problems.
+
+So obviously, do something
+in written.
+
+But you never really
+communicate that.
+
+And if you would have like
+let's say in physics, you
+
+would have [INAUDIBLE].
+
+And maybe you have an exam, an
+oral exam where you basically
+
+can evaluate the students and
+really can find out if the
+
+students understood
+the main idea.
+
+And then he has to
+be transferred,
+
+transfer the skills.
+
+So I mean in terms of like
+broadening the way of how you
+
+question the students
+will help basically
+
+get the idea across.
+
+PROFESSOR: I think
+that's right.
+
+So the suggestion was that
+oral exams are actually--
+
+in general, it's true, are a
+much better way of evaluating
+
+whether the student understands
+or not.
+
+It's very disconcerting for the
+students, because, I think
+
+I said this last time, basically
+in an oral exam, as
+
+soon as the student understands
+something, you ask
+
+something else.
+
+So you're like, OK.
+
+They know that.
+
+Let me ask them about
+something else.
+
+So the student feels like
+they're never talk about
+
+something they know.
+
+But that's the purpose of it.
+
+So yeah, an oral exam,
+like a PhD qualifying
+
+exam, forces transfer.
+
+That's what you're checking
+for in the
+
+PhD qualifying exam.
+
+So if you do things like that
+in the undergraduate course,
+
+that's setting a goal of
+transfer, that this is one of
+
+the goals of the course, that
+you be able to use these
+
+skills in new situations
+I'm going to ask about.
+
+But of course, to be fair, you
+have to give them practice in
+
+doing that.
+
+You can't just give them regular
+problems and all of a
+
+sudden give them an oral exam
+where you say now transfer it
+
+to a new thing.
+
+They'll just hit a brick wall.
+
+But it helps you in designing
+the course.
+
+So I'll put the backward design
+diagram up again, to
+
+show that process.
+
+So here, you want to
+choose from as
+
+wide a set as possible.
+
+And generally, that's
+not done.
+
+So I wanted to read a couple
+of selections from the Eric
+
+experiment about what
+happens in class.
+
+So I know you had a
+choice of reading.
+
+So who chose the Eric
+experiment?
+
+I thought they were
+all fascinating.
+
+So if you remember,
+there was a couple
+
+quotes from Eric himself.
+
+So for those who didn't read
+it, Eric was a non-physics
+
+student who took a summer
+session physics course
+
+freshman, physics course,
+and recorded--
+
+I think he was a philosophy
+major.
+
+And he recorded his impressions
+of what it was
+
+like to be in a physics class.
+
+So that's actually--
+
+you get quite a different view
+of what a physics class should
+
+be when someone from outside
+comes, sort of like this
+
+diagram all over again.
+
+He said the class consisted
+basically of problem solving
+
+and not of any interesting or
+inspiring exchange of ideas.
+
+The professor spent the first
+15 minutes defining terms.
+
+And apparently that was all the
+new information we were
+
+going to get on kinematics.
+
+Then he spent 50 minutes doing
+problems from Chapter 1.
+
+He was not particularly good at
+explaining why he did what
+
+he did to solve the problems,
+nor did he have any real
+
+patience for people who
+wanted explanations.
+
+You know, the why, the what were
+the ideas, why would you
+
+do it this way rather than
+that way, those weren't
+
+generally part of the course.
+
+So by not making them part of
+the course, you're actually
+
+pushing towards their
+rote learning.
+
+And that doesn't mean that
+there are not all these
+
+interesting questions.
+
+So later on in this selection,
+he says, well, actually, you
+
+know, I wonder about all the
+names that physicists give.
+
+But there was no space to ask
+those questions in class.
+
+He says action/reaction, that's
+Newton's third law,
+
+that presupposes a cause and
+effect relationship, which
+
+implies duration.
+
+But in physics, actually
+action-reaction happen
+
+simultaneously.
+
+So those are the kind of the
+questions that he's asking
+
+himself, Eric, the
+student, that get
+
+away from rote learning.
+
+But the structure of the
+class doesn't encourage
+
+anything like that.
+
+And the only reason he has time
+to think about that is
+
+he's not actually trying to
+just survive the class.
+
+He's sort of going in as an
+experimental student, whereas
+
+the students who are just trying
+to survive the class,
+
+if any thoughts like that
+occur to them, they
+
+just say, forget it.
+
+No time to think about that. i
+have to solve the 10 problems
+
+on the end of Chapter
+3 right now.
+
+So those are the causes.
+
+What do you do about it?
+
+Well, there are several
+principles of design.
+
+So last time I talked about two
+organizational principles,
+
+the signals and systems model
+of how to teach a course.
+
+So this was the teaching
+equation.
+
+So this is the output,
+what students can do.
+
+So you choose that.
+
+You also have to understand
+students', students' thinking.
+
+And then you figure out your
+teaching given what Given you
+
+want them to be able to do and
+how students think, the
+
+misconceptions, how people
+learn, visual, by examples,
+
+diagrams like that, how
+should I teach?
+
+So that gives you an overall
+structure for course design.
+
+The other structure,
+which is quite
+
+similar, is backward design.
+
+So backward design, you invert
+the normal order.
+
+So the highest level in
+backward design is--
+
+that's the and over there.
+
+So this is a hierarchical
+structure.
+
+Basically, you choose
+your course goals.
+
+You find ways to make
+them operational.
+
+So in other words, how would
+you measure, for example,
+
+being able to solve Newton's
+laws problems in designed
+
+bridges, for example, might
+be one of your goals.
+
+Well, you would actually give
+them some bridges to design,
+
+things like that.
+
+And then given that you want
+them to be able to do that,
+
+what do you do in class?
+
+So this was last time.
+
+That's this time.
+
+And this is next time.
+
+And as I said before, I start
+here, just because I find this
+
+is at the right level,
+balanced between
+
+concrete and abstract.
+
+So we did that last time.
+
+But now we're here.
+
+How do you choose
+course goals?
+
+And that, the paper
+by Middlebrook--
+
+so who read Middlebrook's
+paper?
+
+A few people.
+
+OK.
+
+So if you haven't read it, I
+didn't want to overload you
+
+with reading, but I think it's
+also a brilliant paper.
+
+And I know Middlebrook because
+he was my teacher at Caltech.
+
+And I took the course that he
+describes in the paper.
+
+And he identified a fundamental
+problem and a
+
+fundamental solution to it.
+
+In other words, how do
+you choose the goals?
+
+And I myself have actually come
+to pretty much the same
+
+conclusion through years
+of hard experience.
+
+So this is all to answer,
+what do you do about it?
+
+Which is, you choose course
+goals such that the course
+
+itself will produce transfer.
+
+So let me explain the problem
+that Middlebrook identified
+
+and what his solution is.
+
+So his particular class is an
+analog circuit design class.
+
+And generally, the way analog
+circuit design is taught is
+
+you have a circuit.
+
+And you ask the students
+to analyze it.
+
+For example, you give them a
+circuit that filters out high
+
+frequency noise, for example,
+in an audio recorder in a CD
+
+recording studio.
+
+And you analyze it.
+
+And you see that its
+behavior does do--
+
+what is its behavior?
+
+OK.
+
+It throws away high
+frequencies.
+
+OK.
+
+So now that's the general
+run of the mill.
+
+You'll just get tons and
+tons and tons of
+
+problems like that.
+
+And you learn a wave of analysis
+that allows you to go
+
+from here to there.
+
+But then what happens when
+the student graduates?
+
+What happens is what
+Middlebrook calls
+
+a fall off a cliff.
+
+So either they go into graduate
+
+school or into a company.
+
+But either way, what
+happens is they're
+
+actually given that.
+
+Somebody says, well, actually,
+I need a circuit that doesn't
+
+cost too much but is quite
+exact and cuts off all
+
+frequencies beyond 22 kilohertz
+and doesn't mess up
+
+the frequencies below
+20 kilohertz.
+
+This is actually
+a real problem.
+
+That's how you need to
+do that to record.
+
+The people who developed the
+CD standard had to make
+
+something like this.
+
+So basically you're making a,
+quote, "antialias" filter.
+
+So I want that.
+
+Now here, the problem is that
+the student has learned
+
+methods of analysis that
+cannot be inverted.
+
+For example, one method of
+analysis is you have a circuit
+
+and you just simulate
+the thing.
+
+You just feed it to your
+computer, which does all the
+
+analysis for you.
+
+An analogy for that is if
+someone gives you a function
+
+to graph, you can use your
+graphing calculator to see
+
+what the graph looks like.
+
+But suppose someone says, well,
+I want a graph that
+
+looks like this.
+
+The graphing calculator can't
+answer that question.
+
+So they've learned methods
+of analysis that are not
+
+invertible.
+
+So they're actually useless,
+because the real world problem
+
+is exactly opposite of
+the school problem.
+
+The school problem, the
+circuit is the start.
+
+In the real world, the
+specification is the start.
+
+So to have any hope of going
+from there to there--
+
+this is a one-way arrow, it's
+like a diet-- you need a
+
+different method.
+
+You need to learn invertible
+methods of analysis.
+
+So if you have invertible
+methods of analysis, you can
+
+go both ways.
+
+And this problem I think is
+central to many, many, many,
+
+many courses, not just to this
+particular analog circuit
+
+design course.
+
+So then, what Middlebrook slowly
+evolved to was not just
+
+teaching invertible methods of
+analysis, but he made those
+
+the foreground of the course.
+
+As he described, "I found in
+teaching this stuff for a long
+
+time, I've actually had to put
+names and words to ideas for
+
+the students to get
+hold of them.
+
+This came about because for a
+long time I taught by example.
+
+I used a lot of methods, saying
+we're going to look
+
+into the properties of
+a certain circuit.
+
+And I would use some shortcut
+method or trick that I thought
+
+was a neater way to do it.
+
+And I just showed them this
+without actually emphasizing
+
+the method.
+
+That was fine.
+
+But when they did the homework
+problems and exams, their
+
+minds just automatically reset
+to the old way of doing it.
+
+So that didn't work very well.
+
+And I finally realized I had
+to give names to these
+
+things."
+
+And those are the names that
+he introduces in the paper.
+
+So those names, some
+of those are
+
+specific to analog circuits.
+
+Some are general.
+
+But it's the giving of names
+that is the central
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+So you give names to the big
+ideas in the course.
+
+And you don't just use them in
+passing, but you make them the
+
+focus of the course.
+
+So let's see.
+
+So in answer to what
+should the course
+
+goals be, roughly speaking--
+
+OK.
+
+Questions about that, because
+it's very different from how
+
+it's normally done?
+
+So if you look, for example, at
+a biology course, it might
+
+be organized by, say in cell
+biology, organized by the
+
+organ to organelle, the little
+system inside the cell.
+
+But those aren't necessarily
+transferable to anything
+
+except that particular
+subject.
+
+A physics class might be
+organized by a whole bunch of
+
+kinematics problems and
+dynamics problems.
+
+But a big organizational
+principle that is implicit
+
+there but isn't said is that,
+well, actually what we're
+
+doing is we're approximating
+down to something simple
+
+enough that we can do.
+
+That's an organizational
+principle
+
+that you can transfer.
+
+But that's never said.
+
+It's just implicit.
+
+If you look at Chapter 1,
+the systems are simpler.
+
+And then Chapter 2,
+they get harder.
+
+Maybe they have two dimensions
+in them.
+
+In Chapter 5, they have
+two particles in them.
+
+In Chapter 7, they have
+n particles in them.
+
+So it's this process of
+successive complication.
+
+And the beginning part of it,
+where we simplified real-world
+
+things into just one particle
+moving in one dimension at
+
+constant acceleration, that was
+
+never told to the students.
+
+So the transferable principle
+just went straight by them,
+
+because we never made
+it explicit.
+
+So you have to, if you ever
+want to have any hope of
+
+teaching these ideas, you have
+to make them explicit and give
+
+them names.
+
+Giving things names is
+absolutely essential to have
+
+any chance of learning them.
+
+And this was known in
+all the old legends.
+
+The gods did not want the
+mortals to have names for the
+
+gods, because it would give
+the mortals too much power
+
+over the gods.
+
+So some gods were
+He-who-has-no-name.
+
+And maybe only the high
+priest knew the name.
+
+Well, you don't want to
+be the high priest.
+
+You want to share the names
+with the students.
+
+And that involves a lot and a
+lot and a lot of thinking.
+
+That's where most of the work
+in course design goes, is
+
+figuring out those main ideas,
+those transferable goals and
+
+ways of reasoning that students
+can use no matter
+
+what they do.
+
+And then to teach them, you need
+to have it from as wide a
+
+set of examples as possible.
+
+So for example, to give you an
+illustration, when I teach
+
+dimensional analysis, which is
+the idea, and I want them to
+
+be able to use it wherever,
+the first example--
+
+I forget whether it's the first
+or second. i sort of
+
+flip it around.
+
+The first example is in
+economics, because you can
+
+identify a lot of bogus stuff
+in economics, because it has
+
+the wrong dimensions.
+
+So I want them to
+see it there.
+
+The second example is solid
+geometry, volumes of
+
+tetrahedrons and cones
+and things.
+
+And then we do sort of a more
+standard physics one.
+
+So I want them to see the broad
+sweep of this idea so
+
+that the idea comes clear.
+
+So the thing to do is to
+identify large ideas.
+
+So these are the--
+
+OK.
+
+So to practice, choose right now
+a course in your own mind
+
+that either you are interested
+in teaching or teaching now or
+
+would like to teach.
+
+And see if you can come up with
+some big ideas for that
+
+course, just to practice what
+some big ideas are.
+
+And I will show you as an
+example the large ideas for
+
+my-- just to give you an
+idea of what they are.
+
+I'll show you the tree for my
+approximation course just so
+
+you can see what level these
+ideas kind of live at.
+
+So the whole course is designed
+around how do you
+
+deal with complex problems and
+how do you handle the fact
+
+that the world is
+really messy?
+
+And I broke that down into
+either you manage it or you
+
+throw it away.
+
+Those are still too high-level
+to actually do anything with.
+
+But I wanted to organize
+the big ideas as well.
+
+So you can manage it by divide
+and conquer reasoning, so
+
+subdividing into smaller
+problems.
+
+Or you can make abstractions.
+
+Abstractions is basically the
+process of giving names to
+
+things, which is what we're
+talking about now.
+
+To throw away complexity, you
+can either do it losslessly--
+
+so this is methods of reasoning
+that find complexity
+
+that isn't there but look like
+it is there and get rid of it.
+
+So symmetry is number one.
+
+And examples of symmetry
+reasoning are proportional
+
+reasoning and dimensional
+analysis.
+
+So those are all
+lossless ways.
+
+They don't actually
+cost you anything.
+
+If they work, they make your
+life so much easier.
+
+And you haven't thrown
+any information away.
+
+Or you can make lossy
+compression.
+
+So you can do extreme cases,
+look at only the simple cases
+
+of things so you're throwing
+out information.
+
+Or you can make spring models.
+
+So even though things aren't--
+like chemical bonds, you can
+
+just say, well, they're
+just like springs.
+
+So that's a very useful
+but lossy way.
+
+Or the final one is
+you can lump.
+
+So you can lump changing
+processes into one.
+
+For example, a curve, you want
+to find the area under the
+
+curve, well, replace it
+by one rectangle.
+
+So that general pattern--
+
+those are what I've found are
+the most useful ways of
+
+dealing with complex problems.
+
+So these are the big ideas
+in that course.
+
+And the whole course is
+organized that way.
+
+And I show this tree once a week
+usually, just so people
+
+know where they are.
+
+So now, depending on the course,
+what stuff you have in
+
+your big ideas will
+be different.
+
+But I just want to give you an
+idea of what some large ideas,
+
+some structuring
+principles are.
+
+And then the course itself is
+actually organized Unit 1,
+
+Unit 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
+
+So what I've found is, just like
+Middlebrook found, that
+
+not only do you have to give
+names to the things, but I
+
+found that I had to actually
+organize the course around
+
+them, rather than organizing
+them around the topics that
+
+they apply to, if I really
+wanted the techniques, the
+
+ways of reasoning,
+to transfer.
+
+OK.
+
+So questions about what these
+large ideas, these reasoning
+
+principles, are?
+
+What kind of things
+to look for?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: What's the topic
+of the course?
+
+PROFESSOR: The course
+is called The Art of
+
+Approximation in Science
+and Engineering.
+
+So actually, it's carte blanche
+
+to talk about anything.
+
+So that's why these are probably
+higher-level objects
+
+than in most courses which
+will be narrower.
+
+But even there, like for example
+in physics, in the
+
+Intro Physics, one of the
+core ideas is successive
+
+approximation.
+
+And that's not brought
+out normally.
+
+But you could bring it out.
+
+You could say, look, we're
+using successive
+
+approximation again.
+
+Or here's the structure of the
+course, so that it's plain for
+
+the student.
+
+Does that help?
+
+OK.
+
+So pick that course
+in your mind.
+
+And talk to your neighbor.
+
+And see if you come up with,
+say, two or three large ideas.
+
+And now what we're going to do
+is we're going to put them on
+
+the board, the reason being that
+you'll find that people's
+
+big ideas and large ideas from
+other courses you'll be able
+
+to use in your course,
+not every single
+
+one, but many of them.
+
+That's almost by definition what
+makes something a large
+
+idea, that it's not just
+limited to that course.
+
+So it helps to see what
+other people's are.
+
+So I'll make some space on the
+board to draw those up.
+
+So I'll give you a chance to
+develop your list farther in
+
+the homework.
+
+Oh, I should say something about
+the homework, which is
+
+that you guys are all
+grad students, or
+
+almost all of you.
+
+You're all taking the
+course for fun.
+
+It's kind of pointless of me to
+police whether you're doing
+
+stuff or not.
+
+But all the same, I will give
+you an assignment to do--
+
+and I'll just trust that
+you'll do it--
+
+which is to work with each other
+on making large ideas
+
+for a course and then figuring
+out examples for those large
+
+ideas, so basically a sketch
+of a course design And the
+
+reason to do this, starting now
+and also later, is that
+
+basically that is the hardest
+work of course design.
+
+Once you've done that,
+everything else sort of flows.
+
+The syllabus writing, all
+that stuff, just flows.
+
+But if you haven't done
+this, you're just
+
+kind of spinning around.
+
+And you don't actually know
+what you're doing.
+
+It's really hard to actually
+figure out how you should
+
+start and what you should do.
+
+So, big ideas.
+
+Any big idea in any course?
+
+AUDIENCE: Separation of scale.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Separation of scale, so that
+behavior at one scale and
+
+another scale, you can often
+separate them and analyze them
+
+differently and without
+interfering with each other.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+past problems and then
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Separation of scale.
+
+So for example, I've seen that
+done in neurobiology.
+
+It's done in physics
+all the time.
+
+So in neurobiology, the calcium
+flux, the calcium
+
+concentration changes slowly,
+so you do the calcium
+
+concentration separate from,
+say, the sodium and the
+
+potassium, which is done with
+the action potential spikes.
+
+So separation scales, very
+important principle across
+
+many fields.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Equilibrium.
+
+PROFESSOR: Equilibrium.
+
+Is that right?
+
+So equilibrium, right away you
+can see if you really want
+
+students to understand the value
+of equilibrium, you have
+
+a whole set of examples
+to use, to steal from.
+
+You can use chemistry,
+physics, mechanical
+
+engineering.
+
+And they all have slightly
+different senses to
+
+equilibrium, statistical
+mechanics.
+
+But there's some core idea
+that's the same.
+
+And so it also is an argument
+for team teaching, or actually
+
+talking to colleagues from
+different fields to steal
+
+examples from them.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: I don't know how
+to describe this, but it
+
+describes a process which we all
+do research, and that is
+
+how to deal with scientific
+problems.
+
+[INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So identifying a scientific
+question and how to start
+
+studying it.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Yeah.
+
+Identifying and studying.
+
+Right.
+
+And there's many things that are
+common across many fields.
+
+And there's many things that are
+different in each field.
+
+And you can actually have
+a very fruitful--
+
+I could imagine a really
+fruitful interesting--
+
+you could almost teach a
+whole class on this.
+
+Actually, that sounds
+kind of fun.
+
+You could teach a history of
+science class on scientific
+
+questions that were identified,
+how they were
+
+studied, what principles
+still are done today.
+
+You could have people read
+papers from across many fields
+
+and read the intro and see
+how they would study that
+
+question, see what questions
+there are.
+
+Yes.
+
+Sharon.
+
+AUDIENCE: Resonance.
+
+PROFESSOR: Pardon?
+
+AUDIENCE: Resonance.
+
+PROFESSOR: Resonance.
+
+Right.
+
+Resonance you can have
+a field day with.
+
+It's in electric circuits.
+
+It's in mechanical systems,
+the earth-moon system, the
+
+tides are driven almost
+on resonance by the
+
+moon and the sun.
+
+Resonance is everywhere.
+
+It's in mechanical systems.
+
+There's beautiful films
+you can show of the
+
+Tacoma Narrows Bridge.
+
+I think the London Millennium
+Footbridge as
+
+well got hit by resonance.
+
+So resonance, another very
+transferable idea.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: How to develop
+3D models.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So how to build models.
+
+Right.
+
+And that's something
+that there are
+
+general patterns to it.
+
+And some of it's specific
+to a particular course.
+
+But there are general
+patterns.
+
+And that's something the
+students can use no matter
+
+what they do later.
+
+Whenever you go to
+a new field--
+
+so there's a Nobel
+Prize winner at
+
+Harvard, Walter Gilbert.
+
+So he's worked in I think
+chemistry, physics, and
+
+biology, many different
+fields.
+
+And he said, oh, yeah.
+
+Whenever you go to a new field,
+there's only a few key
+
+ideas in that new field.
+
+And the hard work is figuring
+out what those are.
+
+But that's what you
+have to do.
+
+So that is one of the
+transferable skills as well.
+
+Others?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Problem solving
+requires communication.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So communication.
+
+Right.
+
+If you can't communicate, you
+haven't solved the problem,
+
+which reminds me of my Caltech
+students, when I
+
+had them keep a journal.
+
+And then I told them I wanted
+them to explain--
+
+the journal they liked.
+
+But then I said, on the
+homeworks, I want you to
+
+explain your reasoning
+so that it reads.
+
+It's not just hence and
+thus and therefore.
+
+And they said, well, why
+we have to do that?
+
+We're physics students.
+
+I said, well, later on, you're
+going to have to communicate
+
+your answers to someone.
+
+They said, oh, we'll just hire
+someone who does that.
+
+So then I said to them, "well,
+how are you going to explain
+
+it to that person?
+
+How will they know?" I said, "oh
+you're going--" "oh, I'll
+
+explain it to them." I said,
+"oh, so you are explaining
+
+something?"
+
+They said "oh, no." Somebody
+said, "oh, well, actually that
+
+person will understand it
+already." So then I said to
+
+them, "well, so that person
+understands it already and can
+
+communicate it.
+
+And you just understand it.
+
+Who are people going
+to turn? "
+
+So only then did they agree that
+it was a good thing to
+
+actually write problem sets
+so they could communicate.
+
+So that's something you
+can teach in any
+
+field and across fields.
+
+You could look at scientific
+writing.
+
+You could look at writing
+scientific papers.
+
+You can look at giving
+presentations.
+
+Doing it on problem sets so they
+communicate, you can have
+
+students exchange problem
+sets with each other.
+
+If they can't understand the
+other problem set, clearly it
+
+wasn't communicated.
+
+Other transferable ideas?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Coordinates.
+
+PROFESSOR: Coordinates.
+
+Yes.
+
+So coordinates and--
+
+it's also fun to make this
+kind of list, because you
+
+start to see commonalities
+and they start to
+
+suggest other ones.
+
+So when you say coordinates,
+I also think, oh, yeah.
+
+That's a general example
+of representations.
+
+So there's different--
+
+this is probably what you
+meant is coordinate
+
+representations, what you
+were thinking of.
+
+But you can also think of the
+general idea of choosing good
+
+representations for solving
+particular problems.
+
+Like for some problems,
+a symbolic
+
+representation may be right.
+
+And some, there's a pictorial
+representation.
+
+You want to use in circuits,
+the time domain
+
+representation, or the
+frequency domain
+
+representation.
+
+So coordinates, I'll put dot,
+dot, dot, to say that almost
+
+leads to the next one, which is
+representation in general.
+
+Others?
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: Symmetry.
+
+PROFESSOR: Symmetry.
+
+Yes.
+
+Symmetry, incredibly powerful.
+
+Yes.
+
+Adrian, and then you're next.
+
+Yeah?
+
+AUDIENCE: Then you have
+approximation [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+So linearization.
+
+And that is of course
+also huge.
+
+I mean, symmetry is used
+in almost every field.
+
+Linearization, basically
+you can't do
+
+anything that's nonlinear.
+
+So every field does
+linearization.
+
+So that core idea would be
+beautiful to convey that.
+
+Yes?
+
+AUDIENCE: Error.
+
+PROFESSOR: OK.
+
+Errors .
+
+How do you deal with errors?
+
+There are common principles,
+probability theory,
+
+statistics, that deal with
+errors in any field.
+
+What are those?
+
+Well, that's what you want to
+understand so you can move to
+
+any other field.
+
+I'll put a dot, dot here, so
+symmetry, another one that's
+
+related to symmetry
+is conservation.
+
+Noether's theorem is that
+every conservation law
+
+corresponds to a symmetry
+and vice versa.
+
+I think I've stated
+that correctly.
+
+But they flow from each other.
+
+So actually I do conservation
+here as part of symmetry.
+
+So let me stop the list
+right there, just to
+
+say that right away--
+
+so let me put the other one
+which I talked about before,
+
+which is successive
+approximation, that you don't
+
+want to solve a hard problem
+all at once.
+
+It's sort of like divide
+and conquer.
+
+But you want to try to solve it
+approximately and then less
+
+approximately, then less less
+approximately, so you get
+
+closer and closer, as
+close as you need.
+
+That's a general principle of
+engineering design as well.
+
+So these, just to show you
+that all of a sudden you
+
+thought of a whole bunch
+of examples.
+
+And probably you can use that
+in any course you take.
+
+So now you all have like 11.
+
+Right now I'm not saying
+you have to use
+
+all 11 in your course.
+
+But you can start to restructure
+courses around
+
+those ideas and make them
+explicit and choose which you
+
+think are the most important in
+your field in the ways of
+
+thinking and illustrate them
+with things from your field
+
+but nearby as well.
+
+So this evening I'll post
+a reading for next week.
+
+And I'll post a short assignment
+basically to
+
+continue this line of thinking,
+just to give you
+
+some more practice
+in course design,
+
+fleshing it out farther.
+
+But what you've done is the key
+step, the hardest step to
+
+course design.
+
+So if you could fill out
+the question sheet,
+
+as always very helpful.
+
+And also there was a
+question before.
+
+Could I make sure to list
+on the website things I
+
+mentioned in class?
+
+Yes.
+
+I should do that.
+
+So if I could request people to,
+if you have in your notes
+
+any of the books that I
+mentioned in class but didn't
+
+put on the website, if you could
+email me those, I will
+
+put them on the website.
+
+So as a sort of divide and
+conquer approach, I'm sure
+
+actually collectively you
+have all of them.
+
+OK.
+
+So just when you're done, you
+can put the sheets up here.
+
+And then outside of that door,
+we'll have office hours as
+
+usual so that the next class
+doesn't get delayed by us
+
+being in here.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/V8G7aic6vnU.txt b/V8G7aic6vnU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e79133a47b0ff1618d256eb915c5d840b683b834
--- /dev/null
+++ b/V8G7aic6vnU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,555 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of MIT courses visit MIT opencourseware
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu as an overall uh statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu as an overall uh statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu as an overall uh statement
+about the course it is uh the aim is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the course it is uh the aim is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the course it is uh the aim is to
+bring the Learned discipline called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the Learned discipline called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring the Learned discipline called
+engineering ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering ethics
+to the students uh and my goal is to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the students uh and my goal is to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the students uh and my goal is to get
+them to um talk in ethical categories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to um talk in ethical categories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to um talk in ethical categories
+and to be able to understand engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be able to understand engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be able to understand engineering
+at a philosophical level uh and my uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a philosophical level uh and my uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a philosophical level uh and my uh
+approach to doing that is to treat the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to doing that is to treat the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to doing that is to treat the
+course or engineering ethics as a uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course or engineering ethics as a uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course or engineering ethics as a uh an
+engagement of two other learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement of two other learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engagement of two other learning
+disciplines in this class what seemed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines in this class what seemed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines in this class what seemed to
+work was the approach of being many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was the approach of being many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work was the approach of being many
+discipline of many disciplines I brought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline of many disciplines I brought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline of many disciplines I brought
+uh the great pieces of art into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the great pieces of art into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the great pieces of art into this
+class and I talked about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and I talked about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class and I talked about how
+Raphael's um um uh mass at bosina gave a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raphael's um um uh mass at bosina gave a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Raphael's um um uh mass at bosina gave a
+picture of what engineering really is as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what engineering really is as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of what engineering really is as
+distinct from uh mathematics for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from uh mathematics for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinct from uh mathematics for example
+when you look at Raphael's uh the school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at Raphael's uh the school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you look at Raphael's uh the school
+at Athens so I brought the high arts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Athens so I brought the high arts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Athens so I brought the high arts in
+uh we talked about literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we talked about literature
+uh one part of talking one way to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one part of talking one way to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one part of talking one way to talk
+about literature is to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about literature is to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about literature is to talk about
+literature is presented in in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature is presented in in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature is presented in in in the
+cinema students go to movies they like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema students go to movies they like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinema students go to movies they like
+the movies and what worked in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies and what worked in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies and what worked in the class
+was that the students today young people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the students today young people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the students today young people
+today are very good at critiquing a film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are very good at critiquing a film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today are very good at critiquing a film
+so I was able to bring out ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was able to bring out ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I was able to bring out ethical
+points by way of of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points by way of of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points by way of of of of
+film uh the third part was that I had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh the third part was that I had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film uh the third part was that I had no
+hesitation in the class or as I do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitation in the class or as I do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hesitation in the class or as I do it in
+my writing to talk about experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my writing to talk about experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my writing to talk about experiences
+that I've had in my personal life with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've had in my personal life with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I've had in my personal life with
+my family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my family
+ethics as it seems at first to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics as it seems at first to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics as it seems at first to be very
+amorphous kind of uh subject but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous kind of uh subject but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous kind of uh subject but it can
+be approached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be approached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be approached
+systematically that not everything that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically that not everything that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically that not everything that
+everybody says is right uh if they come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody says is right uh if they come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody says is right uh if they come
+up to a conclusion not every way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a conclusion not every way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a conclusion not every way they
+try to justify it uh is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to justify it uh is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to justify it uh is something that
+is defensible uh so being engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defensible uh so being engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defensible uh so being engineering
+students they were very happy to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students they were very happy to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students they were very happy to see
+that uh ethics is just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh ethics is just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh ethics is just as
+rigorous as science mathematics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous as science mathematics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rigorous as science mathematics and
+Engineering the engineering faculty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering the engineering faculty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineering the engineering faculty
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+um are skeptical about a course on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are skeptical about a course on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are skeptical about a course on
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ethics uh because many of them don't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics uh because many of them don't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics uh because many of them don't see
+how they can use it in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can use it in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they can use it in their
+classes uh but there's a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes uh but there's a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes uh but there's a large
+literature on how to use engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on how to use engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on how to use engineering
+ethics in engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics in engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethics in engineering
+problems uh and um I think that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh and um I think that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems uh and um I think that their
+attitudes about how to fit this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes about how to fit this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitudes about how to fit this course
+into an already busy schedule uh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an already busy schedule uh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into an already busy schedule uh will
+change once they see how to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change once they see how to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change once they see how to make an
+ordinary engineering problem an ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary engineering problem an ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary engineering problem an ethical
+problem
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VE-QUqS7ohs.txt b/VE-QUqS7ohs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7c3c4ced01d73f2c441e035d2edc0a316dd3c1b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VE-QUqS7ohs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24741 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu
+everybody yesterday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody yesterday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody yesterday we
+made two things we made an analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made two things we made an analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made two things we made an analysis of
+the way you framed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you framed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you framed the
+problem and you made the effort of begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you made the effort of begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and you made the effort of begin
+a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new
+Framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the exercise was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exercise was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the exercise was
+of stating the problem and selecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stating the problem and selecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stating the problem and selecting the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+we find better for understanding what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find better for understanding what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find better for understanding what is
+happening in froming ham I have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in froming ham I have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening in froming ham I have four
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+okay the idea of the exercise is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the idea of the exercise is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the idea of the exercise is to
+make an analysis of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an analysis of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make an analysis of these
+problems and after that to talk to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and after that to talk to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and after that to talk to have
+a talk with you about the experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk with you about the experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a talk with you about the experience of
+reframing of analyzing a frame and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing of analyzing a frame and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing of analyzing a frame and off
+reframing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once we finish this part we will begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we finish this part we will begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we finish this part we will begin
+the main theme of this class that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main theme of this class that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main theme of this class that is
+conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual
+Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we
+had four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had four
+problems disagreement on how to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems disagreement on how to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems disagreement on how to manage
+growth and development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has five votes the process of change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has five votes the process of change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has five votes the process of change
+is being determined determinated by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being determined determinated by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is being determined determinated by one
+sector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector of the
+society city government and developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society city government and developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society city government and developers
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+votes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes
+commercial r development does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial r development does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial r development does not
+include preexisting Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include preexisting Brazilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include preexisting Brazilian
+businesses I feel it very similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the process of community change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the process of community change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the process of community change is
+being determined by one sector of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being determined by one sector of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being determined by one sector of the
+society city government and developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society city government and developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society city government and developers
+sounds like one is about process and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like one is about process and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounds like one is about process and one
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+product one is about they're not being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product one is about they're not being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product one is about they're not being
+included in the process and the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the process and the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+included in the process and the other
+one is they not being included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is they not being included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is they not being included in the
+final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final
+product it's not true by the words you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it's not true by the words you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it's not true by the words you
+you wrote this no the words is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote this no the words is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wrote this no the words is not
+enough to to be clear that one is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to be clear that one is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to to be clear that one is about
+process and the other is about result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the other is about result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and the other is about result
+because say commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because say commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because say commercial
+Redevelopment Redevelopment may be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment Redevelopment may be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment Redevelopment may be the
+final product but Redevelopment may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final product but Redevelopment may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final product but Redevelopment may be
+also the process so it's not clear in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the process so it's not clear in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the process so it's not clear in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+case uh but I think that we could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh but I think that we could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case uh but I think that we could think
+about the idea of combining these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the idea of combining these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the idea of combining these
+tools and the other one is thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and the other one is thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools and the other one is thank you
+firmingham is undergoing change in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmingham is undergoing change in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firmingham is undergoing change in its
+social physical economic and democra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social physical economic and democra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social physical economic and democra
+demographic structure and it is unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic structure and it is unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demographic structure and it is unclear
+what future of the city and its current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what future of the city and its current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what future of the city and its current
+residents will be this is a more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+framing yes it's a bit more General than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing yes it's a bit more General than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing yes it's a bit more General than
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what I would like to do now is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I would like to do now is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what I would like to do now is to
+open a discussion about these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a discussion about these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open a discussion about these different
+ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of
+framing if you feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that uh some of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh some of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh some of this
+framing ways of frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have vantages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disadvantages because this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages because this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages because this is something
+that we need to do when we are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to do when we are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to do when we are trying to
+select a frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select a frame
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+uh the advantages and disadvantages may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the advantages and disadvantages may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the advantages and disadvantages may
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+around the kind of understanding that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the kind of understanding that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the kind of understanding that
+the frame enables and maybe about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame enables and maybe about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frame enables and maybe about it
+forcing Effectiveness for tackling some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing Effectiveness for tackling some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcing Effectiveness for tackling some
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+problem I think there has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I think there has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I think there has to be
+something deeper going on than just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something deeper going on than just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something deeper going on than just that
+they're not than that the process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not than that the process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not than that the process of
+change is being determined by one sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is being determined by one sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is being determined by one sector
+of society because you look at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of society because you look at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of society because you look at every
+city that I've ever lived in I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city that I've ever lived in I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city that I've ever lived in I've never
+had really any input on the way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had really any input on the way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had really any input on the way that the
+city has been run but that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city has been run but that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city has been run but that doesn't mean
+I've had conflict with the way that city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had conflict with the way that city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've had conflict with the way that city
+has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has
+been I am missing your your point so I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been I am missing your your point so I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been I am missing your your point so I I
+don't think it's sufficient to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's sufficient to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's sufficient to say that
+one sector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sector of
+society having power over developing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society having power over developing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society having power over developing or
+or changing okay I don't I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or changing okay I don't I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or changing okay I don't I don't think
+that's sufficient because I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sufficient because I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's sufficient because I haven't
+necessarily been involved in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily been involved in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily been involved in other
+cities that have been undergoing change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that have been undergoing change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities that have been undergoing change
+and I haven't necessarily had a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I haven't necessarily had a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I haven't necessarily had a major
+conflict with the way in which they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with the way in which they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conflict with the way in which they've
+been undergoing change mhm I like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been undergoing change mhm I like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been undergoing change mhm I like the
+fact that the city I used to live in put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the city I used to live in put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the city I used to live in put
+in a new street car line I like the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new street car line I like the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a new street car line I like the fact
+that they put in residential development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they put in residential development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they put in residential development
+in downtown I like the fact that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in downtown I like the fact that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in downtown I like the fact that it was
+Transit oriented I didn't have any role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit oriented I didn't have any role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Transit oriented I didn't have any role
+in any of those decisions okay but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any of those decisions okay but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in any of those decisions okay but I
+liked all of them okay and there might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked all of them okay and there might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked all of them okay and there might
+have been some things that I didn't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been some things that I didn't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been some things that I didn't like
+but that's just I just assumed that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just I just assumed that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's just I just assumed that it
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+not really necessarily my role as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really necessarily my role as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really necessarily my role as a
+citizen in society to be involved in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen in society to be involved in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen in society to be involved in it
+and they were the problems weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were the problems weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were the problems weren't
+enough to make me want to okay come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to make me want to okay come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to make me want to okay come to
+the table to make make Chang that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table to make make Chang that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table to make make Chang that
+the what the direct participation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the direct participation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what the direct participation is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ER the main issue yeah no okay but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER the main issue yeah no okay but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER the main issue yeah no okay but it's
+the kind of development that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of development that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of development that is
+happening because that makes me to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because that makes me to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening because that makes me to like
+or not what's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not what's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not what's happening
+no this is your your point okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is your your point okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no this is your your point okay you
+already begin to discuss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the do not include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do not include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the do not include
+braan there wasn't was there another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braan there wasn't was there another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+braan there wasn't was there another one
+we voted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we voted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we voted
+for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+econom disagreement commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econom disagreement commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+econom disagreement commercial
+Redevelopment does not include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment does not include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment does not include
+pre-existing and the other is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-existing and the other is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-existing and the other is the
+process of community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of community
+change is being determinated by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is being determinated by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is being determinated by one
+sector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sector of
+society this one it's like it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society this one it's like it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society this one it's like it's the
+first no disagreement on how manone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first no disagreement on how manone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first no disagreement on how manone
+grows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grows
+development can for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the idea now is to begin this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the idea now is to begin this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the idea now is to begin this kind
+of reflection okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reflection okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reflection okay
+that maybe something deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe something deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe something deeper
+because the participation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the participation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the participation is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+the main factor that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main factor that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main factor that we
+can understand that as the problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand that as the problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand that as the problem I
+think you can make a similar argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can make a similar argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you can make a similar argument
+for problem two that changing of itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problem two that changing of itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problem two that changing of itself
+doesn't NE necessarily make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't NE necessarily make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't NE necessarily make a
+problem even not really knowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem even not really knowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem even not really knowing what
+that change can be doesn't necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change can be doesn't necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that change can be doesn't necessarily
+mean that there's a big problem mhm the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there's a big problem mhm the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that there's a big problem mhm the
+the fact that it's not clear yeah is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's not clear yeah is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that it's not clear yeah is not
+enough for being appro it seems more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for being appro it seems more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for being appro it seems more
+likely that people thinking that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that people thinking that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that people thinking that it is
+clear what the future will be and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what the future will be and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what the future will be and that
+that future is not a future that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that future is not a future that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that future is not a future that they
+like might be a problem but simply being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like might be a problem but simply being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like might be a problem but simply being
+unclear doesn't seem like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear doesn't seem like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unclear doesn't seem like it's
+necessarily yes reason okay it's okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily yes reason okay it's okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily yes reason okay it's okay we
+are going on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going on it's
+very very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very good
+comments so yeah so the reason I was I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments so yeah so the reason I was I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments so yeah so the reason I was I
+was wanting to refer to that other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wanting to refer to that other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was wanting to refer to that other one
+number four that's not now is because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four that's not now is because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four that's not now is because
+for me there there the problem for me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me there there the problem for me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me there there the problem for me is
+a little bit more clear that there's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more clear that there's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit more clear that there's in
+which one in number four in fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one in number four in fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one in number four in fact that
+there is disagreement and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is disagreement and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is disagreement and that is
+somehow maybe a problem well there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow maybe a problem well there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow maybe a problem well there's a
+lot of I mean China doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of I mean China doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of I mean China doesn't have
+necessarily that much disagreement on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that much disagreement on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily that much disagreement on
+how to manage growth and development I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to manage growth and development I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to manage growth and development I
+don't to me that's not specific enough I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't to me that's not specific enough I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't to me that's not specific enough I
+mean you could you could argue it's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could you could argue it's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could you could argue it's part
+of the problem but it needs to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem but it needs to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem but it needs to be more
+specific you say are you assuming the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific you say are you assuming the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific you say are you assuming the
+China's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+China's
+problem no I don't think they do there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem no I don't think they do there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem no I don't think they do there's
+no there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disagreement exactly my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point I think you don't know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think you don't know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I think you don't know what the
+agreement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there related to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there related to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there related to what
+there's no specification about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no specification about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no specification about
+anything there's always this agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there's always this agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there's always this agreement
+everywhere about grow why why is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+particular yeah excuse me I I I miss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular yeah excuse me I I I miss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular yeah excuse me I I I miss it
+the point of aase I was asking China's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of aase I was asking China's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of aase I was asking China's
+good yeah China good just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah China good just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good yeah China good just saying
+disagreement isn't necessarily a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement isn't necessarily a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement isn't necessarily a bad
+thing it's Democratic okay I mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's Democratic okay I mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's Democratic okay I mean we
+need to be more specific I mean I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be more specific I mean I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be more specific I mean I'm not
+saying it could be part of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it could be part of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it could be part of the problem
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+CL I'm I'm said what he just said so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL I'm I'm said what he just said so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CL I'm I'm said what he just said so
+it's disagreement happens everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's disagreement happens everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's disagreement happens everywhere
+about how to manage growth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to manage growth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how to manage growth and
+development there's no yes and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development there's no yes and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development there's no yes and maybe
+maybe a very positive thing in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a very positive thing in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a very positive thing in some
+cases no it's it in able to improve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases no it's it in able to improve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases no it's it in able to improve the
+kind of development that was forly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of development that was forly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of development that was forly
+imagined okay any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comment we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment we don't
+have we so we don't have a good problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we so we don't have a good problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we so we don't have a good problem
+frame big arguments on I'm not sure yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame big arguments on I'm not sure yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame big arguments on I'm not sure yet
+we we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we could
+do with this analysis we could arrive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this analysis we could arrive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this analysis we could arrive to
+this to two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to two kinds of
+conclusions one is that some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions one is that some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions one is that some of these
+statements maybe they start in point for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements maybe they start in point for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements maybe they start in point for
+a new formulation or we just throw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new formulation or we just throw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new formulation or we just throw out
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+day okay this a kind of evaluation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day okay this a kind of evaluation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day okay this a kind of evaluation we
+need to do this moment if someone of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this moment if someone of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do this moment if someone of
+them may be use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it Sobe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Sobe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Sobe
+run I think that might be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run I think that might be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run I think that might be a good
+starting point but I think the other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point but I think the other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point but I think the other the
+other which one should be start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other which one should be start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other which one should be start with
+number three but maybe try to integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three but maybe try to integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number three but maybe try to integrate
+some of the point the aspects of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the point the aspects of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the point the aspects of the
+other I would I would vote for that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I would I would vote for that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other I would I would vote for that okay
+so maybe but if so we should include his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe but if so we should include his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe but if so we should include his
+comment of es that the not inclusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment of es that the not inclusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment of es that the not inclusion is
+not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in
+itself a but but what he but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a but but what he but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself a but but what he but I think
+what he did mention is what they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did mention is what they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did mention is what they feel
+about it and so Brazilian businesses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and so Brazilian businesses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and so Brazilian businesses are
+upset that they were not included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset that they were not included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset that they were not included in the
+commercial Redevelopment okay it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Redevelopment okay it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial Redevelopment okay it might
+be maybe a better way to frame the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be maybe a better way to frame the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be maybe a better way to frame the
+question is commercial Redevelopment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is commercial Redevelopment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is commercial Redevelopment
+excludes pre-existing Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excludes pre-existing Brazilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excludes pre-existing Brazilian
+businesses so they feel like it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses so they feel like it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses so they feel like it's not
+you know it's one thing if we say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's one thing if we say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's one thing if we say well
+you know we're not going to include you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not going to include you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we're not going to include you
+in the you're not going to sit at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the you're not going to sit at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the you're not going to sit at the
+table while we do the drawings but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table while we do the drawings but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table while we do the drawings but you
+know we're going to give you spaces to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're going to give you spaces to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we're going to give you spaces to
+be we're going to give you shops we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we're going to give you shops we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we're going to give you shops we're
+going to we're going to let you move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to let you move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to let you move
+back into these places it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into these places it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back into these places it's totally
+different frame if you say we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frame if you say we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different frame if you say we're going
+to design this so that Starbucks moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design this so that Starbucks moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design this so that Starbucks moves
+in and uh all the little Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and uh all the little Brazilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and uh all the little Brazilian
+bakeries move out I mean that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bakeries move out I mean that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bakeries move out I mean that's not
+really it's not really as black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's not really as black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really it's not really as black and
+white as that but if people perceive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white as that but if people perceive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white as that but if people perceive it
+in those black and white
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those black and white
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in those black and white
+terms then that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms then that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms then that that's
+certainly okay let's begin to yes yes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly okay let's begin to yes yes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly okay let's begin to yes yes it
+just seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just seems like
+commer does that mean it's that's a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commer does that mean it's that's a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commer does that mean it's that's a plan
+that's yeah I guess I'm a little fuzzy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah I guess I'm a little fuzzy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah I guess I'm a little fuzzy
+on because the commercial development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because the commercial development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because the commercial development
+plan does not include preexisting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+saying the plan the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the plan the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the plan the
+ACT be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACT be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ACT be
+clear just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exclusion they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusion they have
+a are they included anywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they actually include them in the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually include them in the plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually include them in the plan
+or you know it's like in making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know it's like in making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know it's like in making the
+decision who's going to go there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision who's going to go there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision who's going to go there and
+when more than that it's more like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when more than that it's more like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when more than that it's more like you
+know if the Brazilian businesses are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the Brazilian businesses are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if the Brazilian businesses are
+paying $1,000 a month in rent for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying $1,000 a month in rent for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paying $1,000 a month in rent for their
+shop space and 3,000 they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop space and 3,000 they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shop space and 3,000 they're going to
+have to leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to leave
+okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think I guess too like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I guess too like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I guess too like when
+we say say they're not included in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say say they're not included in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say say they're not included in the
+plan so somebody's excluding them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so somebody's excluding them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so somebody's excluding them is
+that are we thinking more in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are we thinking more in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are we thinking more in terms of
+like the developer has excluded them or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the developer has excluded them or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the developer has excluded them or
+the city has excluded them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city has excluded them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city has excluded them
+is there is there a difference is I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is there a difference is I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there is there a difference is I mean
+if the city's dreamlighting a a high-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the city's dreamlighting a a high-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the city's dreamlighting a a high-end
+kind of development I mean the city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of development I mean the city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of development I mean the city
+could insist on more or is that more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could insist on more or is that more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could insist on more or is that more
+decision I mean I would say it's a sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I mean I would say it's a sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision I mean I would say it's a sort
+of a joint decision or negotiation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a joint decision or negotiation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a joint decision or negotiation or
+something but going back to your point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but going back to your point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but going back to your point
+the city has to authorize the developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city has to authorize the developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city has to authorize the developer
+to come so I would see it more as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come so I would see it more as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come so I would see it more as a
+city you know if the city says no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city you know if the city says no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city you know if the city says no way
+then they can but the developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can but the developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can but the developer
+theoretically you could work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically you could work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically you could work with the
+developer directly even if the city is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer directly even if the city is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developer directly even if the city is
+thinking highend luxury stuff you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking highend luxury stuff you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking highend luxury stuff you could
+work with a developer to find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a developer to find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with a developer to find a way to
+maybe you know create at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know create at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know create at least some
+retail space I mean in theory we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail space I mean in theory we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retail space I mean in theory we don't
+the city would have that influence to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city would have that influence to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city would have that influence to
+but the developer might too maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the developer might too maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the developer might too maybe the
+developer would think influence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+developers the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+city okay we have two two ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city okay we have two two ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city okay we have two two ideas about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+one not incl ined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not incl ined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one not incl ined
+but exclude not include but exclude and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but exclude not include but exclude and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but exclude not include but exclude and
+city or de developers no developers yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city or de developers no developers yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+city or de developers no developers yes
+um but I think also on some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think also on some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think also on some of the
+comments that we made about just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments that we made about just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments that we made about just because
+just exclusion or inclusion may not be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exclusion or inclusion may not be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just exclusion or inclusion may not be a
+problem okay but it's how I feel about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay but it's how I feel about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay but it's how I feel about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feeling exclusion okay I'm something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling exclusion okay I'm something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling exclusion okay I'm something
+they were excluding in the planning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were excluding in the planning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were excluding in the planning
+process is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is
+it the it's not clear yet well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the it's not clear yet well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the it's not clear yet well the
+statement that I wrote down when Caesar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that I wrote down when Caesar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that I wrote down when Caesar
+did the presentation was that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the presentation was that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the presentation was that the
+Brazilians are now looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians are now looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians are now looking at the
+Redevelopment and are not seeing a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment and are not seeing a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment and are not seeing a place
+for themselves so that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for themselves so that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for themselves so that they were
+excluded period I don't know I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded period I don't know I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded period I don't know I mean I
+don't know the real situation but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the real situation but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the real situation but that's
+what I wrote down so oh the idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wrote down so oh the idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I wrote down so oh the idea is that
+they are not being excluded only of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not being excluded only of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not being excluded only of the
+planning process but of the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process but of the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning process but of the development
+process no this is the idea no sure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process no this is the idea no sure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process no this is the idea no sure okay
+can I say one more thing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I say one more thing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I say one more thing about
+yes I'm not sure about commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm not sure about commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm not sure about commercial
+Redevelopment are we speaking only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment are we speaking only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment are we speaking only about
+commercial revelop them or are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial revelop them or are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial revelop them or are we
+speaking as revelop them as more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking as revelop them as more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking as revelop them as more than
+commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial
+I mean commercial is very specific about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean commercial is very specific about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean commercial is very specific about
+economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+Redevelopment a part of Economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment a part of Economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment a part of Economic
+Development just one part one piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development just one part one piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Development just one part one piece of
+Economic Development so is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development so is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economic Development so is that the
+problem it's only commercial development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's only commercial development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's only commercial development
+at the first day when cesa presented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first day when cesa presented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the first day when cesa presented the
+situation he presented in this way yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation he presented in this way yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation he presented in this way yeah
+he one building yes the construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he one building yes the construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he one building yes the construction of
+a building the situation was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a building the situation was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a building the situation was not
+presented as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented as
+the the whole relations among the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole relations among the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the whole relations among the social
+groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups
+was presented around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this we can go we can treat problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can go we can treat problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this we can go we can treat problems
+well my question is to treat commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my question is to treat commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well my question is to treat commercial
+R development do we need to look only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R development do we need to look only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R development do we need to look only to
+commercial development or do we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial development or do we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial development or do we need to
+look for more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for more than
+that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay
+presid always we try to solve a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presid always we try to solve a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presid always we try to solve a problem
+we need to think not only to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think not only to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to think not only to to the
+problem in itself but to the all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in itself but to the all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in itself but to the all the
+factors that are related to the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that are related to the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors that are related to the problem
+so if I try to solve commercial R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I try to solve commercial R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if I try to solve commercial R
+development I need to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I need to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development I need to think about
+cultural issues h balance of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural issues h balance of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural issues h balance of power
+a so shouldn't I phrase it in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so shouldn't I phrase it in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so shouldn't I phrase it in a more
+open way we can frame in in in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open way we can frame in in in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open way we can frame in in in a more
+open way and we can frame also in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open way and we can frame also in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open way and we can frame also in a
+deeper level of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper level of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper level of the
+problem and we yesterday we we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we yesterday we we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and we yesterday we we had this
+discussion no about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion no about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion no about
+how why should be the formulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how why should be the formulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how why should be the formulation of the
+problem and at which level the level we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and at which level the level we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and at which level the level we
+decide that should be but for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that should be but for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide that should be but for this
+exercise at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise at the level of
+manifestations not try to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations not try to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestations not try to find the
+deeper causes of each one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper causes of each one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper causes of each one of these
+problems did did we decide that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems did did we decide that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems did did we decide that for the
+level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level
+complexity because we should make an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because we should make an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity because we should make an an
+exercise for going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+deeper and this exercise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper and this exercise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper and this exercise in
+itself it's requires a lot of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's requires a lot of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's requires a lot of time so
+for understanding the how the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding the how the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding the how the kind of
+process we needs to go through when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we needs to go through when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we needs to go through when we
+are reframing we selected a level not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reframing we selected a level not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are reframing we selected a level not so
+deep of the analysis but doesn't that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep of the analysis but doesn't that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep of the analysis but doesn't that we
+me limit our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+analysis it limit our analysis okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it limit our analysis okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it limit our analysis okay but
+if I go deeper and deeper I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also if I try to look for the final CES
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if I try to look for the final CES
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also if I try to look for the final CES
+of everything I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of everything I
+may reach some kind of formulations that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may reach some kind of formulations that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may reach some kind of formulations that
+are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not
+so useful for the action in itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so useful for the action in itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so useful for the action in itself so
+every time we are facing a problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we are facing a problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time we are facing a problem we
+need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to
+select which at which level we we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select which at which level we we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select which at which level we we have
+enough knowledge for formulating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough knowledge for formulating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough knowledge for formulating the
+problem in that level in a timely way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in that level in a timely way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in that level in a timely way
+for acting so it's a balance the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acting so it's a balance the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for acting so it's a balance the the
+knowledge is not the purpose here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is not the purpose here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge is not the purpose here the
+solution of the problem is the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the problem is the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of the problem is the main
+purpose so we always need to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose so we always need to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose so we always need to make this
+kind kind of balance at which level we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind kind of balance at which level we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind kind of balance at which level we
+we formulate we always work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we formulate we always work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we formulate we always work
+with ins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ins
+satisfactory understanding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory understanding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory understanding of the
+problem but we can act and we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but we can act and we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but we can act and we can
+continue to think about these issues we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to think about these issues we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to think about these issues we
+can make an a research for going to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+point the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point the statement of
+assumptions normally are about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions normally are about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions normally are about this
+underlying levels of causes and we work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying levels of causes and we work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying levels of causes and we work
+consciously with assumptions okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously with assumptions okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consciously with assumptions okay we
+State the problem at one level that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the problem at one level that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the problem at one level that we
+can work with it and we try for being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work with it and we try for being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can work with it and we try for being
+responsible what we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible what we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible what we are
+doing identify assumptions and we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing identify assumptions and we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing identify assumptions and we need
+to go to this assumptions through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to this assumptions through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to this assumptions through the
+time trying to verify how they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trying to verify how they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time trying to verify how they are
+trable or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trable or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trable or
+not it's is it clear okay and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's is it clear okay and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it's is it clear okay and I think
+this this conversation was helping me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this conversation was helping me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this conversation was helping me
+understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand
+how um even with the problem at a at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um even with the problem at a at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how um even with the problem at a at a
+big level there might be different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big level there might be different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big level there might be different uh
+perceptions within that bigger level for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptions within that bigger level for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceptions within that bigger level for
+example maybe the brillian business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe the brillian business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe the brillian business
+brillian the Brazilian businesses their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brillian the Brazilian businesses their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brillian the Brazilian businesses their
+maybe their concern is about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe their concern is about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe their concern is about uh
+likelihood of their business and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of their business and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood of their business and maybe
+the Brazilian customer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brazilian customer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Brazilian customer
+are concerned about being able to uh buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are concerned about being able to uh buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are concerned about being able to uh buy
+resilience things or affordable things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience things or affordable things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resilience things or affordable things
+so they have two different problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have two different problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they have two different problems but
+it's part of the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the same problem
+Dynamic something very practical maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic something very practical maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dynamic something very practical maybe
+the the underlying problem is a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the underlying problem is a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the underlying problem is a question
+of ethnical integration between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ethnical integration between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ethnical integration between
+Brazilian and American society and I try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian and American society and I try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian and American society and I try
+to work on ethnical integration and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on ethnical integration and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work on ethnical integration and at
+the time I am working on ethnical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time I am working on ethnical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time I am working on ethnical
+integration for five or 10 years the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration for five or 10 years the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration for five or 10 years the
+commercial development is working in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial development is working in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial development is working in a
+way excluding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way excluding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way excluding the
+Brazilian business okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian business okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian business okay
+so the level of analysis I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the level of analysis I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the level of analysis I need to
+select is the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select is the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+select is the level
+that is more effective for going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is more effective for going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is more effective for going through
+the best process in reality needs to for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best process in reality needs to for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best process in reality needs to for
+facing the challenges that reality is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing the challenges that reality is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing the challenges that reality is
+putting before me each time because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting before me each time because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting before me each time because I
+need solve these challenges and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need solve these challenges and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need solve these challenges and at the
+process of solving the challenges I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of solving the challenges I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of solving the challenges I will
+deepen my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepen my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deepen my
+knowledge I I cannot look always for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge I I cannot look always for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge I I cannot look always for the
+best knowledge I need I need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best knowledge I need I need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best knowledge I need I need to be
+effective in solving problems so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in solving problems so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective in solving problems so this
+moment they have I don't know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment they have I don't know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment they have I don't know how many
+months but excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months but excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months but excuse me
+but but they have not ears for solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they have not ears for solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but they have not ears for solving
+the issue of commercial development but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue of commercial development but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the issue of commercial development but
+who's telling me that that's the level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's telling me that that's the level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's telling me that that's the level
+that you should follow I mean I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should follow I mean I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should follow I mean I
+just deciding I mean that's a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deciding I mean that's a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just deciding I mean that's a decision
+we made you can we we I I ask people I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made you can we we I I ask people I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made you can we we I I ask people I
+ask people to to I'm not sure I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask people to to I'm not sure I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask people to to I'm not sure I'm just
+not sure about okay ah okay I I was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure about okay ah okay I I was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sure about okay ah okay I I was it
+was elected I I am working on this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was elected I I am working on this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was elected I I am working on this okay
+and and that's a more general statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's a more general statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and that's a more general statement
+you say this is not more General no this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this is not more General no this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this is not more General no this
+is very particular it's more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very particular it's more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very particular it's more specific
+it's more specific is more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more specific is more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more specific is more specific
+okay for example this is more General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for example this is more General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay for example this is more General
+disagreement on how to manage growth is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement on how to manage growth is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement on how to manage growth is
+more General this is the disagreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General this is the disagreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more General this is the disagreement
+about a specific kind of growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay this is already more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is already more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this is already more
+General there's no disagreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General there's no disagreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General there's no disagreement
+disagreement just we are not clear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement just we are not clear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement just we are not clear about
+so we are a bit stressed about how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are a bit stressed about how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we are a bit stressed about how this
+future could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future could
+be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be no
+and the number one and the number three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number one and the number three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number one and the number three
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+Okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+always we need to make this decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always we need to make this decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always we need to make this decision
+okay we took we take one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we took we take one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we took we take one of these
+statements as a basis for working on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements as a basis for working on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements as a basis for working on or
+we throw all them can we have two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we throw all them can we have two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we throw all them can we have two of
+them and work at the same time yes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and work at the same time yes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and work at the same time yes if
+you find that you can combine two we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that you can combine two we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find that you can combine two we can
+we can do that we can excuse me for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that we can excuse me for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do that we can excuse me for just
+for giving the diversity of options that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for giving the diversity of options that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for giving the diversity of options that
+you have you can take one I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you can take one I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have you can take one I'm just
+trying and include others in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying and include others in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying and include others in this
+one you can have one and just to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can have one and just to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you can have one and just to improve
+this one without the others you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one without the others you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one without the others you can have
+two and you can combine these two okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you can combine these two okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and you can combine these two okay
+these are the basic three options we may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the basic three options we may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the basic three options we may
+have in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in this
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+yes uh I was trying to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh I was trying to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh I was trying to figure out
+whether it made sense to if you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it made sense to if you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it made sense to if you need to
+take action at a fairly surface level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take action at a fairly surface level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take action at a fairly surface level
+but you want to make sure that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want to make sure that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you want to make sure that that
+action is related to something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is related to something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is related to something that is
+at a deeper more level does it make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a deeper more level does it make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a deeper more level does it make
+sense to start with a few problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to start with a few problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to start with a few problems that
+you can see very easily and clearly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see very easily and clearly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see very easily and clearly at
+the root level and then work your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root level and then work your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root level and then work your way
+back down sorry at the at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down sorry at the at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back down sorry at the at the surface
+level and then work your way down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then work your way down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level and then work your way down to the
+root level to what you think really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root level to what you think really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root level to what you think really is
+the root of the problem and then from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of the problem and then from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the root of the problem and then from
+that work your way back out and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work your way back out and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work your way back out and see if
+you come to this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come to this same
+initial problems like if you can somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial problems like if you can somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial problems like if you can somehow
+get down to the roof and then work your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to the roof and then work your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get down to the roof and then work your
+way back up from that to the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back up from that to the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way back up from that to the surface
+level so then you know that the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so then you know that the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level so then you know that the surface
+level problems you're addressing are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level problems you're addressing are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level problems you're addressing are
+actually dealing with the the if you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually dealing with the the if you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually dealing with the the if you ask
+me if this exercise is possible it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if this exercise is possible it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if this exercise is possible it is
+possible if it is the best one I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if it is the best one I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible if it is the best one I'm not
+sure I can imagine different kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I can imagine different kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I can imagine different kinds
+because I'm am not sure that this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm am not sure that this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I'm am not sure that this the
+first identification that I am doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first identification that I am doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first identification that I am doing
+that I'm doing about the root reasons is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm doing about the root reasons is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm doing about the root reasons is
+adequate but how would you get but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate but how would you get but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adequate but how would you get but if
+there say there was some other method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there say there was some other method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there say there was some other method
+that you could get to the root yes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could get to the root yes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could get to the root yes the
+root cause and then work your way back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause and then work your way back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root cause and then work your way back
+from that root cause back up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that root cause back up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that root cause back up to a
+surface level problem and then work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface level problem and then work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface level problem and then work on
+that surface level what I I need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that surface level what I I need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that surface level what I I need to be
+clear is that there is a de relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear is that there is a de relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear is that there is a de relation
+among these levels right and through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among these levels right and through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among these levels right and through
+time I need to improve my understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I need to improve my understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I need to improve my understanding
+of all the logic of the system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the logic of the system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the logic of the system
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in talking about uh in general of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in talking about uh in general of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in talking about uh in general of
+this and method that I know is to frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and method that I know is to frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and method that I know is to frame
+a problem in a way that you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem in a way that you think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem in a way that you think that
+you can work with the situation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work with the situation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can work with the situation to
+construct to identify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct to identify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct to identify your
+assumptions okay and to begin a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions okay and to begin a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions okay and to begin a process
+of understanding better you you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding better you you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding better you you may
+understanding better through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding better through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding better through
+practice you try to solve the problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you try to solve the problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you try to solve the problem in
+some way and if it works you confirm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and if it works you confirm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way and if it works you confirm
+your understanding of the deep causes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your understanding of the deep causes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your understanding of the deep causes if
+it it doesn't work you goes back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't work you goes back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't work you goes back and
+revise this is one way the other way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise this is one way the other way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise this is one way the other way you
+can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go through
+similar problems cases and begin a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problems cases and begin a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar problems cases and begin a
+comparation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparation of
+cases but in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases but in in
+general you will need to combine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you will need to combine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you will need to combine the
+action with the with the improving of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action with the with the improving of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action with the with the improving of
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+understanding which method you will use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding which method you will use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding which method you will use
+I think that depends of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that depends of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that depends of the kind of
+knowledge you have of the conditions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge you have of the conditions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge you have of the conditions you
+have and of the kind of methods you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and of the kind of methods you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have and of the kind of methods you are
+able to use the kind of Alliance you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use the kind of Alliance you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to use the kind of Alliance you can
+establish with other actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish with other actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish with other actor
+things like that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that I think
+that unless the basic rules of knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unless the basic rules of knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unless the basic rules of knowledge
+process I don't know one method that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I don't know one method that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process I don't know one method that
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+be the best one in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best one in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the best one in in
+situations okay so we need to design our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay so we need to design our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay so we need to design our
+own cognitive strategy in it in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own cognitive strategy in it in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own cognitive strategy in it in each
+case and we can actually after some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and we can actually after some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and we can actually after some time
+come back and reframe exactly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and reframe exactly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back and reframe exactly because
+for some reason we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some reason we think
+yes not refrain not only the problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes not refrain not only the problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes not refrain not only the problem but
+refrain our cognitive strategy about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrain our cognitive strategy about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refrain our cognitive strategy about the
+problem we may discover that this way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we may discover that this way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we may discover that this way I
+was trying to understand it deeper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to understand it deeper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was trying to understand it deeper is
+not the best way so I redesign my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best way so I redesign my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the best way so I redesign my
+cognitive strategy so we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive strategy so we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive strategy so we always
+has have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has have two
+levels the Action level or the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels the Action level or the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels the Action level or the problem
+level okay and the cognitive level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay and the cognitive level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level okay and the cognitive level
+and we need always combined because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need always combined because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need always combined because we
+need combine the action with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need combine the action with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need combine the action with our
+learning from the this action okay not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from the this action okay not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning from the this action okay not
+only from this action but our learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only from this action but our learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only from this action but our learning
+through the action the process of action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the action the process of action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the action the process of action
+because I can learn from the action of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can learn from the action of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can learn from the action of
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+people okay and it's always best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay and it's always best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people okay and it's always best to
+learn from others failures than to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from others failures than to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from others failures than to learn
+from one's failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we need to
+combine a knowledge from one our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine a knowledge from one our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine a knowledge from one our
+experience our own experience with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience our own experience with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience our own experience with the
+knowledge of other experience so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of other experience so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge of other experience so let's
+come back to this as I think that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this as I think that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to this as I think that was
+useful no this conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful no this conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful no this conversation
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay what we were doing before to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we were doing before to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we were doing before to open
+this discussion was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion was trying to
+to reflect on this thir option and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect on this thir option and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reflect on this thir option and try
+to improve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we are using this option until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are using this option until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we are using this option until
+now okay we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay we are
+analyzing the third statement and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the third statement and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing the third statement and we are
+trying to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve
+it we are until now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we are until now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we are until now we
+made no intent of combining of including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made no intent of combining of including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made no intent of combining of including
+other components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's go anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's go anyone
+has other comments about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yes is it two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes is it two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes is it two
+um is it useful at all to to I'm I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it useful at all to to I'm I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is it useful at all to to I'm I'm not
+sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that
+uh Rene and I were talking about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Rene and I were talking about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Rene and I were talking about it
+earlier and if it's it's only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and if it's it's only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier and if it's it's only one
+building that's being redeveloped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that's being redeveloped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building that's being redeveloped it
+seems unlikely that that's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems unlikely that that's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems unlikely that that's really the
+the problem but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem but that's
+probably at the same time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at the same time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably at the same time that's
+probably surface level enough that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably surface level enough that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably surface level enough that it's
+an aspect of the problem that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aspect of the problem that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an aspect of the problem that you can
+actually operate on operate on okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually operate on operate on okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually operate on operate on okay but
+maybe maybe another way of looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe another way of looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe another way of looking at it
+is that the Brazilian Community is feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the Brazilian Community is feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the Brazilian Community is feels
+an ownership of framing him and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ownership of framing him and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an ownership of framing him and they
+feel like they are losing that own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like they are losing that own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like they are losing that own
+okay so the problems about business and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the problems about business and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the problems about business and
+more about psychological feeling okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about psychological feeling okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about psychological feeling okay I
+am here the business is is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am here the business is is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am here the business is is a
+manifestation sure I have an immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation sure I have an immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifestation sure I have an immediate
+problem I have a long run problem yes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I have a long run problem yes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem I have a long run problem yes a
+longterm problem at the time that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm problem at the time that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longterm problem at the time that I
+would State this problem I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would State this problem I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would State this problem I try to
+include the elements of this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the elements of this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include the elements of this long
+problem okay okay so that I will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay okay so that I will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay okay so that I will not
+work just just just trying to solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just just just trying to solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work just just just trying to solve this
+one and not advancing in the solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and not advancing in the solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and not advancing in the solution of
+this one I need to work in both at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I need to work in both at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one I need to work in both at the
+same time okay yeah can can we phrase it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time okay yeah can can we phrase it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time okay yeah can can we phrase it
+not in a negative way like does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a negative way like does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in a negative way like does not
+include is there yes here he here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include is there yes here he here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include is there yes here he here right
+exclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclude
+now yes and I think I don't know if we'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yes and I think I don't know if we'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now yes and I think I don't know if we'
+if that if that captures the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that if that captures the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that if that captures the the the
+economic interest of the businesses I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic interest of the businesses I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic interest of the businesses I
+mean they they're feeling excluded or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they they're feeling excluded or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they they're feeling excluded or
+they're concerned because they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're concerned because they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're concerned because they might
+lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic
+okay I don't remember who told feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't remember who told feeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't remember who told feeling
+of exclusion but the statement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exclusion but the statement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of exclusion but the statement of
+feeling exclusion is very different from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling exclusion is very different from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling exclusion is very different from
+the statement is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+excluded okay because or I can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded okay because or I can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excluded okay because or I can change
+the words not excluded but other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word
+er I could use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harmed hared harmed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmed hared harmed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmed hared harmed
+harmed yes yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no I don't know if the word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't know if the word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't know if the word is
+precise okay but it's against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise okay but it's against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise okay but it's against the
+interest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest of
+okay will prevent the Brazilian business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay will prevent the Brazilian business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay will prevent the Brazilian business
+to continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to continue to
+grow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow
+no maybe think like that may maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no maybe think like that may maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no maybe think like that may maybe the
+feeling that will prevent its growth or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that will prevent its growth or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling that will prevent its growth or
+maybe that it really prevent its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that it really prevent its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe that it really prevent its
+growth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no okay let's try to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay let's try to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay let's try to to
+write a final proposition for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a final proposition for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a final proposition for this
+problem we we are trying to reframe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we we are trying to reframe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we we are trying to reframe a
+problem that we framed yesterday and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we framed yesterday and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we framed yesterday and we
+made an analysis of the limitations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an analysis of the limitations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made an analysis of the limitations of
+of our frame and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our frame and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our frame and
+we challenge some of its assumptions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we challenge some of its assumptions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we challenge some of its assumptions and
+we propose a hypothesis against that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we propose a hypothesis against that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we propose a hypothesis against that
+assumption the Assumption at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption the Assumption at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption the Assumption at that time
+was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that
+organizing communities are a condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing communities are a condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizing communities are a condition
+for reaching results and now we assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reaching results and now we assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reaching results and now we assuming
+that organizing may be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that organizing may be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that organizing may be a
+result of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of being
+successful okay just for disturbing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful okay just for disturbing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful okay just for disturbing the
+mind of the participants yes I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of the participants yes I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind of the participants yes I kind of
+feel like maybe we should combine one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like maybe we should combine one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel like maybe we should combine one
+and three together um maybe or integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three together um maybe or integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three together um maybe or integrate
+aspect of one cuz I think I mean we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of one cuz I think I mean we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of one cuz I think I mean we're
+saying the problem is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the problem is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying the problem is that the
+Brazilians aren't included in the plan I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians aren't included in the plan I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilians aren't included in the plan I
+think I think everyone feels like that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think everyone feels like that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think everyone feels like that's
+part of the problem I mean what yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem I mean what yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the problem I mean what yeah
+what hearing I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hearing I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what hearing I don't know
+is if you say commercial Redevelopment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you say commercial Redevelopment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if you say commercial Redevelopment
+has the potential of harming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the potential of harming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the potential of harming
+pre-existing Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+businesses I mean yes I think that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses I mean yes I think that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses I mean yes I think that takes
+care of some of the no I think feelings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of some of the no I think feelings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of some of the no I think feelings
+of and no no no combining one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and no no no combining one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of and no no no combining one and three
+it's not it's not a feeling can can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not a feeling can can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not it's not a feeling can can you
+make can you phrase your idea yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make can you phrase your idea yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make can you phrase your idea yeah um
+commercial devel commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial devel commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial devel commercial
+Redevelopment will harm I don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment will harm I don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Redevelopment will harm I don't even
+know if pre-existing is right I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if pre-existing is right I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if pre-existing is right I mean it
+will but it could harm post or you new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will but it could harm post or you new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will but it could harm post or you new
+Brazilian business businesses well not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian business businesses well not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian business businesses well not
+even exting not even necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even exting not even necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even exting not even necessarily
+existing it might Brazilian yeah not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing it might Brazilian yeah not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing it might Brazilian yeah not
+just say Brazilian businesses yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say Brazilian businesses yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say Brazilian businesses yeah
+commercial development will harm will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial development will harm will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial development will harm will
+harm will harm Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+businesses because plans were conceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses because plans were conceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses because plans were conceived
+without integrating Brazilian feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without integrating Brazilian feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without integrating Brazilian feedback
+or or something something along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or something something along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or something something along that
+line with input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes Brazilian you have explicit that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Brazilian you have explicit that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Brazilian you have explicit that you
+are aware that there are other levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aware that there are other levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aware that there are other levels of
+analysis besides the all another option
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis besides the all another option
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis besides the all another option
+is to say plans were conceived without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say plans were conceived without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to say plans were conceived without
+including measures that mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including measures that mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including measures that mitigate
+potential negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential negative
+impacts on Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+community that kind of takes care of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that kind of takes care of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community that kind of takes care of
+what can can you can you state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can can you can you state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what can can you can you state
+um because plans because because okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because plans because because okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um because plans because because okay
+plans were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans were
+conceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived
+without measures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without measures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without measures that
+mitigate potential negative impacts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate potential negative impacts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate potential negative impacts on
+Brazilian Community see I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian Community see I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian Community see I think that
+that's kind of a negative framing though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a negative framing though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a negative framing though
+you're saying that there's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that there's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying that there's going to be
+harm and we're just trying to do less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm and we're just trying to do less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm and we're just trying to do less
+harm uh I'm saying it could be let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm uh I'm saying it could be let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harm uh I'm saying it could be let's
+work with it okay put it down put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with it okay put it down put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with it okay put it down put it
+down and change it too like that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and change it too like that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and change it too like that's kind
+of like an assumption in there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like an assumption in there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like an assumption in there because
+like commercial Redevelopment will harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like commercial Redevelopment will harm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like commercial Redevelopment will harm
+right well we'll put it down we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well we'll put it down we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well we'll put it down we'll put
+it down and we'll work with it so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down and we'll work with it so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down and we'll work with it so we'll
+change we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+need were plans were conceived it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need were plans were conceived it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need were plans were conceived it could
+be plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be plans
+conceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without
+measures or provision with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate
+potential negative impact on Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential negative impact on Brazilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential negative impact on Brazilian
+and then put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then put
+harms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hars cuz the harm is already up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hars cuz the harm is already up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hars cuz the harm is already up there
+but you speaking of real harm is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you speaking of real harm is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you speaking of real harm is what
+you trying is trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trying is trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you trying is trying to
+whe it's there commercial development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whe it's there commercial development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whe it's there commercial development
+will harm Brazilian businesses because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will harm Brazilian businesses because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will harm Brazilian businesses because
+plans were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans were
+conceived without measures that mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived without measures that mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived without measures that mitigate
+potential yeah but it hasn't they no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential yeah but it hasn't they no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential yeah but it hasn't they no
+one's been harmed yet at least by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's been harmed yet at least by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's been harmed yet at least by the
+the actual you can say may har okay may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual you can say may har okay may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual you can say may har okay may
+har well we're saying we think it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har well we're saying we think it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+har well we're saying we think it will
+why not just it's very different way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just it's very different way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just it's very different way of
+stating a problem if I say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating a problem if I say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating a problem if I say that the
+problem May harm I'm saying that I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem May harm I'm saying that I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem May harm I'm saying that I'm not
+sure about what is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harms not if you say will harm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms not if you say will harm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms not if you say will harm that's
+the future will harm you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future will harm you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future will harm you will
+Happ you're not sure it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+harms okay so I have a problem with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms okay so I have a problem with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harms okay so I have a problem with this
+statement okay it's being it's it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement okay it's being it's it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement okay it's being it's it is
+useful for the purpose of the exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for the purpose of the exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for the purpose of the exercise
+and if I say that I cannot state that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I say that I cannot state that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I say that I cannot state that it
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+harm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I can say it may have yes okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can say it may have yes okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can say it may have yes okay but
+if I state that it may harm harm you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I state that it may harm harm you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I state that it may harm harm you see
+that the solution of this is relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solution of this is relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the solution of this is relatively
+simple because it's just just a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because it's just just a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple because it's just just a question
+of Cl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cl
+verification will it or won't huh will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification will it or won't huh will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification will it or won't huh will
+it or won't it yes okay so I may have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or won't it yes okay so I may have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or won't it yes okay so I may have a
+problem it's correct to State a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's correct to State a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's correct to State a problem
+in this way may but we will be will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way may but we will be will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this way may but we will be will be a
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+short living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short living
+problem okay I can solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay I can solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay I can solve this problem
+with 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 16
+days I have about my turn huh no I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days I have about my turn huh no I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days I have about my turn huh no I can't
+I can't say this way I just trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't say this way I just trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can't say this way I just trying to
+be H clear about what we are stating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be H clear about what we are stating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be H clear about what we are stating
+okay could it be harms Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay could it be harms Brazilian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay could it be harms Brazilian
+businesses you know it where put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses you know it where put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses you know it where put it in
+the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the present
+harras whole thing in it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatevers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatevers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatevers
+okay I can't okay I I basing on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea I I don't know I disagree about May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I I don't know I disagree about May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea I I don't know I disagree about May
+harm is something that you can resolve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in um perhaps I not understand what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um perhaps I not understand what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in um perhaps I not understand what the
+verb May means May it's not probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb May means May it's not probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verb May means May it's not probability
+the problem is that there's a potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that there's a potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is that there's a potential
+that this will not be beneficial to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will not be beneficial to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this will not be beneficial to the
+right and it's not that we're not sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's not that we're not sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's not that we're not sure
+it's that depending on how things play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that depending on how things play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's that depending on how things play
+out could we could we say in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out could we could we say in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out could we could we say in this case
+could we say presently planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we say presently planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we say presently planned
+commercial development cuz we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial development cuz we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial development cuz we're saying
+the current plan like if we change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current plan like if we change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current plan like if we change the
+plan maybe it would be great for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan maybe it would be great for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan maybe it would be great for
+Brazilian businesses but I mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian businesses but I mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian businesses but I mean the
+point is the current plan is the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the current plan is the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the current plan is the problem
+but we don't I we're saying the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't I we're saying the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't I we're saying the present
+plan will harm other plans might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan will harm other plans might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan will harm other plans might not
+hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard
+present okay I I can put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was Brazilian business no commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Brazilian business no commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Brazilian business no commercial
+development mayh the No No the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development mayh the No No the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development mayh the No No the present
+plan will har huh the present plan will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+har we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have what do you have everything the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what do you have everything the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what do you have everything the
+same except for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same except for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same except for
+the see everything you have there just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the see everything you have there just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the see everything you have there just
+put the Brazilian business just add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the Brazilian business just add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the Brazilian business just add the
+Pres here the present commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pres here the present commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pres here the present commercial
+Redevelopment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go this the present commercial will har
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this the present commercial will har
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go this the present commercial will har
+that's an assumption yeah that's we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an assumption yeah that's we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an assumption yeah that's we're
+assuming that okay if we do a future one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that okay if we do a future one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that okay if we do a future one
+that that won't harm it either well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that won't harm it either well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that won't harm it either well the
+future one might be worse than the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future one might be worse than the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future one might be worse than the one
+that we we're not saying it's a future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we're not saying it's a future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we're not saying it's a future
+one wouldn't harm it either we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wouldn't harm it either we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wouldn't harm it either we're saying
+we're just saying the present plan will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying the present plan will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just saying the present plan will
+not that doesn't imply anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that doesn't imply anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that doesn't imply anything about
+another plan doesn't get to the her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plan doesn't get to the her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another plan doesn't get to the her
+comment has bases has has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment has bases has has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment has bases has has
+base if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base if I can
+State a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State a
+problem something that is happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem something that is happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem something that is happening is
+always better better what should be a r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always better better what should be a r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always better better what should be a r
+Ms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ms
+phrasings harms it should be rephrased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrasings harms it should be rephrased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrasings harms it should be rephrased
+with harms whatever is happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with harms whatever is happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with harms whatever is happening
+now put it in the present tense we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put it in the present tense we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now put it in the present tense we just
+know what's happening now we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's happening now we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what's happening now we don't know
+what's going to happen future H we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen future H we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen future H we just
+know what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what we have
+now exactly so the the the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now exactly so the the the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now exactly so the the the problem
+should Express what is happening not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Express what is happening not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should Express what is happening not a
+hypothesis about what will happen after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis about what will happen after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis about what will happen after
+out so I mean I feel like you can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I mean I feel like you can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out so I mean I feel like you can start
+it from this plan or conce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from this plan or conce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it from this plan or conce
+without you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without you
+know I start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I start with the
+last yeah so what what she's saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last yeah so what what she's saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last yeah so what what she's saying is
+to just the problem is that plans were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just the problem is that plans were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just the problem is that plans were
+conceived without measures that mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived without measures that mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived without measures that mitigate
+potential negative impacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential negative impacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential negative impacts
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+split yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split yeah okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+exactly we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly we don't
+know no I eliminate this no y That's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no I eliminate this no y That's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know no I eliminate this no y That's it
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+that's commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's commercial
+development yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development yeah
+the conce it without measures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conce it without measures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conce it without measures that
+mitigate potential negative should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate potential negative should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate potential negative should be
+out okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay at Brazilian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+business and are we focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and are we focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and are we focusing on
+Brazilian businesses or are we focusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian businesses or are we focusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian businesses or are we focusing
+on Brazilian community businesses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Brazilian community businesses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Brazilian community businesses
+businesses bus okay um I'd like to buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses bus okay um I'd like to buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses bus okay um I'd like to buy
+an actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actor
+okay we have five minutes for working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have five minutes for working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have five minutes for working on
+that and it's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's good
+we it's good to be clear about comments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's good to be clear about comments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it's good to be clear about comments
+that of people who are not satisfied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of people who are not satisfied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of people who are not satisfied
+about this kind of statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this kind of statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this kind of statement
+okay he asked it first you and after I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he asked it first you and after I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he asked it first you and after I
+don't I don't think we want to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't think we want to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't think we want to have the
+passive voice in our statement I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive voice in our statement I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive voice in our statement I think
+we want to have an active subjects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have an active subjects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to have an active subjects
+making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making these
+plans okay want to say can you be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans okay want to say can you be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans okay want to say can you be
+explicit developers and city planners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit developers and city planners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit developers and city planners
+conceived a plan without measures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived a plan without measures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived a plan without measures that
+mitigate potential negative impact if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate potential negative impact if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigate potential negative impact if we
+just say plan for conceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say plan for conceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say plan for conceive
+V you don't know who to work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V you don't know who to work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V you don't know who to work with
+imately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imately
+conceiv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay commercial but the I problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay commercial but the I problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay commercial but the I problem with
+his his idea has one part and his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his idea has one part and his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his his idea has one part and his
+proposition has other implications that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition has other implications that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition has other implications that
+are Beyond his idea I will listen to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Beyond his idea I will listen to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Beyond his idea I will listen to
+persons for to say to see a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons for to say to see a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persons for to say to see a way to
+include your idea but not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include your idea but not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include your idea but not necessarily
+your proposition how to implement your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proposition how to implement your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your proposition how to implement your
+idea my question is still the same from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea my question is still the same from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea my question is still the same from
+the beginning I'm not sure if it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning I'm not sure if it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning I'm not sure if it's only
+Brazilian businesses okay okay Brazil I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian businesses okay okay Brazil I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian businesses okay okay Brazil I
+would suggest Brazilian community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll explain why it's business why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain why it's business why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll explain why it's business why I
+think it's resilient community and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's resilient community and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's resilient community and not
+businesses because if you consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses because if you consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses because if you consider the
+impacts that this commercial development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts that this commercial development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts that this commercial development
+could have on property values in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have on property values in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have on property values in the
+area I mean rents could increase so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I mean rents could increase so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area I mean rents could increase so
+Brazilian residents who are renting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian residents who are renting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brazilian residents who are renting
+could be displaced or Brazilian property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be displaced or Brazilian property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be displaced or Brazilian property
+owners could be displaced if they can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners could be displaced if they can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners could be displaced if they can't
+property Ian to me it gets so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property Ian to me it gets so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property Ian to me it gets so I mean
+what I mean what's our intervention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean what's our intervention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean what's our intervention
+Target and to me we were talking to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and to me we were talking to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target and to me we were talking to me
+we were talking about helping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about helping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about helping the
+businesses sort of stay there so I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses sort of stay there so I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses sort of stay there so I mean
+you could really change the problem but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could really change the problem but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could really change the problem but
+you're also blowing it I mean that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also blowing it I mean that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're also blowing it I mean that's a
+much bigger problem to deal with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger problem to deal with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much bigger problem to deal with you
+know the issues of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+property I'm not saying you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property I'm not saying you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property I'm not saying you
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+the question is it are you just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is it are you just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is it are you just one
+phase has to just get everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase has to just get everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase has to just get everything
+together like you have to bundle it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together like you have to bundle it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together like you have to bundle it into
+just one or no it's it's it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one or no it's it's it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one or no it's it's it's another
+observation interesting we we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation interesting we we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observation interesting we we need to
+reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a
+moment in the formulation of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the formulation of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment in the formulation of the problem
+that we say my the B the basic idea I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we say my the B the basic idea I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we say my the B the basic idea I
+have about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about this is
+is okay and one mistake that we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and one mistake that we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and one mistake that we always
+commit very is that is very frequent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit very is that is very frequent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commit very is that is very frequent is
+try to include more and more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to include more and more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to include more and more and more
+and more and we have at the end a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and we have at the end a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more and we have at the end a book
+and not a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not a problem
+statement your comment about that best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement your comment about that best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement your comment about that best
+it's better to have no passive voice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to have no passive voice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better to have no passive voice is
+good the problem is that this passive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the problem is that this passive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good the problem is that this passive
+voice here is plan where conceived yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice here is plan where conceived yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice here is plan where conceived yes
+no so I have two elements here one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so I have two elements here one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so I have two elements here one is
+where conceiv it so I could come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where conceiv it so I could come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where conceiv it so I could come to the
+actors and say say they conceive it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and say say they conceive it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actors and say say they conceive it this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way
+okay or I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay or I can
+say plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say plants
+have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no
+measures and I I okay there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and I I okay there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and I I okay there are two
+different ways for Staten you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways for Staten you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways for Staten you
+can select which one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can select which one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can select which one you
+prefer okay h i i i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer okay h i i i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer okay h i i i i
+prefer the second one because I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the second one because I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer the second one because I have the
+plan as a reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan as a reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan as a reality
+acting okay and the way it was conceived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting okay and the way it was conceived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting okay and the way it was conceived
+in the past may be something that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past may be something that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the past may be something that I
+could consider as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could consider as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could consider as
+a an an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a an an
+an anent of the problem what about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anent of the problem what about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an anent of the problem what about our
+being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being
+conceived it's passive it's passive his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived it's passive it's passive his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceived it's passive it's passive his
+suggestion is that should be in active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion is that should be in active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggestion is that should be in active
+voice active voice it's it's it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice active voice it's it's it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voice active voice it's it's it's always
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+best because we are much clear about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best because we are much clear about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best because we are much clear about the
+relation we are referring to okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation we are referring to okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation we are referring to okay
+okay okay saying okay the purpose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay saying okay the purpose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay saying okay the purpose of
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is try
+to to include in this new statement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to include in this new statement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to include in this new statement the
+reflections that we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections that we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflections that we made
+yesterday we made it in a not much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday we made it in a not much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday we made it in a not much a
+structured way but I think that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured way but I think that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured way but I think that the
+comments you have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments you have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments you have been
+doing was result of the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was result of the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing was result of the kind of
+discussion we made yesterday okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we made yesterday okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we made yesterday okay so
+could we talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exercise should be good to write one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise should be good to write one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise should be good to write one
+final version or yeah let's close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final version or yeah let's close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final version or yeah let's close
+huh try yes let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+try yeah thatan when I when I said are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try yeah thatan when I when I said are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try yeah thatan when I when I said are
+being conceived it's the acknowledgement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being conceived it's the acknowledgement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being conceived it's the acknowledgement
+that the process is still happening so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the process is still happening so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the process is still happening so
+it's acknowledgement of the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acknowledgement of the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's acknowledgement of the present
+situation it's not the pro the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it's not the pro the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation it's not the pro the the
+process didn't end already or it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process didn't end already or it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process didn't end already or it's not
+there's not so I don't agree with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not so I don't agree with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not so I don't agree with the
+passive voice thing being something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive voice thing being something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive voice thing being something that
+it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should
+because our being is there's a process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our being is there's a process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our being is there's a process
+going on so we are stating according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so we are stating according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so we are stating according to
+that process going you can put it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process going you can put it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process going you can put it you
+can take it out of the passive voice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take it out of the passive voice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take it out of the passive voice and
+still say and still make it as if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still say and still make it as if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still say and still make it as if it's
+happening now see by just saying who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now see by just saying who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening now see by just saying who
+passive voice just means that you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive voice just means that you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passive voice just means that you're not
+saying who is doing the action you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying who is doing the action you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying who is doing the action you are
+being you're you're hiding who's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you're you're hiding who's doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being you're you're hiding who's doing
+the action so in this case if you decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action so in this case if you decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the action so in this case if you decide
+to so commercial like in this case if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so commercial like in this case if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so commercial like in this case if
+you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you change
+it provided two ways of CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it provided two ways of CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it provided two ways of CH
+converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converting
+so you would say who is doing the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would say who is doing the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you would say who is doing the action
+like uh the developers and city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh the developers and city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh the developers and city
+government are conceiving a plan you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government are conceiving a plan you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government are conceiving a plan you
+know or you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know or you can say
+plans don't include this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans don't include this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans don't include this you know
+current plans don't include this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current plans don't include this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current plans don't include this
+it's careful to put the I agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's careful to put the I agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's careful to put the I agree with
+that but it's Al we also have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's Al we also have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but it's Al we also have to be
+careful about who we say is doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about who we say is doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful about who we say is doing the
+action because if you say city
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action because if you say city
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action because if you say city
+government and developers that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and developers that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and developers that could be
+I mean that might be accurate but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that might be accurate but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean that might be accurate but it's
+also that's a loaded statement you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that's a loaded statement you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also that's a loaded statement you're
+saying these guys are to blame so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying these guys are to blame so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying these guys are to blame so
+whereas which was the way if you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas which was the way if you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas which was the way if you put in
+the passive voice that may be wrong but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passive voice that may be wrong but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the passive voice that may be wrong but
+at least you're you're also you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you're you're also you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least you're you're also you're not
+there's no one to blame necessarily with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one to blame necessarily with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no one to blame necessarily with
+the way in your construction so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in your construction so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in your construction so I think
+we have to be sensitive I like I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be sensitive I like I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be sensitive I like I like
+this because it takes the loaded gun out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it takes the loaded gun out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because it takes the loaded gun out
+of the framing but still kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of I but isn't this for guiding our like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I but isn't this for guiding our like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I but isn't this for guiding our like
+our FR not necessarily what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our FR not necessarily what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our FR not necessarily what we're going
+to be telling people right no I'm saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be telling people right no I'm saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be telling people right no I'm saying
+I'm I'm I'm saying be I'm saying be cogn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm saying be I'm saying be cogn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm I'm saying be I'm saying be cogn
+cognizant of it I mean it's not a to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant of it I mean it's not a to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognizant of it I mean it's not a to put
+a subject on is not a a neutral action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subject on is not a a neutral action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subject on is not a a neutral action
+it's not a grammatical exercise it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a grammatical exercise it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a grammatical exercise it's a
+you're changing the meaning of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're changing the meaning of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're changing the meaning of the
+sentence so it may be the correct maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so it may be the correct maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so it may be the correct maybe
+correct to do that also sensitive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct to do that also sensitive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct to do that also sensitive it
+also makes us think help in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also makes us think help in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also makes us think help in terms of
+those guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those guys
+yeah those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah those are the
+ones those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones those are the
+onesing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polarizing I mean it still may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing I mean it still may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarizing I mean it still may be
+correct well I like the way we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct well I like the way we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct well I like the way we're
+stating it now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating it now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stating it now I have
+a question are we not using black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question are we not using black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question are we not using black
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes very well we were going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes very well we were going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes very well we were going to write
+this version and then we Ed okay any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version and then we Ed okay any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this version and then we Ed okay any
+okay word it's true the the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay word it's true the the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay word it's true the the way
+we we had here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we had here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we had here
+without it's the same as lack of okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it's the same as lack of okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it's the same as lack of okay
+so this is this way to State the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this way to State the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this way to State the problem
+should be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be considered
+provisional okay because it okay there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisional okay because it okay there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisional okay because it okay there's
+way too many conditional statements we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too many conditional statements we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way too many conditional statements we
+have yet some things that are not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yet some things that are not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have yet some things that are not clear
+for us no but it's not only the use of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us no but it's not only the use of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us no but it's not only the use of
+lack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack
+of it's also there is a lot of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's also there is a lot of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's also there is a lot of small
+problems in this it's lack of measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in this it's lack of measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in this it's lack of measures
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay perhaps the the problem is not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay perhaps the the problem is not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay perhaps the the problem is not it's
+not it it has no measure for mitigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it it has no measure for mitigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not it it has no measure for mitigate
+but it's not included the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not included the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not included the main
+interests okay I I don't want only that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests okay I I don't want only that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interests okay I I don't want only that
+the the way they plan will harm me I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way they plan will harm me I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the way they plan will harm me I
+will find meion for mitigate my harm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find meion for mitigate my harm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find meion for mitigate my harm I
+prefer to be part of the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to be part of the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prefer to be part of the development
+okay so we have a problem here other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a problem here other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we have a problem here other
+problem is that we have potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that we have potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that we have potential
+negative impact yeah okay so we are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative impact yeah okay so we are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative impact yeah okay so we are not
+yet much clear about this we have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet much clear about this we have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet much clear about this we have three
+problems in this formulation okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in this formulation okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in this formulation okay
+but the purpose of the exercise is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the purpose of the exercise is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the purpose of the exercise is to
+understand this kind of things that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this kind of things that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this kind of things that when
+we formulate a problem we are inuring in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+so this is our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our final
+provisional formulation of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisional formulation of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisional formulation of the problem
+okay let's have I talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this this is the level we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the level we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is the level we were able to
+to formulate something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formulate something
+no in many cases it implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no in many cases it implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no in many cases it implies
+negotiation with different groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation with different groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negotiation with different groups of
+people because some groups says I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because some groups says I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because some groups says I don't
+agree with this kind of formulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with this kind of formulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree with this kind of formulation
+because uh I have other ideas about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I have other ideas about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh I have other ideas about the
+problem no or or I have other interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem no or or I have other interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem no or or I have other interest
+about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the
+problem okay what do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay what do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay what do you think about
+this experience from yesterday and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experience from yesterday and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this experience from yesterday and
+today what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have what you have
+learned what you yes what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned what you yes what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned what you yes what you have
+learned from yesterday and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from yesterday and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from yesterday and today
+this will be useful for the paper you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be useful for the paper you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be useful for the paper you
+will write next week or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write next week or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will write next week or this
+weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no it's
+challenging I mean but exceeding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging I mean but exceeding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging I mean but exceeding
+extremely useful um it's sad that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely useful um it's sad that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely useful um it's sad that we
+don't get more practice actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get more practice actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get more practice actually in
+planning school doing this I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning school doing this I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning school doing this I don't think
+you have a whole class devoted to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a whole class devoted to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a whole class devoted to just
+coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up
+ke yeah okay order you yeah I I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke yeah okay order you yeah I I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ke yeah okay order you yeah I I I would
+second that I mean especially in design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that I mean especially in design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second that I mean especially in design
+I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel
+like people coming up with these sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people coming up with these sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people coming up with these sorts
+of statements aren't you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statements aren't you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statements aren't you know there's
+just uh people spend about five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh people spend about five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh people spend about five minutes
+coming up with problem statements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with problem statements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with problem statements and
+then they spend three months coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they spend three months coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they spend three months coming up
+with solutions to those problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solutions to those problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with solutions to those problem
+statements frustrates the heck at me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements frustrates the heck at me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statements frustrates the heck at me
+because they don't think very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't think very clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they don't think very clearly
+about what the problems are that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the problems are that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what the problems are that they've
+stated and they're not even interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated and they're not even interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated and they're not even interested
+in having having a dialogue about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in having having a dialogue about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in having having a dialogue about the
+fact that that there might be a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that there might be a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that that there might be a problem
+with stating the problem in five minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stating the problem in five minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stating the problem in five minutes
+and and running yes okay and so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and running yes okay and so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and running yes okay and so that
+that's another one of my challenges is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another one of my challenges is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another one of my challenges is
+how do you get like I was saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get like I was saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you get like I was saying
+yesterday given that it takes so long to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday given that it takes so long to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday given that it takes so long to
+get to a conditional provisional problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a conditional provisional problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a conditional provisional problem
+statement and all you know all of the 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and all you know all of the 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement and all you know all of the 20
+hours of work we've done up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of work we've done up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours of work we've done up to this
+point I how do you how do you how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I how do you how do you how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I how do you how do you how do you
+do that how do you get people come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that how do you get people come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that how do you get people come to
+the table to even want to make us stab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table to even want to make us stab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the table to even want to make us stab
+at it the problems syze all knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it the problems syze all knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it the problems syze all knowledge
+you have about the situation the way we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have about the situation the way we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have about the situation the way we
+State the problem you need to put all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the problem you need to put all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State the problem you need to put all
+the knowledge you have it's not just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge you have it's not just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge you have it's not just to
+get a phrase that I like it or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a phrase that I like it or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a phrase that I like it or or
+to to get an starting point no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get an starting point no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to get an starting point no because
+if I State the problem wrongly it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I State the problem wrongly it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I State the problem wrongly it's very
+difficult we saw yesterday to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult we saw yesterday to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult we saw yesterday to go to the
+causes no to understand the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes no to understand the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+causes no to understand the assumptions
+that are behind the problem things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are behind the problem things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are behind the problem things like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comment no I should say that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment no I should say that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment no I should say that even
+sometimes people won't even State a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people won't even State a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes people won't even State a
+problem statement when they especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem statement when they especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem statement when they especially
+in a design process they'll just assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a design process they'll just assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a design process they'll just assume
+that they have a a problem and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a a problem and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they have a a problem and then
+they'll just start going and solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll just start going and solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll just start going and solving
+things and then there might be various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then there might be various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and then there might be various
+people all solving different problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all solving different problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people all solving different problems
+without ever making their their C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ever making their their C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ever making their their C
+understanding of the problem explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the problem explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the problem explicit
+and you end up with all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you end up with all these different
+solutions and then the it's even it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and then the it's even it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and then the it's even it's
+almost like it's a recognized procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like it's a recognized procedure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like it's a recognized procedure
+because then you take all the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you take all the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because then you take all the different
+solutions and you come up with a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and you come up with a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions and you come up with a some
+combined solution but you still never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined solution but you still never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined solution but you still never
+know what what the real problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what the real problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what what the real problem
+was okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes FR frustration at at how hard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes FR frustration at at how hard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes FR frustration at at how hard this
+is and how bad I am at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and how bad I am at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and how bad I am at it
+um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we
+we okay how bad Chris and I are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and concern also about in my experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concern also about in my experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concern also about in my experience
+it how often we also look at the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how often we also look at the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how often we also look at the problem
+and expect the solution to come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expect the solution to come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and expect the solution to come from the
+problem rather than looking potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem rather than looking potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem rather than looking potentially
+Elsewhere for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elsewhere for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elsewhere for
+Solutions um that's what I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions um that's what I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions um that's what I'm thinking
+okay I'm thinking that how often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm thinking that how often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'm thinking that how often
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+approach the problem with a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the problem with a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach the problem with a solution
+that you start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you start with a
+solution we I at least in my assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we I at least in my assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution we I at least in my assumptions
+you know the assumption is well we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the assumption is well we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the assumption is well we need
+more involvement we need more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involvement we need more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more involvement we need more
+organization assuming that that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization assuming that that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization assuming that that would
+answer a problem we hadn't obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a problem we hadn't obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer a problem we hadn't obviously
+hadn't clearly stated mhm that that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't clearly stated mhm that that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hadn't clearly stated mhm that that are
+assumptions that we bring to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+the main difficulty for start one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main difficulty for start one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main difficulty for start one of the
+main difficulties for starting from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main difficulties for starting from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main difficulties for starting from the
+solution is that once I begin with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that once I begin with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that once I begin with the
+solution it's impossible to get a deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's impossible to get a deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution it's impossible to get a deeper
+understanding of the problem exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the problem exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of the problem exactly
+okay so all effort of analysis I do are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all effort of analysis I do are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so all effort of analysis I do are
+based on your solution yes okay are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your solution yes okay are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your solution yes okay are not
+useful okay or are not coherent well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay or are not coherent well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful okay or are not coherent well the
+other part of it is if we all bring our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part of it is if we all bring our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other part of it is if we all bring our
+own solution to a problem we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own solution to a problem we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own solution to a problem we haven't
+stated then to get any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated then to get any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stated then to get any kind of
+consensus is exactly is nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus is exactly is nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus is exactly is nearly
+impossible first you have to work all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible first you have to work all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible first you have to work all
+the way back through the fact that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back through the fact that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way back through the fact that this
+may not be a solution cuz we don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be a solution cuz we don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not be a solution cuz we don't know
+what the problem is okay so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem is okay so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the problem is okay so you can
+figure out what happened when some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what happened when some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what happened when some
+organization arrive to a place with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization arrive to a place with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization arrive to a place with a
+project a project is a solution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project a project is a solution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project a project is a solution with
+money yes it's impossible to I I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money yes it's impossible to I I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money yes it's impossible to I I can
+involucrate people part participate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involucrate people part participate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involucrate people part participate in
+the discussion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion of the
+problem of the project okay but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of the project okay but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of the project okay but the
+project is stated as a solution and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is stated as a solution and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project is stated as a solution and with
+the resources for making it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources for making it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resources for making it
+work it's much more symbolic the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's much more symbolic the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work it's much more symbolic the real
+participation of people in this case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation of people in this case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participation of people in this case and
+after that I try to organize a learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that I try to organize a learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that I try to organize a learning
+process from the experience it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process from the experience it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process from the experience it's very
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+okay indeed the way I State a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay indeed the way I State a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay indeed the way I State a problem
+has a lot of implications in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of implications in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a lot of implications in the
+cognitive process I will go forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive process I will go forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive process I will go forward
+after the statement of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the statement of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the statement of the
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay okay let's go to another no one no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let's go to another no one no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay let's go to another no one no
+one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more
+okay I assume that people who are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I assume that people who are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I assume that people who are not
+talking is because I thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard okay let's go to the other to other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay let's go to the other to other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard okay let's go to the other to other
+point I we will now we will change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I we will now we will change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I we will now we will change our
+mind frame okay we are going to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind frame okay we are going to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind frame okay we are going to another
+place it's like glier when he around to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it's like glier when he around to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it's like glier when he around to
+new worlds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new worlds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new worlds
+okay from the giant land to the Lily put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from the giant land to the Lily put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay from the giant land to the Lily put
+okay let's change our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's change our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's change our
+mind we are going to conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation
+okay these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these are the
+ideas saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas saying
+farther understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther understanding
+deeper leaping right to the right place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper leaping right to the right place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper leaping right to the right place
+and living
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and living
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and living
+calm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calm okay
+so we live in a very fast changing world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we live in a very fast changing world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we live in a very fast changing world
+world it's not a question of running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it's not a question of running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world it's not a question of running
+faster you know a uh a magazine named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster you know a uh a magazine named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster you know a uh a magazine named
+fast companies no okay fast companies no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast companies no okay fast companies no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast companies no okay fast companies no
+it's not a question of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a question of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a question of be
+faster okay not working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay not working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay not working
+harder not getting more resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder not getting more resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder not getting more resources
+it's not about being stronger or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about being stronger or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not about being stronger or
+modernizing our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernizing our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modernizing our
+portfolio of methods and tools it's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio of methods and tools it's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio of methods and tools it's more
+about we thinking we what we already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we thinking we what we already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about we thinking we what we already
+know renewing the concepts that we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know renewing the concepts that we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know renewing the concepts that we use
+for understanding and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understanding and getting
+wiser what are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiser what are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiser what are we talking
+about is how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+organize our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evolution at the pace of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change Alin toer in his first book he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Alin toer in his first book he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change Alin toer in his first book he
+expressed his his concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed his his concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed his his concern
+about the pace of change and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pace of change and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the pace of change and he said
+that humankind should be able to adapt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that humankind should be able to adapt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that humankind should be able to adapt
+to this new pace of change or or should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this new pace of change or or should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this new pace of change or or should
+be fall in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fall in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fall in a
+crisis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crisis
+okay conceptual Innovation is a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay conceptual Innovation is a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay conceptual Innovation is a way to
+be able to renew one mind one's mind at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to renew one mind one's mind at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to renew one mind one's mind at
+the pace of change this one of the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pace of change this one of the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pace of change this one of the main
+issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so first we are not trained for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we are not trained for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first we are not trained for
+conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual
+Innovation we are trained for learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation we are trained for learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation we are trained for learning
+methods and tools and applying methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and tools and applying methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and tools and applying methods
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools
+Engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Engineers
+Physicians I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Architects are not trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for develop conceptual Frameworks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for develop conceptual Frameworks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for develop conceptual Frameworks they
+are trained most of all for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trained most of all for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trained most of all for
+understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding
+theories learning methods and apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories learning methods and apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories learning methods and apply
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+okay one reason is that if I acquire a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one reason is that if I acquire a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay one reason is that if I acquire a
+new method my productivity increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new method my productivity increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new method my productivity increases
+immediately if I acquire A New Concept I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately if I acquire A New Concept I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately if I acquire A New Concept I
+will last a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for transit to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for transit to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for transit to the
+productivity okay it's not immediated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity okay it's not immediated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity okay it's not immediated
+the relation between a new con cep and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between a new con cep and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between a new con cep and
+my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my
+productivity so business are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity so business are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+productivity so business are highly
+interested in people acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in people acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in people acquire
+new methods and tools institutions too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new methods and tools institutions too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new methods and tools institutions too
+okay they have a lot of training courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they have a lot of training courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they have a lot of training courses
+academias trying to introduce people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academias trying to introduce people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academias trying to introduce people to
+new methods and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tools many economists and people with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools many economists and people with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools many economists and people with
+specialized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized in
+finance they conceived that their core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance they conceived that their core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance they conceived that their core
+capacities are most of all the domain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities are most of all the domain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacities are most of all the domain of
+some methods and tools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some methods and tools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some methods and tools
+okay the consequences of this I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the consequences of this I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the consequences of this I have
+identified four cons consequences one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified four cons consequences one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified four cons consequences one is
+when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we
+have a complex situation we begin to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complex situation we begin to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a complex situation we begin to use
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+methods we have for facing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we have for facing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods we have for facing this
+situation and it may H it may happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and it may H it may happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and it may H it may happen
+that this situation is not possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this situation is not possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this situation is not possible to
+be tackled with these methods and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tackled with these methods and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be tackled with these methods and we are
+unable to redesign to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to redesign to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unable to redesign to
+reframe how we are trying to solve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframe how we are trying to solve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframe how we are trying to solve the
+problem if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you are
+too connected with the methods we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too connected with the methods we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too connected with the methods we
+have okay so we are less flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so we are less flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay so we are less flexible
+facing new situations and complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing new situations and complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing new situations and complex
+situations the other point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the other point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations the other point is that
+methods and techniques get out of date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and techniques get out of date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods and techniques get out of date
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast
+okay the other one I I have five I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other one I I have five I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the other one I I have five I just
+listed four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here we get overlearned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get overlearned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we get overlearned with
+time it's a very frequent problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's a very frequent problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time it's a very frequent problem
+people begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people begin to
+to to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to develop
+professionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professionally
+and because it's so difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's so difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because it's so difficult to
+innovate to to update my technique my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate to to update my technique my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate to to update my technique my my
+Technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technical
+Resources at the pace that are emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resources at the pace that are emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Resources at the pace that are emerging
+new methods I get tired and I I decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new methods I get tired and I I decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new methods I get tired and I I decided
+after a Time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a Time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after a Time
+I will work with my to box okay and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will work with my to box okay and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will work with my to box okay and I
+will try to improve it in some way and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to improve it in some way and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will try to improve it in some way and I
+began to get in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to get in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to get in the
+past when I am highly experienced and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past when I am highly experienced and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past when I am highly experienced and
+wise working with this to box a newcomer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise working with this to box a newcomer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wise working with this to box a newcomer
+20 something years old just is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 something years old just is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 something years old just is more
+capable for doing this kind of work it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable for doing this kind of work it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable for doing this kind of work it's
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+frequent I have been working one month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent I have been working one month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent I have been working one month
+ago I was working with scientist all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I was working with scientist all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago I was working with scientist all
+they were PhD all they were 20 to 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were PhD all they were 20 to 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were PhD all they were 20 to 30
+years out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years out of
+dat was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+tragedy and all they were in some moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy and all they were in some moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tragedy and all they were in some moment
+of their lives very brilliant people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their lives very brilliant people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of their lives very brilliant people
+MH okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MH okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+what's impossible for them to recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's impossible for them to recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's impossible for them to recognize
+how the world is working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the world is working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the world is working
+currently the impact of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently the impact of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently the impact of
+Internet okay the search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet okay the search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Internet okay the search
+engines the collaborative work these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines the collaborative work these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines the collaborative work these
+things was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things was
+too they had no ways to put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too they had no ways to put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too they had no ways to put this in
+their minds and they were very smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their minds and they were very smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their minds and they were very smart
+people okay so the other thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the connections that we have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the connections that we have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the connections that we have in our
+brains are related to the concepts we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains are related to the concepts we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brains are related to the concepts we
+use okay the first day of this course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay the first day of this course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use okay the first day of this course I
+I remember have said this concepts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember have said this concepts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember have said this concepts are
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+neurons concepts are groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons concepts are groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neurons concepts are groups of
+relations when I change my Concepts I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations when I change my Concepts I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations when I change my Concepts I I
+create a new area of relations in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new area of relations in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a new area of relations in my
+brain so I can renew I can rewire my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so I can renew I can rewire my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain so I can renew I can rewire my
+brain renewing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain renewing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain renewing my
+Concepts so it's very important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts so it's very important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts so it's very important for
+maintaining my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining my
+brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain
+young for be able to renew my brain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young for be able to renew my brain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young for be able to renew my brain in
+itself it's important to renew my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's important to renew my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself it's important to renew my
+Concepts my new Concepts it's like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts my new Concepts it's like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts my new Concepts it's like to
+learn new language new language or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn new language new language or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn new language new language or I
+want to use different circuits in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use different circuits in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use different circuits in our
+mind no it use of new Concepts too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind no it use of new Concepts too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind no it use of new Concepts too
+okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay thank
+you now what's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now what's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now what's a
+concept I am using the definition of doy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept I am using the definition of doy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept I am using the definition of doy
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+Sean tools for coping with the words for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sean tools for coping with the words for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sean tools for coping with the words for
+solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving
+problems I added the word cognitive tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and he gave some example the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he gave some example the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and he gave some example the notion
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+mother our notion of Cold War this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother our notion of Cold War this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother our notion of Cold War this book
+was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written
+1963 the Newtonian theory of light that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1963 the Newtonian theory of light that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1963 the Newtonian theory of light that
+time people was very interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time people was very interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time people was very interested in the
+impact of physics in philosophy okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of physics in philosophy okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact of physics in philosophy okay and
+the idea of new mechanical fasteners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the innovation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the innovation of
+vvo no I'm assuming that safety faser no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vvo no I'm assuming that safety faser no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vvo no I'm assuming that safety faser no
+I'm not sure I'm just assuming the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I'm just assuming the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure I'm just assuming the book
+was written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written
+196 okay so word concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+196 okay so word concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+196 okay so word concept
+is a kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of it's an effort for modeling for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's an effort for modeling for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it's an effort for modeling for
+modeling the world in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we try to
+create one model that we can use for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one model that we can use for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create one model that we can use for a
+lot of things this are concept A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things this are concept A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things this are concept A
+multitask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitask
+model that we do an idea that we can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we do an idea that we can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we do an idea that we can use
+for a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a lot of different
+uses these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses these are
+concept with the notion of mother the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept with the notion of mother the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept with the notion of mother the
+child is able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child is able
+to manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to manage
+her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her
+own feelings of security of threat he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own feelings of security of threat he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own feelings of security of threat he
+can she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can she
+can establish strategies for communicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can establish strategies for communicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can establish strategies for communicate
+with her mother so it's very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her mother so it's very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with her mother so it's very important
+because the mother is the word at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mother is the word at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the mother is the word at the
+beginning no or the word is the mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning no or the word is the mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning no or the word is the mother
+no so it's the relation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything each time we create a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything each time we create a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything each time we create a concept
+we create a tool that enables us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create a tool that enables us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we create a tool that enables us to
+relate with a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate with a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate with a lot of different
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so yes can you go back up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yes can you go back up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so yes can you go back up to the
+other yes yes so it's not just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other yes yes so it's not just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other yes yes so it's not just for
+solving problems but for what you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems but for what you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving problems but for what you just
+said about relating to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about relating to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said about relating to different
+situations yes yes yes for coping with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations yes yes yes for coping with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations yes yes yes for coping with
+the word I think that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word I think that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word I think that this is the
+meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning of
+this the generalization that I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the generalization that I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the generalization that I could do
+this is that not only for coping with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that not only for coping with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that not only for coping with
+the word physical word itself but with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word physical word itself but with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word physical word itself but with
+our inner world and with our thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inner world and with our thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our inner world and with our thinking
+also would it be safe to say a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also would it be safe to say a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also would it be safe to say a concept
+is a way of organizing information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of organizing information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a way of organizing information
+basically yes but most of all is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yes but most of all is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically yes but most of all is a way
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+organize the way we manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the way we manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize the way we manage
+information okay not information thems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay not information thems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay not information thems
+but how we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how we deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how we deal with
+information okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information okay let's
+go first one is because there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go first one is because there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go first one is because there are no
+things without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept I will treat this a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept I will treat this a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept I will treat this a bit
+more okay the it's only by a process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay the it's only by a process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more okay the it's only by a process of
+of abstraction that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstraction that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of abstraction that we
+distinguish concept tools now he was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish concept tools now he was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish concept tools now he was the
+word the term concept tools and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word the term concept tools and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word the term concept tools and the
+situations so concept are abstraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so concept are abstraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations so concept are abstraction
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+situations concepts are like patterns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations concepts are like patterns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations concepts are like patterns of
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+situations okay I see one situation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay I see one situation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay I see one situation I
+see other situation other other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other situation other other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see other situation other other other
+when I have seen a lot of situations I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have seen a lot of situations I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have seen a lot of situations I
+begun to discover a pattern I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun to discover a pattern I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begun to discover a pattern I am
+conceptualizing this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizing this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizing this kind of
+situations okay it's a uh uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay it's a uh uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations okay it's a uh uh the
+creation of concept is a process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of concept is a process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation of concept is a process of
+identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying
+patterns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns
+huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huh
+inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive
+inductive inductive it's inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive inductive it's inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inductive inductive it's inductive
+exactly it's basically inductive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's basically inductive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's basically inductive
+basically because I can create concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because I can create concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically because I can create concept
+from the other sources too okay I am we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other sources too okay I am we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the other sources too okay I am we
+are talking about concept from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about concept from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are talking about concept from the
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+okay but we can create concept combining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we can create concept combining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we can create concept combining
+abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract
+elements and try to to look for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and try to to look for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements and try to to look for the
+reality if they exist or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality if they exist or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality if they exist or not
+but the concept of number one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the concept of number one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the concept of number one of the
+most abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept ER best than R required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept ER best than R required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept ER best than R required
+150 theorems before to define the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 theorems before to define the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 theorems before to define the number
+one it's quite abs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was a process of empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a process of empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a process of empirical
+learning it's very interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's very interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's very interesting because
+in this history of mathematics you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this history of mathematics you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this history of mathematics you can
+people are trying to reconstruct this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to reconstruct this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are trying to reconstruct this
+process of the discovery of number but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of the discovery of number but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of the discovery of number but
+once the number were discovered it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the number were discovered it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once the number were discovered it
+triggers a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triggers a lot
+of a new Concepts that that came not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new Concepts that that came not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a new Concepts that that came not
+from the the concrete experience but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the concrete experience but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the concrete experience but
+from speculative thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from speculative thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from speculative thinking
+okay and is at the origins of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and is at the origins of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and is at the origins of
+mathematics the speculative thinking was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics the speculative thinking was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics the speculative thinking was
+much more important no but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more important no but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more important no but at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+don't of the birth of mathematics it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't of the birth of mathematics it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't of the birth of mathematics it was
+basically from experience okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from experience okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically from experience okay yeah
+let's go okay Concepts Concepts are like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go okay Concepts Concepts are like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go okay Concepts Concepts are like
+lenses like eyes when I change my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses like eyes when I change my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses like eyes when I change my
+Concepts I change my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eyes I I can perceive from I I am Cur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes I I can perceive from I I am Cur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes I I can perceive from I I am Cur
+cursing through a reality a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursing through a reality a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cursing through a reality a situation
+situation is always a messy thing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is always a messy thing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is always a messy thing okay
+always situation has me facet a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always situation has me facet a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always situation has me facet a thousand
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+facets okay depends of the thousand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets okay depends of the thousand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facets okay depends of the thousand of
+eyes that are looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes that are looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes that are looking at the
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+so the facet of the situation I am able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the facet of the situation I am able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the facet of the situation I am able
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+perceive is determined by the groups of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive is determined by the groups of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive is determined by the groups of
+Concepts I have in my mind respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts I have in my mind respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts I have in my mind respect to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay Concepts works like L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Concepts works like L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Concepts works like L
+terms everything is dark with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms everything is dark with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms everything is dark with my
+Concepts I am able to illuminate a part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts I am able to illuminate a part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts I am able to illuminate a part
+of this reality and I can go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this reality and I can go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this reality and I can go through
+this part that are illuminated with my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part that are illuminated with my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part that are illuminated with my
+Concepts if I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts if I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts if I have no
+concept I can perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept I can perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept I can perceive
+reality yet if I can connect this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality yet if I can connect this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality yet if I can connect this
+reality with something of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality with something of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality with something of my
+experience if I can establish something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience if I can establish something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience if I can establish something
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+analogy between what I am saying and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy between what I am saying and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy between what I am saying and
+something that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I have
+lived I can grasp in some way but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived I can grasp in some way but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived I can grasp in some way but it is
+feeling it is image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling it is image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling it is image
+okay and I can work with it in my mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can work with it in my mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I can work with it in my mind
+but we will be always at the tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will be always at the tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will be always at the tested
+level if if you don't have a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if if you don't have a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if if you don't have a concept
+okay when I have Concepts I can't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when I have Concepts I can't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when I have Concepts I can't think
+much ER deeper about a reality I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much ER deeper about a reality I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much ER deeper about a reality I can
+work with the reality if I have concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the reality if I have concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with the reality if I have concept
+about it if I have no concept I I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if I have no concept I I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it if I have no concept I I just
+can perceive an imag if in the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perceive an imag if in the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can perceive an imag if in the relation
+with the experience I have in my mind as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the experience I have in my mind as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the experience I have in my mind as
+a miral of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a miral of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a miral of an
+experience okay a projection of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience okay a projection of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience okay a projection of my
+experience can can you say that one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience can can you say that one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience can can you say that one more
+time kind got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lost about the concept or about the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost about the concept or about the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost about the concept or about the list
+the other projection yeah the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other projection yeah the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other projection yeah the whole
+projection I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l i i i I'm looking this we are talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i i i I'm looking this we are talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l i i i I'm looking this we are talking
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+no we are entering into a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we are entering into a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no we are entering into a new
+environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we at the time that we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we at the time that we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we at the time that we are
+enterally we feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterally we feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enterally we feel
+something we are not clear about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we are not clear about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we are not clear about
+what but in some way the image I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what but in some way the image I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what but in some way the image I
+perceive REM make me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive REM make me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive REM make me to
+remember some situation I have lived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember some situation I have lived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember some situation I have lived
+before and I will be able to perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I will be able to perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and I will be able to perceive
+at this first perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this first perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this first perception
+is will be very influenced for the kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is will be very influenced for the kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is will be very influenced for the kind
+of experience that in some way this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience that in some way this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of experience that in some way this what
+I am seeing connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am seeing connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am seeing connect
+with it's will be influenced by will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it's will be influenced by will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it's will be influenced by will be
+influenced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influenced
+by okay I I'm I don't know exactly how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by okay I I'm I don't know exactly how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by okay I I'm I don't know exactly how
+it works okay but what I know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works okay but what I know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works okay but what I know is
+that if I have no concept the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have no concept the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I have no concept the only
+reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference
+for trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for trying
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+to to do to De to cope with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do to De to cope with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do to De to cope with the
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is connecting it with my experience in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connecting it with my experience in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is connecting it with my experience in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+way okay if I have no experience I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay if I have no experience I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay if I have no experience I have
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+example very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example very clear
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+Peru where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peru where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peru where I
+live to to walk in the streets of Peru
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live to to walk in the streets of Peru
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live to to walk in the streets of Peru
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+dangerous okay because you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous okay because you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dangerous okay because you have a lot of
+people that are looking what do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are looking what do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people that are looking what do you have
+that may that they may have okay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may that they may have okay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may that they may have okay that
+they want that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want that they
+want yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want yeah
+and people who are not experiencing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who are not experiencing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people who are not experiencing in
+that they don't see see these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't see see these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they don't see see these guys
+working walking through the streets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working walking through the streets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working walking through the streets
+people who live there for a lot of years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who live there for a lot of years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who live there for a lot of years
+we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see
+immediately when they are present in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately when they are present in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately when they are present in the
+space okay and we react and they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay and we react and they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space okay and we react and they feel
+that we have seen them and they stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen them and they stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have seen them and they stop
+it okay but the tourist they just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay but the tourist they just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay but the tourist they just don't
+perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceive
+okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh
+so we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we we
+can we are in in a messy situation like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we are in in a messy situation like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we are in in a messy situation like
+the for the tourist is completely messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the tourist is completely messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the tourist is completely messy
+okay he's saying the buildings no thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he's saying the buildings no thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay he's saying the buildings no thing
+like that no but the other people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that no but the other people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that no but the other people who
+who have experience with this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have experience with this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have experience with this kind of
+environment have his their perception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment have his their perception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment have his their perception
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+improved okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved okay
+but in some sense so the concept in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense so the concept in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in some sense so the concept in that
+in that case that is that the peruvians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case that is that the peruvians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case that is that the peruvians
+are aware of and the foreigners are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aware of and the foreigners are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are aware of and the foreigners are not
+would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would
+be what would you say the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what would you say the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what would you say the concept
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+it it's helping them see in some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's helping them see in some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's helping them see in some cases
+the perian they have not only experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perian they have not only experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perian they have not only experience
+they are they have Concepts about they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they have Concepts about they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are they have Concepts about they
+have very clear patterns of how these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very clear patterns of how these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very clear patterns of how these
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+move okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move okay
+so in in the example I gave you in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in the example I gave you in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in the example I gave you in many
+cases is not a question only of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases is not a question only of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases is not a question only of
+experience but our concept developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but our concept developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience but our concept developed
+already but the idea I was trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but the idea I was trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already but the idea I was trying
+to explain is that in some cases we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain is that in some cases we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to explain is that in some cases we were
+not able to conceptualize something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to conceptualize something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not able to conceptualize something we
+have only experience and this experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only experience and this experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have only experience and this experience
+may be useful too but it usefulness is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be useful too but it usefulness is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be useful too but it usefulness is
+not so great as if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so great as if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so great as if we have
+Concepts okay at the moment we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts okay at the moment we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts okay at the moment we have
+Concepts about a situation we we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts about a situation we we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts about a situation we we are
+much more able to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more able to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more able to identify
+characteristic of the situation that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the situation that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic of the situation that are
+meaningful we have a more potent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful we have a more potent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful we have a more potent
+mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind
+and the first thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that about perception okay we receive a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about perception okay we receive a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about perception okay we receive a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+sinos we are able to to perceive of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinos we are able to to perceive of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinos we are able to to perceive of the
+sinos a small piece most of the signos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinos a small piece most of the signos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinos a small piece most of the signos
+we receive are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we receive are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we receive are just
+Noise Okay we have no Musa with us but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noise Okay we have no Musa with us but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Noise Okay we have no Musa with us but a
+good example I use is that I imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example I use is that I imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good example I use is that I imagine
+that I walking through the capital of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I walking through the capital of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I walking through the capital of
+Turkey everything that people will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkey everything that people will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Turkey everything that people will be
+talking about will be just noise for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about will be just noise for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about will be just noise for me
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay because I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because I have
+no ways to understand what they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ways to understand what they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no ways to understand what they are
+saying okay so one thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay so one thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying okay so one thing is that
+Concepts Define what we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts Define what we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts Define what we can
+see defines the way we can see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see defines the way we can see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see defines the way we can see and
+defines the way we process this in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the way we process this in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the way we process this in our
+mind these three things the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind these three things the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind these three things the concept
+defines just to to use that example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines just to to use that example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines just to to use that example of
+of being in another country where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in another country where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of being in another country where you
+hear the language as noise yes um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the language as noise yes um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear the language as noise yes um and
+that's the part of the noise we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part of the noise we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part of the noise we don't
+understand yes but at a feeling or CET
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand yes but at a feeling or CET
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand yes but at a feeling or CET
+level if we hear people being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if we hear people being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level if we hear people being
+loud yes we might from my experience I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud yes we might from my experience I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loud yes we might from my experience I
+might think that they are arguing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that they are arguing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might think that they are arguing or
+angry yes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry yes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angry yes so
+a experiences also helps to perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a experiences also helps to perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a experiences also helps to perceive
+elements of reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I have two two two main tools for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have two two two main tools for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have two two two main tools for
+perceiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perceiving
+reality okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality okay
+but ER concepts are more more poent no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ER concepts are more more poent no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but ER concepts are more more poent no
+than this kind of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+feelings I can have very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings I can have very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings I can have very powerful
+feelings when the feelings are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings when the feelings are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings when the feelings are the
+synthes of a lot of experience I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthes of a lot of experience I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthes of a lot of experience I have
+lived okay if I have experienced many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived okay if I have experienced many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lived okay if I have experienced many
+situations of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations of one
+kind I may not be able to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I may not be able to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind I may not be able to talk about
+this situation but once I am living one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation but once I am living one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation but once I am living one
+similar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar I
+have very strong and precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very strong and precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very strong and precise
+feelings and these are knowledge for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and these are knowledge for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings and these are knowledge for me
+too okay I I have not been working on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay I I have not been working on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too okay I I have not been working on on
+this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of
+perceptions let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay when we try to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we try to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay when we try to think about
+something we use concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we use concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we use concept
+okay the question is that it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is that it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the question is that it's always
+hard to renew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to renew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to renew
+concept concept is very simp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept concept is very simp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept concept is very simp
+difficult to to to change so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to to to change so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to to to change so what we do
+normally is that we have a new situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally is that we have a new situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally is that we have a new situation
+and I try to understand the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I try to understand the new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I try to understand the new
+situation with the old Concepts we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with the old Concepts we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation with the old Concepts we had
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind out mobile is the idea of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind out mobile is the idea of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind out mobile is the idea of the
+courage that can move by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courage that can move by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courage that can move by
+itself okay we always try to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay we always try to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay we always try to to
+construct a New Concept with old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a New Concept with old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a New Concept with old
+ones and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and to
+to to cope with new situations with old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cope with new situations with old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cope with new situations with old
+Concepts the problem is that it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts the problem is that it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts the problem is that it's much
+more difficult to understand the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to understand the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to understand the nature
+of the new situations if we are working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the new situations if we are working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the new situations if we are working
+with old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Concepts it's not a question of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts it's not a question of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts it's not a question of being
+intelligent it's a question of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent it's a question of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent it's a question of the
+properties of the concept we are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+okay how we try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how we try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how we try
+to to cope with this problem of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cope with this problem of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to cope with this problem of new
+situations and old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Concepts in general we have two kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts in general we have two kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts in general we have two kind of
+strategies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies
+one is to look for concept from from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to look for concept from from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is to look for concept from from
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+field that could be useful in this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that could be useful in this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that could be useful in this new
+field the concept of network developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the concept of network developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field the concept of network developed
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+mathematicians was greatly useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians was greatly useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians was greatly useful for
+the epidemiologist epidemiolog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epidemiologist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiologist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epidemiologist and
+this is one way I I try to to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way I I try to to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one way I I try to to find
+Concepts outside of my field for use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts outside of my field for use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts outside of my field for use
+into my field for doing that I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my field for doing that I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into my field for doing that I need to
+make small change in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make small change in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make small change in this
+concept for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for example
+sociology took a lot of concept from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology took a lot of concept from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociology took a lot of concept from
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+fields and during the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and during the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fields and during the 20th century
+physics physics was the main source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics physics was the main source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics physics was the main source of
+concept for most field now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for most field now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept for most field now is
+biology okay biology now is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology okay biology now is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology okay biology now is the
+inspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiring
+science in the 20th century physics was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in the 20th century physics was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science in the 20th century physics was
+the inspiring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspiring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inspiring
+science the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science the
+other way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way to
+to to deal with with new situations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to deal with with new situations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to deal with with new situations and
+old Concepts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Concepts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old Concepts is
+to extend the concept we are using we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extend the concept we are using we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extend the concept we are using we
+make the effort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the effort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the effort
+of to generalize the concept in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to generalize the concept in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of to generalize the concept in some way
+or redefine the concept in some way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or redefine the concept in some way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or redefine the concept in some way so
+we can use for the new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and with time we are able to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with time we are able to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with time we are able to create a
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+concept okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+go okay New Concept and old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge yes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge yes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge yes one
+is When A New Concept enter to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is When A New Concept enter to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is When A New Concept enter to our
+mind it began to disturb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it began to disturb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind it began to disturb
+everything okay if I am enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+audacious and calm for letting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audacious and calm for letting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audacious and calm for letting the
+concept working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept working
+freely it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+produce reframing in big areas of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce reframing in big areas of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce reframing in big areas of my
+thinking the concept A New Concept is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the concept A New Concept is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking the concept A New Concept is a
+machine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine of
+reframing A New Concept begins to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing A New Concept begins to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing A New Concept begins to
+reframe different things reframing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframe different things reframing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframe different things reframing is
+referred to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to one
+situation how I I am able to cope with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation how I I am able to cope with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation how I I am able to cope with
+one sit specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sit specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sit specific
+situation A New Concept triggers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation A New Concept triggers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation A New Concept triggers
+reframing in into a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing in into a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing in into a lot of
+situations it's a much more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations it's a much more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations it's a much more powerful
+cognitive tool the creation of New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive tool the creation of New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cognitive tool the creation of New
+Concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concept
+yesterday I was talking with Claudia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I was talking with Claudia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday I was talking with Claudia
+about the problem of the Romans m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem of the Romans m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the problem of the Romans m
+multiplying 17 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying 17 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying 17 for
+23 you know how to write 17 in Romans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no 17 in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no 17 in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no 17 in
+Romans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Romans
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is how we can write 17 Romans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we can write 17 Romans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how we can write 17 Romans
+10 no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 no
+17 ER time time right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+23 how can we multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 how can we multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 how can we multiply
+this it's very difficult really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's very difficult really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's very difficult really
+difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult
+okay yes yes is great it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes yes is great it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes yes is great it's really
+difficult we are so used it with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult we are so used it with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult we are so used it with the
+algorithm created by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm created by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm created by the
+Indians the 01 two three 4 okay the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians the 01 two three 4 okay the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians the 01 two three 4 okay the big
+conceptual innovation of these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual innovation of these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual innovation of these people
+was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the
+instructor of the numbers they say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor of the numbers they say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor of the numbers they say here
+are unities here are decimals decimals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unities here are decimals decimals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are unities here are decimals decimals
+here are hundreds hundreds thousands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are hundreds hundreds thousands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are hundreds hundreds thousands and
+here are thousands and they organized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are thousands and they organized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are thousands and they organized
+the number here the Romans had no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number here the Romans had no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number here the Romans had no
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+structure so was very difficult for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so was very difficult for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so was very difficult for them
+to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn
+arithmetics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetics and
+just less than 200 years after these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just less than 200 years after these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just less than 200 years after these
+numbers arrived to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers arrived to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers arrived to
+accident bless Pascal created the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident bless Pascal created the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accident bless Pascal created the
+first a calculator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a calculator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first a calculator
+machine because this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine because this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine because this way
+enables to mechanize the process they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables to mechanize the process they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables to mechanize the process they
+first mechanize as putting the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mechanize as putting the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first mechanize as putting the numbers
+20 no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 okay so I can how is how is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 okay so I can how is how is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+23 okay so I can how is how is the
+game 3 * 7 21 3 5 no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game 3 * 7 21 3 5 no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game 3 * 7 21 3 5 no and
+14 three no it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 three no it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 three no it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 three so any children is able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 three so any children is able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9 three so any children is able to do
+that okay and here was only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and here was only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and here was only
+expert that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expert that
+could okay concept is a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could okay concept is a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could okay concept is a very powerful
+thing Once A New Concept arrive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Once A New Concept arrive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing Once A New Concept arrive it
+begins to modify the way we understand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to modify the way we understand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to modify the way we understand a
+lot of things so one when we are a able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things so one when we are a able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things so one when we are a able
+to innovate in a concept we trigger a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to innovate in a concept we trigger a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to innovate in a concept we trigger a
+lot of Technical Innovations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Technical Innovations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of Technical Innovations with
+the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+element okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and I I I don't know if you have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I I don't know if you have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I I don't know if you have time to
+read the a part of the book of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the a part of the book of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the a part of the book of the word
+is flat of Thomas fredman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is flat of Thomas fredman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is flat of Thomas fredman
+he's highly concerned by the Indians and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's highly concerned by the Indians and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's highly concerned by the Indians and
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+Chinese because they will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese because they will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese because they will be able to
+innovate in technical aspects for in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate in technical aspects for in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate in technical aspects for in the
+next 30 Years innovation in technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 30 Years innovation in technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next 30 Years innovation in technology
+will go most of all to these countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go most of all to these countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go most of all to these countries
+from the United States okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+him in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and many authors that are trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many authors that are trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many authors that are trying to
+rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink
+MIT MIT are betting that here this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT MIT are betting that here this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT MIT are betting that here this
+University needs to learn how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University needs to learn how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University needs to learn how to
+innovate conceptually not only innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate conceptually not only innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovate conceptually not only innovate
+technologically you can see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically you can see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologically you can see a
+presentation of flowers I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of flowers I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation of flowers I don't know I
+don't remember his first name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember his first name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't remember his first name
+but if you go to meet to MIT world and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go to meet to MIT world and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go to meet to MIT world and
+you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look for
+videos and you put flower you will find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and you put flower you will find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos and you put flower you will find
+an explan a conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explan a conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an explan a conference
+he did for the president of MIT and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did for the president of MIT and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he did for the president of MIT and the
+Alum alumni about the future of MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alum alumni about the future of MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alum alumni about the future of MIT and
+he's talking about conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about conceptual
+Innovation the he says that is MIT now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation the he says that is MIT now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation the he says that is MIT now
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+facing the challenge of Reinventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing the challenge of Reinventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing the challenge of Reinventing
+engineering and the idea of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and the idea of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and the idea of this
+reinvention is about conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation
+okay it's like reframing but much deeper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's like reframing but much deeper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's like reframing but much deeper
+okay and much powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay reframing is a way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay reframing is a way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay reframing is a way for
+improving our understanding of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving our understanding of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving our understanding of a
+situation solving conflict inventing new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation solving conflict inventing new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation solving conflict inventing new
+strategies okay conceptual Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies okay conceptual Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies okay conceptual Innovation
+enable we to think a whole group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable we to think a whole group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enable we to think a whole group of
+innovation of situations and bring up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation of situations and bring up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+innovation of situations and bring up
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+possibilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities
+uh and we will talk about this a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+later when we have you you remember and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when we have you you remember and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later when we have you you remember and
+the knowledge Fairway care organized in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge Fairway care organized in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the knowledge Fairway care organized in
+Atlanta 2004 I was working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlanta 2004 I was working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlanta 2004 I was working on
+this I asked to to bring this guy he is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I asked to to bring this guy he is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this I asked to to bring this guy he is
+Robert Chambers he's the inventor of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Chambers he's the inventor of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Robert Chambers he's the inventor of the
+participatory methodologies for design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participatory methodologies for design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participatory methodologies for design
+and development he's from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and development he's from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and development he's from
+Sussex after 30 years working on that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sussex after 30 years working on that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sussex after 30 years working on that he
+make evaluation of his work and he decid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make evaluation of his work and he decid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make evaluation of his work and he decid
+that his method are not the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his method are not the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that his method are not the most
+important and some cases was trouble no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and some cases was trouble no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important and some cases was trouble no
+and the his effort now is helping people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the his effort now is helping people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the his effort now is helping people
+to to make paradigm shift and paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make paradigm shift and paradigm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make paradigm shift and paradigm
+shift is when we are able to change a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift is when we are able to change a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift is when we are able to change a
+group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of
+Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+reframing we rethink one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing we rethink one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing we rethink one
+situation conceptual Innovation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation conceptual Innovation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation conceptual Innovation we
+rethink a pattern of reality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink a pattern of reality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rethink a pattern of reality that
+enables us to work with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us to work with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enables us to work with a lot of
+situations paradigm shift is when I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations paradigm shift is when I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations paradigm shift is when I am
+able to to change a lot of Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to change a lot of Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to to change a lot of Concepts
+together okay it's the biggest impact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay it's the biggest impact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together okay it's the biggest impact is
+the purpose of the chapter of K that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of the chapter of K that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of the chapter of K that I
+ask you to to read okay and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to to read okay and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you to to read okay and he
+propos proposed this to this shift from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propos proposed this to this shift from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propos proposed this to this shift from
+things to people from product to process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to people from product to process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to people from product to process
+from beneficiary to Citizen from teacher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beneficiary to Citizen from teacher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beneficiary to Citizen from teacher
+to coach from standardizing to managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coach from standardizing to managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to coach from standardizing to managing
+diversity from replication to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity from replication to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity from replication to
+inspiration from controlling to managing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration from controlling to managing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inspiration from controlling to managing
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+emergence as ways to think our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence as ways to think our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emergence as ways to think our our
+professional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+okay yes yes we can come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes yes we can come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yes yes we can come back
+yes here actually I I see what you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes here actually I I see what you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes here actually I I see what you said
+before about the shift from physics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about the shift from physics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before about the shift from physics to
+biology for me it's very clear in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology for me it's very clear in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology for me it's very clear in that
+in that shift that he's proposed that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that shift that he's proposed that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that shift that he's proposed that he
+that you're describing if physics to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're describing if physics to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're describing if physics to
+biology is like it's group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is like it's group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology is like it's group of
+Concepts can I see that there no yes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts can I see that there no yes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts can I see that there no yes I
+took from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took from
+his okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his okay
+presentation I is is the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I is is the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation I is is the writing
+of okay what is behind him okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay what is behind him okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of okay what is behind him okay let's
+go in this course this N9 days until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in this course this N9 days until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in this course this N9 days until
+today we was working about we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we was working about we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we was working about we were
+working on Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on Concepts
+and do the effort was to bring to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the effort was to bring to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do the effort was to bring to your
+framework your mind framework new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework your mind framework new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework your mind framework new
+Concepts reflective practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts reflective practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts reflective practice
+reframing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing
+assumptions I know that is not so new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions I know that is not so new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions I know that is not so new
+for most people but we try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people but we try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people but we try to make
+an to analyze some facets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an to analyze some facets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an to analyze some facets of
+assumptions mental model is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions mental model is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions mental model is not
+completely new but for the the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new but for the the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely new but for the the kind of
+treatment we gave to mental model is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment we gave to mental model is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment we gave to mental model is a
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit
+new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new
+theories of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories of
+action is something new invented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is something new invented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action is something new invented by
+Sean and Chris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sean and Chris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sean and Chris
+argeris and this concept of spous of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argeris and this concept of spous of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argeris and this concept of spous of
+theories theories in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories theories in use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theories theories in use
+rhetoric ER model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetoric ER model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rhetoric ER model
+inuse model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inuse model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inuse model
+no reflection is not completely new but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reflection is not completely new but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no reflection is not completely new but
+it's a concept we have been working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a concept we have been working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a concept we have been working with
+and today we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and today we are talking about
+conceptual learning that in itself is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual learning that in itself is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual learning that in itself is a
+concept okay it's a new way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept okay it's a new way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept okay it's a new way of
+understanding learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding learning
+no okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay this is
+all let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all let's
+have for some people who have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for some people who have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for some people who have just
+seated in the their chairs they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seated in the their chairs they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seated in the their chairs they will
+have the opportunity to to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opportunity to to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opportunity to to look at
+the the handouts and we can talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the handouts and we can talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the handouts and we can talk
+later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later
+okay we feel very satisfied to have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we feel very satisfied to have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we feel very satisfied to have a a
+talk with these persons after that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with these persons after that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk with these persons after that now
+we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need
+some minutes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some minutes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some minutes for
+your for break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your for break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your for break
+no 10 minutes but please 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no 10 minutes but please 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no 10 minutes but please 10
+minutes 115 should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be and model is are constructed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and model is are constructed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be and model is are constructed with
+creating our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating our
+mind to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind to deal with
+situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we made exercises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we made exercises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we made exercises
+of doing metal model of objects MIT was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing metal model of objects MIT was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of doing metal model of objects MIT was
+our main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our main
+exercise yesterday we was talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise yesterday we was talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise yesterday we was talking about
+mental model of care with Jodi how she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental model of care with Jodi how she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mental model of care with Jodi how she
+sees care and how she used the image she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees care and how she used the image she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees care and how she used the image she
+has in her mind for explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in her mind for explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has in her mind for explaining
+people what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people what is
+care but this kind of models is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but this kind of models is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but this kind of models is about
+real not real physical entities because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real not real physical entities because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real not real physical entities because
+the concepts are real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concepts are real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concepts are real
+too the new kind of model that we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too the new kind of model that we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too the new kind of model that we will
+try to do today is the model of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do today is the model of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to do today is the model of a
+concept how can we modelize a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the creation of a model of a concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of a model of a concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the creation of a model of a concept is
+useful because help us to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept or help us to be aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or help us to be aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or help us to be aware of the
+way we use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept always we think with a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept always we think with a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept always we think with a concept
+we have some kind of model of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some kind of model of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some kind of model of this
+concept in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in our
+mind and we we bring an idea to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and we we bring an idea to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and we we bring an idea to this
+concept process this idea in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept process this idea in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept process this idea in some way
+the concept process this idea in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept process this idea in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept process this idea in some
+way and connect this idea transform this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and connect this idea transform this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way and connect this idea transform this
+idea or connect with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or connect with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea or connect with other
+things so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so we
+have a group of Concepts and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a group of Concepts and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a group of Concepts and we would
+like to make a brief exercise of Mo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make a brief exercise of Mo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to make a brief exercise of Mo
+ER modelize of this concept modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER modelize of this concept modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER modelize of this concept modeling
+modeling of this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling of this concept
+and you will select the concept you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will select the concept you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will select the concept you
+would prefer to create a model yeah no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer to create a model yeah no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would prefer to create a model yeah no
+can you write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down one concept is reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one concept is reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down one concept is reflective
+practice you will select one concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you will select one concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice you will select one concept
+that you will try to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will try to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will try to to
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+assumptions mental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions mental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions mental
+model theory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action
+reflection conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection conceptual
+Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so concept of innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so concept of innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so concept of innovation
+or conceptual learning these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or conceptual learning these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or conceptual learning these two
+concepts are highly related okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts are highly related okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts are highly related okay
+learning okay can you put letters a b c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning okay can you put letters a b c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning okay can you put letters a b c
+d you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d you have
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay theories of action may be SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay theories of action may be SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay theories of action may be SP
+theories of theories in use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theories in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your please A B C D E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your please A B C D E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your please A B C D E
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+okay please each one of you may select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay please each one of you may select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay please each one of you may select
+one but quietly we will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but quietly we will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one but quietly we will not
+say which concept you would like to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say which concept you would like to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say which concept you would like to work
+with for making a brief exercise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+modeling just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I my I I asked you not to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I my I I asked you not to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I my I I asked you not to say
+loudly because the vote of one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudly because the vote of one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loudly because the vote of one person
+should influence the vote of others once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should influence the vote of others once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should influence the vote of others once
+you have already decided we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already decided we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have already decided we can compute
+it okay you huh okay your which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay you huh okay your which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay you huh okay your which
+letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter
+um f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um f
+f yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+g f f like Frank F like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g f f like Frank F like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g f f like Frank F like
+Frank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c i I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c i I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c i I did
+g refle okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's eliminate this one let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's eliminate this one let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's eliminate this one let's
+eliminate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate this
+one and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and let's
+eliminate this one so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+have b d f g let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scratch now we're going to choose again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch now we're going to choose again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch now we're going to choose again
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+b b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b b
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f
+d d yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B A no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can you you can s for G huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you you can s for G huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you you can s for G huh
+g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+g yeah is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g yeah is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+g yeah is that right
+yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one more time which time we eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+f g has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+three let's work with this okay I I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three let's work with this okay I I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three let's work with this okay I I I I
+will vote to for solving the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's work with the it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's work with the it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's work with the it's a very
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+concept okay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept okay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept okay it's
+not since we did it so yes and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not since we did it so yes and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not since we did it so yes and I think
+that we have more knowledge about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have more knowledge about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have more knowledge about this
+one because we work at on reframing 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because we work at on reframing 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one because we work at on reframing 3
+days okay okay so we will make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days okay okay so we will make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days okay okay so we will make the
+effort of modeling this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort of modeling this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effort of modeling this
+concept refraining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah so we work with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so we work with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah so we work with
+reframing yeah was that the one that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing yeah was that the one that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing yeah was that the one that you
+both were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both were thinking
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+we had anticipated you guys choose ref
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay the model of a concept is similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the model of a concept is similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the model of a concept is similar
+to the model of an object a physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+object the way to Mo to for modeling an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the way to Mo to for modeling an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object the way to Mo to for modeling an
+object We Begin trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object We Begin trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object We Begin trying
+to to understand how we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to understand how we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to understand how we use
+it and by the way we use it how we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and we will try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we will try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and we will try to
+identify featur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify featur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify featur
+of this concept features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reframing features are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing features are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing features are
+idea about reframing that come in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mind when I reflect about the concept or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when I reflect about the concept or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind when I reflect about the concept or
+about how I use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how I use the
+concept ideas that come in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept ideas that come in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept ideas that come in your mind
+about reframing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reframing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about reframing
+when you think on reframe or on how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think on reframe or on how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think on reframe or on how you
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+reframe okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reframing when you think about reframing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing when you think about reframing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing when you think about reframing
+what ideas come up in your mind that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ideas come up in your mind that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ideas come up in your mind that you
+think are meaningful this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question and the second question that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the second question that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and the second question that
+may help you is for what type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may help you is for what type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may help you is for what type of
+uses is this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses is this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses is this concept
+useful yeah for for what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful yeah for for what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful yeah for for what you
+use ER
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reframing not a big not a big list but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing not a big not a big list but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing not a big not a big list but
+the the main uses you give to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the main uses you give to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the main uses you give to
+them let's begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them let's begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them let's begin
+for the main features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the main features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the main features
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+reframing yesterday we made an a brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing yesterday we made an a brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing yesterday we made an a brief
+exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise
+with with what reflective practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with what reflective practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with what reflective practice
+reflective practice and yes and we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective practice and yes and we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflective practice and yes and we found
+five no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five no
+components features features we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components features features we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components features features we should
+be able to go through 10 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go through 10 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to go through 10 for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+okay should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay should
+I up yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I up yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I up yes yes
+Claudia will write on the board the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions no no the question the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question could you try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question could you try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question could you try to
+write three features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you what you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what you mean
+by how many how many words should we be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how many how many words should we be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by how many how many words should we be
+speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak
+it's it's ideas that come to your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's ideas that come to your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's ideas that come to your mind
+when you reflect about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you reflect about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you reflect about the
+concept or when you think about how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or when you think about how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept or when you think about how you
+use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the
+concept can you give us examples from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept can you give us examples from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept can you give us examples from
+your yesterday or is that I am can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your yesterday or is that I am can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your yesterday or is that I am can we
+work with MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work with MIT
+features of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features of
+MIT no no no okay yes we had but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT no no no okay yes we had but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT no no no okay yes we had but we have
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you can
+remember she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+will I I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will I I am
+not awareness one feature was awareness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not awareness one feature was awareness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not awareness one feature was awareness
+of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our
+thinking processes reflective practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking processes reflective practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking processes reflective practice
+as we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we are
+acting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+examp another was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp another was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examp another was
+like is that enough you want me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is that enough you want me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like is that enough you want me to
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the the the task is to another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the the task is to another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the the the task is to another one
+uh uh conscious effort to intervene on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh conscious effort to intervene on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh conscious effort to intervene on
+those thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those thinking
+processes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+we may have in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may have in our
+mind the idea of the perfect partner for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind the idea of the perfect partner for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind the idea of the perfect partner for
+for example the person with whom we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the person with whom we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the person with whom we
+would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+work okay and what we see one person we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay and what we see one person we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay and what we see one person we
+are working with with one person person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working with with one person person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working with with one person person
+in some way we compare this person with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way we compare this person with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some way we compare this person with
+the idea we have about the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea we have about the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea we have about the perfect
+partner to work with Okay think like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner to work with Okay think like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partner to work with Okay think like
+that we may have an idea of democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we may have an idea of democracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we may have an idea of democracy
+and when we are in a country or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we are in a country or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we are in a country or an
+institution we use this this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay if you try to think of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you try to think of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you try to think of these
+answers to these two questions will'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these two questions will'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers to these two questions will'll
+begin you'll see that you'll begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin you'll see that you'll begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin you'll see that you'll begin to
+identify features like these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify features like these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify features like these two
+questions are ways to get you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are ways to get you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions are ways to get you to
+identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+features it's not that easy h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example in the concept of the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the concept of the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in the concept of the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the the Indians of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Indians of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the Indians of the
+Indians it's the organization of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians it's the organization of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians it's the organization of the the
+classification of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classification of the
+columns okay that the Roman numbers had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not other feature of this is the base of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+10 okay other feature is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinite once I construct one number I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite once I construct one number I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite once I construct one number I
+can construct all the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct all the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can construct all the numbers
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I
+okay huh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay huh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay huh
+zero the other this was this began with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the other this was this began with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero the other this was this began with
+the Greeks before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greeks before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Greeks before
+them yeah they use Z okay I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah they use Z okay I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them yeah they use Z okay I think that
+not enough as examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay let's begin we have not we have not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's begin we have not we have not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's begin we have not we have not
+much time is an exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time is an exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much time is an exercise
+for just you experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just you experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for just you experience
+to deal with with the analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reframing who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+begin yeah we can begin here and go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin yeah we can begin here and go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin yeah we can begin here and go
+around mention one yes one in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around mention one yes one in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around mention one yes one in your
+list just for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay yeah
+please you to can you speak of this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please you to can you speak of this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please you to can you speak of this it
+for you it forces you to re to analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you it forces you to re to analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you it forces you to re to analyze
+the problem more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem more
+specific yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific yeah
+to to force us to analyze the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to force us to analyze the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to force us to analyze the problem
+and be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and be more
+specific anyone have some the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific anyone have some the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific anyone have some the same kind
+can you read your statement for trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you read your statement for trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you read your statement for trying
+to say to make us same thing same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to make us same thing same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say to make us same thing same thing
+analyzing problem describing a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing problem describing a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing problem describing a problem
+yeah yeah uh had a little longer version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah uh had a little longer version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah uh had a little longer version
+thinking about problems deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about problems deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about problems deeply
+understanding assumptions and then using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding assumptions and then using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding assumptions and then using
+that information to build a new better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information to build a new better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information to build a new better
+picture of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of the
+problem yeah did you have more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah did you have more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem yeah did you have more than one
+feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature
+here similar was new parameters or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here similar was new parameters or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here similar was new parameters or
+limits which I thought could be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits which I thought could be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits which I thought could be more
+specific or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific or
+not but it's related to more specific I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but it's related to more specific I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but it's related to more specific I
+okay can you repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+to your first expression was require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your first expression was require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your first expression was require
+we forces forces forces we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we forces forces forces we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we forces forces forces we need
+to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to
+analyze and the situation and be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and the situation and be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze and the situation and be more
+specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific
+okay now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now we have
+one indeed this is a feature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one indeed this is a feature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one indeed this is a feature of the
+framing but it's a requirement for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing but it's a requirement for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing but it's a requirement for
+reframing no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing no
+okay do reframing refram reframing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do reframing refram reframing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay do reframing refram reframing we
+are doing okay so this feature is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing okay so this feature is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing okay so this feature is also
+ER real for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER real for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ER real for
+framing okay but it's impossible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing okay but it's impossible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing okay but it's impossible to
+reframe without making the the effort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframe without making the the effort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframe without making the the effort of
+framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framing
+before do you have one um identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before do you have one um identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before do you have one um identifying
+different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different levels of
+analysis identify different levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis identify different levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis identify different levels of
+analysis it's something connected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it's something connected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis it's something connected with
+say you um exploring alternate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you um exploring alternate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you um exploring alternate
+Dimensions exploring alternate dimens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions exploring alternate dimens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions exploring alternate dimens
+alternative Dimensions exactly it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative Dimensions exactly it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative Dimensions exactly it's
+connected to what you said too now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to what you said too now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to what you said too now you
+you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh sorry which was I looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sorry which was I looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh sorry which was I looking for
+uh it's a mental individual Andor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a mental individual Andor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's a mental individual Andor
+collaborative process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to be individual or shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be individual or shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be individual or shared
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes may do it assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+explicit this concept of moving black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit this concept of moving black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit this concept of moving black
+boards is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interesting no it's change our idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting no it's change our idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting no it's change our idea of
+how high things are no and it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how high things are no and it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how high things are no and it's it's
+multi layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi layer
+noay multi layer no you can still never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noay multi layer no you can still never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noay multi layer no you can still never
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Laughter]
+reach but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach but this is
+a it changed the concept we had about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it changed the concept we had about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it changed the concept we had about
+Blackboard okay let's go with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard okay let's go with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blackboard okay let's go with our
+reframing um I had a a word disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing um I had a a word disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing um I had a a word disturbing
+I disturbing disturbing disturbing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I disturbing disturbing disturbing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I disturbing disturbing disturbing okay
+Elma yes is a critical way to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elma yes is a critical way to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elma yes is a critical way to change
+with critical way to change to to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with critical way to change to to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with critical way to change to to uh to
+redo the phrase without change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the phrase without change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redo the phrase without change the
+concept yes a critical way to redo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept yes a critical way to redo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept yes a critical way to redo the
+process change the concept Yes red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process change the concept Yes red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process change the concept Yes red
+yes redu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes redu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes redu the
+the the understanding without change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the understanding without change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the understanding without change
+Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay in some cases there is bit change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in some cases there is bit change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay in some cases there is bit change
+but in general we maintain the base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general we maintain the base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general we maintain the base
+Concepts we use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts we use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts we use
+jie just trying to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jie just trying to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jie just trying to see
+if address um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if address um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if address um
+involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves
+questioning involves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning involves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning involves
+questioning questioning to others or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning questioning to others or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning questioning to others or
+question to oneself question both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to oneself question both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question to oneself question both
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay removing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay removing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay removing all
+preconceived barriers and thoughts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceived barriers and thoughts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceived barriers and thoughts
+thoughts and barriers removing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and barriers removing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts and barriers removing all
+preconceived thoughts and Val yes yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceived thoughts and Val yes yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preconceived thoughts and Val yes yes
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um I put releasing personal perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I put releasing personal perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I put releasing personal perspective
+to make way for a new perspective of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make way for a new perspective of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make way for a new perspective of
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+okay releasing personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay releasing personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay releasing personal
+particular okay I'm not sure if I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular okay I'm not sure if I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular okay I'm not sure if I did
+this correctly I wrote down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correctly I wrote down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this correctly I wrote down to
+facilitate and listen to the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate and listen to the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facilitate and listen to the strength
+and contributions so I I'll say it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contributions so I I'll say it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and contributions so I I'll say it
+slower I wrote to facilitate and listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower I wrote to facilitate and listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slower I wrote to facilitate and listen
+to the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the strength
+contributions of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributions of the
+community I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure should I say it again yeah to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure should I say it again yeah to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure should I say it again yeah to
+facilitate and listen to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strengths and contributions of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and contributions of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths and contributions of a
+community mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community mhm
+okay it's a good list no I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a good list no I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a good list no I think that
+list in this we remember a lot of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in this we remember a lot of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list in this we remember a lot of things
+we have done these days no yes no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done these days no yes no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have done these days no yes no
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what the modeling of a concept makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the modeling of a concept makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what the modeling of a concept makes
+is to to make explicit its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to to make explicit its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to to make explicit its
+features the way we use it or and how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features the way we use it or and how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features the way we use it or and how we
+use it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it okay
+and once I am clear about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once I am clear about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once I am clear about these
+components I can extend some one of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I can extend some one of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I can extend some one of this
+I can modify some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can modify some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can modify some
+element so I am able to work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concept we will not do exercise about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we will not do exercise about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we will not do exercise about
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+okay just is the idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just is the idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just is the idea of
+to to perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to perceive
+that the concept is a syn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the concept is a syn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the concept is a syn
+of a lot of elements in just one entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of elements in just one entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lot of elements in just one entity
+it's always a complex thing concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always a complex thing concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always a complex thing concept
+concept is not something simple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is not something simple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept is not something simple it's
+always a synthesis of many features in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a synthesis of many features in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a synthesis of many features in
+just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one
+idea yeah it's the main features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah it's the main features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea yeah it's the main features
+integrated in one idea this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated in one idea this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated in one idea this is a
+concept and our mind work with this when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and our mind work with this when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and our mind work with this when
+we are thinking about different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are thinking about different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are thinking about different things
+different situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the reason why it's so po
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason why it's so po
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the reason why it's so po
+powerful because it it's can works with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because it it's can works with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful because it it's can works with
+a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of different
+situations yeah okay um one quick thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations yeah okay um one quick thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations yeah okay um one quick thing
+is um if you wanted once you were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um if you wanted once you were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is um if you wanted once you were able
+to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to define the
+features um if you want to know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features um if you want to know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features um if you want to know what
+like how this actually like what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how this actually like what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how this actually like what the
+role of this concept is in your thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of this concept is in your thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of this concept is in your thinking
+an additional question to ask is how how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional question to ask is how how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional question to ask is how how
+has the use of this concept impacted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the use of this concept impacted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the use of this concept impacted
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+thinking ask yourself that question and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking ask yourself that question and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking ask yourself that question and
+start trying to answer it yes if you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start trying to answer it yes if you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start trying to answer it yes if you had
+more time we would do this this exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time we would do this this exercise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more time we would do this this exercise
+a brief exploration about how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brief exploration about how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a brief exploration about how this
+concept impact in the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept impact in the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept impact in the way you
+think the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the concept of
+reframing from now in advance no before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing from now in advance no before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing from now in advance no before
+to know the concept to use the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the concept to use the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know the concept to use the concept
+and now that you have Incorporated this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now that you have Incorporated this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now that you have Incorporated this
+concept in the way you think with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in the way you think with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept in the way you think with these
+features how it will impact in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features how it will impact in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features how it will impact in the way
+of you we think about new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you we think about new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you we think about new
+situations yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations yeah
+okay we have 20 minutes for doing a disc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have 20 minutes for doing a disc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we have 20 minutes for doing a disc
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what surprised
+you about the roles of concept in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thinking we could like we would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we could like we would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking we could like we would like to
+have a a talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a talk about
+this and after that we we have a 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and after that we we have a 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and after that we we have a 10
+minutes also for talking about what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes also for talking about what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes also for talking about what did
+you learn from the exercise of modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn from the exercise of modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you learn from the exercise of modeling
+concept but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but
+first what surprised you about the role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what surprised you about the role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first what surprised you about the role
+of concept in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concept in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of concept in our
+thinking what's the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what's the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking what's the difference between
+1140 and 9:00 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what surprised you about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what surprised you about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what surprised you about that
+obviously the most the most important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the most the most important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the most the most important is
+not I have said the most important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I have said the most important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I have said the most important is
+what you you thought as you was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you you thought as you was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you you thought as you was
+learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no yes I was as you were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes I was as you were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no yes I was as you were talking about
+Concepts I was thinking about how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts I was thinking about how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts I was thinking about how that
+fits in with what I already has had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in with what I already has had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits in with what I already has had
+established in my mind about how we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established in my mind about how we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+established in my mind about how we take
+in new information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in new information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in new information and
+how we learn and how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we learn and how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we learn and how it's
+useful so the idea of there's this word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so the idea of there's this word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful so the idea of there's this word
+concept but am I have I been thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but am I have I been thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept but am I have I been thinking
+about the same thing with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same thing with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the same thing with a different
+name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name
+mhm okay I think you know it it didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm okay I think you know it it didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm okay I think you know it it didn't
+disturb anything the idea of a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb anything the idea of a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb anything the idea of a concept
+didn't disturb anything that I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't disturb anything that I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't disturb anything that I already
+had established it kind of made more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had established it kind of made more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had established it kind of made more
+explicit what I had thought at other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit what I had thought at other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit what I had thought at other
+times okay like if it connected with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay like if it connected with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times okay like if it connected with
+different ideas you had in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas you had in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas you had in your mind
+exactly no and and the concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly no and and the concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly no and and the concept of
+concept enables to connect all this no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept enables to connect all this no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept enables to connect all this no
+right okay great thank you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay great thank you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right okay great thank you another
+comment about what surprised you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes um I could have missed it but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um I could have missed it but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes um I could have missed it but the
+idea of New Concept and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of New Concept and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of New Concept and new
+knowledge yeah not I'm surprised we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge yeah not I'm surprised we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge yeah not I'm surprised we
+didn't talk about that more maybe okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about that more maybe okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't talk about that more maybe okay
+you are more than surprised you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are more than surprised you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are more than surprised you are
+curious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious
+about yes okay we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yes okay we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yes okay we could
+talk about that but it should be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that but it should be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about that but it should be better
+to maintain the agenda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the agenda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maintain the agenda
+of discovers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discovers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discovers
+surprises okay um also curious to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises okay um also curious to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises okay um also curious to know
+more about relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about relationships between
+Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts
+mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay I have two points of agenda for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay I have two points of agenda for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay I have two points of agenda for
+talking some minutes um I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking some minutes um I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking some minutes um I just wanted to
+point out that I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point out that I really
+um appreciate when you use metaphors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um appreciate when you use metaphors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um appreciate when you use metaphors in
+explaining some of the things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining some of the things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining some of the things but
+because for me when you spoke of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for me when you spoke of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because for me when you spoke of uh
+Lantern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lantern
+H I was finally just able to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I was finally just able to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H I was finally just able to really
+picture this idea of why what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this idea of why what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture this idea of why what do you
+speak of when it something was the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak of when it something was the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak of when it something was the real
+or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the
+true uh okay that just helped me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh okay that just helped me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true uh okay that just helped me
+visualize exactly what how concept to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize exactly what how concept to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize exactly what how concept to
+work yeah yeah okay but then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah yeah okay but then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work yeah yeah okay but then in
+everything yeah in everything that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything yeah in everything that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything yeah in everything that that
+you talk about sometimes it it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about sometimes it it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about sometimes it it was very
+very abstract but when you just said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abstract but when you just said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very abstract but when you just said the
+lter okay thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I am waiting for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comments you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments you
+concepts are very difficult to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts are very difficult to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts are very difficult to change
+change that you changing your old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+con
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reframing is related to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reframing is related to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reframing is related to one
+situation concept is with a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation concept is with a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation concept is with a lot of
+situations different experience yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations different experience yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations different experience yeah
+different experience so it's a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experience so it's a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different experience so it's a bit more
+abstract than reframing reframe is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract than reframing reframe is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract than reframing reframe is much
+more concrete and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concrete and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more concrete and when I
+change when I reframe a situation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when I reframe a situation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change when I reframe a situation I
+change the way I understand this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way I understand this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way I understand this
+situation when I change a concept I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation when I change a concept I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation when I change a concept I
+change the way I understand a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way I understand a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the way I understand a lot of
+situations it's much more transformative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations it's much more transformative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations it's much more transformative
+when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I
+change my Concepts about something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my Concepts about something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change my Concepts about something
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+okay okay other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+comments the other thing and it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments the other thing and it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments the other thing and it's a a
+little bit to do about relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to do about relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit to do about relationships
+between Concepts still okay but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Concepts still okay but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Concepts still okay but it's
+about old Concepts and New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Concepts what is the is there something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts what is the is there something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts what is the is there something
+from the old concept that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the old concept that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the old concept that is actually
+resisting in the New Concept I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resisting in the New Concept I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resisting in the New Concept I
+mean I don't I I'm not speaking all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't I I'm not speaking all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I don't I I'm not speaking all
+about relationship between New Concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about relationship between New Concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about relationship between New Concept
+between the old and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the old and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the old and
+new the the the book of showings about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new the the the book of showings about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new the the the book of showings about
+the relation between old and new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between old and new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relation between old and new
+Concepts a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts a concept
+displacement and he tried to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and he tried to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacement and he tried to understand
+how this process happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this process happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this process happens
+the the emergency of New Concept from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the emergency of New Concept from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the emergency of New Concept from
+old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old
+ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think that the kind of analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that the kind of analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that the kind of analysis
+that he does is useful for we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he does is useful for we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he does is useful for we
+understand how it happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how it happens
+but we need to find Clues by how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need to find Clues by how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we need to find Clues by how to do
+one one with some concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one with some concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one with some concrete
+Concepts okay and the modeling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts okay and the modeling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts okay and the modeling of the
+concept may be helpful for being aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept may be helpful for being aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept may be helpful for being aware
+of the old concept and I if I find one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the old concept and I if I find one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the old concept and I if I find one
+person who has a different concept I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who has a different concept I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person who has a different concept I can
+ask this person for modeling this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask this person for modeling this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask this person for modeling this this
+concept and I can compare different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and I can compare different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and I can compare different
+understandings of the term of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings of the term of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandings of the term of the same
+term because we may have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because we may have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term because we may have different
+concepts for this same term we may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts for this same term we may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts for this same term we may have
+different concepts of democracy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concepts of democracy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concepts of democracy for
+example but we use the word democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but we use the word democracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example but we use the word democracy
+for these different concepts something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these different concepts something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these different concepts something
+useful is to compare how people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is to compare how people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful is to compare how people
+conceptualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize
+democracy okay and to understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy okay and to understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy okay and to understand what
+one way to one concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to one concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to one concept of
+democracy has some features that make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy has some features that make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy has some features that make it
+Superior to other concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior to other concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Superior to other concept of
+democracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy
+and why some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why some
+people has is has so much difficulties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people has is has so much difficulties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people has is has so much difficulties
+for understand some kind of political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understand some kind of political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for understand some kind of political
+issues for the kind of concept they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for the kind of concept they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues for the kind of concept they have
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+democracy we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy we were talking about
+yesterday the example that Claudia did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday the example that Claudia did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yesterday the example that Claudia did
+of the concept of state of government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concept of state of government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the concept of state of government
+that some people thinks that government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people thinks that government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people thinks that government
+is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is
+monolitic and that it's not possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolitic and that it's not possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monolitic and that it's not possible to
+change government by inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change government by inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change government by inside the
+government and other person explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and other person explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and other person explained
+that indeed government is a very complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed government is a very complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed government is a very complex
+situation and sometimes is highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and sometimes is highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation and sometimes is highly
+effective to find uh a leverage point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to find uh a leverage point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to find uh a leverage point
+and to operate over this point so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to operate over this point so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to operate over this point so the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the migration from one concept to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the migration from one concept to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the migration from one concept to the
+other concept of government may open a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other concept of government may open a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other concept of government may open a
+lot of strategies uh possibilities of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+strategies this I think that useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies this I think that useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies this I think that useful for
+understanding the pro the comparation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the pro the comparation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the pro the comparation
+between concept Innovation and reframing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between concept Innovation and reframing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between concept Innovation and reframing
+that concept Innovation May apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concept Innovation May apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that concept Innovation May apply to
+many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different
+situations another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations another
+comment I was just thinking about um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment I was just thinking about um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment I was just thinking about um I
+think the me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the me
+the the importance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+conceptualization translate into Framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualization translate into Framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualization translate into Framing
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and and for me how important it is to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and for me how important it is to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and for me how important it is to go
+back when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back when
+reframing to to revisit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing to to revisit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframing to to revisit your
+concept mhm okay because I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept mhm okay because I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept mhm okay because I think the
+concept can get trapped in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept can get trapped in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept can get trapped in your
+head and it doesn't permit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and it doesn't permit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head and it doesn't permit you
+to reframe your thinking yes yes yes if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reframe your thinking yes yes yes if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reframe your thinking yes yes yes if
+you still will hold on to that time yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still will hold on to that time yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you still will hold on to that time yes
+coring yes uh and I think that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coring yes uh and I think that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coring yes uh and I think that that's
+what I don't always do in my words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I don't always do in my words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I don't always do in my words and
+so can get stuck yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can get stuck yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so can get stuck yes okay
+yes there there are some cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there there are some cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there there are some cases
+when uh the the intent of ref framing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh the the intent of ref framing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when uh the the intent of ref framing
+brings change in the concept I using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings change in the concept I using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brings change in the concept I using
+too so it's a kind of reframing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so it's a kind of reframing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too so it's a kind of reframing more
+profound more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound more
+deeper or deeper than the other this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper or deeper than the other this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeper or deeper than the other this
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+reframe yes in some cases it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframe yes in some cases it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reframe yes in some cases it's
+impossible to reframe a situ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to reframe a situ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to reframe a situ
+without change the some Concepts I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without change the some Concepts I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without change the some Concepts I am
+working with yes great it's the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with yes great it's the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with yes great it's the opposite
+direction of what we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of what we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of what we were talking about
+how changing Concepts produce reframes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how changing Concepts produce reframes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how changing Concepts produce reframes
+and now it's how some reframes produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's how some reframes produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now it's how some reframes produce
+change or require change in concept okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or require change in concept okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change or require change in concept okay
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+all it's not easy to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's not easy to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's not easy to talk about
+surprises
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprises
+about from the assimilation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from the assimilation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about from the assimilation of the
+concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of
+conceptual learning conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual learning conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual learning conceptual
+Innovation it's not easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation it's not easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation it's not easy
+know this means it means that the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this means it means that the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this means it means that the ideas
+are yet moving in your minds no because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yet moving in your minds no because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are yet moving in your minds no because
+we require some time for Digest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we require some time for Digest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we require some time for Digest
+some ideas and concept of innovation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas and concept of innovation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ideas and concept of innovation is
+an idea that requiring a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea that requiring a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea that requiring a bit of
+time yes when you were speaking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes when you were speaking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time yes when you were speaking about
+having the experience of the situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the experience of the situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the experience of the situation
+without having a concept that situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having a concept that situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without having a concept that situation
+yes I was kind of surprised about that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was kind of surprised about that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I was kind of surprised about that I
+was kind of thinking if that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of thinking if that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of thinking if that is actually
+possible experience a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible experience a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible experience a situation
+without even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without even if it's
+a okay the tur is that tury experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay the tur is that tury experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay the tur is that tury experience
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+painters the painters are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters the painters are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+painters the painters are able to
+express feelings they have about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express feelings they have about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express feelings they have about some
+situation but it's impossible for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation but it's impossible for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation but it's impossible for them
+to to express with Concepts what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to express with Concepts what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to express with Concepts what they
+know the artist in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the artist in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the artist in general
+musicians okay there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians okay there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musicians okay there's always a
+conceptualization about that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualization about that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualization about that it's
+their we don't know the analyst of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their we don't know the analyst of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their we don't know the analyst of the
+critical of Arts are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical of Arts are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical of Arts are able to
+conceptualize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualize
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+okay this are their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this are their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this are their their
+experts they are expert in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts they are expert in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experts they are expert in
+conceptualizing expression made without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizing expression made without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptualizing expression made without
+concept this is their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept this is their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept this is their
+field but people who are painting they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but people who are painting they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field but people who are painting they
+just know that the the line should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know that the the line should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know that the the line should be
+this way and the light should be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and the light should be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way and the light should be that
+strong or that bright and they they feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong or that bright and they they feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strong or that bright and they they feel
+comfortable or they not feel comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable or they not feel comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable or they not feel comfortable
+what we they are doing they just move by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we they are doing they just move by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we they are doing they just move by
+feelings some of them are able to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings some of them are able to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feelings some of them are able to think
+at the same time yeah I'm not sure some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time yeah I'm not sure some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time yeah I'm not sure some
+them of them are think to feel at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them of them are think to feel at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them of them are think to feel at the
+same to think at the same time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same to think at the same time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same to think at the same time but
+always what they do is much beyond what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always what they do is much beyond what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always what they do is much beyond what
+they think my question is is it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think my question is is it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they think my question is is it actually
+possible to have any experience without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have any experience without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to have any experience without
+having any kind of concept their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having any kind of concept their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having any kind of concept their
+experience okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extend your concept of concept for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend your concept of concept for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend your concept of concept for
+including groups of experience if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including groups of experience if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including groups of experience if you
+want but in general people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but in general people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want but in general people who are
+studying cognitive process and who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying cognitive process and who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying cognitive process and who are
+studying tcid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+knowledge as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge as
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements
+without conceptualizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without conceptualizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without conceptualizing
+them but this kind of knowledge that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but this kind of knowledge that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but this kind of knowledge that we
+are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are able to
+acquire we are not able to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire we are not able to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquire we are not able to talk about
+it it's at the level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's at the level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's at the level of
+unconscious and to to go for from TD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious and to to go for from TD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious and to to go for from TD
+from to explicit it when I am able to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from to explicit it when I am able to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from to explicit it when I am able to go
+from the experience in itself to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the experience in itself to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the experience in itself to an
+expression of this experience this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of this experience this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of this experience this
+process is an abstraction process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is an abstraction process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is an abstraction process and
+introduce concept for doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce concept for doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce concept for doing
+that I guess I have a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I guess I have a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I guess I have a different
+experience of this and that I find it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of this and that I find it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of this and that I find it's
+very hard as long as you're in your mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard as long as you're in your mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard as long as you're in your mind
+it's very hard not to have or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard not to have or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard not to have or maybe
+impossible to not have Concepts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to not have Concepts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to not have Concepts and
+filtering in process but if you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering in process but if you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering in process but if you can get
+into some sort of meditative State it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some sort of meditative State it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into some sort of meditative State it's
+sort of you aren't thinking and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you aren't thinking and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of you aren't thinking and if you
+can really just be there it's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really just be there it's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can really just be there it's it's like
+baby Consciousness it's you don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby Consciousness it's you don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baby Consciousness it's you don't you
+don't about to say children think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't about to say children think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't about to say children think about
+children yeah and I mean at least for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children yeah and I mean at least for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children yeah and I mean at least for me
+it's you can express from that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you can express from that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you can express from that state
+like maybe you're happy and you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe you're happy and you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like maybe you're happy and you you
+smile or you laugh or you're sad and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile or you laugh or you're sad and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smile or you laugh or you're sad and you
+cry or you know whatever I mean you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry or you know whatever I mean you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cry or you know whatever I mean you can
+express from that but it's it's not it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express from that but it's it's not it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express from that but it's it's not it's
+not so much you have a concept it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much you have a concept it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so much you have a concept it's it's
+not even that you're necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even that you're necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even that you're necessarily
+reflecting on it you're just kind of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting on it you're just kind of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting on it you're just kind of in
+it and just a very specific kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and just a very specific kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and just a very specific kind of
+experience I mean I was speaking in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I mean I was speaking in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience I mean I was speaking in
+general even artist work or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general even artist work or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general even artist work or whatever
+there's I my impression is that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I my impression is that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's I my impression is that there's
+always a conceptualization about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a conceptualization about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always a conceptualization about
+whatever you experience even if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you experience even if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you experience even if it's
+something that well I'm saying that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that well I'm saying that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that well I'm saying that's
+the one exception if you can be in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one exception if you can be in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one exception if you can be in that
+space I mean generally if generally most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I mean generally if generally most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space I mean generally if generally most
+of us are in our minds most if not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us are in our minds most if not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of us are in our minds most if not all
+the time and then yes that would be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and then yes that would be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time and then yes that would be true
+but you know those occasions when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know those occasions when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know those occasions when you
+can kind of SN to a deeper level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of SN to a deeper level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of SN to a deeper level that
+I'd say that's not true which probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say that's not true which probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say that's not true which probably
+is why I mean is it I can't even say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why I mean is it I can't even say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why I mean is it I can't even say the
+guy's name chman hi or whatever the guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's name chman hi or whatever the guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy's name chman hi or whatever the guy
+who wrote Flo the book Flo does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote Flo the book Flo does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who wrote Flo the book Flo does anyone
+know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this
+book Flo oh yes yeah don't I I can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book Flo oh yes yeah don't I I can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book Flo oh yes yeah don't I I can I
+cannot pronounce his name yeah it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot pronounce his name yeah it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot pronounce his name yeah it's like
+20 letters it's crazy but uh chick s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 letters it's crazy but uh chick s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 letters it's crazy but uh chick s
+manal fls it's it was a besteller so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manal fls it's it was a besteller so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manal fls it's it was a besteller so I'm
+sure it's about creativity yeah and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's about creativity yeah and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure it's about creativity yeah and it's
+basically people get in a kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically people get in a kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically people get in a kind of a
+special state be creative and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special state be creative and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special state be creative and it's just
+whether it's an athlete on the field or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an athlete on the field or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's an athlete on the field or
+an artist you know it's like they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist you know it's like they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artist you know it's like they just
+it's a different state of conscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different state of conscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a different state of conscious
+Talent a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talent a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talent a
+talent flow yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like you haven't experienced all the own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you haven't experienced all the own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you haven't experienced all the own
+Concepts you have you can use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts you have you can use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts you have you can use that
+but in a wrong way if I I may have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a wrong way if I I may have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a wrong way if I I may have no
+experience with a situation I am taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with a situation I am taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with a situation I am taking
+in contact for the first time right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contact for the first time right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in contact for the first time right and
+I can use I will use the concepts I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use I will use the concepts I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can use I will use the concepts I have
+yes okay the the analogies I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay the the analogies I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay the the analogies I
+have that it's something a bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that it's something a bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that it's something a bit more
+evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved
+than ER the experience and I you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ER the experience and I you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ER the experience and I you use
+only experience okay just okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only experience okay just okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only experience okay just okay because
+analogy is a way to organize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy is a way to organize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy is a way to organize the
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+through something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else using images no in some way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else using images no in some way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else using images no in some way the
+image may be abstract in some sense but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image may be abstract in some sense but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image may be abstract in some sense but
+and I I can use these three things when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I can use these three things when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I I can use these three things when
+I face an experience for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I face an experience for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I face an experience for the first time
+I use concept I have about this and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use concept I have about this and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I use concept I have about this and I
+began to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+began to to
+analyze the situation with this concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the situation with this concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the situation with this concept
+I I may I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I may I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I may I use
+analogies and just may feel some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies and just may feel some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies and just may feel some things
+in connection with some experience I may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in connection with some experience I may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in connection with some experience I may
+have have before Cho yes okay um I I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have before Cho yes okay um I I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have before Cho yes okay um I I do
+think that one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that one of the things that
+surprised me about uh conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised me about uh conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprised me about uh conceptual
+Innovation is that when I read through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation is that when I read through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation is that when I read through
+the syllabus I thought well Innovation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syllabus I thought well Innovation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the syllabus I thought well Innovation I
+felt it had necessarily to reduce new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt it had necessarily to reduce new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt it had necessarily to reduce new
+Concepts I realized uh that uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts I realized uh that uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts I realized uh that uh what
+we've been talking through and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking through and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been talking through and the way
+you mentioned that it's about rethinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned that it's about rethinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned that it's about rethinking
+what you already knew know and renewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you already knew know and renewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you already knew know and renewing
+the concept and getting wiser that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept and getting wiser that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept and getting wiser that an
+individual could very would be in a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual could very would be in a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual could very would be in a very
+difficult situation actually to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult situation actually to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult situation actually to produce
+A New Concept and that rather the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A New Concept and that rather the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A New Concept and that rather the
+conceptual Innovation is uh as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual Innovation is uh as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptual Innovation is uh as an
+individual experience seems to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual experience seems to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual experience seems to be really
+just being open about what you already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being open about what you already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just being open about what you already
+have inside you and uh and discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+new it's some some way to reorganize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it's some some way to reorganize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new it's some some way to reorganize
+everything you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you know
+in a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way for example the invention of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for example the invention of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for example the invention of the
+personal computer was made by a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal computer was made by a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal computer was made by a lot of
+people creative people working hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people creative people working hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people creative people working hard
+sharing their ideas no and they invented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing their ideas no and they invented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing their ideas no and they invented
+the concept and the two STS they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept and the two STS they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept and the two STS they just
+were the the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were the the person
+who produced the object but the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who produced the object but the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who produced the object but the concept
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal
+computer was invented by this group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer was invented by this group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer was invented by this group of
+guys that had frequent meetings just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that had frequent meetings just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys that had frequent meetings just for
+talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking
+no um just put forth my understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um just put forth my understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no um just put forth my understanding
+I've been sitting here thinking whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been sitting here thinking whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been sitting here thinking whether
+this fits um in in my development of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fits um in in my development of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fits um in in my development of a
+New Concept when I came to work at care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Concept when I came to work at care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Concept when I came to work at care
+I had no no background no experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no no background no experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had no no background no experience
+with International Development but I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with International Development but I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with International Development but I had
+a little seat of a concept about what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little seat of a concept about what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little seat of a concept about what it
+was to help people in other countries it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to help people in other countries it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to help people in other countries it
+would you know the the faces of children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know the the faces of children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you know the the faces of children
+you know give a that dollar a day will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know give a that dollar a day will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know give a that dollar a day will
+feed this child kind of mentality but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed this child kind of mentality but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed this child kind of mentality but
+after starting to work at care and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after starting to work at care and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after starting to work at care and
+listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening
+to theories and and practices and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theories and and practices and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to theories and and practices and what
+they do and how they do it and what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do and how they do it and what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do and how they do it and what it
+means it my that concept has completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it my that concept has completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it my that concept has completely
+changed in what is required in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in what is required in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed in what is required in order to
+help it's not about that one child for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help it's not about that one child for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help it's not about that one child for
+one day but it's the whole system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day but it's the whole system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day but it's the whole system and
+and what you know the society and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you know the society and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you know the society and the
+government and the country and how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and the country and how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government and the country and how to
+man you know it's so much more than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man you know it's so much more than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man you know it's so much more than that
+that now when I see those ads it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now when I see those ads it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now when I see those ads it
+irritates me and so it's a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritates me and so it's a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irritates me and so it's a complete
+change I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change I started
+exactly I had no it's interesting how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I had no it's interesting how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly I had no it's interesting how it
+expand expand our vision no when acquire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand expand our vision no when acquire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand expand our vision no when acquire
+when we improve one concept we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we improve one concept we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we improve one concept we are
+working with our vision about the issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with our vision about the issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working with our vision about the issues
+we are facing expand en normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are facing expand en normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are facing expand en normally
+no I was wondering about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I was wondering about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I was wondering about
+question how often we talked a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how often we talked a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how often we talked a little
+bit about how to change our our Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how to change our our Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about how to change our our Concepts
+but I was wondering about how often we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was wondering about how often we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I was wondering about how often we
+should change our Concepts we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change our Concepts we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change our Concepts we should
+sound how often we should change change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound how often we should change change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound how often we should change change
+have conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conceptual
+Innovation a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation a
+week as often as youer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sat there's a certain permanence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat there's a certain permanence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat there's a certain permanence that
+needs to be in effect in those Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be in effect in those Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be in effect in those Concepts
+in order for them to work but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for them to work but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order for them to work but then
+there's also a certain amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a certain amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a certain amount of
+questioning and change that needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning and change that needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning and change that needs to
+happen in order for you to grow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in order for you to grow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in order for you to grow so
+there's sort of a tension it seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a tension it seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of a tension it seems like
+between those two things that needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two things that needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two things that needs to
+be addressed in how we receive the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be addressed in how we receive the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be addressed in how we receive the world
+and perceive the idea of conceptual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perceive the idea of conceptual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and perceive the idea of conceptual
+Innovation not just persons but kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation not just persons but kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Innovation not just persons but kind of
+collective groups colletive groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective groups colletive groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collective groups colletive groups
+yeah so we all it seems like we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we all it seems like we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so we all it seems like we want to
+always be questioning Concepts so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be questioning Concepts so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be questioning Concepts so that
+we can come to conceptual Innovation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come to conceptual Innovation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can come to conceptual Innovation
+okay okay whatever concept have to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay whatever concept have to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay whatever concept have to kind
+of work with in a moment as well what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work with in a moment as well what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work with in a moment as well what I
+think that it's required is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's required is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that it's required is to
+develop sensitivity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop sensitivity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop sensitivity for
+Concepts so we need to be able each time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts so we need to be able each time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts so we need to be able each time
+we are talking people we begin to feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are talking people we begin to feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are talking people we begin to feel
+what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of
+conceptualization is this person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using so we can
+have conceptual interaction in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conceptual interaction in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have conceptual interaction in a more
+systematic way at a daytoday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way at a daytoday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic way at a daytoday
+life okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life okay
+and when we need to to change concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we need to to change concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when we need to to change concept
+I think that we don't like to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that we don't like to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that we don't like to change
+concept it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept it's
+too difficult to do that it's too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too difficult to do that it's too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too difficult to do that it's too
+disturbing to do that so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing to do that so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing to do that so I think
+that ER what we should do is just not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+block when a a disturbance enter to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block when a a disturbance enter to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block when a a disturbance enter to our
+mind and to support this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and to support this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind and to support this
+disorder in our ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder in our ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorder in our ideas
+and one principle for me is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one principle for me is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one principle for me is that the
+ideas ma must survive by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas ma must survive by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas ma must survive by
+themsel I will not fight for them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themsel I will not fight for them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themsel I will not fight for them if
+they are not able to survive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not able to survive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not able to survive the
+challenges they deserve to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+die so this the the separation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die so this the the separation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die so this the the separation between
+the ideas and myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas and myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ideas and myself
+I think that's important for being able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's important for being able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think that's important for being able
+not to suffer when the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to suffer when the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to suffer when the idea
+di okay and I think that this makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di okay and I think that this makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+di okay and I think that this makes
+easier for one to innovate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for one to innovate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for one to innovate
+conceptually how do you get to a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually how do you get to a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually how do you get to a state
+where people I feel like many people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people I feel like many people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people I feel like many people are
+so rooted in their Concepts and and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rooted in their Concepts and and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rooted in their Concepts and and it's
+very hard to get that separation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to get that separation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to get that separation from
+you know we we take our ideas they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we take our ideas they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we we take our ideas they're
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+children yes do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children yes do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children yes do that
+me say that they have invested too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say that they have invested too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me say that they have invested too much
+in this project for abandoning it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project for abandoning it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this project for abandoning it okay
+it's the way we they lose most more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the way we they lose most more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the way we they lose most more
+money no the the for me the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money no the the for me the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money no the the for me the main
+limitation is the the main difficulty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation is the the main difficulty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation is the the main difficulty is
+if we have invested our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have invested our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have invested our
+lives in some ideas in some Concepts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in some ideas in some Concepts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lives in some ideas in some Concepts and
+to support to see that this concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support to see that this concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to support to see that this concept is
+not so good and the time I use it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so good and the time I use it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so good and the time I use it with
+this concept was not so effective so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept was not so effective so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept was not so effective so we
+feel we have a feel of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel we have a feel of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel we have a feel of
+lust okay of lost of time of lost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lust okay of lost of time of lost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lust okay of lost of time of lost of
+life and we don't feel very smart this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and we don't feel very smart this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and we don't feel very smart this
+moment okay we feel a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay we feel a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment okay we feel a bit
+ashamed okay and we need to support this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashamed okay and we need to support this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ashamed okay and we need to support this
+but these moment are highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these moment are highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but these moment are highly
+transformative because you are getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative because you are getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformative because you are getting
+free from your past at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free from your past at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free from your past at this
+moment you cannot recuperate your past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you cannot recuperate your past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment you cannot recuperate your past
+but you can open new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Futures so I think that the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures so I think that the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Futures so I think that the most
+important is be able to to to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is be able to to to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is be able to to to support
+these stresses that we feel when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stresses that we feel when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these stresses that we feel when we
+begin to discover that the concept is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to discover that the concept is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to discover that the concept is
+not worth we begin to discover but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worth we begin to discover but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worth we begin to discover but
+we many times we react for blocking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we many times we react for blocking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we many times we react for blocking this
+initial Discovery emotionally we react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial Discovery emotionally we react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial Discovery emotionally we react
+against this initial Discovery so in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this initial Discovery so in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against this initial Discovery so in in
+some cases a question of to manage our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases a question of to manage our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases a question of to manage our
+emotions okay because the the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions okay because the the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotions okay because the the the the
+mind is able to work with Concepts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is able to work with Concepts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind is able to work with Concepts and
+reorganize by themsel might always self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganize by themsel might always self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reorganize by themsel might always self
+organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organize
+itself the question how often bothers me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the question how often bothers me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself the question how often bothers me
+because I I don't think there's like of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I don't think there's like of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I I don't think there's like of
+time every Saturday it's more how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time every Saturday it's more how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time every Saturday it's more how do you
+the question to me is more how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question to me is more how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question to me is more how do you
+recognize that state when your current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that state when your current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that state when your current
+existing concepts are in conflict with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing concepts are in conflict with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existing concepts are in conflict with
+what you're seeing what evidence you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing what evidence you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're seeing what evidence you're
+seeing around you so that more how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing around you so that more how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing around you so that more how to
+how to recognize that moment that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to recognize that moment that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to recognize that moment that well
+I'm I'm at that point on on a schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm at that point on on a schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm I'm at that point on on a schedule
+somehow I guess maybe that's not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I guess maybe that's not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow I guess maybe that's not what
+you me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you me
+for and just to go yeah I guess I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and just to go yeah I guess I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for and just to go yeah I guess I guess
+what my question was more about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my question was more about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my question was more about to
+restate it make it more clear that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restate it make it more clear that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restate it make it more clear that it's
+not about you know every Saturday we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about you know every Saturday we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about you know every Saturday we
+change our Concepts but that if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our Concepts but that if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change our Concepts but that if if
+there's uh well no that's my fault okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh well no that's my fault okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh well no that's my fault okay
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+um if we recognize that concepts are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we recognize that concepts are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we recognize that concepts are
+sort of these fluid things that are that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these fluid things that are that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of these fluid things that are that
+we should always be evaluating for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should always be evaluating for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should always be evaluating for
+changing mhm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing mhm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing mhm
+it makes it harder to place a whole lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it harder to place a whole lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes it harder to place a whole lot
+of um credibility in any particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um credibility in any particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um credibility in any particular
+concept that we might be working with so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that we might be working with so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept that we might be working with so
+one of the challenge that I find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the challenge that I find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the challenge that I find is that
+when I'm always questioning the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm always questioning the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I'm always questioning the value of
+something I might be striving to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I might be striving to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I might be striving to achieve
+it's styes my ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's styes my ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's styes my ability
+to to do things because I'm always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do things because I'm always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do things because I'm always
+questioning whether I should be acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning whether I should be acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning whether I should be acting
+in a particular way and so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular way and so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a particular way and so one of the
+challenges that that's my main challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that that's my main challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that that's my main challenge
+Sean mentions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sean mentions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sean mentions yeah
+indeed I can say of people that can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed I can say of people that can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed I can say of people that can just
+work and aware of the in completness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and aware of the in completness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and aware of the in completness of
+in completeness of the the ideas they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in completeness of the the ideas they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in completeness of the the ideas they
+are working with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are working with this
+situation okay but this is reflective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation okay but this is reflective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation okay but this is reflective
+practice it's exactly a good definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it's exactly a good definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice it's exactly a good definition
+of what is it about okay you you work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is it about okay you you work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is it about okay you you work
+with some ideas that you you are sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some ideas that you you are sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some ideas that you you are sure
+that are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not
+enough okay and needs to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay and needs to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough okay and needs to make them
+effective at the course of the action I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective at the course of the action I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective at the course of the action I
+think where I get hung up on is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think where I get hung up on is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think where I get hung up on is often
+the reflection and I stops me from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflection and I stops me from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflection and I stops me from
+exactly okay I'm so in tune with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay I'm so in tune with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly okay I'm so in tune with the the
+reflection that I'm like well I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection that I'm like well I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection that I'm like well I can't
+practice because I don't I don't feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice because I don't I don't feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice because I don't I don't feel
+like I have solid enough understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have solid enough understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I have solid enough understanding
+okay okay I guess like my you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay I guess like my you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay I guess like my you do that
+what what are you do in that Cas okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are you do in that Cas okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what are you do in that Cas okay
+but I think he wants to say something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think he wants to say something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think he wants to say something
+here's my experience with that and I I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my experience with that and I I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my experience with that and I I'm
+totally one I'm much more on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally one I'm much more on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally one I'm much more on the
+reflection end than the action end much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection end than the action end much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection end than the action end much
+of the time but it's paralyzing and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time but it's paralyzing and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time but it's paralyzing and like
+what you're saying so to me it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying so to me it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're saying so to me it's like
+you have to you know do your work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you know do your work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to you know do your work
+reflecting but then make a decision be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting but then make a decision be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflecting but then make a decision be
+decisive and go with it and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive and go with it and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive and go with it and then you
+know after a little while you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know after a little while you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know after a little while you kind of
+see it's working it's not working then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's working it's not working then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's working it's not working then
+you kind of you know you continually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of you know you continually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you kind of you know you continually do
+corrections as you go and it's you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections as you go and it's you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrections as you go and it's you kind
+of have to do the experiment to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to do the experiment to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of have to do the experiment to get the
+feedback to understand what what's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback to understand what what's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback to understand what what's good
+and what's not and I don't I know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's not and I don't I know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's not and I don't I know it's
+like an Adaptive management or continual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an Adaptive management or continual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an Adaptive management or continual
+experimentation I guess sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of but I mean not doing stuff is taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but I mean not doing stuff is taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of but I mean not doing stuff is taking
+a RIS I have no for that what I try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a RIS I have no for that what I try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a RIS I have no for that what I try to
+do is every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is every
+detection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection of
+failures to detect the failures as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures to detect the failures as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failures to detect the failures as soon
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+possible to to develop a feeling if is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to to develop a feeling if is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to to develop a feeling if is
+this working or it's not working no not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this working or it's not working no not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this working or it's not working no not
+expect not wait until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect not wait until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect not wait until the
+end for being sure that it just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end for being sure that it just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end for being sure that it just just
+doesn't work no we need to to to develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work no we need to to to develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work no we need to to to develop
+a feeling about if to project it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeling about if to project it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feeling about if to project it's a
+kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of
+simulation we we begin to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we we begin to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation we we begin to do something
+and we have in our mind the evolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have in our mind the evolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have in our mind the evolution of
+we think that this we have and we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that this we have and we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think that this we have and we look
+off the reality and try to figure out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the reality and try to figure out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the reality and try to figure out if
+it is going in that direction or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is going in that direction or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is going in that direction or
+not but we we should do this as we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but we we should do this as we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not but we we should do this as we are
+acting ER after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that we can reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can reflect
+on but when we are acting in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but when we are acting in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but when we are acting in some
+cases we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we just
+act okay we need to re-evaluate this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it's not question of to stop to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not question of to stop to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's not question of to stop to to
+act for thinking we act the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act for thinking we act the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act for thinking we act the question is
+that when we are acting we in some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we are acting we in some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we are acting we in some way
+are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are also
+thinking yeah and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking yeah and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking yeah and if
+you uh the videos of learning before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the videos of learning before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh the videos of learning before
+doing is very good and learning from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is very good and learning from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is very good and learning from the
+future I don't know know this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I don't know know this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future I don't know know this expression
+of a a Swedish cognitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a Swedish cognitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a a Swedish cognitive
+scientist is is the use of imagination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist is is the use of imagination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist is is the use of imagination
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+simulation for you to create realities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation for you to create realities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation for you to create realities
+in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your
+mind about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind about
+what you think that will happen or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think that will happen or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you think that will happen or
+should happen and learn from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen and learn from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should happen and learn from these
+situations and begin to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and begin to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations and begin to use this
+situations in when you are acting so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in when you are acting so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in when you are acting so you
+can foresee some things in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can foresee some things in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can foresee some things in some
+moments but when you are acting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments but when you are acting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments but when you are acting the
+thinking is just a function for acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is just a function for acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking is just a function for acting
+better is not a reflection in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better is not a reflection in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better is not a reflection in
+itself once once you finish to act you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself once once you finish to act you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself once once you finish to act you
+can you can reflect but when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can reflect but when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can reflect but when you are
+acting your mind is not always focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting your mind is not always focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting your mind is not always focused
+on the action your mind have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the action your mind have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the action your mind have some
+seconds of time in this brief seconds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of time in this brief seconds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds of time in this brief seconds of
+time if you are aware about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you are aware about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time if you are aware about the
+incompleteness of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incompleteness of your
+knowledge you reflects on these seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge you reflects on these seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge you reflects on these seconds
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+have okay I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have okay I just have
+one comment which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comment which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one comment which
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you I don't think it's a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I don't think it's a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I don't think it's a matter of
+questioning your Concepts as you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning your Concepts as you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questioning your Concepts as you are
+acting cuz I can see how that can be can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting cuz I can see how that can be can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting cuz I can see how that can be can
+paralyze you I would say more be aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze you I would say more be aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze you I would say more be aware
+of the role of these Concepts in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the role of these Concepts in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the role of these Concepts in the way
+you're seeing or perceiving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing or perceiving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing or perceiving the
+situation you know um and and just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you know um and and just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation you know um and and just that
+awareness I think is enough to to open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness I think is enough to to open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness I think is enough to to open
+up possibilities of of reflection later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up possibilities of of reflection later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up possibilities of of reflection later
+you know not necessarily questioning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not necessarily questioning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not necessarily questioning it
+it may question if if it if you perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may question if if it if you perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may question if if it if you perceive
+something that causes you to question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that causes you to question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that causes you to question
+but you may not perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you may not perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you may not perceive
+it just for for concluding I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just for for concluding I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it just for for concluding I think
+that's very good it's a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very good it's a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very good it's a question of
+awareness however in some kind in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness however in some kind in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awareness however in some kind in some
+situations in the course of the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in the course of the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations in the course of the action
+you may feel necessary to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may feel necessary to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may feel necessary to change
+everything you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you have
+planned okay so you reframe at the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned okay so you reframe at the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned okay so you reframe at the spot
+and you have five seconds for figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have five seconds for figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you have five seconds for figure out
+what to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next okay but if you are working aware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay but if you are working aware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next okay but if you are working aware
+about your areas of risk of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your areas of risk of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your areas of risk of your
+original approach you you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original approach you you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original approach you you have you have
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+Clues how where you need to improve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clues how where you need to improve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clues how where you need to improve
+okay just by what what what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just by what what what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay just by what what what we're
+talking about since we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about since we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about since we're talking about
+it conceptually it's so difficult or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it conceptually it's so difficult or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it conceptually it's so difficult or an
+abstract it's so difficult to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract it's so difficult to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract it's so difficult to really
+picture but for example I I work as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but for example I I work as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture but for example I I work as a
+planner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planner and
+um I've I've learned to to to see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've I've learned to to to see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I've I've learned to to to see things
+it's working for me uh as part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working for me uh as part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's working for me uh as part of a
+process and as part of a of a history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and as part of a of a history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and as part of a of a history of
+thing it's not an because when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's not an because when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's not an because when we talk
+about action right now it sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about action right now it sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about action right now it sounds like
+you know I dropped p and it's action in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I dropped p and it's action in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I dropped p and it's action in
+and I either dropped it well or I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I either dropped it well or I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I either dropped it well or I didn't
+but in general for example for me need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general for example for me need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general for example for me need
+mhm a plan yes a plan is a process and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm a plan yes a plan is a process and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mhm a plan yes a plan is a process and a
+plan is a one part of a history of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is a one part of a history of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan is a one part of a history of many
+plants so for me the whole idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants so for me the whole idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants so for me the whole idea is that
+um the other day uh I'm going back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other day uh I'm going back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other day uh I'm going back this
+is a parenthesis but it actually helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a parenthesis but it actually helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a parenthesis but it actually helps
+the other day I I bought some pants and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day I I bought some pants and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other day I I bought some pants and
+I had to make them shorter and my mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to make them shorter and my mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had to make them shorter and my mother
+always helps me with that so I did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always helps me with that so I did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always helps me with that so I did it
+here for the first time and I did and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the first time and I did and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here for the first time and I did and I
+started out doing it the way I saw her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out doing it the way I saw her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started out doing it the way I saw her
+do it and the first centimeter was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and the first centimeter was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it and the first centimeter was
+horrible the second part was better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible the second part was better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible the second part was better and
+by the time I finished it was looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time I finished it was looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time I finished it was looked
+like it three actually somebody could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it three actually somebody could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it three actually somebody could
+have said that somebody different did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said that somebody different did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have said that somebody different did it
+but in fact it was a learning process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it was a learning process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it was a learning process
+and you could see how every time it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could see how every time it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you could see how every time it was
+changing and it was getting the action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and it was getting the action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing and it was getting the action
+done but it was learning as I went along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but it was learning as I went along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done but it was learning as I went along
+and I think going back to plans or going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think going back to plans or going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think going back to plans or going
+back to see see plans as a process or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to see see plans as a process or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to see see plans as a process or
+seeing plans as a set of plans in a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing plans as a set of plans in a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing plans as a set of plans in a long
+history but whenever we looked back at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history but whenever we looked back at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history but whenever we looked back at
+our plan we always thought you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plan we always thought you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our plan we always thought you know a
+lot of people said it was terrible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people said it was terrible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people said it was terrible and
+we and I just saw it you know as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and I just saw it you know as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we and I just saw it you know as one
+plan in a history of 50 or 100 Years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in a history of 50 or 100 Years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan in a history of 50 or 100 Years of
+plans and next time it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and next time it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans and next time it's going to be
+better because we did this one and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because we did this one and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better because we did this one and we
+learned so much from it so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so much from it so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned so much from it so okay
+historical cont is important we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical cont is important we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical cont is important we we
+always learn including about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always learn including about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always learn including about our
+Concepts okay okay we have 15 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts okay okay we have 15 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Concepts okay okay we have 15 minutes
+later today so we need to finish this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later today so we need to finish this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later today so we need to finish this
+moment we see tomorrow I ask you to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we see tomorrow I ask you to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment we see tomorrow I ask you to come
+a few minutes before 9 5 minutes 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes before 9 5 minutes 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few minutes before 9 5 minutes 10
+minutes before 9: before we'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes before 9: before we'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes before 9: before we'll be able
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+begin exactly at the time thank you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin exactly at the time thank you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin exactly at the time thank you very
+much for your interest
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VL0pw-yVgjM.txt b/VL0pw-yVgjM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1164cfc1b39d79c67bad33858a8249753ef91841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VL0pw-yVgjM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2550 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality educational
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation, or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: We had a staff
+meeting yesterday, and we
+
+decided that what we're going
+to do is, we'll start with
+
+defects and solids.
+
+We didn't examine you on it
+with the last celebration.
+
+So we'll pick it up with
+defects, and we'll go through
+
+to the end of solutions,
+acid-bases.
+
+So the stuff that we covered on
+Monday, the nomenclature of
+
+organics, we're going
+to leave out.
+
+Because you don't have enough
+time with the recitations to
+
+really dig into that,
+and I think it's--
+
+with the test being on a Monday
+this time, and not on a
+
+Wednesday, the schedule is
+little bit of out of balance
+
+from the way I'd
+like it to be.
+
+But I thought having the third
+celebration the Wednesday
+
+before Thanksgiving
+was not wise.
+
+I know that a number of you
+are going to be in transit
+
+that on Wednesday.
+
+But let me remind you that
+Wednesday, we will have a
+
+full-blown lecture.
+
+I'm going without
+any slow down.
+
+So next Wednesday, we will
+start biochemistry.
+
+So those of you who are not
+here, please make sure that
+
+you have viewed the lecture.
+
+Because when you return on
+Monday, you will have no idea
+
+what's going on.
+
+And it'd be a good idea not to
+blow biochemistry, because on
+
+the final exam--
+
+if you fail the final,
+it's not good.
+
+It's really not good.
+
+So just to be clear, we're going
+to start with defects
+
+and solids, and go through, and
+end with acids, bases, and
+
+solution chemistry.
+
+OK.
+
+So today I want to start to get
+some mileage out of what
+
+we learned on Monday.
+
+I want to talk today about one
+of the applications of organic
+
+chemistry, and that's
+polymers.
+
+So we're going to take two
+lectures on polymers, and then
+
+we'll feed into biochemistry,
+and you'll see a very natural
+
+progression from what we're
+doing now into the
+
+biochemistry.
+
+So let's begin with a little
+bit of reflection on what
+
+we've done so far.
+
+Up until now, we've looked at
+various solid structures.
+
+We've started with single atoms.
+We looked at crystals,
+
+disordered crystals,
+and so on.
+
+We've looked at compounds,
+and we've even
+
+looked at small change.
+
+We looked at alkanes,
+straight chain
+
+alkanes, branched alkanes.
+
+And we've looked at
+network solids.
+
+Here is a regular network.
+
+This is the structure of
+graphite, for example.
+
+Nice, ordered crystalline
+structure.
+
+Diamond grows in three
+dimensions without abatement.
+
+We've looked at disordered
+networks,
+
+such as silicate glasses.
+
+So that's what we've looked
+at up until now.
+
+What I want to talk about
+today is polymers.
+
+Polymers are macromolecules.
+
+These are long chain
+molecules.
+
+By long, we're talking about
+thousands and thousands of
+
+repeat units.
+
+And this is the distinguishing
+feature between macromolecules
+
+that are found in
+the body, versus
+
+macromolecules that are man-made.
+
+Mother Nature is a
+polymer engineer.
+
+We are a macromolecular
+organism.
+
+This is all polymer.
+
+It's all polymer.
+
+The changes in shape is all
+elasticity in a polymer.
+
+And inside, of course, I've got
+a ceramic skeleton, which
+
+keeps the frame in place.
+
+But this is all polymers.
+
+But the difference here is,
+this is not a repeat unit.
+
+Whereas when we have a man-made
+structure, it's the
+
+same repeating chemical
+structure.
+
+And the other thing I want to
+say at the beginning is their
+
+importance in commerce.
+
+Polymers are found
+everywhere today.
+
+Trash bags, auto parts.
+
+And in culture, they're
+absolutely
+
+essential to culture.
+
+Let's think about it.
+
+When you play that DVD, that
+DVD is information
+
+embedded in a polymer.
+
+The magnetic drags.
+
+What are magnetic drags?
+
+These are polymers that have
+been coated with gammaferic
+
+oxide or some other
+magnetic material.
+
+Without polymers we couldn't
+have the modern era.
+
+And if you go back before the
+DVD, with the CD, before that
+
+was magnetic tape and
+cassette, and
+
+before that was this.
+
+You might see some
+of these around.
+
+This is an old way of
+presenting musical
+
+information.
+
+This is the phonograph record,
+photograph recording.
+
+And this is information that is
+scribed into a platter, and
+
+it's made of polyvinyl
+chloride.
+
+That's why you hear
+the term vinyl.
+
+Why is Virgin, the big Virgin
+enterprise, called Virgin?
+
+Because Virgin Records, when
+they made their platters, they
+
+started with virgin vinyl,
+not recycled polymer.
+
+And so their platters would
+lie flat on the turntable.
+
+Whereas some of them you
+buy, you put them
+
+down, and they warp.
+
+It's OK, because the needle
+would still track, but it
+
+looked kind of--
+
+playing like this.
+
+And it's too bad that
+we've lost this.
+
+Because this gives rise to the
+real estate possibility for
+
+artwork, and liner notes, and so
+on, that you don't get when
+
+you download something
+for $0.99.
+
+OK?
+
+So an electromechanical device
+moves along here, and jiggles
+
+in the grooves, and those
+mechanical wigglings get
+
+converted into energy that
+ultimately gets fed through
+
+the loudspeakers.
+
+And now let's talk about
+visual information.
+
+Daguerre invented halide
+photography in the early
+
+1800s, but we didn't get
+motion pictures.
+
+Cinematography had to wait for
+the advent of polymers,
+
+because only when we could make
+material that would come
+
+out miles long on which we
+could coat with halide
+
+photosensitive emulsion, could
+we imagine images flashing
+
+past us faster than the
+persistence of vision.
+
+You need-- what's the
+persistence of vision?
+
+Around a twentieth
+of a second.
+
+Motion pictures are 24
+frames a second.
+
+So you couldn't have glass
+plates on which you've got
+
+halide film zipping past
+at 24 frames a
+
+second for 90 minutes.
+
+So only with the advent of
+polymers did we have the birth
+
+of cinematography.
+
+So what I'm talking about
+here changed the world.
+
+It changed the world, and gives
+birth to the fantastic
+
+access that we have
+to information.
+
+And now, of course, as things
+move digitally, and they
+
+dematerialize, you're going
+to see a shift away.
+
+But all this stuff was
+enabled by the
+
+advent of polymer chemistry.
+
+So with that as a motivator,
+let's dive in.
+
+This is good stuff.
+
+It's really, really good.
+
+So now the payback comes.
+
+You know, all those little
+lessons about, where's the
+
+electron, where's the orbital,
+you know, who wants to learn
+
+that stuff.
+
+You have to learn it!
+
+If you're going to write the
+great novel, you've got to
+
+learn how to spell.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's go.
+
+So the polymer, it comes
+from the Greek poly,
+
+meaning may, right?
+
+Poly is many And the mer,
+the mer is this repeat
+
+unit, if you like.
+
+Many units, many units.
+
+So let's take a simple
+example.
+
+Last day we studied
+polyethylene.
+
+So polyethylene looks
+like this.
+
+Double bond, one, two, three,
+four, four hydrogens.
+
+So this is just ethylene.
+
+And what I can do with ethylene,
+is I can react it.
+
+Ethylene's a gas, room
+temperature.
+
+Put it into a reactor and expose
+it to an initiator.
+
+And the initiator
+is a radical.
+
+You know what the radical.
+
+It's something that's got
+this unpaired electron.
+
+It's very active.
+
+And the radical sees a unit of
+ethylene, which I'm going to
+
+write like this.
+
+We don't need to put the
+120 degrees now.
+
+And what the ethylene does, is
+this radical attacks this
+
+double bond and figures, well,
+it's better to have two single
+
+bonds than one double bond.
+
+Reacts the double bond,
+breaks it, and
+
+then forms the following.
+
+The radical now bonds to the
+ethylene, breaks that double
+
+bond, and transfers the unpaired
+electron to the end.
+
+But now this thing is itself a
+radical, and it's swimming in
+
+a gas of ethylene.
+
+So now a second C2H4 comes up
+against this, and it's turned
+
+into the following, are now C
+C C C C, one, two, three,
+
+four, one, two, three, four.
+
+And so on.
+
+And this can go without limit,
+until we shut down the
+
+reactor, or we introduce
+something that terminates,
+
+that will cap this.
+
+All right?
+
+So this is the beginning
+of it.
+
+And what you see is attachment,
+attachment,
+
+attachment, breaking
+of double bonds.
+
+And so we have a repeat
+unit here.
+
+This repeat unit, the mer unit,
+is this ethylene unit,
+
+and it can go to a value of
+n that is very, very high.
+
+What kind of numbers can
+we expect to get?
+
+We can have numbers here
+where n takes values--
+
+and these aren't hard and fast,
+but just to give you
+
+some idea--
+
+you could have a, you know the
+oxymoron jumbo shrimp.
+
+You could have a short
+chain polymer.
+
+A short chain, long chain.
+
+You know?
+
+Boy, you're really dead today.
+
+What's the matter with you?
+
+Sleep deprived?
+
+You've--
+
+All right.
+
+So n can go up to
+about 10,000.
+
+Now what's the atomic mass of
+this, just as representative?
+
+This is 2 times 12 is 24,
+25, or 26, 27, 28.
+
+28's roughly 30, so 30 times
+10,000, you've got 300,000.
+
+That's 300,000 grams per mole.
+
+This means you can have
+molecular weights on the order
+
+of a million grams per mole
+for one molecule.
+
+And by the way, the polymer
+people, they come from a
+
+different branch of science.
+
+So they don't use this
+grams per mole.
+
+Instead of grams per mole, they
+like to use the word, the
+
+dalton, as a unit of measure.
+
+So you might see in the pollymer
+literature, you'll
+
+see the polymer with so many
+kDa, kilodaltons, thousands of
+
+grams per mole.
+
+That's the nomenclature
+you will see.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, what are the properties of
+these things going to be?
+
+Oh wait, I'm going to
+show you something.
+
+To give you a sense.
+
+You need to be awakened.
+
+So let me give you a sense
+of just how long
+
+these molecules are.
+
+So I'm going to give you a
+little mechanical model here.
+
+I'm going to put up here
+so we get some--
+
+So what I've got here is
+just a pull chain.
+
+If you go in the basement, you
+might see these pull chains.
+
+They're just made of brass,
+little brass balls, and then
+
+they've got links
+between them.
+
+And when you cut them-- you buy
+them by the foot at the
+
+hardware store.
+
+You put it on a light, you can
+turn the light on and off by
+
+toggling up and down.
+
+So I'm going to say, let's say
+this distance here represents
+
+the distance between
+mer units.
+
+This distance could be
+between 2 mer units.
+
+And I figured, let's see,
+I've got 40 feet here,
+
+and I did the math.
+
+So this thing here, with the
+40 foot pull chain, has a
+
+polymerization index--
+
+let's call this the
+polymerization index.
+
+So my polymerization index, I
+calculated it for this thing.
+
+It's on the order
+of about 3,000.
+
+So that's pretty good.
+
+It's right in the
+middle of this.
+
+It's actually--
+
+this qualifies as a
+bona fide polymer.
+
+So let's take a look at
+what happens here.
+
+This is one molecule.
+
+So what do you know about
+
+interactions between molecules?
+
+Now, in the liquid state,
+what's this going to be?
+
+Is it going to be fluid, or
+is it going to be viscous?
+
+It's going to be viscous.
+
+Look, this is one molecule, and
+it entangles with itself.
+
+Now, to make a liquid, I have
+thousands of these things
+
+swimming around, above their
+crystallization--
+
+oh, crystallization
+temperature.
+
+Freudian slip.
+
+Above their solidification
+temperature.
+
+When they solidify,
+are they going to
+
+form an ordered solid?
+
+One of these at each
+lattice site?
+
+Probably not.
+
+They're probably going to
+form disordered solids.
+
+So most of the polymers that
+we encounter are probably
+
+going to be disordered.
+
+How is this held together
+when it forms a solid?
+
+It's polyethylene.
+
+Well, what's your menu?
+
+Is it ionic bonding?
+
+Is it metallic bonding?
+
+Is it hydrogen bonding?
+
+How is it held together?
+
+Weak van der Waals.
+
+Weak van der Waals bonds.
+
+But look at the surface area.
+
+So this is what it looks like.
+
+See, and it entangles, is even
+entangles with my clothing.
+
+It just grabs onto everything.
+
+All right.
+
+Actually, why don't we--
+
+David, let's cut
+to the screen.
+
+So here we are.
+
+This is it.
+
+This is the polymer.
+
+And every once in a while,
+a polymer will do
+
+something like this.
+
+It'll say, you know, I still,
+even though I'm in this big
+
+long chain molecule I still
+want to try to order.
+
+Because I read in 3091 that
+ordering lowers the free
+
+energy of the system...
+
+So what it does, it
+starts doing this.
+
+And can you see when it starts
+doing this, that it
+
+starts to take on--
+
+if you walked into the room
+just now, and this were
+
+blowing up really high, you
+might see just this little
+
+snippet and say, wow.
+
+This thing is starting to look
+like a cubic array isn't it?
+
+This is a really good model.
+
+It's a really good model,
+because this
+
+is what really happens.
+
+And so that decreases the
+energy of the system.
+
+The bonds are greater there.
+
+So what's that going to do to
+the mechanical properties?
+
+Going to strengthen it, yeah.
+
+It's going to make
+things stiffer.
+
+Instead of being this soft,
+squishy polymer, it's going to
+
+have some stiffness to it.
+
+And you've come up across
+that stuff.
+
+The most notable one
+being the CD case.
+
+The people that make those, I'd
+like to bring them here
+
+and sit them down and teach
+them some polymer science.
+
+Those things are so brittle.
+
+They crack, right?
+
+There's only two classes
+of jewel cases.
+
+Those that are cracked, and
+those that will crack.
+
+Because these people don't
+know what they're doing.
+
+OK.
+
+So now let's have some
+time here to codify
+
+what we've just see.
+
+So first of all, we suspect that
+they're going to be solid
+
+at room temperature.
+
+Dominantly.
+
+We can engineer them to be
+liquid, but dominantly solid
+
+at room temperature.
+
+And van der Waals
+bonds abundant.
+
+OK.
+
+And the liquid, as a liquid,
+we expect viscous liquid.
+
+Good.
+
+Got that down.
+
+What else to have to know?
+
+Let's do calculation here.
+
+So I did one here where I said,
+what's this distance?
+
+We saw last day that this
+distance, carbon-carbon,
+
+remember, we're looking at
+single bond, double bond.
+
+A single bond carbon-carbon is
+about 1.5 angstroms. So this
+
+is 1.5 angstroms. The distance
+between successive mer units
+
+is about 3 angstroms. And so
+if you take something 3
+
+angstroms, and you make it this
+number of mer units, I
+
+came up with a polymerization
+index of 3571 when this thing
+
+weighs 10,010 kilodaltons.
+
+And so then that means that
+you'd end up with a length,
+
+molecular length is on the order
+of 10,714 angstroms,
+
+which is on the order of 1
+micrometer, which then makes
+
+it greater than the wavelength
+of visible light.
+
+So this is really a different
+type of matter.
+
+And we can go there.
+
+We've talked about viscous, so
+I'm going to remind you of two
+
+observations here.
+
+Viscous liquids, amorphous
+solids.
+
+If you put those two ideas
+together, what
+
+else can we call upon?
+
+We can go back to this.
+
+Yeah.
+
+Remember this?
+
+What's this?
+
+This is super-cool liquid,
+super-cool viscous liquid.
+
+This is the solidification
+temperature, which in the case
+
+of liquid to amorphous solid
+is the glass transition
+
+temperature.
+
+And here we have the excess
+volume, right?
+
+This is the volume, and then
+there's some crystalline
+
+volume, and so on.
+
+Right?
+
+I can cool at a second
+rate, and I get this.
+
+So this is slow cool,
+this is fast cool.
+
+We have a Tg up here.
+
+Tgf I'll call Tg fast,
+and Tgs, Tg slow.
+
+So that'll give me a
+different volume.
+
+So this is volume fast
+and volume slow.
+
+All right?
+
+And since I know that density is
+equal to mass over volume,
+
+so therefore v fast
+is greater than--
+
+I observe v fast is greater
+than v slow, so therefore
+
+density of the fast cool must
+be less than the density of
+
+the slow cool.
+
+Now I'm going to put
+some names on here.
+
+I'm going to call this the
+cooling curves for
+
+polyethylene.
+
+These are the cooling curves
+for polyethylene.
+
+So this, down here, gives me--
+
+this is now high-density
+polyethylene, and up here is
+
+low-density polyethylene.
+
+Same thing, just different
+processing.
+
+So faster cooling quenches
+in more free volume.
+
+And since volume is a measure
+of disorder, right?
+
+What's the difference between
+great disorder and
+
+not-so-great disorder?
+
+David, again cut to the
+projector, please?
+
+Forgive me, the document
+camera?
+
+So the difference between
+high disorder and
+
+low disorder is this.
+
+This is the order, here.
+
+So what that tells me is that in
+high-density polyethylene,
+
+there is a greater percentage
+of zones like this.
+
+And we just reasoned that this
+is going to give stiffness and
+
+so on, and sure enough, for the
+low-density polyethylene,
+
+low-density polyethylene is used
+in things like food wrap,
+
+things like stretch and seal,
+where you can pull because you
+
+can move those macromolecules
+relative to one another
+
+without fracturing the material
+to stretch it over.
+
+Whereas the high-density
+polyethylene is used in such
+
+things as milk jugs,
+where you want a
+
+little bit of stiffness.
+
+Polyethylene milk jugs are
+still kind of floppy, but
+
+there's a little bit
+of stiffness to it.
+
+The other thing is, because the
+low-density polyethylene
+
+is dominantly amorphous, with
+almost none of this second
+
+zone here, it's transparent
+to visible light.
+
+But now, let's think about
+what's going on here.
+
+Where I've got this chain,
+and then all of a
+
+sudden I get to this.
+
+All right?
+
+So this is clear
+and colorless.
+
+Right?
+
+It's a high band gap material.
+
+There's no free electrons.
+
+It's going to be transparent
+to invisible light.
+
+So this is transparent to
+visible light all along.
+
+But can you see that because I
+have this zone of ordering,
+
+the density of matter here is
+different, and so therefore,
+
+when a photon comes in, the
+index of refraction--
+
+now, you know, this is one
+of those days where n is
+
+going to come up.
+
+So here n is the polymerization
+index.
+
+Here it's index of refraction.
+
+So maybe we'll use a
+different color.
+
+How about that.
+
+All right?
+
+So the green n is index
+of refraction.
+
+So the index of refraction
+in the amorphous zone, is
+
+different from the index of
+refraction in the partially
+
+crystalline zone.
+
+So index of refraction varies
+from zone to zone.
+
+Even though each zone is clear
+and colorless, can you see
+
+that this boundary between the
+ordered and in the disordered
+
+zone acts like an interface?
+
+And what happens when you have
+an interface with a different
+
+index of refraction?
+
+It scatters light.
+
+And as a result, the milk
+jugs, they appear white.
+
+You can't see through them,
+even though they're
+
+constituted of the same
+continuous material.
+
+But there's these density
+fluctuations, because this is
+
+a higher density than this.
+
+So you can rationalize
+all of this stuff.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is what we would
+call partial
+
+crystallization in this zone.
+
+And that gives rise
+to the changes.
+
+Now, how would we distinguish
+these?
+
+What technique would I use to
+see if I've got order in this
+
+polymer, that I don't
+know anything about?
+
+How do I interrogate
+atomic order?
+
+What technique would I use?
+
+X-ray defraction.
+
+Thank you.
+
+Back to the slides,
+please, David.
+
+I'll find you the piece.
+
+This is called polyethylene,
+but remember last day, the
+
+IUPAC notation for this
+is ethyne, so
+
+this becomes polythene.
+
+And in the UK, it's known as
+polythene, and there's a
+
+Beatles song, Polythene Pam.
+
+The only reason--
+
+I put up here for two reasons.
+
+One is, it has something
+to do with polymers.
+
+At least they knew something
+about polymers.
+
+It's apparently, they must have
+been in a drug haze at
+
+this period in their careers.
+
+This is absolutely terrible.
+
+Some of your parents probably
+adore the Beatles.
+
+If you want to provoke a
+conversation at Thanksgiving,
+
+pull out this one and ask them
+to talk about the lyrics here.
+
+But this is just garbage.
+
+This is garbage!
+
+This should be trash bag,
+is what it should be.
+
+But evidently, this woman used
+to show up at parties dressed
+
+only in a polythene bag,
+a see-through polythene
+
+bag, I might add.
+
+So this is a paean to her.
+
+Anyways, it's bad.
+
+Yeah, yeah, yeah.
+
+Anyway.
+
+So here we are.
+
+This indicates chrystalline
+polyethylene.
+
+Here you can see
+the C2H4 unit.
+
+And it's attempting to try to
+occupy, as these beads line up
+
+here, they're trying to
+set up a faux lattice.
+
+And this is what
+you might see.
+
+And towards the end of the
+lecture, I'll show you a
+
+transmission electron micrograph
+where you can see
+
+this by dying it with
+different colors.
+
+OK.
+
+So now here's some
+x-ray defraction.
+
+So this is crystalline, where
+they zoomed in on one of these
+
+zones, and they've just
+gotten the defraction
+
+pattern from that zone.
+
+And you see Bragg peaks.
+
+And then this is in the
+amorphous region.
+
+it's not featureless.
+
+There's one broad peak.
+
+Why one broad peak?
+
+Because even though there's no
+long-range order, you have
+
+short-range order.
+
+You know that you've got a
+carbon on either side, you've
+
+got hydrogens and so on.
+
+So that short range order gives
+you the broad peak.
+
+But look at C here.
+
+Isn't this interesting?
+
+That if you have a polymer that
+has both some order and a
+
+lot of disorder, if you take the
+x-ray defraction pattern
+
+more broadly, more globally, you
+get the additive spectrum.
+
+So you can see that this is
+amorphous, but there are some
+
+zones of crystallinity.
+
+And that's the additivity power
+of x-ray defraction that
+
+allows us to interrogate.
+
+So now let's talk in a little
+more fine structure about
+
+molecular architecture.
+
+So tailoring molecular
+architecture.
+
+And why are we doing this?
+
+Because we want to engineer
+these materials for desirable
+
+properties.
+
+Like CD cases that break after
+about one or two uses, OK?
+
+Of polymers.
+
+Actually, there's probably a
+business opportunity there.
+
+You start a company where
+you make jewel cases
+
+that actually work.
+
+People might be willing to pay,
+you know, a penny more
+
+for something that works.
+
+All right.
+
+So how do we change this?
+
+What I'm going to show is a
+whole bunch of cartoons of
+
+architecture.
+
+But how do we control this?
+
+It's processing.
+
+It's processing.
+
+Processing and in the
+synthesis algorithm.
+
+I'm assuming I already have
+polyethylene, so how am I
+
+going to tailor it?
+
+It's in the processing.
+
+And so what I can do, is
+I've got a number of
+
+levers I can move.
+
+One is the composition of the
+polymer, and the second one
+
+is, I can use catalysis.
+
+I already hinted at that last
+day in talking about gasoline.
+
+How do you start with petroleum
+and get octane and
+
+not heptane and so on?
+
+By playing with cataylsis, we
+can direct certain forms. You
+
+can actually preferably
+synthesize a certain
+
+architecture by using
+catalysts.
+
+So let's look at these
+variables.
+
+First one is composition,
+obviously.
+
+If you change the composition
+of something, you can very
+
+much expect to change
+its properties.
+
+So what do we have here?
+
+We can--
+
+here's a simple example
+I can start here with.
+
+This is ethylene.
+
+Or I can put a chlorine
+here, so this now
+
+becomes chloride, right?
+
+This will become, what's the
+radical, is vinyl, so this is
+
+vinyl chloride.
+
+So if I polymerize this, this
+becomes polyethylene.
+
+If I polymerize this,
+this becomes
+
+polyvinyl chloride, PVC.
+
+Which is why you heard the
+fellows from Blue Man Group at
+
+the beginning banging on PVC
+tubing to make their music.
+
+All right.
+
+So I use a pure, in other
+words, only one mer.
+
+It's pure polyethylene.
+
+This it's called
+a homopolymer.
+
+Only one mer type in use.
+
+If I want to make the polymer
+analogy of an alloy--
+
+in ally metals, alloy has more
+than one metal mixed in, or a
+
+metal can even have nonmetals
+mixed in.
+
+Then the polymer term
+is called copolymer.
+
+I'll call this a copolymer.
+
+And a copolymer has greater
+than one mer type.
+
+So for example here, this could
+just be polyethylene.
+
+Whereas here, an example would
+be polyethylene, and then the
+
+notation is hyphen lowercase c
+hyphen, which is an indication
+
+of the fact that you're
+making a copolymer.
+
+And this copolymer has mer units
+of ethylene, and mer
+
+units of vinyl chloride.
+
+So this is a copolymer
+of polyethylene
+
+and polyvinyl chloride.
+
+And then we can start looking
+at the various ways of
+
+arranging these.
+
+So we can start with, for
+example, we can have a
+
+sequence of random mer types.
+
+So as you're going down the
+chain, you get either an
+
+ethylene, or a vinyl chloride.
+
+So this is called a random
+copolymer, and it's designated
+
+polyethylene-r-polyvinyl
+chloride.
+
+And actually, I think I've got
+a cartoon showing this.
+
+Yeah.
+
+So A and B are different
+mer types.
+
+And so a random copolymer
+just has A, B, B,
+
+A, A, A, B, A, whatever.
+
+And this is controlled in
+the synthesis process.
+
+So I can take the same mix of
+A and B, in other words, the
+
+same two mer types,
+but mix them in
+
+an alternating sequence.
+
+So they're very regular.
+
+It's 1 mer of ethylene, and
+then one mer of vinyl
+
+chloride, alternating all the
+way down the backbone.
+
+So this gives you a regular
+copolymer, and it's designated
+
+A for alternating,
+because we've
+
+already used R for random.
+
+So instead of a sequence of
+random, we have a sequence of
+
+alternating mer types.
+
+So that would be, in this case,
+
+polyethylene alternating PVC.
+
+So that's two of them.
+
+And then you see the block
+copolymer shown.
+
+And in that case, the
+mers grouped into--
+
+they call them blocks, even
+though it's a line.
+
+You know, maybe it's like
+walking down the street.
+
+I've walked down one block.
+
+So this is one block, and then
+there's the next block.
+
+They're grouped into blocks.
+
+So in that case, we have the
+block copolymer, lowercase b,
+
+and then PVC.
+
+And what you see
+there is a run.
+
+A run of--
+
+So all of the A's are
+grouped, and then we
+
+have all of the B's.
+
+And this is actually an artist's
+misconception.
+
+In point of fact, most block
+copolymers that you find, this
+
+is the stuff they use for
+the soles of your
+
+sneakers and so on.
+
+They're block copolymers.
+
+They're usually just
+a diblock.
+
+There's usually just two
+different mer types.
+
+One half of the macromolecule
+is one mer type, the other
+
+half of the macromolecule
+is the other mer type.
+
+Sometimes you might find a
+triblock, where you might find
+
+block A, block B, and then
+another block A.
+
+But this is a pentablock and
+he's even got ellipses here as
+
+though this thing keeps going.
+
+There's no commercial product
+that looks like that.
+
+It's usually a diblock,
+occasionally a triblock.
+
+OK?
+
+And then the last thing you can
+do, as is shown up here,
+
+is what is known as the graft.
+
+And in the graft, the thing that
+distinguishes the graft
+
+is mers grouped into blocks.
+
+In this case, a long side
+chain of other mer.
+
+So that's different from side
+group that we saw last day.
+
+These are long macromolecular
+chains.
+
+So you see here the primary
+backbone is A, and then you
+
+have this very, very long
+macromolecular chain of B.
+
+And this is called the
+graft copolymer.
+
+So that would be polyethylene,
+could be the backbone, and
+
+then long side chains of
+polyvinyl chloride.
+
+And all of these have their
+different architectures.
+
+And I think I have an
+example here of one.
+
+This one, I think I mentioned
+last day, when we were looking
+
+at the butadiene.
+
+So this is hard-sided luggage.
+
+And if you go to grandma's
+house, and she hasn't gotten
+
+into the digital age, and isn't
+an old hipster with a
+
+cell phone, she's still got
+the old hard plastic
+
+telephone, it's made
+of this stuff.
+
+ABS, which is acrylonitrile
+butadiene styrene.
+
+And the backbone is butadiene,
+and then you have--
+
+OK, so here's the backbone.
+
+It's long butadiene, which
+we saw last day.
+
+And then you've got side
+chains of two types.
+
+And this is just indicating
+A, A, but this is a
+
+macromolecule.
+
+This might be 3,000 units long,
+whereas this is 10,000
+
+units long.
+
+And this might be 2,000
+units long.
+
+So you have side chains of
+acrylonitrile and side chains
+
+of polystyrene.
+
+And that's the hard plastic.
+
+It's coming back, because
+people want luggage that
+
+doesn't destroy their
+contents anymore.
+
+So that's coming back.
+
+OK.
+
+So this is what we can do
+in terms of composition.
+
+Let's look at, also, the
+side group arrangement.
+
+And this is called tacticity.
+
+Tacticity, which is the
+equivalent of what we saw last
+
+day as stereo isomerism.
+
+Remember, I showed you the cis
+and trans on the butadiene.
+
+On the cis, you've got, in one
+case, you've got whatever the
+
+functional group is.
+
+I'm going to put A, A, B, B.
+
+And then so this is the cis
+version, or I can do a trans
+
+version, which is instead,
+I'll put in A up here
+
+and an A down here.
+
+I'll put a B up here
+and a B down here.
+
+So this is a trans version.
+
+So imagine the analogy
+for polymers.
+
+So let's look at that.
+
+It's easier to see it, and then
+we can just document it.
+
+So here's three different
+polymers, all right?
+
+So I'm going to start
+with the lowest one.
+
+This is called isotactic,
+because this is vinylchloride.
+
+There's vinyl chloride
+by itself.
+
+There's the vinyl radical
+from ethylene.
+
+And then we tack on chlorine.
+
+And now when we polymerize,
+we're going to break this
+
+double bond in order to link
+this carbon to the neighbor.
+
+So now the backbone only has
+single bonds, right?
+
+You start with the double bonded
+precursor, and now
+
+you've got this chain
+of single bonds.
+
+Right?
+
+But look at the chlorine.
+
+The chlorine could either be
+below, or it could be above.
+
+Well, in this case,
+the chlorine is
+
+always below the chain.
+
+So this is called isotactic
+polyvinyl chloride.
+
+Now this one, you know, they're
+trying to mix two
+
+things at once.
+
+I would have shown this
+with vinyl chloride in
+
+all three, but OK.
+
+So imagine now, in this case
+it's syndiotactic.
+
+This happens to be polystyrene,
+because this is
+
+vinyl benzine, or what's
+the other way to
+
+call it, phenyl ethylene.
+
+You can have either way.
+
+All right?
+
+So you can say you're putting a
+phenyl group onto vinyl, or
+
+you're putting onto the
+ethylene, or vice versa.
+
+But the radical, this thing here
+is called styrene, and
+
+we're going to break that double
+bond and away we go.
+
+So this is the benzine ring, and
+it alternates from above
+
+the chain to below the chain.
+
+Above the chain to
+below the chain.
+
+So in this, this is called
+syndiotactic.
+
+And the top one is a
+polypropylene, so you start
+
+with propylene, that has
+the double bond here.
+
+It's got three carbons and the
+methyl group coming out, and
+
+so you break that double bond
+and make the chain.
+
+And it seems to be on a random
+basis where that
+
+methyl group appears.
+
+Sometimes above the chain,
+sometimes below the chain.
+
+So those are three different
+ways of arranging, so three
+
+different tacticities.
+
+So we've got isotactic, we've
+got syndiotactic, and we've
+
+got atactic.
+
+So the way to remember them,
+isotactic obviously means,
+
+everything's on the same side.
+
+And when I'm talking about the
+same side, what is it?
+
+Same side of the backbone.
+
+And we're talking about
+the position of
+
+functional groups, right?
+
+That's what this is all about.
+
+The positioning of functional
+groups.
+
+In other words, a methyl, or a
+benzine, or what have you.
+
+So same side of backbone.
+
+Atactic is random, and then by
+elimination, this one must
+
+mean alternating,
+above and below.
+
+On opposite sides
+of the chain.
+
+And these have different
+propensities for
+
+crystallization.
+
+Which of these three--
+
+imagine that all three of them
+were polyvinyl chloride.
+
+Which of the three, atactic,
+syndiotactic, isotactic, would
+
+be most favorable from the
+standpoint of partial
+
+crystallization, to loop
+back and forth?
+
+The one that's most regular,
+so the isotactic one has.
+
+OK.
+
+Third one.
+
+Third one is the backbone
+configuration.
+
+This is the configuration of
+the main chain, all right?
+
+And this is called
+conformality.
+
+You see, they have different
+words for everything that came
+
+from a different heritage.
+
+So to me, it answers
+the question, how
+
+distended is the chain?
+
+And we saw this last day, when
+we looked at what happens when
+
+we start with something like
+this, where we have staggered
+
+or eclipsed, remember,
+orientation of
+
+the hydrogens here.
+
+In the case of staggered,
+we get the lower.
+
+Both of these are straight
+chains, because if you start
+
+at one end, you move
+monotonically all the way down
+
+the chain to the other end.
+
+There's no branching here.
+
+But one of them, the lower one,
+has staggering of that
+
+carbon-carbon bond, with
+the result, things
+
+form this giant loop.
+
+So in polymers, imagine this,
+instead of being 36 units
+
+long, imagine it being
+3,600 units long.
+
+So now you can have
+things to do this.
+
+You can even take a little
+break here and
+
+crystallize and so on.
+
+So how do I distinguish that
+from something that does this?
+
+So how distended is the chain?
+
+This one here is as distended
+as it can be, and others can
+
+be much more coiled.
+
+So this one is called
+linear chain.
+
+This is branch chain.
+
+Now, this is not graft.
+
+Don't confuse this with
+the graft copolymer.
+
+Graft copolymer means, I have
+one mer down the backbone, and
+
+a second mer off to the side.
+
+That's a graft copolymer.
+
+This is a homopolymer.
+
+A homopolymer that has
+different branches.
+
+So all of these, let's put
+this here to remind us.
+
+These are homopolymer
+cartoons.
+
+Homopolymers that haven't
+changed anything.
+
+So this is something
+that actually
+
+has different branches.
+
+So this is branched chain,
+branch chain architecture.
+
+Good.
+
+So which one of these is going
+to be harder to crystallize.
+
+Which one is-- well, obviously,
+I've given it away,
+
+I put that little piece of
+crystallinity in there.
+
+Can you see that when these two
+solidify, that the one on
+
+the right, because it's got
+these branched chains with the
+
+covalent bonds sticking out.
+
+It's not going to
+pack as well.
+
+And if it doesn't pack as well,
+it's going to have a
+
+higher free volume.
+
+If it's got a higher free
+volume, it's got a higher
+
+degree of disorder.
+
+So the branched chains
+have a greater
+
+propensity for disorder.
+
+So let's put that down.
+
+Branched chain, harder
+to crystallize.
+
+And crystallize, it's not a
+giant crystal or polycrystal.
+
+We're talking about the degree
+to which we can get that
+
+amount of ordering.
+
+And then the last one I want to
+show you is, here's three
+
+different chains.
+
+1, 2, and 3.
+
+And what we're going to do is
+we're going to cross-link.
+
+We're going to form bridges.
+
+These are covalent bridges.
+
+These are not hydrogen bonds.
+
+These are not weak van
+der Walls bonds.
+
+These are strong covalent bonds,
+all the way along here,
+
+linking backbone to backbone.
+
+So this is cross-linked.
+
+And what do you think the
+mechanical properties of this
+
+are going to be?
+
+If I want extend this, like
+stretch and seal, I can pull
+
+chain number three relative to
+chain number one quite easily,
+
+until this covalent bond has
+bent over as far as it can,
+
+and then what happens?
+
+I can't pull it anymore.
+
+And what happens when
+I let it go?
+
+It springs back.
+
+So this imparts elasticity.
+
+This makes the polymer
+rubbery.
+
+Cross-linked polymers
+are rubbery.
+
+But you know, the polymer
+people, they
+
+want elevated words.
+
+If you say to a polymer person,
+oh, so you've made a
+
+rubber, they cringe.
+
+They want to have
+a fancy word.
+
+They call this an elastimer.
+
+It's got the word mer in it,
+so they're happy, and it's
+
+elastic, so it's an elastimer.
+
+Rubbery.
+
+So how are we going to make
+these cross-links?
+
+What are we going to have to
+look for as an architectural
+
+feature to make cross-links?
+
+We look at the backbone.
+
+If we've got a backbone going
+like this, all these
+
+carbon-carbon bonds, and
+down here I've got
+
+carbon-carbon bonds.
+
+If I break one of these bonds
+in order to go up in this
+
+direction, I've broken
+the chain.
+
+So how am I going to have the
+bonding capability to form a
+
+covalent bridge between chains
+without breaking the very
+
+chain I'm trying to link?
+
+What feature am I going to have
+to have in the chain?
+
+I need, after polymerization,
+to still
+
+have some double bonds.
+
+And if I've got still double
+bonds in the backbone after
+
+polymerization--
+
+and now would I do that?
+
+I have to have a double bond to
+break in the first place.
+
+So what would happen if I
+started with a unit that had
+
+two double bonds in it?
+
+That way, I give up one double
+bond in order to make the
+
+chain, and I still have
+a second double bond.
+
+That's why the rubber
+has butadiene.
+
+The diene has two double bonds,
+after polymerization,
+
+still has one double bond, and
+now what I can do is break
+
+this double bond and this double
+bond, and link them.
+
+But if I link them,
+they're going to
+
+be too close together.
+
+They're going to be
+scrunched in.
+
+I want to have some
+play, here.
+
+I want to make this rubbery.
+
+So what do I do?
+
+I put a spacer in here.
+
+What do I use as a spacer?
+
+An atom.
+
+And what kind of an
+atom do I need?
+
+I need an atom that's capable
+of making one,
+
+two covalent bonds.
+
+What am I going to choose?
+
+What atom do you know likes
+to make linkages?
+
+How did we make silicate?
+
+What's the linker in silicate?
+
+Oxygen.
+
+You could use oxygen, but I want
+to make this thing even
+
+farther apart, and a little bit,
+you know, oxygen's small
+
+and it's got too
+much strength.
+
+If I want to make it weaker,
+but something that behaved
+
+like oxygen, sulfur, I'd
+go down one row in
+
+the periodic table.
+
+So I'd put a sulfur in here.
+
+And if I wanted to do a really
+good job, I'll put a sulfur
+
+here, since I got a double bond
+from both sides, I'll put
+
+two sulfurs, and make a
+disulfide linkage, and now
+
+I've got the making of rubber.
+
+Disulfide linkage.
+
+And again, the feature, I have
+to start with the backbone
+
+that has a covalent
+bond at the end.
+
+OK.
+
+Well, let me tell you a little
+bit about the birth of rubber.
+
+It started here in
+Massachusetts.
+
+It started just across the
+river, in Roxbury.
+
+Nathaniel Hayward discovered
+that rubber treated with
+
+sulfur was not sticky.
+
+If you take natural rubber--
+
+you ever work with
+natural rubber?
+
+It's very sticky.
+
+You can't do anything with it.
+
+And Hayward reasoned that by
+playing with the sulfur, he
+
+could-- he didn't understand
+the molecular architecture.
+
+But he learned that by playing
+with sulfur, and introducing
+
+sulfur to the rubber, he lost
+the stickiness and he got an
+
+enhanced elasticity.
+
+So Charles Goodyear came to
+Boston from Ohio to meet with
+
+Hayward, and he learned about
+disulfide linkage and so on.
+
+Took the idea back to Ohio.
+
+And one day in the laboratory,
+he was trying to prepare a
+
+batch of sulfonated rubber.
+
+And it was a laboratory
+accident.
+
+He knocked over the vessel
+containing this sulfonated
+
+rubber, and it landed
+on a hot stove.
+
+Things were powered by fire.
+
+Landed on a hot stove, and then
+by heating it, he gave
+
+birth to the process
+of vulcanization.
+
+And hence was born the American
+rubber tire industry,
+
+by that accident, starting with
+the trip to Roxbury to
+
+learn about this.
+
+And you could have done it all
+with what you learned today.
+
+You're just about 150
+years too late.
+
+OK.
+
+I will see you on Friday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VPZD_aij8H0.txt b/VPZD_aij8H0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..343f52160f407c9e41a833180322480e81e6d715
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VPZD_aij8H0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15459 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the course you're currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the course you're currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the course you're currently
+sitting in is 18 650 and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in is 18 650 and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting in is 18 650 and it's called
+fundamentals of statistics and until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals of statistics and until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals of statistics and until
+last spring it was still called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last spring it was still called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last spring it was still called
+statistics for applications and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for applications and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for applications and it
+turned out that really based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out that really based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out that really based on the
+content fundamentals of statistics was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content fundamentals of statistics was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content fundamentals of statistics was a
+more appropriate title so I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate title so I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate title so I'll tell you
+a little bit about what we're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about what we're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit about what we're gonna be
+covering in class what this class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering in class what this class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering in class what this class is
+about what it's not about there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it's not about there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what it's not about there's
+several like I realize there's several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several like I realize there's several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several like I realize there's several
+offerings and statistics on campus so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings and statistics on campus so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offerings and statistics on campus so I
+want to make sure that you've chosen the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you've chosen the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that you've chosen the
+right one I also and I also understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one I also and I also understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right one I also and I also understand
+that for some of you it's a matter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some of you it's a matter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for some of you it's a matter of
+scheduling I need to actually throw out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling I need to actually throw out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheduling I need to actually throw out
+a disclaimer I tend to speak too fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disclaimer I tend to speak too fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a disclaimer I tend to speak too fast
+I'm aware of that you know someone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm aware of that you know someone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm aware of that you know someone in
+the back just do it like that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back just do it like that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back just do it like that when you
+have no idea what I'm saying hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what I'm saying hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea what I'm saying hopefully
+will repeat myself many times so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will repeat myself many times so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will repeat myself many times so if you
+average over time you will see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over time you will see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average over time you will see that
+statistics will tell you that you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics will tell you that you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics will tell you that you will
+get the right message that I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the right message that I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the right message that I was
+actually trying to stand to send alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to stand to send alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually trying to stand to send alright
+so what are the goals of this class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the goals of this class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are the goals of this class so
+the first one is basically to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is basically to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one is basically to give you
+an introduction no one here is expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction no one here is expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an introduction no one here is expected
+to have seen statistics before but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have seen statistics before but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have seen statistics before but as
+you will see you were expected to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see you were expected to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see you were expected to have
+seen probability and usually you do see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen probability and usually you do see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen probability and usually you do see
+some statistics in a probability course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistics in a probability course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some statistics in a probability course
+so I'm sure some of you have some ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sure some of you have some ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm sure some of you have some ideas
+but I won't expect anything and we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I won't expect anything and we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I won't expect anything and we'll be
+using mathematics right it's a math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using mathematics right it's a math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using mathematics right it's a math
+class so there's gonna be you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so there's gonna be you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so there's gonna be you know a
+bunch of equations not so much real data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of equations not so much real data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of equations not so much real data
+and you know statistical thinking we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know statistical thinking we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know statistical thinking we're
+gonna try to provide the article
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to provide the article
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna try to provide the article
+guarantee so if I have two estimators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee so if I have two estimators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee so if I have two estimators
+that are available for me how Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available for me how Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are available for me how Theory
+guides me to choose between the best of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guides me to choose between the best of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guides me to choose between the best of
+them how certain can I be of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how certain can I be of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how certain can I be of my
+guarantees or prediction it's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees or prediction it's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees or prediction it's one thing
+to just fit out a number another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just fit out a number another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just fit out a number another thing
+to put some error bars around so we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put some error bars around so we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put some error bars around so we'll
+see how to build error bars for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how to build error bars for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how to build error bars for example
+and you know you will have your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you will have your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know you will have your own
+applications and happy to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and happy to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications and happy to answer
+questions about specific applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about specific applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about specific applications
+but rather than trying to tailor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than trying to tailor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but rather than trying to tailor
+applications to an entire Institute I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to an entire Institute I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications to an entire Institute I
+think we're gonna work with pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're gonna work with pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we're gonna work with pretty
+standard applications mostly you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard applications mostly you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard applications mostly you know
+not very serious ones and hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very serious ones and hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not very serious ones and hopefully
+you'll be able to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to take
+the main principles back with you and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main principles back with you and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main principles back with you and
+apply them to your particular problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply them to your particular problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply them to your particular problem so
+what I'm hoping that you will get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm hoping that you will get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm hoping that you will get out of
+this class is that when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class is that when you have a
+real-life situation and by real-life I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-life situation and by real-life I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-life situation and by real-life I
+mean mostly at MIT so some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mostly at MIT so some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mostly at MIT so some people
+probably would not call that real-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would not call that real-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably would not call that real-life
+the goal is to formulate sickled problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to formulate sickled problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the goal is to formulate sickled problem
+in mathematical terms if I want to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematical terms if I want to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mathematical terms if I want to say
+is a drug effective that's not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a drug effective that's not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a drug effective that's not in
+mathematical terms I have to find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical terms I have to find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical terms I have to find out
+which measure I want to have to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which measure I want to have to call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which measure I want to have to call it
+effective I want to maybe it's over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective I want to maybe it's over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective I want to maybe it's over a
+certain period of time maybe it's over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period of time maybe it's over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain period of time maybe it's over
+so there's a lot of things that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of things that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a lot of things that you
+actually need and I'm not really going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need and I'm not really going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually need and I'm not really going
+to tell you how to go from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you how to go from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you how to go from the
+application to the point you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to the point you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application to the point you need to be
+but I will certainly describe to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will certainly describe to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I will certainly describe to you
+what point at what point you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what point at what point you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what point at what point you need to be
+at if you want to start applying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if you want to start applying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at if you want to start applying this
+ago methodology then once you understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago methodology then once you understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago methodology then once you understand
+what kind of question you want to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of question you want to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of question you want to answer
+you all want to yes/no answer do I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all want to yes/no answer do I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you all want to yes/no answer do I want
+a number do I want error bars don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number do I want error bars don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number do I want error bars don't want
+to make predictions five years in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions five years in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make predictions five years in the
+future do I have sight information or do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future do I have sight information or do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future do I have sight information or do
+I not have sight information all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not have sight information all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I not have sight information all these
+things based on that hopefully you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things based on that hopefully you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things based on that hopefully you will
+have a catalog of statistical methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a catalog of statistical methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a catalog of statistical methods
+that you're going to be able to use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be able to use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to be able to use and
+and and and you know apply in the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and you know apply in the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and you know apply in the wall
+and also you know not no statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you know not no statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also you know not no statistical
+method is perfect some of them of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is perfect some of them of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is perfect some of them of people
+have agreed upon over the years and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have agreed upon over the years and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have agreed upon over the years and
+people understand that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people understand that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people understand that this is the
+standard but you I want you to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard but you I want you to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard but you I want you to be able
+to understand what the limitations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what the limitations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what the limitations are
+and when you make conclusions based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you make conclusions based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you make conclusions based on
+data that those conclusions might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that those conclusions might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that those conclusions might be
+erroneous for example all right more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erroneous for example all right more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+erroneous for example all right more
+practically my goal here is to have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically my goal here is to have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practically my goal here is to have you
+ready so who has taken for example a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready so who has taken for example a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready so who has taken for example a
+machine learning class here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning class here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine learning class here
+all right so many of you actually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so many of you actually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so many of you actually is
+maybe a third I've taken a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a third I've taken a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe a third I've taken a machine
+learning class the goal here will be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning class the goal here will be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning class the goal here will be to
+take you so statistics has somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you so statistics has somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take you so statistics has somewhat
+evolved into machine learning in recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved into machine learning in recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolved into machine learning in recent
+years and my goal is to take you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and my goal is to take you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and my goal is to take you there
+so machine learning has a strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so machine learning has a strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so machine learning has a strong
+algorithmic component so maybe some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic component so maybe some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic component so maybe some of
+you have taken a machine learning class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have taken a machine learning class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have taken a machine learning class
+that displays mostly the algorithmic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that displays mostly the algorithmic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that displays mostly the algorithmic
+component but there's also a statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component but there's also a statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component but there's also a statistical
+component right the machine learns from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right the machine learns from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component right the machine learns from
+data and hopefully so this statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and hopefully so this statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and hopefully so this statistical
+track and there's some statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and there's some statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track and there's some statistical
+learning which are statistical machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which are statistical machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning which are statistical machine
+learning classes that you can take here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning classes that you can take here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning classes that you can take here
+so they're offered at the graduate level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're offered at the graduate level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're offered at the graduate level
+I believe but once you take those class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe but once you take those class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I believe but once you take those class
+I want you to be ready to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to be ready to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to be ready to be able to
+take those classes having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those classes having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take those classes having the
+statistical fundamentals to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical fundamentals to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical fundamentals to understand
+what you're doing and then you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and then you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you're doing and then you're gonna
+be able to you know expand to broader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to you know expand to broader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to you know expand to broader
+and more sophisticated methods so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more sophisticated methods so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more sophisticated methods so
+lectures are here from 11:00 to 12:00
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are here from 11:00 to 12:00
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures are here from 11:00 to 12:00
+30s on Tuesday and Thursday Victor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s on Tuesday and Thursday Victor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30s on Tuesday and Thursday Victor
+Emmanuel will also be an Anakin column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emmanuel will also be an Anakin column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emmanuel will also be an Anakin column
+vector will also be holding mandatory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector will also be holding mandatory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector will also be holding mandatory
+recitation so please go on stellar and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation so please go on stellar and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitation so please go on stellar and
+take your recitation it's either 3 to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your recitation it's either 3 to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your recitation it's either 3 to 4
+or 4 to 5 on Wednesdays and it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 4 to 5 on Wednesdays and it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 4 to 5 on Wednesdays and it's gonna
+be mostly focused on problem solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mostly focused on problem solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mostly focused on problem solving
+they're mandatory in the sense that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mandatory in the sense that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mandatory in the sense that well
+we we have we're allowed to do this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have we're allowed to do this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we have we're allowed to do this but
+I don't they're not gonna cover entirely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't they're not gonna cover entirely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't they're not gonna cover entirely
+new material but they might cover some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new material but they might cover some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new material but they might cover some
+you know techniques that might save you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know techniques that might save you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know techniques that might save you
+some time when it comes to the exam so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time when it comes to the exam so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time when it comes to the exam so
+you know you might get by so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might get by so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might get by so you know
+attendance is not gonna be taken or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance is not gonna be taken or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attendance is not gonna be taken or
+anything like this but I highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like this but I highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like this but I highly
+recommend that you go because well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that you go because well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend that you go because well
+they're mandatory so you cannot really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mandatory so you cannot really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mandatory so you cannot really
+complain that something was taught only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain that something was taught only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complain that something was taught only
+in recitation so please register on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation so please register on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in recitation so please register on
+stellar for which of the two recitations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar for which of the two recitations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar for which of the two recitations
+you would like to be in there's their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to be in there's their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would like to be in there's their
+capped at 40 so first-come first-serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capped at 40 so first-come first-serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capped at 40 so first-come first-serve
+so homework will be due weekly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so homework will be due weekly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so homework will be due weekly
+there's a total of 11 problem sets I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a total of 11 problem sets I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a total of 11 problem sets I
+realize this is a lot hopefully we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize this is a lot hopefully we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize this is a lot hopefully we'll
+keep them light I just want you to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them light I just want you to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep them light I just want you to you
+know not Russ too much the ten best will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not Russ too much the ten best will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know not Russ too much the ten best will
+be kept and this will come for a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kept and this will come for a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kept and this will come for a total
+of thirty percent of the final grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thirty percent of the final grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thirty percent of the final grade
+they were due Mondays at 8:00 p.m. on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were due Mondays at 8:00 p.m. on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were due Mondays at 8:00 p.m. on
+stellar and so this is a new thing I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar and so this is a new thing I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar and so this is a new thing I'm
+not we're not gonna use the boxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we're not gonna use the boxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not we're not gonna use the boxes
+outside of the math department we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the math department we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the math department we're
+gonna use only PDF files so well you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use only PDF files so well you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna use only PDF files so well you're
+always welcome to type them and practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always welcome to type them and practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always welcome to type them and practice
+your lay tech or word typing I also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lay tech or word typing I also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lay tech or word typing I also
+understand that this can be a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that this can be a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that this can be a bit of a
+strain so just you know write them down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain so just you know write them down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strain so just you know write them down
+on a piece of paper use your iPhone and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a piece of paper use your iPhone and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a piece of paper use your iPhone and
+take a picture of it Dropbox has a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture of it Dropbox has a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture of it Dropbox has a nice
+new so try to find something that puts a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so try to find something that puts a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new so try to find something that puts a
+lot of contrast if you especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of contrast if you especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of contrast if you especially if you
+use pencil because we're gonna check if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pencil because we're gonna check if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pencil because we're gonna check if
+they're edible readable and this is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're edible readable and this is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're edible readable and this is your
+responsibility to have a readable file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to have a readable file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to have a readable file
+in particular so I've had over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular so I've had over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular so I've had over the years
+not at MIT I must admit but I've had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at MIT I must admit but I've had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at MIT I must admit but I've had
+students who actually write a doc file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who actually write a doc file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who actually write a doc file
+and think that converting into a PDF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think that converting into a PDF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and think that converting into a PDF
+consistent erasing the extension do see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent erasing the extension do see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent erasing the extension do see
+and replacing it by PDF this is not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and replacing it by PDF this is not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and replacing it by PDF this is not how
+it works and so I'm sure you will figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and so I'm sure you will figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it works and so I'm sure you will figure
+it out please try to keep them letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out please try to keep them letter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out please try to keep them letter
+size this is not a strict requirement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size this is not a strict requirement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size this is not a strict requirement
+but I don't want to see thumbnails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want to see thumbnails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't want to see thumbnails
+either you were allowed to have too late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you were allowed to have too late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either you were allowed to have too late
+homeworks and by late I mean 24 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks and by late I mean 24 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeworks and by late I mean 24 hours
+late okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late okay
+no questions asked you submit them this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions asked you submit them this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no questions asked you submit them this
+will be counted you don't have to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be counted you don't have to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be counted you don't have to send
+an email awarness or anything like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email awarness or anything like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email awarness or anything like this
+beyond that it's going to be given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that it's going to be given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond that it's going to be given that
+you have one slack for one zero grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one slack for one zero grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have one slack for one zero grade
+and it's like four too late homeworks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like four too late homeworks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's like four too late homeworks
+you're gonna have to come up with very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to come up with very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to come up with very
+good explanation why you need actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good explanation why you need actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good explanation why you need actually
+more extensions than that if you ever do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more extensions than that if you ever do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more extensions than that if you ever do
+and particularly you're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly you're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and particularly you're gonna have to
+keep track about why you've used your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track about why you've used your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track about why you've used your
+three options before there's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three options before there's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three options before there's gonna be
+two midterms one is October 3rd and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two midterms one is October 3rd and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two midterms one is October 3rd and one
+is November 7 they're both gonna be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is November 7 they're both gonna be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is November 7 they're both gonna be in
+class for a duration of the lecture when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for a duration of the lecture when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class for a duration of the lecture when
+I say they last for an hour and 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say they last for an hour and 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say they last for an hour and 20
+minutes it does not mean that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it does not mean that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it does not mean that if you
+arrive 10 minutes before the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive 10 minutes before the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrive 10 minutes before the end of
+lecture you still get an hour in 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you still get an hour in 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you still get an hour in 20
+minutes it will end at the lecture at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it will end at the lecture at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes it will end at the lecture at
+the end of lecture time for this as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of lecture time for this as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of lecture time for this as well
+no pressure only the best of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pressure only the best of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no pressure only the best of the two
+will be kept and this will describe will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be kept and this will describe will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be kept and this will describe will
+count for 30% of the grade this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for 30% of the grade this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for 30% of the grade this will be
+closed books and closed notes so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed books and closed notes so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed books and closed notes so the
+purpose is for YouTube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is for YouTube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose is for YouTube
+yes to I say the best of the two will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to I say the best of the two will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes to I say the best of the two will be
+kept yes the best of the two are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept yes the best of the two are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept yes the best of the two are not the
+best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will add them multiply the number by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will add them multiply the number by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will add them multiply the number by
+nine and that will be your girl no so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and that will be your girl no so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine and that will be your girl no so I
+am trying to be nice there's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am trying to be nice there's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am trying to be nice there's just a
+limit to what I can do all right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to what I can do all right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit to what I can do all right so this
+will be the goal is for you to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the goal is for you to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be the goal is for you to learn
+things and to be familiar with them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and to be familiar with them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and to be familiar with them in
+the in the final you will be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the final you will be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the final you will be allowed to
+have your notes with you but I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your notes with you but I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your notes with you but I want you
+the midterms are also way for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midterms are also way for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the midterms are also way for you to
+develop some mechanism so that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some mechanism so that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop some mechanism so that you don't
+actually waste too much time on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually waste too much time on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually waste too much time on things
+that you should be able to do without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be able to do without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should be able to do without
+thinking too much you will be allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking too much you will be allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking too much you will be allowed to
+cheat sheets because well you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat sheets because well you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat sheets because well you know you
+can always forget something and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always forget something and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can always forget something and you will
+there will be two sided letters sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be two sided letters sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be two sided letters sheet
+and you can extract asyou self as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can extract asyou self as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can extract asyou self as
+writing as small as you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as small as you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing as small as you want
+and you can put whatever you want on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can put whatever you want on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can put whatever you want on
+this teacher all right the final will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this teacher all right the final will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this teacher all right the final will be
+decided by the register it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided by the register it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided by the register it's gonna be
+three hours and it's going to account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours and it's going to account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three hours and it's going to account
+for 40% you can now bring books but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 40% you can now bring books but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 40% you can now bring books but you
+can bring your nose yes they're not oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring your nose yes they're not oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bring your nose yes they're not oh
+yeah there's a one that's missing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a one that's missing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's a one that's missing on
+both of them is in there yeah let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them is in there yeah let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them is in there yeah let's
+figure that out the syllabus is the true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out the syllabus is the true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out the syllabus is the true
+one the slides are so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the slides are so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one the slides are so that we can
+discuss but the ones that's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss but the ones that's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss but the ones that's on the
+syllabus is the one that cam and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus is the one that cam and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus is the one that cam and I think
+they're also posted on the calendar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also posted on the calendar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're also posted on the calendar
+around stellar as well any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around stellar as well any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around stellar as well any other
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the prereqs here and who has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the prereqs here and who has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the prereqs here and who has
+looked at the first problem set already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the first problem set already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the first problem set already
+okay so those hands that are raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those hands that are raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those hands that are raised
+realize that there's a true prerequisite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that there's a true prerequisite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize that there's a true prerequisite
+of probability for this class it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability for this class it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of probability for this class it can be
+at the level of 18 600 or 604 one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of 18 600 or 604 one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the level of 18 600 or 604 one I
+should say be now it's two classes I you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say be now it's two classes I you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say be now it's two classes I you
+know I will require you to know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I will require you to know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I will require you to know some
+calculus and have some notions of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and have some notions of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculus and have some notions of linear
+algebra such as what is a matrix what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra such as what is a matrix what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra such as what is a matrix what is
+a vector how do you multiply those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector how do you multiply those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector how do you multiply those
+things together some notion of what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together some notion of what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things together some notion of what our
+terminal vectors are and I'll remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal vectors are and I'll remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal vectors are and I'll remind you
+about so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so well
+about hygiene vectors and eigen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hygiene vectors and eigen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about hygiene vectors and eigen values
+but I remind you all of that so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I remind you all of that so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I remind you all of that so this is
+not the strict prereq but if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the strict prereq but if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the strict prereq but if you've
+taken it for example doesn't hurt to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken it for example doesn't hurt to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken it for example doesn't hurt to go
+back to your notes when we get closer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your notes when we get closer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your notes when we get closer to
+this chapter on principle component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chapter on principle component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chapter on principle component
+analysis and the chapters as they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and the chapters as they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and the chapters as they're
+listed in the syllabus are in order so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in the syllabus are in order so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in the syllabus are in order so
+you will see what it actually comes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see what it actually comes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will see what it actually comes so
+there's no required textbook and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no required textbook and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no required textbook and I know
+this is a bit of a I mean I know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit of a I mean I know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bit of a I mean I know you
+tend to not like that you like to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to not like that you like to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to not like that you like to have
+your textbook to know where you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook to know where you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook to know where you're going
+and what we're doing I'm sorry it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're doing I'm sorry it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're doing I'm sorry it's just
+this class either I would have to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class either I would have to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class either I would have to go to
+a mathematical statistics textbook which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical statistics textbook which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical statistics textbook which
+is just too much and or to go to a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just too much and or to go to a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just too much and or to go to a more
+you know engineering type statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know engineering type statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know engineering type statistics
+class which is just too little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is just too little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class which is just too little
+so hopefully the problems that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully the problems that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully the problems that will be
+enough for you to practice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for you to practice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough for you to practice the
+recitations will have some problems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations will have some problems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recitations will have some problems to
+solve as well and the material will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve as well and the material will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve as well and the material will be
+posted on the slides so you should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the slides so you should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the slides so you should have
+everything you need there's plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need there's plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need there's plenty of
+resources online if you want to expand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources online if you want to expand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources online if you want to expand
+on a particular topic or read it said by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular topic or read it said by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular topic or read it said by
+somebody else the book that I recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else the book that I recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody else the book that I recommend
+in the syllabus is this book called all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the syllabus is this book called all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the syllabus is this book called all
+of statistics by Wasserman mainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statistics by Wasserman mainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statistics by Wasserman mainly
+because of the title I'm guessing it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the title I'm guessing it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the title I'm guessing it has
+all of it in it it's it's pretty broad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it in it it's it's pretty broad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of it in it it's it's pretty broad
+there's actually not that many it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually not that many it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually not that many it's it's
+more of an intro grad level but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an intro grad level but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of an intro grad level but it's
+it's not very deep but you see a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very deep but you see a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very deep but you see a lot of
+the overview certainly what we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overview certainly what we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overview certainly what we're gonna
+cover will be a subset of what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover will be a subset of what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover will be a subset of what's in
+there so the slides will be posted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the slides will be posted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so the slides will be posted on
+Stella before lectures before we start a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stella before lectures before we start a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stella before lectures before we start a
+new chapter and after we're done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new chapter and after we're done with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new chapter and after we're done with
+the chapter with the annotations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter with the annotations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chapter with the annotations and
+also with typos corrected like for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with typos corrected like for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also with typos corrected like for the
+exam so there will be some video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so there will be some video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam so there will be some video
+lectures again the first one will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures again the first one will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures again the first one will be
+posted on OCW from last year but all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on OCW from last year but all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on OCW from last year but all of
+them will be available on stellar of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be available on stellar of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them will be available on stellar of
+course modulo technical problems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course modulo technical problems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course modulo technical problems but
+hopefully this is an automated system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this is an automated system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully this is an automated system
+and hopefully it won't work out well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully it won't work out well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully it won't work out well for
+us so if you somehow have to miss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so if you somehow have to miss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us so if you somehow have to miss a
+lecture you can always catch it up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you can always catch it up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture you can always catch it up by
+watching it you can also play it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it you can also play it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watching it you can also play it that
+speed point seven-five in case I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed point seven-five in case I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed point seven-five in case I end up
+speaking too fast but I think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking too fast but I think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking too fast but I think I've
+managed myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed myself
+all right so just last warning all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so just last warning all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so just last warning all right
+so why should you study statistics well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why should you study statistics well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why should you study statistics well
+if you read the news you will see a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read the news you will see a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read the news you will see a lot
+of statistics I mentioned machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statistics I mentioned machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of statistics I mentioned machine
+learning it's built on a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's built on a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning it's built on a lot of
+statistics statistics is now if I were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics statistics is now if I were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics statistics is now if I were
+to teach this class ten years ago I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach this class ten years ago I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to teach this class ten years ago I
+would have to explain to you that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to explain to you that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to explain to you that you
+know data collection and making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know data collection and making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know data collection and making
+decisions based on data was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions based on data was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions based on data was something
+that made sense but now it's almost you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made sense but now it's almost you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that made sense but now it's almost you
+know in our life were used to this idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in our life were used to this idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in our life were used to this idea
+that data helps making decision right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data helps making decision right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that data helps making decision right
+and so people use data to conduct study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people use data to conduct study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so people use data to conduct study
+so here I found a bunch of press titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I found a bunch of press titles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here I found a bunch of press titles
+that I think the key word I was looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think the key word I was looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think the key word I was looking
+for was study finds if I want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for was study finds if I want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for was study finds if I want to do this
+so this I actually did not bother doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this I actually did not bother doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this I actually did not bother doing
+it again this this year this is all 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again this this year this is all 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it again this this year this is all 2016
+2016 2016 but the key word that I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 2016 but the key word that I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2016 2016 but the key word that I look
+for usually study fine so a new study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for usually study fine so a new study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for usually study fine so a new study
+find traffic is bad for your health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find traffic is bad for your health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find traffic is bad for your health
+so you know we had to wait 2016 for data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we had to wait 2016 for data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we had to wait 2016 for data
+to tell us that and and you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us that and and you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell us that and and you know there's
+a bunch of other more slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of other more slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of other more slightly more
+interesting ones for example that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ones for example that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ones for example that one
+that you might find interesting is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might find interesting is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might find interesting is that
+the study finds that students benefiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study finds that students benefiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study finds that students benefiting
+benefit from waiting to declare major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from waiting to declare major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from waiting to declare major
+now there's a bunch of press titles one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a bunch of press titles one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's a bunch of press titles one
+that studies you know one in the MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that studies you know one in the MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that studies you know one in the MIT
+News that studies finds brain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+News that studies finds brain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+News that studies finds brain
+connections key to reading and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections key to reading and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections key to reading and so here
+we sort of have an idea what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of have an idea what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of have an idea what happened
+write some data was collected some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write some data was collected some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write some data was collected some
+scientific hypothesis was formulated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific hypothesis was formulated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific hypothesis was formulated and
+then the data was here to try to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the data was here to try to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the data was here to try to you
+know prove or disprove this scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know prove or disprove this scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know prove or disprove this scientific
+hypothesis right that's the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis right that's the usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis right that's the usual
+scientific process and and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific process and and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific process and and we need to
+understand how the scientific process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the scientific process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how the scientific process
+comes because some of those things might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes because some of those things might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes because some of those things might
+be actually questionable who is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually questionable who is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be actually questionable who is a
+hundred percent sure that study finds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent sure that study finds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred percent sure that study finds
+that students do you think that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students do you think that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that students do you think that you
+benefit from waiting to declare a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from waiting to declare a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit from waiting to declare a major
+right maybe some of you I mean I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe some of you I mean I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right maybe some of you I mean I would
+be skeptical about this right I would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be skeptical about this right I would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be skeptical about this right I would be
+like I don't want to wait to declare a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't want to wait to declare a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I don't want to wait to declare a
+major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major
+maybe this study so what kind of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this study so what kind of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe this study so what kind of thing
+can we bring well maybe this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we bring well maybe this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we bring well maybe this study
+studied somebody people that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied somebody people that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studied somebody people that were
+different from me or maybe this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from me or maybe this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from me or maybe this study
+find that a majority that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that a majority that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that a majority that this is
+beneficial for majority of people I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial for majority of people I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial for majority of people I'm
+not a majority I'm just one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a majority I'm just one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a majority I'm just one person
+there's a bunch of things that we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of things that we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of things that we need
+to understand what those things actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what those things actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to understand what those things actually
+mean and we'll see that those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and we'll see that those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean and we'll see that those are
+actually not statements about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not statements about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not statements about
+individuals they're not even statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals they're not even statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals they're not even statement
+about the cohort of people they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cohort of people they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cohort of people they've
+actually looked at their statements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked at their statements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked at their statements
+about a parameter of a distribution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a parameter of a distribution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a parameter of a distribution that
+was used to model the the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used to model the the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was used to model the the benefit of
+waiting right so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting right so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting right so there's a lot of
+questions and there are a lot of layers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and there are a lot of layers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and there are a lot of layers
+that come into this and we're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come into this and we're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come into this and we're not going
+to want to understand what was going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to understand what was going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to want to understand what was going on
+in there and try to you know peel it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and try to you know peel it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there and try to you know peel it off
+and understand what assumptions have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand what assumptions have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and understand what assumptions have
+been put in there even though it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been put in there even though it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been put in there even though it looks
+like a totally legit study you know out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a totally legit study you know out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a totally legit study you know out
+of those studies you know statistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those studies you know statistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those studies you know statistically
+I think there's gonna be one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's gonna be one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think there's gonna be one that's
+gonna be wrong well maybe not one but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be wrong well maybe not one but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be wrong well maybe not one but
+they might view if I put a long list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might view if I put a long list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might view if I put a long list of
+those there would be a few that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those there would be a few that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those there would be a few that would
+actually be wrong okay if I put 20 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be wrong okay if I put 20 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be wrong okay if I put 20 there
+would definitely be one that's wrong so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely be one that's wrong so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would definitely be one that's wrong so
+you have to see that every time you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to see that every time you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to see that every time you see
+20 studies one is probably wrong when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 studies one is probably wrong when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 studies one is probably wrong when
+they're studies about drug effects it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're studies about drug effects it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're studies about drug effects it
+would be a lot of the list of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot of the list of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a lot of the list of a hundred
+one would be wrong so we'll see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be wrong so we'll see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be wrong so we'll see what
+that means and what I mean by that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means and what I mean by that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means and what I mean by that okay
+so of course not only studies that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course not only studies that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so of course not only studies that make
+this discoveries are actually making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discoveries are actually making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discoveries are actually making the
+press title there's also the press that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press title there's also the press that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press title there's also the press that
+talks bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks bounds
+things that make no sense so I love this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that make no sense so I love this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that make no sense so I love this
+first experiment that that salmon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiment that that salmon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first experiment that that salmon
+experiment so actually was a graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so actually was a graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment so actually was a graduate
+student came to came to neuroscience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student came to came to neuroscience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student came to came to neuroscience
+poster session pulled out this poster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster session pulled out this poster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poster session pulled out this poster
+and explained the scientific experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explained the scientific experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and explained the scientific experiment
+that it was conducting which consisted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was conducting which consisted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was conducting which consisted
+in taking a previously frozen in thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in taking a previously frozen in thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in taking a previously frozen in thought
+Simon salmon putting it in an MRI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon salmon putting it in an MRI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simon salmon putting it in an MRI
+showing it pictures of violent violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it pictures of violent violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing it pictures of violent violent
+images and recording its brain activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and recording its brain activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and recording its brain activity
+and he was able to discover a few voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was able to discover a few voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was able to discover a few voxels
+that were activated by those violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were activated by those violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were activated by those violent
+images and can somebody tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and can somebody tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images and can somebody tell me what
+happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was the salmon responding to the violent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the salmon responding to the violent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the salmon responding to the violent
+activity so basically this is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so basically this is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity so basically this is just the
+statistical fluke right that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical fluke right that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical fluke right that's just
+randomness at play there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness at play there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness at play there's so many
+voxels that are recorded and there's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels that are recorded and there's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voxels that are recorded and there's so
+many fluctuations right there's always a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fluctuations right there's always a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many fluctuations right there's always a
+little bit of noise when you ran those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of noise when you ran those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of noise when you ran those
+things that some of them just by chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that some of them just by chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that some of them just by chance
+got lit up and so we need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lit up and so we need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got lit up and so we need to understand
+how to correct for that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to correct for that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to correct for that in this
+particular instance we need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance we need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular instance we need to have
+tools that tell us that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that tell us that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that tell us that
+well finding three voxels that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well finding three voxels that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well finding three voxels that are
+activated for that many voxels that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated for that many voxels that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated for that many voxels that you
+can find in the Salmons brain is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find in the Salmons brain is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find in the Salmons brain is just a
+too small of a number maybe we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small of a number maybe we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too small of a number maybe we need to
+find a clump of 20 of them for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a clump of 20 of them for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a clump of 20 of them for example
+all right so we're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so we're gonna have
+mathematical tools that help us find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools that help us find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical tools that help us find
+those particular numbers I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particular numbers I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those particular numbers I don't know if
+you saw this one by John Oliver about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw this one by John Oliver about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw this one by John Oliver about
+hacking or actually it's a key hacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking or actually it's a key hacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking or actually it's a key hacking
+and so basically what John Oliver is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically what John Oliver is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so basically what John Oliver is
+saying is actually a full length like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is actually a full length like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is actually a full length like
+that's these long segments on this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's these long segments on this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's these long segments on this and
+it was explaining how you know there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was explaining how you know there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was explaining how you know there's a
+huge amount okay there's a sociology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount okay there's a sociology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount okay there's a sociology
+question here about how there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here about how there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here about how there's a huge
+incentive for scientific scientists to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for scientific scientists to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive for scientific scientists to
+publish results right you're not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish results right you're not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish results right you're not gonna
+say you know what this year I found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what this year I found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know what this year I found
+nothing and so people are trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and so people are trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing and so people are trying to find
+things and just by searching it's as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and just by searching it's as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and just by searching it's as if
+they were searching for all the voxels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were searching for all the voxels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were searching for all the voxels
+in a brain until they find one that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a brain until they find one that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a brain until they find one that was
+just lit up by chance and so they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lit up by chance and so they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just lit up by chance and so they just
+run all these studies and at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run all these studies and at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run all these studies and at some point
+one will be right just out of chant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be right just out of chant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one will be right just out of chant and
+so we have to be very careful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to be very careful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to be very careful about
+doing this there's much more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this there's much more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this there's much more complicated
+problems associated to what's called pea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems associated to what's called pea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems associated to what's called pea
+hacking which consists in violating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking which consists in violating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hacking which consists in violating the
+basic assumptions in particular looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic assumptions in particular looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic assumptions in particular looking
+at the data and then formulating your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data and then formulating your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data and then formulating your
+scientific assumption based on the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific assumption based on the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific assumption based on the and
+then going back to it your I doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going back to it your I doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then going back to it your I doesn't
+work let's just formulate another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let's just formulate another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work let's just formulate another one
+and if you start doing this all bets are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you start doing this all bets are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you start doing this all bets are
+off okay so actually the statistics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so actually the statistics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off okay so actually the statistics the
+theory that we're gonna develop is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that we're gonna develop is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory that we're gonna develop is
+actually for a very clean use of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for a very clean use of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for a very clean use of data
+which might be a little unpleasant if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be a little unpleasant if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which might be a little unpleasant if
+you spent you know if you've had an army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent you know if you've had an army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you spent you know if you've had an army
+of graduate students collecting genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graduate students collecting genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of graduate students collecting genomic
+data for a year for example maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for a year for example maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for a year for example maybe you
+don't want to say well you know I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say well you know I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say well you know I had
+one hypothesis didn't work let's throw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hypothesis didn't work let's throw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hypothesis didn't work let's throw
+up data to the trash and so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up data to the trash and so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up data to the trash and so we need to
+find ways to be able to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to be able to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find ways to be able to do this and
+there's actually a course being taught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a course being taught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a course being taught
+at vu I mean it's still in its early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at vu I mean it's still in its early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at vu I mean it's still in its early
+stages but something called adaptive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages but something called adaptive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages but something called adaptive
+data analysis that will allow you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis that will allow you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data analysis that will allow you to do
+this kind of things questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so of course statistics is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so of course statistics is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so of course statistics is not just
+for you to be able to read the press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be able to read the press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be able to read the press
+statistics will probably be used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics will probably be used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics will probably be used in
+whatever career path you choose for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever career path you choose for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever career path you choose for
+yourself so you know it started in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so you know it started in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so you know it started in the
+10th century in Netherlands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th century in Netherlands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th century in Netherlands for
+hydrology right Netherlands is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrology right Netherlands is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrology right Netherlands is basically
+in the water and the sea level and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water and the sea level and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the water and the sea level and so
+they were they wanted to build some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they wanted to build some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were they wanted to build some
+types but you know once you're gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types but you know once you're gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types but you know once you're gonna be
+a little dyke you want to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little dyke you want to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little dyke you want to make sure that
+it's gonna you know sustain some tights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna you know sustain some tights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna you know sustain some tights
+and some floods and so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some floods and so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some floods and so in particular
+they wanted to build dikes that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to build dikes that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they wanted to build dikes that were
+high enough and but not too high you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough and but not too high you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high enough and but not too high you
+know you could always say well you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could always say well you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you could always say well you know
+I'm gonna build you know a 500 meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna build you know a 500 meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna build you know a 500 meter
+dike and then I'm gonna be safe you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dike and then I'm gonna be safe you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dike and then I'm gonna be safe you want
+something that's based on data right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's based on data right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's based on data right you
+want to make sure and so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure and so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure and so in particular
+what did they do well they collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they do well they collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did they do well they collected
+data for previous floods and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for previous floods and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for previous floods and then they
+just found a tag that was gonna cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just found a tag that was gonna cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just found a tag that was gonna cover
+all those things now if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things now if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those things now if you look at the
+data they probably had maybe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data they probably had maybe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data they probably had maybe it was
+scarce right maybe they had 10 data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarce right maybe they had 10 data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scarce right maybe they had 10 data
+points and so for this the data points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so for this the data points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and so for this the data points
+that maybe they wanted to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe they wanted to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe they wanted to sort of
+interpolate between those points maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate between those points maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpolate between those points maybe
+extrapolate for the larger one based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate for the larger one based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolate for the larger one based on
+what they've seen maybe they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've seen maybe they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they've seen maybe they have
+chances of saying something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances of saying something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances of saying something which is
+even larger than everything they've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even larger than everything they've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even larger than everything they've seen
+before and that's the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that's the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and that's the problem that
+that's exactly the goal of statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the goal of statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly the goal of statistical
+modeling being able to extrapolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling being able to extrapolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling being able to extrapolate
+beyond the data that you have guessing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the data that you have guessing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the data that you have guessing
+what you have not seen yet might happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have not seen yet might happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you have not seen yet might happen
+when you buy insurance for your car or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you buy insurance for your car or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you buy insurance for your car or
+your apartment or your phone there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your apartment or your phone there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your apartment or your phone there's a
+premium that you have to pay and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium that you have to pay and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium that you have to pay and this
+premium has been determined based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium has been determined based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium has been determined based on
+that how much you're in expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how much you're in expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how much you're in expectation
+going to cost the insurance right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost the insurance right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cost the insurance right it
+says okay this person has a ten percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay this person has a ten percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay this person has a ten percent
+chance of you know breaking their iPhone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of you know breaking their iPhone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance of you know breaking their iPhone
+next phone cost that much to repair so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next phone cost that much to repair so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next phone cost that much to repair so
+I'm gonna charge them that much and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna charge them that much and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna charge them that much and then
+I'm gonna add an extra dollar for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna add an extra dollar for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna add an extra dollar for my
+time okay so that's basically how those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's basically how those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so that's basically how those
+things I determine and so this is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I determine and so this is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I determine and so this is using
+statistics this is basically you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics this is basically you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics this is basically you know
+where statistics is probably mostly used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where statistics is probably mostly used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where statistics is probably mostly used
+that was personally trained as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was personally trained as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was personally trained as an
+actuary and that's you know mean being a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuary and that's you know mean being a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actuary and that's you know mean being a
+statistician in an insurance company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician in an insurance company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician in an insurance company
+clinical trials this is also one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials this is also one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical trials this is also one of the
+earliest success stories of statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest success stories of statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest success stories of statistics
+so it's actually now what spread if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually now what spread if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's actually now what spread if you
+every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time
+a new drug is approved for market by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new drug is approved for market by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new drug is approved for market by the
+FDA and requires a very strict regimen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA and requires a very strict regimen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FDA and requires a very strict regimen
+of testing with data and control group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing with data and control group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of testing with data and control group
+and treatment group and how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and treatment group and how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and treatment group and how many people
+you need in there and what kind of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in there and what kind of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in there and what kind of you
+know significance you need for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know significance you need for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know significance you need for those
+things of particular those things look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of particular those things look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things of particular those things look
+like this so now it's more you know five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so now it's more you know five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so now it's more you know five
+thousand patients I mean it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand patients I mean it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand patients I mean it depends on
+what kind of drug it is but for us a 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of drug it is but for us a 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kind of drug it is but for us a 100
+patients 56 were cured in 44 showed no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients 56 were cured in 44 showed no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients 56 were cured in 44 showed no
+improvement does the FDA consider that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement does the FDA consider that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement does the FDA consider that
+this is a good number that have a table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good number that have a table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a good number that have a table
+for how many patients were cured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how many patients were cured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for how many patients were cured
+is there a placebo effect do I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a placebo effect do I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a placebo effect do I need a
+control group of people that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group of people that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control group of people that are
+actually getting a placebo it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting a placebo it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually getting a placebo it's not
+clear all these things and so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all these things and so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all these things and so there's a
+lot of things that put to put into place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things that put to put into place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things that put to put into place
+and there's a lot of floating parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of floating parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of floating parameters
+so hopefully we're gonna be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully we're gonna be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hopefully we're gonna be able to use
+statistical modeling to shrink it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical modeling to shrink it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical modeling to shrink it down
+to a small number of parameters to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a small number of parameters to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a small number of parameters to be
+able to ask very simple questions is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to ask very simple questions is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to ask very simple questions is a
+drug effective is not a mathematical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug effective is not a mathematical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drug effective is not a mathematical
+equation but is P larger than 0.5 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but is P larger than 0.5 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but is P larger than 0.5 is a
+mathematical question okay and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical question okay and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical question okay and that's
+essentially what we're gonna be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we're gonna be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially what we're gonna be doing
+we're gonna take this is a drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take this is a drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna take this is a drug
+effective to reducing to is a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to reducing to is a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective to reducing to is a variable
+larger than 0.5 now of course genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than 0.5 now of course genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than 0.5 now of course genetics
+are using that so you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using that so you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are using that so you know that's
+typically actually the same type of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically actually the same type of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically actually the same type of size
+of data that you would see for fMRI data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that you would see for fMRI data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that you would see for fMRI data
+so given the genotype of so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given the genotype of so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given the genotype of so this is
+actually a study that I found so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a study that I found so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a study that I found so you
+have about 4,000 cases of Alzheimer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 4,000 cases of Alzheimer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have about 4,000 cases of Alzheimer's
+and 8,000 controls so people without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 8,000 controls so people without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 8,000 controls so people without
+Alzheimer that's what's called a control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer that's what's called a control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alzheimer that's what's called a control
+this is something just to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something just to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something just to make sure that
+you can see the difference with the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the difference with the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see the difference with the you
+know people that are not affected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people that are not affected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know people that are not affected by
+either a drug or a disease is the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a drug or a disease is the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a drug or a disease is the gene
+April II associated with Alzheimer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April II associated with Alzheimer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+April II associated with Alzheimer
+disease right I mean everybody can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease right I mean everybody can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease right I mean everybody can see
+why this would be an important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this would be an important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this would be an important question
+we now have CRISPR it's targeted to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have CRISPR it's targeted to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have CRISPR it's targeted to very
+specific genes if we could edit it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific genes if we could edit it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific genes if we could edit it or
+knock it down or knock it up or boost it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock it down or knock it up or boost it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knock it down or knock it up or boost it
+maybe we could actually have an impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could actually have an impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we could actually have an impact
+on that so those are very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so those are very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so those are very important
+questions because we have the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because we have the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions because we have the technology
+to target those things but we need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to target those things but we need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to target those things but we need the
+answers about what those things are and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers about what those things are and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answers about what those things are and
+so there's a bunch of other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a bunch of other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a bunch of other questions
+that you know the minute you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the minute you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the minute you're going to
+talk to biologists about say I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to biologists about say I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to biologists about say I can do
+there and say okay are there there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and say okay are there there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and say okay are there there are
+genes within the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes within the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes within the gene
+particularly snips that I can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly snips that I can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly snips that I can actually
+look at and you know they're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at and you know they're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at and you know they're looking at
+their different questions now when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their different questions now when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their different questions now when you
+start asking all these questions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start asking all these questions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start asking all these questions you
+have to be careful because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be careful because you're
+reusing your data again and it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusing your data again and it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reusing your data again and it might
+lead you to wrong conclusions and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead you to wrong conclusions and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead you to wrong conclusions and and
+those are all over the place these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all over the place these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all over the place these days
+and that's why they go all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why they go all the way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why they go all the way to
+John Oliver talking about them any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Oliver talking about them any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+John Oliver talking about them any
+questions about those examples so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about those examples so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about those examples so this
+is really a motivation again we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a motivation again we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really a motivation again we're not
+gonna just take this data set of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just take this data set of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna just take this data set of those
+cases and look at them into the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and look at them into the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and look at them into the in
+details so what is common to all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so what is common to all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details so what is common to all these
+examples like why do we have to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like why do we have to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples like why do we have to use
+statistics for all these things well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for all these things well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for all these things well
+there's the randomness of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the randomness of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the randomness of the data
+there's some effect that we just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some effect that we just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some effect that we just don't
+understand right so for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand right so for example the
+randomness associated with the lining up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness associated with the lining up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness associated with the lining up
+of some voxels or the fact that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some voxels or the fact that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some voxels or the fact that you know
+as far as the insurance is concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the insurance is concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as the insurance is concerned
+whether you're gonna break your iPhone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're gonna break your iPhone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you're gonna break your iPhone
+or not is essentially a twin cost so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not is essentially a twin cost so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not is essentially a twin cost so
+fully it's biased but you know it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully it's biased but you know it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully it's biased but you know it's a
+twin cost so all these things from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin cost so all these things from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twin cost so all these things from the
+perspective of the statistician those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the statistician those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of the statistician those
+things are actually random events and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are actually random events and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are actually random events and we
+need to retain this randomness to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to retain this randomness to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to retain this randomness to
+understand this randomness is it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this randomness is it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this randomness is it's gonna
+be a lot of random stories gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of random stories gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a lot of random stories gonna be
+little randomness this is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little randomness this is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little randomness this is gonna be
+something that's like you know are out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's like you know are out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's like you know are out
+of the their people you know out of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the their people you know out of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the their people you know out of so
+let's see for example for the flaws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see for example for the flaws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see for example for the flaws
+right did the floods that I see were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did the floods that I see were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did the floods that I see were
+consistently almost the same size about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently almost the same size about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistently almost the same size about
+with almost a rounding error or they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with almost a rounding error or they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with almost a rounding error or they're
+just really widespread all these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really widespread all these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just really widespread all these things
+we need to understand so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand so we can
+understand how to build those dikes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to build those dikes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand how to build those dikes or
+how to build some to make decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to build some to make decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to build some to make decisions
+based on those data and we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those data and we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on those data and we need to
+understand this randomness okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this randomness okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand this randomness okay so you
+know they associated questions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they associated questions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know they associated questions to
+randomness were actually hidden in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness were actually hidden in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness were actually hidden in the
+text so we talked about the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text so we talked about the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text so we talked about the notion of
+average right so as far as the insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right so as far as the insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average right so as far as the insurance
+has come it's concerned they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come it's concerned they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has come it's concerned they want to
+know in average what the probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in average what the probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in average what the probability is
+like what is your chance of actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is your chance of actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what is your chance of actually
+have breaking your iPhone and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have breaking your iPhone and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have breaking your iPhone and that's
+that's what came in this notion of fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what came in this notion of fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what came in this notion of fair
+premium there's this notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium there's this notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium there's this notion of
+quantifying chance right we don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying chance right we don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantifying chance right we don't want
+to talk maybe only about average maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk maybe only about average maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk maybe only about average maybe
+you want to cover say 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to cover say 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to cover say 99
+and of the floods so we need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the floods so we need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of the floods so we need to know
+what is this the height of a flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this the height of a flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this the height of a flood
+that's higher than 99% of the floods but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's higher than 99% of the floods but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's higher than 99% of the floods but
+maybe there's 1% of them you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's 1% of them you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe there's 1% of them you know when
+doomsday come dooms they come right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doomsday come dooms they come right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doomsday come dooms they come right
+we're not gonna pay for it all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not gonna pay for it all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not gonna pay for it all right so
+that's most of the floods and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most of the floods and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's most of the floods and then
+there's questions of significance right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's questions of significance right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's questions of significance right
+so you know we give I give this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we give I give this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know we give I give this example
+a second ago about clinical trials I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second ago about clinical trials I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second ago about clinical trials I
+give you some numbers clearly the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some numbers clearly the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some numbers clearly the drug
+was cured more people than it did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cured more people than it did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cured more people than it did not
+but does it mean that it's significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it mean that it's significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but does it mean that it's significantly
+good or was this just by chance maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or was this just by chance maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good or was this just by chance maybe
+it's just that you know these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that you know these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that you know these people
+just recover is like you know curing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recover is like you know curing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recover is like you know curing the
+common cold and you feel like oh I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common cold and you feel like oh I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common cold and you feel like oh I got
+cured but it's really an you waited five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cured but it's really an you waited five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cured but it's really an you waited five
+days and then you got cure all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and then you got cure all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and then you got cure all right so
+there's this notion of significance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this notion of significance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this notion of significance of
+variability all these things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability all these things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability all these things are
+actually notions that describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually notions that describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually notions that describe
+randomness and quantify randomness into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and quantify randomness into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness and quantify randomness into
+simple things randomness is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple things randomness is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple things randomness is a very
+complicated beast but we can summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated beast but we can summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated beast but we can summarize
+it in two things that we understand just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in two things that we understand just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in two things that we understand just
+like I am a complicated object I'm made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I am a complicated object I'm made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I am a complicated object I'm made
+of molecules and made of genes I'm made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules and made of genes I'm made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of molecules and made of genes I'm made
+of very complicated things but they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very complicated things but they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of very complicated things but they can
+be summarized as you know my name my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be summarized as you know my name my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be summarized as you know my name my
+email address my height and my weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email address my height and my weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email address my height and my weight
+and maybe for most of you this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe for most of you this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe for most of you this is
+basically enough all right you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically enough all right you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically enough all right you will
+recognize me without having to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize me without having to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize me without having to you know
+do a biopsy on me every time you see me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a biopsy on me every time you see me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a biopsy on me every time you see me
+all right so to understand randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so to understand randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so to understand randomness
+you had to go through probability all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to go through probability all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had to go through probability all
+right probability is the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right probability is the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right probability is the study of
+randomness that's what it is that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness that's what it is that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness that's what it is that's what
+the first sentence that a lecturer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sentence that a lecturer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sentence that a lecturer in
+probability will say and so that's why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability will say and so that's why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability will say and so that's why I
+need the prerequisite because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the prerequisite because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the prerequisite because this is
+what we're gonna use to describe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna use to describe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're gonna use to describe the
+randomness we'll see in a second how it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness we'll see in a second how it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness we'll see in a second how it
+interacts with statistics so sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with statistics so sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with statistics so sometimes
+and actually probably most of the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually probably most of the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually probably most of the time
+throughout your semester on probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your semester on probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout your semester on probability
+randomness was very well understood when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness was very well understood when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness was very well understood when
+you saw a probability problem here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw a probability problem here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw a probability problem here was
+the chance of this happening here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of this happening here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of this happening here was
+the chance of that happening maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of that happening maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chance of that happening maybe you
+had more complicated questions that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more complicated questions that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more complicated questions that you
+had some basic elements to answer for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some basic elements to answer for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some basic elements to answer for
+example you know the probability that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know the probability that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you know the probability that I
+have HBO is this much in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have HBO is this much in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have HBO is this much in the problem
+watch Game of Thrones is that much and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch Game of Thrones is that much and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch Game of Thrones is that much and
+given that I play basketball what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that I play basketball what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that I play basketball what is the
+probably you know you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you know you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you know you had
+these crazy questions but you were able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crazy questions but you were able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these crazy questions but you were able
+to build them and-and-and-and but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build them and-and-and-and but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build them and-and-and-and but all
+the basic numbers were given to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic numbers were given to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic numbers were given to you
+statistics will be about finding those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics will be about finding those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics will be about finding those
+basic numbers all right so some examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic numbers all right so some examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic numbers all right so some examples
+that you've probably seen were you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've probably seen were you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've probably seen were you know
+dice cards roulette flipping coins all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice cards roulette flipping coins all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice cards roulette flipping coins all
+this thing is our things that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is our things that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is our things that you've
+seen in a probability class and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in a probability class and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in a probability class and the
+reason is because it's very easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because it's very easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is because it's very easy to
+describe the probability of each outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the probability of each outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe the probability of each outcome
+for a diamond we know that each face is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a diamond we know that each face is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a diamond we know that each face is
+gonna come with probability one set now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come with probability one set now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna come with probability one set now
+I'm not gonna go in the debate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna go in the debate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not gonna go in the debate of
+whether this is pure randomness or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is pure randomness or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this is pure randomness or this
+is determinism I think as a model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determinism I think as a model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is determinism I think as a model for
+actual randomness die well it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual randomness die well it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual randomness die well it's a pretty
+good number of flipping a coin is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good number of flipping a coin is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good number of flipping a coin is a
+pretty good it's a pretty good model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good it's a pretty good model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good it's a pretty good model
+okay so those are those are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are those are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those are those are actually
+good so the questions that you would see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so the questions that you would see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so the questions that you would see
+for example in probabilities are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in probabilities are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example in probabilities are the
+following I roll one die Alice gets $1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I roll one die Alice gets $1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following I roll one die Alice gets $1
+if the number of dots is less than three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number of dots is less than three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the number of dots is less than three
+Bob gets two dollars of the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob gets two dollars of the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob gets two dollars of the number of
+dots is less than two do you want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots is less than two do you want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots is less than two do you want to be
+Alice or Bob even that your role is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice or Bob even that your role is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Alice or Bob even that your role is
+actually to make money yeah you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to make money yeah you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to make money yeah you want to
+be Bob right so let's see why so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Bob right so let's see why so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be Bob right so let's see why so if you
+look at the expectation of what Alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the expectation of what Alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the expectation of what Alice
+makes so let's call it a this is $1 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes so let's call it a this is $1 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes so let's call it a this is $1 with
+probability one-half right so three six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one-half right so three six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one-half right so three six
+so that's one half and the expectation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one half and the expectation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one half and the expectation
+of what Bob makes this is $2.00 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what Bob makes this is $2.00 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what Bob makes this is $2.00 with
+probability to six and that's one-third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to six and that's one-third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability to six and that's one-third
+two-thirds okay which is definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds okay which is definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-thirds okay which is definitely
+larger than one-half so you're this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one-half so you're this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than one-half so you're this
+Bob's expectation is actually a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's expectation is actually a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob's expectation is actually a bit
+higher okay so those are the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay so those are the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher okay so those are the kind of
+questions that you may ask with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you may ask with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions that you may ask with
+probability I describe to you exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I describe to you exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability I describe to you exactly
+you use the fact that the die would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the fact that the die would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the fact that the die would be
+on would get less than three dots with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on would get less than three dots with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on would get less than three dots with
+probability one-half we knew that and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one-half we knew that and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability one-half we knew that and I
+didn't have to describe to you what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to describe to you what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have to describe to you what's
+going on there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on there
+you didn't have to collect data about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have to collect data about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you didn't have to collect data about a
+die same thing you know you roll two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die same thing you know you roll two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+die same thing you know you roll two
+dice you choose a number between two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice you choose a number between two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dice you choose a number between two and
+12 and you win $100 if this if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and you win $100 if this if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and you win $100 if this if you
+choose the sum of the two dice which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the sum of the two dice which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose the sum of the two dice which
+number do you pick what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why seven as the most likely one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why seven as the most likely one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why seven as the most likely one right
+so your gain here will be $100 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your gain here will be $100 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so your gain here will be $100 times the
+probability that the sum of the two dice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the sum of the two dice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that the sum of the two dice
+let's say X plus y is equal to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say X plus y is equal to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say X plus y is equal to your
+little Z where little Z is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Z where little Z is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Z where little Z is the number
+you pick okay so seven is the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick okay so seven is the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick okay so seven is the most
+likely to happen and that's the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to happen and that's the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to happen and that's the one that
+maximizes this function of Z okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes this function of Z okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizes this function of Z okay and
+for this you need to study a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this you need to study a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this you need to study a more
+complicated function but it's a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated function but it's a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated function but it's a function
+that involves two die but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves two die but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that involves two die but you can
+compute the probability that X plus y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the probability that X plus y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the probability that X plus y is
+equal to Z for every Z between two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Z for every Z between two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to Z for every Z between two and
+12 okay so you know exactly what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay so you know exactly what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 okay so you know exactly what the
+probabilities are and that's how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are and that's how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities are and that's how you
+start probability okay so it's okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start probability okay so it's okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start probability okay so it's okay so
+here that's exactly what I said is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's exactly what I said is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's exactly what I said is you
+know you can you have a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can you have a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can you have a very simple
+process that describes basic events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that describes basic events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that describes basic events
+probably one six for each of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one six for each of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably one six for each of them and
+then you can build up on that and come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can build up on that and come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can build up on that and come
+understand the probability of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the probability of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the probability of more
+complicated events you can throw in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated events you can throw in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated events you can throw in some
+money in there you can be build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in there you can be build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money in there you can be build
+functions you can do very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you can do very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you can do very complicated
+things building on that now if I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things building on that now if I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things building on that now if I was a
+statistician a statistician would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician a statistician would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistician a statistician would be the
+guy who just arrived on earth I've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who just arrived on earth I've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy who just arrived on earth I've never
+seen a Dainese to understand that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a Dainese to understand that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a Dainese to understand that it
+died comes with probability 1/6 on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died comes with probability 1/6 on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died comes with probability 1/6 on each
+side in the way we do it is just to roll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side in the way we do it is just to roll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side in the way we do it is just to roll
+to die until you know and get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die until you know and get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to die until you know and get some
+accounts and try to estimate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and try to estimate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts and try to estimate those
+things okay and maybe the guy would come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay and maybe the guy would come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay and maybe the guy would come
+and say well you know actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well you know actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say well you know actually the
+probability that I get a one is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I get a one is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that I get a one is you know
+1/6 plus zero point zero zero one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/6 plus zero point zero zero one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/6 plus zero point zero zero one and
+the probability I get a two is 1/6 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability I get a two is 1/6 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability I get a two is 1/6 minus
+0.005 and you know there would be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005 and you know there would be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.005 and you know there would be some
+fluctuations around this and it's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations around this and it's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuations around this and it's gonna
+be his role as a statistician to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be his role as a statistician to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be his role as a statistician to say
+listen this is too complicated of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen this is too complicated of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen this is too complicated of a
+model for this thing and it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for this thing and it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model for this thing and it's this
+should all be the same numbers just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be the same numbers just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should all be the same numbers just
+looking at the data it should be all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the data it should be all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the data it should be all the
+same numbers and that's part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numbers and that's part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same numbers and that's part of the
+modeling you make some simplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling you make some simplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling you make some simplifying
+assumptions that essentially make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that essentially make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions that essentially make your
+reason your your questions more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason your your questions more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason your your questions more accurate
+now of course if your model is wrong if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course if your model is wrong if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now of course if your model is wrong if
+it's not true that all the phases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true that all the phases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not true that all the phases are
+right with the same probability then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with the same probability then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right with the same probability then
+you're you have a model error here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you have a model error here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you have a model error here so
+we're we're will be making model errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're will be making model errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're will be making model errors
+but that's gonna be the price to pay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's gonna be the price to pay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's gonna be the price to pay to
+be able to extract anything from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to extract anything from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to extract anything from our
+data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so for more complicated processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for more complicated processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for more complicated processes
+right so of course nobody's gonna waste
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so of course nobody's gonna waste
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so of course nobody's gonna waste
+their time rolling dice I mean I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time rolling dice I mean I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their time rolling dice I mean I'm sure
+you might have done this in AP Stat or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have done this in AP Stat or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have done this in AP Stat or
+something but the need is to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but the need is to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but the need is to estimate
+parameters from data alright so for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters from data alright so for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters from data alright so for more
+complicated things you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated things you might want to
+estimate some you know density parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate some you know density parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate some you know density parameter
+on a particular thing set of material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular thing set of material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a particular thing set of material
+and for this maybe you need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this maybe you need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for this maybe you need to be
+something to it and measure how fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to it and measure how fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something to it and measure how fast
+it's coming back and you're gonna have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming back and you're gonna have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's coming back and you're gonna have
+some measurement errors that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some measurement errors that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some measurement errors that maybe you
+need to do that several times and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that several times and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do that several times and you
+need to have a model for the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a model for the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have a model for the physical
+process that's actually going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's actually going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that's actually going on and
+physics is usually a very good way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is usually a very good way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics is usually a very good way to
+get models for engineering perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get models for engineering perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get models for engineering perspective
+but there's models for sociology where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's models for sociology where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's models for sociology where
+we have no physical system right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no physical system right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no physical system right I mean
+you know God knows how people interact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know God knows how people interact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know God knows how people interact
+and maybe I'm gonna say that the way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe I'm gonna say that the way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe I'm gonna say that the way I
+make friends is by first flipping a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make friends is by first flipping a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make friends is by first flipping a coin
+in my pocket and with probably two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my pocket and with probably two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my pocket and with probably two
+thirds I'm gonna make my friend at work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds I'm gonna make my friend at work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thirds I'm gonna make my friend at work
+and was probably one third I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was probably one third I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was probably one third I'm gonna
+make my friend at soccer and once I make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my friend at soccer and once I make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my friend at soccer and once I make
+my friend at soccer I I decided to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend at soccer I I decided to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend at soccer I I decided to make
+my friend soccer then I will face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend soccer then I will face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my friend soccer then I will face
+someone who's flipping the same coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's flipping the same coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's flipping the same coin
+with maybe slightly different parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maybe slightly different parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with maybe slightly different parameters
+and you know those things actually exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know those things actually exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know those things actually exist
+right there's models about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's models about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's models about how
+friendships are formed and and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships are formed and and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendships are formed and and this is
+the one I describe it's cool to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I describe it's cool to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one I describe it's cool to mix
+membership model so those are models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership model so those are models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membership model so those are models
+that are sort of egg pathi sized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of egg pathi sized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are sort of egg pathi sized and
+they're more reasonable than you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more reasonable than you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more reasonable than you know
+there was taking into account all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was taking into account all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was taking into account all the
+things that made you meet that person at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that made you meet that person at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that made you meet that person at
+that particular time okay so the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular time okay so the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that particular time okay so the goal
+here so based on data now once we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so based on data now once we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so based on data now once we have
+the model it's gonna be reduced to maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model it's gonna be reduced to maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the model it's gonna be reduced to maybe
+two three four parameters depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four parameters depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three four parameters depending on
+how complex the model is and then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how complex the model is and then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how complex the model is and then your
+goal will be to estimate those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal will be to estimate those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal will be to estimate those
+parameters so sometimes the randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so sometimes the randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters so sometimes the randomness
+that we have here is real right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have here is real right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have here is real right so
+there's some true randomness in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some true randomness in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some true randomness in some
+surveys if I pick a random student as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys if I pick a random student as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surveys if I pick a random student as
+long as I believe that my random number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I believe that my random number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as I believe that my random number
+generator that will pick your random ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator that will pick your random ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator that will pick your random ID
+is actually random there is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually random there is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually random there is something
+random about you right the student that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random about you right the student that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random about you right the student that
+I pick at random will be a random soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick at random will be a random soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I pick at random will be a random soon
+the the person that I call on the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the person that I call on the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the person that I call on the phone
+is the random part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the random part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the random part
+right so there's some randomness that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's some randomness that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's some randomness that I
+can build into my system by drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build into my system by drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build into my system by drawing
+something from a random number generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from a random number generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something from a random number generator
+a biased coin is a random thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biased coin is a random thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a biased coin is a random thing right
+it's not a very interesting random thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a very interesting random thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a very interesting random thing
+but it is true it is a random thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is true it is a random thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is true it is a random thing
+again if I watch out the fact that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I watch out the fact that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if I watch out the fact that it
+actually is a deterministic mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a deterministic mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is a deterministic mechanism
+but a certain accuracy a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a certain accuracy a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a certain accuracy a certain
+granularity this can be thought of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity this can be thought of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granularity this can be thought of as a
+truly random experiment measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly random experiment measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly random experiment measurement
+error for example if you by some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error for example if you by some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error for example if you by some
+measurement device or some some optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement device or some some optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement device or some some optics
+device for example you will have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device for example you will have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device for example you will have like
+standard deviation and things that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation and things that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation and things that come
+on the side of the box and it tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side of the box and it tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the side of the box and it tells you
+this will be making some measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be making some measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be making some measurement
+there and it's usually you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's usually you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it's usually you know there
+are moments maybe or things like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moments maybe or things like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are moments maybe or things like this
+and those are very accurately described
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are very accurately described
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those are very accurately described
+by some random phenomenon but sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some random phenomenon but sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by some random phenomenon but sometimes
+I'd say most times there's no randomness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say most times there's no randomness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say most times there's no randomness
+there's no randomness it's not like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no randomness it's not like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no randomness it's not like you
+know you're breaking your iPhone is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're breaking your iPhone is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you're breaking your iPhone is a
+random event this is just something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random event this is just something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random event this is just something that
+we sweeps randomness is a big rug under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sweeps randomness is a big rug under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sweeps randomness is a big rug under
+which we sweep everything we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we sweep everything we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we sweep everything we don't
+understand and we just hope that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and we just hope that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand and we just hope that in
+average we've captured sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average we've captured sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average we've captured sort of the
+average effect of what's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average effect of what's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average effect of what's going on and
+the rest it might look to it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest it might look to it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest it might look to it to the
+right might fluctuate to the left but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right might fluctuate to the left but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right might fluctuate to the left but
+that what remains is just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what remains is just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what remains is just sort of
+randomness that can be averaged out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness that can be averaged out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness that can be averaged out so
+of course this is that where the leap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is that where the leap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is that where the leap of
+faith is we do not have we do not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith is we do not have we do not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faith is we do not have we do not know
+whether we're correct of doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're correct of doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether we're correct of doing this
+maybe we make some huge systemic biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we make some huge systemic biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we make some huge systemic biases
+by doing this maybe we will forget a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing this maybe we will forget a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by doing this maybe we will forget a
+very important component right for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important component right for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important component right for
+example if I have I don't know let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I have I don't know let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I have I don't know let's
+think of something a drug for breast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of something a drug for breast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of something a drug for breast
+cancer alright and I throw out the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer alright and I throw out the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancer alright and I throw out the fact
+that my patient is either men or women
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my patient is either men or women
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my patient is either men or women
+I'm gonna have some serious model biases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have some serious model biases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have some serious model biases
+right so if I say you know I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I say you know I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I say you know I'm gonna
+collect some random patients and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some random patients and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect some random patients and I'm
+gonna start doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna start doing this
+I need there's some information that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need there's some information that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I need there's some information that I
+really need clearly to build into my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need clearly to build into my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really need clearly to build into my
+model okay and so the model should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and so the model should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model okay and so the model should be
+complicated enough but not too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough but not too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated enough but not too
+complicated right so it should take into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right so it should take into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated right so it should take into
+account things there will systematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account things there will systematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account things there will systematically
+the important okay so in particular you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important okay so in particular you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important okay so in particular you
+know the simple rule of thumb is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the simple rule of thumb is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the simple rule of thumb is when
+you have a complicated process you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a complicated process you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a complicated process you can
+think of it as being a simple process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as being a simple process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as being a simple process
+and some random noise now again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some random noise now again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some random noise now again the
+random noise is everything you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise is everything you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random noise is everything you don't
+understand about the complicated process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand about the complicated process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand about the complicated process
+and the simple processes everything you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the simple processes everything you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the simple processes everything you
+actually do okay so good modeling and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do okay so good modeling and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do okay so good modeling and
+this is not what we'll be seeing in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not what we'll be seeing in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not what we'll be seeing in this
+class consists in choosing plausible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class consists in choosing plausible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class consists in choosing plausible
+simple models and this requires a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple models and this requires a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple models and this requires a
+tremendous amount of domain knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of domain knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous amount of domain knowledge
+and that's why we're not doing it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we're not doing it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's why we're not doing it in
+this class this is not something where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class this is not something where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class this is not something where I
+can make a blanket statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a blanket statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a blanket statement about
+making good model you need to know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making good model you need to know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making good model you need to know if I
+were statistician and working on a study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were statistician and working on a study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were statistician and working on a study
+I would have to grill the person in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have to grill the person in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would have to grill the person in
+front of me the the expert for two hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me the the expert for two hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of me the the expert for two hours
+to know oh but how about this how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know oh but how about this how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know oh but how about this how about
+that how about how does this work so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how about how does this work so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how about how does this work so it
+requires to understand a lot of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires to understand a lot of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requires to understand a lot of thing
+there's this famous statistician and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this famous statistician and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this famous statistician and to
+whom this sentence is attributed in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom this sentence is attributed in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whom this sentence is attributed in it
+it's probably not his then but Tookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not his then but Tookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably not his then but Tookie
+said that he loves being a statistician
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he loves being a statistician
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said that he loves being a statistician
+because you get to play in everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get to play in everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get to play in everybody's
+backyard right so you get to go and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyard right so you get to go and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backyard right so you get to go and see
+people and you get to understand at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you get to understand at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you get to understand at
+least to a certain extent what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to a certain extent what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least to a certain extent what their
+problems are enough that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are enough that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems are enough that you can
+actually build a reasonable model for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually build a reasonable model for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually build a reasonable model for
+what they're actually doing so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're actually doing so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they're actually doing so you get
+to do some sociology get to do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some sociology get to do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do some sociology get to do some
+biology you get to do some engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology you get to do some engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology you get to do some engineering
+and you get to do a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get to do a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get to do a lot of different
+things right so he was actually at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so he was actually at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so he was actually at some
+point predicting the political the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point predicting the political the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point predicting the political the
+presidential election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidential election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presidential election
+so you see you get to do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see you get to do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see you get to do a lot of
+different things but it requires a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but it requires a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things but it requires a lot
+of time to understand what problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time to understand what problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time to understand what problem
+you're working on and if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on and if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working on and if you have a
+particular application in mind you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application in mind you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular application in mind you're
+the best person to actually understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best person to actually understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best person to actually understand
+this so I'm just going to give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm just going to give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm just going to give you the
+basic tools okay so so this is the you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic tools okay so so this is the you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic tools okay so so this is the you
+know the circle of trust no this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the circle of trust no this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the circle of trust no this is
+really just the simple graphic that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the simple graphic that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just the simple graphic that
+tells you what's going on when you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what's going on when you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you what's going on when you do
+probability you're given the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you're given the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you're given the truth
+somebody tells you what died God is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tells you what died God is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tells you what died God is
+rolling all right so you know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling all right so you know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolling all right so you know exactly
+what the parameters of the problems are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the parameters of the problems are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the parameters of the problems are
+and what you're trying to do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're trying to do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're trying to do is to
+describe what the outcomes are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what the outcomes are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe what the outcomes are gonna
+okay you can say well there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can say well there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can say well there's you know
+if you're rolling a fair die you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're rolling a fair die you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're rolling a fair die you're
+gonna have 1/6 of the time in your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have 1/6 of the time in your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have 1/6 of the time in your data
+you're gonna have one one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have one one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have one one side of the
+time you're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you're going to have
+- and so you can describe if I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and so you can describe if I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- and so you can describe if I told you
+what the truth is you could actually go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the truth is you could actually go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the truth is you could actually go
+into a computer either generate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a computer either generate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a computer either generate some
+data or you could describe to me some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or you could describe to me some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data or you could describe to me some
+you know more macro properties of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more macro properties of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know more macro properties of what
+the data would be like oh I would see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data would be like oh I would see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data would be like oh I would see a
+bunch of numbers that would be centered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of numbers that would be centered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of numbers that would be centered
+around 35 if I drew from a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 35 if I drew from a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 35 if I drew from a Gaussian
+distribution centered at 35 right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution centered at 35 right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution centered at 35 right you
+would know this kind of thing I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know this kind of thing I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would know this kind of thing I would
+know that you know it's very unlikely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know it's very unlikely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that you know it's very unlikely
+that if my Gaussian has standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if my Gaussian has standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if my Gaussian has standard
+deviation is centered zero and zero say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is centered zero and zero say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation is centered zero and zero say
+with standard deviation three it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with standard deviation three it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with standard deviation three it's very
+unlikely that I will see numbers between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that I will see numbers between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely that I will see numbers between
+below minus 10 and above 10 right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below minus 10 and above 10 right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below minus 10 and above 10 right
+you know this that you basically will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this that you basically will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this that you basically will
+not see them so you know from the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see them so you know from the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not see them so you know from the truth
+from the distribution of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the distribution of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the distribution of a random
+variable that does not have mu or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that does not have mu or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that does not have mu or
+Sigma's really numbers there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's really numbers there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma's really numbers there you know
+that you're gonna be what data you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna be what data you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're gonna be what data you're
+gonna be having statistics is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be having statistics is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be having statistics is about
+going backwards it's saying if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backwards it's saying if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going backwards it's saying if I have
+some data what was the truth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data what was the truth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some data what was the truth that
+generated it and since there's so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated it and since there's so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated it and since there's so many
+possible truth modeling says you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible truth modeling says you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible truth modeling says you have to
+pick one of those simpler possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of those simpler possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of those simpler possible
+troops so that you can average out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troops so that you can average out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troops so that you can average out
+statistics basically means averaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics basically means averaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics basically means averaging
+your averaging when you do statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your averaging when you do statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your averaging when you do statistics
+and averaging means that you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and averaging means that you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and averaging means that you know if I
+say that I received the so if I collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I received the so if I collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that I received the so if I collect
+all your GPS for example in my model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your GPS for example in my model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all your GPS for example in my model is
+that well the possible GPAs or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well the possible GPAs or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well the possible GPAs or any
+possible numbers and anybody can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible numbers and anybody can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible numbers and anybody can have
+any possible GPA this is gonna be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any possible GPA this is gonna be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any possible GPA this is gonna be a
+serious problem but if I can summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious problem but if I can summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious problem but if I can summarize
+those GPAs into two numbers say mean and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those GPAs into two numbers say mean and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those GPAs into two numbers say mean and
+standard deviation then I have a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation then I have a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation then I have a pretty
+good description of what is going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of what is going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good description of what is going on
+rather than having to have to predict a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having to have to predict a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than having to have to predict a
+full list right if I learn a full list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full list right if I learn a full list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full list right if I learn a full list
+of GPA that I say well this was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of GPA that I say well this was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of GPA that I say well this was the
+distribution then it's not gonna be of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then it's not gonna be of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution then it's not gonna be of
+any use for me to predict what an X GPA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any use for me to predict what an X GPA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any use for me to predict what an X GPA
+would be or some random student walking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be or some random student walking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be or some random student walking
+in or something like this okay so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or something like this okay so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in or something like this okay so just
+to finish my rant about probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish my rant about probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish my rant about probability
+versus statistics this is a question you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus statistics this is a question you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus statistics this is a question you
+would see them in a parable this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see them in a parable this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see them in a parable this is a
+probabilistic question and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic question and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilistic question and this is a
+statistical question the probabilistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical question the probabilistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical question the probabilistic
+question is preview studied showed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is preview studied showed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is preview studied showed that
+the drug was 80 percent effective so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug was 80 percent effective so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug was 80 percent effective so you
+know that this is the effectiveness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is the effectiveness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this is the effectiveness of
+the drug it's given to you this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug it's given to you this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the drug it's given to you this is how
+your problem starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your problem starts
+we can anticipate that for a study on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can anticipate that for a study on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can anticipate that for a study on
+100 patients in average AE will be cured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 patients in average AE will be cured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 patients in average AE will be cured
+and at least 65 will be cured with 99%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least 65 will be cured with 99%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at least 65 will be cured with 99%
+chances so again this are not I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances so again this are not I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chances so again this are not I'm not
+predicting on 100 patients exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting on 100 patients exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting on 100 patients exactly the
+number of them that are gonna be cured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them that are gonna be cured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of them that are gonna be cured
+and the number of them that are not but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of them that are not but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the number of them that are not but
+I'm actually sort of predicting what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually sort of predicting what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm actually sort of predicting what
+things are gonna look like in average or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are gonna look like in average or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are gonna look like in average or
+some macro properties of what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some macro properties of what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some macro properties of what my
+datasets will look like okay so with 99
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasets will look like okay so with 99
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasets will look like okay so with 99
+percent chances that means that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent chances that means that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent chances that means that in
+ninety nine point ninety nine percent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety nine point ninety nine percent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ninety nine point ninety nine percent of
+the datasets you will draw from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the datasets you will draw from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the datasets you will draw from this
+particular draw 99.99 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular draw 99.99 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular draw 99.99 percent of the
+cohort of 100 patients to whom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort of 100 patients to whom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort of 100 patients to whom you
+administer this drug I will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administer this drug I will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+administer this drug I will be able to
+conclude that at least 65 of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that at least 65 of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that at least 65 of them will
+be cured on 99.99 percent of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cured on 99.99 percent of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cured on 99.99 percent of those
+datasets okay so that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasets okay so that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+datasets okay so that's a pretty
+accurate prediction of what's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate prediction of what's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate prediction of what's gonna
+happen statistics is the opposite it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen statistics is the opposite it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen statistics is the opposite it
+says well I just know that 78 out of 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well I just know that 78 out of 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well I just know that 78 out of 100
+were cured I have only one data set I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were cured I have only one data set I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were cured I have only one data set I
+cannot make predictions for all data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make predictions for all data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make predictions for all data
+sets but I can go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets but I can go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets but I can go back to the
+probability makes them make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability makes them make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability makes them make some
+inference about what my probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference about what my probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inference about what my probability
+would look like and then say okay then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like and then say okay then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would look like and then say okay then I
+can make those predictions later on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make those predictions later on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make those predictions later on so
+when I start with 70 78 over a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I start with 70 78 over a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I start with 70 78 over a hundred
+then maybe I'm actually in this case I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe I'm actually in this case I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe I'm actually in this case I
+just don't know my best guess here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know my best guess here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just don't know my best guess here is
+that you know I'm confident I can I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I'm confident I can I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know I'm confident I can I have
+to add the extra error that I bet you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add the extra error that I bet you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to add the extra error that I bet you
+making by predicting that here the drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making by predicting that here the drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making by predicting that here the drug
+is not 80% effective but ninety eighty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not 80% effective but ninety eighty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not 80% effective but ninety eighty
+percent 78 percent effective and I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent 78 percent effective and I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent 78 percent effective and I need
+some error bars around this that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some error bars around this that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some error bars around this that will
+hopefully contain eighty percent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully contain eighty percent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully contain eighty percent and
+then based on those error bars I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then based on those error bars I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then based on those error bars I'm gonna
+make slightly less pretty precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make slightly less pretty precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make slightly less pretty precise
+predictions for the future okay so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for the future okay so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions for the future okay so to
+conclude so this is why statistic so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude so this is why statistic so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude so this is why statistic so
+what is this course about it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this course about it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this course about it's about
+understanding the mathematics behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the mathematics behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the mathematics behind
+statistical methods it's more of a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical methods it's more of a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical methods it's more of a tool
+we're not gonna have fun and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not gonna have fun and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not gonna have fun and talk about
+alter Grieg geometry it's just for fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter Grieg geometry it's just for fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alter Grieg geometry it's just for fun
+in the middle of it so justify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of it so justify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle of it so justify
+quantitative statements given by given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative statements given by given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative statements given by given
+some modeling assumptions we will in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some modeling assumptions we will in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some modeling assumptions we will in
+this class mostly admit that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class mostly admit that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class mostly admit that the
+modeling assumptions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling assumptions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling assumptions are
+correct in the first part in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct in the first part in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct in the first part in this
+introduction we'll go through them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction we'll go through them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction we'll go through them
+because it's very easy to forget what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very easy to forget what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's very easy to forget what
+assumptions you're actually making but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you're actually making but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions you're actually making but
+this will be a pretty standard thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be a pretty standard thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be a pretty standard thing the
+words you will hear a lot are iid I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you will hear a lot are iid I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words you will hear a lot are iid I did
+independent and identically distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and identically distributed
+that means that your data is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that your data is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that your data is basically
+all the same and one data point is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same and one data point is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same and one data point is not
+impacting another data point hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting another data point hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacting another data point hopefully
+we can describe some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can describe some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can describe some interesting
+mathematics arising in statistics you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics arising in statistics you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics arising in statistics you
+know if you've taken linear algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've taken linear algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've taken linear algebra
+maybe we can explain to you why if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can explain to you why if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can explain to you why if
+you've done some calculus maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done some calculus maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done some calculus maybe we can
+do some interesting calculus we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some interesting calculus we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some interesting calculus we'll see
+how you know how in this period of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know how in this period of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know how in this period of
+applied math those things answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math those things answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied math those things answer
+interesting questions and basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions and basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting questions and basically
+we'll try to carve out a map tool box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to carve out a map tool box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll try to carve out a map tool box
+that's useful for statistics okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful for statistics okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's useful for statistics okay and
+and maybe you can extend it to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you can extend it to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe you can extend it to more
+sophisticated methods that we did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated methods that we did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated methods that we did not
+cover in this class in particular in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in this class in particular in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover in this class in particular in
+your machine learning class hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your machine learning class hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your machine learning class hopefully
+you'll be able to have some statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to have some statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be able to have some statistical
+intuition about what is going on so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about what is going on so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition about what is going on so what
+this course is not about it's about it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is not about it's about it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course is not about it's about it's
+not about you know spending a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about you know spending a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not about you know spending a lot of
+time looking at data sets and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time looking at data sets and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time looking at data sets and trying to
+understand some statistical thinking one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some statistical thinking one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand some statistical thinking one
+of kind of questions so this is more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of questions so this is more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of kind of questions so this is more of
+an apply statistic perspective on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apply statistic perspective on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an apply statistic perspective on things
+or more modeling so I'm gonna typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more modeling so I'm gonna typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more modeling so I'm gonna typically
+give you the model let's say this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the model let's say this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you the model let's say this is a
+model and this is how we're gonna you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and this is how we're gonna you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and this is how we're gonna you
+know build an estimator in this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know build an estimator in this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know build an estimator in this in the
+framework of this model so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of this model so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework of this model so for example
+1807 five to certain extent a school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1807 five to certain extent a school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1807 five to certain extent a school
+statistical thinking and they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thinking and they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thinking and they did
+analysis I'm hoping there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I'm hoping there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis I'm hoping there is some
+statistical thinking and there we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thinking and there we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical thinking and there we will
+not talk about software implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talk about software implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not talk about software implementation
+unfortunately there's just too little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there's just too little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there's just too little
+time in a semester there's other courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in a semester there's other courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in a semester there's other courses
+that are giving you some overview so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are giving you some overview so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are giving you some overview so the
+main software's these days are so are is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main software's these days are so are is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main software's these days are so are is
+the leading software I'd say in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading software I'd say in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the leading software I'd say in
+statistics both in academia and industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics both in academia and industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics both in academia and industry
+lots of packages one everyday that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of packages one everyday that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of packages one everyday that's
+probably coming out but there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably coming out but there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably coming out but there's some
+things right so now you know Python is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so now you know Python is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right so now you know Python is
+probably catching up with all this all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably catching up with all this all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably catching up with all this all
+this you know sick of learned packages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know sick of learned packages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know sick of learned packages
+that are coming up julia has some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming up julia has some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are coming up julia has some some
+statistics in there but really are if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics in there but really are if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics in there but really are if
+you were to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were to use
+just go software and let's say you love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go software and let's say you love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go software and let's say you love
+doing this this would be the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this this would be the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this this would be the one that
+would be proved most useful for you in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be proved most useful for you in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be proved most useful for you in
+the future does not kill super well -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future does not kill super well -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the future does not kill super well -
+big - high dimensional data so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big - high dimensional data so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big - high dimensional data so there's a
+class in 90s s that actually uses are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in 90s s that actually uses are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class in 90s s that actually uses are as
+called IDs so twelve anything school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called IDs so twelve anything school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called IDs so twelve anything school
+statistics compute well okay so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics compute well okay so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics compute well okay so just
+accompiish inand applications or nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompiish inand applications or nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompiish inand applications or nothing
+like this I'm also preparing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I'm also preparing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this I'm also preparing with a
+Peter Kempthorne a course called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Kempthorne a course called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Kempthorne a course called
+computational statistics it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational statistics it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational statistics it's gonna be
+offered this spring as a special topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered this spring as a special topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offered this spring as a special topics
+and so Peter kempthorne will be teaching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Peter kempthorne will be teaching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so Peter kempthorne will be teaching
+it and this class will actually focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this class will actually focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and this class will actually focus on
+using R and even beyond that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using R and even beyond that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using R and even beyond that it's not
+just gonna be about using it's gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna be about using it's gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna be about using it's gonna be
+about understanding just same we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about understanding just same we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about understanding just same we're
+gonna see how math helps you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see how math helps you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna see how math helps you do
+statistics is gonna help see how math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is gonna help see how math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is gonna help see how math
+helps you do algorithms for statistics I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you do algorithms for statistics I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you do algorithms for statistics I
+said we'll talk about maximum likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we'll talk about maximum likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we'll talk about maximum likelihood
+estimator we'll need to maximize some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator we'll need to maximize some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator we'll need to maximize some
+function there's optimization toolbox to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there's optimization toolbox to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function there's optimization toolbox to
+do that and we'll see how we can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and we'll see how we can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and we'll see how we can have
+specialized for statistics for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized for statistics for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized for statistics for that and
+what are the principles behind it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the principles behind it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the principles behind it and
+you know of course if you've taken AP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of course if you've taken AP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know of course if you've taken AP
+stats you probably think that stats is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats you probably think that stats is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats you probably think that stats is
+boring to death because it was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring to death because it was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring to death because it was just a
+long laundry list that's been a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long laundry list that's been a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long laundry list that's been a lot of
+time on t-test I'm pretty sure we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on t-test I'm pretty sure we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on t-test I'm pretty sure we're not
+gonna talk about t-test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about t-test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna talk about t-test
+a lot maybe once but this is not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot maybe once but this is not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot maybe once but this is not a
+matter of saying you know you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of saying you know you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of saying you know you're gonna
+do this and this is a slight variant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and this is a slight variant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and this is a slight variant of
+it we're gonna really try to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're gonna really try to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it we're gonna really try to understand
+what's going on so admittedly you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so admittedly you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on so admittedly you have
+not chosen the simplest way to get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not chosen the simplest way to get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not chosen the simplest way to get any
+in statistics on campus all right this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in statistics on campus all right this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in statistics on campus all right this
+is not the easiest class it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the easiest class it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the easiest class it might be
+challenging at time but I can promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging at time but I can promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenging at time but I can promise
+you that you know you will maybe suffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you know you will maybe suffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that you know you will maybe suffer
+but you will learn something by the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will learn something by the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you will learn something by the time
+you're out of this class this will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out of this class this will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're out of this class this will not
+be a waste of your time and and you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a waste of your time and and you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a waste of your time and and you will
+be able to understand and not having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to understand and not having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to understand and not having to
+remember by heart how those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember by heart how those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember by heart how those things
+actually work are there any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work are there any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work are there any questions
+anybody wants to go to another stats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to go to another stats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody wants to go to another stats
+class on campus maybe it's not too late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on campus maybe it's not too late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class on campus maybe it's not too late
+ok so let's do some statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I see the time now and it's 1156 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see the time now and it's 1156 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I see the time now and it's 1156 so
+we have another 30 minutes I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another 30 minutes I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have another 30 minutes I will
+typically give you a you know three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically give you a you know three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically give you a you know three four
+minutes break if you want to stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes break if you want to stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes break if you want to stretch
+wanna run to the bathroom if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna run to the bathroom if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanna run to the bathroom if you want to
+check your texts or our or Instagram I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your texts or our or Instagram I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check your texts or our or Instagram I
+there there was very little content in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there was very little content in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there was very little content in
+this class hopefully it was entertaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class hopefully it was entertaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class hopefully it was entertaining
+enough that you don't need the break but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you don't need the break but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that you don't need the break but
+just in the future so you know you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the future so you know you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just in the future so you know you will
+have a break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a break
+okay so statistics Caixa's is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so statistics Caixa's is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so statistics Caixa's is this is
+how it starts all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it starts all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it starts all right
+I'm French what can I say I need to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm French what can I say I need to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm French what can I say I need to put
+some French words so this is not how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some French words so this is not how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some French words so this is not how
+office hours are gonna go down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody knows this sculpture by without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows this sculpture by without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows this sculpture by without
+the kiss it's you know maybe probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kiss it's you know maybe probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kiss it's you know maybe probably
+and the thinker is more famous but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thinker is more famous but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thinker is more famous but this
+is actually pretty famous one but is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually pretty famous one but is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually pretty famous one but is it
+really this one or is it this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this one or is it this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really this one or is it this one
+anybody knows which one it is this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows which one it is this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody knows which one it is this one
+or this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this one
+what's that it's this one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that it's this one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that it's this one yeah
+anybody who votes for this one okay who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who votes for this one okay who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody who votes for this one okay who
+votes for that one thank you I love that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes for that one thank you I love that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+votes for that one thank you I love that
+you do not want to pronounce yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not want to pronounce yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do not want to pronounce yourself
+with no data actually to make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no data actually to make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with no data actually to make any
+decision this is a total coin toss right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision this is a total coin toss right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision this is a total coin toss right
+turns out that there is data and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there is data and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that there is data and there's
+in the very serious journal Nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very serious journal Nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the very serious journal Nature
+someone published a very sirs paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone published a very sirs paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone published a very sirs paper
+which actually looks pretty serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually looks pretty serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually looks pretty serious
+right if you look at it's like human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at it's like human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if you look at it's like human
+behavior adult persistence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior adult persistence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior adult persistence of
+head-turning asymmetry eyes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head-turning asymmetry eyes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head-turning asymmetry eyes a lot of
+fancy words in there and this I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy words in there and this I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fancy words in there and this I'm not
+kidding you this study is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding you this study is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kidding you this study is about
+collecting data of people kissing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data of people kissing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collecting data of people kissing and
+knowing if their been their head to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing if their been their head to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing if their been their head to the
+right or if they've been they head to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or if they've been they head to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or if they've been they head to
+the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left
+and that's all it is and so a neonatal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all it is and so a neonatal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's all it is and so a neonatal
+right side preference makes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side preference makes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side preference makes the
+surprising romantic reappearance in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising romantic reappearance in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising romantic reappearance in
+later life there's an explanation for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later life there's an explanation for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later life there's an explanation for it
+alright so if we follow this this nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if we follow this this nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if we follow this this nature
+which one is the one this one or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is the one this one or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one is the one this one or this
+one this one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one this one right so
+you know head to the right and to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know head to the right and to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know head to the right and to be
+fair for this class I was like oh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair for this class I was like oh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair for this class I was like oh I'm
+gonna go and show them what you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go and show them what you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna go and show them what you know
+Google Images does when you google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Images does when you google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Images does when you google
+google you know kissing couple it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google you know kissing couple it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google you know kissing couple it's
+inappropriate after me the first picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate after me the first picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inappropriate after me the first picture
+and so I cannot show you this but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I cannot show you this but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so I cannot show you this but you
+know you can check for yourself though I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can check for yourself though I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you can check for yourself though I
+would argue so this person here actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue so this person here actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would argue so this person here actually
+went out in airports and took pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out in airports and took pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out in airports and took pictures
+of strangers kissing collecting the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strangers kissing collecting the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of strangers kissing collecting the data
+and can somebody guess why did it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can somebody guess why did it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can somebody guess why did it just
+not stay home and collect data from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stay home and collect data from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not stay home and collect data from
+Google Images by just googling you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Images by just googling you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google Images by just googling you know
+kissing couples what's wrong with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing couples what's wrong with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing couples what's wrong with this
+data I didn't know actually before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I didn't know actually before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data I didn't know actually before I
+actually went on Google Images what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went on Google Images what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually went on Google Images what's
+that it can be altered but you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can be altered but you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it can be altered but you know who
+would want to do this I mean there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to do this I mean there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want to do this I mean there's no
+particular reason why you would want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reason why you would want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reason why you would want to
+flip an image before putting it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip an image before putting it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip an image before putting it out
+there I mean you know you might but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean you know you might but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there I mean you know you might but
+maybe then you want to hide the brand of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then you want to hide the brand of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then you want to hide the brand of
+your gap shirt or something yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gap shirt or something yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your gap shirt or something yeah yeah
+that's very true and actually it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very true and actually it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very true and actually it's even
+worse than that the people who post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than that the people who post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse than that the people who post
+pictures of themselves are not posting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of themselves are not posting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of themselves are not posting
+pictures of themselves are putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of themselves are putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of themselves are putting
+pictures of the people that take took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of the people that take took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures of the people that take took a
+picture of and they usually is a stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of and they usually is a stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of and they usually is a stock
+you know watermark on this and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know watermark on this and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know watermark on this and it's
+basically stock images those are actors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stock images those are actors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically stock images those are actors
+and so they've been directed to kiss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they've been directed to kiss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they've been directed to kiss and
+this is not a natural thing to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a natural thing to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a natural thing to do and
+actually if you go on Google Images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you go on Google Images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually if you go on Google Images and
+I encourage you to do this unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to do this unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I encourage you to do this unless you
+don't want to see an appropriate picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to see an appropriate picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to see an appropriate picture
+I mean they're mightily inappropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they're mightily inappropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they're mightily inappropriate
+and basically you will see that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically you will see that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and basically you will see that this
+study is actually not working at all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is actually not working at all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study is actually not working at all I
+mean I look briefly I didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I look briefly I didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I look briefly I didn't actually
+collect numbers but I didn't find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect numbers but I didn't find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect numbers but I didn't find a
+particular tendency to been right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tendency to been right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tendency to been right if
+anything it was actually probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it was actually probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything it was actually probably the
+opposite and it's because those people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite and it's because those people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite and it's because those people
+were directed to do it and just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were directed to do it and just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were directed to do it and just don't
+they actually think about doing it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually think about doing it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually think about doing it okay
+and also because I think you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also because I think you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also because I think you need to
+justify writing a nature paper more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify writing a nature paper more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justify writing a nature paper more than
+I said in front of my computer so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said in front of my computer so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said in front of my computer so again
+this first sentence here a neonatal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first sentence here a neonatal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first sentence here a neonatal
+right side preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right side preference
+is there a right side preference is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a right side preference is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a right side preference is not
+a mathematical question but we can start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical question but we can start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mathematical question but we can start
+saying let bla and put some variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying let bla and put some variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying let bla and put some variables
+and ask questions about those variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask questions about those variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ask questions about those variables
+alright so you know X is actually not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so you know X is actually not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so you know X is actually not a
+variable let's use very much in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable let's use very much in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable let's use very much in
+statistics for parameters but P's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for parameters but P's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics for parameters but P's one
+for prep for parameter and so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for prep for parameter and so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for prep for parameter and so you're
+gonna take your parameter of interest P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take your parameter of interest P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take your parameter of interest P
+and it's here is gonna be the proportion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's here is gonna be the proportion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's here is gonna be the proportion
+of couples and that's among all couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of couples and that's among all couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of couples and that's among all couples
+of so here you know if you if you talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so here you know if you if you talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so here you know if you if you talk
+about statistical thing there would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about statistical thing there would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about statistical thing there would be a
+question about what prop population this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about what prop population this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question about what prop population this
+would actually be representative of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be representative of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would actually be representative of so
+usually this is a call to your sorry I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this is a call to your sorry I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually this is a call to your sorry I
+should not forget this word it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not forget this word it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should not forget this word it's
+important for you okay I forget this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you okay I forget this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for you okay I forget this
+word so this is okay so if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so this is okay so if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word so this is okay so if you look at
+so if you look at this proportion maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this proportion maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this proportion maybe
+the these couples that are in this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these couples that are in this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the these couples that are in this study
+might be representative only of couples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be representative only of couples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be representative only of couples
+in airports maybe they actually put on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in airports maybe they actually put on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in airports maybe they actually put on
+this show for the other passengers who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this show for the other passengers who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this show for the other passengers who
+knows you know oh let's just do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows you know oh let's just do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows you know oh let's just do this
+well and just like the people in Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and just like the people in Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and just like the people in Google
+Images are actually doing it so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Images are actually doing it so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Images are actually doing it so maybe
+you want to just restrict it but of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to just restrict it but of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to just restrict it but of
+course clearly if it's appearing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course clearly if it's appearing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course clearly if it's appearing in
+nature it should not be only about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature it should not be only about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature it should not be only about
+couples in airports it's supposedly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples in airports it's supposedly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples in airports it's supposedly
+representative of all couples in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of all couples in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representative of all couples in the
+world and so here let's just keep it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and so here let's just keep it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world and so here let's just keep it
+fake but you need to keep in mind what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake but you need to keep in mind what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake but you need to keep in mind what
+population this is actually making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population this is actually making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population this is actually making a
+statement about so you have this full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about so you have this full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about so you have this full
+population of of people in the world all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of of people in the world all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population of of people in the world all
+right so those are all the couples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those are all the couples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so those are all the couples and
+this person went ahead and collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person went ahead and collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this person went ahead and collected
+data about a bunch of okay and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data about a bunch of okay and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data about a bunch of okay and we know
+that in this thing there's basically a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this thing there's basically a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this thing there's basically a
+proportion of them that's like pee and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of them that's like pee and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of them that's like pee and
+that's the proportion of them that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the proportion of them that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the proportion of them that's
+bending their head to the right and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending their head to the right and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending their head to the right and this
+is so everybody on this side is bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so everybody on this side is bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so everybody on this side is bending
+their head to the right and hopefully we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head to the right and hopefully we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head to the right and hopefully we
+can actually sample this thing uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually sample this thing uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually sample this thing uniform
+that's basically the process that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the process that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the process that's
+going on so this is the statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so this is the statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on so this is the statistical
+experiment we're gonna observe end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we're gonna observe end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment we're gonna observe end
+kissing couples right so here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing couples right so here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing couples right so here we're
+gonna put as many variables as we can so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put as many variables as we can so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna put as many variables as we can so
+we don't have to stick with numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to stick with numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have to stick with numbers and
+then we'll just plug in the numbers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll just plug in the numbers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll just plug in the numbers in
+kissing couples and n is also also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing couples and n is also also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing couples and n is also also in
+statistics by the way n is the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics by the way n is the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics by the way n is the size of
+your sample 99.9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample 99.9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sample 99.9
+of the time and collect the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time and collect the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the time and collect the value of
+each outcome okay so we want numbers we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each outcome okay so we want numbers we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each outcome okay so we want numbers we
+don't want write a left so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want write a left so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want write a left so we're gonna
+coat them by 0 1 pretty naturally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat them by 0 1 pretty naturally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coat them by 0 1 pretty naturally and
+then we're gonna estimate P which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna estimate P which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're gonna estimate P which is
+unknown right so P is this area and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown right so P is this area and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown right so P is this area and
+we're gonna is limit it simply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna is limit it simply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna is limit it simply by the
+proportion of right right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of right right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of right right so the
+proportion of crosses that actually fell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of crosses that actually fell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion of crosses that actually fell
+in the right side okay so in this study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right side okay so in this study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the right side okay so in this study
+what you will find is that the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will find is that the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you will find is that the numbers
+that were collected were 124 couples and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were collected were 124 couples and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that were collected were 124 couples and
+that out of those 124 80 of them turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out of those 124 80 of them turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out of those 124 80 of them turned
+their head to the right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head to the right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head to the right okay
+so P hat as a proportion how do we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so P hat as a proportion how do we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so P hat as a proportion how do we do it
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+don't need statistics for that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need statistics for that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need statistics for that you're
+gonna take 80 divided by 124 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take 80 divided by 124 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna take 80 divided by 124 and you
+will find that in this particular study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find that in this particular study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find that in this particular study
+sixty four point five percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty four point five percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty four point five percent of the
+couple who are bending their head to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple who are bending their head to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple who are bending their head to the
+right that's a pretty large number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a pretty large number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's a pretty large number right
+the question is if I picked another 124
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is if I picked another 124
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is if I picked another 124
+couples if you had different airports
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples if you had different airports
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples if you had different airports
+different times would I see the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times would I see the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times would I see the same
+number with this number be all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number with this number be all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number with this number be all over the
+place would it be sometimes very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place would it be sometimes very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place would it be sometimes very close
+to 120 or sometimes we're close to ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 120 or sometimes we're close to ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 120 or sometimes we're close to ten
+or would it be is this number actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would it be is this number actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or would it be is this number actually
+fluctuating a lot right and so hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating a lot right and so hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating a lot right and so hopefully
+not too much right so 64.5% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much right so 64.5% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much right so 64.5% is
+definitely much larger than 50 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely much larger than 50 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely much larger than 50 percent
+and so there seems to be this preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there seems to be this preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so there seems to be this preference
+okay and now we're gonna have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we're gonna have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we're gonna have to
+quantify how much of this preference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify how much of this preference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantify how much of this preference is
+this number significantly larger than 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number significantly larger than 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number significantly larger than 50
+percent okay so if our data for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent okay so if our data for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent okay so if our data for example
+was just three couples okay I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just three couples okay I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was just three couples okay I'm just
+going there I'm going to log in I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going there I'm going to log in I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going there I'm going to log in I call
+it I do right left right and then I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I do right left right and then I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I do right left right and then I see
+and then I see what's the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I see what's the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I see what's the name of the
+fish place there there's you know yeah i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish place there there's you know yeah i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fish place there there's you know yeah i
+go to i go to wall burgers at Logan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to i go to wall burgers at Logan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to i go to wall burgers at Logan and
+I'm like okay I'm done for the day I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like okay I'm done for the day I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm like okay I'm done for the day I
+collect this data I go home and I'm like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect this data I go home and I'm like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect this data I go home and I'm like
+well 66.7% to the right that's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 66.7% to the right that's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well 66.7% to the right that's a pretty
+big number it's even farther from 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number it's even farther from 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big number it's even farther from 50
+percent and this other guy so I'm doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and this other guy so I'm doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent and this other guy so I'm doing
+even better but of course you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better but of course you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even better but of course you know that
+this is not true right three people is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not true right three people is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not true right three people is
+definitely not representative if I stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not representative if I stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely not representative if I stop
+that the first one I would have ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first one I would have ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first one I would have ax
+the first two I would have even 100% so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two I would have even 100% so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two I would have even 100% so
+the question that statistics is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that statistics is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question that statistics is going to
+help a sensor is how large should the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a sensor is how large should the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help a sensor is how large should the
+sample be for some reason I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample be for some reason I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample be for some reason I don't know
+if you guys received a time affiliate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys received a time affiliate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you guys received a time affiliate
+with the Broad Institute and since then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Broad Institute and since then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Broad Institute and since then
+I receive one email per day that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I receive one email per day that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I receive one email per day that says
+sample size determination how large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size determination how large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample size determination how large
+should you sample be like I know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you sample be like I know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you sample be like I know how
+large should my example be I've taken 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large should my example be I've taken 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large should my example be I've taken 18
+650 multiple times and so I know but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+650 multiple times and so I know but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+650 multiple times and so I know but the
+question is is five 124 a large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is five 124 a large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is is five 124 a large enough
+number or not well the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or not well the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number or not well the answer is
+actually as usual it depends it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as usual it depends it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually as usual it depends it will
+depend on the true unknown value of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the true unknown value of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the true unknown value of P
+but from those particular values that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from those particular values that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from those particular values that we
+got to 120 and how many couples was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to 120 and how many couples was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to 120 and how many couples was
+there at 80 we actually can make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at 80 we actually can make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there at 80 we actually can make some
+some question right so here we said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some question right so here we said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some question right so here we said that
+80 was larger than 50 was allowing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 was larger than 50 was allowing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 was larger than 50 was allowing was
+allowing us to conclude at 64.5% so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing us to conclude at 64.5% so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing us to conclude at 64.5% so it
+could be one reason to say that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one reason to say that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be one reason to say that it was
+larger than 50% 50% of 124 is 62 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than 50% 50% of 124 is 62 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than 50% 50% of 124 is 62 so the
+question is would I be would I be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is would I be would I be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is would I be would I be
+willing to make this conclusion that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to make this conclusion that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to make this conclusion that's
+63 right is that a number that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 right is that a number that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 right is that a number that would
+convince you who would be convinced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you who would be convinced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince you who would be convinced by
+63 who would be convinced by 72 who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 who would be convinced by 72 who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+63 who would be convinced by 72 who
+would be convinced by 75 hopefully the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be convinced by 75 hopefully the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be convinced by 75 hopefully the
+number of hands that are raised should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hands that are raised should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of hands that are raised should
+grow who would be convinced by 80 all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow who would be convinced by 80 all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow who would be convinced by 80 all
+right so basically those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so basically those numbers
+actually don't come from anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't come from anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually don't come from anywhere
+this 72 would be the number that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 72 would be the number that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 72 would be the number that you
+would need for a study most statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need for a study most statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would need for a study most statistical
+studies would be the number that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies would be the number that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies would be the number that they
+would retain it's not for 124 you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would retain it's not for 124 you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would retain it's not for 124 you would
+need to see 72 that turn their head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to see 72 that turn their head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to see 72 that turn their head
+right to actually make this conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to actually make this conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to actually make this conclusion
+okay and then 75 so we'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then 75 so we'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then 75 so we'll see that
+there's many ways to come to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many ways to come to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's many ways to come to this
+conclusion because as you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion because as you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion because as you can see this
+was published in nature with with 80 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in nature with with 80 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was published in nature with with 80 so
+that was okay so 80 is actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was okay so 80 is actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was okay so 80 is actually very
+large number this is a ninety-nine point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number this is a ninety-nine point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large number this is a ninety-nine point
+this is 99 percent no so this is 95
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 99 percent no so this is 95
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is 99 percent no so this is 95
+percent confidence this is 99 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent confidence this is 99 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent confidence this is 99 percent
+confidence and this is 90
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and this is 90
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidence and this is 90
+nine point nine percent confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine point nine percent confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine point nine percent confidence
+alright so if you said eighty you are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if you said eighty you are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so if you said eighty you are a
+very conservative person starting at 72
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conservative person starting at 72
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very conservative person starting at 72
+you can start making this conclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start making this conclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can start making this conclusion
+okay so to understand this we need to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to understand this we need to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so to understand this we need to do
+our little mathematical kitchen here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little mathematical kitchen here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our little mathematical kitchen here and
+we need to do some some modeling okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do some some modeling okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to do some some modeling okay so
+we need to understand by modeling we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand by modeling we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand by modeling we
+need to understand what random process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand what random process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to understand what random process
+we think this data is generating from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think this data is generating from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we think this data is generating from
+right so it's gonna have some unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's gonna have some unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's gonna have some unknown
+parameters unlike in probability but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters unlike in probability but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters unlike in probability but we
+need to have just basically everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have just basically everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to have just basically everything
+written except for the values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written except for the values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written except for the values of the
+parameters right when I said a die is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right when I said a die is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters right when I said a die is
+coming uniformly with probability 1/6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uniformly with probability 1/6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming uniformly with probability 1/6
+then I need to have say maybe with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I need to have say maybe with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I need to have say maybe with
+probability maybe I should say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability maybe I should say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability maybe I should say you know
+here are six numbers and I need to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are six numbers and I need to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are six numbers and I need to just
+fill those numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill those numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill those numbers
+okay so we're I call 1 to n I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're I call 1 to n I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're I call 1 to n I'm gonna
+define RI to be the indicator an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define RI to be the indicator an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define RI to be the indicator an
+indicator is just something that takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator is just something that takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator is just something that takes
+value 1 if something is true and 0 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 1 if something is true and 0 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value 1 if something is true and 0 if
+not so it's an indicator that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so it's an indicator that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so it's an indicator that I've
+couple turns the head to the right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple turns the head to the right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple turns the head to the right okay
+so RI so it's indexed by I and it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so RI so it's indexed by I and it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so RI so it's indexed by I and it's 1
+if the ice couple turns their head to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the ice couple turns their head to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the ice couple turns their head to
+the right and 0 if if it's well actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and 0 if if it's well actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right and 0 if if it's well actually
+I guess they can probably kiss straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess they can probably kiss straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess they can probably kiss straight
+right so that would be weird but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that would be weird but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that would be weird but they
+might be able to do this so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to do this so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to do this so let's say
+not right okay then the estimator of P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right okay then the estimator of P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not right okay then the estimator of P
+we said was P hat it was just the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said was P hat it was just the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said was P hat it was just the ratio
+of two numbers but really what it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two numbers but really what it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two numbers but really what it is is
+I count I sum those are eyes since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I count I sum those are eyes since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I count I sum those are eyes since I
+only add those that take value 1 what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only add those that take value 1 what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only add those that take value 1 what
+this thumb is it's really this sum here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thumb is it's really this sum here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thumb is it's really this sum here
+is actually just counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually just counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually just counting the number of
+ones which is another way to say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones which is another way to say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones which is another way to say it's
+counting the number of couples that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of couples that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of couples that are
+kissing to the right and here I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing to the right and here I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing to the right and here I don't
+even have to tell you anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to tell you anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to tell you anything about the
+numbers or anything I can only keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or anything I can only keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or anything I can only keep
+track of first couple is a zero second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of first couple is a zero second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of first couple is a zero second
+couple is a one third couple is a zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple is a one third couple is a zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple is a one third couple is a zero
+they're the data set you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the data set you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the data set you can actually
+find out online is actually a sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out online is actually a sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out online is actually a sequence
+of zeros and ones not clearly for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros and ones not clearly for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros and ones not clearly for the
+question we're asking about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're asking about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question we're asking about this
+proportion I don't need to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion I don't need to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportion I don't need to keep track of
+all this information all I need to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this information all I need to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this information all I need to keep
+track of is the number of zeros and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of is the number of zeros and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of is the number of zeros and the
+number of ones that's those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ones that's those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ones that's those are
+completely interchangeable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely interchangeable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely interchangeable
+not there's no matter there's no time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's no matter there's no time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not there's no matter there's no time
+effect in this there's no the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in this there's no the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in this there's no the first
+couple is no different than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple is no different than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple is no different than the
+fifteenth couple okay so we call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteenth couple okay so we call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fifteenth couple okay so we call this
+our end bar and that's gonna be a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our end bar and that's gonna be a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our end bar and that's gonna be a very
+standard notation that we use our might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard notation that we use our might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard notation that we use our might
+be replaced by other letters like X so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be replaced by other letters like X so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be replaced by other letters like X so
+xn bar yn bar and this thing essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn bar yn bar and this thing essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xn bar yn bar and this thing essentially
+means that I the ours or dris over n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I the ours or dris over n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I the ours or dris over n of
+them and the bar means the average okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the bar means the average okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and the bar means the average okay
+so I divide by n the total number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I divide by n the total number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I divide by n the total number of
+ones okay so here this sum was equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay so here this sum was equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones okay so here this sum was equal to
+80 in our example and n was equal to 124
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 in our example and n was equal to 124
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 in our example and n was equal to 124
+now this is an estimator so an estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an estimator so an estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is an estimator so an estimator
+is different from an estimate an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from an estimate an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different from an estimate an
+estimate is a number my estimate was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is a number my estimate was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is a number my estimate was
+sixty four point five my estimator is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty four point five my estimator is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixty four point five my estimator is
+this thing is this thing where I keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is this thing where I keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is this thing where I keep
+all the variables free and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the variables free and in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the variables free and in particular
+I keep those variables to be random cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep those variables to be random cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I keep those variables to be random cuz
+I'm gonna think of a random couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna think of a random couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna think of a random couple
+kissing left or right as the outcome of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing left or right as the outcome of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kissing left or right as the outcome of
+a random process just like flipping a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random process just like flipping a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random process just like flipping a
+coin beginning heads or tails okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin beginning heads or tails okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin beginning heads or tails okay and
+so this thing here is the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing here is the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this thing here is the random
+variable alright and this average is of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable alright and this average is of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable alright and this average is of
+course an average of random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course an average of random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course an average of random variables
+its itself a random variable so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its itself a random variable so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its itself a random variable so an
+estimator is a random variable an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a random variable an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is a random variable an
+estimate is the realization of a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is the realization of a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate is the realization of a random
+variable or in other words is the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or in other words is the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable or in other words is the value
+that you get for this random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get for this random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get for this random variable
+once you plug in the numbers that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you plug in the numbers that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you plug in the numbers that you've
+collected so I can talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected so I can talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected so I can talk about the
+accuracy of an estimator accuracy means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of an estimator accuracy means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of an estimator accuracy means
+what well what would we want for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well what would we want for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what well what would we want for an
+estimator maybe you would want it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator maybe you would want it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator maybe you would want it to
+fluctuate too much right it's a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate too much right it's a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuate too much right it's a random
+variable so I'm talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so I'm talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable so I'm talking about the
+accuracy of a random variable so maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of a random variable so maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy of a random variable so maybe I
+don't want it to be too volatile right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it to be too volatile right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want it to be too volatile right I
+could have one estimator which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have one estimator which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have one estimator which would be
+just throw out 182 couples keep only two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw out 182 couples keep only two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw out 182 couples keep only two
+and average those two numbers that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and average those two numbers that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and average those two numbers that's
+definitely your worst estimators than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely your worst estimators than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely your worst estimators than
+keeping all of the hundred and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping all of the hundred and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping all of the hundred and
+twenty-four so I need to find a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-four so I need to find a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty-four so I need to find a way to
+say that and what I'm gonna be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that and what I'm gonna be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that and what I'm gonna be able to
+say is that the number is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that the number is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say is that the number is gonna be
+fluctuating if I take another two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating if I take another two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluctuating if I take another two
+couples I'm gonna be able to I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples I'm gonna be able to I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couples I'm gonna be able to I'm
+probably gonna get a completely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably gonna get a completely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably gonna get a completely
+different number but if I take another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number but if I take another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different number but if I take another
+124 couples two days later maybe I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 couples two days later maybe I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+124 couples two days later maybe I'm
+gonna have a very number that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a very number that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have a very number that's very
+close to 64.5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 64.5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to 64.5%
+so that's one way the other thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way the other thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way the other thing we
+would like about this estimator it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like about this estimator it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like about this estimator it's
+actually it's not it's maybe it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not it's maybe it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's not it's maybe it's not
+too volatile but also we want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too volatile but also we want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too volatile but also we want it to be
+close to the number that we're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the number that we're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the number that we're looking
+for right if the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right if the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for right if the number
+here's an estimator it's a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an estimator it's a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an estimator it's a beautiful
+random variable seventy-two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable seventy-two percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable seventy-two percent
+that's an estimator go out there just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an estimator go out there just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an estimator go out there just do
+your favorite study about drug drug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite study about drug drug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your favorite study about drug drug
+performance and and then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and and then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance and and then you know
+they're gonna call you up on you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna call you up on you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're gonna call you up on you know
+MIT student taking statistics they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT student taking statistics they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT student taking statistics they say
+so how are you gonna be able to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are you gonna be able to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how are you gonna be able to your
+estimator that we've collected those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator that we've collected those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator that we've collected those
+five Taliban I said no I'm just gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Taliban I said no I'm just gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five Taliban I said no I'm just gonna
+spit out seventy-two percent whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit out seventy-two percent whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit out seventy-two percent whatever
+the data says that's an estimator it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data says that's an estimator it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data says that's an estimator it's
+the stupid this demeanor but it is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupid this demeanor but it is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stupid this demeanor but it is an
+estimator but this is the meter is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator but this is the meter is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator but this is the meter is very
+not volatile every time you're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not volatile every time you're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not volatile every time you're gonna
+have a new study and then even if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new study and then even if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a new study and then even if you
+change field they're still going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change field they're still going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change field they're still going to be
+72% this is beautiful and the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72% this is beautiful and the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+72% this is beautiful and the problem is
+that's probably not very close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably not very close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably not very close to the
+value are actually trying to estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value are actually trying to estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value are actually trying to estimate
+and so we need two things we need our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need two things we need our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we need two things we need our
+estimator to be a random variable so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator to be a random variable so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator to be a random variable so
+think in terms of of densities we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of of densities we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in terms of of densities we want
+the density to be pretty narrow right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density to be pretty narrow right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density to be pretty narrow right we
+want this thing to have very little to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this thing to have very little to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this thing to have very little to
+be right so this is definitely better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right so this is definitely better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be right so this is definitely better
+than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than this
+but also we want the number that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we want the number that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also we want the number that we're
+interested in P to be very close to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in P to be very close to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in P to be very close to this
+to be close to the values that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be close to the values that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be close to the values that this
+thing is likely to take if P is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is likely to take if P is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is likely to take if P is here
+this is not very good for us okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not very good for us okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not very good for us okay so
+that's basically the thing we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the thing we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the thing we're gonna
+be looking at the first one is referred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at the first one is referred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at the first one is referred
+to as variance the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as variance the second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to as variance the second one is
+referred to as bias those thing come all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as bias those thing come all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+referred to as bias those thing come all
+over in statistics okay so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in statistics okay so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over in statistics okay so we need to
+understand a model right so here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a model right so here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand a model right so here's the
+model that we have for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we have for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that we have for this particular
+problem so we need to make assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we need to make assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so we need to make assumptions
+on the observations that we see right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the observations that we see right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the observations that we see right so
+we said we're gonna assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said we're gonna assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said we're gonna assume that the
+random variable that's not too much of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that's not too much of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable that's not too much of a
+leap of faith we're just sweeping on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap of faith we're just sweeping on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leap of faith we're just sweeping on the
+rock everything we don't understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock everything we don't understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rock everything we don't understand
+about those couples and the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those couples and the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about those couples and the assumption
+that we make is that each RI is a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make is that each RI is a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we make is that each RI is a random
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+okay this one you will forget very soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this one you will forget very soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this one you will forget very soon
+the second one is that each of the our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is that each of the our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one is that each of the our
+eyes is so it's a random variable that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes is so it's a random variable that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes is so it's a random variable that
+takes values 0 & 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values 0 & 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes values 0 & 1
+anybody can suggest the distribution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can suggest the distribution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can suggest the distribution for
+this random variable what Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable what Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this random variable what Bernoulli
+write and it's actually beautiful this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and it's actually beautiful this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write and it's actually beautiful this
+is where you have to do the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you have to do the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where you have to do the least
+statistical modeling the random variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical modeling the random variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical modeling the random variable
+that takes value 0 1 is always a bernal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes value 0 1 is always a bernal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes value 0 1 is always a bernal
+that's the simplest variability you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest variability you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the simplest variability you can
+ever ever think of right any variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever ever think of right any variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever ever think of right any variable
+that takes only two possible values can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes only two possible values can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that takes only two possible values can
+be reduced to a burnin okay so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reduced to a burnin okay so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reduced to a burnin okay so the
+Virna lien and here we make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virna lien and here we make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virna lien and here we make the
+assumption that it actually takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that it actually takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption that it actually takes
+parameter P right and there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P right and there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P right and there's an
+assumption here anybody can tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here anybody can tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption here anybody can tell me what
+the assumption is yeah it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption is yeah it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assumption is yeah it's the same
+right that could have said P I but its P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that could have said P I but its P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that could have said P I but its P
+and that's where I'm gonna be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where I'm gonna be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's where I'm gonna be able to
+start getting to do some statistics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting to do some statistics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting to do some statistics is
+that I can start to be able to pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can start to be able to pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can start to be able to pull
+information across all my guys if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information across all my guys if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information across all my guys if I
+assume that they're all P I is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that they're all P I is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that they're all P I is
+completely uncoupled with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uncoupled with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely uncoupled with each other
+then I'm in trouble there's no nothing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm in trouble there's no nothing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm in trouble there's no nothing I
+can actually get and then I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get and then I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually get and then I'm gonna
+assume that those guys are mutually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that those guys are mutually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that those guys are mutually
+independent and most of the time they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and most of the time they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent and most of the time they
+will just say independent meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just say independent meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just say independent meaning that
+you know it's not like all this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not like all this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's not like all this guy
+called each other and it's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called each other and it's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called each other and it's actually a
+flash mob and they were like let's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash mob and they were like let's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash mob and they were like let's all
+turn our head to the left and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn our head to the left and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn our head to the left and then you
+know this is definitely not gonna give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is definitely not gonna give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is definitely not gonna give
+you a valid valid conclusion okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a valid valid conclusion okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a valid valid conclusion okay so
+again randomness is a way of modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again randomness is a way of modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again randomness is a way of modeling
+lack of information here there is a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of information here there is a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lack of information here there is a way
+to figure it out maybe I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it out maybe I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure it out maybe I could have
+followed all those guys and know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed all those guys and know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed all those guys and know exactly
+what they were maybe I could have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were maybe I could have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were maybe I could have you
+know looked at pictures of them in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looked at pictures of them in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know looked at pictures of them in the
+womb and guess what how they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+womb and guess what how they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+womb and guess what how they were
+turning oh by the way that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning oh by the way that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning oh by the way that's one of the
+conclusions they're guessing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions they're guessing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions they're guessing that we
+turn our head to the right because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn our head to the right because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn our head to the right because our
+head is mostly turned to the right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is mostly turned to the right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head is mostly turned to the right in
+the womb so you know we don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the womb so you know we don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the womb so you know we don't know what
+goose goes on in the kissters minds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goose goes on in the kissters minds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goose goes on in the kissters minds and
+there's you know physics us ology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know physics us ology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's you know physics us ology
+there's a lot of things that could help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things that could help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of things that could help
+us but it's just too complicated to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but it's just too complicated to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us but it's just too complicated to keep
+track of or too expensive for many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of or too expensive for many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of or too expensive for many
+instances now again the nicest part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances now again the nicest part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances now again the nicest part of
+this modeling was the fact that the our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modeling was the fact that the our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this modeling was the fact that the our
+eyes take only two values which mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes take only two values which mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes take only two values which mean
+that this conclusion that they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this conclusion that they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this conclusion that they were
+Bernoulli was totally free for us once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli was totally free for us once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bernoulli was totally free for us once
+we know it's random verbal it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's random verbal it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know it's random verbal it's a
+burning now they could have been as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning now they could have been as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning now they could have been as we
+said they could have been a Burnley with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they could have been a Burnley with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said they could have been a Burnley with
+parameter P I for each I I could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P I for each I I could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameter P I for each I I could have
+put a different parameter but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a different parameter but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a different parameter but I just
+don't have enough information right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough information right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have enough information right what
+would I said I would say well the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I said I would say well the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would I said I would say well the first
+couple turn to the right P I p1 has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple turn to the right P I p1 has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple turn to the right P I p1 has to
+be one that's my best guess right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one that's my best guess right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one that's my best guess right the
+second couple kids to the left well p2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second couple kids to the left well p2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second couple kids to the left well p2
+should be 0 that's my best guess and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 0 that's my best guess and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be 0 that's my best guess and so
+the the basically I need to have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basically I need to have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the basically I need to have to be
+able to average my information and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to average my information and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to average my information and the
+way to it is by coupling all these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to it is by coupling all these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to it is by coupling all these guys
+P is to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is to be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P is to be the same
+P for all I okay does it make sense here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P for all I okay does it make sense here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P for all I okay does it make sense here
+what I'm assuming is that my population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm assuming is that my population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm assuming is that my population
+is how much genius okay maybe it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much genius okay maybe it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how much genius okay maybe it's not
+maybe I could actually look at a finer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could actually look at a finer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I could actually look at a finer
+grain but I'm basically making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain but I'm basically making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain but I'm basically making a
+statement about a population and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about a population and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about a population and so you
+know maybe you kiss to the left and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you kiss to the left and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know maybe you kiss to the left and then
+you're not I'm not making a statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not I'm not making a statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not I'm not making a statement
+about a person individually I'm making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a person individually I'm making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a person individually I'm making a
+statement about the overall population
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about the overall population
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement about the overall population
+now independence is probably reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now independence is probably reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now independence is probably reasonable
+right this person just went and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this person just went and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this person just went and you know
+you can seriously hope that these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can seriously hope that these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can seriously hope that these people
+this couple did not communicate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this couple did not communicate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this couple did not communicate with
+each other or that you know Kenya did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other or that you know Kenya did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other or that you know Kenya did
+not text that we should all all turn our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not text that we should all all turn our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not text that we should all all turn our
+left in our head to the left now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in our head to the left now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left in our head to the left now and
+there's no like you know external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like you know external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no like you know external
+stimulus that forces people to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus that forces people to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulus that forces people to do
+something different okay so sorry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different okay so sorry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something different okay so sorry about
+that since we have about less than ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since we have about less than ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since we have about less than ten
+minutes let's do a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes let's do a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes let's do a little bit of
+exercises that okay with you so I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises that okay with you so I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises that okay with you so I just
+have like some exercises so we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like some exercises so we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like some exercises so we can see
+what an exercise is gonna look like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an exercise is gonna look like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what an exercise is gonna look like this
+is you know sort of similar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know sort of similar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you know sort of similar to the
+exercise you will see that maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you will see that maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise you will see that maybe we
+should do it together okay so now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do it together okay so now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should do it together okay so now we're
+gonna have I have a test okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have I have a test okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have I have a test okay so that's
+an exam right in probability okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam right in probability okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an exam right in probability okay and
+I'm gonna have 15 students in this test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have 15 students in this test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna have 15 students in this test
+and hopefully this should be 15 grades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully this should be 15 grades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hopefully this should be 15 grades
+they're representative of the grades of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're representative of the grades of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're representative of the grades of
+all a large class right so if you took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a large class right so if you took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all a large class right so if you took
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+18600 it's a large class there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18600 it's a large class there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18600 it's a large class there's
+definitely more than 15 students and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely more than 15 students and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely more than 15 students and
+maybe just by sampling 50 students at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just by sampling 50 students at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe just by sampling 50 students at
+random I want to have an idea of what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random I want to have an idea of what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random I want to have an idea of what my
+great distribution will look like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great distribution will look like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great distribution will look like okay
+I'm grading them I want to make did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm grading them I want to make did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm grading them I want to make did you
+get it yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it yes okay
+so I'm gonna make some modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna make some modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm gonna make some modeling
+assumption for those guys okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption for those guys okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption for those guys okay and so
+here so 15 students and the grades are X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so 15 students and the grades are X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so 15 students and the grades are X
+1 2 X 15 right just like we had r1 r2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 X 15 right just like we had r1 r2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 2 X 15 right just like we had r1 r2
+all the way to our 124 those were my our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to our 124 those were my our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way to our 124 those were my our
+eyes and so now I have my X eyes and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and so now I have my X eyes and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eyes and so now I have my X eyes and I'm
+gonna assume that X eye follows a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume that X eye follows a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna assume that X eye follows a
+Gaussian or normal distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian or normal distribution with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gaussian or normal distribution with
+mean mu and variance Sigma square now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mu and variance Sigma square now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean mu and variance Sigma square now
+this is modeling right nobody told me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is modeling right nobody told me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is modeling right nobody told me
+there's no physical process that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no physical process that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no physical process that makes
+this happen we know that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen we know that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this happen we know that there's
+something called the central limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the central limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called the central limit
+theorem in the background that says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the background that says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem in the background that says that
+you know things tend to be Gaussian but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things tend to be Gaussian but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know things tend to be Gaussian but
+this is really a matter of convenience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really a matter of convenience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is really a matter of convenience
+actually this is if you think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is if you think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is if you think about it
+this is terrible because this puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is terrible because this puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is terrible because this puts
+nonzero probability on negative scores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero probability on negative scores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero probability on negative scores
+I'm definitely not gonna get a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm definitely not gonna get a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm definitely not gonna get a negative
+score but you know it's good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score but you know it's good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score but you know it's good enough
+because I know the probability is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know the probability is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I know the probability is
+nonzero but it's probably you know 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero but it's probably you know 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero but it's probably you know 10 to
+the minus 12 so I'm I would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 12 so I'm I would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 12 so I'm I would be very
+lucky to see it negative scores so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky to see it negative scores so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky to see it negative scores so
+here's the list of grades so I have 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4179 T 58 82 76 78 maybe I should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4179 T 58 82 76 78 maybe I should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4179 T 58 82 76 78 maybe I should have
+done it with 8 59 69 sitting next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it with 8 59 69 sitting next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done it with 8 59 69 sitting next to
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+84 89 134 51 and 72 okay so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 89 134 51 and 72 okay so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+84 89 134 51 and 72 okay so those are
+the scores that I got they were clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scores that I got they were clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scores that I got they were clearly
+some bonus points over there and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bonus points over there and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some bonus points over there and the
+question is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's tomato's estimator from you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's tomato's estimator from you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's tomato's estimator from you what
+is my estimator from you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well estimator again is something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well estimator again is something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well estimator again is something that
+depends on the random variable alright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the random variable alright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the random variable alright
+so mu is the expectation right so a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mu is the expectation right so a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mu is the expectation right so a good
+estimator is definitely the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is definitely the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator is definitely the average
+score okay just like we had the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score okay just like we had the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score okay just like we had the average
+of the our eyes now the excise no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the our eyes now the excise no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the our eyes now the excise no longer
+need to be zeros in one so it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be zeros in one so it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be zeros in one so it's not
+gonna boil down to being a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna boil down to being a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna boil down to being a number of
+ones divided by the total numbers now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones divided by the total numbers now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones divided by the total numbers now if
+I'm looking for an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well I need to actually sum those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I need to actually sum those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well I need to actually sum those
+numbers and divide them by 15 right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and divide them by 15 right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and divide them by 15 right so
+my estimate is gonna be 1 over 15 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my estimate is gonna be 1 over 15 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my estimate is gonna be 1 over 15 and
+then I'm gonna start summing those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna start summing those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm gonna start summing those
+number 6 to 5 plus 72 ok and I can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 6 to 5 plus 72 ok and I can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 6 to 5 plus 72 ok and I can do it
+and it's 67.5 ok so this is my estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 67.5 ok so this is my estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's 67.5 ok so this is my estimate
+now if I want to compute a standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I want to compute a standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if I want to compute a standard
+deviation so let's say estimate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so let's say estimate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation so let's say estimate for
+Sigma you've seen that before right an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma you've seen that before right an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma you've seen that before right an
+estimate for Sigma is what an estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for Sigma is what an estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate for Sigma is what an estimate
+for Sigma and we'll see methods to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Sigma and we'll see methods to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Sigma and we'll see methods to do
+this but Sigma square is the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but Sigma square is the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this but Sigma square is the variance
+with the expectation of X minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expectation of X minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the expectation of X minus
+expectation of X square and the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X square and the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of X square and the problem
+is that I don't know what those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I don't know what those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that I don't know what those
+expectations are and so I'm gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations are and so I'm gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations are and so I'm gonna do
+what 99.9% of Statistics is what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 99.9% of Statistics is what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 99.9% of Statistics is what this
+statistics about that's my moto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics about that's my moto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics about that's my moto
+statistics is about replacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is about replacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics is about replacing
+expectations with averages that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations with averages that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations with averages that's what
+all the statistics is about there's 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the statistics is about there's 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the statistics is about there's 300
+pages in a purple book called off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages in a purple book called off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages in a purple book called off
+statistics that tell you this all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics that tell you this all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics that tell you this all right
+and then you do something fancy maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you do something fancy maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you do something fancy maybe
+you minimize something after you replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minimize something after you replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minimize something after you replace
+the expectation maybe you need to plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation maybe you need to plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation maybe you need to plug
+in other stuff but really every time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other stuff but really every time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other stuff but really every time you
+see an expectation you replace it by an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an expectation you replace it by an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see an expectation you replace it by an
+average ok let's do this so Sigma square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average ok let's do this so Sigma square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average ok let's do this so Sigma square
+hat will be what is going to be 1 over n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat will be what is going to be 1 over n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hat will be what is going to be 1 over n
+sum from I equal 1 to N of X I - well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from I equal 1 to N of X I - well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum from I equal 1 to N of X I - well
+here I need to replace my expectation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I need to replace my expectation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I need to replace my expectation by
+an average which is really this average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average which is really this average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an average which is really this average
+I'm gonna call it new hat square there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call it new hat square there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna call it new hat square there
+you go I've replaced my expectation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go I've replaced my expectation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go I've replaced my expectation with
+average okay so the golden thing is take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so the golden thing is take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average okay so the golden thing is take
+your expectation and replace it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expectation and replace it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your expectation and replace it with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right frame it get a tattoo I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right frame it get a tattoo I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right frame it get a tattoo I don't
+care but that's what it is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but that's what it is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care but that's what it is if you
+remember one thing from this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one thing from this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember one thing from this class
+that's what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what it is
+now you can be fancy if you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can be fancy if you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can be fancy if you look at your
+calculator is gonna put an N minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator is gonna put an N minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator is gonna put an N minus one
+here because it wants to be unbiased and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it wants to be unbiased and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because it wants to be unbiased and
+those are things are gonna come too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things are gonna come too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are things are gonna come too but
+let's say right now we stick to this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say right now we stick to this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say right now we stick to this and
+then when I plug in my numbers I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I plug in my numbers I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when I plug in my numbers I'm gonna
+get an estimate for for Sigma which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an estimate for for Sigma which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an estimate for for Sigma which is
+the square root of this estimate of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of this estimate of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of this estimate of the
+estimator once I plug in the numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator once I plug in the numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator once I plug in the numbers and
+you can check that the number you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check that the number you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check that the number you will
+get will be eighteen okay so those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get will be eighteen okay so those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get will be eighteen okay so those are
+basic things and if you've taken any ap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things and if you've taken any ap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic things and if you've taken any ap
+stats this would be this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats this would be this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stats this would be this should be
+completely standard to you now I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely standard to you now I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely standard to you now I have
+another list and I don't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another list and I don't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another list and I don't have time to
+see it my doesn't really matter okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it my doesn't really matter okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it my doesn't really matter okay
+we'll do that next time this is fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that next time this is fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that next time this is fine
+we'll we'll see another list of numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll see another list of numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll see another list of numbers
+and see we're gonna think about modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see we're gonna think about modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see we're gonna think about modeling
+assumption the goal of this exercise is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption the goal of this exercise is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption the goal of this exercise is
+not to compute those things it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to compute those things it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to compute those things it's really
+to think about modeling assumptions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about modeling assumptions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about modeling assumptions is
+it reasonable to think that things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reasonable to think that things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it reasonable to think that things are
+iid they're able to think that they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iid they're able to think that they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iid they're able to think that they have
+all the same parameters that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same parameters that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the same parameters that they're
+independent etc okay so one thing that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent etc okay so one thing that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent etc okay so one thing that I
+wanted to add is by probably by tonight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to add is by probably by tonight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to add is by probably by tonight
+I'm so I will try to use in the spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so I will try to use in the spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm so I will try to use in the spirit
+of you I don't know what starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you I don't know what starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you I don't know what starting
+happened in the spirit of using my iPad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the spirit of using my iPad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened in the spirit of using my iPad
+and fancy things I will try to post some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fancy things I will try to post some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fancy things I will try to post some
+videos so for in particular who has who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos so for in particular who has who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos so for in particular who has who
+has never used a statistical table to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never used a statistical table to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has never used a statistical table to
+read say the quintiles of a Gaussian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read say the quintiles of a Gaussian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read say the quintiles of a Gaussian
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution
+okay so there's several of you I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's several of you I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's several of you I will
+this is a simple but boring exercise I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple but boring exercise I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a simple but boring exercise I
+will just post a video on how to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just post a video on how to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just post a video on how to do this
+and you will be able to find it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will be able to find it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you will be able to find it on
+stellar it's gonna take five minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar it's gonna take five minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar it's gonna take five minutes and
+then you will know everything there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will know everything there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will know everything there is
+to know about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know about those
+but that's something you need for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's something you need for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's something you need for the
+first problem set by the way so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem set by the way so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first problem set by the way so the
+problem set has 30 exercises and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set has 30 exercises and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem set has 30 exercises and
+probability you need to do 15 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you need to do 15 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability you need to do 15 and you
+need you only need to turn in 15 you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you only need to turn in 15 you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need you only need to turn in 15 you can
+turn in all of 30 if you want but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in all of 30 if you want but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn in all of 30 if you want but you
+need to know that by the time we hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that by the time we hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to know that by the time we hit
+those things you need to know well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things you need to know well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things you need to know well
+actually by next week you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually by next week you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually by next week you need to know
+what's in there so if you if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in there so if you if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's in there so if you if you don't
+have time to do all the homework and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to do all the homework and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have time to do all the homework and
+then go back to your probability class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go back to your probability class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then go back to your probability class
+to figure out how to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out how to do it
+just do 15 easy that you can do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do 15 easy that you can do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do 15 easy that you can do and
+return those things but go back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return those things but go back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return those things but go back to your
+probability class and make sure that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability class and make sure that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability class and make sure that you
+know how to do all of them those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do all of them those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to do all of them those are
+pretty basic questions and those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty basic questions and those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty basic questions and those are
+things that I'm not gonna slow down on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I'm not gonna slow down on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that I'm not gonna slow down on
+so you need to remember that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to remember that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you need to remember that the
+expectation of the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation of the product of
+independent random variables are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent random variables are the
+product of the expectations some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the expectations some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the expectations some of the
+expected expectation of the sum is sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected expectation of the sum is sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected expectation of the sum is sum
+of the expected this kind of thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected this kind of thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the expected this kind of thing which
+is a little silly but just requires you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little silly but just requires you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little silly but just requires you
+practice so just you know have fun those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so just you know have fun those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice so just you know have fun those
+are simple exercises you will have fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simple exercises you will have fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are simple exercises you will have fun
+remembering your probability class all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering your probability class all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering your probability class all
+right so I'll see you on Tuesday or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'll see you on Tuesday or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so I'll see you on Tuesday or
+Monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/W06Le8fw0vU.txt b/W06Le8fw0vU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f522fd2b361006a60a004906efc06adafbb1c9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/W06Le8fw0vU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the last use-case day and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the last use-case day and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the last use-case day and
+then Tuesday we'll wrap up and I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Tuesday we'll wrap up and I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Tuesday we'll wrap up and I know
+that you all are preparing for finals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all are preparing for finals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you all are preparing for finals
+and and and writing final projects so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and writing final projects so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and writing final projects so it
+thins out at the end so I thank you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thins out at the end so I thank you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thins out at the end so I thank you all
+for showing up those those of you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for showing up those those of you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for showing up those those of you that
+are still here I also want to compliment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still here I also want to compliment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still here I also want to compliment
+their I didn't get through all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their I didn't get through all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their I didn't get through all of the
+papers seriously but I did my best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers seriously but I did my best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers seriously but I did my best to
+read them quickly last night today that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them quickly last night today that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read them quickly last night today that
+were submitted for today and just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were submitted for today and just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were submitted for today and just like
+the ones when trade finance they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones when trade finance they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones when trade finance they're
+really good they're I mean and and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good they're I mean and and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really good they're I mean and and if
+there was anything that was kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was anything that was kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was anything that was kind of the
+learning objective of this this don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning objective of this this don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning objective of this this don't
+get too happy James what sad yeah I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too happy James what sad yeah I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get too happy James what sad yeah I read
+it your Senate in Senate in its to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it your Senate in Senate in its to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it your Senate in Senate in its to show
+critical reasoning skills what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical reasoning skills what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical reasoning skills what is this
+new technology what is blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology what is blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology what is blockchain
+technology makes sense and just like in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology makes sense and just like in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology makes sense and just like in
+trade finance in Identity Management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade finance in Identity Management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade finance in Identity Management
+there's there's a data that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a data that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's a data that really
+matters and we'll talk about this a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and we'll talk about this a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and we'll talk about this a bit
+but the data really does matter our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data really does matter our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the data really does matter our
+identity and so forth but I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and so forth but I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and so forth but I wanted to
+turn back to trade finance just for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn back to trade finance just for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn back to trade finance just for a
+minute because James had challenged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute because James had challenged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute because James had challenged the
+whole group about supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group about supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole group about supply chain
+management and Lauren was a little quiet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and Lauren was a little quiet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management and Lauren was a little quiet
+but I she knows I'm gonna call on her so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I she knows I'm gonna call on her so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I she knows I'm gonna call on her so
+this isn't a cold call but Lauren you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't a cold call but Lauren you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't a cold call but Lauren you
+want to give your view on this a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give your view on this a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give your view on this a little
+bit Lauren who worked in supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Lauren who worked in supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit Lauren who worked in supply chain
+management for four or five years I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management for four or five years I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management for four or five years I
+worked in supply chain sustainability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in supply chain sustainability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked in supply chain sustainability
+and there's been a huge push and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been a huge push and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's been a huge push and you
+know kind of the DeBeers thing touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of the DeBeers thing touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know kind of the DeBeers thing touched
+on this there's been a huge push over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this there's been a huge push over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this there's been a huge push over
+the past like five to ten years to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past like five to ten years to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the past like five to ten years to just
+increase like traceability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase like traceability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase like traceability
+pairen see-through supply chains to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairen see-through supply chains to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairen see-through supply chains to make
+sure like Conflict Minerals were to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure like Conflict Minerals were to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure like Conflict Minerals were to make
+sure that things aren't you know using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that things aren't you know using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that things aren't you know using a
+lot of water and water stress areas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of water and water stress areas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of water and water stress areas and
+things we've spent like a huge push for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've spent like a huge push for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we've spent like a huge push for
+transparency through the supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency through the supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency through the supply chain
+and trying to figure out like how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to figure out like how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and trying to figure out like how
+companies can basically like audit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies can basically like audit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies can basically like audit and
+assess their suppliers and like take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess their suppliers and like take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assess their suppliers and like take it
+layers back and so one big thing now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers back and so one big thing now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layers back and so one big thing now is
+like it's all done through I mean most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's all done through I mean most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's all done through I mean most
+companies doing through like assessment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies doing through like assessment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies doing through like assessment
+so it's annually like companies assess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's annually like companies assess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's annually like companies assess
+their suppliers and hope that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their suppliers and hope that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their suppliers and hope that they
+submit all this accurate information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit all this accurate information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submit all this accurate information and
+hope that their suppliers are doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that their suppliers are doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope that their suppliers are doing the
+same things like throughout the supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things like throughout the supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same things like throughout the supply
+chain but there's like very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain but there's like very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain but there's like very little
+transparency into it there's it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency into it there's it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency into it there's it's like
+very hard to verify and there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to verify and there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very hard to verify and there's like
+really like asymmetrical information on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like asymmetrical information on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really like asymmetrical information on
+all sides so watching would be I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sides so watching would be I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sides so watching would be I think
+for sustainability purposes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sustainability purposes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for sustainability purposes because
+right now you're just like hoping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you're just like hoping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now you're just like hoping that
+companies are allocating the proper time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are allocating the proper time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies are allocating the proper time
+and resources to like go through and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resources to like go through and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and resources to like go through and
+track their like raw materials and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track their like raw materials and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track their like raw materials and
+supply everything but there's no real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply everything but there's no real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply everything but there's no real
+like verifiable or transparent way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like verifiable or transparent way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like verifiable or transparent way for
+it to be done and so like right now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be done and so like right now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be done and so like right now a
+lot of people are basically like a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people are basically like a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of people are basically like a lot
+of customers are hoping that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of customers are hoping that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of customers are hoping that their
+suppliers you know they're taking them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers you know they're taking them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppliers you know they're taking them
+at face value when they say things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at face value when they say things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at face value when they say things like
+we don't use child labor or we don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't use child labor or we don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't use child labor or we don't you
+know source from these certain material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know source from these certain material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know source from these certain material
+or regions but there's like really no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or regions but there's like really no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or regions but there's like really no
+way to verify it so a big thing like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to verify it so a big thing like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to verify it so a big thing like I
+think a big opportunity for blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a big opportunity for blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a big opportunity for blockchain
+and supply chain is helping increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supply chain is helping increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supply chain is helping increase
+that traceability so that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that traceability so that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that traceability so that you know
+you're not coming from places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not coming from places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not coming from places where
+child labor is okay you know ideally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child labor is okay you know ideally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child labor is okay you know ideally
+you're coming to places with like good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming to places with like good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming to places with like good
+safety standards and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are you still on the rock-bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you still on the rock-bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you still on the rock-bottom
+minimalist side of supply chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist side of supply chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalist side of supply chain
+blockchain about this class and even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain about this class and even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain about this class and even the
+eight or ten papers I read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or ten papers I read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight or ten papers I read about
+identity management identity and access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity management identity and access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity management identity and access
+management systems and blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management systems and blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management systems and blockchain
+technology ranged I don't think I read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology ranged I don't think I read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology ranged I don't think I read
+any that were at a zero there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that were at a zero there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any that were at a zero there were no
+absolute minimalist but there were some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute minimalist but there were some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute minimalist but there were some
+of your papers that veered towards that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your papers that veered towards that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your papers that veered towards that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+aleem who's gonna talk to us probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aleem who's gonna talk to us probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aleem who's gonna talk to us probably
+sometime during today I'd say your paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime during today I'd say your paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime during today I'd say your paper
+veered towards the most maximalist side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veered towards the most maximalist side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+veered towards the most maximalist side
+I had seen you yet and in in 23 classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had seen you yet and in in 23 classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I had seen you yet and in in 23 classes
+with respect to a certain definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so we're going to hear from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so we're going to hear from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so we're going to hear from
+alene maybe in 20 minutes or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alene maybe in 20 minutes or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alene maybe in 20 minutes or something
+but mind you that's the surprise of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mind you that's the surprise of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but mind you that's the surprise of the
+classes he's he's moved to the maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes he's he's moved to the maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes he's he's moved to the maximal
+aside at least on one application for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside at least on one application for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside at least on one application for
+blockchain technology which is also I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology which is also I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology which is also I
+think the right place to be is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the right place to be is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the right place to be is is that
+this is a technology that might have use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a technology that might have use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a technology that might have use
+cases that work and others that are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that work and others that are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that work and others that are just
+hype there might even be some digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hype there might even be some digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hype there might even be some digital
+native tokens that will survive and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native tokens that will survive and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+native tokens that will survive and a
+most and my thought won't but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and my thought won't but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most and my thought won't but there
+might be some that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some that makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some that makes sense
+probably more applications blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more applications blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably more applications blockchain
+technology applications than tokens but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology applications than tokens but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology applications than tokens but
+will start going through identity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again we'll talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll talk a little bit about
+identity before we get into it identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity before we get into it identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity before we get into it identity
+and access management systems but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and access management systems but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and access management systems but what
+is identity then the sort of management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identity then the sort of management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identity then the sort of management
+of them particularly in a digital age
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them particularly in a digital age
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them particularly in a digital age
+some state projects in India and Estonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some state projects in India and Estonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some state projects in India and Estonia
+and then some blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then some blockchain technology
+projects private sector in essence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects private sector in essence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects private sector in essence and
+then of course some of you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course some of you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then of course some of you might be
+graduating and we'll talk about MIT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating and we'll talk about MIT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduating and we'll talk about MIT is
+MIT had to do that so and the study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT had to do that so and the study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT had to do that so and the study
+questions were what are the trade-offs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were what are the trade-offs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were what are the trade-offs
+what does it mean to be self sovereign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to be self sovereign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to be self sovereign
+identity and how might blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and how might blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and how might blockchain
+technology address that and we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology address that and we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology address that and we'll we'll
+see show hands later how many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see show hands later how many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see show hands later how many of you
+plan to get your MIT diploma on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to get your MIT diploma on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan to get your MIT diploma on
+blockchain I hope by the way that all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I hope by the way that all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I hope by the way that all of
+you planned to get an MIT diploma but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you planned to get an MIT diploma but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you planned to get an MIT diploma but
+there are some of you that are from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some of you that are from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some of you that are from
+Harvard here and from other schools so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard here and from other schools so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard here and from other schools so
+maybe you'll come back to MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then there was a handful of readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there was a handful of readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there was a handful of readings
+which at least from the write-up seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at least from the write-up seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which at least from the write-up seem
+like they so open license certificate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they so open license certificate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like they so open license certificate at
+least it's a certificate right kuda yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it's a certificate right kuda yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least it's a certificate right kuda yeah
+I mean philosophical question like who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean philosophical question like who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean philosophical question like who
+you are and all the things that prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and all the things that prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are and all the things that prove
+your identity currently our government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identity currently our government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identity currently our government
+issued documents or like school issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued documents or like school issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued documents or like school issued
+documents that prove that somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that prove that somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents that prove that somebody else
+already done a background check to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done a background check to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already done a background check to make
+sure that you are you say you are so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you are you say you are so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that you are you say you are so
+sometimes it can be a bit of code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it can be a bit of code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it can be a bit of code
+sometimes it can be a nationality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it can be a nationality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it can be a nationality
+sometime it can be your face it depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime it can be your face it depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometime it can be your face it depends
+on the context what identity identity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the context what identity identity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the context what identity identity is
+going back to their philosophical me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to their philosophical me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to their philosophical me
+please what it finds you as a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please what it finds you as a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please what it finds you as a unique
+individual and differentiates you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and differentiates you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual and differentiates you from
+anybody else right and use additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else right and use additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody else right and use additional
+instruments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he serves the purpose of identify us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he serves the purpose of identify us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he serves the purpose of identify us as
+an individual to certain context that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual to certain context that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual to certain context that's
+brought each mentioned that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought each mentioned that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brought each mentioned that the
+identities inherent to a first night of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities inherent to a first night of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identities inherent to a first night of
+an additional article I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional article I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additional article I understand
+so how many people agree with here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many people agree with here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many people agree with here it's
+something unique that identifies I agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something unique that identifies I agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something unique that identifies I agree
+you're great I think it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're great I think it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're great I think it has to be
+something that you can borrow in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can borrow in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you can borrow in order
+to be identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be identity
+otherwise it's just you think you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it's just you think you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise it's just you think you have
+to be able to verify what Eric was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to verify what Eric was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to verify what Eric was
+saying that it's unique it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's unique it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that it's unique it's something
+about our humanity and it's about who we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our humanity and it's about who we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our humanity and it's about who we
+are I think it's so like my identity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I think it's so like my identity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I think it's so like my identity is
+like with my name you know this date of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with my name you know this date of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with my name you know this date of
+birth and like with my I like my finger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and like with my I like my finger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and like with my I like my finger
+like this is who I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is who I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this is who I am
+and I think what you were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think what you were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think what you were talking about
+it's more like how can the society Arab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like how can the society Arab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more like how can the society Arab
+I like that you are the one who you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like that you are the one who you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like that you are the one who you
+claim to be so I think there's different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to be so I think there's different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to be so I think there's different
+ways that we're talking about this I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we're talking about this I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that we're talking about this I
+think it's like not unique in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like not unique in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like not unique in the sense
+that it's not unique in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not unique in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's not unique in the sense that
+like it's like characteristics as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like characteristics as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it's like characteristics as
+someone has but like maybe someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has but like maybe someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone has but like maybe someone else
+will have the same characteristics but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the same characteristics but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have the same characteristics but
+it's more yeah as Jay just said like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more yeah as Jay just said like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's more yeah as Jay just said like
+basically like someone can verify that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like someone can verify that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically like someone can verify that
+what you say it's true like if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you say it's true like if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you say it's true like if you have
+these characteristics and that's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characteristics and that's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these characteristics and that's part of
+your identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identity
+but there's it's not like unique in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's it's not like unique in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's it's not like unique in the
+sense that it's just make sure Alexis or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it's just make sure Alexis or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it's just make sure Alexis or
+you're saying your identity is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying your identity is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying your identity is not
+unique or are you saying certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique or are you saying certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique or are you saying certain
+attributes near me but like it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes near me but like it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes near me but like it's just
+like aggregation of characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you're saying it's not just who you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying it's not just who you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're saying it's not just who you are
+but how society accepts you it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how society accepts you it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but how society accepts you it in a
+commercial sense in an economic sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial sense in an economic sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial sense in an economic sense
+identity is used for so many things I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is used for so many things I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity is used for so many things I do
+believe and maybe it is philosophical I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe and maybe it is philosophical I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe and maybe it is philosophical I
+do believe that we are each unique Souls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do believe that we are each unique Souls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do believe that we are each unique Souls
+and so that's a belief system maybe but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's a belief system maybe but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's a belief system maybe but
+in an economic sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an economic sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an economic sense
+we have various attributes so those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have various attributes so those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have various attributes so those
+attributes might be shared I know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes might be shared I know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes might be shared I know in
+fact yeah whoa so what is identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact yeah whoa so what is identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact yeah whoa so what is identity
+there's a dude up there that I share DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dude up there that I share DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a dude up there that I share DNA
+with exact replicable genetic material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exact replicable genetic material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exact replicable genetic material
+but I for one think that I'm unique from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I for one think that I'm unique from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I for one think that I'm unique from
+him and I have a different identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and I have a different identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and I have a different identity and
+you can be guessing while you pull this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be guessing while you pull this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be guessing while you pull this
+down off campus who's who it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down off campus who's who it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down off campus who's who it's not a
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+what's that James let's see we're unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that James let's see we're unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that James let's see we're unique
+different identities same DNA who has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different identities same DNA who has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different identities same DNA who has an
+iPhone with face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so when Thanksgiving Rob hands me his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when Thanksgiving Rob hands me his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when Thanksgiving Rob hands me his
+iPhone he says what do you say and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone he says what do you say and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone he says what do you say and I
+look he says just look at it and I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look he says just look at it and I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look he says just look at it and I look
+at it I say I see a bunch of text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it I say I see a bunch of text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at it I say I see a bunch of text
+messages why and he cursed and he said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages why and he cursed and he said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages why and he cursed and he said
+he said I handed you my locked phone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+whatever you think about fire metrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you think about fire metrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you think about fire metrics
+and high phones it didn't work or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high phones it didn't work or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high phones it didn't work or it
+does work I don't know so I handed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work I don't know so I handed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work I don't know so I handed them
+back my iPhone was a little older and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back my iPhone was a little older and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back my iPhone was a little older and I
+said could you open it for me with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said could you open it for me with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said could you open it for me with your
+thumb bread and he couldn't so just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb bread and he couldn't so just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb bread and he couldn't so just for
+now we have a number of sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a number of sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a number of sets of
+identical twins and err my father's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twins and err my father's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical twins and err my father's
+family and so forth so he tried it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and so forth so he tried it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and so forth so he tried it with
+two of our identical twin cousins two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of our identical twin cousins two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of our identical twin cousins two
+women and they too can open each other's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and they too can open each other's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+women and they too can open each other's
+phones no with their face recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones no with their face recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phones no with their face recognition
+not with fingerprints but with face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with fingerprints but with face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not with fingerprints but with face
+recognition so they're just there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so they're just there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition so they're just there's a
+little side story about identity shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little side story about identity shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little side story about identity shows
+you these stuff photographs that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these stuff photographs that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these stuff photographs that you're
+potentially can be identified thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially can be identified thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially can be identified thank you
+so I keep getting your pictures for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I keep getting your pictures for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I keep getting your pictures for my
+few brothers too oh yeah face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few brothers too oh yeah face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few brothers too oh yeah face
+recognition today I'm gonna do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition today I'm gonna do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition today I'm gonna do a
+fraternal that I don't know anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternal that I don't know anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraternal that I don't know anything
+about Facebook there's actually a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Facebook there's actually a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Facebook there's actually a much
+simpler way to define identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler way to define identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler way to define identity
+philosophy aside you know there's these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy aside you know there's these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philosophy aside you know there's these
+physical human beings and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical human beings and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical human beings and there's
+billions of them on the planet and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of them on the planet and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billions of them on the planet and one
+simple way to think about it is you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to think about it is you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple way to think about it is you want
+the hash each person's this is good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash each person's this is good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash each person's this is good but
+that's actually what you want to do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what you want to do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually what you want to do you
+want a hash each person and get a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a hash each person and get a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a hash each person and get a number
+and the property of that is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the property of that is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the property of that is that if you
+come to me and I hash you I get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to me and I hash you I get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to me and I hash you I get some
+number and if you come again I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and if you come again I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and if you come again I get the
+same number so I know I'm dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number so I know I'm dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same number so I know I'm dealing with
+the same person I mean that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same person I mean that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same person I mean that's actually
+one way even if you put on weight I hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way even if you put on weight I hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way even if you put on weight I hide
+in hash because I can use your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hash because I can use your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hash because I can use your
+idealistic right then your twin brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealistic right then your twin brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idealistic right then your twin brother
+cuz you know what you won't have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you know what you won't have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz you know what you won't have to say
+- I'm actually not sure but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I'm actually not sure but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- I'm actually not sure but I don't
+think you right so now I have to I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you right so now I have to I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you right so now I have to I get
+the same number I know why I'm dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number I know why I'm dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number I know why I'm dealing
+with them this solves a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them this solves a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them this solves a lot of the
+problems in the business world do I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the business world do I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the business world do I see
+getting a credit card on a bank stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a credit card on a bank stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a credit card on a bank stuff
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+and and it also solves the problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it also solves the problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and it also solves the problem that
+I own in customers well argue is 0-1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I own in customers well argue is 0-1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I own in customers well argue is 0-1
+Asha's is your hash of hash that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asha's is your hash of hash that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Asha's is your hash of hash that I've
+seen in the past right so so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the past right so so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen in the past right so so that's a
+very simple way to think of identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple way to think of identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very simple way to think of identity and
+you puts philosophy I didn't you assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you puts philosophy I didn't you assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you puts philosophy I didn't you assume
+that there's some physicality of human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some physicality of human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's some physicality of human
+beings so the question is like how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings so the question is like how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beings so the question is like how do
+you implement this hash function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implement this hash function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you implement this hash function so
+you're taking that you're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking that you're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're taking that you're not really
+putting philosophy to the side you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting philosophy to the side you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting philosophy to the side you're
+saying that maybe all well and good but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that maybe all well and good but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that maybe all well and good but
+you can also take a physical object a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also take a physical object a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also take a physical object a
+human apply a hash function a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human apply a hash function a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human apply a hash function a
+cryptographic means and get a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic means and get a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic means and get a unique
+identifier for that individual I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier for that individual I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifier for that individual I can
+make have a counter feed of like five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make have a counter feed of like five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make have a counter feed of like five
+things that can essentially be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can essentially be the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that can essentially be the same
+thing and you will just have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you will just have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and you will just have five
+different hashes for it right it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hashes for it right it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different hashes for it right it'll
+still have to come from an on blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to come from an on blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have to come from an on blockchain
+sauce for you to be able what's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce for you to be able what's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sauce for you to be able what's not
+thing it's human beings okay but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's human beings okay but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing it's human beings okay but like
+for you to be able to hash one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be able to hash one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to be able to hash one person
+you can still reproduce five other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+entities with a different hash difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities with a different hash difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities with a different hash difficult
+you can't actually if I catch myself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't actually if I catch myself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't actually if I catch myself and
+I get a hash you will have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a hash you will have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get a hash you will have a lot of
+difficulty producing another human being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty producing another human being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty producing another human being
+that way it's like finding the collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's like finding the collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way it's like finding the collision
+in the hash function you have you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hash function you have you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hash function you have you have
+raised a lot of difficulty producing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised a lot of difficulty producing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised a lot of difficulty producing it
+in a bin that has the same cache is mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bin that has the same cache is mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a bin that has the same cache is mine
+because the hash function is collision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the hash function is collision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the hash function is collision
+resistant thing it's hard to come up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant thing it's hard to come up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistant thing it's hard to come up to
+clone me a hundred percent for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone me a hundred percent for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clone me a hundred percent for example
+my red enough even if I give you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my red enough even if I give you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my red enough even if I give you all the
+data behind my retina and you have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data behind my retina and you have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data behind my retina and you have it
+it's really hard to produce the retina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to produce the retina
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to produce the retina
+in your own eye that you can scan into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own eye that you can scan into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your own eye that you can scan into
+tend to be mean for example that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be mean for example that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to be mean for example that's one
+way to think of passion somebody's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of passion somebody's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of passion somebody's just
+can't get enough and even though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get enough and even though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't get enough and even though you
+know the full retina well it's no used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the full retina well it's no used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the full retina well it's no used
+to because you have to put it in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because you have to put it in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to because you have to put it in your
+eye and go there and get scanned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and go there and get scanned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and go there and get scanned and
+it's like okay fine well our medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like okay fine well our medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like okay fine well our medical
+technology is not there yet if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is not there yet if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology is not there yet if you want
+to take it like it's not even your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it like it's not even your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take it like it's not even your
+physical representation right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical representation right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical representation right because
+you can change like what you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change like what you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can change like what you are
+physically nowadays and so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically nowadays and so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physically nowadays and so it's like
+it's what you know what you are and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what you know what you are and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's what you know what you are and what
+you have or three things that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have or three things that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have or three things that you can
+put into this hash function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into this hash function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into this hash function
+well it should be it should be you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it should be it should be you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it should be it should be you're
+right it's not the whole of you like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not the whole of you like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not the whole of you like you
+have to do it very carefully so yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it very carefully so yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it very carefully so yeah the
+question is how do you cook the ref you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you cook the ref you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do you cook the ref you
+had a person because like if you go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a person because like if you go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a person because like if you go by
+weight let's say just pass the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight let's say just pass the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight let's say just pass the hash
+function is your weight well that's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is your weight well that's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is your weight well that's bad
+because you get collisions so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get collisions so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you get collisions so you have
+to very carefully metrics that behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very carefully metrics that behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very carefully metrics that behind
+the whole because it's not the hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole because it's not the hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole because it's not the hashing
+that's making this the biometrics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's making this the biometrics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's making this the biometrics
+because you have ya have to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have ya have to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have ya have to actually
+catch something right when you see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch something right when you see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catch something right when you see when
+you come from the abstract constructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come from the abstract constructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come from the abstract constructive
+saying hash somebody you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hash somebody you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying hash somebody you're actually
+seeing your hashing some biometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing your hashing some biometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing your hashing some biometric
+attributes that have to be unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually they're really important when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're really important when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they're really important when
+it comes to biometrics that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to biometrics that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes to biometrics that's right
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+I know the question is like well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the question is like well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know the question is like well
+biometrics get stolen how would you deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometrics get stolen how would you deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biometrics get stolen how would you deal
+with that and have to be very careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's still like an identifier identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still like an identifier identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's still like an identifier identity
+right thank you guys are saying like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thank you guys are saying like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right thank you guys are saying like you
+can you can replicate somebody's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can replicate somebody's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can replicate somebody's right
+now let's say perhaps that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say perhaps that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's say perhaps that's right
+that's right or they gave somebody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right or they gave somebody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right or they gave somebody's
+finger tips but that doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger tips but that doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finger tips but that doesn't mean that
+you're replicating their entire identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're replicating their entire identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're replicating their entire identity
+okay like so I like the idea of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like so I like the idea of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like so I like the idea of like
+passion somebody's identity hashing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion somebody's identity hashing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passion somebody's identity hashing
+their person but I don't think it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their person but I don't think it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their person but I don't think it's just
+patching their I or just hashing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patching their I or just hashing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patching their I or just hashing their
+that's right but I think you're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right but I think you're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right but I think you're getting
+from something I'm looking for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something I'm looking for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something I'm looking for the
+perspective of a bank to verify what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of a bank to verify what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective of a bank to verify what
+does a bank actually need to do it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a bank actually need to do it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does a bank actually need to do it just
+needs to map everybody to some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to map everybody to some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to map everybody to some number
+and when you come back it needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you come back it needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you come back it needs to
+figure out which number you are or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which number you are or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which number you are or if
+you're a new number that's like all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a new number that's like all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a new number that's like all you
+need and then you know problem solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and then you know problem solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need and then you know problem solved
+and then by the way personal data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by the way personal data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then by the way personal data
+attributes you just link those to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes you just link those to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes you just link those to those
+numbers it's not a difficult problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's not a difficult problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers it's not a difficult problem
+it's an orthogonal problem it's very you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an orthogonal problem it's very you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an orthogonal problem it's very you
+solved that intervention so let's create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved that intervention so let's create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved that intervention so let's create
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+what Elena's saying is he's not talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Elena's saying is he's not talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Elena's saying is he's not talking
+about our soul or our unique identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our soul or our unique identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about our soul or our unique identity
+he's talking about something that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about something that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's talking about something that a
+verifier a bank might be able to do and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier a bank might be able to do and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifier a bank might be able to do and
+that you could say there's seven billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could say there's seven billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could say there's seven billion
+people on the planet now and there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the planet now and there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the planet now and there'll be
+10 or 12 billion one day but you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 12 billion one day but you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 or 12 billion one day but you could
+take each one of them and somehow have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each one of them and somehow have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take each one of them and somehow have a
+unique identifier a hash function that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifier a hash function that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique identifier a hash function that
+has each of those don't do it off of DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has each of those don't do it off of DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has each of those don't do it off of DNA
+though because Eric and I you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though because Eric and I you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though because Eric and I you know and
+hundreds of millions of others would so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions of others would so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions of others would so
+that's DNA is not a unique identifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's DNA is not a unique identifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's DNA is not a unique identifier
+for true identity so the concepts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for true identity so the concepts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for true identity so the concepts of
+identity for things that I think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity for things that I think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity for things that I think about
+sometimes some of the papers were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes some of the papers were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes some of the papers were about
+three but there's attributes a claim a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but there's attributes a claim a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three but there's attributes a claim a
+credential and attestation what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credential and attestation what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credential and attestation what would be
+an attribute just any old attribute of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attribute just any old attribute of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attribute just any old attribute of
+any of them what's that your retina or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them what's that your retina or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of them what's that your retina or
+it could be your age address citizenship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be your age address citizenship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be your age address citizenship
+name write a claim as my name is Gary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name write a claim as my name is Gary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name write a claim as my name is Gary
+her claim might be an I am so old or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her claim might be an I am so old or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her claim might be an I am so old or I
+am a US citizen or a claim might even be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am a US citizen or a claim might even be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am a US citizen or a claim might even be
+I have $5,000 in my bank account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have $5,000 in my bank account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have $5,000 in my bank account
+I mean sometimes there are other forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean sometimes there are other forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean sometimes there are other forms
+of claims or I do have a bank account at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of claims or I do have a bank account at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of claims or I do have a bank account at
+Bank of America I don't think I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank of America I don't think I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank of America I don't think I have
+5,000 in it right now no all right a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 in it right now no all right a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 in it right now no all right a
+credential is what we started with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credential is what we started with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credential is what we started with that
+I think James mention it a driver's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think James mention it a driver's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think James mention it a driver's
+license an ID card a utility bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license an ID card a utility bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license an ID card a utility bill
+sometimes I mean there's hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I mean there's hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes I mean there's hundreds of
+forms of credentials we think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of credentials we think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of credentials we think of the
+governmental credentials the history of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental credentials the history of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental credentials the history of
+credentials are interesting the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credentials are interesting the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credentials are interesting the first
+tens of thousands of years of humankind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of thousands of years of humankind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of thousands of years of humankind
+didn't have any and and and we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any and and and we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have any and and and we started
+to have on passports really or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have on passports really or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have on passports really or anything
+even that old a an invention in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that old a an invention in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even that old a an invention in a
+sixteenth century the King of England
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteenth century the King of England
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sixteenth century the King of England
+had some pass boarding but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some pass boarding but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some pass boarding but it
+so that his citizens could be recognized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that his citizens could be recognized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that his citizens could be recognized
+in other countries it was so that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other countries it was so that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other countries it was so that their
+rights would be respected and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights would be respected and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights would be respected and somebody
+would not be kind of messed with like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be kind of messed with like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would not be kind of messed with like
+I'm under that sovereign don't don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm under that sovereign don't don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm under that sovereign don't don't you
+know mess with me but in terms of a true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mess with me but in terms of a true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know mess with me but in terms of a true
+permitting system it was largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting system it was largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permitting system it was largely
+implemented about a hundred years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented about a hundred years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented about a hundred years ago
+anywhere between 100 150 years ago it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere between 100 150 years ago it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere between 100 150 years ago it's
+not that old a system but it was old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that old a system but it was old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that old a system but it was old
+paperwork and I don't know if any of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperwork and I don't know if any of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paperwork and I don't know if any of you
+have ever yes to see a grandparents or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever yes to see a grandparents or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have ever yes to see a grandparents or
+great-grandparents are an ancestors like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-grandparents are an ancestors like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great-grandparents are an ancestors like
+passport or those documents if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passport or those documents if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passport or those documents if you have
+them but they're intensely paper in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they're intensely paper in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but they're intensely paper in fact
+if they're from the late 19th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're from the late 19th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're from the late 19th century
+there's no photographs and he started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no photographs and he started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no photographs and he started
+out photographs in the early 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out photographs in the early 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out photographs in the early 20th
+century and so it's a big change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and so it's a big change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century and so it's a big change in the
+last 30 or 40 years of digitization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 30 or 40 years of digitization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 30 or 40 years of digitization of
+this has actually made it a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has actually made it a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has actually made it a little
+harder in some ways I mean there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder in some ways I mean there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder in some ways I mean there's
+efficiencies but it makes it harder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies but it makes it harder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies but it makes it harder and
+then at Tec sation is a third party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at Tec sation is a third party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then at Tec sation is a third party
+verifying it and that's what aleem was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying it and that's what aleem was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verifying it and that's what aleem was
+talking about how somebody can verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how somebody can verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about how somebody can verify
+your identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identity
+they're basically I make a claim my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically I make a claim my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're basically I make a claim my
+name's get Gary I might give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name's get Gary I might give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name's get Gary I might give a
+credential my passport to show it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credential my passport to show it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credential my passport to show it the
+picture looks like may a human looks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture looks like may a human looks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture looks like may a human looks at
+it lines it up says all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lines it up says all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lines it up says all right
+you can come in you can enter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come in you can enter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can come in you can enter the
+country of Germany or wherever I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of Germany or wherever I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of Germany or wherever I'm
+traveling they don't actually know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling they don't actually know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traveling they don't actually know that
+I'm really the but it'll they do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really the but it'll they do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm really the but it'll they do some
+verification so those are the big kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification so those are the big kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification so those are the big kind
+of pieces identity and access management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces identity and access management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of pieces identity and access management
+systems the functions and these are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the functions and these are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems the functions and these are just
+taken from a bunch of readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from a bunch of readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken from a bunch of readings
+authentication that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication that and then
+authorization authenticating that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization authenticating that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization authenticating that I have
+the bank account authorization I can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank account authorization I can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank account authorization I can use
+it or authentication I'm a US citizen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or authentication I'm a US citizen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or authentication I'm a US citizen
+authorization I can come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization I can come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization I can come into the
+country of Germany here so based upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of Germany here so based upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country of Germany here so based upon
+some attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some attribute
+somebody authorizes me or something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody authorizes me or something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody authorizes me or something that
+maybe some of you have dealt with it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you have dealt with it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe some of you have dealt with it's
+some stage of your life that first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stage of your life that first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some stage of your life that first time
+you went in and handed a driver's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went in and handed a driver's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you went in and handed a driver's
+license in so you could take a drink at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license in so you could take a drink at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license in so you could take a drink at
+a bar make it tangible you know that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bar make it tangible you know that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bar make it tangible you know that's
+like authenticating do you look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like authenticating do you look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like authenticating do you look like
+that person and then who are the parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person and then who are the parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that person and then who are the parties
+in this system users service providers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this system users service providers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this system users service providers
+identity providers anybody want to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity providers anybody want to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity providers anybody want to tell
+me about this ecosystem at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alphy you didn't write you wrote last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphy you didn't write you wrote last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alphy you didn't write you wrote last
+time no identity in a more full software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no identity in a more full software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time no identity in a more full software
+is who you are but yes the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is who you are but yes the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is who you are but yes the identity
+provider can be somebody like the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider can be somebody like the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provider can be somebody like the state
+of the state of New York or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the state of New York or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the state of New York or the
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts birth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts birth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts birth
+certificates death certificates marriage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates death certificates marriage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates death certificates marriage
+certificates attribute authorities like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates attribute authorities like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates attribute authorities like
+certificate authorities are kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities are kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities are kind of a
+more recent invention I don't know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent invention I don't know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more recent invention I don't know that
+they existed 100 or 200 years ago but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they existed 100 or 200 years ago but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they existed 100 or 200 years ago but
+but an attribute Authority says these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an attribute Authority says these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but an attribute Authority says these
+attributes we will validate them they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes we will validate them they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes we will validate them they're
+central authorities that say yes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central authorities that say yes this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central authorities that say yes this is
+this is correct and certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct and certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is correct and certificate
+authorities are particularly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities are particularly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities are particularly an
+invention of what 40 years maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of what 40 years maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invention of what 40 years maybe the
+internet 30 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in 1976 1976 thesis at MIT does anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1976 1976 thesis at MIT does anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 1976 1976 thesis at MIT does anybody
+want to say what a certificate authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say what a certificate authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to say what a certificate authority
+is because they're in the middle of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they're in the middle of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because they're in the middle of all
+of that by the way every time that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that by the way every time that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that by the way every time that you
+go to the Internet today a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the Internet today a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the Internet today a certificate
+authority is involved in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority is involved in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority is involved in that
+transaction probably a hundred billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction probably a hundred billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction probably a hundred billion
+times a day around the globe it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a day around the globe it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a day around the globe it's
+probably the order of magnitude probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the order of magnitude probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the order of magnitude probably
+a hundred billion times a day a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred billion times a day a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred billion times a day a
+certificate authority is used a lien you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority is used a lien you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority is used a lien you
+want a certificate authorities or how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a certificate authorities or how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want a certificate authorities or how we
+access the internet all day long for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the internet all day long for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access the internet all day long for
+what they are on the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are on the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are on the web
+yeah right so on the web you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so on the web you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah right so on the web you have a
+bunch of websites let's see you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of websites let's see you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of websites let's see you have
+facebook.com and you want to visit it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook.com and you want to visit it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook.com and you want to visit it
+and give it your password so if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it your password so if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give it your password so if you have
+evil people like me I might set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil people like me I might set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evil people like me I might set up a
+fake server and pretend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake server and pretend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake server and pretend to be
+facebook.com mess with the DNS records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook.com mess with the DNS records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facebook.com mess with the DNS records
+get you to visit my server this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to visit my server this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get you to visit my server this is my
+server but you can't tell DNS domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server but you can't tell DNS domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server but you can't tell DNS domain
+name sir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so anyway yeah is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so anyway yeah is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so anyway yeah is that when you
+actually do a look up from facebook.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a look up from facebook.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do a look up from facebook.com
+from IP address that's actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from IP address that's actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from IP address that's actually very
+insecure and attackers can mess with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure and attackers can mess with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure and attackers can mess with
+that been redirected to their servers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that been redirected to their servers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that been redirected to their servers so
+and they might completely replicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might completely replicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they might completely replicate the
+Facebook base so you might think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook base so you might think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook base so you might think you're
+interacting with Facebook or you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with Facebook or you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with Facebook or you're not
+doing directly with an attack of website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing directly with an attack of website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing directly with an attack of website
+and you type in your passing of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you type in your passing of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you type in your passing of your
+username and then the attacker steals it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+username and then the attacker steals it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+username and then the attacker steals it
+and then he just redirects into the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he just redirects into the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he just redirects into the real
+Facebook and you will notice the attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook and you will notice the attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook and you will notice the attack
+at all does that make sense like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all does that make sense like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all does that make sense like that
+and all happens in nanoseconds right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all happens in nanoseconds right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all happens in nanoseconds right so
+and it's it's called a man-in-the-middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's called a man-in-the-middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's it's called a man-in-the-middle
+attack so so what what you do is you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack so so what what you do is you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack so so what what you do is you use
+public key cryptography to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key cryptography to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key cryptography to solve that
+problem you say okay let's give each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you say okay let's give each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you say okay let's give each
+website a key pair so facebook tom will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website a key pair so facebook tom will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website a key pair so facebook tom will
+have a keeper secret key and a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a keeper secret key and a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a keeper secret key and a public
+key so now the question is well there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so now the question is well there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key so now the question is well there's
+a public key for facebook.com but how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public key for facebook.com but how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public key for facebook.com but how do
+you know you have the right public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have the right public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have the right public key
+for facebook.com this an attacker could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for facebook.com this an attacker could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for facebook.com this an attacker could
+also give you their public key for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give you their public key for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give you their public key for their
+fake facebook.com so now how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake facebook.com so now how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake facebook.com so now how do you
+distinguish between those two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between those two that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish between those two that's
+where the certificate authority comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the certificate authority comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the certificate authority comes in
+so the certificate authority signs these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the certificate authority signs these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the certificate authority signs these
+public keys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public keys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public keys and
+you have the public key of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the public key of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the public key of the
+certificate authority you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority you have a
+signature from the certificate authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature from the certificate authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature from the certificate authority
+on the public via Facebook com you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the public via Facebook com you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the public via Facebook com you're
+now ready to trust that you're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ready to trust that you're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now ready to trust that you're dealing
+with the real facebook.com and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the real facebook.com and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the real facebook.com and you can
+encrypt your password to facebook.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt your password to facebook.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt your password to facebook.com
+using your public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your public key
+there's a lot of public keys around I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of public keys around I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of public keys around I
+know we earlier learned about public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we earlier learned about public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know we earlier learned about public key
+and private keys as part of blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and private keys as part of blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and private keys as part of blockchain
+technology but know that when Satoshi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but know that when Satoshi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology but know that when Satoshi
+Nakamoto wrote that paper she was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto wrote that paper she was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nakamoto wrote that paper she was just
+using asymmetric cryptography public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using asymmetric cryptography public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using asymmetric cryptography public
+private key cryptography that had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key cryptography that had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key cryptography that had been
+invented really in the 1970s and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented really in the 1970s and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented really in the 1970s and then
+but it adopted as the internet came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it adopted as the internet came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it adopted as the internet came
+along and took off and had a lot of use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and took off and had a lot of use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and took off and had a lot of use
+in the 1990s to secure the Internet by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1990s to secure the Internet by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 1990s to secure the Internet by
+1996 in the way that the Internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 in the way that the Internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1996 in the way that the Internet
+secured on TSL and SSL in these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secured on TSL and SSL in these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secured on TSL and SSL in these various
+ways it's secured was public key private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's secured was public key private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways it's secured was public key private
+key cryptography a full twelve years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key cryptography a full twelve years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key cryptography a full twelve years
+before knock them out a wrote the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before knock them out a wrote the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before knock them out a wrote the paper
+but used for a different case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but used for a different case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but used for a different case but
+Facebook has a public key and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook has a public key and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook has a public key and all those
+public keys of all the websites that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public keys of all the websites that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public keys of all the websites that you
+visit every day there is a central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit every day there is a central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit every day there is a central
+authority called a certificate authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority called a certificate authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority called a certificate authority
+there's actually a hundred-plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a hundred-plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a hundred-plus
+certificate authorities but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities but but
+certificate authorities that say this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities that say this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities that say this is
+the Facebook public key so that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Facebook public key so that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Facebook public key so that when you
+go to your Facebook or you go to Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to your Facebook or you go to Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to your Facebook or you go to Google
+or you go to a shop on Amazon you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you go to a shop on Amazon you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you go to a shop on Amazon you know
+you're actually so that's a corporate or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually so that's a corporate or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually so that's a corporate or
+that's another form of identity it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another form of identity it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's another form of identity it's not
+one with soul I would suggest not that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with soul I would suggest not that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with soul I would suggest not that's
+not a negative thing about Facebook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a negative thing about Facebook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a negative thing about Facebook
+I just don't think websites but you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just don't think websites but you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just don't think websites but you all
+might have a different philosophy I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a different philosophy I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have a different philosophy I
+didn't think websites have saw British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'll try to do it in lay terms and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to do it in lay terms and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll try to do it in lay terms and then
+you'll hit it there's kind of a handoff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hit it there's kind of a handoff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll hit it there's kind of a handoff
+that when you send that signal when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you send that signal when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you send that signal when
+you're you're trying to access is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're trying to access is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you're trying to access is it
+Facebook you're accessing Facebook that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook you're accessing Facebook that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook you're accessing Facebook that
+they send you some information including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send you some information including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they send you some information including
+their public key that your in essence a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their public key that your in essence a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their public key that your in essence a
+certificate authority is automatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority is automatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority is automatically
+checking but a lien will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking but a lien will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checking but a lien will give you the
+more technical about some important is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more technical about some important is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more technical about some important is
+gonna be remember the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be remember the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be remember the New York Times
+will have a public key they don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a public key they don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a public key they don't have a
+corresponding secret so you visit their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding secret so you visit their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding secret so you visit their
+website it turns out that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website it turns out that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website it turns out that when you
+download the website from the New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the website from the New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the website from the New York
+Times with that announcement about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times with that announcement about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Times with that announcement about the
+snowstorm that's actually signed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowstorm that's actually signed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snowstorm that's actually signed with
+their secret key so you verify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their secret key so you verify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their secret key so you verify the
+website that then you get you verify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that then you get you verify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that then you get you verify it
+against the Republican and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Republican and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the Republican and you know that
+only they know the secret key so only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only they know the secret key so only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only they know the secret key so only
+they could have to offer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have to offer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could have to offer that
+information inside it's nearly the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information inside it's nearly the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information inside it's nearly the New
+York Times sends you a signature over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times sends you a signature over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times sends you a signature over
+every piece of information you send you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every piece of information you send you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every piece of information you send you
+and you verified against the public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you verified against the public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you verified against the public key
+which in turn you verified it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn you verified it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in turn you verified it from
+safety to go to three if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety to go to three if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety to go to three if you remember
+there's a little bit of broccoli we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of broccoli we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a little bit of broccoli we did
+earlier this year that asymmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this year that asymmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier this year that asymmetric
+cryptography with a public key and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography with a public key and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography with a public key and a
+private key also has digital signatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key also has digital signatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key also has digital signatures
+so you have now two things let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have now two things let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have now two things let's go back
+to Bitcoin in Bitcoin transactions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bitcoin in Bitcoin transactions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Bitcoin in Bitcoin transactions you
+have a public key and then somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a public key and then somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a public key and then somebody
+signs a transaction and the the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs a transaction and the the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signs a transaction and the the math
+behind it the cryptography behind it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it the cryptography behind it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind it the cryptography behind it is
+a signature and a public key that come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signature and a public key that come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a signature and a public key that come
+from the same private key there's a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same private key there's a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same private key there's a way
+to do a function to check that they came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a function to check that they came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a function to check that they came
+from the same private key and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same private key and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same private key and and the
+heart and soul of what was invented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and soul of what was invented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heart and soul of what was invented in
+the 1970s was not just that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s was not just that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 1970s was not just that there's a
+public key and a private key but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key and a private key but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key and a private key but also
+that you can digitally sign it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can digitally sign it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can digitally sign it
+and then when the digital signature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when the digital signature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then when the digital signature is
+compared to the public key its unique if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the public key its unique if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the public key its unique if
+they came from the same private key so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from the same private key so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came from the same private key so
+going back to the New York Times The New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the New York Times The New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back to the New York Times The New
+York Times you have both their public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times you have both their public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times you have both their public
+key and then each headline each piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and then each headline each piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and then each headline each piece of
+information has a digital signature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information has a digital signature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information has a digital signature and
+and of course you do have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you do have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course you do have a
+centralization a lot of centralization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization a lot of centralization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centralization a lot of centralization
+on the Internet related to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Internet related to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the Internet related to these
+certificate authorities it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities it's not the
+user witnessing any of this interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+security works with HTTP which is web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security works with HTTP which is web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security works with HTTP which is web
+and this is done this is where you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is done this is where you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is done this is where you find
+that this little log in the browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this little log in the browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this little log in the browser
+that's guaranteeing that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's guaranteeing that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's guaranteeing that that's the
+website because the holy exchange of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website because the holy exchange of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website because the holy exchange of
+information includes the public key from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information includes the public key from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information includes the public key from
+the website and the verification is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website and the verification is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the website and the verification is not
+by the browser has that meaning and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the browser has that meaning and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the browser has that meaning and you
+could actually see what certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually see what certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually see what certificate
+authority I only pause on that to pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority I only pause on that to pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority I only pause on that to pause
+not only to tie back earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to tie back earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only to tie back earlier
+conversations about public key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations about public key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversations about public key and
+private key but the whole Internet is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key but the whole Internet is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key but the whole Internet is
+reliant on these certificate authorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliant on these certificate authorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reliant on these certificate authorities
+and blockchain technology might be a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain technology might be a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blockchain technology might be a way
+to step around and have a new paradigm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what how how does the person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how how does the person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what how how does the person
+interact with these various parties it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with these various parties it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with these various parties it's
+trying to verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's an initial layer which we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an initial layer which we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an initial layer which we were
+just talking about that you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about that you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about that you're actually
+dealing with your I don't know make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with your I don't know make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with your I don't know make it
+up de sure no it's that's a hedge fund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up de sure no it's that's a hedge fund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up de sure no it's that's a hedge fund
+but with Bank of America fine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with Bank of America fine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with Bank of America fine that
+you're really dealing so that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really dealing so that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're really dealing so that's what we
+were talking about that you they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about that you they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were talking about that you they are
+Bank of America and you're really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank of America and you're really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bank of America and you're really
+dealing with Bank of America and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with Bank of America and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dealing with Bank of America and you
+don't even participate that but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even participate that but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even participate that but then
+there's another layer that if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another layer that if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another layer that if you've
+forgotten your password they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten your password they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten your password they're gonna
+ask you a bunch of of questions like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a bunch of of questions like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask you a bunch of of questions like you
+know the usual questions about who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the usual questions about who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the usual questions about who was
+your first pet and who was your first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first pet and who was your first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your first pet and who was your first
+significant other and things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant other and things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant other and things like that
+but it's some point done they'll freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's some point done they'll freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's some point done they'll freeze
+you out of America has their anti-fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out of America has their anti-fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you out of America has their anti-fraud
+provisions what we were just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions what we were just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provisions what we were just talking
+about is really at the inner internet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is really at the inner internet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is really at the inner internet
+browser and in essence Facebook is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser and in essence Facebook is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser and in essence Facebook is the
+one that's trying to be identified that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's trying to be identified that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that's trying to be identified that
+you know you're a hundred billion times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're a hundred billion times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you're a hundred billion times
+a day some human around the globe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day some human around the globe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a day some human around the globe is
+trying to be protected that they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to be protected that they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to be protected that they know
+they're dealing with the right identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dealing with the right identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're dealing with the right identity
+on the other side we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side we were talking about
+human identity there's also the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human identity there's also the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human identity there's also the identity
+of the web sites and that's what we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the web sites and that's what we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the web sites and that's what we were
+just chatting about let me move on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chatting about let me move on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just chatting about let me move on and
+then I divided left D confused because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I divided left D confused because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I divided left D confused because
+you were asking about what happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were asking about what happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were asking about what happens if
+you forgot your password you I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forgot your password you I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you forgot your password you I would
+contend it's still kind of a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend it's still kind of a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contend it's still kind of a little
+archaic I mean it's it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaic I mean it's it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaic I mean it's it's a little bit
+like if you if you forgot your pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you if you forgot your pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you if you forgot your pay a
+couple of times you use a username and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times you use a username and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of times you use a username and
+password and of course if you have dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and of course if you have dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and of course if you have dual
+authentication they might send you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication they might send you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authentication they might send you a
+notice to another you know a text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice to another you know a text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice to another you know a text
+message or something but if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message or something but if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message or something but if you've
+forgotten your password then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten your password then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgotten your password then it's
+literally backdoor sort of saying well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally backdoor sort of saying well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally backdoor sort of saying well
+do you remember your question I never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember your question I never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you remember your question I never
+remember the questions you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the questions you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the questions you know
+who was your first friend in elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was your first friend in elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was your first friend in elementary
+school who was your first what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school who was your first what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school who was your first what was the
+first car you drove in but it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first car you drove in but it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first car you drove in but it's it's
+crude it's those there's and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude it's those there's and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crude it's those there's and then they
+usually freeze you out for fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually freeze you out for fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually freeze you out for fraud
+protection after two or three times of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection after two or three times of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection after two or three times of
+of trying that and almost always there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying that and almost always there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying that and almost always there's
+something where they can send it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where they can send it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something where they can send it to you
+another place Identity Management some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place Identity Management some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another place Identity Management some
+of the pain points what what are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pain points what what are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the pain points what what are we
+trying to solve and why would blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve and why would blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve and why would blockchain
+technology maybe help us help us out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology maybe help us help us out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology maybe help us help us out
+privacy and security is a big one there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy and security is a big one there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy and security is a big one there
+are a lot of lot of thefts identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of lot of thefts identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of lot of thefts identity
+theft how many people work in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft how many people work in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft how many people work in in the
+room have had their credit card this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room have had their credit card this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room have had their credit card this
+year in 2018 we're 11 months in have had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in 2018 we're 11 months in have had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year in 2018 we're 11 months in have had
+their credit card have to be replaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their credit card have to be replaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their credit card have to be replaced
+cuz the bank got in touch and said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz the bank got in touch and said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz the bank got in touch and said it's
+compromised no only about 20% of us I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised no only about 20% of us I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised no only about 20% of us I
+would have thought it was gonna be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have thought it was gonna be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have thought it was gonna be more
+I feel like my I get one of those calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like my I get one of those calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like my I get one of those calls
+every 18 to 24 months I don't know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 18 to 24 months I don't know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 18 to 24 months I don't know maybe
+I shop too much or my daughters are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shop too much or my daughters are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I shop too much or my daughters are
+using my cord too much do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my cord too much do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my cord too much do you think
+that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it
+I just assumed that some merchant has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just assumed that some merchant has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just assumed that some merchant has
+has been hacked again I mean every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been hacked again I mean every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been hacked again I mean every time
+a merchant loses a million or a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a merchant loses a million or a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a merchant loses a million or a hundred
+thousand or 50 million accounts then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or 50 million accounts then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand or 50 million accounts then the
+banking system needs to send out those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system needs to send out those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system needs to send out those
+notices I'd share a commission or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notices I'd share a commission or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notices I'd share a commission or a
+financial Consumer Protection Commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial Consumer Protection Commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial Consumer Protection Commission
+in Maryland and the credit union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Maryland and the credit union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Maryland and the credit union
+advocates in Maryland came to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocates in Maryland came to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocates in Maryland came to our
+Commission and said we need some help we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission and said we need some help we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission and said we need some help we
+banks and credit unions have to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks and credit unions have to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks and credit unions have to protect
+a lot of data but every time a merchant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of data but every time a merchant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of data but every time a merchant
+loses data it's us credit unions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses data it's us credit unions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loses data it's us credit unions and
+banks that have to replace all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that have to replace all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banks that have to replace all the
+credit cards and they feel there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards and they feel there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit cards and they feel there's an
+asymmetry commercial asymmetry that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry commercial asymmetry that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetry commercial asymmetry that the
+banking sector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking sector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking sector is
+bearing the brunt of other merchants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing the brunt of other merchants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bearing the brunt of other merchants
+non-financial sectors data breaches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial sectors data breaches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial sectors data breaches and
+should the state of Maryland this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the state of Maryland this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should the state of Maryland this is a
+live issue actually in front of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live issue actually in front of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live issue actually in front of our
+Commission should the state of Maryland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission should the state of Maryland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission should the state of Maryland
+change its laws to put higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its laws to put higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change its laws to put higher
+cybersecurity responsibilities or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cybersecurity responsibilities or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cybersecurity responsibilities or
+non-financial sector actors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial sector actors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-financial sector actors and the
+financial sector would say yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector would say yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sector would say yeah that
+kind of feels you'd be leveling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of feels you'd be leveling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of feels you'd be leveling the
+playing field and the merchants are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing field and the merchants are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing field and the merchants are
+saying you can't do that on every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you can't do that on every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying you can't do that on every
+grocery store and bar that seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store and bar that seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store and bar that seems like
+it's a little out of sync credit card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little out of sync credit card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little out of sync credit card
+number through these folks your credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number through these folks your credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number through these folks your credit
+card should have a keeper secret you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card should have a keeper secret you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card should have a keeper secret you
+know publican you give your public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know publican you give your public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know publican you give your public key
+how do you pay out all you sign with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you pay out all you sign with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you pay out all you sign with
+your secret key that's on their credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your secret key that's on their credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your secret key that's on their credit
+card so nobody knows their secret keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card so nobody knows their secret keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+card so nobody knows their secret keys
+on your damn card never lose that card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your damn card never lose that card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your damn card never lose that card
+and problem solved we can you know as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and problem solved we can you know as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and problem solved we can you know as
+many public use as they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many public use as they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many public use as they want
+problem solved same thing with the SSN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solved same thing with the SSN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem solved same thing with the SSN
+why would you disclose to you became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you disclose to you became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why would you disclose to you became a
+maximalist almost let me just it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist almost let me just it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist almost let me just it so that
+the in terms of the big pain points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in terms of the big pain points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in terms of the big pain points
+privacy and security a bunch of identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy and security a bunch of identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy and security a bunch of identity
+theft forged credentials back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft forged credentials back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theft forged credentials back to the
+passport or the driver's license or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passport or the driver's license or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passport or the driver's license or the
+credit card a forged credential whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card a forged credential whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card a forged credential whenever
+that yes and of course just how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes and of course just how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes and of course just how do we
+update our personal identity for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update our personal identity for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update our personal identity for any
+time we move and this term PII is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we move and this term PII is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we move and this term PII is three
+letters you'll learn in business because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters you'll learn in business because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letters you'll learn in business because
+at some point in time you'll be running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in time you'll be running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point in time you'll be running
+a business and somebody will be coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business and somebody will be coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business and somebody will be coming
+in your chief of information officer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your chief of information officer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your chief of information officer and
+say we've had a breach and unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we've had a breach and unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we've had a breach and unfortunately
+we broke some laws too because in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we broke some laws too because in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we broke some laws too because in in the
+US and in other countries GDP or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and in other countries GDP or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US and in other countries GDP or you
+have to protect certain data and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to protect certain data and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to protect certain data and it's
+usually called PII is usually the bucket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called PII is usually the bucket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called PII is usually the bucket
+of data you need to protect but every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you need to protect but every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data you need to protect but every
+time you update your personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you update your personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you update your personal
+information your how do you how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information your how do you how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information your how do you how do you
+keep it updated Ross was there question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it updated Ross was there question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it updated Ross was there question
+I just had a question back on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had a question back on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just had a question back on your
+Maryland I make the assumption maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryland I make the assumption maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maryland I make the assumption maybe
+it's wrong that if your commission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wrong that if your commission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's wrong that if your commission
+allows the banks to passes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the banks to passes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows the banks to passes that
+regulation well we're just an advisory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation well we're just an advisory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation well we're just an advisory
+but if we recommend to the General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we recommend to the General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if we recommend to the General
+Assembly that the banks are not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly that the banks are not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Assembly that the banks are not going to
+lower their feet the merchants so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower their feet the merchants so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower their feet the merchants so how
+what's the dollar number that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the dollar number that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the dollar number that they're
+trying to push towards I'm trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to push towards I'm trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to push towards I'm trying to
+size the paper what's what's the amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the paper what's what's the amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size the paper what's what's the amount
+of cost of those banks that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cost of those banks that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cost of those banks that they're
+trying to move to the merchants and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move to the merchants and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to move to the merchants and thus
+drop to the banks bottom line I don't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop to the banks bottom line I don't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop to the banks bottom line I don't I
+don't have a figure it's a very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a figure it's a very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a figure it's a very good
+question what what what we know is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the overall statistics on fraud and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall statistics on fraud and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall statistics on fraud and
+credit card is I think high-teens basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card is I think high-teens basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit card is I think high-teens basis
+points I can't remember 15 or 18 basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I can't remember 15 or 18 basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points I can't remember 15 or 18 basis
+points but less than 20 and it might its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but less than 20 and it might its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points but less than 20 and it might its
+own or than 10 so visa Network charges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own or than 10 so visa Network charges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own or than 10 so visa Network charges
+what 270 basis points or so and and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 270 basis points or so and and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 270 basis points or so and and the
+fraud and the fraud part of its 15 or 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud and the fraud part of its 15 or 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraud and the fraud part of its 15 or 18
+basis and yes we bank it's how much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and yes we bank it's how much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis and yes we bank it's how much of
+the 275 I don't know and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 275 I don't know and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 275 I don't know and this is
+particularly credit credit unions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly credit credit unions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly credit credit unions are
+coming to us and saying they're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to us and saying they're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming to us and saying they're saying
+there's an externality the merchants the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an externality the merchants the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an externality the merchants the
+gas stations all right so you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas stations all right so you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas stations all right so you're you're
+saying I know which way you would vote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I know which way you would vote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying I know which way you would vote
+on our commission right so what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our commission right so what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our commission right so what's going
+on a little bit about data breaches I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a little bit about data breaches I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a little bit about data breaches I
+just tried to sort of list anything over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tried to sort of list anything over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just tried to sort of list anything over
+a hundred million customers but then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred million customers but then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred million customers but then I
+had to put a face book in because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to put a face book in because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to put a face book in because it was
+50 million but these are just like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 million but these are just like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 million but these are just like a
+dozen or so really big data breaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there are so many data breaches in 2018
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many data breaches in 2018
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are so many data breaches in 2018
+alone that you couldn't list them on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone that you couldn't list them on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone that you couldn't list them on a
+page like this this is the last five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page like this this is the last five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page like this this is the last five
+years of hundred million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of hundred million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years of hundred million
+or more data breaches so there's there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more data breaches so there's there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or more data breaches so there's there's
+there's a problem here inside were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem here inside were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a problem here inside were
+secure and that's just the u.s. furnish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure and that's just the u.s. furnish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure and that's just the u.s. furnish
+didn't the Indian system Lake malloon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't the Indian system Lake malloon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't the Indian system Lake malloon
+1.1 million people's IDs were hacked it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 million people's IDs were hacked it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.1 million people's IDs were hacked it
+was announced in January of this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so yes it's a lot it's a lot going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yes it's a lot it's a lot going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so yes it's a lot it's a lot going
+on in every once in a while politically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in every once in a while politically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in every once in a while politically
+it captures the attention of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it captures the attention of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it captures the attention of
+particularly Equifax did Facebook does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Equifax did Facebook does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly Equifax did Facebook does
+Wells Fargo I think the breach was three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells Fargo I think the breach was three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wells Fargo I think the breach was three
+million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million
+it's not even oneness it wouldn't it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even oneness it wouldn't it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not even oneness it wouldn't it
+wouldn't get to the 50th page by size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get to the 50th page by size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't get to the 50th page by size
+but at Wells Fargo had other issues that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at Wells Fargo had other issues that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at Wells Fargo had other issues that
+was capturing capturing the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was capturing capturing the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was capturing capturing the public
+attention is a lot but it's one of the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is a lot but it's one of the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention is a lot but it's one of the I
+think one of the challenges of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the challenges of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think one of the challenges of
+blockchain technology solutions is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology solutions is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology solutions is
+adoption how do you get Marriott to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+contribute to a new system if you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to a new system if you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to a new system if you come
+up with a really clever creative new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a really clever creative new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a really clever creative new
+system because there's so many thousands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because there's so many thousands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system because there's so many thousands
+of merchants that are trying to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of merchants that are trying to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of merchants that are trying to deal
+with their cyber security risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their cyber security risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with their cyber security risk and
+marriott all of a sudden has all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriott all of a sudden has all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marriott all of a sudden has all these
+costs but how you get them involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs but how you get them involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs but how you get them involved in
+your new blockchain technology solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your new blockchain technology solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your new blockchain technology solution
+i think it's just an adoption issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's just an adoption issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it's just an adoption issue
+which somebody might solve i just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which somebody might solve i just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which somebody might solve i just it's
+not where as Ross says we'll wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where as Ross says we'll wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not where as Ross says we'll wait a
+minute if the banks were done just X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute if the banks were done just X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute if the banks were done just X
+right they wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I spent the credit but the merchants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent the credit but the merchants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I spent the credit but the merchants
+have no bargaining power that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a couple of state identity projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple of state identity projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a couple of state identity projects
+Estonia has a identity they started in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Estonia has a identity they started in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Estonia has a identity they started in
+2002 well before blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 well before blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2002 well before blockchain technology
+and it's run on a software called X Road
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's run on a software called X Road
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's run on a software called X Road
+software and while some folks might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and while some folks might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software and while some folks might
+think of Estonia as a blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Estonia as a blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of Estonia as a blockchain
+friendly nation does anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly nation does anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friendly nation does anybody want to
+take a guess whether this software is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a guess whether this software is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a guess whether this software is
+blockchain technology what's what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology what's what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology what's what's the
+consensus no it's not that doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus no it's not that doesn't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consensus no it's not that doesn't mean
+it doesn't work but they've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work but they've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work but they've sort of
+wrapped themselves in the sort of spirit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped themselves in the sort of spirit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrapped themselves in the sort of spirit
+of where blockchain nation and they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where blockchain nation and they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where blockchain nation and they also
+have health records and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have health records and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have health records and many other
+records they're going online and it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records they're going online and it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records they're going online and it may
+be at some level inspired by that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at some level inspired by that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at some level inspired by that they
+have 1.3 million people in Estonia I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1.3 million people in Estonia I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1.3 million people in Estonia I
+think it bigger the state actor and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it bigger the state actor and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it bigger the state actor and the
+challenge sorry British is at har so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge sorry British is at har so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge sorry British is at har so
+there's a national identification system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a national identification system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a national identification system
+and it was promoted really for inclusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was promoted really for inclusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was promoted really for inclusion
+Financial Inclusion and a way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Inclusion and a way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Financial Inclusion and a way to get
+government assistance and and welfare to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government assistance and and welfare to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government assistance and and welfare to
+hundreds of millions of poor India at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions of poor India at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of millions of poor India at
+the time that it was rolled out well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that it was rolled out well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time that it was rolled out well
+over half of India was not that did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over half of India was not that did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over half of India was not that did not
+have a banking account at all 12 digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a banking account at all 12 digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a banking account at all 12 digit
+ID and biometrics being fingerprint and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and biometrics being fingerprint and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ID and biometrics being fingerprint and
+iris scan I think they would deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iris scan I think they would deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iris scan I think they would deal with
+the identical twin issue I think for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identical twin issue I think for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identical twin issue I think for my
+little example that my twin brothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little example that my twin brothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little example that my twin brothers
+Rob's finger didn't open my iPhone but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob's finger didn't open my iPhone but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rob's finger didn't open my iPhone but
+there's been a lot of problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of problems and
+either that's not a blockchain project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that's not a blockchain project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either that's not a blockchain project
+either but it has I my read of it is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but it has I my read of it is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either but it has I my read of it is at
+hair and maybe British has some views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair and maybe British has some views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair and maybe British has some views
+has done some very positive things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done some very positive things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done some very positive things in
+India
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+India
+but it's also come with some very scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also come with some very scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also come with some very scary
+things it's a quick nugget of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's a quick nugget of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it's a quick nugget of
+information about other it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about other it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about other it was the
+fastest system in the world to reach 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest system in the world to reach 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest system in the world to reach 1
+billion users faster than Facebook or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion users faster than Facebook or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion users faster than Facebook or
+any other online platform and optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other online platform and optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other online platform and optional
+it was not a mandatory system for people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not a mandatory system for people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not a mandatory system for people
+to get it optional system but it was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it optional system but it was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it optional system but it was the
+fastest one to reach 1 million but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest one to reach 1 million but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest one to reach 1 million but it's
+optional but you can't get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional but you can't get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional but you can't get your
+government assistance any longer if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government assistance any longer if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government assistance any longer if
+you're not in it right it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in it right it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not in it right it's not like
+that so actually there has been some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so actually there has been some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so actually there has been some
+government efforts to make it that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government efforts to make it that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government efforts to make it that way
+but then the court actually rejected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the court actually rejected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the court actually rejected
+those proposals so they said that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those proposals so they said that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those proposals so they said that you
+cannot make it mandatory to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make it mandatory to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot make it mandatory to you know
+make people receive benefits based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people receive benefits based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people receive benefits based on
+this so we were happy that they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we were happy that they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so we were happy that they might
+have some ease of obtaining those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some ease of obtaining those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some ease of obtaining those
+benefits but it's not like without it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but it's not like without it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefits but it's not like without it
+you cannot parish is saying it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot parish is saying it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot parish is saying it
+accurately but the court only ruled that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately but the court only ruled that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately but the court only ruled that
+this year during 2018 I think and for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year during 2018 I think and for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year during 2018 I think and for a
+while a lot of hundreds of millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while a lot of hundreds of millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while a lot of hundreds of millions
+people thought that's the only way I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought that's the only way I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people thought that's the only way I can
+get my assistance but the 12-digit ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my assistance but the 12-digit ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my assistance but the 12-digit ID
+and the biometrics has produced a system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the biometrics has produced a system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the biometrics has produced a system
+where along with a payment system where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where along with a payment system where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where along with a payment system where
+you can do a QR code right on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a QR code right on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do a QR code right on your
+iPhone and get goods and services and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone and get goods and services and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhone and get goods and services and
+it's pretty efficient but it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty efficient but it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty efficient but it's one
+national system one national system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national system one national system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+national system one national system and
+there's been a lot of challenges not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of challenges not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's been a lot of challenges not
+just the hack but also some mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the hack but also some mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the hack but also some mistakes
+sometimes and based on those mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and based on those mistakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes and based on those mistakes
+people feel like they've lost their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people feel like they've lost their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people feel like they've lost their
+identity I mean there's still this human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I mean there's still this human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity I mean there's still this human
+that they are but they've lost it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are but they've lost it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they are but they've lost it in a
+governmental sense and thus they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental sense and thus they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governmental sense and thus they've
+stopped getting their assistance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped getting their assistance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped getting their assistance and
+there's occasionally reports of suicides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's occasionally reports of suicides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's occasionally reports of suicides
+and reports of deaths and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reports of deaths and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and reports of deaths and things like
+that where people are no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where people are no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that where people are no longer
+recognized in the system because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized in the system because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized in the system because they're
+at Harr ID so there's a lot of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harr ID so there's a lot of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Harr ID so there's a lot of public
+debate in India and and and about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate in India and and and about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate in India and and and about the
+net benefit versus some of the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net benefit versus some of the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+net benefit versus some of the costs
+self sovereign identity for things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self sovereign identity for things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self sovereign identity for things I
+think about people and identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about people and identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about people and identities
+control and entities people and entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and entities people and entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control and entities people and entities
+control their identities more than we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control their identities more than we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control their identities more than we
+have now this is a concept these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now this is a concept these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have now this is a concept these
+we have direct access without some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have direct access without some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have direct access without some
+intermediary but our identity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary but our identity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediary but our identity is
+transportable but not our human identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportable but not our human identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportable but not our human identity
+but the attributes of our identity so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the attributes of our identity so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the attributes of our identity so I
+use the term more loosely here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the term more loosely here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the term more loosely here and then
+it's widely usable or interoperable self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's widely usable or interoperable self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's widely usable or interoperable self
+sovereign identity what's that yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign identity what's that yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign identity what's that yeah I
+remembered that back and forth self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered that back and forth self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembered that back and forth self
+sovereign identity does not rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign identity does not rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign identity does not rely on
+blockchain technology it's a concept in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology it's a concept in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology it's a concept in
+a debate about should should we go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a debate about should should we go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a debate about should should we go back
+to something that we and a sense have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that we and a sense have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something that we and a sense have in
+the 19th century and even early 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century and even early 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 19th century and even early 20th
+century that we we could walk into any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century that we we could walk into any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century that we we could walk into any
+store and there might there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and there might there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store and there might there might be
+other forms of censorship there have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms of censorship there have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other forms of censorship there have
+certainly many prejudices and racism and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly many prejudices and racism and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly many prejudices and racism and
+all sort of challenges but we could walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of challenges but we could walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of challenges but we could walk
+in without a document you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in without a document you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in without a document you know we
+weren't walking in it wasn't we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't walking in it wasn't we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't walking in it wasn't we might
+have some gold some money in our pocket
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some gold some money in our pocket
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some gold some money in our pocket
+they would take the gold coin or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would take the gold coin or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would take the gold coin or the
+silver coin self sovereign identity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver coin self sovereign identity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver coin self sovereign identity is
+also thinking about can we sort of have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also thinking about can we sort of have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also thinking about can we sort of have
+the individual hold their credentials as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual hold their credentials as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the individual hold their credentials as
+we held a physical passport but hold it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we held a physical passport but hold it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we held a physical passport but hold it
+in a in a wallet in some way Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't this only work if you also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't this only work if you also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't this only work if you also have
+a decentralized analysis but go to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decentralized analysis but go to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decentralized analysis but go to your
+example the only reason that works is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the only reason that works is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the only reason that works is
+because people could go in and pay with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people could go in and pay with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people could go in and pay with
+a completely anonymous form of money if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely anonymous form of money if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a completely anonymous form of money if
+if unless you have a real broad say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if unless you have a real broad say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if unless you have a real broad say
+Bitcoin distributed system your bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin distributed system your bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bitcoin distributed system your bank
+will require you to waive this when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will require you to waive this when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will require you to waive this when you
+sign up for a bank account you will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for a bank account you will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign up for a bank account you will have
+to wait and it's gone they just will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait and it's gone they just will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait and it's gone they just will
+decisions so Ross is raising well will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so Ross is raising well will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions so Ross is raising well will
+this even work unless you have a truly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even work unless you have a truly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this even work unless you have a truly
+decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized
+money system I don't think it's reliant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money system I don't think it's reliant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money system I don't think it's reliant
+on a decentralized money system I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a decentralized money system I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a decentralized money system I can
+see your point that it's benefited by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your point that it's benefited by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your point that it's benefited by
+dissembling uses any commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissembling uses any commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissembling uses any commercial
+transaction you have the counterparties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you have the counterparties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transaction you have the counterparties
+you know Facebook will make you waive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Facebook will make you waive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know Facebook will make you waive
+right because they want the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they want the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because they want the information
+right and Google would that's right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and Google would that's right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and Google would that's right you
+cut yourself off from all those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut yourself off from all those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut yourself off from all those things
+but don't just make it as part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't just make it as part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't just make it as part of the
+contract part of the access did you wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract part of the access did you wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract part of the access did you wait
+sovereign entity concept that all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign entity concept that all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign entity concept that all of us
+humans could control our identity not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans could control our identity not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humans could control our identity not
+just their birth and our nationality but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just their birth and our nationality but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just their birth and our nationality but
+maybe even our digital footprint our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even our digital footprint our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even our digital footprint our
+spending patterns and so forth and Ross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending patterns and so forth and Ross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending patterns and so forth and Ross
+is raising well maybe Facebook and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is raising well maybe Facebook and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is raising well maybe Facebook and
+Google wouldn't transact with us as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google wouldn't transact with us as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google wouldn't transact with us as a
+commercial reality you're saying their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial reality you're saying their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial reality you're saying their
+market power they might cut us out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market power they might cut us out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market power they might cut us out I
+think some might try and that will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some might try and that will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think some might try and that will be
+this hasn't been really adopted self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hasn't been really adopted self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hasn't been really adopted self
+sovereign identity the benefits of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign identity the benefits of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign identity the benefits of of
+taking identity access management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking identity access management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking identity access management
+systems onto the blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems onto the blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems onto the blockchain technology
+you know and eight or ten of you wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and eight or ten of you wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and eight or ten of you wrote
+papers on this does anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on this does anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers on this does anybody want to
+comment on this is like my summary some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on this is like my summary some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment on this is like my summary some
+of the benefits you can address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the benefits you can address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the benefits you can address
+verification cost and fraud you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification cost and fraud you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verification cost and fraud you
+potentially can lower some of the costs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially can lower some of the costs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially can lower some of the costs
+and fraud I think you can trace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fraud I think you can trace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fraud I think you can trace
+provenance you deal with censorship and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provenance you deal with censorship and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provenance you deal with censorship and
+so forth and and and truly I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and and and truly I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth and and and truly I think you
+can help one privacy but the challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help one privacy but the challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can help one privacy but the challenge
+is is the real challenge is is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the real challenge is is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is the real challenge is is that if
+you're storing personal identifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're storing personal identifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're storing personal identifiable
+information on a blockchain blockchain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on a blockchain blockchain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on a blockchain blockchain
+technology works by distributing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology works by distributing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology works by distributing the
+data to all the nodes and so the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to all the nodes and so the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data to all the nodes and so the initial
+write-ups three and four and five years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write-ups three and four and five years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write-ups three and four and five years
+ago was like well could you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago was like well could you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago was like well could you put
+self sovereign identity in essence in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self sovereign identity in essence in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self sovereign identity in essence in a
+blockchain and store it and everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and store it and everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain and store it and everybody
+started to say no you really can't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to say no you really can't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to say no you really can't do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+because you're not gonna put my all my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not gonna put my all my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're not gonna put my all my
+personal stuff on ten thousand nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal stuff on ten thousand nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal stuff on ten thousand nodes
+I think prevent that because the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think prevent that because the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think prevent that because the main
+security goal of any identity scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security goal of any identity scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security goal of any identity scheme
+including the one I described is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the one I described is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the one I described is you
+want to prevent identity theft well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prevent identity theft well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to prevent identity theft well to
+prevent the personation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the personation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the personation
+I just chose not to read read through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just chose not to read read through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just chose not to read read through
+this page I'm agreeing with you I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this page I'm agreeing with you I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this page I'm agreeing with you I mean
+these are the pain points that would all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the pain points that would all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the pain points that would all
+address yeah and in general I think when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address yeah and in general I think when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address yeah and in general I think when
+you think about identity that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about identity that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about identity that should be
+you should have you have to look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have you have to look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should have you have to look at it
+through that lens because what else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that lens because what else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that lens because what else is
+identity for if it's not for preventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity for if it's not for preventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity for if it's not for preventing
+people to claim their someone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to claim their someone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to claim their someone else
+that's what an identity scheme does and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what an identity scheme does and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what an identity scheme does and
+if your scheme doesn't address that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your scheme doesn't address that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your scheme doesn't address that
+fundamental problem like by the way all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem like by the way all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental problem like by the way all
+of these startups don't because SSN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these startups don't because SSN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these startups don't because SSN
+numbers are still out there and required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are still out there and required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are still out there and required
+legally so as long as that's a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally so as long as that's a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally so as long as that's a social
+security number yeah say goodbye to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number yeah say goodbye to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security number yeah say goodbye to to
+prevent the guy what are you doing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the guy what are you doing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent the guy what are you doing then
+you know and like something that was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and like something that was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and like something that was not
+like very much addressed in the readings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very much addressed in the readings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very much addressed in the readings
+I thought it was like also that fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was like also that fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I thought it was like also that fact
+that if you used a blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you used a blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you used a blockchain technology
+so happen in the lame dog like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happen in the lame dog like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so happen in the lame dog like it's
+immutable so something seen as a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable so something seen as a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable so something seen as a good
+thing right here in this case like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right here in this case like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right here in this case like
+normally like example in Europe normally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally like example in Europe normally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally like example in Europe normally
+in the internet you can request to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the internet you can request to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the internet you can request to
+delete information you have if like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete information you have if like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete information you have if like
+google has a link which mentions you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google has a link which mentions you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+google has a link which mentions you for
+instance but like here you wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but like here you wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance but like here you wouldn't be
+able to do it because the information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it because the information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do it because the information is
+there like if someone like still they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like if someone like still they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there like if someone like still they
+don't like even if you want to delete it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like even if you want to delete it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like even if you want to delete it
+that somehow you can't because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow you can't because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow you can't because it's
+immutable right so how can we deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable right so how can we deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immutable right so how can we deal with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so you're raising a plant and Europe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're raising a plant and Europe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're raising a plant and Europe
+under the new privacy law the GDP are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the new privacy law the GDP are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the new privacy law the GDP are
+you have a right to be forgotten or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a right to be forgotten or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a right to be forgotten or a
+right to be deleted and so how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be deleted and so how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to be deleted and so how can
+blockchain technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology
+interact and work within that framework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and work within that framework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact and work within that framework
+if your actual information is on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your actual information is on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your actual information is on the
+blockchain I think you're right I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I think you're right I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I think you're right I think
+it's very hard but I do think there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard but I do think there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very hard but I do think there are
+solutions if it's just a hash of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions if it's just a hash of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions if it's just a hash of your
+information that's being stored on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's being stored on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that's being stored on the
+blockchain I think you were mentioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I think you were mentioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain I think you were mentioning
+the fact that like you can store all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that like you can store all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that like you can store all the
+data basically of the blockchain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data basically of the blockchain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data basically of the blockchain and
+then when you transfer it you just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you transfer it you just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then when you transfer it you just say
+like as a certification oh yeah this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as a certification oh yeah this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as a certification oh yeah this is
+my information and it is true you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my information and it is true you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my information and it is true you can
+verify it is true but you cannot have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify it is true but you cannot have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verify it is true but you cannot have
+like the actual information on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the actual information on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the actual information on your
+identity it says your United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity it says your United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity it says your United States
+citizen and that changes cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen and that changes cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizen and that changes cannot be
+changed and then what about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and then what about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and then what about those
+privacy for people that I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy for people that I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy for people that I think you
+raise a good question but it's any this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a good question but it's any this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise a good question but it's any this
+is one of the challenges of any identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the challenges of any identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the challenges of any identity
+database but it's also a challenge of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database but it's also a challenge of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database but it's also a challenge of a
+money database called Bitcoin you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money database called Bitcoin you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money database called Bitcoin you have
+ownership today and tomorrow you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership today and tomorrow you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ownership today and tomorrow you might
+no longer have the coin today you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer have the coin today you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer have the coin today you might
+live in Massachusetts but a year from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Massachusetts but a year from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live in Massachusetts but a year from
+now and you get your fancy job and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you get your fancy job and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and you get your fancy job and
+wherever you are you might not live in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you are you might not live in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wherever you are you might not live in
+the Commonwealth of Massachusetts you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Commonwealth of Massachusetts you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Commonwealth of Massachusetts you
+so I don't think it's just citizenship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't think it's just citizenship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I don't think it's just citizenship
+it's just the updating the records and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the updating the records and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just the updating the records and
+the attributes that you're no longer can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attributes that you're no longer can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attributes that you're no longer can
+vote here can no longer but I think I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote here can no longer but I think I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote here can no longer but I think I
+think that challenge is is surmountable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+purpose of like watching like yet you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of like watching like yet you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose of like watching like yet you're
+citizens you may change but then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens you may change but then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizens you may change but then you
+attend new information saying that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend new information saying that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attend new information saying that your
+citizenship has been updated and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship has been updated and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship has been updated and that
+becomes the source of truth no I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the source of truth no I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the source of truth no I think
+that's correct I think that's a solvable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct I think that's a solvable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct I think that's a solvable
+challenge well your hue go at his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge well your hue go at his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge well your hue go at his
+hand over there very good why I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens if you lose your private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you lose your private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens if you lose your private
+year if somebody finds your private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year if somebody finds your private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year if somebody finds your private key
+or like somebody cuts your eye out no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like somebody cuts your eye out no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like somebody cuts your eye out no
+but but but really right what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but really right what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but but really right what happened
+if somebody steals your identity then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody steals your identity then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody steals your identity then
+it's gone like you're not getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone like you're not getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gone like you're not getting it
+back steals your pride your identities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back steals your pride your identities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back steals your pride your identities
+you're still sure steals your private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still sure steals your private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still sure steals your private
+key like if you don't protect that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key like if you don't protect that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key like if you don't protect that right
+I think you guys raising the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you guys raising the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you guys raising the right
+question but that just means that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but that just means that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question but that just means that's not
+the right solution you can't pin it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right solution you can't pin it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right solution you can't pin it all
+on just one private key that's lost well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just one private key that's lost well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on just one private key that's lost well
+maybe they'll make an exception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll make an exception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they'll make an exception
+hopefully like ten people ever show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully like ten people ever show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully like ten people ever show up
+let me try this plow in for a second of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try this plow in for a second of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me try this plow in for a second of
+what are the projects and this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the projects and this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the projects and this isn't
+this is a short representation there's I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a short representation there's I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a short representation there's I
+could have made three more pages of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have made three more pages of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have made three more pages of
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+I'm gonna hit three or four of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna hit three or four of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna hit three or four of these
+just for fun there's three or four that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun there's three or four that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for fun there's three or four that
+are icos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are icos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are icos
+I'm gonna choose to skip all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna choose to skip all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna choose to skip all of those
+but there are I want to mention that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are I want to mention that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are I want to mention that
+Civic secure identity existence ID
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civic secure identity existence ID
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Civic secure identity existence ID
+sovereign which gets s o V Rin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign which gets s o V Rin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign which gets s o V Rin but
+sovereign that gets a lot of write-ups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign that gets a lot of write-ups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign that gets a lot of write-ups
+in other papers we're all icos initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other papers we're all icos initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other papers we're all icos initial
+coin offerings to use a token to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin offerings to use a token to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coin offerings to use a token to an
+incentivize a system of self usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize a system of self usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentivize a system of self usually
+self sovereign identity in some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self sovereign identity in some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self sovereign identity in some point
+none are up and running yet and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none are up and running yet and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+none are up and running yet and and and
+you know I've had my doubts about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've had my doubts about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I've had my doubts about some
+initial coin offerings but they're three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial coin offerings but they're three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial coin offerings but they're three
+or four and they were probably six or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four and they were probably six or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or four and they were probably six or
+ten others that I didn't quickly find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bid nations an interesting project that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid nations an interesting project that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid nations an interesting project that
+literally you can voluntarily get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you can voluntarily get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally you can voluntarily get a
+citizenship in bit nation it is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship in bit nation it is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citizenship in bit nation it is a
+decentralized borderless voluntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized borderless voluntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decentralized borderless voluntary
+nation but the key word is voluntary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation but the key word is voluntary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nation but the key word is voluntary
+they don't have a UN membership they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a UN membership they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't have a UN membership they're
+not part of the World Trade Organization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of the World Trade Organization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not part of the World Trade Organization
+they have no geography but the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no geography but the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have no geography but the concept
+is you can get a bit nation passport and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can get a bit nation passport and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can get a bit nation passport and
+you can get some authentication through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get some authentication through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get some authentication through
+that about some attributes about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about some attributes about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that about some attributes about your
+birth and things like that there is a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and things like that there is a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+birth and things like that there is a a
+standard setting group a distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard setting group a distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard setting group a distributed
+identity foundation that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity foundation that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity foundation that we're going to
+talk about in a minute now I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a minute now I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in a minute now I'm going to
+show a slide which is just a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a slide which is just a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show a slide which is just a whole bunch
+of efforts coming together and say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of efforts coming together and say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of efforts coming together and say well
+maybe we can do some standards around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can do some standards around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we can do some standards around
+this and then there's rebooting web of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then there's rebooting web of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then there's rebooting web of
+trust that runs events I think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust that runs events I think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust that runs events I think they're
+only economic model is to make money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only economic model is to make money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only economic model is to make money on
+the events but some of their research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events but some of their research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the events but some of their research
+and some of their papers are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of their papers are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of their papers are very
+interesting that you you can read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that you you can read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting that you you can read about
+this and and not listed on this one area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and not listed on this one area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and and not listed on this one area
+that's spending a lot of time on self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spending a lot of time on self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's spending a lot of time on self
+sovereign identity is the world wide web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign identity is the world wide web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sovereign identity is the world wide web
+I think it's consortium but ww3 see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's consortium but ww3 see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's consortium but ww3 see
+where you can go and on github
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can go and on github
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you can go and on github
+you can read all sorts of information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read all sorts of information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can read all sorts of information
+from WC w3c about self sovereign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from WC w3c about self sovereign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from WC w3c about self sovereign
+identity and they're promoting ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and they're promoting ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity and they're promoting ways to
+do digital ID and and trying to form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do digital ID and and trying to form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do digital ID and and trying to form
+standards so I think w3c which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards so I think w3c which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards so I think w3c which is not
+really a blockchain project and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a blockchain project and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a blockchain project and this
+distributed identity foundation for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed identity foundation for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed identity foundation for any
+of you that are actually interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that are actually interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you that are actually interested in
+pursuing some of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing some of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuing some of us
+you want to stay abreast of it cuz it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stay abreast of it cuz it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to stay abreast of it cuz it's
+the standard setting also that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard setting also that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the standard setting also that I think
+will be relevant but questions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be relevant but questions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be relevant but questions or
+thoughts for those who have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts for those who have done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughts for those who have done
+research on some of these other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on some of these other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research on some of these other than
+Ally alright what's your question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+James has my SSN that James is me for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James has my SSN that James is me for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+James has my SSN that James is me for
+all intents and purposes so that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intents and purposes so that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all intents and purposes so that it's a
+policy issue so these companies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy issue so these companies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy issue so these companies are
+basically a very inefficient way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a very inefficient way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically a very inefficient way to
+change the policy like hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the policy like hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the policy like hundreds of
+millions of dollars being invested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars being invested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millions of dollars being invested in
+all of these guys and by the way all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these guys and by the way all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these guys and by the way all of
+them do public key crypto it's not like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do public key crypto it's not like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do public key crypto it's not like
+something revolutionary here but at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something revolutionary here but at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something revolutionary here but at some
+point some of them will get some market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point some of them will get some market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point some of them will get some market
+share maybe convince a few bags but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share maybe convince a few bags but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share maybe convince a few bags but
+maybe those banks will convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe those banks will convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe those banks will convince the
+government start you're saying an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government start you're saying an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government start you're saying an
+underlying challenge at least in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying challenge at least in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlying challenge at least in this
+country is that we have an antiquated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is that we have an antiquated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country is that we have an antiquated
+public policy related to a tax ID called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy related to a tax ID called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy related to a tax ID called
+Social Security no number you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security no number you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Social Security no number you know
+initially Social Security numbers were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially Social Security numbers were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially Social Security numbers were
+not even a tax ID initially they were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even a tax ID initially they were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even a tax ID initially they were to
+participate in a retirement program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in a retirement program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participate in a retirement program
+called Social Security and you were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Social Security and you were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Social Security and you were not
+legally required to have a number in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally required to have a number in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legally required to have a number in the
+1930s or 40s when it first came about I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s or 40s when it first came about I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1930s or 40s when it first came about I
+didn't get my social security number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get my social security number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't get my social security number
+until I was fourteen I think now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I was fourteen I think now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I was fourteen I think now you
+pretty much get them at birth in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much get them at birth in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much get them at birth in this
+country they can't use it for much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country they can't use it for much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country they can't use it for much
+you're not working but but you're you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not working but but you're you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not working but but you're you're
+saying it's a public policy a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's a public policy a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying it's a public policy a challenge
+at least here I would say in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least here I would say in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least here I would say in every
+country there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country there's some
+public policy challenges that are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy challenges that are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public policy challenges that are very
+real around how attributes of identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real around how attributes of identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real around how attributes of identity
+are measured whether it's off of taxes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measured whether it's off of taxes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are measured whether it's off of taxes
+or our birth records and so forth can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or our birth records and so forth can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or our birth records and so forth can I
+hold because I want to just hit two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold because I want to just hit two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold because I want to just hit two of
+things this foundation these are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this foundation these are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things this foundation these are all the
+people in this foundation doing all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this foundation doing all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in this foundation doing all of
+this work like it's just a list that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work like it's just a list that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this work like it's just a list that you
+can look at later and they've set up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at later and they've set up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at later and they've set up and
+I apologize they set up sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize they set up sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I apologize they set up sort of this
+whole idea about decentralized ID and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea about decentralized ID and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole idea about decentralized ID and
+server so they have a whole program it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server so they have a whole program it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server so they have a whole program it's
+not a small effort that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a small effort that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a small effort that they are
+investing in this and I only put it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in this and I only put it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in this and I only put it up
+to say there's a lot of energy a lien
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say there's a lot of energy a lien
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say there's a lot of energy a lien
+might be right it's all you know fraught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be right it's all you know fraught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be right it's all you know fraught
+with some risk because it's on the backs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some risk because it's on the backs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some risk because it's on the backs
+of government ID systems not just in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of government ID systems not just in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of government ID systems not just in the
+US public key infrastructure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US public key infrastructure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US public key infrastructure is
+currently could change and and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently could change and and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently could change and and a lot of
+these concepts are on decentralized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts are on decentralized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these concepts are on decentralized
+public key infrastructure basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key infrastructure basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key infrastructure basically
+where are these public keys whether it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are these public keys whether it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where are these public keys whether it's
+Facebook's public key or any public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook's public key or any public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook's public key or any public key
+where is it stored I suspect a lien that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it stored I suspect a lien that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it stored I suspect a lien that
+you'd say this is at least going a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say this is at least going a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say this is at least going a
+little a little better direction right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a little better direction right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little a little better direction right
+this is a key part of just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a key part of just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a key part of just saying
+instead of the public key and having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the public key and having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the public key and having
+these certificate authorities to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these certificate authorities to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these certificate authorities to have a
+secure way to store the public keys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure way to store the public keys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure way to store the public keys and
+a decentralized hashed your using hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decentralized hashed your using hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a decentralized hashed your using hash
+functions and blockchain technology and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and blockchain technology and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and blockchain technology and
+I think all of them have this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think all of them have this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think all of them have this in the
+middle of it somewhere we with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of it somewhere we with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of it somewhere we with
+Facebook's public key is otherwise we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook's public key is otherwise we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook's public key is otherwise we're
+in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble
+because you might use my Facebook server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might use my Facebook server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you might use my Facebook server
+so it's really just the consensus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really just the consensus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's really just the consensus
+problem it's not about cashes security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's not about cashes security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's not about cashes security
+forget about that everybody has to agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about that everybody has to agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget about that everybody has to agree
+what faceless public use and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what faceless public use and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what faceless public use and that's
+where the blockchain content all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the blockchain content all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the blockchain content all right
+sorry Sean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+basically that's not I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's not I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically that's not I don't think
+that's a Colin polity power the way if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Colin polity power the way if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a Colin polity power the way if
+you want to change the SSN system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to change the SSN system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to change the SSN system we
+have to change the whole entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the whole entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the whole entire system
+of like how commands are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like how commands are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like how commands are going to
+cooperate and two constants the social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate and two constants the social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperate and two constants the social
+cost is much greater it just to be kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is much greater it just to be kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost is much greater it just to be kind
+of the key key itself I mean I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key key itself I mean I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the key key itself I mean I think
+he's entirely talking about point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's entirely talking about point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's entirely talking about point of
+view of implementation there's a nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of implementation there's a nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view of implementation there's a nature
+Act which says banks have to send us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act which says banks have to send us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act which says banks have to send us a
+sense that the government which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the government which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that the government which
+basically means banks meeting I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means banks meeting I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically means banks meeting I think
+using as a sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as a sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using as a sense
+so in some sense you're right but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense you're right but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in some sense you're right but but
+also government has to do so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also government has to do so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also government has to do so yeah so
+that's before I don't think it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's before I don't think it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's before I don't think it's just
+here in the US what's happened is is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the US what's happened is is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in the US what's happened is is the
+attributes of our identity or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of our identity or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes of our identity or a
+credential or identity whether it's for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credential or identity whether it's for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credential or identity whether it's for
+tax systems for banking systems in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax systems for banking systems in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tax systems for banking systems in the
+last 30 odd years as we've digitized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 30 odd years as we've digitized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 30 odd years as we've digitized and
+also post 9/11 and terrorists we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also post 9/11 and terrorists we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also post 9/11 and terrorists we started
+to we started to use all of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we started to use all of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to we started to use all of these things
+for anti-money laundering know your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anti-money laundering know your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anti-money laundering know your
+customer so the financial system the tax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so the financial system the tax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customer so the financial system the tax
+system and our identity systems have now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and our identity systems have now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and our identity systems have now
+all been you know kind of linked up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been you know kind of linked up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all been you know kind of linked up and
+and not always with the best intent I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not always with the best intent I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not always with the best intent I
+mean maybe they were the good intentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe they were the good intentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean maybe they were the good intentions
+but with not with the best results and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with not with the best results and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with not with the best results and
+it's part of why I thought if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of why I thought if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of why I thought if we were
+going to cover blockchain technology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover blockchain technology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to cover blockchain technology in
+the financial sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial sector
+identification systems were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification systems were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification systems were really
+important as well because it's so linked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as well because it's so linked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important as well because it's so linked
+up with banking and finance and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with banking and finance and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with banking and finance and that
+wouldn't have been the case before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have been the case before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have been the case before the
+digital revolution and the internet and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital revolution and the internet and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital revolution and the internet and
+so forth I think this is the last cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth I think this is the last cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth I think this is the last cover
+slide but this is self sovereign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but this is self sovereign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide but this is self sovereign
+identity platforms basically right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity platforms basically right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity platforms basically right now
+if if we want to keep our identity if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we want to keep our identity if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if we want to keep our identity if we
+want to keep our identity and only give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep our identity and only give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to keep our identity and only give
+it up a platform could create and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up a platform could create and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up a platform could create and
+enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforce
+rules governing the workflow this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules governing the workflow this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules governing the workflow this is a
+little thing called bit but I get bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing called bit but I get bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing called bit but I get bits
+on blocks dotnet but pretty much most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on blocks dotnet but pretty much most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on blocks dotnet but pretty much most of
+the startups are using an architecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startups are using an architecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the startups are using an architecture
+around this this happens to be bits on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this this happens to be bits on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around this this happens to be bits on
+blocks view of it but it's basically I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks view of it but it's basically I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks view of it but it's basically I'm
+gonna keep my attributes of identity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna keep my attributes of identity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna keep my attributes of identity and
+I choose when I can give it up and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose when I can give it up and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I choose when I can give it up and when
+it's used authorities and issuers so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used authorities and issuers so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used authorities and issuers so I
+think I have hopefully oh yes MIT that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have hopefully oh yes MIT that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I have hopefully oh yes MIT that's
+where I wanted to go so what did you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I wanted to go so what did you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I wanted to go so what did you all
+think you read you read the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you read you read the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you read you read the little
+article about your own you're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about your own you're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article about your own you're gonna get
+in it James you're gonna get your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it James you're gonna get your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it James you're gonna get your
+blockchain tech blockchain for 4° I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain tech blockchain for 4° I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain tech blockchain for 4° I'll
+go in 2007 my university was declared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in 2007 my university was declared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in 2007 my university was declared
+independent from the University of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the University of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the University of
+London
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trying to get a copy of my transcript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a copy of my transcript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to get a copy of my transcript
+okay I have many different people say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have many different people say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I have many different people say oh
+I get it and they say oh contact the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get it and they say oh contact the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get it and they say oh contact the old
+university because how many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university because how many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+university because how many of you are
+gonna get a blockchain back diploma when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a blockchain back diploma when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a blockchain back diploma when
+you graduate MIT all right a quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you graduate MIT all right a quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you graduate MIT all right a quarter of
+you and those of the that aren't who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and those of the that aren't who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and those of the that aren't who
+didn't raise their hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't raise their hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't raise their hand
+what's that yeah well I didn't see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that yeah well I didn't see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that yeah well I didn't see any
+hands scope over here so you're not I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands scope over here so you're not I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands scope over here so you're not I
+don't care really what's that oh you did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care really what's that oh you did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care really what's that oh you did
+I when somebody who didn't raise their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when somebody who didn't raise their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I when somebody who didn't raise their
+hand why aren't you gonna get is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand why aren't you gonna get is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand why aren't you gonna get is just
+like both information about the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like both information about the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like both information about the process
+how to get it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to get it what
+I don't know yet so you're just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know yet so you're just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know yet so you're just saying
+is there's an information curve you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's an information curve you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's an information curve you have
+to learn about it the people that raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about it the people that raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn about it the people that raised
+their hand said you get it how many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand said you get it how many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their hand said you get it how many of
+you will also get a paper diploma you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will also get a paper diploma you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will also get a paper diploma you
+want something for the wall or or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something for the wall or or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want something for the wall or or for
+the significant other for the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significant other for the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the significant other for the children
+or the parents right right yeah there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the parents right right yeah there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the parents right right yeah there's
+still something about that I don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still something about that I don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still something about that I don't even
+know where my college diploma is by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where my college diploma is by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where my college diploma is by the
+way but you still want that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but you still want that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but you still want that piece of
+paper was there anybody who is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was there anybody who is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper was there anybody who is only
+gonna get a blockchain diploma no and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a blockchain diploma no and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna get a blockchain diploma no and
+any of you that go to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you that go to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you that go to a different
+University do you wish your university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University do you wish your university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University do you wish your university
+at a blockchain diploma no no he's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a blockchain diploma no no he's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a blockchain diploma no no he's gonna
+speak up maybe not all right so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak up maybe not all right so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak up maybe not all right so it's a
+novelty it's MIT we're innovative we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty it's MIT we're innovative we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novelty it's MIT we're innovative we
+have it I hope you all do come next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it I hope you all do come next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it I hope you all do come next
+Tuesday will be our last time together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday will be our last time together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday will be our last time together
+I'm going to try to wrap up sort of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to wrap up sort of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to wrap up sort of with
+some ground truths as to what I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ground truths as to what I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some ground truths as to what I think
+the whole topic and the subject is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole topic and the subject is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole topic and the subject is this
+was meant to be about the business of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meant to be about the business of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was meant to be about the business of
+blockchain technology getting through at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology getting through at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blockchain technology getting through at
+least enough of the details knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least enough of the details knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least enough of the details knowing
+those details and then saying well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details and then saying well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those details and then saying well how
+does that apply to the markets with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that apply to the markets with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that apply to the markets with
+hopefully hopefully you feel that you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully hopefully you feel that you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully hopefully you feel that you've
+gotten and Tuesday will summarize it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten and Tuesday will summarize it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gotten and Tuesday will summarize it all
+some critical reasoning skills that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical reasoning skills that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some critical reasoning skills that you
+can sort through the hype and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort through the hype and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort through the hype and the
+reality and those of you that came in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and those of you that came in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reality and those of you that came in
+maximalist you're probably more in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist you're probably more in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximalist you're probably more in the
+middle some of you that were minimalist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle some of you that were minimalist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle some of you that were minimalist
+maybe came well maybe you're still but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe came well maybe you're still but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe came well maybe you're still but
+you came you know a little because I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came you know a little because I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you came you know a little because I I
+thought that was the right place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was the right place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that was the right place to
+teach and you've all given me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach and you've all given me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach and you've all given me a
+tremendous feedback and I've learned a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous feedback and I've learned a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous feedback and I've learned a
+lot from you all but let's keep it going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot from you all but let's keep it going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot from you all but let's keep it going
+see you on Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you on Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you on Tuesday
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/W7sNkRpcydk.txt b/W7sNkRpcydk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..461287757308ca7236e4fc124fd6be519302fddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/W7sNkRpcydk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi welcome back to recitation we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi welcome back to recitation we've been
+talking about anti- differentiation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about anti- differentiation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about anti- differentiation or
+integration by substitution and also by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by substitution and also by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by substitution and also by
+a method that Professor jerison called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method that Professor jerison called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a method that Professor jerison called
+Advanced guessing so I have a few uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced guessing so I have a few uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced guessing so I have a few uh
+problems up on the board behind me three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems up on the board behind me three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems up on the board behind me three
+three anti-derivatives for you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three anti-derivatives for you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three anti-derivatives for you to
+compute so the first one is e 2x *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so the first one is e 2x *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute so the first one is e 2x *
+cosine of the quantity 1us e 2x DX the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the quantity 1us e 2x DX the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of the quantity 1us e 2x DX the
+second one is 4X * the quantity 5x^2 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is 4X * the quantity 5x^2 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one is 4X * the quantity 5x^2 - 1
+raised to the 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raised to the 1/3
+power and the third one is tan of X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and the third one is tan of X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and the third one is tan of X DX
+so why don't you spend a few minutes try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you spend a few minutes try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you spend a few minutes try
+and compute those anti-derivatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute those anti-derivatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and compute those anti-derivatives
+yourself come back and we can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself come back and we can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself come back and we can see how
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did all right so welcome back uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did all right so welcome back uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did all right so welcome back uh we have
+these three anti-derivatives so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three anti-derivatives so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three anti-derivatives so let's
+take them in order so this first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them in order so this first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take them in order so this first one
+that I wrote is the anti-derivative of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote is the anti-derivative of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I wrote is the anti-derivative of e
+2x * cosine of the quantity 1 - e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x * cosine of the quantity 1 - e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x * cosine of the quantity 1 - e
+2x DX so this problem seems to me like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x DX so this problem seems to me like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x DX so this problem seems to me like a
+like a good candidate for a substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good candidate for a substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a good candidate for a substitution
+so we have this clear sort of uh nested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this clear sort of uh nested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this clear sort of uh nested
+function thing going on we have cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function thing going on we have cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function thing going on we have cosine
+of 1 - e 2X and then out front we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - e 2X and then out front we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 - e 2X and then out front we have
+something that that looks a lot like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that looks a lot like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that looks a lot like the
+derivative of this 1 - e 2x so I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this 1 - e 2x so I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this 1 - e 2x so I'm going
+to try this with substitution then and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try this with substitution then and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try this with substitution then and I
+think a there are you know a few choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a there are you know a few choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a there are you know a few choices
+of substitution but a natural one is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substitution but a natural one is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of substitution but a natural one is to
+sort of find the the most complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of find the the most complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of find the the most complicated
+inside piece so in this case that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside piece so in this case that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside piece so in this case that's this
+whole thing 1 minus E 2x so I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing 1 minus E 2x so I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing 1 minus E 2x so I'm going to
+take for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take for my
+substitution I'm going to take u = 1 - e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I'm going to take u = 1 - e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I'm going to take u = 1 - e
+to 2X and so that means du is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2X and so that means du is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 2X and so that means du is equal to
+min-2 e 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 e 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min-2 e 2x
+DX okay so that's my substitution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so that's my substitution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so that's my substitution and
+when I put my substitution into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put my substitution into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I put my substitution into this
+integral what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral what do I get
+well so I have cosine of 1 - e 2x just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I have cosine of 1 - e 2x just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so I have cosine of 1 - e 2x just
+becomes cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+U now e 2x DX that's very very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U now e 2x DX that's very very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U now e 2x DX that's very very close to
+this du here so what's different is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this du here so what's different is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this du here so what's different is that
+here I have a a minus two so so actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have a a minus two so so actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here I have a a minus two so so actually
+e 2x DX is Du / minus 2 so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2x DX is Du / minus 2 so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e 2x DX is Du / minus 2 so this is
+cosine U * du / minus 2 now another way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine U * du / minus 2 now another way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine U * du / minus 2 now another way
+to get to this point is you could solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to this point is you could solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to this point is you could solve
+this equation for DX and substitute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for DX and substitute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation for DX and substitute it
+in and also solve this equation for E to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and also solve this equation for E to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and also solve this equation for E to
+2X and substitute it in and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and substitute it in and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2X and substitute it in and things
+should work out more or less the same um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work out more or less the same um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should work out more or less the same um
+if you try that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try that out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you try that out
+um so actually you won't even need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so actually you won't even need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so actually you won't even need to
+make that second substitution you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that second substitution you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that second substitution you'll
+just get some nice cancellation there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get some nice cancellation there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get some nice cancellation there
+it's even simpler than what I just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even simpler than what I just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's even simpler than what I just said
+okay so we do this anti-derivative we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we do this anti-derivative we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we do this anti-derivative we've
+made the substitution so now we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the substitution so now we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the substitution so now we have
+just the anti-derivative of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the anti-derivative of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the anti-derivative of a of a
+cosine function all right well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine function all right well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine function all right well that's
+not that bad because we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that bad because we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that bad because we know that the
+derivative of s is cosine so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of s is cosine so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of s is cosine so the
+anti-derivative of cosine is s so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of cosine is s so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of cosine is s so this
+is equal to so that min-2 that 1 over -2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to so that min-2 that 1 over -2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to so that min-2 that 1 over -2
+is just going to stick around so it's 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to stick around so it's 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just going to stick around so it's 1
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+-2 s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 s of
+U plus a constant of course plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus a constant of course plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus a constant of course plus an
+arbitrary constant and okay and so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant and okay and so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary constant and okay and so but
+but my original function was in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my original function was in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but my original function was in terms of
+X so I I want to bring everything back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I I want to bring everything back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so I I want to bring everything back
+in terms of X and so I need to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of X and so I need to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of X and so I need to to
+substitute um back in get rid of U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute um back in get rid of U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute um back in get rid of U and
+replace it with X so here that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with X so here that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with X so here that's that's
+uh I just go back to what my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just go back to what my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just go back to what my
+substitution was and I and I replace all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution was and I and I replace all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution was and I and I replace all
+my use with it so this is - 12 s the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my use with it so this is - 12 s the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my use with it so this is - 12 s the
+quantity 1 minus E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2x plus a constant all right so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x plus a constant all right so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x plus a constant all right so this is
+the the anti-derivative of this first um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the anti-derivative of this first um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the anti-derivative of this first um
+expression here okay so now how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here okay so now how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression here okay so now how about
+the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second
+one so the second one we could also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the second one we could also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one so the second one we could also do
+it with a substitution this is also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a substitution this is also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with a substitution this is also a
+sort of a a prime suspect for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a prime suspect for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a a prime suspect for for
+advanced guessing so we see here that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced guessing so we see here that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced guessing so we see here that we
+have some um this this polinomial raised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some um this this polinomial raised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some um this this polinomial raised
+to some power so this is 5x^2 - 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some power so this is 5x^2 - 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some power so this is 5x^2 - 1 the
+1/3 so how can we get from a derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so how can we get from a derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3 so how can we get from a derivative
+something like 5x^2 - 1an to the 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 5x^2 - 1an to the 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like 5x^2 - 1an to the 1/3
+well if you started off with 5x^2 - 1 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you started off with 5x^2 - 1 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you started off with 5x^2 - 1 to
+the 4/3 and took a derivative you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4/3 and took a derivative you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 4/3 and took a derivative you would
+you would have this 5x^2 - 1 the 1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have this 5x^2 - 1 the 1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have this 5x^2 - 1 the 1/3
+coming out and you would also have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and you would also have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out and you would also have some
+stuff coming out in front by the chain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff coming out in front by the chain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff coming out in front by the chain
+rule well what kind of stuff well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule well what kind of stuff well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule well what kind of stuff well you
+know it would be some derivative of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it would be some derivative of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it would be some derivative of of
+this quadratic polinomial which would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic polinomial which would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this quadratic polinomial which would be
+some linear polinomial and indeed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some linear polinomial and indeed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some linear polinomial and indeed that
+kind of matches what we have out front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matches what we have out front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of matches what we have out front
+so so a good guess for advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guessing is that we can look at so D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing is that we can look at so D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guessing is that we can look at so D
+over DX of 5x^2 - 1 quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over DX of 5x^2 - 1 quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over DX of 5x^2 - 1 quantity
+to the 4/3 so okay so so this we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4/3 so okay so so this we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4/3 so okay so so this we can
+this derivative we can compute by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative we can compute by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this derivative we can compute by the
+chain rule so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chain rule so this is
+4/3 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4/3 *
+5x^2 - 1^ the 1/3 * okay so now I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x^2 - 1^ the 1/3 * okay so now I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x^2 - 1^ the 1/3 * okay so now I need
+to do the chain rule I need to take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the chain rule I need to take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the chain rule I need to take the
+derivative of the inside well that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the inside well that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the inside well that's
+okay so the minus one gets killed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the minus one gets killed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the minus one gets killed by the
+derivative so 5x^2 that that becomes 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so 5x^2 that that becomes 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative so 5x^2 that that becomes 10
+x so I can rewrite this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so I can rewrite this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x so I can rewrite this as
+40x over 3 * 5x^2 - 1 to the 1/3 so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40x over 3 * 5x^2 - 1 to the 1/3 so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40x over 3 * 5x^2 - 1 to the 1/3 so this
+looks very much like the thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like the thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very much like the thing that we
+were were interested in right we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were interested in right we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were were interested in right we were
+Compu where where to go oh here it is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compu where where to go oh here it is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Compu where where to go oh here it is uh
+and the thing we we're trying to anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing we we're trying to anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the thing we we're trying to anti-
+differentiate so uh the difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate so uh the difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate so uh the difference is
+just this this constant out front is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this this constant out front is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this this constant out front is a
+little bit different so here I have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different so here I have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit different so here I have four
+whereas when I take this derivative I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when I take this derivative I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas when I take this derivative I
+had 43 so I need to correct for that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 43 so I need to correct for that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had 43 so I need to correct for that and
+the correction is just to say oh instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correction is just to say oh instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the correction is just to say oh instead
+of starting with this 5x^2 - 1 4/3 I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting with this 5x^2 - 1 4/3 I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of starting with this 5x^2 - 1 4/3 I
+need to start with some multiple of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start with some multiple of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to start with some multiple of it
+to to make the the the constant work out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make the the the constant work out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to make the the the constant work out
+right in the end so in this case I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the end so in this case I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in the end so in this case I was
+off by a multiple of 10/3 so I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by a multiple of 10/3 so I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off by a multiple of 10/3 so I need to
+correct by multiplying through by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct by multiplying through by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct by multiplying through by
+310 so we get that the anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+310 so we get that the anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+310 so we get that the anti-derivative
+that we want the anti-derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want the anti-derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want the anti-derivative of
+4X time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4X time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4X time the
+quantity 5X x^ 2 - 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 5X x^ 2 - 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity 5X x^ 2 - 1
+1/3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/3
+DX is equal to well it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is equal to well it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX is equal to well it's equal to
+310 of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+310 of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+310 of this
+5x^2 minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x^2 minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x^2 minus
+one to the 4/3 okay so that's our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the 4/3 okay so that's our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the 4/3 okay so that's our our
+second anti-derivative which we got by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second anti-derivative which we got by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second anti-derivative which we got by
+Advanced guessing now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced guessing now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced guessing now let's look at the
+third one so the third one is Tan x now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one so the third one is Tan x now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one so the third one is Tan x now
+I sort of Promised You by asking this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of Promised You by asking this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sort of Promised You by asking this
+question in this this section on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in this this section on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question in this this section on
+substitution that that there's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that that there's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution that that there's you know
+some substitution that you can make but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some substitution that you can make but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some substitution that you can make but
+it's not sort of obvious just from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sort of obvious just from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not sort of obvious just from
+looking at Tan x what should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Tan x what should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Tan x what should be
+substituted where at least it isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted where at least it isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substituted where at least it isn't
+obvious uh to me but one thing that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious uh to me but one thing that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious uh to me but one thing that can
+help often when you don't immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help often when you don't immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help often when you don't immediately
+see a substitution is to try rewriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a substitution is to try rewriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a substitution is to try rewriting
+things in in equivalent ways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in in equivalent ways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in in equivalent ways so
+sometimes you can do some algebra or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can do some algebra or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can do some algebra or
+some other manipulation in this case um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other manipulation in this case um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other manipulation in this case um
+there's a very simple sort of rewriting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple sort of rewriting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a very simple sort of rewriting
+that you can do which is that tangent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do which is that tangent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do which is that tangent of
+X can be expressed in terms of s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X can be expressed in terms of s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X can be expressed in terms of s and
+cosine of x so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine of x so we can
+rewrite the anti-derivative of tan X DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the anti-derivative of tan X DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite the anti-derivative of tan X DX
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral
+sinx over cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx over cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx over cosine
+X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X
+DX okay so now what do we see um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so now what do we see um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX okay so now what do we see um so I
+see in the denominator a cosine of x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the denominator a cosine of x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in the denominator a cosine of x and
+then up top I have a sinx DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then up top I have a sinx DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then up top I have a sinx DX
+um so sinx DX that that's really close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so sinx DX that that's really close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so sinx DX that that's really close
+to the differential of cosine of x um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the differential of cosine of x um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the differential of cosine of x um so
+so I'm going to try this substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try this substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to try this substitution
+then I'm going to try the substitution U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to try the substitution U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm going to try the substitution U
+equals cosine X so if I make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals cosine X so if I make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals cosine X so if I make the
+substitution I get du is equal to minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I get du is equal to minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution I get du is equal to minus
+sinx DX which is okay so so now if I if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx DX which is okay so so now if I if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinx DX which is okay so so now if I if
+I plug these values in with this substit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plug these values in with this substit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I plug these values in with this substit
+tion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tion
+this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this
+integral becomes the integral well it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral becomes the integral well it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral becomes the integral well it's
+minus one or minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one or minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one or minus
+du over U that's a that's a nice a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du over U that's a that's a nice a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du over U that's a that's a nice a nice
+simple uh anti-derivative to have so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh anti-derivative to have so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple uh anti-derivative to have so
+we've we've seen this before so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've seen this before so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've we've seen this before so this is
+this is just a logarithm so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a logarithm so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just a logarithm so the the
+minus sign comes out front so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign comes out front so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign comes out front so this is
+minus Ln of the absolute value of U plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Ln of the absolute value of U plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Ln of the absolute value of U plus
+a constant and now we had this that U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant and now we had this that U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant and now we had this that U
+was cosine of x so this is minus Ln of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cosine of x so this is minus Ln of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was cosine of x so this is minus Ln of
+the absolute value of cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the absolute value of cosine of
+x plus a constant now this should look a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus a constant now this should look a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus a constant now this should look a
+little bit familiar because in one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit familiar because in one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit familiar because in one of
+Christine's recitations earlier she had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christine's recitations earlier she had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Christine's recitations earlier she had
+you compute the derivative of Ln of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute the derivative of Ln of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you compute the derivative of Ln of
+cosine X and in that case you saw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X and in that case you saw that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine X and in that case you saw that
+that derivative was equal to minus tent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative was equal to minus tent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that derivative was equal to minus tent
+of X just just like it it should be um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X just just like it it should be um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X just just like it it should be um
+so all right so there we go that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so there we go that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all right so there we go that was
+that was three examples of of anti-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was three examples of of anti-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was three examples of of anti-
+differentiation by substitution and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation by substitution and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation by substitution and
+advanced guessing so I'll leave you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced guessing so I'll leave you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced guessing so I'll leave you with
+that
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/WT-qzgaKeGI.txt b/WT-qzgaKeGI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eea141922cb022382e333bc1c734aa0f442ddc69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/WT-qzgaKeGI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1818 @@
+All right.
+Let's get moving.
+
+Good morning.
+
+Today, if everything works out,
+we have some fun for you guys.
+
+I hope it works out.
+We'll see.
+
+What I am going to do today is
+a very major application of the
+
+frequency response and the
+frequency domain analysis of
+
+circuits.
+And this application area is
+
+called filters.
+The area of filters often times
+
+demands a full course or a
+couple of full courses all by
+
+itself.
+And filters are incredibly
+
+useful.
+They're used in virtually every
+
+electronic device in some form
+or another.
+
+They're used in radio tuners.
+We will show you a demo of that
+
+today.
+They're also used in your cell
+
+phones.
+Every single cell phone has a
+
+set of filters.
+So, for example,
+
+how do you pick a conversation?
+You pick a conversation by
+
+picking a certain frequency and
+grabbing data from there.
+
+They are also in wide area
+network wireless transmitters.
+
+Do we have an access point
+here?
+
+I don't see one,
+but you've seen wireless access
+
+points.
+Again, there they have filters
+
+in them.
+So, virtually every single
+
+electronic device contains a
+filter at some point or another.
+
+And so, today we will look at
+this major, major application of
+
+frequency domain analysis.
+Before we get into that,
+
+I'd like to do a bit of review.
+The readings for today
+
+correspond to Chapter 14.4.2,
+14.5 and 15.2 in the course
+
+notes.
+All right.
+
+Let's start with the review.
+We looked at this circuit last
+
+Friday --
+
+-- where I said that for our
+analysis, we are going to focus
+
+on this small,
+small region of the playground.
+
+And what's special about this
+region of our playground is that
+
+I am going to focus on
+sinusoidal inputs.
+
+And, second,
+I am going to focus on the
+
+steady state response.
+How does the response look like
+
+if I wait a long,
+long time?
+
+And then we said that the full
+blown time domain analysis was
+
+hard.
+This was, remember,
+
+the agonizing approach?
+And then I taught you the
+
+impedance approach in the last
+lecture, which was blindingly
+
+simple.
+And, in that impedance
+
+approach, what we said we would
+do is --
+
+I will apply the approach right
+now and in seconds derive the
+
+result for you.
+But the basic idea was we said
+
+what we are going to do is
+assume that we are going to
+
+apply inputs of the form Vi e to
+the j omega t.
+
+Wherever you see a capital and
+a small, there is an implicate e
+
+to the j omega t next to it.
+I'm not showing you that.
+
+And what I showed last time,
+and the class before that was
+
+once you find out the amplitude
+--
+
+Once you find out the
+multiplier that multiplies e to
+
+the j omega t,
+it's a complex number,
+
+you have all the information
+you need.
+
+And once you have this,
+you can find out the time
+
+domain response by simply taking
+the modulus of that,
+
+or the amplitude and the phase
+of that to get the angle.
+
+And that gives you the time
+domain response.
+
+So, our focus has been on these
+quantities.
+
+The impedance method says what
+I am going to do is replace each
+
+of these by impedances.
+And then the corresponding
+
+impedance model looks like this.
+
+Instead of R,
+I replace that with ZR.
+
+And instead of the capacitor,
+I am going to replace that with
+
+ZC.
+And this is my Vc.
+
+ZR is simply R and ZC was going
+to be one divided by sC where s
+
+was simply a shorthand notation
+for j omega.
+
+Based on this,
+once I converted all my
+
+elements into impedances,
+I can go ahead and apply all
+
+the good-old linear analysis
+techniques.
+
+I will discuss a bunch of them
+today.
+
+As an example,
+I could analyze this using my
+
+simple voltage divider
+relationship.
+
+Vc is simply ZC divided by ZC
+plus ZR times Vi.
+
+And that, in turn,
+is, well, let's say I divide
+
+this by Vi so I can get the
+response relation,
+
+is ZC divided by ZC plus ZR.
+And ZC I know to be one by j
+
+omega C, plus R.
+And multiplying throughout by j
+
+omega C, I get one divided by
+one plus j omega CR.
+
+It's incredibly simple.
+This is simply called the
+
+frequency response.
+And it's a transfer function
+
+representing the relationship
+between the output complex
+
+amplitude with the input.
+We can also plot this.
+
+Notice that in our entire
+analysis we have not only
+
+assumed sinusoidal input,
+but we're also saying that let
+
+us look at this only in the
+steady state.
+
+So, we will wait for time to be
+really, really large,
+
+and then look at the response.
+And so, therefore,
+
+we will plot the response not
+as a function of time,
+
+but rather we are going to plot
+the response as a function of
+
+omega.
+What we are going to say is I
+
+am going to input a sinusoid and
+my output is going to be some
+
+other sinusoid.
+And since I'm waiting for a
+
+long time to look at the output,
+time doesn't make sense
+
+anymore.
+Rather, my free variable is
+
+going to be my frequency,
+so I am going to change the
+
+frequency of the input that I
+apply.
+
+And so, I am going to plot this
+as a function of omega.
+
+This represents a completely
+complimentary view of circuits,
+
+the time domain view and then
+there is a frequency domain
+
+view.
+The frequency domain view says
+
+how did this circuit behave as I
+apply sinusoids of differing
+
+frequencies?
+I can plot that relationship in
+
+a graph like this,
+and this relationship is simply
+
+given by a parameter edge the
+transfer function,
+
+it's a function of omega.
+And I can also plot the
+
+absolute value of that.
+And let's take a look at what
+
+it looks like.
+So, I can look at functions
+
+like this and very quickly plot
+the response.
+
+I am going to do a whole bunch
+of plots just by staring at
+
+circuits and staring at
+expressions like this.
+
+And you will see a number of
+them today.
+
+First of all,
+the way you plot these is look
+
+for the values where omega is
+very small and when omega is
+
+very large.
+When omega is very,
+
+very small this term goes away.
+And so, for very small values
+
+of omega the output is simply
+one.
+
+Vc by Vi is simply one.
+This part goes away.
+
+What happens when omega is
+very, very large?
+
+When omega is really large,
+this part dominates,
+
+is much greater than one.
+If I ignore one in relation to
+
+this guy and take the absolute
+value of that then I simply get
+
+one divided by omega CR when
+omega is very large.
+
+So, when omega is very large,
+I get a decay of the form one
+
+over omega CR.
+I know the value for small
+
+omega, and it looks like this
+for very large omega.
+
+And, if you plot it out,
+this is how it's going to look
+
+like.
+Let's stare at this form for a
+
+little while longer.
+And let's plot some properties
+
+off it.
+First of all,
+
+you notice something else.
+When omega CR equals one then,
+
+in other words,
+when omega equals one by RC,
+
+notice that the output is given
+by one plus j.
+
+And the absolute value of that
+is simply one divided the square
+
+root of two.
+So, in other words,
+
+when omega is one by RC --
+When omega is one by CR then
+
+the output is one by square root
+two times its value when omega
+
+is very, very small.
+So, that is one little piece of
+
+information.
+If you look at the form of
+
+this, I would like you to stare
+at it for a few minutes and try
+
+to understand what this
+represents.
+
+This says that for very low
+frequencies the response is
+
+virtually the same as the input
+in amplitude.
+
+In other words,
+if I apply some very low
+
+frequency sinusoid of some
+amplitude then the output
+
+amplitude is going to be same as
+that amplitude.
+
+And that's a one.
+Now, it also says when I apply
+
+a very high frequency,
+at very high frequencies it
+
+decays.
+So, this graph which says I am
+
+going to pass low frequencies
+without any attenuation,
+
+without hammering it,
+but I am going to clobber high
+
+frequencies and give you a very
+low amplitude signal at the
+
+output but pass through,
+almost without attenuation,
+
+the input at low frequencies.
+And so this is an example of
+
+what is called a low pass filter
+or LPF.
+
+What this is saying is that
+this little circuit here acts
+
+like a low pass filter.
+It's a low pass filter because
+
+it passes low frequencies
+without attenuation but kills
+
+high frequencies.
+If I take some music,
+
+and you will do experiments
+with this in lab.
+
+When is lab three?
+People are doing lab three
+
+right now, right?
+Lab three is going on right now
+
+and early next week as well.
+And, in lab three,
+
+you will play with looking at
+the response to music of
+
+different types of filters.
+If apply some music here,
+
+you will see that the output
+will pass low frequencies but
+
+really attenuate high
+frequencies.
+
+You will hear a lot of the low
+sounding base and so on but
+
+attenuate a lot of the high
+frequencies.
+
+All right.
+The other thing that I
+
+encourage you to do is Websim
+has built in pages for a large
+
+number of such circuits.
+You can go in there and play
+
+with the values of RC,
+or L for that matter,
+
+for a variety of circuits.
+And, if you click on frequency
+
+response, you actually get both
+the amplitude response and the
+
+phase as well.
+You can play with various
+
+values of RLC and see how the
+frequency response looks like
+
+for each of the circuits.
+As a next step,
+
+what I would like to do is just
+give you a sense of how
+
+impedances combine.
+This won't be very surprising
+
+given that they behave just like
+resistors, but it's good to go
+
+through it nonetheless.
+Suppose, just to build some
+
+insight, suppose I had two
+resistors in series.
+
+All right.
+R1 and R2.
+
+And this was my A and B
+terminals respectively.
+
+And let's say the complex
+amplitude of the voltage was Vab
+
+across this.
+Then I could relate,
+
+let's say Iab was the current,
+I can relate these resistances.
+
+Or, I could relate Vab and Iab
+as follows.
+
+Simply Vab divided by Iab
+equals R1 plus R2.
+
+I know that.
+And the same thing applies to R
+
+viewed as an impedance.
+It's still impedance R,
+
+and so this one still goes
+ahead and applies.
+
+The second thing I can try is
+the circuit of this form.
+
+A, B, and I have an R1 and an L
+in this case.
+
+And what I can do is,
+in the impedance model,
+
+I can view this as an impedance
+of value j omega L.
+
+And I can also combine them to
+get the impedance between A and
+
+B.
+Much as I got a resistance
+
+between A and B,
+I can get an impedance between
+
+A and B as Vab divided by Iab.
+And that will be given by ZR1
+
+plus ZL, and that is simply R1
+plus j omega L.
+
+Similarly, I can do an even
+more complicated circuit.
+
+So, resistance.
+And here I have a capacitor in
+
+series with the resistance,
+and then I apply inductor to
+
+it.
+This is A, B,
+
+Iab and plus,
+minus Vab.
+
+And let me call this R1 and let
+me call this R2 and this is C
+
+and L.
+I can go about combining these
+
+in much the same manner that I
+combine my resistances in the
+
+series parallel simplifications.
+I can define an impedance Zab
+
+between the A and B terminals as
+ZR1 plus Z of this combination,
+
+impedance of this combination,
+which is simply impedance of C
+
+and that of R2 in parallel with
+each other.
+
+I get Zc in parallel with ZR2.
+Notice that this notation
+
+simply says that look at the
+impedance of the capacitor in
+
+parallel with a resistor.
+And then, finally,
+
+I add to that the series
+impedance of the inductor ZL.
+
+Exactly as you would have done
+for resistances,
+
+if all of these resistances you
+would have said R of this piece
+
+plus the R of the parallel
+combination plus the R of
+
+whatever was here.
+This time around we have
+
+impedances.
+And replacing this with the
+
+values, this is R1.
+I know for ZL it's j omega L.
+
+And so, for ZL,
+parallel ZR2 it is given by
+
+ZCZR2 divided by ZC plus ZR2,
+which is simply R1 here and j
+
+omega L.
+And let me just substitute the
+
+values here.
+I know that ZR2 is simply R2,
+
+ZC is one by j omega C,
+and then one by j omega C plus
+
+R2.
+And I can go ahead and simplify
+
+that further and get my
+impedance Zab.
+
+Notice how simple analysis has
+become.
+
+Using this technique,
+using the impedance method
+
+we've managed to convert our
+analysis from solving
+
+differential equations to going
+back to algebra.
+
+A large part of what we do in
+circuits is see how we can get
+
+back to really simple algebra
+and try to be clever about how
+
+we do things.
+So, this is as far as analysis
+
+is concerned.
+In the next five minutes,
+
+I want to give you some insight
+into how you can build different
+
+kinds of impedances.
+
+And I won't go into too much
+detail but give some insight
+
+into how you can get a sense for
+the kind of filters you want to
+
+design.
+Or, at the very least,
+
+given a filter,
+how can you very quickly get
+
+some insight into what kind of
+filter it is,
+
+how it performs,
+what its frequency response is
+
+and so on.
+And, this time around,
+
+this piece of intuition will be
+in honor of Umans.
+
+And back to our Bend it Like
+Beckham series,
+
+I call this "Unleash it like
+Umans".
+
+What experts in the field do is
+they don't go about sitting
+
+around writing differential
+equations, but rather use a lot
+
+of insight into how to solve
+these things.
+
+And so in honor of Umans,
+I will label this unleash it
+
+like Umans.
+Let's get some insight into how
+
+the response of various elements
+look like.
+
+Let's take, for example,
+I have some impedance Z.
+
+Let's say this could be a
+resistor, it could be an
+
+inductor or it could be a
+capacitor.
+
+Let's take a look at what the
+frequency response of just these
+
+elements look like.
+In other words,
+
+what are the frequency
+dependents of Z itself?
+
+Let me just plot the impedance
+of each of these elements as a
+
+function of frequency.
+Let me just take the absolute
+
+value of their impedance.
+Notice that it's a complex
+
+number.
+For the inductor it's j omega
+
+L.
+And let me take the absolute
+
+value omega L in that case and
+plot it for you.
+
+And use that to develop some
+insight.
+
+Let's do a simple case first.
+If Z is a resistance of value R
+
+then no matter what the
+frequency my value is going to
+
+be R.
+If I have an inductor of value
+
+L then the impedance is going to
+look like j omega L,
+
+and so I am going to omega L
+for that.
+
+And the dependence of that
+simply says that for low omega
+
+the impedance is very small.
+For omega zero the impedance is
+
+zero and it increases linearly
+with omega.
+
+So, it's omega L for the
+inductor.
+
+Impedance increases linerally
+as I increase the frequency.
+
+What about for the capacitor?
+For the capacitor,
+
+the impedance is one divided by
+j omega C.
+
+And so, therefore,
+I get the dependence being
+
+related to omega C.
+Which says that for very high
+
+frequencies impedance is very
+low, but for very low
+
+frequencies the impedance is
+very high and I get a behavior
+
+pattern that looks something
+like this.
+
+It goes as one by omega C.
+As omega is very large,
+
+my impedance is very small.
+If omega is very small,
+
+my impedance goes towards that
+of an open circuit.
+
+This is not surprising.
+You've known this before,
+
+right?
+That a capacitor behaves like
+
+an open circuit for DC.
+An inductor behaves like a
+
+short circuit for DC.
+Notice that zero frequency here
+
+corresponds to DC.
+The capacitor looks like an
+
+open circuit for DC,
+very high impedance.
+
+The inductor looks like a short
+circuit for DC,
+
+very low impedance.
+And the opposite is true at
+
+very high frequencies.
+While R is a constant
+
+throughout.
+Let's use this to build some
+
+insight into how our circuits
+might look.
+
+Let me do this example.
+
+Let's say I have a Vi and I
+measure the response across the
+
+resistor.
+
+So, I measure Vr divided by Vi
+and take the absolute value and
+
+take a look at how it's going to
+look like.
+
+I want you to stare at this for
+me and help me with what the
+
+response is going to look like.
+Let's take incredibly high
+
+frequencies.
+At very high frequencies,
+
+this has a very high frequency,
+what do the capacitor look like
+
+to very high frequencies?
+Is it an open or is it a short?
+
+A short circuit.
+At very high frequencies the
+
+capacitor looks like a short
+circuit.
+
+Then Vi simply appears across
+the resistor,
+
+which means that at very high
+frequencies the output is very
+
+close to the input.
+At very low frequencies what
+
+happens?
+At very low frequencies the
+
+capacitor looks like an open
+circuit.
+
+If this looks like an open
+circuit then very little voltage
+
+will drop across this resistor
+here because most of it is going
+
+to drop across the capacitor.
+What is going to happen is,
+
+for very low values,
+I am going to be looking at
+
+something out here.
+And, because of that,
+
+my response looks like this.
+And this is of a different form
+
+than the one you saw earlier.
+In this case,
+
+I pass high frequencies but
+attenuate low frequencies.
+
+Not surprisingly,
+this is called a high pass
+
+filter.
+
+You need to begin to be able to
+think about capacitors and
+
+inductors in terms of their high
+and low frequency properties.
+
+And, if you develop that
+intuition, once you develop the
+
+intuition about capacitors and
+inductors and their frequency
+
+relationship,
+that will be a big step forward
+
+in 002.
+If you get that insight,
+
+you will go a long way in terms
+of knowing how to tackle
+
+problems and being able to
+quickly sketch responses.
+
+Yes.
+
+In the case of,
+if we get something like j
+
+omega L, what you can do is take
+the limit as omega goes to zero.
+
+If it is omega L then notice
+that it is going to start
+
+linear.
+And, on the other hand,
+
+if when you get very high
+frequencies, for example,
+
+if you get one by something
+omega C then this is a
+
+hyperbolic relationship,
+so it is going to go ahead
+
+looking like this.
+So, you can take a look at a
+
+lot of these functions at their
+very low values and see how they
+
+look like at that point.
+All right.
+
+The next one I would like to
+draw for you is something that
+
+looks like this.
+
+Let's say, for example,
+I have an inductor L and a
+
+resistor R and I want to see
+what that looks like.
+
+In this particular example,
+I have H, take the absolute
+
+value.
+So, what is this going to look
+
+like?
+I am going to look at the value
+
+across the resistor here.
+Here what I am going to find is
+
+that at very low frequencies
+this guy is a short circuit.
+
+Since this guy is a short
+circuit, all the voltage drops
+
+across the resistor so it's
+going to look like this.
+
+And, at very high frequencies,
+what I am going to find is that
+
+the inductor is going to appear
+like an open circuit.
+
+And so, therefore,
+all the voltage is going to
+
+pretty much drop across the
+inductor.
+
+It will be R divided by
+something plus omega L.
+
+So, at high frequencies this
+guy is going to taper off to
+
+zero and is going to look like
+this.
+
+And this is back to my low pass
+filter.
+
+Just to go back to a question
+asked earlier,
+
+how do you know what this looks
+like?
+
+I can very quickly write down
+the expression for H of j omega.
+
+This is simply going to be R
+divided by R plus if this is VR.
+
+VR is simply R divided by one
+by j omega C.
+
+I multiply it out by j omega C
+in the numerator and the
+
+denominator.
+I'm going to find j omega C
+
+here and I am going to get one
+by j omega C here.
+
+And what is going to happen
+with something like this is that
+
+as omega becomes very small then
+I am going to ignore this.
+
+When omega becomes very small,
+I can ignore this with respect
+
+to one, and I get R j omega C.
+Given that, is what I've drawn
+
+here correct or wrong?
+This goes away with respect to
+
+one.
+I am left with R j omega C,
+
+right?
+For very low frequencies.
+
+Given what I have drawn here,
+is that correct or is that
+
+wrong?
+Well, it's hard to say.
+
+For very, very low frequencies
+it starts out being linear
+
+because it's an omega
+relationship,
+
+and then it goes up like this
+and then goes out there.
+
+Let me go onto another example.
+Let me do another example here
+
+which is something like --
+I need to make sure I don't
+
+make a mistake here.
+If I get R j omega C by R j
+
+omega C, you know what,
+this ends up being a first
+
+order system,
+and so is going to look like
+
+this.
+I blew it there.
+
+Back to this system here.
+If I have an L and an R and I
+
+look at this equation to look at
+what happens across L,
+
+you can plot that again.
+And for very low frequencies it
+
+is going to be zero amplitude
+here and for very high
+
+frequencies this is going to be
+an open circuit,
+
+and so the response is going to
+look something like this.
+
+That's going to end up being
+your high pass filter.
+
+As another example,
+I would like to do a series RLC
+
+circuit --
+
+-- and try to get you some
+sense of what that output looks
+
+like.
+Let's use our intuition and
+
+first write down what this looks
+like and then go and do some
+
+math and see if the math
+corresponds to what our
+
+intuition tells us.
+I want to plot Vr with respect
+
+to Vi.
+I want to plot it there.
+
+For something like this,
+what happens at very low
+
+frequencies?
+We are just looking to get
+
+very, very crudely what this
+graph is going to look like.
+
+Very, very crudely what this
+graph is going to look like.
+
+Given that I am taking the
+voltage across VR,
+
+what happens at very low
+frequencies?
+
+At incredibly low frequencies,
+the inductor looks like a short
+
+circuit, but the capacitor looks
+like open circuit.
+
+An open circuit in series with
+a short circuit that ends up
+
+looking like an open circuit.
+And so, therefore,
+
+all my voltage falls across VR.
+Now, what happens at very high
+
+frequencies?
+At very high frequencies the
+
+capacitor looks like a short.
+But the inductor looks like an
+
+open circuit now for very high
+frequencies, correct?
+
+Just remember,
+capacitor is short for high
+
+frequencies inductor open for
+high frequencies.
+
+So, this ends up having a very
+high impedance.
+
+At very high frequencies this
+guy has a very high impedance.
+
+And, because of that,
+for a high value of frequency,
+
+I end up going in that manner.
+This behavior has the effect of
+
+the capacitor here.
+And for very high frequencies I
+
+get the effect of the inductor.
+And so this means that I have
+
+very low values for low
+frequencies, very low values for
+
+high frequencies.
+And, as the frequency
+
+increases, I do something like
+this.
+
+I keep building up,
+then the inductor begins to
+
+play a role, and then I taper
+off again.
+
+This kind of a filter where I
+kill low and high frequencies
+
+and pass intermediate
+frequencies is called a band
+
+pass filter, BPF.
+This means that it passes
+
+frequencies in some band.
+Let's get some more insight on
+
+this by writing down the
+equations.
+
+So, Vr divided by Vi is simply
+R.
+
+Using the impedance relation it
+is R divided by j omega L plus
+
+one divided by j omega C plus R.
+I am going to use this equation
+
+later, so let me stash it away
+on my stack and put a little
+
+notation there.
+I am going to multiply
+
+throughout by j omega C.
+And what I end up getting is j
+
+omega RC divided by one plus R j
+omega RC, and then here,
+
+I get j times j is minus one,
+so I get minus omega squared.
+
+Let me rewrite it this way.
+I get minus omega squared.
+
+So, j j is minus one,
+omega times omega is omega
+
+squared, and then I get an LC.
+That's what I end up getting.
+
+And if I take the absolute
+value here, I end up getting,
+
+back to your complex algebra,
+the square root of this real
+
+value squared plus imaginary
+value squared.
+
+So, one minus omega squared LC
+plus omega RC squared.
+
+This is from,
+you can look it up in your
+
+complex algebra appendix in the
+course notes.
+
+It's simply omega RC here,
+then square of the real value
+
+plus the square of the imaginary
+value, and take the square root
+
+of that.
+By staring at this,
+
+you can notice that you realize
+a really important property.
+
+When omega equals LC.
+I'm sorry.
+
+When omega equals one divided
+by LC, what happens?
+
+Sorry, square root of LC.
+When omega is one divided by
+
+square root of LC then omega
+squared times LC becomes one.
+
+When this is true then this
+becomes one, and one and one
+
+cancel out.
+And, not only that,
+
+when these cancel out,
+these two cancel out at that
+
+point, so I end up getting a
+one, which means that when omega
+
+equals omega nought equals one
+by square root of LC and I end
+
+up getting a value that is one.
+It's pretty amazing.
+
+Which means that if I drive
+this at omega nought,
+
+if my sinusoid has a frequency
+omega nought where omega nought
+
+is one by square root of LC,
+if I'm sitting here and this is
+
+a black box on the right-hand
+side, and I drive this at a
+
+frequency omega nought equals
+one divided by square root of
+
+LC, what does this entire
+circuit look like to me?
+
+I'm sitting there,
+the black box here.
+
+I'm driving it at omega nought
+equals one by square root of LC
+
+at that frequency.
+What does that circuit look
+
+like?
+Yes.
+
+It looks like a resistor.
+It's pretty amazing.
+
+It means that even though I
+have an L and a C here,
+
+if I happen to drive this at
+omega nought then the circuit
+
+looks purely resistive and it
+seems to give me the same input
+
+appearing at the output.
+In other words,
+
+the effect of these two cancels
+out.
+
+And that aspect is called
+driving the circuit at its
+
+resonance point.
+Resonance is when you're
+
+driving the circuit at omega
+nought equals one by a square
+
+root of LC.
+
+I will very quickly sketch for
+you a couple of other ways of
+
+looking at circuits.
+Supposing I looked at this
+
+value here, Vlc,
+I looked at the value across
+
+the inductor and the capacitor,
+what will the frequency
+
+response look like?
+I am looking at the voltage
+
+across the inductor and the
+capacitor in series.
+
+Let's see.
+Let's go back to our usual
+
+mantra.
+Think about Steve Umans when
+
+you do this.
+What would he do?
+
+He would say ah-ha,
+at very low frequencies the
+
+capacitor is going to look like
+an open circuit.
+
+In my voltage divider,
+I am measuring the voltage
+
+across an open circuit,
+so the entire Vi must drop
+
+across the inductor and
+capacitor.
+
+Similarly, at very high
+frequencies the inductor looks
+
+like an open circuit now,
+so it looks like this.
+
+At very high frequencies
+inductor is an open circuit.
+
+And, again, I'm looking at the
+voltage divider across the near
+
+infinite resistance,
+impedance, so I get a high
+
+value here as well.
+Well, in the middle the value
+
+dips and I get something like
+this.
+
+So, this thing is called a band
+stop filter.
+
+Here I can nail any specific
+frequency, as long as the
+
+frequency falls in roughly that
+regime.
+
+Yet another example.
+
+The reason I'm working on so
+many examples is that to
+
+experts, a large part of what
+they do is look at a circuit and
+
+boom, give a rough form of how
+it looks like.
+
+That can get you half the way
+there in most of what you're
+
+going to do.
+How did this look like?
+
+If I take the voltage Vo versus
+Vi, let's take a look.
+
+At very low frequencies,
+the inductor looks like a short
+
+circuit, correct?
+I am talking the voltage across
+
+a short circuit,
+so it looks like this.
+
+At very high frequencies,
+I am taking a voltage across a
+
+parallel combination,
+but the capacitor is now a
+
+short circuit.
+So, that looks like a
+
+capacitor.
+This looks like an inductor out
+
+here and this is a capacitor
+holding sway here.
+
+And so, somewhere in the middle
+it goes up and comes down like
+
+that.
+So, it's a band pass filter.
+
+What is amazing is that you can
+take fairly complicated
+
+circuits, and just by doing a
+quick analysis of what happens
+
+at very low frequencies,
+what happens at very high
+
+frequencies, you can roughly
+sketch the response.
+
+And then what you should do,
+in addition to that,
+
+is if it's a second order
+circuit, just assume that it's
+
+going to do something
+interesting at its resonance
+
+frequency, at omega nought
+equals one by square root of LC.
+
+Something interesting is going
+to happen.
+
+Check it out.
+And for circuits that are first
+
+order, RC or RL,
+the important number is the
+
+time constant RC.
+Usually, when you're driving it
+
+at one by RC,
+omega equals one by RC then
+
+what happens is that you often
+times end up getting a value
+
+that is one by square root two
+times the input value in the
+
+circuits we looked at here.
+Next, what I am going to do is
+
+talk about a major,
+major application of filters.
+
+And that is an AM receiver.
+Let me do Radios 101 for 30
+
+seconds.
+These guys have an antenna.
+
+You take a ground here.
+You pick up a signal at your
+
+antenna.
+There is an implied ground as
+
+well.
+And what you do,
+
+as a first step,
+is you begin processing the
+
+signal now.
+What we place right there is a
+
+little filter that looks like
+this.
+
+It is a inductor and a
+capacitor in parallel.
+
+And this capacitor is really
+your tuner that you can tune to
+
+radio frequencies.
+And then what you have here is
+
+a bunch of other processing and
+end up with your speaker.
+
+And the processing that happens
+here is you have a demodulator,
+
+you have an amplifier and a
+bunch of other things that let's
+
+not worry about them for now.
+What we do here is the antenna
+
+picks up a signal.
+So, in some sense,
+
+this part of the circuit here
+is your source.
+
+I could replace it with its
+Thevenin equivalent as follows.
+
+So, the front end of your radio
+looks like a Vi,
+
+R, L and a C.
+Where have you seen this
+
+before?
+Right there.
+
+That's the front end of radios.
+Let me tell you why I need a
+
+band pass filter in a radio out
+here.
+
+The way life works is as
+follows.
+
+I have my frequency.
+Let me do this not in radians
+
+but in kilohertz for now,
+and let me plot your radio
+
+signal strength.
+In the Boston area,
+
+the signals go between 540
+kilohertz and they go all the
+
+way to 1600 kilohertz.
+In some areas we have begun to
+
+use the 1700 extra band as well
+for some new stations.
+
+This is the frequency range of
+interest.
+
+If you look at your radio
+tuner, you will see 540
+
+kilohertz all the way up to 1600
+and you can tune your AM radio.
+
+The way it works is that each
+station is given 10 kilohertz of
+
+spectrum here.
+And so, this is at 1000
+
+kilohertz, 1010 kilohertz and so
+on.
+
+And each station transmits its
+signal in plus or minus 5
+
+kilohertz around that point.
+And this station transmits it
+
+here and this station transmits
+it here and so on.
+
+This is 1030.
+This guy is WBZ News Radio
+
+1030, for those of you who
+listen to it.
+
+What happens is that at 10
+kilohertz, each station gets 10
+
+kilohertz, and so WBZ transmits
+in the 10 kilohertz around 1030.
+
+Notice that each of these
+signals transmitted by radio
+
+stations happen within small
+bands.
+
+Now, you will learn a lot more
+about modulation and how do you
+
+get a signal to go in a small
+band and all that stuff.
+
+You will learn about that in
+6.003.
+
+For now, don't worry about how
+I did all of this.
+
+How do you listen to that
+station?
+
+The way you listen to that
+station is you put a low pass
+
+filter here.
+You put a low pass filter that
+
+does the following.
+Let's say I want to hear WBZ
+
+1030.
+
+If I pass this entire signal
+through that filter.
+
+And if I arrange to have the
+omega nought of my filter at
+
+1030.
+If I can arrange to have the
+
+omega nought at 1030 then this
+is the response of my filter.
+
+And I am going to pick out this
+guy and cut out everything else.
+
+I am just going to get this.
+
+Let's listen to the station for
+some time.
+
+So, you can see I can tune to
+the station WBUL.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/XROTP1RiNaA.txt b/XROTP1RiNaA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62a1d513d7a6b0b5a6bdc8976e5451af6176a126
--- /dev/null
+++ b/XROTP1RiNaA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14427 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT open
+courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right today we are going
+to learn to count one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn to count one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to learn to count one two
+three uh in an algorithmic sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh in an algorithmic sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh in an algorithmic sense of
+course and prove hardness of counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and prove hardness of counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and prove hardness of counting
+style problems or more generally any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style problems or more generally any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style problems or more generally any
+problem where the output is an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where the output is an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem where the output is an integer
+um like uh like approximation algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like uh like approximation algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um like uh like approximation algorithms
+we need to define a slightly stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to define a slightly stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to define a slightly stronger
+version of our NP style problem it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of our NP style problem it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of our NP style problem it's not
+going to be a decis decision problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a decis decision problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a decis decision problem the
+remaining type is a search Problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh search problem you're trying to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh search problem you're trying to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh search problem you're trying to find
+a solution this is just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution this is just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution this is just like
+optimization problem but with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem but with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimization problem but with no
+objective function today all solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function today all solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function today all solutions
+are created equal so we just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are created equal so we just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are created equal so we just want to
+know how many there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many there
+are so we're given an instance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so we're given an instance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so we're given an instance to the
+problem we want to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution whereas in the decision problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution whereas in the decision problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution whereas in the decision problem
+we want to know whether a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know whether a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know whether a solution
+exists with a a search problem we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists with a a search problem we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists with a a search problem we want
+to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a
+solution almost the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but so that would be a search problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that would be a search problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that would be a search problem in
+general uh for an NP search Problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh for an NP search Problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general uh for an NP search Problem
+you can recognize what is an instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can recognize what is an instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can recognize what is an instance
+and you can recognize solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can recognize solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can recognize solutions to
+instances in polinomial time given an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances in polinomial time given an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances in polinomial time given an
+instance in a solution you can say yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in a solution you can say yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance in a solution you can say yes
+that's a valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution okay uh for such a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay uh for such a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution okay uh for such a search
+problem of course there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of course there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of course there's the
+corresponding decision problem which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding decision problem which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding decision problem which is
+does there exist a solution uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does there exist a solution uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does there exist a solution uh if you
+can solve this then you can solve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve this then you can solve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve this then you can solve uh
+that uh you can solve the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you can solve the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you can solve the decision
+problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in
+NP uh by guessing a solution uh and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP uh by guessing a solution uh and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP uh by guessing a solution uh and so
+on so this is intricately related to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so this is intricately related to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so this is intricately related to uh
+the notion of a certificate for an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of a certificate for an NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notion of a certificate for an NP
+problem the idea of solutions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the idea of solutions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem the idea of solutions are
+certificates but when we say a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates but when we say a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates but when we say a problem
+is an NP we say there is some way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an NP we say there is some way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an NP we say there is some way to
+define certificates so that this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define certificates so that this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define certificates so that this kind of
+problem can be set up uh and the goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can be set up uh and the goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can be set up uh and the goal
+here the point here is to solidify a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the point here is to solidify a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the point here is to solidify a
+specific notion of certificate can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific notion of certificate can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific notion of certificate can't
+just use any one because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use any one because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just use any one because we're going to
+count them that if you formulate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them that if you formulate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them that if you formulate the
+certificates in different ways you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates in different ways you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates in different ways you'll
+get different counts but in general uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different counts but in general uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get different counts but in general uh
+every NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every NP
+problem can be converted into an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can be converted into an NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem can be converted into an NP
+search problem in at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+way but each notion of certificate gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but each notion of certificate gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but each notion of certificate gives
+you a notion of a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a notion of a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a notion of a search
+problem okay uh in some complexity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay uh in some complexity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay uh in some complexity
+context these are called NP relations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context these are called NP relations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context these are called NP relations
+the way you specify what a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you specify what a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way you specify what a certificate
+is but I think this is the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I think this is the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is but I think this is the more
+algorithmic perspective all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic perspective all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic perspective all right so
+given such a search problem we turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given such a search problem we turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given such a search problem we turn it
+into a counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem so let's say a search problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so let's say a search problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so let's say a search problem is
+called a then counting problem will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a then counting problem will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a then counting problem will be
+sharp a not hasht
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp a not hasht
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp a not hasht
+a uh some people call it number a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh some people call it number a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh some people call it number a the
+problem is count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is count the
+number of solutions for a given instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so in particular you detect whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular you detect whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular you detect whether
+the number is zero or not zero so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number is zero or not zero so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number is zero or not zero so this
+is strictly harder in some sense than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly harder in some sense than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is strictly harder in some sense than
+the decision problem does there exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision problem does there exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision problem does there exist a
+solution and we will see some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we will see some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and we will see some problems
+where the search problem is polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the search problem is polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the search problem is polinomial
+but the corresponding counting problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the corresponding counting problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the corresponding counting problem
+is actually hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually hard
+uh I can't say empty hard was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can't say empty hard was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I can't say empty hard was going to
+be a new notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a new notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a new notion of
+hardness uh so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness uh so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness uh so some
+examples pretty much every problem we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples pretty much every problem we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples pretty much every problem we've
+defined as a decision problem had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a decision problem had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as a decision problem had a
+search problem in mind um so something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search problem in mind um so something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search problem in mind um so something
+like sat you want you need to satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sat you want you need to satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like sat you want you need to satisfy
+all of the things so there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things so there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the things so there's no
+objective function here but you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function here but you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objective function here but you want to
+know how many different ways how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many different ways how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many different ways how many
+different variable assignments are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variable assignments are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different variable assignments are there
+that satisfy the given formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfy the given formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that satisfy the given formula
+or you take your favorite pencil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you take your favorite pencil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you take your favorite pencil and
+paper puzzle we'll be looking at uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper puzzle we'll be looking at uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper puzzle we'll be looking at uh
+Shaka
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaka
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaka
+Shaka today again um how many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaka today again um how many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shaka today again um how many different
+solutions are there you'd like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are there you'd like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions are there you'd like when
+you're designing a puzzle usually you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing a puzzle usually you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing a puzzle usually you
+want to know that it's Unique so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that it's Unique so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know that it's Unique so it
+would be nice if you could count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice if you could count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be nice if you could count the
+number of solutions and show that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of solutions and show that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of solutions and show that it's
+one um these problems are going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um these problems are going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um these problems are going to turn
+out to be very hard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be very hard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be very hard of
+course so let's define inertion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so let's define inertion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course so let's define inertion of
+hardness Shar p is going to be the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness Shar p is going to be the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness Shar p is going to be the class
+of all of these counting problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh this is the sort of certificate Yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the sort of certificate Yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the sort of certificate Yeah
+question just for the puzzle application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just for the puzzle application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question just for the puzzle application
+is it going to turn out that counting if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it going to turn out that counting if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it going to turn out that counting if
+there's one solution versus more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one solution versus more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one solution versus more than
+one solution is like as hard as just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution is like as hard as just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution is like as hard as just
+counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting
+uh it's not quite as hard but uh we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not quite as hard but uh we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's not quite as hard but uh we will
+show that distinguishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that distinguishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that distinguishing
+one from more than one is very hard is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from more than one is very hard is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one from more than one is very hard is
+MP complete actually that's a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP complete actually that's a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MP complete actually that's a decision
+problem you can show that that's MP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can show that that's MP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you can show that that's MP
+complete uh so normally we think of Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh so normally we think of Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete uh so normally we think of Zero
+versus one but it turns out one versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus one but it turns out one versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus one but it turns out one versus
+two is not or one versus more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is not or one versus more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is not or one versus more than one
+is uh about the same difficulty counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh about the same difficulty counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh about the same difficulty counting
+is even harder I would say uh but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even harder I would say uh but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even harder I would say uh but it's
+bad news all around just different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news all around just different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad news all around just different
+Notions of bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of bad
+um cool so this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cool so this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cool so this is the sort of
+certificate perspective with MP we had I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate perspective with MP we had I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate perspective with MP we had I
+had give you two different definitions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had give you two different definitions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had give you two different definitions
+certif certificate perspective and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certif certificate perspective and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certif certificate perspective and a
+non-deterministic computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-deterministic computation
+perspective you can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you can do the same
+computational perspective here uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational perspective here uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational perspective here uh you
+could say sharp p is the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say sharp p is the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say sharp p is the set
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+problems solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems solved
+by polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time I'll call it a non-deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll call it a non-deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I'll call it a non-deterministic
+counting algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we don't need turning machines for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need turning machines for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't need turning machines for this
+definition although that was of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition although that was of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition although that was of course
+the original definition uh so take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original definition uh so take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original definition uh so take your
+favorite non-deterministic algorithm as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite non-deterministic algorithm as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite non-deterministic algorithm as
+usual for NP it makes guesses at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual for NP it makes guesses at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual for NP it makes guesses at various
+points multiple branches with the NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points multiple branches with the NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points multiple branches with the NP
+algorithm the the way we would execute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the the way we would execute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm the the way we would execute
+it on an NP style machine is that uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on an NP style machine is that uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on an NP style machine is that uh we
+would see whether there's any path that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see whether there's any path that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would see whether there's any path that
+led to a yes again this can output yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a yes again this can output yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+led to a yes again this can output yes
+or no at the end in this case what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no at the end in this case what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no at the end in this case what the
+computer does the sharp p style computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer does the sharp p style computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer does the sharp p style computer
+is it you conceptually it runs all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it you conceptually it runs all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it you conceptually it runs all the
+branches it counts the number of yeses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches it counts the number of yeses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches it counts the number of yeses
+and returns that number so even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and returns that number so even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and returns that number so even though
+the algorithm is designed to return yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm is designed to return yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithm is designed to return yes
+or no the when you when it executes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no the when you when it executes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or no the when you when it executes it
+actually outputs a number the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually outputs a number the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually outputs a number the original
+paper it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it says
+magically uh it's just as magic as an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically uh it's just as magic as an NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magically uh it's just as magic as an NP
+machine but a little even a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but a little even a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but a little even a little more
+magical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magical
+um okay so you I mean if you don't not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you I mean if you don't not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so you I mean if you don't not
+comfortable with that we just use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with that we just use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable with that we just use this
+definition same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition same thing
+uh this is all work done by uh Les
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is all work done by uh Les
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is all work done by uh Les
+Valiant in the late '70s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valiant in the late '70s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valiant in the late '70s
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Notions okay so it's pretty clear it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions okay so it's pretty clear it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions okay so it's pretty clear it's
+pretty easy to show all these problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to show all these problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty easy to show all these problems
+are in Shar P because they were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in Shar P because they were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in Shar P because they were the
+corresponding decision problems were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding decision problems were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding decision problems were in
+NP you can convert them into uh sharp P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP you can convert them into uh sharp P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP you can convert them into uh sharp P
+algorithms um now let's think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms um now let's think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms um now let's think about
+hardness with respect to Sharp p uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness with respect to Sharp p uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness with respect to Sharp p uh as
+usual we want it to me as hard as all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual we want it to me as hard as all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual we want it to me as hard as all
+problems in that class meaning that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in that class meaning that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in that class meaning that we
+can reduce all those problems to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce all those problems to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce all those problems to our
+problem uh and the question is via what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and the question is via what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh and the question is via what
+kind of reductions and here we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reductions and here we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of reductions and here we're going
+to allow very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reductions we've talked about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions we've talked about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions we've talked about these
+reductions but never actually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions but never actually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions but never actually been
+allowed owed to use them multi call Cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed owed to use them multi call Cook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed owed to use them multi call Cook
+style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style
+reductions um I think in general this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions um I think in general this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions um I think in general this is
+a common approach for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common approach for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a common approach for
+FNP uh which is uh functions NP style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FNP uh which is uh functions NP style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FNP uh which is uh functions NP style
+functions which you can also think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which you can also think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions which you can also think of
+this is kind of a uh the counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a uh the counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is kind of a uh the counting
+version is the output is a value so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is the output is a value so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version is the output is a value so you
+have a function instead of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function instead of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a function instead of just a
+decision question um when the output is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision question um when the output is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision question um when the output is
+some thing some number in this case uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thing some number in this case uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some thing some number in this case uh
+you might have to manipulate that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have to manipulate that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have to manipulate that number
+at the end and so at the very least you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end and so at the very least you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end and so at the very least you
+need to make a call and then do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make a call and then do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to make a call and then do some
+stuff before you return your modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff before you return your modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff before you return your modified
+answer in your reduction uh but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in your reduction uh but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer in your reduction uh but in fact
+we're going to allow Full Tilt you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow Full Tilt you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to allow Full Tilt you can
+make multiple calls to some hypothetical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make multiple calls to some hypothetical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make multiple calls to some hypothetical
+solution to uh your problem in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to uh your problem in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to uh your problem in order to
+solve all problems in sharp and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all problems in sharp and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve all problems in sharp and we'll
+actually use multi call a bunch of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use multi call a bunch of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use multi call a bunch of times
+we won't always need multi call uh often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't always need multi call uh often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we won't always need multi call uh often
+we'll be able to get away with a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to get away with a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to get away with a much
+simpler kind of reduction let me tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler kind of reduction let me tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler kind of reduction let me tell
+you that kind now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in general we allow arbitrary multic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general we allow arbitrary multic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in general we allow arbitrary multic
+call yeah you're you're you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call yeah you're you're you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call yeah you're you're you're not
+limited in the number of multi calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in the number of multi calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in the number of multi calls
+right you can do polinomial number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do polinomial number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you can do polinomial number of
+multi calls as before reduction should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi calls as before reduction should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi calls as before reduction should
+be polinomial time uh but uh so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be polinomial time uh but uh so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be polinomial time uh but uh so you're
+you're basically given an algorithm it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically given an algorithm it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're basically given an algorithm it's
+usually called an oracle that solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called an oracle that solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually called an oracle that solves
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+uh solves your problem B and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solves your problem B and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh solves your problem B and you want to
+solve yeah you want to solve a by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve yeah you want to solve a by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve yeah you want to solve a by
+multiple calls to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple calls to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple calls to
+B so we we'll see a bunch of examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we we'll see a bunch of examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B so we we'll see a bunch of examples of
+that uh here's a more familiar style of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh here's a more familiar style of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh here's a more familiar style of
+reduction and often for a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and often for a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and often for a lot of
+problems we can get away with this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we can get away with this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems we can get away with this but
+especially a lot of the early proofs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially a lot of the early proofs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially a lot of the early proofs
+needed the multi call and as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed the multi call and as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed the multi call and as you'll see
+you can do lots of cool tricks with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do lots of cool tricks with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do lots of cool tricks with
+multi call uh using number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi call uh using number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multi call uh using number
+Theory uh so parsimonious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh so parsimonious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory uh so parsimonious
+reduction um this is for NP search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction um this is for NP search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction um this is for NP search
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is going to be a lot like an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a lot like an NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be a lot like an NP
+reduction regular style so again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction regular style so again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction regular style so again we
+convert an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert an
+instance X of a VI a function f into an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance X of a VI a function f into an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance X of a VI a function f into an
+instance X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance X
+Prime of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B uh and that function should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh and that function should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B uh and that function should be
+computable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable
+in poly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time so far just like an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction and usually we would say for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and usually we would say for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and usually we would say for
+for a search problem we would say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a search problem we would say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a search problem we would say there
+exists a solution for X if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a solution for X if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists a solution for X if and only if
+there exists a solution for X Prime that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a solution for X Prime that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists a solution for X Prime that
+would be the analog direct analog of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the analog direct analog of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the analog direct analog of an
+NP uh style reduction but we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP uh style reduction but we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP uh style reduction but we're going to
+ask for a stronger condition which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for a stronger condition which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for a stronger condition which is
+that the number of solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh to problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to problem
+a uh to instance x equals the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solutions of type B to instance X Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of type B to instance X Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of type B to instance X Prime
+okay so in particular if this one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular if this one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in particular if this one's
+greater than equal to one this one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than equal to one this one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than equal to one this one will
+be greater than equal to one and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than equal to one and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be greater than equal to one and vice
+versa so this is stronger than an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so this is stronger than an NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa so this is stronger than an NP
+style reduction for the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style reduction for the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style reduction for the corresponding
+decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem okay um yeah so I even wrot that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay um yeah so I even wrot that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem okay um yeah so I even wrot that
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+this implies that the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the decision
+problems have same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+answer so in particular this implies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so in particular this implies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer so in particular this implies
+that we have an NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh in particular if a the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in particular if a the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in particular if a the decision
+version of a is NP hard then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a is NP hard then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a is NP hard then the
+decision version of B is NP hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision version of B is NP hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision version of B is NP hard but
+more interesting is that if a is sharp P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard then B is sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard so but also this holds for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so but also this holds for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard so but also this holds for
+NP for the decision versions of A and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP for the decision versions of A and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NP for the decision versions of A and B
+uh sorry sharp a and sharp B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry sharp a and sharp B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sorry sharp a and sharp B
+okay this is a subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distinction uh for Sharpie hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction uh for Sharpie hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction uh for Sharpie hardness
+we're talking about the counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about the counting
+problems and we're talking about making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and we're talking about making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and we're talking about making
+calls to other counting Solutions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls to other counting Solutions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calls to other counting Solutions then
+doing things with those numbers and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things with those numbers and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing things with those numbers and who
+knows what making many calls uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what making many calls uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows what making many calls uh with
+parsimonious reduction we're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious reduction we're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious reduction we're thinking
+about the reg the non-counting version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the reg the non-counting version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the reg the non-counting version
+just the search problem and uh so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the search problem and uh so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the search problem and uh so we're
+not worried about counting Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worried about counting Solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not worried about counting Solutions
+directly I mean what's nice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly I mean what's nice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly I mean what's nice about
+parsimonious reductions is they look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious reductions is they look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious reductions is they look
+just like NP reductions for the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like NP reductions for the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like NP reductions for the regular
+old problems we just need this extra Pro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old problems we just need this extra Pro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old problems we just need this extra Pro
+property parsimony that uh the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property parsimony that uh the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property parsimony that uh the number of
+solutions to the is preserved through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the is preserved through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to the is preserved through
+the transformation and a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation and a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformation and a lot of the
+proofs that we've covered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs that we've covered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs that we've covered
+follow uh follow have this property and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow uh follow have this property and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow uh follow have this property and
+will be good for us once we if we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be good for us once we if we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be good for us once we if we can
+get our source problems hard then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our source problems hard then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get our source problems hard then we'll
+get a lot of Target problems hard as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of Target problems hard as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a lot of Target problems hard as
+well uh cool let me um tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh cool let me um tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uh cool let me um tell you about
+one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more
+version which I made up uh C monus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reductions uh this is my attempt at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions uh this is my attempt at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions uh this is my attempt at
+understanding the emology of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the emology of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding the emology of
+parsimonious uh which is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious uh which is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious uh which is something like
+something like little money uh being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like little money uh being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like little money uh being
+very Thrifty uh so this is having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Thrifty uh so this is having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very Thrifty uh so this is having a
+little bit more money you have C dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more money you have C dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more money you have C dollars
+uh but you have to be very consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you have to be very consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but you have to be very consistent
+about it I should probably add some word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I should probably add some word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it I should probably add some word
+that means uniform in the middle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means uniform in the middle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means uniform in the middle there
+but I want the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I want the number of
+solutions of X Prime to equal C * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of X Prime to equal C * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions of X Prime to equal C * the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+solutions uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions uh to
+x uh C is a fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh C is a fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh C is a fixed
+constant okay and it has to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay and it has to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant okay and it has to be the
+same for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X this would be just as good from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this would be just as good from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X this would be just as good from a
+sharp P perspective because uh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp P perspective because uh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp P perspective because uh if I
+could solve B and I wanted to solve a I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve B and I wanted to solve a I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could solve B and I wanted to solve a I
+would convert A to B run the thing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would convert A to B run the thing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would convert A to B run the thing then
+divide by C there will never be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by C there will never be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by C there will never be a
+remainder and then I have my answer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder and then I have my answer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remainder and then I have my answer to a
+okay as long as C is not zero C should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as long as C is not zero C should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay as long as C is not zero C should
+be an integer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an integer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an integer
+here we will see a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we will see a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we will see a bunch of
+cyonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyonus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyonus
+um reductions I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reductions I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um reductions I guess
+uh yeah it doesn't have to be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah it doesn't have to be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah it doesn't have to be totally
+independent of x uh it can depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of x uh it can depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of x uh it can depend on
+like n something that we can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like n something that we can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like n something that we can compute
+easily I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily I
+guess shouldn't be too dependent on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess shouldn't be too dependent on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess shouldn't be too dependent on X
+all right um Let's do let's look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um Let's do let's look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right um Let's do let's look at some
+examples uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I'm going to make a list here of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to make a list here of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to make a list here of uh
+sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp
+P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems and we'll start with versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and we'll start with versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and we'll start with versions
+of sat because we like sat uh so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sat because we like sat uh so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sat because we like sat uh so I'm
+just going to tell you that sharp um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to tell you that sharp um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to tell you that sharp um
+threat is hard first sharp sat is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat is hard first sharp sat is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat is hard first sharp sat is hard
+and the usual proof of sat hardness uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the usual proof of sat hardness uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the usual proof of sat hardness uh
+shows sharp P completeness for Sharp sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows sharp P completeness for Sharp sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows sharp P completeness for Sharp sat
+um and with if you're careful about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and with if you're careful about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and with if you're careful about the
+conversion from sat to 3 CNF you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion from sat to 3 CNF you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion from sat to 3 CNF you can get
+sharp 3at as hard it's not terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp 3at as hard it's not terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp 3at as hard it's not terribly
+interesting and tedious so I will uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and tedious so I will uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and tedious so I will uh
+skip that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+skip that
+one uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so
+what about planer threet um I've stared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about planer threet um I've stared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about planer threet um I've stared
+at this diagram many times for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this diagram many times for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this diagram many times for a while
+uh this is lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is lecture
+seven uh for replacing a crossing and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh for replacing a crossing and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven uh for replacing a crossing and a
+threat thing with this picture and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat thing with this picture and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat thing with this picture and all
+of this argument and this table in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this argument and this table in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this argument and this table in
+particular was concluding that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular was concluding that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular was concluding that uh the
+variables are forced in this scenario if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are forced in this scenario if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are forced in this scenario if
+you know what A and B are uh so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what A and B are uh so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what A and B are uh so once you
+choose what A and B are these two have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what A and B are these two have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what A and B are these two have
+to be copies of A and B and then then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be copies of A and B and then then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be copies of A and B and then then it
+ended up that a we proved that A1 equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up that a we proved that A1 equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up that a we proved that A1 equal
+A2 and B1 equal B2 and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and B1 equal B2 and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A2 and B1 equal B2 and then these
+variables were all determined by these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were all determined by these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables were all determined by these
+formula and so once you know A and B all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and so once you know A and B all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula and so once you know A and B all
+the variable settings are forced which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable settings are forced which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable settings are forced which
+means you preserve the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you preserve the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you preserve the number of
+solutions so planer sharp three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so planer sharp three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions so planer sharp three
+set is sharply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete I'd like to pretend that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete I'd like to pretend that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete I'd like to pretend that there
+is some debate within the sharp P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some debate within the sharp P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some debate within the sharp P
+Community about whether the sharp should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community about whether the sharp should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community about whether the sharp should
+go here or here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here or here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go here or here
+uh I I kind of prefer it here but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I kind of prefer it here but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I I kind of prefer it here but uh
+I've seen it over here so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen it over here so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've seen it over here so you
+know uh all right I don't think I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh all right I don't think I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know uh all right I don't think I've
+even seen that mentioned but I'm sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even seen that mentioned but I'm sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even seen that mentioned but I'm sure
+it's out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's out there
+somewhere uh so you know let's flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh so you know let's flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere uh so you know let's flip
+through our other planer uh hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our other planer uh hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our other planer uh hardness
+proofs uh this is planer monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs uh this is planer monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofs uh this is planer monotone
+rectilinear threat mainly the monotone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectilinear threat mainly the monotone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectilinear threat mainly the monotone
+aspect we wanted to there to be all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect we wanted to there to be all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect we wanted to there to be all the
+variables to be positive or negative in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to be positive or negative in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables to be positive or negative in
+every clause and so we had this trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every clause and so we had this trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every clause and so we had this trick
+for forcing this thing to be not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for forcing this thing to be not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for forcing this thing to be not equal
+to this thing basically copying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this thing basically copying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this thing basically copying the
+variable with a flip uh in its truth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with a flip uh in its truth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable with a flip uh in its truth but
+again everything here is forced the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again everything here is forced the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again everything here is forced the the
+variables we make are guaranteed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we make are guaranteed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables we make are guaranteed to be
+copies or negations of other variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies or negations of other variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies or negations of other variables
+so we preserve number of solutions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we preserve number of solutions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we preserve number of solutions so
+this is hard too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what
+else I think we can uh I've just made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I think we can uh I've just made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I think we can uh I've just made
+this up but we can add the dash3 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up but we can add the dash3 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up but we can add the dash3 as
+usual by replacing each variable with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual by replacing each variable with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual by replacing each variable with a
+little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little
+cycle uh what about planer one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle uh what about planer one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle uh what about planer one and three
+set so we had uh we actually had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we had uh we actually had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set so we had uh we actually had two
+ways to prove this this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to prove this this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to prove this this is one of the
+reductions um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions um
+and uh you know we we checked that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know we we checked that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you know we we checked that this
+set of sat Clauses these are the SAT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of sat Clauses these are the SAT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of sat Clauses these are the SAT
+Clauses implemented this one and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses implemented this one and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses implemented this one and three
+set clause and I stared at this for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set clause and I stared at this for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set clause and I stared at this for a
+while it's kind of hard to tell so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's kind of hard to tell so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while it's kind of hard to tell so I
+just wrote a program to enumerate all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote a program to enumerate all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just wrote a program to enumerate all
+cases and found there's exactly one case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and found there's exactly one case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases and found there's exactly one case
+where this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is not
+parsimonious uh and that's when this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious uh and that's when this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious uh and that's when this is
+false and these two are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and these two are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false and these two are
+true um and because of these negations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um and because of these negations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true um and because of these negations
+you can either solve the internal things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either solve the internal things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can either solve the internal things
+like this or you can flip all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or you can flip all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this or you can flip all of the
+internal nodes and that will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal nodes and that will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal nodes and that will also be
+satisfied now this is bad news because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied now this is bad news because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied now this is bad news because
+all the other cases there is a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other cases there is a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other cases there is a unique
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+over here uh but in this case there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh but in this case there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here uh but in this case there
+exactly two solutions if it was two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two solutions if it was two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly two solutions if it was two
+everywhere we'd be happy that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere we'd be happy that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere we'd be happy that would be
+two monus uh if it was one everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two monus uh if it was one everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two monus uh if it was one everywhere
+we' be happier happy that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we' be happier happy that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we' be happier happy that would be
+parsimonious but because it's a mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious but because it's a mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious but because it's a mixture
+of one and two you know we approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one and two you know we approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one and two you know we approximately
+preserve the counts within a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the counts within a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve the counts within a factor of
+two but that's not good enough for Sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but that's not good enough for Sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but that's not good enough for Sharp
+P we need exact preservation so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we need exact preservation so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P we need exact preservation so this is
+no good uh luckily we had another proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good uh luckily we had another proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good uh luckily we had another proof
+which was actually a stronger result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was actually a stronger result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was actually a stronger result
+planer positive rectilinear one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer positive rectilinear one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer positive rectilinear one and
+three Set uh this was a version with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Set uh this was a version with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three Set uh this was a version with no
+negation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negation
+and this one does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one does
+work uh there there was first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh there there was first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh there there was first of all
+this uh the not equal Gadget and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the not equal Gadget and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh the not equal Gadget and the
+equal Gadget I don't want to go through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Gadget I don't want to go through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Gadget I don't want to go through
+them but again uh a was forced to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but again uh a was forced to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but again uh a was forced to be
+zero C was forced to be one which forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero C was forced to be one which forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero C was forced to be one which forces
+B and D to be zero in this picture so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and D to be zero in this picture so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and D to be zero in this picture so uh
+all is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all is
+good again parsimonious there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good again parsimonious there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good again parsimonious there and then
+this this one was too complicated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one was too complicated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this one was too complicated to
+think about so I again wrote a program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about so I again wrote a program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about so I again wrote a program
+to check trial the cases and every every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check trial the cases and every every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to check trial the cases and every every
+choice of X YZ over here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of X YZ over here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of X YZ over here that's
+satisfied this is a reduction from three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied this is a reduction from three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied this is a reduction from three
+sets so if at least one of these is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so if at least one of these is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets so if at least one of these is true
+there will be exactly one solution over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be exactly one solution over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there will be exactly one solution over
+here and just as before if there if zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just as before if there if zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and just as before if there if zero
+of them are true then there'll be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are true then there'll be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are true then there'll be no
+solution here that that we already knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution here that that we already knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution here that that we already knew
+uh so good news uh I should check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so good news uh I should check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so good news uh I should check
+whether that's mentioned in their paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's mentioned in their paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether that's mentioned in their paper
+but it proves planer positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it proves planer positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it proves planer positive
+rectilinear one and three set is sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectilinear one and three set is sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectilinear one and three set is sharp
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sharp go here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp go here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp go here or
+here uh okay so this lots of fun results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh okay so this lots of fun results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh okay so this lots of fun results
+we get a lot of results just from by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a lot of results just from by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a lot of results just from by
+looking at Old proofs now they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Old proofs now they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at Old proofs now they're not
+all going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all going to
+work uh but I have one more example that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh but I have one more example that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh but I have one more example that
+does work um Shaka Shaka remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work um Shaka Shaka remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work um Shaka Shaka remember the
+puzzle the nickel puzzle you uh every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle the nickel puzzle you uh every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle the nickel puzzle you uh every
+Square every white square can be filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square every white square can be filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square every white square can be filled
+in with a black thing uh but adjacent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with a black thing uh but adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in with a black thing uh but adjacent to
+a two there should be exactly two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two there should be exactly two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a two there should be exactly two of
+those uh and you want all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh and you want all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh and you want all of the
+resulting white regions to be rectangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting white regions to be rectangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resulting white regions to be rectangles
+possibly rotated and we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly rotated and we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly rotated and we had this
+reduction from planer three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from planer three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from planer three
+Set uh and there basically this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh and there basically this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh and there basically this this
+type of wire and there's exactly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of wire and there's exactly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of wire and there's exactly two
+ways to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to solve a
+wire one for True one for false so once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire one for True one for false so once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire one for True one for false so once
+you know what the variable is you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the variable is you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what the variable is you're
+forced what to do there was uh also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced what to do there was uh also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced what to do there was uh also a
+parody shifting Gadget and splits and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody shifting Gadget and splits and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody shifting Gadget and splits and
+turns but again exactly two ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns but again exactly two ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns but again exactly two ways to
+solve everything uh so parsimonious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve everything uh so parsimonious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve everything uh so parsimonious and
+then the Clause everything was basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Clause everything was basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the Clause everything was basically
+forced just you're forced whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced just you're forced whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced just you're forced whether to
+have these uh Square diamonds and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these uh Square diamonds and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these uh Square diamonds and you
+just eliminated the one case where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just eliminated the one case where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just eliminated the one case where the
+Clause was not satisfied so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause was not satisfied so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause was not satisfied so there's
+really no flexibility here one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no flexibility here one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really no flexibility here one way to
+solve it and so it's a parous reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and so it's a parous reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it and so it's a parous reduction
+and indeed in the paper we mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed in the paper we mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and indeed in the paper we mentioned
+this implies Sharpie completeness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies Sharpie completeness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies Sharpie completeness of
+counting Shaka Shaka Solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool uh here's an example that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh here's an example that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh here's an example that doesn't
+work a little different uh hamiltonicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a little different uh hamiltonicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work a little different uh hamiltonicity
+or I guess I want to count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess I want to count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I guess I want to count the number of
+hamiltonian Cycles it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian Cycles it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian Cycles it's the
+natural uh counting version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural uh counting version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural uh counting version of
+hamiltonicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonicity
+uh so we had two proofs for this neither
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we had two proofs for this neither
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we had two proofs for this neither
+of them work in in a sharp P sense uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them work in in a sharp P sense uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them work in in a sharp P sense uh
+this one remember the idea was that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one remember the idea was that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one remember the idea was that you
+would Traverse back and forth one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Traverse back and forth one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would Traverse back and forth one way or
+the other to get all of these nodes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other to get all of these nodes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other to get all of these nodes that
+was a variable that's fine exactly two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a variable that's fine exactly two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a variable that's fine exactly two
+ways to do that uh but then the Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do that uh but then the Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways to do that uh but then the Clause
+the Clause had to be satisfied by at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clause had to be satisfied by at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clause had to be satisfied by at
+least one of the three variables and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of the three variables and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least one of the three variables and if
+it's satisfied for example by all three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's satisfied for example by all three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's satisfied for example by all three
+variables then it could be this node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then it could be this node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables then it could be this node is
+picked up like this or the no could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up like this or the no could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up like this or the no could be
+picked up this way or the node could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up this way or the node could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up this way or the node could be
+picked up this way so there are three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up this way so there are three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up this way so there are three
+different solutions even for one fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions even for one fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solutions even for one fixed
+variable assignment so that's bad we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable assignment so that's bad we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable assignment so that's bad we're
+not allowed to do that uh it' be fine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to do that uh it' be fine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not allowed to do that uh it' be fine if
+everyone was three but some will be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was three but some will be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was three but some will be one
+some will be two some will be three it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some will be two some will be three it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some will be two some will be three it's
+going to be some weird product of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some weird product of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some weird product of those
+over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the
+Clauses uh so that doesn't work we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses uh so that doesn't work we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses uh so that doesn't work we had
+this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this other
+proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof
+um uh this was a notation for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this was a notation for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh this was a notation for this
+gadget which forced either this directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget which forced either this directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadget which forced either this directed
+Edge or this directed Edge to be in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge or this directed Edge to be in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge or this directed Edge to be in uh
+used but not both it's an exor so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used but not both it's an exor so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used but not both it's an exor so that's
+remember what these things meant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what these things meant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what these things meant and
+that we had the variable true or false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had the variable true or false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had the variable true or false
+and then we connected them to the CL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we connected them to the CL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we connected them to the CL
+then separately we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then separately we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then separately we had a
+crossover uh but the trouble is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover uh but the trouble is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover uh but the trouble is in the
+Clauses uh because again the idea was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses uh because again the idea was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses uh because again the idea was
+that the variable chose this guy this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the variable chose this guy this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the variable chose this guy this
+one was forbidden that's actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was forbidden that's actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was forbidden that's actually the
+good case I think uh if the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good case I think uh if the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good case I think uh if the variable
+chose this um chose this one then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this um chose this one then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose this um chose this one then this
+one must be included that's bad news uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one must be included that's bad news uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one must be included that's bad news uh
+if you o if you follow this and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you o if you follow this and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you o if you follow this and then
+this and then this then you cut off this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then this then you cut off this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then this then you cut off this
+part of the graph and you don't get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the graph and you don't get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the graph and you don't get one
+hamiltonian cycle you want at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle you want at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle you want at least one
+variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable
+to uh allow you to go left here and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh allow you to go left here and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh allow you to go left here and then
+you can go and grab all this stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and grab all this stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go and grab all this stuff and
+come back but again if multiple variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back but again if multiple variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back but again if multiple variable
+satisfy this thing any one of them could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this thing any one of them could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy this thing any one of them could
+grab this the left rectangle and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab this the left rectangle and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grab this the left rectangle and so you
+get multiple Solutions not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+parsimonious but parts of this proof are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious but parts of this proof are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious but parts of this proof are
+useful and they were used to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and they were used to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful and they were used to make a
+parsimonious proof um so the part that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious proof um so the part that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious proof um so the part that
+was useful is this XR Gadget and the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was useful is this XR Gadget and the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was useful is this XR Gadget and the way
+to implement crossovers so um um just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement crossovers so um um just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implement crossovers so um um just
+remember that you can build xor and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you can build xor and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that you can build xor and that
+you can cross them over using a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cross them over using a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cross them over using a bunch of
+exor so only exor connections these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor so only exor connections these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor so only exor connections these
+notations can be crossed in this view uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations can be crossed in this view uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations can be crossed in this view uh
+we're going to build more gadgets and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build more gadgets and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to build more gadgets and
+this is uh proof by sat in 2002 it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh proof by sat in 2002 it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is uh proof by sat in 2002 it was a
+bachelor's thesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's thesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bachelor's thesis
+actually in Japan and so here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Japan and so here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Japan and so here you see
+redrawn the exor gadget here it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redrawn the exor gadget here it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redrawn the exor gadget here it's going
+to be for undirected graphs same same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for undirected graphs same same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be for undirected graphs same same
+structure works uh and this is to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure works uh and this is to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure works uh and this is to do the
+crossover using xor so he's denoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover using xor so he's denoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossover using xor so he's denoting
+xors with this big X connected to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xors with this big X connected to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xors with this big X connected to two
+things okay now given that we can build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay now given that we can build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things okay now given that we can build
+an or Gadget which says that either we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an or Gadget which says that either we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an or Gadget which says that either we
+use this Edge or we use this Edge or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this Edge or we use this Edge or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this Edge or we use this Edge or
+both uh okay here we're not using an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh okay here we're not using an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh okay here we're not using an
+exor but uh this is the graph and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor but uh this is the graph and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor but uh this is the graph and the
+key is this this has to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is this this has to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is this this has to be done
+uniquely that's in particular the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely that's in particular the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely that's in particular the point
+of these dots this looks asymmetric it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these dots this looks asymmetric it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these dots this looks asymmetric it's
+kind of weird uh but let's see for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird uh but let's see for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of weird uh but let's see for
+example if they're both in then this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if they're both in then this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if they're both in then this guy
+can do this and this guy can do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this and this guy can do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this and this guy can do that but
+it's not symmetric you couldn't flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not symmetric you couldn't flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not symmetric you couldn't flip
+this guy can't grab these points uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy can't grab these points uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy can't grab these points uh that
+would be a second solution which would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a second solution which would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a second solution which would
+be bad but we miss these points so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad but we miss these points so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be bad but we miss these points so this
+guy has to stay down here uh if he's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy has to stay down here uh if he's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy has to stay down here uh if he's in
+at all and then this guy is the only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and then this guy is the only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all and then this guy is the only one
+who can grab those extra points um or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can grab those extra points um or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can grab those extra points um or if
+just the top guy is in then you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the top guy is in then you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the top guy is in then you do this
+okay and if just the bottom guy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if just the bottom guy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if just the bottom guy is
+in uh I think it's a symmetric that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh I think it's a symmetric that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh I think it's a symmetric that is
+symmetric okay and it's Unique good uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay and it's Unique good uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric okay and it's Unique good uh
+there's an implication so this says if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an implication so this says if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an implication so this says if
+this Edge is in then that edge must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge is in then that edge must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge is in then that edge must be
+in the hamiltonian cycle uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hamiltonian cycle uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hamiltonian cycle uh and this is
+essentially by copying and we just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially by copying and we just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially by copying and we just have
+to grab an extra Edge and add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab an extra Edge and add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab an extra Edge and add this
+little extra thing just for value so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra thing just for value so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little extra thing just for value so uh
+if this one is in then this Edge must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this one is in then this Edge must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this one is in then this Edge must
+not be used which means this Edge if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be used which means this Edge if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be used which means this Edge if
+it's used must go straight but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used must go straight but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used must go straight but in
+particularly this is not used and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this is not used and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly this is not used and we
+have an ore that means that this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ore that means that this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an ore that means that this one
+must be forced by property of or on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be forced by property of or on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be forced by property of or on the
+other hand uh if this is not set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand uh if this is not set this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other hand uh if this is not set this
+one must be used so I guess this must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one must be used so I guess this must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one must be used so I guess this must be
+an edge that was uh already going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge that was uh already going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge that was uh already going to be
+used for something uh so that edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for something uh so that edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for something uh so that edge is
+just going to get diverted down here uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to get diverted down here uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to get diverted down here uh
+and then the or was doesn't constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the or was doesn't constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the or was doesn't constrain
+this at all because zero or one this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at all because zero or one this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at all because zero or one this one
+is one so the or is happy so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one so the or is happy so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one so the or is happy so that's an
+implication uh it's going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication uh it's going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication uh it's going to be a little
+more subtle how we combine these um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle how we combine these um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle how we combine these um this
+is the this is the tricky Gadget I sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the tricky Gadget I sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the this is the tricky Gadget I sort
+of understand it but uh there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understand it but uh there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understand it but uh there's a lot of
+details to check especially on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to check especially on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details to check especially on the
+uniqueness front uh but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness front uh but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniqueness front uh but this is a
+three-way ore which we're using for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way ore which we're using for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-way ore which we're using for
+Clause sack claw of course three sack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause sack claw of course three sack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause sack claw of course three sack
+claws we want uh at least one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claws we want uh at least one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claws we want uh at least one of these
+three edges to be in the Hamilton tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges to be in the Hamilton tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges to be in the Hamilton tan
+cycle and so here we use exors ores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and so here we use exors ores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and so here we use exors ores
+implications and more exors uh I'll show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications and more exors uh I'll show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications and more exors uh I'll show
+you the intended solution assuming I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the intended solution assuming I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the intended solution assuming I can
+remember it um so let's say for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it um so let's say for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it um so let's say for example
+this this Edge is in the hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Edge is in the hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this Edge is in the hamiltonian
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+then uh we're going to do something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we're going to do something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then uh we're going to do something like
+go over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over
+here uh come back around like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh come back around like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh come back around like this and
+then I think you just violated X this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think you just violated X this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I think you just violated X this
+exor uh no I went here and then you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor uh no I went here and then you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exor uh no I went here and then you went
+up oh then I went up good so actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh then I went up good so actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up oh then I went up good so actually I
+have to do this and around yeah so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this and around yeah so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do this and around yeah so these
+all these constraints are thrown in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these constraints are thrown in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these constraints are thrown in
+basically to force it to be unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to force it to be unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically to force it to be unique
+without them you could still it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without them you could still it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without them you could still it would
+still work but it wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work but it wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still work but it wouldn't be
+parsimonious okay let's see uh this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious okay let's see uh this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious okay let's see uh this this
+doesn't constrain me this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't constrain me this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't constrain me this this
+one good and go up there so I did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good and go up there so I did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good and go up there so I did
+exactly one of those uh and then I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one of those uh and then I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one of those uh and then I need
+to grab these okay so that's one picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab these okay so that's one picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to grab these okay so that's one picture
+I think it's it's not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's it's not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's it's not totally
+symmetric again so you have to check all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric again so you have to check all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric again so you have to check all
+three of them and you have to check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them and you have to check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them and you have to check for
+example uh it's not so hard like if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh it's not so hard like if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh it's not so hard like if this
+guy was also in I could have just gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy was also in I could have just gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy was also in I could have just gone
+here and this guy would pick up those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this guy would pick up those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this guy would pick up those
+notes uh so as long as and in general as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes uh so as long as and in general as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes uh so as long as and in general as
+long as at least one of them is on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as at least one of them is on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long as at least one of them is on
+you're okay uh and furthermore if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay uh and furthermore if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're okay uh and furthermore if
+they're all on there's still a unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all on there's still a unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all on there's still a unique
+way to solve it and I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solve it and I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solve it and I'm not going to go
+through through that but it's thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through that but it's thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through through that but it's thanks to
+all of these constraints they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these constraints they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these constraints they are
+cutting out multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting out multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting out multiple
+Solutions okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions okay
+so uh now we just have to put these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh now we just have to put these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh now we just have to put these
+together this is pretty easy uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is pretty easy uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together this is pretty easy uh it's
+pretty much like the old proof again we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much like the old proof again we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much like the old proof again we
+have we represent variables by having uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we represent variables by having uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have we represent variables by having uh
+these double edges so you have in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these double edges so you have in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these double edges so you have in a
+hamiltonan cycle you're going to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonan cycle you're going to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonan cycle you're going to choose
+uh one or the other and then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one or the other and then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one or the other and then we have
+this exclusive ore forcing Y and Y Bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exclusive ore forcing Y and Y Bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this exclusive ore forcing Y and Y Bar
+to choose opposite choices and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose opposite choices and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose opposite choices and then
+there are these exclusive ores to say if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these exclusive ores to say if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are these exclusive ores to say if
+you chose that one then you can't choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you chose that one then you can't choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you chose that one then you can't choose
+it for this clause and then the Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for this clause and then the Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for this clause and then the Clauses
+are just represented by those three-way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just represented by those three-way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are just represented by those three-way
+ores so this overall structure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores so this overall structure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ores so this overall structure is the
+same the Crossovers are done as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the Crossovers are done as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same the Crossovers are done as before
+and it's really these gadgets that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really these gadgets that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's really these gadgets that have
+changed and they're complicated but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and they're complicated but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and they're complicated but it's
+parsimonious so with a little more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious so with a little more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsimonious so with a little more work
+uh we get that the number of hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get that the number of hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we get that the number of hamiltonian
+Cycles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cycles in
+planer Max degree 3 graphs is Sharpie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer Max degree 3 graphs is Sharpie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer Max degree 3 graphs is Sharpie
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so that's
+nice um and from that we get slitherlink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice um and from that we get slitherlink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice um and from that we get slitherlink
+so this is I've sort of been hiding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I've sort of been hiding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is I've sort of been hiding
+these facts from you when we originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these facts from you when we originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these facts from you when we originally
+covered these proofs these these papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered these proofs these these papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered these proofs these these papers
+actually talk about uh this one doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about uh this one doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk about uh this one doesn't
+quite talk about sharp P but it is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite talk about sharp P but it is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite talk about sharp P but it is also
+sharp P complete counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp P complete counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp P complete counting the number of
+solutions to slyther link is is Sharpie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to slyther link is is Sharpie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to slyther link is is Sharpie
+complete this was the puzzle again you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete this was the puzzle again you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete this was the puzzle again you
+have to have that number of adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have that number of adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have that number of adjacent
+edges each number and this the proof was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges each number and this the proof was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges each number and this the proof was
+a reduction from planer Max degree 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction from planer Max degree 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reduction from planer Max degree 3
+hamiltonian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian
+cycle um and at the time I said oh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle um and at the time I said oh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle um and at the time I said oh well
+you could just assume it's a grid graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just assume it's a grid graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could just assume it's a grid graph
+and then you just need the required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just need the required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you just need the required
+Gadget which is the B part just need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget which is the B part just need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget which is the B part just need
+this gadget this was a gadget because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget this was a gadget because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gadget this was a gadget because it
+had these ones it meant it had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these ones it meant it had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had these ones it meant it had to be
+traversed like a regular vertex in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed like a regular vertex in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed like a regular vertex in
+hamiltonian cycle and it turns out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle and it turns out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle and it turns out there
+was a way to Traverse it straight or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way to Traverse it straight or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a way to Traverse it straight or
+with turns and then we could block off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with turns and then we could block off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with turns and then we could block off
+edges wherever there wasn't supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges wherever there wasn't supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges wherever there wasn't supposed to
+be an edge and so if you were reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an edge and so if you were reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an edge and so if you were reducing
+from Hamilton grid graphs that was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hamilton grid graphs that was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Hamilton grid graphs that was the
+whole proof and we were happy uh now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole proof and we were happy uh now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole proof and we were happy uh now we
+don't know whether hamiltonicity in Grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether hamiltonicity in Grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know whether hamiltonicity in Grid
+graphs is Sharpie complete um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs is Sharpie complete um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs is Sharpie complete um
+we to prove that we would need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we to prove that we would need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we to prove that we would need to be
+able to put bipartite in here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to put bipartite in here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to put bipartite in here and I
+don't know of a proof of that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know of a proof of that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know of a proof of that it's a
+good open problem so this was the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good open problem so this was the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good open problem so this was the reason
+that they had this other Gadget which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had this other Gadget which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they had this other Gadget which
+was to make uh a hamiltonian uh to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to make uh a hamiltonian uh to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to make uh a hamiltonian uh to make
+these white vertices that don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these white vertices that don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these white vertices that don't have to
+be traversed they're just implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be traversed they're just implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be traversed they're just implementing
+an edge basically so just the black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge basically so just the black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge basically so just the black
+vertices have to be traversed we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have to be traversed we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices have to be traversed we needed
+that for drawing things on the grid uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for drawing things on the grid uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for drawing things on the grid uh
+but if you just don't put in the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just don't put in the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you just don't put in the ones
+and adding these zeros uh again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding these zeros uh again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and adding these zeros uh again you can
+Traverse it or not at all uh and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse it or not at all uh and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse it or not at all uh and this
+one as you can read here it says uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as you can read here it says uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one as you can read here it says uh this
+would be bad to have happen and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be bad to have happen and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be bad to have happen and in fact
+you can rule it out it will never happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rule it out it will never happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can rule it out it will never happen
+in the situations we want because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the situations we want because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the situations we want because the
+white vertices only have two neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white vertices only have two neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white vertices only have two neighbors
+that are uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are uh
+traversable uh cool and then furthermore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversable uh cool and then furthermore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversable uh cool and then furthermore
+all of these Solutions are unique there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these Solutions are unique there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these Solutions are unique there
+is exactly one way to go straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly one way to go straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is exactly one way to go straight
+there's exactly one way to turn right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly one way to turn right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's exactly one way to turn right
+exactly one way to turn left that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one way to turn left that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly one way to turn left that's the
+subtle thing that was not revealed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle thing that was not revealed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle thing that was not revealed
+before but if you stare at it long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but if you stare at it long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before but if you stare at it long
+enough you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough you will be
+convinced okay so uh this is a par of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced okay so uh this is a par of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced okay so uh this is a par of
+money's reduction from planer Max degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money's reduction from planer Max degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money's reduction from planer Max degree
+3 hamiltonian cycle to slyther link so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 hamiltonian cycle to slyther link so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 hamiltonian cycle to slyther link so
+Accounting Solutions in slyther link is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accounting Solutions in slyther link is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Accounting Solutions in slyther link is
+hard that was the fully worked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that was the fully worked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard that was the fully worked out
+example any questions yeah so are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example any questions yeah so are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example any questions yeah so are there
+examples of Pals in P whose counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of Pals in P whose counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of Pals in P whose counting
+versions are sharply complete yes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions are sharply complete yes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions are sharply complete yes and
+that will be the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be the next
+topic uh well it's going to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic uh well it's going to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic uh well it's going to be a little
+while till we get there but I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while till we get there but I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while till we get there but I'm going to
+prove things and then we will get to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove things and then we will get to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove things and then we will get to an
+answer but the answer is yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but the answer is yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer but the answer is yes
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so question yeah so for if we wanted if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so question yeah so for if we wanted if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so question yeah so for if we wanted if
+we're like thinking about a problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like thinking about a problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're like thinking about a problem that
+we're trying to prove is mty hard and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove is mty hard and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to prove is mty hard and we
+start thinking maybe it's not we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking maybe it's not we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start thinking maybe it's not we would
+just you know show it in Key by finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know show it in Key by finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know show it in Key by finding
+an algorithm is there a nice way to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm is there a nice way to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an algorithm is there a nice way to show
+the problem's not in not heart uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem's not in not heart uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem's not in not heart uh well
+usually you would say that sharp that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you would say that sharp that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you would say that sharp that
+problem is in P you would find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in P you would find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is in P you would find a
+polinomial counting algorithm and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial counting algorithm and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial counting algorithm and there
+there are lots of examples of polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of examples of polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are lots of examples of polinomial
+counting algorithms uh especially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting algorithms uh especially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting algorithms uh especially on
+like trees typical thing is you Dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trees typical thing is you Dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trees typical thing is you Dynamic
+program so like maybe you want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so like maybe you want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program so like maybe you want to know
+say you have a rooted binary tree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have a rooted binary tree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you have a rooted binary tree and
+for each node you could flip it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each node you could flip it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each node you could flip it this way
+or not how many different ways are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not how many different ways are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not how many different ways are there
+to do that uh and maybe you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that uh and maybe you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that uh and maybe you have some
+constraints on how that's done uh then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on how that's done uh then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints on how that's done uh then
+you just try it flipped and try it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just try it flipped and try it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just try it flipped and try it not
+you do dynamic programming and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do dynamic programming and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do dynamic programming and then you
+um multiply the two solution sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um multiply the two solution sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um multiply the two solution sizes
+together and you get the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you get the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and you get the overall
+solution size so you basically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution size so you basically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution size so you basically do
+combinatorics and the if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics and the if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinatorics and the if there's
+independent choices you multiply if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent choices you multiply if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent choices you multiply if
+they're uh opposing choices you add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh opposing choices you add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're uh opposing choices you add that
+kind of thing and from that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and from that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing and from that you get
+polinomial time counting algorithms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time counting algorithms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial time counting algorithms and
+in tree like things that often works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tree like things that often works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in tree like things that often works and
+about true with do we know of NP hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about true with do we know of NP hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about true with do we know of NP hard
+problems whose counting problems are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems whose counting problems are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems whose counting problems are not
+sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp
+hard I guess technique would work I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I guess technique would work I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard I guess technique would work I
+would say generally most problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say generally most problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say generally most problems that
+are hard to decide are hard to count and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard to decide are hard to count and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are hard to decide are hard to count and
+where and be hard in Shar be hard I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and be hard in Shar be hard I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and be hard in Shar be hard I
+don't think there's a hard theorem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's a hard theorem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's a hard theorem in
+that there's there's nothing really say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's there's nothing really say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's there's nothing really say
+the Met theorem that says that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Met theorem that says that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Met theorem that says that but
+that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the
+feeling yeah be nice then we wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling yeah be nice then we wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feeling yeah be nice then we wouldn't
+have to do all the parsimonious work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but all right so uh it's time for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right so uh it's time for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right so uh it's time for a
+little bit of uh linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+algebra let me remind you I guess linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra let me remind you I guess linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra let me remind you I guess linear
+algebra is not a prere for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is not a prere for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra is not a prere for this class
+but probably you've seen the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably you've seen the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probably you've seen the determinant
+of a matrix and you use if it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix and you use if it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a matrix and you use if it's zero
+then it's not invertible blah blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not invertible blah blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not invertible blah blah blah
+uh let me remind you of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+definition and we rarely use Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and we rarely use Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition and we rarely use Matrix
+notations so let me remind you of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations so let me remind you of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notations so let me remind you of the
+usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual
+one uh n byn Square Matrix this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh n byn Square Matrix this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh n byn Square Matrix this is a
+polinomial Time problem it is but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time problem it is but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial Time problem it is but I'm
+going to Define it in an exponential way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define it in an exponential way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Define it in an exponential way
+but you probably know a polinomial time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you probably know a polinomial time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you probably know a polinomial time
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+this is not an algorithm's class so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an algorithm's class so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not an algorithm's class so you
+don't need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't need to know
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+uh but it's based on ging elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's based on ging elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but it's based on ging elimination
+the usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one uh so you look at all permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so you look at all permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh so you look at all permutation
+matrices all n byn permutation matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices all n byn permutation matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices all n byn permutation matrices
+which you can think of as a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can think of as a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can think of as a permutation
+Pi on the numbers 1 through n and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi on the numbers 1 through n and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi on the numbers 1 through n and you
+look at I comma Pi of n that's a per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I comma Pi of n that's a per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at I comma Pi of n that's a per
+that defines a permutation Matrix you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines a permutation Matrix you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that defines a permutation Matrix you
+take the product of the Matrix values if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the product of the Matrix values if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the product of the Matrix values if
+you superimpose the permutation Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you superimpose the permutation Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you superimpose the permutation Matrix
+on that uh on the given Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh on the given Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that uh on the given Matrix
+a you take that product you possibly neg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you take that product you possibly neg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you take that product you possibly neg
+it if the sign of your permutation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if the sign of your permutation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if the sign of your permutation was
+negative if it does an even number an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if it does an even number an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative if it does an even number an
+odd number of uh of transpositions then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number of uh of transpositions then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odd number of uh of transpositions then
+that's this will be negative otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this will be negative otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this will be negative otherwise
+it'll be positive you add those up so of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be positive you add those up so of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be positive you add those up so of
+course an exponential number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course an exponential number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course an exponential number of
+permutations you wouldn't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations you wouldn't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations you wouldn't want to do
+this as an algorithm but turns out it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an algorithm but turns out it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as an algorithm but turns out it
+can be done in uh polinomial time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done in uh polinomial time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done in uh polinomial time the
+reason for talking about this is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for talking about this is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for talking about this is by
+analogy I want the notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy I want the notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy I want the notion of
+permanent of an N byn Matrix the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of an N byn Matrix the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of an N byn Matrix the same
+thing but with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+removed permanent of a is the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed permanent of a is the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed permanent of a is the sum
+overall permutations Pi of the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall permutations Pi of the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall permutations Pi of the product
+from I = 1 to n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I = 1 to n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from I = 1 to n of
+AI Pi of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI Pi of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+AI Pi of
+I now this may not look like a counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now this may not look like a counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now this may not look like a counting
+problem it turns out it is a counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it turns out it is a counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it turns out it is a counting
+problem sort of a weighted counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sort of a weighted counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem sort of a weighted counting
+problem uh we will get back to Counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh we will get back to Counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem uh we will get back to Counting
+problems in a moment this is related to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in a moment this is related to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in a moment this is related to
+number of perfect matchings in a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of perfect matchings in a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of perfect matchings in a graph
+but uh at this point it's just it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh at this point it's just it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh at this point it's just it's a
+quantity we want to compute this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we want to compute this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity we want to compute this is a
+function of a matrix and Computing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a matrix and Computing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a matrix and Computing this
+function is sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is sharp
+complete yeah don't you just mean signus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete yeah don't you just mean signus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete yeah don't you just mean signus
+one to the sign of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the sign of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to the sign of Pi
+yeah so uh I don't know it depends if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh I don't know it depends if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so uh I don't know it depends if
+you call the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you call the number of
+transpositions mod two so then it's 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpositions mod two so then it's 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpositions mod two so then it's 0
+one okay you know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay you know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay you know what I
+mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean
+cool all right um so claim is permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right um so claim is permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool all right um so claim is permanent
+is sharp complete we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sharp complete we're going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sharp complete we're going to prove
+this this was the original problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was the original problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this was the original problem
+proofed sharp complete well other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofed sharp complete well other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proofed sharp complete well other than
+sharp 3at I guess same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp 3at I guess same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp 3at I guess same
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+uh so let me give you a little intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me give you a little intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let me give you a little intuition
+of what the permanent is uh we'd like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the permanent is uh we'd like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what the permanent is uh we'd like a
+definition that it's not so algebraic at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that it's not so algebraic at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that it's not so algebraic at
+least I would like one more graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I would like one more graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I would like one more graph
+theoretic be nice so here's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic be nice so here's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretic be nice so here's what we're
+going to do uh we're going to convert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do uh we're going to convert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do uh we're going to convert a
+our Matrix into a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+then go to The Other Board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay how do we convert into a weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we convert into a weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay how do we convert into a weighted
+graph weighted directed graph well the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph weighted directed graph well the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph weighted directed graph well the
+weight from vertex I to vertex J is AI J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight from vertex I to vertex J is AI J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight from vertex I to vertex J is AI J
+it's okay the obvious transformation uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay the obvious transformation uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay the obvious transformation uh
+if it's zero then there's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's zero then there's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's zero then there's not going to
+be an edge although doesn't matter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an edge although doesn't matter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be an edge although doesn't matter you
+could leave the edge in with weight zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave the edge in with weight zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could leave the edge in with weight zero
+it will be the same because what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be the same because what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be the same because what we're
+interested in in the claim is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in the claim is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in in the claim is the
+permanent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of the
+Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix
+equals uh the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+say of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say of the
+product of edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weights over all cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights over all cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights over all cycle
+covers of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers of the
+graph okay this is really just the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay this is really just the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay this is really just the same
+thing but a little bit easier to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but a little bit easier to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing but a little bit easier to think
+about so a cycle cover is kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so a cycle cover is kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so a cycle cover is kind of like a
+hamiltonian cycle but there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle but there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hamiltonian cycle but there can be
+multiple Cycles so at every vertex you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Cycles so at every vertex you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple Cycles so at every vertex you
+should enter and leave and so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should enter and leave and so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should enter and leave and so you have
+sort of in degree 1 and outdegree one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in degree 1 and outdegree one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of in degree 1 and outdegree one so
+you end up decomposing the graph into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up decomposing the graph into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you end up decomposing the graph into
+vertex disjoint Cycles which hit every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex disjoint Cycles which hit every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex disjoint Cycles which hit every
+uh vertex that's a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertex that's a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertex that's a cycle
+cover important note here we do have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover important note here we do have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover important note here we do have
+loops in the graph uh we can have loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops in the graph uh we can have loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops in the graph uh we can have loops
+if a i i is not zero then you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a i i is not zero then you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a i i is not zero then you have a
+loop so the idea is to look at every uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so the idea is to look at every uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so the idea is to look at every uh
+every cycle cover and just take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cycle cover and just take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every cycle cover and just take the
+product of the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of the edge
+weights that are edges in the cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights that are edges in the cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights that are edges in the cycles
+and then add that up over all cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add that up over all cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then add that up over all cycle
+covers so it's the same thing if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers so it's the same thing if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers so it's the same thing if you
+stare at it long enough because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at it long enough because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stare at it long enough because you're
+going from I I mean this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from I I mean this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from I I mean this is basically
+the cycle decomposition of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle decomposition of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle decomposition of the
+permutation if you know permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation if you know permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation if you know permutation
+Theory okay so if you don't don't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so if you don't don't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory okay so if you don't don't worry
+this is your definition of permanent um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your definition of permanent um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is your definition of permanent um
+so we're going to prove this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to prove this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're going to prove this problem is
+Sharpie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+complete and we're going to prove it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and we're going to prove it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete and we're going to prove it by
+by a cyonus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction
+from sharp 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set you said this just the original uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you said this just the original uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set you said this just the original uh
+thing introducing that yes did they not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing introducing that yes did they not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing introducing that yes did they not
+call it C you made up the term C what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it C you made up the term C what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it C you made up the term C what
+did they call it uh I think they uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they call it uh I think they uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they call it uh I think they uh just
+called it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called it a
+reduction uh in this sense I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh in this sense I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh in this sense I think
+pretty sure they just called it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure they just called it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty sure they just called it
+reduction and for them and they said at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and for them and they said at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction and for them and they said at
+the beginning reduction means multic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning reduction means multic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning reduction means multic
+call reduction so they were thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call reduction so they were thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call reduction so they were thinking
+about that but it turns out to be a CM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but it turns out to be a CM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that but it turns out to be a CM
+monus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monus
+reduction uh c will not be literally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh c will not be literally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction uh c will not be literally a
+constant but it will be a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but it will be a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant but it will be a function of
+the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem
+size and this is the reduction so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and this is the reduction so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and this is the reduction so as
+usual we have a clause Gadget and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual we have a clause Gadget and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual we have a clause Gadget and a
+variable Gadget and then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Gadget and then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable Gadget and then there's this
+shaded thing which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded thing which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shaded thing which is this
+Matrix uh which you can think of as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh which you can think of as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix uh which you can think of as a
+graph but in this case it'll be easier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but in this case it'll be easier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph but in this case it'll be easier
+to just think of as a blackbox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just think of as a blackbox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just think of as a blackbox
+matrix okay uh all of the edges in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay uh all of the edges in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix okay uh all of the edges in these
+pictures have weight one and then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures have weight one and then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures have weight one and then these
+edges are special and here you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are special and here you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are special and here you have some
+Loops in the center no one else has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops in the center no one else has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Loops in the center no one else has a
+loop so the high level idea is if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so the high level idea is if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop so the high level idea is if you're
+thinking of a cycle cover um in a Vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of a cycle cover um in a Vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of a cycle cover um in a Vertex
+because you've got sorry in a variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got sorry in a variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got sorry in a variable
+because you've got a Vertex here and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got a Vertex here and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you've got a Vertex here and a
+Vertex here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex here
+um you have to cover them somehow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to cover them somehow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to cover them somehow and
+the idea the intent is that you either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea the intent is that you either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea the intent is that you either
+cover this one this way or you cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this one this way or you cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover this one this way or you cover
+this one that way those would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that way those would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one that way those would be the
+true and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true and the
+false uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false uh and
+then okay from the Clause perspective we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay from the Clause perspective we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then okay from the Clause perspective we
+we need to understand uh so then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand uh so then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to understand uh so then these
+things are connected this thing would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are connected this thing would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are connected this thing would go
+here and this thing would go here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this thing would go here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this thing would go here and
+generally connect variables to Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally connect variables to Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally connect variables to Clauses
+in the obvious way um and in general for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the obvious way um and in general for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the obvious way um and in general for
+every occurrence of the positive form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every occurrence of the positive form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every occurrence of the positive form
+and the negative form sorry positive or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the negative form sorry positive or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the negative form sorry positive or
+negative form uh you'll have one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative form uh you'll have one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative form uh you'll have one of
+these blobs that connects to the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blobs that connects to the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blobs that connects to the class
+so overall architecture should be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall architecture should be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so overall architecture should be clear
+what does this gadget do it has some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this gadget do it has some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this gadget do it has some
+some Nifty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Nifty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Nifty
+properties let me write them down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties let me write them down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties let me write them down so
+this Matrix is called X in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix is called X in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Matrix is called X in the
+paper so first of all uh permanent of x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so first of all uh permanent of x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper so first of all uh permanent of x
+equals zero I'm just going to State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero I'm just going to State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero I'm just going to State
+these I mean you could check them by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I mean you could check them by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I mean you could check them by
+doing the computation so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the computation so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the computation so we're
+interested in cycle covers whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in cycle covers whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in cycle covers whose
+products uh are not zero otherwise they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh are not zero otherwise they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products uh are not zero otherwise they
+don't contribute to the sum right so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't contribute to the sum right so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't contribute to the sum right so I
+could also add in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also add in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also add in
+nonzero meaning the product is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero meaning the product is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero meaning the product is
+nonzero okay so if we had a cycle cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero okay so if we had a cycle cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero okay so if we had a cycle cover
+that just uh where the cycle cover just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just uh where the cycle cover just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just uh where the cycle cover just
+locally solved this thing by traversing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally solved this thing by traversing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locally solved this thing by traversing
+these four vertices all by themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four vertices all by themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these four vertices all by themselves
+then that cycle would have permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that cycle would have permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that cycle would have permanent
+zero and then the permanent of the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then the permanent of the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and then the permanent of the whole
+cycle cover is the product of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle cover is the product of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle cover is the product of those
+things uh and so the overall thing would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh and so the overall thing would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh and so the overall thing would
+be zero so if you're looking at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero so if you're looking at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero so if you're looking at a
+non-zero cycle cover you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero cycle cover you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-zero cycle cover you can't just
+leave these isolated you have to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave these isolated you have to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave these isolated you have to visit
+them you have to enter them and leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you have to enter them and leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you have to enter them and leave
+them okay now the question is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay now the question is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay now the question is where
+could you enter and leave them it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you enter and leave them it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you enter and leave them it's
+maybe not totally clear from the drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not totally clear from the drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not totally clear from the drawing
+but the intent is that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the intent is that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the intent is that the first
+vertex uh in which corresponds to row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex uh in which corresponds to row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex uh in which corresponds to row
+one and column one here is the left side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and column one here is the left side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and column one here is the left side
+and the column 4 row four is the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the column 4 row four is the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the column 4 row four is the right
+side I claim that you have to enter at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I claim that you have to enter at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side I claim that you have to enter at
+one of those and leave at the other why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those and leave at the other why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those and leave at the other why
+is that true for a couple reasons one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that true for a couple reasons one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that true for a couple reasons one is
+that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the
+permanent of X with row and column one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of X with row and column one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of X with row and column one
+removed is zero and so is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed is zero and so is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed is zero and so is the
+permanent of X with row and column four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of X with row and column four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of X with row and column four
+removed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh vertex one and four out of out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertex one and four out of out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vertex one and four out of out of
+this uh X Matrix are the only places you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh X Matrix are the only places you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh X Matrix are the only places you
+could enter and leave but it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could enter and leave but it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could enter and leave but it's possible
+you enter and then immediately leave so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter and then immediately leave so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter and then immediately leave so
+you just touch the thing and leave that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just touch the thing and leave that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just touch the thing and leave that
+would correspond to leaving behind a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to leaving behind a 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would correspond to leaving behind a 3X3
+submatrix either by deleting this row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submatrix either by deleting this row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submatrix either by deleting this row
+and column or by deleting this row and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column or by deleting this row and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and column or by deleting this row and
+column if you just visit this vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column if you just visit this vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column if you just visit this vertex and
+leave uh those also have permanent zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave uh those also have permanent zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave uh those also have permanent zero
+so if you're looking at a non-zero cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're looking at a non-zero cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you're looking at a non-zero cycle
+cover you can't do that so together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover you can't do that so together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover you can't do that so together
+those mean that you enter at one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mean that you enter at one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those mean that you enter at one of them
+and leave at the other and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave at the other and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and leave at the other and
+furthermore uh if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+at uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh the
+permanent of X with rows and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of X with rows and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of X with rows and
+columns one and four removed both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns one and four removed both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns one and four removed both
+removed that's also zero so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed that's also zero so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed that's also zero so the
+permanent of this submatrix is zero um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of this submatrix is zero um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of this submatrix is zero um
+and therefore you can't just enter here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you can't just enter here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you can't just enter here
+jump here and leave which means finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump here and leave which means finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jump here and leave which means finally
+you have to Traverse all four vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to Traverse all four vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to Traverse all four vertices
+you enter one of them Traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter one of them Traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you enter one of them Traverse
+everything and leave at the other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and leave at the other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and leave at the other so
+basically this is a forced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is a forced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is a forced
+Edge uh if you touch here you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge uh if you touch here you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge uh if you touch here you have to
+then Traverse and leave there in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Traverse and leave there in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Traverse and leave there in any
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+cover so we're used to seeing Force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so we're used to seeing Force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover so we're used to seeing Force
+edges in hamiltonian cycle this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in hamiltonian cycle this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges in hamiltonian cycle this is sort
+of a stronger form of it that's cool now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a stronger form of it that's cool now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a stronger form of it that's cool now
+one catch so if you do that if you enter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one catch so if you do that if you enter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one catch so if you do that if you enter
+let's say vertex one and leave it Vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say vertex one and leave it Vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say vertex one and leave it Vertex
+4 you will end up your contribution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you will end up your contribution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 you will end up your contribution to
+the cycle will end up being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle will end up being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cycle will end up being the
+permanent of x minus Row 1 and column 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of x minus Row 1 and column 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of x minus Row 1 and column 4
+or symmetrically with four and one you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or symmetrically with four and one you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or symmetrically with four and one you'd
+like this to be one but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to be one but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this to be one but it's
+four so there're four ways to Traverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so there're four ways to Traverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four so there're four ways to Traverse
+the forced Edge but because it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forced Edge but because it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the forced Edge but because it's always
+four or zero and then it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or zero and then it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four or zero and then it doesn't
+contribute at all it's always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute at all it's always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute at all it's always going to
+be four so this will be a nice uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be four so this will be a nice uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be four so this will be a nice uniform
+blow up in our number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up in our number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blow up in our number of
+solutions C is not going to be four but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions C is not going to be four but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions C is not going to be four but
+it's going to be four to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be four to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be four to some
+power uh it's going to be four to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh it's going to be four to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power uh it's going to be four to the
+power the number of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the number of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power the number of those
+gadgets so because you can predict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets so because you can predict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gadgets so because you can predict that
+I mean in the reduction you know exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in the reduction you know exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean in the reduction you know exactly
+how many there are it's not dependent on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many there are it's not dependent on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many there are it's not dependent on
+the solution it's only dependent on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution it's only dependent on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution it's only dependent on how
+you built this thing so at the end we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you built this thing so at the end we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you built this thing so at the end we're
+going to divide by four to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to divide by four to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to divide by four to the
+power it's uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it's uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power it's uh I think
+five times the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times the number of
+Clauses so uh C is going to be four to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses so uh C is going to be four to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clauses so uh C is going to be four to
+the power five times number of Clauses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power five times number of Clauses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power five times number of Clauses
+because there are five of these gadgets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are five of these gadgets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there are five of these gadgets
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per
+Clause so at the end we'll just divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause so at the end we'll just divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Clause so at the end we'll just divide
+by that and be done 10 times because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that and be done 10 times because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that and be done 10 times because you
+got it on the variable side too uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it on the variable side too uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got it on the variable side too uh yes
+10 times thank you eight two of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times thank you eight two of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 times thank you eight two of those
+don't actually connect variables two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually connect variables two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually connect variables two of
+them do not connect to variables y eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do not connect to variables y eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do not connect to variables y eight
+eight times number of claes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight times number of claes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight times number of claes
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+cool uh all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool uh all
+right so now it's just a matter of now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now it's just a matter of now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now it's just a matter of now
+that you understand what this is um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you understand what this is um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you understand what this is um now
+you can sort of see how information is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see how information is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sort of see how information is
+communicated because if the variable say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated because if the variable say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicated because if the variable say
+chooses the true setting it must visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses the true setting it must visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses the true setting it must visit
+these edges and once it touches here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges and once it touches here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these edges and once it touches here it
+has to leave here and this is a edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to leave here and this is a edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to leave here and this is a edge
+going the wrong way so uh you can't try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the wrong way so uh you can't try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going the wrong way so uh you can't try
+to Traverse from here you cannot touch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Traverse from here you cannot touch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Traverse from here you cannot touch
+the variable the Clauses down below you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable the Clauses down below you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variable the Clauses down below you
+once you touch here you have to go here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you touch here you have to go here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you touch here you have to go here
+and then you must leave here and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you must leave here and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you must leave here and so on
+um but you leave this one behind and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you leave this one behind and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but you leave this one behind and it
+must be traversed by the Claus and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be traversed by the Claus and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be traversed by the Claus and vice
+versa if I choose this one then these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa if I choose this one then these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa if I choose this one then these
+must be visited by the Clauses so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be visited by the Clauses so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be visited by the Clauses so from
+the Clause perspective as you said there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clause perspective as you said there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Clause perspective as you said there
+are five of these gadgets but only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are five of these gadgets but only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are five of these gadgets but only three
+of them are connected so these guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are connected so these guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are connected so these guys are
+forced uh and there's a bunch of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced uh and there's a bunch of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced uh and there's a bunch of edges
+here and it's a case analysis so it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's a case analysis so it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and it's a case analysis so it be
+the short version let's just do couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short version let's just do couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short version let's just do couple
+of examples if none of these have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples if none of these have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of examples if none of these have been
+traversed by the variable uh then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed by the variable uh then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed by the variable uh then the
+pretty much you have to go straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much you have to go straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much you have to go straight
+through but then you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but then you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through but then you're in
+trouble uh because there's no pointer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble uh because there's no pointer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble uh because there's no pointer
+back to the beginning you can only go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning you can only go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the beginning you can only go
+back this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back this
+far okay so if none of if you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so if none of if you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far okay so if none of if you have to
+Traverse all these things it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse all these things it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse all these things it's not
+possible with a cycle cover uh but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible with a cycle cover uh but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible with a cycle cover uh but if
+any one of them has been traversed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of them has been traversed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any one of them has been traversed so
+for example if this one has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if this one has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if this one has been
+traversed then we'll jump over it visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed then we'll jump over it visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traversed then we'll jump over it visit
+these guys jump back here visit this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys jump back here visit this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys jump back here visit this guy
+and jump back there and if you check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jump back there and if you check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and jump back there and if you check
+that's the only way to do it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way to do it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the only way to do it it's
+Unique uh and similarly any one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unique uh and similarly any one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Unique uh and similarly any one of them
+has been covered or if all three of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been covered or if all three of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been covered or if all three of them
+have been covered or if two of them have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been covered or if two of them have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been covered or if two of them have
+been covered in all cases there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been covered in all cases there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been covered in all cases there's a
+unique way uh from the Clause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique way uh from the Clause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique way uh from the Clause
+perspective to connect all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective to connect all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective to connect all the things
+now in reality there's four ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in reality there's four ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in reality there's four ways to
+Traverse each of these things so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse each of these things so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse each of these things so the
+whole thing Grows by this product but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing Grows by this product but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing Grows by this product but it
+doesn't matter which cycle they appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which cycle they appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter which cycle they appear
+in we'll always scale the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we'll always scale the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in we'll always scale the number of
+solutions by factor four so it's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions by factor four so it's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions by factor four so it's nice
+uniform scaling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform scaling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform scaling
+seus and that's permanent it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seus and that's permanent it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seus and that's permanent it's pretty
+cool pretty cool proof um now one not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool pretty cool proof um now one not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool pretty cool proof um now one not so
+nice thing about this proof is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about this proof is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice thing about this proof is it
+involves numbers negative one 0 1 2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves numbers negative one 0 1 2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves numbers negative one 0 1 2 and
+three uh for reasons we will see in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh for reasons we will see in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three uh for reasons we will see in a
+moment it would be really nice to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it would be really nice to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment it would be really nice to just
+use zero and one and it turns out that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use zero and one and it turns out that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use zero and one and it turns out that's
+possible but it's kind of annoying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but it's kind of annoying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible but it's kind of annoying
+uh it's Nifty though I think this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's Nifty though I think this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's Nifty though I think this will
+demonstrate a bunch of fun number Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate a bunch of fun number Theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstrate a bunch of fun number Theory
+things you can do so next goal is 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do so next goal is 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do so next goal is 01
+permanent when the Matrix is just zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent when the Matrix is just zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent when the Matrix is just zeros
+and ones uh this is Sharpie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones uh this is Sharpie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and ones uh this is Sharpie
+complete um I'll tell you the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete um I'll tell you the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete um I'll tell you the reason
+that is particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is particularly
+interesting is it gets rid of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it gets rid of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is it gets rid of the
+weights it makes it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights it makes it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights it makes it more
+clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh makes it more clear a counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh makes it more clear a counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh makes it more clear a counting
+problem so first of all it is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so first of all it is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem so first of all it is the number
+of cycle covers in the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cycle covers in the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cycle covers in the corresponding
+graph there no more weights it's just if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph there no more weights it's just if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph there no more weights it's just if
+it's zero there's not an edge and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero there's not an edge and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's zero there's not an edge and you
+can't Traverse there if it's a one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't Traverse there if it's a one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't Traverse there if it's a one you
+can Traverse there and then every cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Traverse there and then every cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can Traverse there and then every cycle
+cover will have product one so it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover will have product one so it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover will have product one so it's just
+counting them uh but it also happens to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting them uh but it also happens to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting them uh but it also happens to
+be the number of perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the number of perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the number of perfect
+matchings in a bipartite graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which bipartite graph uh the bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bipartite graph uh the bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which bipartite graph uh the bipartite
+graph where one side of the bipartition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where one side of the bipartition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph where one side of the bipartition
+is the rows and the other side is The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rows and the other side is The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the rows and the other side is The
+Columns of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Matrix and you have an edge i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+j if and only if uh a I sorry i j is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j if and only if uh a I sorry i j is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+j if and only if uh a I sorry i j is not
+a good it's not the best terminology for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good it's not the best terminology for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good it's not the best terminology for
+I where I here is a vertex of V1 and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I where I here is a vertex of V1 and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I where I here is a vertex of V1 and J
+is a vertex of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vertex of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a vertex of
+V2 uh whenever I J equals 1 if it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 uh whenever I J equals 1 if it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V2 uh whenever I J equals 1 if it's zero
+there's no Edge um had I was this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Edge um had I was this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no Edge um had I was this is a
+little confusing because uh The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confusing because uh The Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little confusing because uh The Matrix
+is not symmetric so you might say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not symmetric so you might say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not symmetric so you might say well
+how does this make an undirected graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this make an undirected graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this make an undirected graph
+because you could have an edge from I to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could have an edge from I to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you could have an edge from I to
+J but not to J to I that's okay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J but not to J to I that's okay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+J but not to J to I that's okay because
+I is interpreted in the left space and J
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is interpreted in the left space and J
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I is interpreted in the left space and J
+is interpreted in the right space so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interpreted in the right space so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interpreted in the right space so the
+asymmetric case would be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric case would be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric case would be the case that
+there's an edge from here to here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge from here to here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge from here to here but
+not an edge from here to here that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an edge from here to here that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an edge from here to here that's
+perfectly okay this is 1 2 3 for a 3X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly okay this is 1 2 3 for a 3X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly okay this is 1 2 3 for a 3X3
+Matrix we get a six vertex graph not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we get a six vertex graph not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix we get a six vertex graph not
+three vertex okay that's what allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertex okay that's what allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three vertex okay that's what allows you
+to be asymmetric and a a loop what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asymmetric and a a loop what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be asymmetric and a a loop what we
+were normally thinking is a loop just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were normally thinking is a loop just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were normally thinking is a loop just
+means a horizontal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a horizontal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means a horizontal
+Edge okay so it turns out if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge okay so it turns out if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge okay so it turns out if you look at
+this this graph which is a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this graph which is a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this graph which is a different
+graph from what we started with um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph from what we started with um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph from what we started with um the
+number of perfect matchings in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of perfect matchings in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of perfect matchings in that
+graph is equal to the number of cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is equal to the number of cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is equal to the number of cycle
+covers in the other graph in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers in the other graph in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covers in the other graph in the
+directed graph so this one's undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph so this one's undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph so this one's undirected
+and bipartite this one was directed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bipartite this one was directed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bipartite this one was directed and
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+bipartite and the rough intuition is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite and the rough intuition is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite and the rough intuition is
+that uh we're just kind of pulling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we're just kind of pulling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh we're just kind of pulling the
+vertices apart into two versions the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices apart into two versions the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices apart into two versions the
+left version and the right version if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left version and the right version if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left version and the right version if
+you imagine there being a connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine there being a connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you imagine there being a connection
+from one right to one left and similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one right to one left and similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one right to one left and similarly
+from two right to two left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two right to two left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from two right to two left
+directed and three right to three left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed and three right to three left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed and three right to three left
+hey it looks like Cycles again you went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey it looks like Cycles again you went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey it looks like Cycles again you went
+here uh then you went around then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh then you went around then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh then you went around then you
+went here then you went there that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went here then you went there that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went here then you went there that was a
+cycle and similarly this was a cycle so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and similarly this was a cycle so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and similarly this was a cycle so
+they're the same thing okay this is cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same thing okay this is cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the same thing okay this is cool
+because perfect matchings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because perfect matchings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because perfect matchings are
+interesting in particular perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in particular perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting in particular perfect
+matchings are easy to find in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings are easy to find in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings are easy to find in polinomial
+time but counting them is sharp be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but counting them is sharp be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time but counting them is sharp be
+complete getting back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question so that's why we care about 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so that's why we care about 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so that's why we care about 01
+permanent or one reason to care about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent or one reason to care about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent or one reason to care about it
+let's prove that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard and here we'll use some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and here we'll use some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard and here we'll use some number
+Theory pretty basic number Theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so first claim is that Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first claim is that Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first claim is that Computing the
+permanent of a matrix General Matrix not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of a matrix General Matrix not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent of a matrix General Matrix not
+01 uh modulo given integer R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard uh R has to be an input for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh R has to be an input for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh R has to be an input for this
+problem it's not like Computing at mod 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's not like Computing at mod 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's not like Computing at mod 3
+necessarily is hard but Computing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily is hard but Computing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily is hard but Computing it
+modulo anything is hard and here we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo anything is hard and here we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulo anything is hard and here we're
+going to finally use some multicol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to finally use some multicol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to finally use some multicol
+reduction power so the idea is suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction power so the idea is suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction power so the idea is suppose
+you could solve this problem then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could solve this problem then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could solve this problem then I
+claim I can solve permanent anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim I can solve permanent anyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim I can solve permanent anyone know
+how Chinese remainder Chinese remainder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theorem it's okay if you don't know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's okay if you don't know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem it's okay if you don't know the
+Chinese remainder theorem but you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem but you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem but you should
+know it it's good um so the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it it's good um so the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it it's good um so the idea is
+we're going to set R to be all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes up
+to um how big well we can stop when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um how big well we can stop when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um how big well we can stop when the
+product of all the Primes that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all the Primes that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of all the Primes that we've
+considered is uh bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered is uh bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered is uh bigger than the
+potential permanent and the permanent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential permanent and the permanent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential permanent and the permanent is
+at most uh m to the n * n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most uh m to the n * n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most uh m to the n * n factorial
+where m is the largest absolute value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m is the largest absolute value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where m is the largest absolute value in
+The Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's one upper bound doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's one upper bound doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's one upper bound doesn't
+really matter but the point is it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter but the point is it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matter but the point is it is
+computable and if you take the logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable and if you take the logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computable and if you take the logarithm
+it's not so big uh all these numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so big uh all these numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not so big uh all these numbers are
+at least two all primes are at least two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two all primes are at least two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two all primes are at least two
+so uh the number of primes we'll have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the number of primes we'll have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the number of primes we'll have to
+consider is at most log base two of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is at most log base two of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider is at most log base two of that
+uh so this means the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+primes so must log of M the n * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes so must log of M the n * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes so must log of M the n * n
+factorial and this is roughly I'll put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and this is roughly I'll put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and this is roughly I'll put a
+TAA here this is like n log M that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAA here this is like n log M that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TAA here this is like n log M that's
+exact plus n log n that's approximate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact plus n log n that's approximate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact plus n log n that's approximate
+but you know it's minus little minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's minus little minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know it's minus little minus
+order n so won't hurt us uh so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n so won't hurt us uh so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n so won't hurt us uh so that's
+good that's polinomial log m is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's polinomial log m is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good that's polinomial log m is a
+reasonable thing M was given us as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing M was given us as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing M was given us as a
+number so log m is part of is an input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so log m is part of is an input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so log m is part of is an input
+size of our input and N is obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our input and N is obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of our input and N is obviously
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+and as the dimension of the Matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the dimension of the Matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as the dimension of the Matrix so
+this is a polinomial number of calls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a polinomial number of calls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a polinomial number of calls
+we're going to compute the permanent mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute the permanent mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to compute the permanent mod
+R for all of these things and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R for all of these things and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R for all of these things and then
+Chinese remainder theorem tells you if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem tells you if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese remainder theorem tells you if
+you have if you know a number which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you know a number which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have if you know a number which is
+the permanent modulo all primes uh whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent modulo all primes uh whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent modulo all primes uh whose
+product well if you know a number modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product well if you know a number modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product well if you know a number modulo
+a bunch of primes then you can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of primes then you can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of primes then you can figure
+out the number modulo the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the number modulo the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the number modulo the product of
+those primes and if we set the product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those primes and if we set the product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those primes and if we set the product
+to be bigger than the number could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bigger than the number could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be bigger than the number could be
+then we knowing modulo that is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we knowing modulo that is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we knowing modulo that is actually
+knowing the number itself okay so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the number itself okay so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing the number itself okay so then
+we can reconstruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+permanent so here we're really using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent so here we're really using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent so here we're really using
+multi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+call cool I think that's the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call cool I think that's the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call cool I think that's the first time
+I've used Chinese remainder theorem in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used Chinese remainder theorem in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've used Chinese remainder theorem in a
+class that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+taught good stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do you know why it's called the Chinese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know why it's called the Chinese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you know why it's called the Chinese
+remain I assume it was proved by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain I assume it was proved by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain I assume it was proved by a
+Chinese mathematician but I anyone know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese mathematician but I anyone know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chinese mathematician but I anyone know
+the history Sun Su okay heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history Sun Su okay heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history Sun Su okay heard of
+him not the guy who did the art War oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him not the guy who did the art War oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him not the guy who did the art War oh
+okay I don't know him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't know him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I don't know him
+then another sun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another sun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then another sun
+to uh cool yeah so permanent mod R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh cool yeah so permanent mod R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh cool yeah so permanent mod R is
+hard next claim is that the 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard next claim is that the 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard next claim is that the 01
+permanent mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permanent mod
+R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard the whole reason we're going to mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard the whole reason we're going to mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard the whole reason we're going to mod
+r i mean it's interesting to know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r i mean it's interesting to know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r i mean it's interesting to know that
+Computing permanent mod R is just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing permanent mod R is just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing permanent mod R is just as
+hard as permanent but it's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as permanent but it's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard as permanent but it's kind of a
+standard thing um the reason I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard thing um the reason I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard thing um the reason I wanted to
+go to mod R was to get rid of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to mod R was to get rid of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to mod R was to get rid of these
+negative numbers negative numbers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers negative numbers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative numbers negative numbers are
+annoying once I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying once I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying once I go to
+mod any R negative numbers flip around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod any R negative numbers flip around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod any R negative numbers flip around
+and now I can think of everything as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can think of everything as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I can think of everything as
+positive or not a negative okay now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or not a negative okay now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive or not a negative okay now I
+can go back to gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back to gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go back to gadget
+land so suppose I have an edge of weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land so suppose I have an edge of weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land so suppose I have an edge of weight
+five this will work for any number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five this will work for any number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five this will work for any number
+greater than one if it's one I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one if it's one I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than one if it's one I don't
+touch it if it's greater than one I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch it if it's greater than one I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch it if it's greater than one I'm
+going to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+uh and the claim is um there are exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the claim is um there are exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the claim is um there are exactly
+five ways to use this Edge either you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five ways to use this Edge either you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five ways to use this Edge either you
+don't use it and you don't use it but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use it and you don't use it but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't use it and you don't use it but uh
+if you do use it there exactly five ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do use it there exactly five ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do use it there exactly five ways
+to use it if you make this traversal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it if you make this traversal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use it if you make this traversal
+there are five ways to do it remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are five ways to do it remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are five ways to do it remember
+this has to be a cycle cover so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be a cycle cover so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has to be a cycle cover so we have
+to visit everything uh if you come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visit everything uh if you come up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to visit everything uh if you come up
+here can't go that way gotta go straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can't go that way gotta go straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here can't go that way gotta go straight
+can't go that way gotta go straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go that way gotta go straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go that way gotta go straight
+okay uh so in fact this rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so in fact this rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so in fact this rest of the
+cycle cover must be entirely within this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle cover must be entirely within this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle cover must be entirely within this
+picture and so for example you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and so for example you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture and so for example you can say
+that's a cycle and then that's a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cycle and then that's a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a cycle and then that's a cycle
+these are Loops uh then that's a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are Loops uh then that's a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are Loops uh then that's a cycle
+and then that's a cycle and then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's a cycle and then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that's a cycle and then that's
+a cycle and then that's a cycle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle and then that's a cycle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle and then that's a cycle and
+whoops I'm left with one vertex so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops I'm left with one vertex so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoops I'm left with one vertex so in
+fact I have to choose exactly one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I have to choose exactly one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I have to choose exactly one of the
+loops put that in and the rest can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops put that in and the rest can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops put that in and the rest can be
+covered so for example if I choose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so for example if I choose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered so for example if I choose this
+guy then this will be a cycle this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy then this will be a cycle this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy then this will be a cycle this will
+be a cycle this will be a cycle perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cycle this will be a cycle perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a cycle this will be a cycle perfect
+parody this will be a cycle this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody this will be a cycle this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody this will be a cycle this will be
+a cycle and this will be a cycle can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle and this will be a cycle can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cycle and this will be a cycle can't
+choose two Loops if I chose like these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two Loops if I chose like these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose two Loops if I chose like these
+two Loops then this guy would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Loops then this guy would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Loops then this guy would be
+isolated so you have to choose exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated so you have to choose exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated so you have to choose exactly
+one Loop and they exactly five of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Loop and they exactly five of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Loop and they exactly five of them
+and in general you make there be K of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general you make there be K of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in general you make there be K of
+them if they're if you want weight K and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if they're if you want weight K and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if they're if you want weight K and
+you can simulate uh if you don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can simulate uh if you don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can simulate uh if you don't use
+this Edge then there's actually only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge then there's actually only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge then there's actually only one
+way to do it you have to go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it you have to go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it you have to go all the way
+around like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around like
+this so that's cool if you don't use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's cool if you don't use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so that's cool if you don't use the
+edge didn't mess with anything if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge didn't mess with anything if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge didn't mess with anything if you
+use the edge you get a weight of five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the edge you get a weight of five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the edge you get a weight of five
+multiplicative because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicative because this is
+independent of all the other such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of all the other such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of all the other such
+choices so you can simulate a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so you can simulate a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices so you can simulate a high
+weight Edge modulo R um you can in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight Edge modulo R um you can in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight Edge modulo R um you can in
+general you can simulate a non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can simulate a non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general you can simulate a non- negative
+weight Edge like this just these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight Edge like this just these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight Edge like this just these are all
+weight one obviously and absent edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one obviously and absent edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight one obviously and absent edges
+are zero so we can convert in the modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero so we can convert in the modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are zero so we can convert in the modulo
+r setting um there are no negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r setting um there are no negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r setting um there are no negative
+numbers essentially so we can just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers essentially so we can just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers essentially so we can just do
+that simulation everything will work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simulation everything will work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that simulation everything will work
+modar so use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Gadget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gadget
+cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool
+uh now finally we can prove 01 permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now finally we can prove 01 permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh now finally we can prove 01 permanent
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hard why because if we could compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard why because if we could compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard why because if we could compute
+this 01 permanent we can compute it mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 01 permanent we can compute it mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 01 permanent we can compute it mod
+R just compute the permanent take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R just compute the permanent take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R just compute the permanent take the
+answer mod R and you solve 01 permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer mod R and you solve 01 permanent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer mod R and you solve 01 permanent
+mod R so this is this is what I might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod R so this is this is what I might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mod R so this is this is what I might
+call a one call reduction it's not our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a one call reduction it's not our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call a one call reduction it's not our
+usual notion of one call reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual notion of one call reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual notion of one call reduction
+because we're doing stuff at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing stuff at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're doing stuff at the
+end but I'm going to use one call in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end but I'm going to use one call in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end but I'm going to use one call in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+setting just call it in fact we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting just call it in fact we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting just call it in fact we don't
+even have to change the input then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to change the input then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even have to change the input then when
+we get the output we compute it mod R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the output we compute it mod R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the output we compute it mod R
+question question so in there the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question question so in there the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question question so in there the weight
+um you can have really high weight but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can have really high weight but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can have really high weight but
+then you're amplifying the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're amplifying the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're amplifying the number of
+nodes so then when you use that wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so then when you use that wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes so then when you use that wouldn't
+then M oh I see if the weights were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then M oh I see if the weights were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then M oh I see if the weights were
+exponentially large this would be bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large this would be bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially large this would be bad
+news uh but they're not exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news uh but they're not exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+news uh but they're not exponentially
+large because we know they're all at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large because we know they're all at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large because we know they're all at
+most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most
+three they're between negative 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they're between negative 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three they're between negative 1 and
+three oh uh oh but negative one ah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes okay good I need the prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay good I need the prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes okay good I need the prime number
+theorem thank you so uh we have numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem thank you so uh we have numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem thank you so uh we have numbers
+negative one then we're mapping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one then we're mapping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one then we're mapping them
+modulos some prime now negative 1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulos some prime now negative 1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulos some prime now negative 1 is
+actually the prime minus one uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the prime minus one uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the prime minus one uh so
+indeed we do get weights that are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed we do get weights that are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed we do get weights that are as
+large as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large as
+R um so this is R here is sort of we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R um so this is R here is sort of we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R um so this is R here is sort of we're
+assuming is encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uny okay turns out we can afford to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uny okay turns out we can afford to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uny okay turns out we can afford to
+encode the primes in un because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode the primes in un because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encode the primes in un because the
+number of primes that we use is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of primes that we use is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of primes that we use is this
+polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial
+thing uh weekly polinomial thing and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh weekly polinomial thing and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing uh weekly polinomial thing and uh
+by the prime number theorem the Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the prime number theorem the Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the prime number theorem the Prime
+with that index is roughly that big it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that index is roughly that big it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that index is roughly that big it's
+a log Factor larger so the primes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log Factor larger so the primes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a log Factor larger so the primes are
+going to the the actual value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the the actual value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the the actual value of the
+Prime is going to be something like n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is going to be something like n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime is going to be something like n
+log M time uh log base e of n log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log M time uh log base e of n log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+log M time uh log base e of n log
+M U by prime number theorem and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M U by prime number theorem and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+M U by prime number theorem and that's
+again weekly polinomial and so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again weekly polinomial and so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again weekly polinomial and so we can
+assume R is encoded in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume R is encoded in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume R is encoded in
+un
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+un
+good w we get to use the prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good w we get to use the prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good w we get to use the prime number
+theorem that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that's
+fun is that the first time you had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun is that the first time you had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun is that the first time you had to
+use prime number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use prime number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use prime number
+probably pretty sure I've used prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty sure I've used prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty sure I've used prime
+number theorem if and only if I've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theorem if and only if I've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theorem if and only if I've used
+CH Chinese remainder theorem uh go hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH Chinese remainder theorem uh go hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CH Chinese remainder theorem uh go hand
+in hand all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hand all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in hand all
+right clear so this was a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right clear so this was a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right clear so this was a kind of
+roundabout way but we ended up getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundabout way but we ended up getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roundabout way but we ended up getting
+rid of the negative numbers luckily it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the negative numbers luckily it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the negative numbers luckily it
+still worked and now 01 permanent is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still worked and now 01 permanent is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still worked and now 01 permanent is
+hard therefore counting the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard therefore counting the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard therefore counting the number of
+perfect matchings in a given bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matchings in a given bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matchings in a given bipartite
+graph is EMP hard these problems were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is EMP hard these problems were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is EMP hard these problems were
+equivalent like they're identical so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent like they're identical so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent like they're identical so you
+could this was a reduction in one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this was a reduction in one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this was a reduction in one way
+but it's equally reducible both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's equally reducible both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's equally reducible both
+ways so you can reduce this one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so you can reduce this one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways so you can reduce this one or
+reduce this one to perfect matchings or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this one to perfect matchings or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce this one to perfect matchings or
+vice versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right uh here's some more fun things we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh here's some more fun things we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh here's some more fun things we
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do I guess I can add to my list here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I guess I can add to my list here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I guess I can add to my list here but
+uh in particular we have 01 permanent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so there are other ways you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are other ways you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are other ways you might be
+interested in counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matchings so so far we know it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings so so far we know it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings so so far we know it's hard to
+count perfect matchings so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count perfect matchings so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count perfect matchings so uh in
+a in a balanced bipar graph we had n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a balanced bipar graph we had n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a balanced bipar graph we had n
+vertices on the left and N vertices on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the left and N vertices on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices on the left and N vertices on
+the right we're going to use that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right we're going to use that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right we're going to use that uh
+then the hope is that there's matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the hope is that there's matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the hope is that there's matching
+of Si n but in general you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Si n but in general you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Si n but in general you could just
+count maybe those don't exist at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count maybe those don't exist at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count maybe those don't exist at all
+maybe you just want to count maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you just want to count maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you just want to count maximal
+matchings these are not maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings these are not maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings these are not maximum
+matchings maximal meaning you can't add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings maximal meaning you can't add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings maximal meaning you can't add
+any more edges to them they're locally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more edges to them they're locally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any more edges to them they're locally
+maximum uh well so that's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum uh well so that's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum uh well so that's going to be a
+bigger number uh it's going to be always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger number uh it's going to be always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger number uh it's going to be always
+bigger than zero because the empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero because the empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than zero because the empty
+matching well you could start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching well you could start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching well you could start with the
+empty matching and add things you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty matching and add things you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty matching and add things you'll get
+at least one Maxum mole matching uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one Maxum mole matching uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one Maxum mole matching uh but
+this is also sharp P complete and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also sharp P complete and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also sharp P complete and you
+can prove it using some Trix from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove it using some Trix from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can prove it using some Trix from uh
+bipartite uh perfect matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite uh perfect matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite uh perfect matching
+counting uh don't have a ton of time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting uh don't have a ton of time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting uh don't have a ton of time so
+I'll go through this relatively quick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go through this relatively quick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll go through this relatively quick uh
+we're going to take each vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take each vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take each vertex and
+convert it basically make n copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it basically make n copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert it basically make n copies of
+it and when we have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and when we have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and when we have an
+edge that's going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+into a b Clique between them why did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a b Clique between them why did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a b Clique between them why did I
+draw such a big one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw such a big one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw such a big one
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+uh okay uh this was supposed to be n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay uh this was supposed to be n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh okay uh this was supposed to be n and
+n okay so just blow up every Edge my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so just blow up every Edge my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n okay so just blow up every Edge my
+intent is to make matchings become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent is to make matchings become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intent is to make matchings become more
+plentiful uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plentiful uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plentiful uh so in
+general if I used to have a matching of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if I used to have a matching of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if I used to have a matching of
+size I I end up converting it into n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size I I end up converting it into n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size I I end up converting it into n
+factorial to the I power distinct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial to the I power distinct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial to the I power distinct
+matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of size n *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size n *
+I okay because what if I used an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay because what if I used an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay because what if I used an edge
+here now I get to put in an arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I get to put in an arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now I get to put in an arbitrary
+perfect matching in this B Clique and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching in this B Clique and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect matching in this B Clique and
+they're n factorial of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're n factorial of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're n factorial of
+them cool why did I do that because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cool why did I do that because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them cool why did I do that because now
+I suppose that I knew how to count the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose that I knew how to count the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I suppose that I knew how to count the
+number of maximal matchings so they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of maximal matchings so they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of maximal matchings so they're
+going to be matchings of various sizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be matchings of various sizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be matchings of various sizes
+and from that I want to subract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that I want to subract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that I want to subract the
+number of perfect matchings sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of perfect matchings sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of perfect matchings sounds
+impossible but when you make things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible but when you make things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible but when you make things
+giant like this they kind of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant like this they kind of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant like this they kind of all the
+matchings kind of separate it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings kind of separate it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings kind of separate it's like
+biology or something um chemistry so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology or something um chemistry so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology or something um chemistry so
+let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's
+see shows how much I know uh number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see shows how much I know uh number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see shows how much I know uh number of
+maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal
+matchings is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings is going to be
+sum i = 0 to n /2 that's the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum i = 0 to n /2 that's the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum i = 0 to n /2 that's the possible
+sizes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sizes of the
+matchings of the old matchings I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings of the old matchings I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings of the old matchings I should
+say number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say number of
+original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original
+maximal matchings in the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal matchings in the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal matchings in the input
+graph of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph of size
+I time n factorial to the I okay this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I time n factorial to the I okay this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I time n factorial to the I okay this is
+just rewriting I'm just this thing but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rewriting I'm just this thing but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just rewriting I'm just this thing but
+I'm summing overall I so I have however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing overall I so I have however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm summing overall I so I have however
+many matchings I used to have a size I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many matchings I used to have a size I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many matchings I used to have a size I
+but then I multiply them by n factorial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I multiply them by n factorial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I multiply them by n factorial
+to the I because these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I because these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the I because these are all
+independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh cool and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cool and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh cool and this
+thing the original number of matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the original number of matchings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing the original number of matchings
+in the worst case I mean the largest it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case I mean the largest it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the worst case I mean the largest it
+could be is when everything is a b click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be is when everything is a b click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be is when everything is a b click
+and then we have uh n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have uh n over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have uh n over
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+factorial uh maximal matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial uh maximal matchings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial uh maximal matchings
+originally uh and this is smaller than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally uh and this is smaller than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally uh and this is smaller than
+that and therefore uh we can pull this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and therefore uh we can pull this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and therefore uh we can pull this
+apart as a number modulo n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart as a number modulo n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart as a number modulo n
+factorial and each digit is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and each digit is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorial and each digit is the number
+of maximum matchings of each size and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximum matchings of each size and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maximum matchings of each size and we
+look at the last digit we get all the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the last digit we get all the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the last digit we get all the uh
+the number of maximum matchings of size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of maximum matchings of size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of maximum matchings of size
+n/ two also known as the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ two also known as the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n/ two also known as the number of
+perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect
+matchings question so that second Max is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings question so that second Max is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings question so that second Max is
+maximal yes this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximal other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal other questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal other questions
+so again a kind of Number the trick uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again a kind of Number the trick uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again a kind of Number the trick uh
+by blowing up well but yeah by making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by blowing up well but yeah by making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by blowing up well but yeah by making
+each of these get multiplied by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these get multiplied by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these get multiplied by a
+different huge number we can pull them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different huge number we can pull them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different huge number we can pull them
+apart separate them again in logarithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart separate them again in logarithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart separate them again in logarithm
+these numbers are not huge so it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are not huge so it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers are not huge so it is
+actually plausible you could compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plausible you could compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually plausible you could compute
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thing and a tree graph you definitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and a tree graph you definitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and a tree graph you definitely
+could do it by various multiplications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it by various multiplications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do it by various multiplications
+at each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each
+level all right uh so that's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all right uh so that's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level all right uh so that's nice
+let's do another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do another
+one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+flavor so I was actually wondering can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor so I was actually wondering can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor so I was actually wondering can
+you find all those primes in polinomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find all those primes in polinomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find all those primes in polinomial
+time uh you could use uh the Civ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh you could use uh the Civ of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh you could use uh the Civ of
+aristos that like going to be we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristos that like going to be we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristos that like going to be we can
+handle pseudo here because as we argued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle pseudo here because as we argued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle pseudo here because as we argued
+the primes are not that big so we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primes are not that big so we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primes are not that big so we could
+just spend we could just do cistos we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spend we could just do cistos we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just spend we could just do cistos we
+can afford to spend linear time in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to spend linear time in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can afford to spend linear time in the
+largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest
+prime or quadratic in that even you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime or quadratic in that even you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime or quadratic in that even you
+could do the naive algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah not we're not doing real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah not we're not doing real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah not we're not doing real
+algorithmic number Theory here uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic number Theory here uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithmic number Theory here uh like
+crypto where you have to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto where you have to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto where you have to be more
+careful all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so here's another question what if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another question what if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another question what if I
+just want to count the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to count the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to count the number of
+matchings no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+condition this is going to use almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition this is going to use almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition this is going to use almost
+the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reverse
+trick so no maximal constraint just all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick so no maximal constraint just all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick so no maximal constraint just all
+matchings including the empty matching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings including the empty matching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings including the empty matching
+count them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count them
+all we'll see why in a moment this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we'll see why in a moment this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we'll see why in a moment this is
+quite natural uh so I claim I can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite natural uh so I claim I can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite natural uh so I claim I can do a
+multicol reduction to bipartite number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicol reduction to bipartite number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicol reduction to bipartite number
+of Maximum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Maximum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Maximum
+matchings and here are my calls for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings and here are my calls for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings and here are my calls for
+every graph G I'm going to make a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graph G I'm going to make a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every graph G I'm going to make a graph
+G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G
+Prime uh where if I have a Vertex I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh where if I have a Vertex I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime uh where if I have a Vertex I'm
+going to add K extra nodes connected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add K extra nodes connected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to add K extra nodes connected
+just to that vertex so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to that vertex so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to that vertex so these are
+leaves and so if this vertex was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and so if this vertex was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves and so if this vertex was
+unmatched over here then I have K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmatched over here then I have K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unmatched over here then I have K
+different ways to match it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to match it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways to match it over
+here okay and my intent is to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and my intent is to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay and my intent is to measure
+this number of matchings of size n/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number of matchings of size n/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number of matchings of size n/2
+minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus
+K that would be the hope uh but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that would be the hope uh but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K that would be the hope uh but well
+okay so if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I have
+Mr uh matches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr uh matches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr uh matches
+matchings of size R over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings of size R over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings of size R over
+here these will get mapped to Mr R * k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these will get mapped to Mr R * k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here these will get mapped to Mr R * k +
+1 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 to the
+r uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r uh
+matchings of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+size uh no not of size matchings over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here uh because for each one I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh because for each one I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh because for each one I could
+either leave it unmatched or I could add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either leave it unmatched or I could add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either leave it unmatched or I could add
+this Edge or I could add this Edge or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge or I could add this Edge or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Edge or I could add this Edge or I
+could add this Edge and that's true for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add this Edge and that's true for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could add this Edge and that's true for
+every unmatched vertex so sorry this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every unmatched vertex so sorry this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every unmatched vertex so sorry this is
+not size r this is size n /2 minus r r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not size r this is size n /2 minus r r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not size r this is size n /2 minus r r
+is going to be the number of leftover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the number of leftover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be the number of leftover
+guys then it kind of pops out over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys then it kind of pops out over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys then it kind of pops out over here
+so I'm going to run this algorithm I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to run this algorithm I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to run this algorithm I'm
+going to compute the number of matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute the number of matchings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute the number of matchings
+in GK for all K up to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in GK for all K up to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in GK for all K up to like
+n over two + one okay uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm going to do this and what I end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this and what I end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do this and what I end up
+Computing is the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing is the number of
+matchings in each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings in each
+GK which is going to be the sum overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK which is going to be the sum overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GK which is going to be the sum overall
+r r is z to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r r is z to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r r is z to n
+/2 of Mr R the original number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 of Mr R the original number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/2 of Mr R the original number of
+matchings of size uh n /2 minus r time k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings of size uh n /2 minus r time k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings of size uh n /2 minus r time k
++ 1 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ 1 the
+r now this is a polinomial in k +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r now this is a polinomial in k +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r now this is a polinomial in k +
+1 and if I evaluate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and if I evaluate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 and if I evaluate a
+polinomial uh at its degree plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh at its degree plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial uh at its degree plus one
+different points I can reconstruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points I can reconstruct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different points I can reconstruct the
+coefficients of the polinomial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the polinomial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of the polinomial and
+therefore get all of these and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore get all of these and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore get all of these and in
+particular get m0 which is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular get m0 which is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular get m0 which is the number
+of uh perfect matchings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh perfect matchings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh perfect matchings
+taada
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taada
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taada
+cool okay uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+having too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fun enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matchings we have all these versions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings we have all these versions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings we have all these versions of
+sat which are hard but in fact uh there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat which are hard but in fact uh there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sat which are hard but in fact uh there
+are even funnier versions like positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ positive is really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ positive is really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ positive is really easy to
+decide side but it turns out if I add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide side but it turns out if I add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide side but it turns out if I add a
+sharp it is Sharpie complete this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp it is Sharpie complete this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp it is Sharpie complete this sort
+of like Max two set but here you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like Max two set but here you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like Max two set but here you have to
+satisfy all the constraints but you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy all the constraints but you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy all the constraints but you want
+to count how many different ways there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count how many different ways there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to count how many different ways there
+are to solve it um this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to solve it um this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to solve it um this is the same
+thing as vertex cover remember vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as vertex cover remember vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as vertex cover remember vertex
+cover is same as positive two set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover is same as positive two set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover is same as positive two set so
+also sharp vertex cover is hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sharp vertex cover is hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also sharp vertex cover is hard and
+therefore also sharp click is hard uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore also sharp click is hard uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore also sharp click is hard uh so
+it this is actually a parsimonious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is actually a parsimonious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is actually a parsimonious
+reduction from bipartite matching that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from bipartite matching that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction from bipartite matching that's
+why I wanted to get there so for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted to get there so for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why I wanted to get there so for every
+Edge we're going to make a variable X of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge we're going to make a variable X of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge we're going to make a variable X of
+e uh which is true if the edge is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e uh which is true if the edge is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e uh which is true if the edge is not in
+the perfect matching and So then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect matching and So then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfect matching and So then
+whenever I have two incident edges and F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I have two incident edges and F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever I have two incident edges and F
+we're going to have a clause which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a clause which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a clause which is
+either I don't use e or I don't use f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either I don't use e or I don't use f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either I don't use e or I don't use f
+that's two Sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done satisfying it's parsimonia so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done satisfying it's parsimonia so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done satisfying it's parsimonia so
+satisfying assignments will be one to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments will be one to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying assignments will be one to
+one with uh bipartite matchings so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with uh bipartite matchings so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with uh bipartite matchings so this
+is why you should care and if we instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why you should care and if we instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is why you should care and if we instead
+reduce from uh did I erase it bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce from uh did I erase it bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce from uh did I erase it bipartite
+maximal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal
+matchings um up here then I get the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings um up here then I get the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matchings um up here then I get the the
+counting the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting the number of uh
+maximal maximally true assignments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal maximally true assignments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal maximally true assignments that
+satisfy the two sa Clause is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the two sa Clause is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfy the two sa Clause is also
+hard uh for what it's worth so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh for what it's worth so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard uh for what it's worth so a
+different way of of counting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of of counting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way of of counting that
+maximal means you can't set any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal means you can't set any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximal means you can't set any more
+variables true yeah since the edges in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables true yeah since the edges in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables true yeah since the edges in
+your positive two Set uh reduction are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your positive two Set uh reduction are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your positive two Set uh reduction are
+um the variables there are true when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the variables there are true when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the variables there are true when the
+edge is Miss is not in the matching I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is Miss is not in the matching I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is Miss is not in the matching I
+think it's maximally false not maximally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's maximally false not maximally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's maximally false not maximally
+true also maximally true you just set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true also maximally true you just set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true also maximally true you just set
+every yes right right right sorry I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every yes right right right sorry I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every yes right right right sorry I see
+right so it's minimal solutions for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's minimal solutions for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's minimal solutions for two
+thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank
+you um okay in fact it's known that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um okay in fact it's known that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um okay in fact it's known that uh
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bipartite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipartite
+planer sharp vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cover uh I won't prove this one but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh I won't prove this one but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover uh I won't prove this one but so
+Bas in particular you can make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas in particular you can make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bas in particular you can make this
+planer uh though it doesn't look like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer uh though it doesn't look like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planer uh though it doesn't look like we
+have positive here and you can also make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive here and you can also make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have positive here and you can also make
+it bipartite which doesn't mean a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bipartite which doesn't mean a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bipartite which doesn't mean a lot in
+too sat land but it means makes a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too sat land but it means makes a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too sat land but it means makes a lot of
+sense in vertex cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in vertex cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense in vertex cover
+land uh in my zero remaining minutes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh in my zero remaining minutes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land uh in my zero remaining minutes I
+want to mention One More Concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention One More Concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mention One More Concept
+um to go back to the uh sort of original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to go back to the uh sort of original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to go back to the uh sort of original
+question of uniqueness for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of uniqueness for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of uniqueness for
+puzzles and you'll see this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles and you'll see this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzles and you'll see this in the
+literature if you look at it uh a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature if you look at it uh a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature if you look at it uh a lot of
+people won't even mention sharp P but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people won't even mention sharp P but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people won't even mention sharp P but
+they'll mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll mention
+asp asp is a slightly weaker but for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asp asp is a slightly weaker but for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asp asp is a slightly weaker but for
+most intents and purpos is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intents and purpos is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most intents and purpos is essentially
+identical notion to Sharp P from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical notion to Sharp P from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical notion to Sharp P from a
+hardness perspective the goal for as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness perspective the goal for as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness perspective the goal for as in
+general if I have a problem a search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if I have a problem a search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general if I have a problem a search
+problem like we started with the ASP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like we started with the ASP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like we started with the ASP
+version of that search problem is uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that search problem is uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that search problem is uh I
+give you a solution and I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a solution and I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a solution and I want to know
+is there another one okay this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there another one okay this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there another one okay this is a
+little different from everything we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different from everything we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little different from everything we've
+seen because uh I actually give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen because uh I actually give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen because uh I actually give you a
+starting point and there's some problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point and there's some problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point and there's some problems
+where this helps a lot for example if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this helps a lot for example if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this helps a lot for example if
+the solution is never unique like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is never unique like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solution is never unique like uh
+coloring if I give you a k coloring I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring if I give you a k coloring I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coloring if I give you a k coloring I
+can give you another one I'll just swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you another one I'll just swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give you another one I'll just swap
+colors one and two or uh more subtle if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors one and two or uh more subtle if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors one and two or uh more subtle if
+I give you a hamiltonian cycle in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a hamiltonian cycle in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a hamiltonian cycle in a
+three regular graph there's always a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three regular graph there's always a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three regular graph there's always a way
+to switch it and make another one U so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch it and make another one U so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch it and make another one U so
+ASP is sometimes easy but um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASP is sometimes easy but um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ASP is sometimes easy but um we
+basically use the same reductions if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use the same reductions if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically use the same reductions if you
+can find a parsimonious reduction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a parsimonious reduction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can find a parsimonious reduction that
+also has the property so parsimonious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has the property so parsimonious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also has the property so parsimonious
+reduction there is a one toone bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction there is a one toone bje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction there is a one toone bje
+between solutions to X and solutions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between solutions to X and solutions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between solutions to X and solutions to
+X Prime if you can also compute that bje
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime if you can also compute that bje
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X Prime if you can also compute that bje
+if you can convert a solution from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can convert a solution from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can convert a solution from one
+into the other which we could do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the other which we could do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the other which we could do in
+every single proof we've seen and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single proof we've seen and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single proof we've seen and even
+the ones we haven't seen you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we haven't seen you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones we haven't seen you can always
+compute that bje between Solutions of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that bje between Solutions of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute that bje between Solutions of a
+to Solutions of B and so what that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Solutions of B and so what that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Solutions of B and so what that means
+is if um you know if I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if um you know if I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if um you know if I can
+solve uh B so let consider the ASP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh B so let consider the ASP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve uh B so let consider the ASP
+version of a where I give you a solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a where I give you a solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of a where I give you a solution
+if I can convert that solution into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can convert that solution into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can convert that solution into a
+solution for my B problem and then with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for my B problem and then with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution for my B problem and then with
+the Parson reduction I also get a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parson reduction I also get a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Parson reduction I also get a B
+instance then um I can solve the ASP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance then um I can solve the ASP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance then um I can solve the ASP
+problem for B that's a decision problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for B that's a decision problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem for B that's a decision problem
+is there another solution if yes then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there another solution if yes then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there another solution if yes then a
+will also have another solution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also have another solution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will also have another solution because
+it's parsimonious uh the numbers will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's parsimonious uh the numbers will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's parsimonious uh the numbers will be
+the same we don't we need a weaker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same we don't we need a weaker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same we don't we need a weaker
+version of parsimonia we don't we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of parsimonia we don't we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of parsimonia we don't we just
+need that one and more than one are kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that one and more than one are kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that one and more than one are kept
+the same if this one was unique then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if this one was unique then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same if this one was unique then
+this one should be unique this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one should be unique this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one should be unique this one
+wasn't unique then this one should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't unique then this one should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't unique then this one should be
+not unique if I can solve B then I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique if I can solve B then I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique if I can solve B then I can
+solve a or if I can solve aspb then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a or if I can solve aspb then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve a or if I can solve aspb then I
+can solve aspa a lot of these proofs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve aspa a lot of these proofs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can solve aspa a lot of these proofs are
+done so-called ASP reduction is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so-called ASP reduction is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so-called ASP reduction is uh
+usually done by a parsimonious reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually done by a parsimonious reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually done by a parsimonious reduction
+and so in particular this was introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular this was introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in particular this was introduced
+this concept was introduced in the likes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept was introduced in the likes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this concept was introduced in the likes
+of like slitherlink I think was one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like slitherlink I think was one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of like slitherlink I think was one of
+the early ASP completeness proofs um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early ASP completeness proofs um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early ASP completeness proofs um and
+they were interested in this because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in this because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were interested in this because the
+idea is if you're designing a puzzle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is if you're designing a puzzle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is if you're designing a puzzle
+usually you design a puzzle with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you design a puzzle with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually you design a puzzle with a
+solution in mind but then you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in mind but then you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution in mind but then you need to
+make sure there's no other solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure there's no other solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure there's no other solution so
+you have exactly this setup uh and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have exactly this setup uh and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have exactly this setup uh and if
+you want a formal definition of ASP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a formal definition of ASP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a formal definition of ASP
+completeness it's in the notes but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness it's in the notes but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completeness it's in the notes but uh
+it's not that uh difficult the key Point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that uh difficult the key Point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not that uh difficult the key Point
+here is if you're going to prove sharp P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is if you're going to prove sharp P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is if you're going to prove sharp P
+or ASP completeness you might as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ASP completeness you might as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ASP completeness you might as well
+prove the other one as well get it twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the other one as well get it twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove the other one as well get it twice
+the results for basically the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results for basically the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the results for basically the same
+reduction all the versions of three sat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction all the versions of three sat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction all the versions of three sat
+and one and three sad and all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and three sad and all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and three sad and all those
+things those were all parsimonious and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things those were all parsimonious and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things those were all parsimonious and
+all of those are ASP complete as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are ASP complete as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of those are ASP complete as well
+but once you get into SE monius you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you get into SE monius you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but once you get into SE monius you're
+no longer preserving one versus more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer preserving one versus more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no longer preserving one versus more
+than one uh so while you preserve from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one uh so while you preserve from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one uh so while you preserve from a
+counting perspective and multicol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting perspective and multicol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting perspective and multicol
+reductions where you can divide that off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions where you can divide that off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reductions where you can divide that off
+that's fine but from an asp completeness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but from an asp completeness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine but from an asp completeness
+perspective you're not fine so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you're not fine so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective you're not fine so uh in
+fact all the stuff that we just did with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact all the stuff that we just did with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact all the stuff that we just did with
+the permanent matchings and two sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent matchings and two sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the permanent matchings and two sharp
+two Sat they're sharpy complete they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Sat they're sharpy complete they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Sat they're sharpy complete they may
+not be ASP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be ASP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be ASP
+complete um but you'll notice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete um but you'll notice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete um but you'll notice the
+puzzles that we reduceed from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like whatever Shaka Shaka is one of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whatever Shaka Shaka is one of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like whatever Shaka Shaka is one of that
+was from a version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from a version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from a version of
+threat and the the other one we had was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat and the the other one we had was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat and the the other one we had was
+from a version of hamiltonicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a version of hamiltonicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a version of hamiltonicity
+the this guy these were all which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this guy these were all which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the this guy these were all which was
+also from thre set so these are all ASP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from thre set so these are all ASP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also from thre set so these are all ASP
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+also yeah but if you use the weirder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yeah but if you use the weirder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also yeah but if you use the weirder
+things like tat you don't get that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like tat you don't get that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like tat you don't get that so
+usually in one proof you can get NP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in one proof you can get NP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually in one proof you can get NP
+hardness ASP hardness and sharp hardness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness ASP hardness and sharp hardness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardness ASP hardness and sharp hardness
+uh but if you're going to go from these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but if you're going to go from these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but if you're going to go from these
+weirder problems with simonas reductions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirder problems with simonas reductions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weirder problems with simonas reductions
+then you only get Sharpie hardness cuz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you only get Sharpie hardness cuz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you only get Sharpie hardness cuz
+they're not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not even
+NPR cool all right thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/YTWXAFJf8bw.txt b/YTWXAFJf8bw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01f79cbdcaff38593fb78deb350819df9bfd42b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/YTWXAFJf8bw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16995 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu all right so let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu all right so let's get
+started so welcome to another exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so welcome to another exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so welcome to another exciting
+lecture about security and why the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about security and why the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about security and why the world
+is so terrible So today we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so terrible So today we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so terrible So today we're going to
+talk about uh private browsing modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh private browsing modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about uh private browsing modes
+okay something that a lot of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay something that a lot of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay something that a lot of you
+probably have a lot of personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a lot of personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably have a lot of personal
+experience with so at a high level you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with so at a high level you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with so at a high level you
+know what is the goal of privacy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the goal of privacy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what is the goal of privacy when
+security researchers talk about privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security researchers talk about privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security researchers talk about privacy
+what are they talking about well at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they talking about well at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are they talking about well at a
+high level they're talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level they're talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high level they're talking about the
+following goal so any particular user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following goal so any particular user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following goal so any particular user
+should be indistinguishable from a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be indistinguishable from a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be indistinguishable from a bunch
+of other users and in particular the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other users and in particular the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other users and in particular the
+activity of a given user should be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of a given user should be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity of a given user should be uh
+sort of non- incriminating when viewed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of non- incriminating when viewed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of non- incriminating when viewed
+in light of activity from a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light of activity from a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in light of activity from a bunch of
+other uh different users and so as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh different users and so as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh different users and so as I
+mentioned today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned today we're going to talk
+about privacy in the specific context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about privacy in the specific context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about privacy in the specific context of
+private web browsing uh and so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private web browsing uh and so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private web browsing uh and so there's
+actually no formal definition for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no formal definition for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually no formal definition for what
+private web browsing means uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private web browsing means uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private web browsing means uh and
+there's a couple different reasons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple different reasons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple different reasons for
+that uh so one reason is that web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so one reason is that web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so one reason is that web
+applications are very very complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are very very complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are very very complicated
+and they're adding sort of new features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're adding sort of new features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're adding sort of new features
+all the time like audio and video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time like audio and video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time like audio and video
+capabilities and things like this so as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and things like this so as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capabilities and things like this so as
+a result there's sort of this moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result there's sort of this moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result there's sort of this moving
+Target in terms of what browsers can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target in terms of what browsers can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target in terms of what browsers can do
+and as a result what information they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result what information they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result what information they
+might be able to leak about a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to leak about a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to leak about a particular
+user and so what ends up happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and so what ends up happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and so what ends up happening is
+that in practice like with many things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in practice like with many things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in practice like with many things
+involving browsers there's sort of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving browsers there's sort of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involving browsers there's sort of this
+living standard right so different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living standard right so different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living standard right so different
+browser vendors will Implement different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser vendors will Implement different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser vendors will Implement different
+features particularly with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features particularly with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features particularly with respect to
+Private Browsing other vendors will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Private Browsing other vendors will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Private Browsing other vendors will look
+and see what you know vendor X is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what you know vendor X is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what you know vendor X is doing
+they will update their own browser and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will update their own browser and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will update their own browser and
+so on and so forth so it's kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth so it's kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and so forth so it's kind of like
+a moving Target um and as users grow to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moving Target um and as users grow to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a moving Target um and as users grow to
+rely on private browsing more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on private browsing more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on private browsing more and more
+they end up a lot of times actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up a lot of times actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they end up a lot of times actually
+finding uh bugs in private browsing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding uh bugs in private browsing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding uh bugs in private browsing mode
+as I'll discuss uh a couple minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'll discuss uh a couple minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I'll discuss uh a couple minutes
+later in the lecture and so private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the lecture and so private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later in the lecture and so private
+browsing at a high level you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing at a high level you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing at a high level you can think
+of as sort of an aspirational goal but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as sort of an aspirational goal but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of as sort of an aspirational goal but
+we as Society are sort of continually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as Society are sort of continually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we as Society are sort of continually
+refining what it means to do private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining what it means to do private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining what it means to do private
+browsing and sort of getting better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing and sort of getting better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing and sort of getting better and
+some aspects worse in some aspects as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aspects worse in some aspects as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some aspects worse in some aspects as
+we'll see a little bit later so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see a little bit later so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see a little bit later so what
+exactly uh do we mean by private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh do we mean by private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh do we mean by private
+browsing it's tough but the paper tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing it's tough but the paper tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing it's tough but the paper tries
+to formalize it in two specific ways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formalize it in two specific ways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to formalize it in two specific ways so
+first of all the uh paper talks about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the uh paper talks about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of all the uh paper talks about a
+local uh attacker on private web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh attacker on private web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local uh attacker on private web
+browsing this is someone who's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing this is someone who's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing this is someone who's going to
+possess your machine after you finished
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possess your machine after you finished
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possess your machine after you finished
+a private browsing session and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a private browsing session and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a private browsing session and then
+wants to figure out what sites you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to figure out what sites you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to figure out what sites you
+looked at in private browsing mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in private browsing mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in private browsing mode and
+then the attack and then the paper also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the attack and then the paper also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the attack and then the paper also
+talks about uh web attacker so the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about uh web attacker so the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talks about uh web attacker so the web
+attacker is someone who controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker is someone who controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker is someone who controls the
+websites that you visit and this web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites that you visit and this web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites that you visit and this web
+attacker might want to try to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker might want to try to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker might want to try to figure out
+that you know you are some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you are some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know you are some particular
+person John or Jane as opposed to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person John or Jane as opposed to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person John or Jane as opposed to some
+amorphous user that the website can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous user that the website can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amorphous user that the website can't
+tell who they are and so we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell who they are and so we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell who they are and so we'll look at
+each one of these attacks uh sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these attacks uh sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of these attacks uh sort of in
+detail but for now suffice it to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but for now suffice it to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail but for now suffice it to say
+that uh if the attacker can launch both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if the attacker can launch both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if the attacker can launch both
+of these attacks both a local and a web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these attacks both a local and a web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these attacks both a local and a web
+attack that actually really strengthens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that actually really strengthens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that actually really strengthens
+their ability to try to De anonymize you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ability to try to De anonymize you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their ability to try to De anonymize you
+uh so for example a loc attacker who for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for example a loc attacker who for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so for example a loc attacker who for
+example maybe knows your IP address can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe knows your IP address can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example maybe knows your IP address can
+actually talk to the website and say hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk to the website and say hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually talk to the website and say hey
+have you seen this particular IP address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen this particular IP address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you seen this particular IP address
+in your logs if so aha you're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your logs if so aha you're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your logs if so aha you're looking at
+the user um whose machine I control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user um whose machine I control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user um whose machine I control
+right now so it's actually pretty uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so it's actually pretty uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now so it's actually pretty uh use
+from the security perspective to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the security perspective to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the security perspective to
+consider these local and web attacks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider these local and web attacks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider these local and web attacks uh
+sort of as separate things and then to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as separate things and then to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as separate things and then to
+see how they can possibly compose so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how they can possibly compose so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how they can possibly compose so
+let's look at um this first uh type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at um this first uh type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at um this first uh type of
+attacker which is the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attacker so as I mentioned we assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker so as I mentioned we assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker so as I mentioned we assume
+that uh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh this
+attacker is going to uh control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker is going to uh control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker is going to uh control the
+user's machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's machine
+a post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a post
+session and so by post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and so by post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and so by post
+session I mean that the private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session I mean that the private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session I mean that the private browsing
+activity has already finished the user's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity has already finished the user's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity has already finished the user's
+perhaps gone off done something else is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps gone off done something else is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps gone off done something else is
+not at the computer and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the computer and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not at the computer and then the
+attacker takes control of that machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker takes control of that machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker takes control of that machine
+and wants to figure out what's going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wants to figure out what's going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wants to figure out what's going on
+uh and so the security goal is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so the security goal is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so the security goal is that well
+we don't want this the attacker to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want this the attacker to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want this the attacker to be
+able to figure out any of the websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out any of the websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to figure out any of the websites
+that the user visited during this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user visited during this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user visited during this uh
+private browsing activity now the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing activity now the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing activity now the reason
+why the post is actually important there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the post is actually important there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the post is actually important there
+is because if we assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because if we assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because if we assume that the
+attacker can control the machine before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can control the machine before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can control the machine before
+the user does Private Browsing then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user does Private Browsing then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user does Private Browsing then
+basically it's game over right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's game over right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it's game over right because
+the attacker could install a keystroke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker could install a keystroke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker could install a keystroke
+logger the attacker could subvert the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logger the attacker could subvert the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logger the attacker could subvert the uh
+the binary that implements the browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary that implements the browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the binary that implements the browser
+the uh attacker could subvert the OS so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh attacker could subvert the OS so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh attacker could subvert the OS so
+on and so forth so we don't really care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth so we don't really care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so forth so we don't really care
+about this pre-session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this pre-session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this pre-session
+attacker uh and also note that we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker uh and also note that we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker uh and also note that we're not
+trying to provide privacy for the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to provide privacy for the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to provide privacy for the user
+after the attacker has controlled the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the attacker has controlled the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the attacker has controlled the
+machine right that's for the same reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine right that's for the same reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine right that's for the same reason
+right once the attacker gets the machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once the attacker gets the machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once the attacker gets the machine
+he or she could do the same things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she could do the same things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he or she could do the same things I
+just mentioned key logger so on and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentioned key logger so on and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mentioned key logger so on and so
+forth so basically once the user leaves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so basically once the user leaves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so basically once the user leaves
+the machine we sort of don't assume any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine we sort of don't assume any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the machine we sort of don't assume any
+forward Notions of privacy so does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Notions of privacy so does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward Notions of privacy so does that
+make sense pretty straightforward um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense pretty straightforward um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense pretty straightforward um and
+so you can imagine that another goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine that another goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine that another goal
+that you might want to try to uh satisfy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might want to try to uh satisfy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might want to try to uh satisfy
+here is uh you might want to try to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh you might want to try to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is uh you might want to try to hide
+from the attacker that the user was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the attacker that the user was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the attacker that the user was
+employing Private Browsing mode at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employing Private Browsing mode at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employing Private Browsing mode at all
+right now the paper actually says that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the paper actually says that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the paper actually says that's
+very difficult this property is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult this property is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult this property is often
+called plausible deniability so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plausible deniability so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called plausible deniability so you know
+your boss comes up do you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your boss comes up do you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your boss comes up do you have to do
+some private browsing and says were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some private browsing and says were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some private browsing and says were you
+looking at my little pony.com you say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at my little pony.com you say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at my little pony.com you say no
+no I certainly wasn't and I certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I certainly wasn't and I certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I certainly wasn't and I certainly
+wasn't using private browsing mode to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't using private browsing mode to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't using private browsing mode to
+hide the fact that I was looking at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the fact that I was looking at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hide the fact that I was looking at my
+little pony.com so as I said the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pony.com so as I said the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pony.com so as I said the paper
+says this is difficult to provide this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this is difficult to provide this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says this is difficult to provide this
+property of plausible deniability I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of plausible deniability I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of plausible deniability I'll
+give you some concrete reasons why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some concrete reasons why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you some concrete reasons why this
+might be the case a little bit later on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the case a little bit later on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the case a little bit later on
+in the lecture uh but so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture uh but so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture uh but so that's
+basically an overview of the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an overview of the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically an overview of the local
+attacker so one question we might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker so one question we might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker so one question we might want
+to think about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is
+uh what kinds of uh persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what kinds of uh persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what kinds of uh persistent
+uh client side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+state can be uh leaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state can be uh leaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state can be uh leaked
+by uh a private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+session and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session and by
+persistent I just mean stuff that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent I just mean stuff that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent I just mean stuff that will
+end up uh getting stored on the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up uh getting stored on the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up uh getting stored on the local
+hard disk or local SSD or whatever so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard disk or local SSD or whatever so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard disk or local SSD or whatever so
+what kinds of of State might be leaked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of of State might be leaked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what kinds of of State might be leaked
+if we weren't careful when someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we weren't careful when someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we weren't careful when someone's
+doing this type of private browsing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this type of private browsing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this type of private browsing so
+one you might be worried about is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you might be worried about is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you might be worried about is uh
+sort of JavaScript accessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of JavaScript accessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of JavaScript accessible
+state so examples of this include things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so examples of this include things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so examples of this include things
+like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh
+cookies and Dom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+storage another thing you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage another thing you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage another thing you might be
+worried about um and this is what most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about um and this is what most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about um and this is what most
+people think about when they think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about when they think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about when they think about
+what they want to save from private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want to save from private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they want to save from private
+browsing is uh maybe the browser cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing is uh maybe the browser cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing is uh maybe the browser cache
+right so you don't want someone to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't want someone to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you don't want someone to look
+in the in your cache and figure out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in your cache and figure out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in your cache and figure out you
+know here are some images or HTML files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here are some images or HTML files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here are some images or HTML files
+from websites you prefer people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from websites you prefer people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from websites you prefer people that
+know that you visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh another important thing is your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another important thing is your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh another important thing is your
+history of visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sites right so many relationships have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites right so many relationships have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites right so many relationships have
+been broken when the significant other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been broken when the significant other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been broken when the significant other
+goes to the browser starts typing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the browser starts typing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to the browser starts typing
+something into the address bar and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into the address bar and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something into the address bar and all
+of a sudden Auto completes something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden Auto completes something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a sudden Auto completes something
+very embarrassing right so this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very embarrassing right so this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very embarrassing right so this is one
+thing that definitely you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that definitely you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that definitely you don't want to
+leag outside of a private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leag outside of a private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leag outside of a private browsing
+session uh you can also think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session uh you can also think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session uh you can also think about uh
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+State for the browser and so here uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State for the browser and so here uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State for the browser and so here uh you
+could think about things like uh client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+certificates you could also think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates you could also think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates you could also think about
+stuff like um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bookmarks you know maybe if you logged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmarks you know maybe if you logged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmarks you know maybe if you logged
+into a particular site and the browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a particular site and the browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a particular site and the browser
+offers to store your password it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers to store your password it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offers to store your password it's
+another type of configuration state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of configuration state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another type of configuration state that
+you might not want leaking uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not want leaking uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might not want leaking uh from
+private browsing mode um downloaded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+files as we'll discuss this one's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files as we'll discuss this one's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+files as we'll discuss this one's a
+little bit interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit interesting because
+downloading a file actually requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading a file actually requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downloading a file actually requires
+explicit user action to download that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit user action to download that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit user action to download that
+file so maybe we do actually want this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file so maybe we do actually want this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file so maybe we do actually want this
+stuff to leak outside of private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to leak outside of private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to leak outside of private
+browsing mode maybe if you download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode maybe if you download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode maybe if you download
+something in private browsing mode it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in private browsing mode it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in private browsing mode it
+should actually be accessible when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually be accessible when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should actually be accessible when you
+open up the browser or user machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the browser or user machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open up the browser or user machine
+after that session so we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that session so we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that session so we'll talk about
+this a little bit in a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit in a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a little bit in a second
+and then finally uh during private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally uh during private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then finally uh during private
+browsing mode you might install uh new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode you might install uh new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode you might install uh new
+plugins or uh browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extensions that's another type of state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions that's another type of state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions that's another type of state
+that you might imagine you don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might imagine you don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might imagine you don't want to
+uh to leak outside of private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to leak outside of private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to leak outside of private browsing
+mode so basically Uh current browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so basically Uh current browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so basically Uh current browsing
+modes typically try to prevent one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes typically try to prevent one two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes typically try to prevent one two
+and three from leaking outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three from leaking outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three from leaking outside of
+private browser sessions right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browser sessions right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browser sessions right so there
+shouldn't be any cookies or Dom stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be any cookies or Dom stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't be any cookies or Dom stores
+to get out of there anything you put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of there anything you put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of there anything you put in
+the cash during the private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash during the private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cash during the private browsing
+session should be deleted and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session should be deleted and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session should be deleted and you
+shouldn't have any uh history of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have any uh history of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have any uh history of the of
+the URLs that you visited typically four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the URLs that you visited typically four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the URLs that you visited typically four
+five and six uh private browsing modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six uh private browsing modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and six uh private browsing modes
+allow to leak outside of the session and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow to leak outside of the session and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow to leak outside of the session and
+there's some good and some bad reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some good and some bad reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some good and some bad reasons
+why this might be the case and as we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this might be the case and as we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why this might be the case and as we'll
+discuss later we'll see that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later we'll see that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss later we'll see that if you
+allow anything to leak from the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow anything to leak from the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow anything to leak from the private
+browsing session that actually radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing session that actually radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing session that actually radically
+increases sort of the the threat surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases sort of the the threat surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases sort of the the threat surface
+of privacy leaks so it becomes much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of privacy leaks so it becomes much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of privacy leaks so it becomes much more
+difficult to reason about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to reason about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to reason about what the
+security properties are for private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security properties are for private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security properties are for private
+browsing mode does that all make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode does that all make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode does that all make sense
+anyone have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone have any
+questions okay it's pretty pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay it's pretty pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay it's pretty pretty
+straightforward um so the next thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward um so the next thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward um so the next thing
+we're going to talk about very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about very briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about very briefly
+is network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is network
+activity during private browsing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity during private browsing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity during private browsing mode
+and what's interesting about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's interesting about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what's interesting about
+this is that even if we uh cover all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that even if we uh cover all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that even if we uh cover all
+this stuff we don't allow private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff we don't allow private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff we don't allow private
+browsing mode to leak anything from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode to leak anything from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode to leak anything from
+there the mere fact that you're issuing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the mere fact that you're issuing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there the mere fact that you're issuing
+Network packets can actually leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network packets can actually leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Network packets can actually leave
+evidence of what you were doing right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of what you were doing right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evidence of what you were doing right so
+imagine that when you want to go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that when you want to go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that when you want to go to
+food.com the website right your machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food.com the website right your machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food.com the website right your machine
+actually has to issue a DNS resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has to issue a DNS resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has to issue a DNS resolution
+request for food.com right so even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for food.com right so even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request for food.com right so even if
+you don't leave any of this type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't leave any of this type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't leave any of this type of
+persistent State up there there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent State up there there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent State up there there may be
+records in your local DNS cache that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records in your local DNS cache that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+records in your local DNS cache that you
+in fact tried to resolve the host name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact tried to resolve the host name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact tried to resolve the host name
+food.com right so that's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food.com right so that's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food.com right so that's very
+interesting so you can imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so you can imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so you can imagine that
+browsers could try to uh flush the DNS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers could try to uh flush the DNS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers could try to uh flush the DNS
+cache somehow after the private session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache somehow after the private session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cache somehow after the private session
+was over now in practice that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was over now in practice that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was over now in practice that's actually
+tricky to do because on many systems you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to do because on many systems you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to do because on many systems you
+require administrator privileges to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require administrator privileges to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require administrator privileges to do
+that uh so it's not clear if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so it's not clear if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so it's not clear if you want
+the browser running as the as root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser running as the as root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser running as the as root
+because browsers as we've seen are kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because browsers as we've seen are kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because browsers as we've seen are kind
+of uh somewhat untrustworthy individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh somewhat untrustworthy individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh somewhat untrustworthy individuals
+and also too a lot of DNS uh flush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also too a lot of DNS uh flush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also too a lot of DNS uh flush
+commands they don't actually act per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands they don't actually act per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commands they don't actually act per
+user right they just sort of flush the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user right they just sort of flush the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user right they just sort of flush the
+entire cach which is typically not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cach which is typically not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire cach which is typically not what
+you would want if you implementing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want if you implementing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would want if you implementing
+private browsing mode you right you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode you right you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode you right you'd
+want to do some type of surgical thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do some type of surgical thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do some type of surgical thing
+like I only want to get rid of food.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I only want to get rid of food.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I only want to get rid of food.com
+and things that were visited during uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things that were visited during uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and things that were visited during uh
+this private browsing session but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this private browsing session but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this private browsing session but not
+delete other things so so in practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete other things so so in practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete other things so so in practice
+that's kind of a tricky thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a tricky thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a tricky thing to
+handle and another tricky thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle and another tricky thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle and another tricky thing to
+handle which the paper mentions uh are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle which the paper mentions uh are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle which the paper mentions uh are
+these things that I'll call uh RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that I'll call uh RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things that I'll call uh RAM
+artifacts right and so the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts right and so the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts right and so the basic idea
+here is that during private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that during private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that during private browsing
+mode that private browser has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that private browser has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that private browser has to be
+keeping some stuff in memory right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping some stuff in memory right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping some stuff in memory right and
+so even if the private browsing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if the private browsing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if the private browsing mode
+doesn't issue any sort of direct uh iOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't issue any sort of direct uh iOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't issue any sort of direct uh iOS
+to disk reads or writes the ram that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disk reads or writes the ram that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to disk reads or writes the ram that
+belongs to that uh private browsing tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to that uh private browsing tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belongs to that uh private browsing tab
+can still be reflected into the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still be reflected into the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can still be reflected into the page
+file for example it can still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file for example it can still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file for example it can still be
+reflected into the hibernation file for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected into the hibernation file for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected into the hibernation file for
+example if it's a laptop right and so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if it's a laptop right and so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if it's a laptop right and so if
+that state gets reflected into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state gets reflected into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state gets reflected into
+persistent uh storage then what may end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent uh storage then what may end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persistent uh storage then what may end
+up happening is that after your private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up happening is that after your private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up happening is that after your private
+browsing session is over the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing session is over the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing session is over the attacker
+can look in your page file for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look in your page file for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look in your page file for example
+and find for example JavaScript code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find for example JavaScript code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find for example JavaScript code
+that was reflected to dis or find HTML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was reflected to dis or find HTML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was reflected to dis or find HTML
+that was reflected to dis and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was reflected to dis and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was reflected to dis and so on and
+so forth so uh we're going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so uh we're going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so forth so uh we're going to have a
+little demonstration of how this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little demonstration of how this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little demonstration of how this might
+work uh so if you see up here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh so if you see up here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh so if you see up here on the
+screen I've basically uh loaded up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen I've basically uh loaded up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen I've basically uh loaded up a
+private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing
+Tab and so what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tab and so what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tab and so what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to uh go to uh some website so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh go to uh some website so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh go to uh some website so
+this is for the uh posos group here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for the uh posos group here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for the uh posos group here at
+Cale okay so I've loaded up that page um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cale okay so I've loaded up that page um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cale okay so I've loaded up that page um
+and then what I'm going to do is use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what I'm going to do is use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what I'm going to do is use
+this fun command uh called uh gcore so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fun command uh called uh gcore so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this fun command uh called uh gcore so
+basically I'm going to take a memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm going to take a memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm going to take a memory
+snapshot of this running page okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of this running page okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapshot of this running page okay and
+so I will do the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+magic okay so basically there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic okay so basically there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic okay so basically there's going to
+be some work that my termal is doing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some work that my termal is doing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some work that my termal is doing to
+generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate
+uh that memory snapshot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so this takes a little bit some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this takes a little bit some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this takes a little bit some a
+little bit of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of time
+sometimes okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes okay and
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now What's Happening Here uh okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now What's Happening Here uh okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now What's Happening Here uh okay so now
+we basically generated the core file uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically generated the core file uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically generated the core file uh
+for that private browsing image okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that private browsing image okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that private browsing image okay so
+what we're going to do now is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do now is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do now is we're
+going to look inside of that image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look inside of that image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look inside of that image and
+see if we can find any mentions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+posos right and so what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posos right and so what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posos right and so what's interesting is
+that we see a ton of instances of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see a ton of instances of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see a ton of instances of the
+string pedos in that memory image for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string pedos in that memory image for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string pedos in that memory image for
+the private browsing mode right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private browsing mode right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the private browsing mode right and so
+what this mean so what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this mean so what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this mean so what's interesting is
+we actually see various prefixes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually see various prefixes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually see various prefixes for
+things uh if we look up uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh if we look up uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things uh if we look up uh sort of
+further up we can see things like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further up we can see things like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further up we can see things like uh
+there's there's full URLs here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's full URLs here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's there's full URLs here and
+things like this you'll also find HTML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this you'll also find HTML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this you'll also find HTML
+code in there so on and so forth and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in there so on and so forth and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in there so on and so forth and so
+the point here is that if we found all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is that if we found all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point here is that if we found all
+this in the in the in memory image of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the in the in memory image of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the in the in memory image of
+that page then if this uh if any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that page then if this uh if any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that page then if this uh if any of
+those pages got put to dis in the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pages got put to dis in the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pages got put to dis in the page
+file then the attacker could basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file then the attacker could basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file then the attacker could basically
+just run strings just basically do what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run strings just basically do what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just run strings just basically do what
+I just did over the page file and try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just did over the page file and try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just did over the page file and try to
+find out what sites that you visited in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what sites that you visited in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out what sites that you visited in
+private browsing mode so does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode so does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode so does that make
+sense basically the problem here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense basically the problem here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense basically the problem here is that
+uh private browsing modes don't try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh private browsing modes don't try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh private browsing modes don't try to
+obfuscate Ram basically or encrypt it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obfuscate Ram basically or encrypt it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obfuscate Ram basically or encrypt it in
+any way right and that seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way right and that seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any way right and that seems like a
+pretty fundamental thing because at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fundamental thing because at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fundamental thing because at a
+certain point the processor has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point the processor has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain point the processor has to
+execute on clear Text data right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute on clear Text data right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+execute on clear Text data right and so
+this is actually a pretty uh Big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a pretty uh Big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually a pretty uh Big
+Challenge so does anyone have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Challenge so does anyone have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Challenge so does anyone have any
+questions about yeah yeah so one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about yeah yeah so one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about yeah yeah so one thing
+is like uh I I I don't expect my browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like uh I I I don't expect my browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like uh I I I don't expect my browser
+to do that like like one thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that like like one thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that like like one thing is that
+these browsers the guarantees that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these browsers the guarantees that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these browsers the guarantees that they
+give you through this private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you through this private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you through this private browsing
+is that the example they give is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the example they give is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the example they give is if
+you're shopping for something you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shopping for something you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're shopping for something you know
+your Layman friend can't go on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Layman friend can't go on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Layman friend can't go on your
+computer and see the thing so can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and see the thing so can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer and see the thing so can you
+talk a little about you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little about you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little about you know what
+guarantees they gave and if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees they gave and if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees they gave and if they
+actually change anything as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change anything as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change anything as a
+consequence of this paper yeah it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of this paper yeah it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of this paper yeah it's very
+interesting so you know uh one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so you know uh one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so you know uh one thing you
+can look at is when you open up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at is when you open up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at is when you open up a
+private browsing tab typically there'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing tab typically there'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing tab typically there'll
+be a little blurb that says like hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little blurb that says like hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little blurb that says like hey
+welcome to incognito mode here's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to incognito mode here's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to incognito mode here's what
+we'll help you against we won't help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll help you against we won't help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll help you against we won't help you
+if someone's like standing behind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone's like standing behind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone's like standing behind you
+like with the rubber hoose is about to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with the rubber hoose is about to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with the rubber hoose is about to
+beat you right and so the browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat you right and so the browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beat you right and so the browser
+vendors themselves are a little bit sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors themselves are a little bit sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors themselves are a little bit sort
+of cagy about what guarantees they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cagy about what guarantees they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cagy about what guarantees they
+provide right and in fact after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide right and in fact after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide right and in fact after the
+Snowden incident a lot of the browsers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snowden incident a lot of the browsers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snowden incident a lot of the browsers
+actually changed that splash page right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changed that splash page right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually changed that splash page right
+because they wanted to actually make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they wanted to actually make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they wanted to actually make it
+clear that we're not actually protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that we're not actually protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that we're not actually protecting
+you in some strong way against like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in some strong way against like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in some strong way against like the
+NSA or something like that right so long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NSA or something like that right so long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NSA or something like that right so long
+story short what what guarantees are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story short what what guarantees are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story short what what guarantees are
+they providing you in practice they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they providing you in practice they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they providing you in practice they're
+providing that sort of weak thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing that sort of weak thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing that sort of weak thing that
+you mentioned there it's like a lay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned there it's like a lay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mentioned there it's like a lay
+person right who wanted to see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person right who wanted to see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person right who wanted to see what
+you're doing afterwards couldn't sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing afterwards couldn't sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing afterwards couldn't sort of
+figure out what you were doing and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what you were doing and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what you were doing and we're
+assuming that the lay person can't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the lay person can't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that the lay person can't you
+know run strings on the page file or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know run strings on the page file or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know run strings on the page file or
+things like that now the pro there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that now the pro there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that now the pro there's
+actually two problems though one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two problems though one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two problems though one problem
+is that uh first of all because browsers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh first of all because browsers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh first of all because browsers
+are so complicated they often don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so complicated they often don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are so complicated they often don't even
+protect against the lay person so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against the lay person so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against the lay person so I can
+give you a personal example so a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a personal example so a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a personal example so a lot of
+times like uh you know like you you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times like uh you know like you you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times like uh you know like you you see
+those those ridiculous ads from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those ridiculous ads from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those those ridiculous ads from
+Huffington posts like oh my gosh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffington posts like oh my gosh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huffington posts like oh my gosh it's
+like trying to help smaller puppies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to help smaller puppies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like trying to help smaller puppies
+trying to go downstairs or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go downstairs or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to go downstairs or things like
+that right so because I'm weak I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so because I'm weak I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right so because I'm weak I will
+sometimes click on those things right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes click on those things right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes click on those things right
+but because I don't want people to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because I don't want people to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because I don't want people to know
+that I'll sometimes do that in private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll sometimes do that in private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll sometimes do that in private
+browsing mode right so right click open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode right so right click open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode right so right click open
+up right and so what'll happen sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right and so what'll happen sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up right and so what'll happen sometimes
+is that sometimes I'll see those URLs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that sometimes I'll see those URLs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that sometimes I'll see those URLs
+will leak into my URL history for like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leak into my URL history for like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will leak into my URL history for like
+my regular public mode browsing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my regular public mode browsing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my regular public mode browsing right
+which is precisely what this stuff is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is precisely what this stuff is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is precisely what this stuff is
+designed not to do right and so so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed not to do right and so so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed not to do right and so so one
+problem is that uh sometimes they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that uh sometimes they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that uh sometimes they don't
+even these browsers don't even provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even these browsers don't even provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even these browsers don't even provide
+protection against the lay person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection against the lay person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection against the lay person
+attacker the second thing is that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker the second thing is that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker the second thing is that I
+think there are actually a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are actually a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there are actually a lot of people
+who would like for private browsing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would like for private browsing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who would like for private browsing mode
+to provide something stronger right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide something stronger right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to provide something stronger right
+particularly with the whole Snowden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with the whole Snowden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly with the whole Snowden
+thing I think there's a lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I think there's a lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I think there's a lot of people
+increasingly who would like private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly who would like private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasingly who would like private
+browsing mode to protect for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode to protect for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode to protect for example
+against these Ram artifact attacks even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these Ram artifact attacks even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against these Ram artifact attacks even
+though they may not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they may not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though they may not be able to
+technically articulate that goal right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically articulate that goal right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technically articulate that goal right
+uh and so actually one of the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so actually one of the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and so actually one of the things
+I've done while I've been here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done while I've been here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've done while I've been here is
+actually do some research into stronger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do some research into stronger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do some research into stronger
+private browsing mode protections so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode protections so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode protections so if
+you're interested we can chat about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested we can chat about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested we can chat about that
+after all one thing to learn about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all one thing to learn about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after all one thing to learn about all
+professors is that we will talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors is that we will talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors is that we will talk about
+our research endlessly so you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our research endlessly so you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our research endlessly so you know if
+you want to talk about that for 3 hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to talk about that for 3 hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to talk about that for 3 hours
+just send me a you know calendar request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send me a you know calendar request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just send me a you know calendar request
+and we can do that uh so anyway so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that uh so anyway so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can do that uh so anyway so so
+that's this is basically a demonstration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is basically a demonstration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is basically a demonstration
+oh you got a question yeah just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you got a question yeah just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you got a question yeah just about
+the ram yeah uh so I'm Noto familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ram yeah uh so I'm Noto familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ram yeah uh so I'm Noto familiar
+with how it works exactly but how come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how it works exactly but how come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with how it works exactly but how come
+browser can at the end of the session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser can at the end of the session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser can at the end of the session
+just ask flush those parts who is using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask flush those parts who is using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ask flush those parts who is using
+ah okay so we're actually going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay so we're actually going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah okay so we're actually going to get
+to that topic in a couple minutes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that topic in a couple minutes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that topic in a couple minutes but
+you're correct at a high level what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're correct at a high level what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're correct at a high level what you
+can imagine is that maybe the OS when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine is that maybe the OS when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine is that maybe the OS when it
+for example kill the process would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example kill the process would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example kill the process would
+actually go through all those memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through all those memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go through all those memory
+pages and write zeros to all those pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and write zeros to all those pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages and write zeros to all those pages
+right or you could also imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or you could also imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or you could also imagine that
+maybe the browser tried to pin all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the browser tried to pin all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the browser tried to pin all of
+its pages in memory to prevent anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its pages in memory to prevent anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its pages in memory to prevent anything
+from ever getting flushed out at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ever getting flushed out at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ever getting flushed out at all
+right so there are some solutions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are some solutions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there are some solutions that
+can uh that can do that so hold on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh that can do that so hold on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh that can do that so hold on to
+that question for for one second uh okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question for for one second uh okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that question for for one second uh okay
+so this is basically an example of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically an example of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is basically an example of how
+data from Ram can leak on the dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from Ram can leak on the dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data from Ram can leak on the dis
+through paging activity um but know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through paging activity um but know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through paging activity um but know that
+uh sort of uh data lifetime is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of uh data lifetime is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of uh data lifetime is a is a
+bigger problem than just uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger problem than just uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger problem than just uh in the
+context of private browsing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of private browsing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of private browsing you can
+imagine that any program that deals with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that any program that deals with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that any program that deals with
+let's say cryptographic keys or user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say cryptographic keys or user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say cryptographic keys or user
+passwords will have this problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords will have this problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords will have this problem right
+anytime you type in your password to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you type in your password to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anytime you type in your password to a
+program the the memory page which holds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the the memory page which holds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program the the memory page which holds
+that password can always get reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that password can always get reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that password can always get reflected
+to dis so let me show you uh another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dis so let me show you uh another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dis so let me show you uh another
+example of this so let's say that um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this so let's say that um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this so let's say that um we
+look at the following program which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the following program which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the following program which is
+pretty simple so it's called MIM clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple so it's called MIM clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty simple so it's called MIM clear
+so you see here at the bottom in main we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see here at the bottom in main we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see here at the bottom in main we
+just going to uh read in some secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to uh read in some secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to uh read in some secret
+text file here and then we're just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text file here and then we're just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text file here and then we're just going
+to sleep forever so what is that uh read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sleep forever so what is that uh read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sleep forever so what is that uh read
+secret do uh basically it just reads in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret do uh basically it just reads in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret do uh basically it just reads in
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+file it's going to print out the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file it's going to print out the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file it's going to print out the the the
+contain the the contents of that file
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain the the contents of that file
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contain the the contents of that file
+and then it's actually going to clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's actually going to clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it's actually going to clear
+out the buffer that was used to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the buffer that was used to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the buffer that was used to store
+that secret information right so getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that secret information right so getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that secret information right so getting
+back to your issue so what if we imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your issue so what if we imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to your issue so what if we imagine
+the browser for example would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser for example would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser for example would try to
+just uh mimet to zero all the secrets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh mimet to zero all the secrets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh mimet to zero all the secrets
+that it uh encountered uh when it uh did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it uh encountered uh when it uh did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it uh encountered uh when it uh did
+some private browsing so if we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some private browsing so if we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some private browsing so if we look at
+um the secret file not very fun just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the secret file not very fun just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the secret file not very fun just
+says you know my secrets in a file uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know my secrets in a file uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know my secrets in a file uh
+and then if we uh run this uh program in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we uh run this uh program in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we uh run this uh program in
+the background so what did it do so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background so what did it do so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the background so what did it do so like
+I said it just printed out it read that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it just printed out it read that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said it just printed out it read that
+file in printed out the secret value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file in printed out the secret value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file in printed out the secret value
+okay cleared the memory buffer that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cleared the memory buffer that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay cleared the memory buffer that it
+used to print that stuff out now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to print that stuff out now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to print that stuff out now it's
+just sort of sleeping in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of sleeping in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of sleeping in the
+background so once again if we use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so once again if we use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background so once again if we use this
+uh fun uh gcore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fun uh gcore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh fun uh gcore
+command uh we can take a memory dump of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command uh we can take a memory dump of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command uh we can take a memory dump of
+the uh MIM clear program that's running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh MIM clear program that's running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh MIM clear program that's running
+in memory right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in memory right
+now okay and then if we do uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay and then if we do uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay and then if we do uh let's see
+which one do we want to look at um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do we want to look at um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one do we want to look at um so
+then if we look at I think this guy one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we look at I think this guy one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if we look at I think this guy one
+we want uh and then we do for agrep for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want uh and then we do for agrep for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want uh and then we do for agrep for
+uh secret right so once again we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh secret right so once again we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh secret right so once again we see
+that if we look in the in the ram image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look in the in the ram image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we look in the in the ram image
+of that of that running program we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that running program we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that of that running program we found
+instances of both the file name that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of both the file name that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instances of both the file name that was
+read in and also some prefixes of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in and also some prefixes of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read in and also some prefixes of the
+string contents of that file right even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string contents of that file right even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string contents of that file right even
+though we wiped the buffer in the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we wiped the buffer in the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though we wiped the buffer in the C
+program itself right so you might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program itself right so you might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program itself right so you might say
+why why did this happen this seems very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why did this happen this seems very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why did this happen this seems very
+very strange right and the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange right and the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange right and the reason is
+that if you think about the way that IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you think about the way that IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you think about the way that IO
+works it's like a layer type thing right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's like a layer type thing right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works it's like a layer type thing right
+so by the time that that the contents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the time that that the contents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by the time that that the contents of
+that file get to the program it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that file get to the program it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that file get to the program it's
+already gone through let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone through let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already gone through let's say the
+kernel memory it's already gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel memory it's already gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel memory it's already gone through
+uh maybe like uh the C standard library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe like uh the C standard library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh maybe like uh the C standard library
+to do IO because that you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do IO because that you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do IO because that you know that
+Library does buffering and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library does buffering and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library does buffering and stuff like
+that and so what ends up happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so what ends up happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so what ends up happening is
+that even if you sort of mimet the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you sort of mimet the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you sort of mimet the
+application visible buffer uh there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application visible buffer uh there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application visible buffer uh there are
+still instances of secret data lying in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still instances of secret data lying in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still instances of secret data lying in
+many different different places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different different places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different different places
+throughout the system right and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the system right and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the system right and this is
+just looking at the user mode portion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the user mode portion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looking at the user mode portion of
+this application right so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application right so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this application right so there's
+probably still data sitting around in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably still data sitting around in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably still data sitting around in
+maybe like the Kernel's IO buffers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like the Kernel's IO buffers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like the Kernel's IO buffers or
+things like that so getting back to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so getting back to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that so getting back to your
+question uh if you want to do what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh if you want to do what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question uh if you want to do what they
+call secure deallocation you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call secure deallocation you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call secure deallocation you can't just
+uh rely on mechanisms at the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rely on mechanisms at the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rely on mechanisms at the application
+Level right because there may be other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level right because there may be other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level right because there may be other
+places where that data lives and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where that data lives and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where that data lives and so what
+are some examples of other places where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some examples of other places where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some examples of other places where
+this data might live um so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data might live um so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data might live um so for example
+it might live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might live
+in uh process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh process
+memory so these are things like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so these are things like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so these are things like you know
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+Heap and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heap and the
+stack right and so when we did that MIM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack right and so when we did that MIM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stack right and so when we did that MIM
+set inside of MIM clear. C we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set inside of MIM clear. C we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set inside of MIM clear. C we are
+basically trying to address this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trying to address this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically trying to address this but
+what we found out is that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found out is that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we found out is that that is
+necessary but insufficient to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but insufficient to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary but insufficient to actually
+clear all instances of that secret from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all instances of that secret from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear all instances of that secret from
+memory right so where else might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory right so where else might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory right so where else might
+uh might Ram artifacts live or secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might Ram artifacts live or secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might Ram artifacts live or secret
+data persist so all kinds of files you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data persist so all kinds of files you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data persist so all kinds of files you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+backups you know SQL light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backups you know SQL light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backups you know SQL light
+databases so on and so forth if at any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases so on and so forth if at any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases so on and so forth if at any
+point uh an application takes something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh an application takes something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point uh an application takes something
+in Ram and writes it to one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ram and writes it to one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Ram and writes it to one of these
+things then once again the attacker may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then once again the attacker may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things then once again the attacker may
+be able to recover that um after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to recover that um after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to recover that um after the
+attacker controls the disc um as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker controls the disc um as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker controls the disc um as I
+mentioned a kernel memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a kernel memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned a kernel memory
+is another common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another common
+place where Ram Secrets may live because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where Ram Secrets may live because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place where Ram Secrets may live because
+once again applications typically do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again applications typically do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again applications typically do
+layered IO in which you know each piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered IO in which you know each piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layered IO in which you know each piece
+of data goes through multiple parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data goes through multiple parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data goes through multiple parts of
+the stack right think of like a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack right think of like a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stack right think of like a network
+transmission for example right first the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for example right first the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission for example right first the
+data has to come to some Network buffer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data has to come to some Network buffer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data has to come to some Network buffer
+that's probably inside the kernel then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably inside the kernel then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's probably inside the kernel then
+once again it probably goes through some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again it probably goes through some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again it probably goes through some
+uh buffers inside of the C standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh buffers inside of the C standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh buffers inside of the C standard
+library and then finally it will go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and then finally it will go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library and then finally it will go to
+the uh the user mode the the part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the user mode the the part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the user mode the the part of the
+application the developer wrote him or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the developer wrote him or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application the developer wrote him or
+herself so uh so that can actually be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself so uh so that can actually be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herself so uh so that can actually be a
+big problem you can also think too of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem you can also think too of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big problem you can also think too of
+freed memory Pages as being a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed memory Pages as being a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freed memory Pages as being a place
+where data can leak right so imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where data can leak right so imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where data can leak right so imagine
+that uh your application uh allocates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh your application uh allocates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh your application uh allocates a
+bunch of memory uh using you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of memory uh using you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of memory uh using you know
+whatever Mal or whatnot and then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever Mal or whatnot and then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever Mal or whatnot and then that
+process dies and the kernel spins up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process dies and the kernel spins up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process dies and the kernel spins up
+another process but hasn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another process but hasn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another process but hasn't actually
+zeroed out all the physical Rampages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroed out all the physical Rampages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeroed out all the physical Rampages
+right so what could happen is that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what could happen is that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what could happen is that when
+that new process spins up you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new process spins up you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new process spins up you can just
+do a walk through all of its physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a walk through all of its physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a walk through all of its physical
+Rampages you can just Al a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rampages you can just Al a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rampages you can just Al a bunch of
+memory just do the same thing do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory just do the same thing do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory just do the same thing do the
+strengths thing see if there's anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths thing see if there's anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strengths thing see if there's anything
+interesting there and then they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting there and then they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting there and then they might be
+able to get secrets that way right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get secrets that way right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get secrets that way right so
+there's actually a lot of ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a lot of ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually a lot of ways that
+information can leak uh from the kernel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can leak uh from the kernel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information can leak uh from the kernel
+uh you could also think about um IO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could also think about um IO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you could also think about um IO
+buffers from things like the keyboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers from things like the keyboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffers from things like the keyboard
+from things like the mouse there's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from things like the mouse there's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from things like the mouse there's just
+a bunch of different uh vectors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different uh vectors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of different uh vectors that
+data can sort of leak uh through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data can sort of leak uh through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data can sort of leak uh through the
+kernel and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel and so
+you know how might an attacker try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how might an attacker try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know how might an attacker try to
+get some of this information well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some of this information well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some of this information well in
+some cases it's just as simple as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases it's just as simple as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases it's just as simple as
+reading the files right so just read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the files right so just read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the files right so just read the
+page file uh just read the hibernation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page file uh just read the hibernation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page file uh just read the hibernation
+file and just see what's in there um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and just see what's in there um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and just see what's in there um
+some file formats actually embed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some file formats actually embed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some file formats actually embed
+different versions within themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions within themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different versions within themselves
+right so for example the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example the way that
+Microsoft Word used to work is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Word used to work is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Microsoft Word used to work is that a
+single word file would actually contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single word file would actually contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single word file would actually contain
+versions for you know old pieces of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions for you know old pieces of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions for you know old pieces of data
+so if you could somehow get access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you could somehow get access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you could somehow get access to
+that word file you could just sit there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word file you could just sit there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word file you could just sit there
+if you knew the format and sort of Step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knew the format and sort of Step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you knew the format and sort of Step
+through the old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the old
+versions and so uh as we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions and so uh as we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions and so uh as we've been
+discussing uh in the last couple minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing uh in the last couple minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussing uh in the last couple minutes
+secure deallocation uh is also a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure deallocation uh is also a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure deallocation uh is also a problem
+if it's not supported sort of full stack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not supported sort of full stack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not supported sort of full stack
+so for example in older Linux kernels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in older Linux kernels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example in older Linux kernels
+when you would uh create a directory a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you would uh create a directory a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you would uh create a directory a
+new directory you could leak up to 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new directory you could leak up to 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new directory you could leak up to 4
+kilobytes of Kernel memory and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobytes of Kernel memory and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobytes of Kernel memory and you know
+only Zeus knows what's inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Zeus knows what's inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only Zeus knows what's inside that
+memory once again that's because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory once again that's because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory once again that's because uh
+Linux wasn't uh actually zeroing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux wasn't uh actually zeroing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linux wasn't uh actually zeroing out
+kernel memory that had been allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel memory that had been allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel memory that had been allocated
+deallocated then allocate it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deallocated then allocate it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deallocated then allocate it to
+something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something
+else uh and so as I mentioned before too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh and so as I mentioned before too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else uh and so as I mentioned before too
+uh if the kernel doesn't uh sort of zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if the kernel doesn't uh sort of zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if the kernel doesn't uh sort of zero
+out pages that are given to user mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pages that are given to user mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out pages that are given to user mode
+processes you can also have user mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you can also have user mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes you can also have user mode
+Secrets leak through those types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secrets leak through those types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secrets leak through those types of
+memory Pages as well another interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory Pages as well another interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory Pages as well another interesting
+thing is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is that
+um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so
+ssds many of them uh Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+logging and so in other words when when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logging and so in other words when when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logging and so in other words when when
+you send a write to an SSD often times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a write to an SSD often times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a write to an SSD often times
+you're not um directly overwriting data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not um directly overwriting data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not um directly overwriting data
+you're actually sort of writing to a log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually sort of writing to a log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're actually sort of writing to a log
+and when a piece of data becomes invalid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when a piece of data becomes invalid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when a piece of data becomes invalid
+it's lazily reclaimed right and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lazily reclaimed right and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's lazily reclaimed right and so what
+that means is that if you as the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that if you as the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means is that if you as the user
+get unlucky and you've written a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get unlucky and you've written a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get unlucky and you've written a bunch
+of data that hasn't been sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that hasn't been sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of data that hasn't been sort of
+reclaimed by the SSD then maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reclaimed by the SSD then maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reclaimed by the SSD then maybe the
+attacker can sort of look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can sort of look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can sort of look at that
+hardware and just sort of say ah okay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and just sort of say ah okay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware and just sort of say ah okay I
+understand the log format and even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the log format and even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the log format and even
+though technically speaking this data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though technically speaking this data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though technically speaking this data
+may be invalid I can still recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be invalid I can still recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may be invalid I can still recover
+because I understand how the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I understand how the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I understand how the you know
+flash translation layer works or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash translation layer works or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash translation layer works or
+something like that and at a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and at a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and at a high level
+you can also have this problem with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have this problem with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also have this problem with um
+stolen or discarded hard diss as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen or discarded hard diss as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stolen or discarded hard diss as well so
+you know if you don't use encryption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you don't use encryption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you don't use encryption
+then a lot of times you can just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a lot of times you can just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a lot of times you can just sort of
+take some disc that you found in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some disc that you found in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take some disc that you found in the
+dumpster somewhere you understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumpster somewhere you understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumpster somewhere you understand what
+the physical layout is just recover data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical layout is just recover data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the physical layout is just recover data
+like that so anyways so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so anyways so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so anyways so there's a lot of
+problems with with sort of these Ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with with sort of these Ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with with sort of these Ram
+artifacts getting stuck in persistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts getting stuck in persistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts getting stuck in persistent
+storage somehow um and then being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage somehow um and then being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage somehow um and then being
+available for an attack or later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for an attack or later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for an attack or later
+on so so how can we uh so how do we fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so so how can we uh so how do we fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so so how can we uh so how do we fix
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+these uh data lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problems so we've already uh discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so we've already uh discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems so we've already uh discussed
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+solution which is to basically uh zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is to basically uh zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution which is to basically uh zero
+out uh memory when you're done with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it right so whenever you deallocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so whenever you deallocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it right so whenever you deallocate
+something you just go through and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you just go through and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something you just go through and you
+write a bunch of zeros or you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bunch of zeros or you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a bunch of zeros or you know some
+random thing and essentially hide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random thing and essentially hide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random thing and essentially hide the
+old data uh from someone else who might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old data uh from someone else who might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old data uh from someone else who might
+come along later so hases anyone see any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along later so hases anyone see any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come along later so hases anyone see any
+potential problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so one problem you might imagine is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so one problem you might imagine is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so one problem you might imagine is
+that uh as with all things in security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh as with all things in security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh as with all things in security
+people always complain about performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always complain about performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always complain about performance
+right and so when you say that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so when you say that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so when you say that you know
+zero out memory maybe this isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero out memory maybe this isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero out memory maybe this isn't a
+problem if your program is IO bound so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if your program is IO bound so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if your program is IO bound so
+you're waiting on you know some slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're waiting on you know some slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're waiting on you know some slow
+mechanical part of the hard disk or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical part of the hard disk or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanical part of the hard disk or
+whatnot but imagine if your program is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot but imagine if your program is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot but imagine if your program is
+CPU bound and maybe it's very memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU bound and maybe it's very memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU bound and maybe it's very memory
+intensive too so it's always allocating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive too so it's always allocating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensive too so it's always allocating
+deallocating data so maybe zering out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deallocating data so maybe zering out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deallocating data so maybe zering out
+memory might be you know a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory might be you know a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory might be you know a performance
+cost that you don't want to pay right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that you don't want to pay right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost that you don't want to pay right
+typically this isn't a problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically this isn't a problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically this isn't a problem in
+practice but as we all know people love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice but as we all know people love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice but as we all know people love
+performance this is sometimes an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance this is sometimes an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance this is sometimes an
+objection that you'll have to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection that you'll have to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objection that you'll have to this
+approach um another thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach um another thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach um another thing you can
+imagine doing is that instead of zering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine doing is that instead of zering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine doing is that instead of zering
+out memory you always uh sort of encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data uh as it goes to stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+storage right so in a system like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage right so in a system like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage right so in a system like this
+basically before the application ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically before the application ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically before the application ever
+writes anything to disk it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes anything to disk it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writes anything to disk it's actually
+going to encrypt it before it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to encrypt it before it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to encrypt it before it actually
+hits that SSD or that hard disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits that SSD or that hard disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits that SSD or that hard disk
+similarly when it comes when that data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly when it comes when that data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly when it comes when that data
+comes back in from stable storage you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back in from stable storage you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes back in from stable storage you're
+going to decrypt it dynamically before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decrypt it dynamically before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to decrypt it dynamically before
+you put it into RAM right and so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it into RAM right and so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it into RAM right and so what's
+interesting about this this approach is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this this approach is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about this this approach is
+that if the key that you use to decrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the key that you use to decrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the key that you use to decrypt
+and encrypt data if you throw it away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encrypt data if you throw it away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and encrypt data if you throw it away
+right then once you throw it away you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then once you throw it away you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then once you throw it away you've
+effectively made that data on disk sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively made that data on disk sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively made that data on disk sort
+of unrecoverable by the attacker right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unrecoverable by the attacker right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of unrecoverable by the attacker right
+assuming that you believe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you believe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that you believe in
+cryptography right and so this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography right and so this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography right and so this is very
+very nice because it's sort of um it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice because it's sort of um it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very nice because it's sort of um it it
+gives us this nice property that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us this nice property that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives us this nice property that we
+don't have to remember per se all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to remember per se all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to remember per se all the
+places where we've written this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where we've written this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places where we've written this
+encrypted data we can just say well I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted data we can just say well I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted data we can just say well I've
+dropped the keys and I'll just treat all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped the keys and I'll just treat all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped the keys and I'll just treat all
+that encrypted data as it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encrypted data as it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encrypted data as it's it's
+something that I could allocate again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I could allocate again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that I could allocate again
+and so for example um if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example um if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so for example um if you look at
+open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+BSD they have this option where you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BSD they have this option where you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BSD they have this option where you can
+uh do swap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do swap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh do swap
+encryption so you can basically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption so you can basically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption so you can basically uh
+associate keys with various sections of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate keys with various sections of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate keys with various sections of
+the page file and so it does this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page file and so it does this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page file and so it does this very
+thing I mentioned so so uh every time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I mentioned so so uh every time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I mentioned so so uh every time
+you boot the machine it'll generate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you boot the machine it'll generate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you boot the machine it'll generate a
+bunch of new keys right and then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of new keys right and then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of new keys right and then when
+your machine goes down because you shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your machine goes down because you shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your machine goes down because you shut
+it down or you reboot it or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down or you reboot it or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it down or you reboot it or whatever
+it'll basically forget all of the keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll basically forget all of the keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll basically forget all of the keys
+that it used to encrypt that swap space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it used to encrypt that swap space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it used to encrypt that swap space
+and then it can basically say okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it can basically say okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it can basically say okay now
+this now all that swap is available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now all that swap is available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this now all that swap is available to
+be used again and so because those keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used again and so because those keys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be used again and so because those keys
+are forgotten uh one can assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are forgotten uh one can assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are forgotten uh one can assume that
+that the attacker can't look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the attacker can't look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the attacker can't look at the
+stuff that's in there do it direct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's in there do it direct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's in there do it direct the
+keys can the keys ah yeah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys can the keys ah yeah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys can the keys ah yeah that's a good
+question so I'm actually not sure what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I'm actually not sure what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so I'm actually not sure what
+sources of inop it uses so open BSD is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of inop it uses so open BSD is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources of inop it uses so open BSD is
+yeah open BSD is pretty paranoid about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah open BSD is pretty paranoid about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah open BSD is pretty paranoid about
+security so imagine it does things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so imagine it does things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security so imagine it does things like
+uh it looks let's say the entropy pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it looks let's say the entropy pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it looks let's say the entropy pool
+gathered from user keyboard input for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered from user keyboard input for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gathered from user keyboard input for
+example and other things like that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and other things like that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example and other things like that but
+yeah I'm not actually sure how it drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm not actually sure how it drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I'm not actually sure how it drives
+those keys but you're exactly right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those keys but you're exactly right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those keys but you're exactly right that
+if if these sources of entropy that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if these sources of entropy that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if these sources of entropy that it
+uses are predictable that basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses are predictable that basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses are predictable that basically
+shrinks the entropy space of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinks the entropy space of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrinks the entropy space of the key
+itself which then makes the scheme more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which then makes the scheme more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself which then makes the scheme more
+vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Theory Yeah so basically what this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory Yeah so basically what this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory Yeah so basically what this model
+assumes if if all we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes if if all we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes if if all we're doing is
+restricting ourselves to looking at to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting ourselves to looking at to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricting ourselves to looking at to
+swap and C right it assumes that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap and C right it assumes that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swap and C right it assumes that uh the
+the Rampages for the keys for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rampages for the keys for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rampages for the keys for example
+are never swapped out right and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never swapped out right and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are never swapped out right and that's
+actually pretty easy to do if you're the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty easy to do if you're the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually pretty easy to do if you're the
+OS right because you can just pin that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS right because you can just pin that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OS right because you can just pin that
+page in memory right and this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page in memory right and this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page in memory right and this also
+doesn't help you you know someone who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help you you know someone who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help you you know someone who's
+like you know got pins in the memory bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know got pins in the memory bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know got pins in the memory bus
+or you know someone who can sort of walk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know someone who can sort of walk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know someone who can sort of walk
+the kernel memory Pages or stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel memory Pages or stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kernel memory Pages or stuff like
+that so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so you're
+right in terms of browsing though it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in terms of browsing though it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right in terms of browsing though it
+kind of helps against attackers to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of helps against attackers to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of helps against attackers to come
+after the fact because if you throw away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact because if you throw away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the fact because if you throw away
+the key then after like there is no key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key then after like there is no key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key then after like there is no key
+that's yeah that's exactly right exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah that's exactly right exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's yeah that's exactly right exactly
+right and so what's nice about this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what's nice about this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what's nice about this this
+is that it essentially doesn't require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it essentially doesn't require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that it essentially doesn't require
+modifications to Applications so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to Applications so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modifications to Applications so like
+you said you can just put any old thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you can just put any old thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you can just put any old thing
+at Top This and sort of get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Top This and sort of get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at Top This and sort of get this
+property for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for
+free uh going back a bit if you uh inor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh going back a bit if you uh inor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free uh going back a bit if you uh inor
+the data before the St St decrypted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data before the St St decrypted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data before the St St decrypted from
+to Ram how does that avoid the ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ram how does that avoid the ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Ram how does that avoid the ram
+problem it's sitting there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's sitting there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem it's sitting there
+decrypted ah okay so if I understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypted ah okay so if I understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypted ah okay so if I understand
+your your question correctly I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your question correctly I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your question correctly I think
+you're worried about the fact that sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about the fact that sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're worried about the fact that sure
+data is encrypted when it's on disk but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is encrypted when it's on disk but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data is encrypted when it's on disk but
+then it actually has to sit in clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it actually has to sit in clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it actually has to sit in clear
+text form somehow uh in the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text form somehow uh in the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text form somehow uh in the actual
+memory itself right so so uh this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory itself right so so uh this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory itself right so so uh this kind
+of gets back to the discussion that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gets back to the discussion that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gets back to the discussion that we
+had here so ensuring that data hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here so ensuring that data hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had here so ensuring that data hits the
+dis encrypted doesn't actually protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis encrypted doesn't actually protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dis encrypted doesn't actually protect
+against an attacker who can look at Ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against an attacker who can look at Ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against an attacker who can look at Ram
+in real time right and so basically what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real time right and so basically what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real time right and so basically what
+we're saying is that if you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is that if you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're saying is that if you're only
+worried about this postsession attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this postsession attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about this postsession attacker
+who can't for example look at your RAM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can't for example look at your RAM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can't for example look at your RAM
+usage in real time this works fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage in real time this works fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usage in real time this works fine but
+you're exactly right that this does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly right that this does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're exactly right that this does not
+provide FL better like encrypted Ram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide FL better like encrypted Ram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide FL better like encrypted Ram
+there actually are some research systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually are some research systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there actually are some research systems
+that try to do something like that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that try to do something like that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that try to do something like that it
+gets a little bit tricky because at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little bit tricky because at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a little bit tricky because at some
+point you know when you look at your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know when you look at your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point you know when you look at your
+Hardware at your processor it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware at your processor it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hardware at your processor it has to
+actually do something on real data right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do something on real data right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do something on real data right
+you know if you want to do an ad like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you want to do an ad like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you want to do an ad like
+you have to pass it clear Tex you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pass it clear Tex you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to pass it clear Tex you know
+operands perhaps right there are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands perhaps right there are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operands perhaps right there are also
+some sort of interesting research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of interesting research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of interesting research
+systems which actually try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems which actually try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems which actually try to do
+computation on encrypted data this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation on encrypted data this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation on encrypted data this is
+kind of mind-blowing like the Matrix uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mind-blowing like the Matrix uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of mind-blowing like the Matrix uh
+but sufficed to say that uh protections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sufficed to say that uh protections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but sufficed to say that uh protections
+that people have for in Ram data are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have for in Ram data are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have for in Ram data are
+typically much weaker than what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically much weaker than what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically much weaker than what they
+have for data that lives on stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for data that lives on stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have for data that lives on stable
+storage you got a question yeah so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage you got a question yeah so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage you got a question yeah so but
+is that because even though the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because even though the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because even though the attacker
+has post station access uh that's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has post station access uh that's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has post station access uh that's just
+post private mode access right so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post private mode access right so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+post private mode access right so there
+could be still a private a public mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be still a private a public mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be still a private a public mode
+session going on and the attacker would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session going on and the attacker would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session going on and the attacker would
+have access to the machine right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to the machine right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have access to the machine right let's
+see so you're worried about a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so you're worried about a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so you're worried about a public
+mode Tab and you have a private mode tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode Tab and you have a private mode tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode Tab and you have a private mode tab
+you close a private mode tab the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you close a private mode tab the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you close a private mode tab the the
+public mode tab stays on so the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public mode tab stays on so the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public mode tab stays on so the attacker
+could still dck the memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still dck the memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could still dck the memory
+and the RH artifacts would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the RH artifacts would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the RH artifacts would be
+problematic right yeah it's interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic right yeah it's interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic right yeah it's interesting
+so uh we will talk at the end the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we will talk at the end the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh we will talk at the end the
+lecture about an attack which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about an attack which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about an attack which is
+somewhat similar right so so most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat similar right so so most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat similar right so so most of the
+threat models for private browsing do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat models for private browsing do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threat models for private browsing do
+not assume a concurrent attacker at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assume a concurrent attacker at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not assume a concurrent attacker at all
+so so in other words they assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in other words they assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so in other words they assume that
+when you're doing private browsing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing private browsing there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're doing private browsing there
+is no other person who sort of has like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no other person who sort of has like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no other person who sort of has like
+a public mode tab open or anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public mode tab open or anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a public mode tab open or anything like
+that right but you are in fact correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right but you are in fact correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right but you are in fact correct
+that uh the way that private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the way that private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh the way that private browsing
+modes are often implemented let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are often implemented let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes are often implemented let's say
+you open up a private browsing tab you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open up a private browsing tab you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you open up a private browsing tab you
+close that tab you immediately go run to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that tab you immediately go run to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that tab you immediately go run to
+get a cup of coffee right so one attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a cup of coffee right so one attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a cup of coffee right so one attack
+that I'll describe is that Firefox for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll describe is that Firefox for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'll describe is that Firefox for
+example still keeps statistics about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example still keeps statistics about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example still keeps statistics about
+let's say memory allocation right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say memory allocation right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say memory allocation right and so
+if the memory for your private tab is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the memory for your private tab is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the memory for your private tab is
+actually lazily garbage collected then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lazily garbage collected then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually lazily garbage collected then I
+can basically go to like about. memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically go to like about. memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can basically go to like about. memory
+or whatever and actually see URLs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and actually see URLs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or whatever and actually see URLs and
+stuff in your tab um but yeah but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in your tab um but yeah but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in your tab um but yeah but but
+long story short most of these attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long story short most of these attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long story short most of these attacker
+models do not assume a concurrent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models do not assume a concurrent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models do not assume a concurrent
+attacker at the same time that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker at the same time that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker at the same time that you're
+privately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privately
+browsing make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing make
+sense okay okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay okay
+uh yeah so so this is one thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so so this is one thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah so so this is one thing you can
+do uh do swap encryption like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh do swap encryption like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do uh do swap encryption like I
+mentioned this is nice because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this is nice because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned this is nice because this
+gives you some pretty cool security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some pretty cool security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you some pretty cool security
+properties without having to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties without having to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties without having to change the
+browser uh at all or any applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser uh at all or any applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser uh at all or any applications
+running on top of it and in practice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on top of it and in practice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running on top of it and in practice the
+CPU cost of doing this kind of thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU cost of doing this kind of thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CPU cost of doing this kind of thing is
+much much lower than the actual cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much lower than the actual cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much lower than the actual cost of
+doing IO in general right particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing IO in general right particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing IO in general right particularly
+if you have a disc right because with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a disc right because with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a disc right because with
+disc you're typically paying seat cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc you're typically paying seat cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disc you're typically paying seat cost
+that's a mechanical cost this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a mechanical cost this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a mechanical cost this is all
+sort of like processing cost pure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like processing cost pure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like processing cost pure
+computational stuff so typ typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational stuff so typ typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational stuff so typ typically
+this is not that big of a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hit all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit all
+right oh God there's physics here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh God there's physics here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh God there's physics here okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this always an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this always an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this always an
+adventure all right so the next attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure all right so the next attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adventure all right so the next attacker
+that we're going to uh look at is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to uh look at is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to uh look at is uh
+this web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this web
+attacker that I mentioned at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker that I mentioned at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker that I mentioned at the
+beginning of lecture so the assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of lecture so the assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning of lecture so the assumptions
+here are that uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are that uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here are that uh the
+attacker controls the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker controls the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker controls the
+website that the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that the uh
+user is going to visit in private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is going to visit in private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is going to visit in private
+browsing mode uh however the attacker uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode uh however the attacker uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode uh however the attacker uh
+does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not
+control uh the user's local machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+machine and so the uh security goals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and so the uh security goals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and so the uh security goals
+that we want to have against the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to have against the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to have against the web
+attacker are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker are
+twofold so first we don't want the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twofold so first we don't want the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twofold so first we don't want the
+attacker to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+user and by identify we just mean we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and by identify we just mean we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and by identify we just mean we
+don't want want the attacker to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want want the attacker to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want want the attacker to be able
+to distinguish the user from any you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish the user from any you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to distinguish the user from any you
+know other user that happens to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other user that happens to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know other user that happens to be
+visiting the site and you also might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting the site and you also might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting the site and you also might
+imagine that perhaps we uh don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that perhaps we uh don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that perhaps we uh don't want
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attacker to tell whether or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker to tell whether or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker to tell whether or
+not uh we're using private browsing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh we're using private browsing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not uh we're using private browsing mode
+so attacker can't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so attacker can't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so attacker can't tell
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+user employs private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so as the paper uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as the paper uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so as the paper uh
+discusses defending against the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses defending against the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discusses defending against the web
+attacker is actually pretty tricky right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker is actually pretty tricky right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker is actually pretty tricky right
+so what does it mean for example to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean for example to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does it mean for example to uh
+to identify a particular user like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify a particular user like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify a particular user like I
+said at a high level you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at a high level you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said at a high level you can imagine
+that the user looks no different uh than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user looks no different uh than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the user looks no different uh than
+any other user that visits the site so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other user that visits the site so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other user that visits the site so
+you can imagine the web attacker might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine the web attacker might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine the web attacker might
+want to do two one of two specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do two one of two specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do two one of two specific
+things it might want to say okay I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it might want to say okay I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things it might want to say okay I've
+seen multiple people who are visiting my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen multiple people who are visiting my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen multiple people who are visiting my
+site private browsing mode uh you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site private browsing mode uh you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site private browsing mode uh you were
+you know visitor you know 5 S and 8 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know visitor you know 5 S and 8 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know visitor you know 5 S and 8 so
+in other words identifying a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words identifying a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words identifying a particular
+user within the context of multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user within the context of multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user within the context of multiple
+private browsing sessions the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing sessions the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing sessions the second
+thing that the attacker might want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the attacker might want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that the attacker might want to do
+is actually try to link a user across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually try to link a user across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually try to link a user across
+public and private mode browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and private mode browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and private mode browsing
+sessions so I go to amazon.com once in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions so I go to amazon.com once in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions so I go to amazon.com once in
+public browsing mode I then go to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public browsing mode I then go to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public browsing mode I then go to it
+again in private browsing mode can the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in private browsing mode can the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again in private browsing mode can the
+attacker uh figure out that I'm actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker uh figure out that I'm actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker uh figure out that I'm actually
+the same person who did those two visits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same person who did those two visits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same person who did those two visits
+yes this is all modu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is all modu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes this is all modu the
+ah yes yes that's exactly right so so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yes yes that's exactly right so so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah yes yes that's exactly right so so uh
+that is excellent foreshadowing so right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is excellent foreshadowing so right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is excellent foreshadowing so right
+now I'm assuming that um you know either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm assuming that um you know either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I'm assuming that um you know either
+the user employs tour or you know does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user employs tour or you know does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user employs tour or you know does
+something like this so yeah we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so yeah we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this so yeah we're just
+pting on this whole issue of Ip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pting on this whole issue of Ip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pting on this whole issue of Ip
+anonymity for now that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymity for now that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymity for now that's
+right uh and so so yeah so so this segs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and so so yeah so so this segs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh and so so yeah so so this segs
+very well so what's what's an easy way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so what's what's an easy way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well so what's what's an easy way
+to identify the user as he just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify the user as he just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify the user as he just
+suggested the IP address right so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested the IP address right so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggested the IP address right so a
+pretty high likelihood if you see two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high likelihood if you see two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high likelihood if you see two
+visits that are sort of close in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits that are sort of close in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visits that are sort of close in time
+relatively speaking from the same IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively speaking from the same IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively speaking from the same IP
+with high likelihood that's probably the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high likelihood that's probably the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with high likelihood that's probably the
+same user right and this is in fact sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same user right and this is in fact sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same user right and this is in fact sort
+of the motivation for one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motivation for one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the motivation for one of the
+motivations for stuff like tour um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for stuff like tour um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivations for stuff like tour um and
+so we're actually going to discuss tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually going to discuss tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're actually going to discuss tour
+uh next lecture so in case you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next lecture so in case you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh next lecture so in case you haven't
+heard of tour it's basically a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of tour it's basically a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heard of tour it's basically a tool
+which tries to obscure things um like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tries to obscure things um like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which tries to obscure things um like
+your IP address right and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your IP address right and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your IP address right and you could
+actually imagine layering tour um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually imagine layering tour um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually imagine layering tour um so
+having having T be uh sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having having T be uh sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having having T be uh sort of the
+foundation and then you put private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and then you put private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foundation and then you put private
+browsing modes at top that then that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing modes at top that then that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing modes at top that then that
+might give you some stronger properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you some stronger properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might give you some stronger properties
+than you would have you just use private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would have you just use private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than you would have you just use private
+browsing modes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing modes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing modes at
+all uh but anyways so the thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh but anyways so the thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all uh but anyways so the thing to
+mention uh about tour though is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh about tour though is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention uh about tour though is that
+tour it does provide some sense of Ip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour it does provide some sense of Ip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tour it does provide some sense of Ip
+anonymity but it doesn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymity but it doesn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymity but it doesn't actually
+address things like you know the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address things like you know the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address things like you know the data
+secrecy lifetime issues or things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy lifetime issues or things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy lifetime issues or things like
+that so tour you perhaps you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so tour you perhaps you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so tour you perhaps you can think
+of it as like maybe necessary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as like maybe necessary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as like maybe necessary but
+insufficient for a full implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficient for a full implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insufficient for a full implementation
+of private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of private browsing
+mode and so what's interesting too is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and so what's interesting too is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and so what's interesting too is
+that even if a user employs tour there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if a user employs tour there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if a user employs tour there
+are still ways that a web server can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still ways that a web server can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are still ways that a web server can
+identify the user by looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the user by looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the user by looking at the
+unique characteristics of that user's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique characteristics of that user's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique characteristics of that user's uh
+uh browser and so this is our uh final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh browser and so this is our uh final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh browser and so this is our uh final
+demo for today so let's see here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo for today so let's see here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demo for today so let's see here so
+we're going to get rid of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get rid of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get rid of this
+guy uh and then let's see we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy uh and then let's see we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy uh and then let's see we're going to
+go to this uh site called panopticlick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to this uh site called panopticlick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to this uh site called panopticlick
+okay so I don't know if you've heard of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I don't know if you've heard of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I don't know if you've heard of
+this it's run by the eff so the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's run by the eff so the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's run by the eff so the basic
+idea is that it is going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that it is going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that it is going to try to
+identify you the user by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify you the user by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify you the user by looking at
+various characteristics of your web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various characteristics of your web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various characteristics of your web
+browser so I'll show you exactly what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser so I'll show you exactly what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser so I'll show you exactly what I
+mean uh so we're going to go this URL is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh so we're going to go this URL is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean uh so we're going to go this URL is
+very long this is very stressful for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long this is very stressful for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long this is very stressful for me
+to type in so please don't judge if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to type in so please don't judge if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to type in so please don't judge if it
+doesn't go through let's see pin up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go through let's see pin up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go through let's see pin up the
+click yeah looks good did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click yeah looks good did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click yeah looks good did it
+work uh yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh yes
+okay so you go to this website and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you go to this website and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you go to this website and it's
+run by the friendly Folks at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by the friendly Folks at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run by the friendly Folks at
+I say okay test me so what this is doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say okay test me so what this is doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I say okay test me so what this is doing
+is is basically running a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is basically running a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is basically running a bunch of
+JavaScript code maybe an applet maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript code maybe an applet maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript code maybe an applet maybe
+some Java and it's trying to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Java and it's trying to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some Java and it's trying to uh
+fingerprint my browser and it's trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint my browser and it's trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint my browser and it's trying
+to uh figure out you know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh figure out you know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh figure out you know how much
+unique information does it have and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique information does it have and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique information does it have and so
+uh let's see here let me increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see here let me increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's see here let me increase the
+font
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+font
+here so for example one thing it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so for example one thing it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so for example one thing it looks
+at is it looks that um you see here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is it looks that um you see here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is it looks that um you see here what
+are all the details of the browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the details of the browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all the details of the browser
+plugins that I'm running okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins that I'm running okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins that I'm running okay so
+basically it'll run code in this web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it'll run code in this web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically it'll run code in this web
+page that looks and sees you know do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page that looks and sees you know do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page that looks and sees you know do I
+have flash installed what version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have flash installed what version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have flash installed what version of
+flash do I have Java installed what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash do I have Java installed what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flash do I have Java installed what
+version of java so on and so forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of java so on and so forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of java so on and so forth and
+so you can see that I mean these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that I mean these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see that I mean these are all
+it can't even fit on the screen at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't even fit on the screen at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't even fit on the screen at one
+time these are like all the various sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time these are like all the various sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time these are like all the various sort
+of plugins and ridiculous sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plugins and ridiculous sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of plugins and ridiculous sort of
+formats that my browser supports now at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats that my browser supports now at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formats that my browser supports now at
+a high level this should probably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high level this should probably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a high level this should probably be
+troubling to you if you're a security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling to you if you're a security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troubling to you if you're a security
+person right am I actually actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person right am I actually actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person right am I actually actively
+using all of these things in any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of these things in any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using all of these things in any given
+time this sort of give me nightmares but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this sort of give me nightmares but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this sort of give me nightmares but
+so what ends up happening is that web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what ends up happening is that web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what ends up happening is that web
+servers this web attacker they can run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers this web attacker they can run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers this web attacker they can run
+code like this right and they can figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code like this right and they can figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code like this right and they can figure
+out what are all the plugins that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what are all the plugins that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what are all the plugins that you're
+looking at now if you look at these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at now if you look at these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at now if you look at these uh
+these two columns to the left what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two columns to the left what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two columns to the left what are
+they so they're if you see up here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so they're if you see up here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they so they're if you see up here it
+says bits of identifying information and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says bits of identifying information and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says bits of identifying information and
+then one in X browsers has this value so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one in X browsers has this value so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then one in X browsers has this value so
+for example if we look at these plugins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we look at these plugins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if we look at these plugins
+it's saying there's basically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying there's basically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying there's basically um
+probably this is the number that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this is the number that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably this is the number that's more
+interesting right this number on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right this number on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting right this number on the
+right it's saying that one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's saying that one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's saying that one in
+approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately
+280,000 browsers has this exact set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+280,000 browsers has this exact set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+280,000 browsers has this exact set of
+plugins right so that's actually pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins right so that's actually pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins right so that's actually pretty
+specific way to fingerprint me right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way to fingerprint me right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way to fingerprint me right
+it's saying that there's very very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying that there's very very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's saying that there's very very few
+people who have this exact set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have this exact set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have this exact set of
+plug-in configurations so as it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug-in configurations so as it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug-in configurations so as it turns
+out my parents were right I am quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my parents were right I am quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out my parents were right I am quite
+unique but this is a problem from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique but this is a problem from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique but this is a problem from the
+security perspective right it's so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security perspective right it's so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security perspective right it's so like
+look at this the screen size and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this the screen size and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this the screen size and the
+color depth for my machine right one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color depth for my machine right one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color depth for my machine right one in
+what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this
+1.5 million right so that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 million right so that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 million right so that's actually
+pretty shocking right so there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty shocking right so there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty shocking right so there's only
+one person if you take a sample of 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person if you take a sample of 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person if you take a sample of 1.5
+million people who would have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people who would have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million people who would have this
+particular screen sh this screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular screen sh this screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular screen sh this screen
+dimensions and so note that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and so note that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions and so note that you know
+these things all they're additive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things all they're additive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things all they're additive in
+some sense right so it's like the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense right so it's like the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense right so it's like the more
+fingerprints you have the more uh easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints you have the more uh easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints you have the more uh easy
+it is for the attacker to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for the attacker to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is for the attacker to figure out
+exactly you know who you are and so note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you know who you are and so note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly you know who you are and so note
+this was done purely from the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done purely from the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was done purely from the server
+side right I just went to this web page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right I just went to this web page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side right I just went to this web page
+and I just did this and then this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just did this and then this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just did this and then this is
+what it got to uh one second let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it got to uh one second let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it got to uh one second let me just
+show one more thing so this was done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show one more thing so this was done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show one more thing so this was done in
+private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing
+mode and let's see here if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and let's see here if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and let's see here if I
+uh I just open up a regular version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just open up a regular version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I just open up a regular version of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Firefox and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firefox and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firefox and then
+I run this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I run this stuff
+again so so note that now I'm in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so so note that now I'm in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so so note that now I'm in a
+public mode browser okay so before I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public mode browser okay so before I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public mode browser okay so before I was
+in private mode now I'm in public mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in private mode now I'm in public mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in private mode now I'm in public mode
+browsing right and so what you'll see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing right and so what you'll see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing right and so what you'll see is
+that for example we look at the browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example we look at the browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for example we look at the browser
+plugins like the extent to which I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins like the extent to which I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins like the extent to which I can
+be fingerprinted is essentially the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fingerprinted is essentially the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fingerprinted is essentially the same
+right there's going to be you know a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's going to be you know a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there's going to be you know a few
+plugins that may or may not load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins that may or may not load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins that may or may not load
+depending on sort of the vagaries of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on sort of the vagaries of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on sort of the vagaries of how
+privacy mode is implemented but I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy mode is implemented but I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy mode is implemented but I mean
+still look at that I'm still very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still look at that I'm still very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still look at that I'm still very easy
+to uh fingerprint and in fact you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh fingerprint and in fact you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh fingerprint and in fact you know
+if you look back at uh this guy again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look back at uh this guy again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look back at uh this guy again
+that screen size and color depth I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that screen size and color depth I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that screen size and color depth I
+didn't change that actually between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change that actually between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't change that actually between the
+two between public and private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two between public and private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two between public and private browsing
+modes so that ability to fingerprint me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so that ability to fingerprint me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes so that ability to fingerprint me
+there is basically the same so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is basically the same so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is basically the same so this is
+one reason why it's so difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why it's so difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason why it's so difficult to
+protect yourself against this web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect yourself against this web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect yourself against this web
+attacker right because browsers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker right because browsers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker right because browsers
+themselves reveal so much information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves reveal so much information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves reveal so much information
+about you just to their configuration I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you just to their configuration I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you just to their configuration I
+just curious about the screen size and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just curious about the screen size and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just curious about the screen size and
+col that thing I mean is it how do it do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col that thing I mean is it how do it do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+col that thing I mean is it how do it do
+that how's it that unique I how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how's it that unique I how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how's it that unique I how many
+screen sizes and cups are there well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen sizes and cups are there well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen sizes and cups are there well so
+I think it's actually hiding some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's actually hiding some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's actually hiding some of the
+magic that it's using to figure out like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic that it's using to figure out like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magic that it's using to figure out like
+what that is so at a high level how do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is so at a high level how do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that is so at a high level how do a
+lot of these tests work so there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these tests work so there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of these tests work so there's some
+parts of your uh JavaScript some parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of your uh JavaScript some parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of your uh JavaScript some parts
+of your browser environment that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your browser environment that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your browser environment that are
+testable purely by JavaScript code so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testable purely by JavaScript code so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testable purely by JavaScript code so
+you can imagine that you can essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that you can essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine that you can essentially
+have JavaScript code which looks over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have JavaScript code which looks over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have JavaScript code which looks over
+the properties of the window object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the window object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the properties of the window object
+which is like the global JavaScript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like the global JavaScript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like the global JavaScript
+namespace and CES like have you defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace and CES like have you defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namespace and CES like have you defined
+this weird widget have you defined this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird widget have you defined this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird widget have you defined this
+weird widget and if so that might count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird widget and if so that might count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird widget and if so that might count
+towards your plugins let's say Pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards your plugins let's say Pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards your plugins let's say Pages
+like this also typically take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this also typically take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this also typically take advantage
+of the fact that Java applets and Flash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that Java applets and Flash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fact that Java applets and Flash
+uh objects can look at all kinds of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh objects can look at all kinds of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh objects can look at all kinds of more
+interesting stuff like the fonts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff like the fonts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting stuff like the fonts that
+are available on your machine and things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available on your machine and things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are available on your machine and things
+like that so with respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so with respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that so with respect to the
+particular uh screen size and color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh screen size and color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh screen size and color
+depth thing I think so don't quote me on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth thing I think so don't quote me on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth thing I think so don't quote me on
+that but I think what ends up happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I think what ends up happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but I think what ends up happening
+is that you they'll try to you know run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you they'll try to you know run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you they'll try to you know run
+an applet let's say they'll actually try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applet let's say they'll actually try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an applet let's say they'll actually try
+to query like your graphics card or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to query like your graphics card or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to query like your graphics card or
+whatever sort of the graphics interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever sort of the graphics interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever sort of the graphics interfaces
+in Java and sort of poke for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Java and sort of poke for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Java and sort of poke for different
+aspects of it so I think it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of it so I think it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects of it so I think it's actually
+more than just screen size and depth but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just screen size and depth but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than just screen size and depth but
+they kind of condense it for sizes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of condense it for sizes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of condense it for sizes that
+but at a high level that's sort of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at a high level that's sort of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at a high level that's sort of how
+all these tricks work right so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these tricks work right so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these tricks work right so you see
+how much information you can sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much information you can sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much information you can sort of
+snarf up through JavaScript then you run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snarf up through JavaScript then you run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snarf up through JavaScript then you run
+a bunch of plugins which can typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of plugins which can typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of plugins which can typically
+access more stuff and then see what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access more stuff and then see what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access more stuff and then see what they
+can snarf up and then you see what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can snarf up and then you see what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can snarf up and then you see what's
+going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going
+on so all make sense yeah so this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so all make sense yeah so this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so all make sense yeah so this this
+is basically why it's very difficult to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically why it's very difficult to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically why it's very difficult to
+protect against the web attacker right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against the web attacker right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect against the web attacker right
+and in particular getting back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular getting back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in particular getting back to the
+discussion we had about tour right even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we had about tour right even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we had about tour right even
+if I'd gone through tour right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'd gone through tour right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I'd gone through tour right so so
+you'll note that like IP address you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll note that like IP address you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll note that like IP address you
+know you don't see it up here right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't see it up here right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you don't see it up here right and
+so you can imagine that yeah maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine that yeah maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can imagine that yeah maybe this
+thing would actually look at your IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would actually look at your IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing would actually look at your IP
+address but the thing is like even if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address but the thing is like even if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address but the thing is like even if I
+didn't know what IP you were coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what IP you were coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know what IP you were coming from
+at all I can still do all these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all I can still do all these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all I can still do all these kinds of
+things right it's pretty Madness it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right it's pretty Madness it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things right it's pretty Madness it's
+pretty insane right and so I there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty insane right and so I there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty insane right and so I there's
+some products out there that try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some products out there that try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some products out there that try to do
+things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like
+you know imagine that you had a proxy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know imagine that you had a proxy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know imagine that you had a proxy
+out in the cloud that all your web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the cloud that all your web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in the cloud that all your web
+traffic went through and then imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic went through and then imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traffic went through and then imagine
+that proxy tried to present like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proxy tried to present like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that proxy tried to present like sort of
+like a canonical version of a of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a canonical version of a of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a canonical version of a of a
+browser runtime right so imagine that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser runtime right so imagine that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser runtime right so imagine that it
+would always try to emulate let's say I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always try to emulate let's say I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would always try to emulate let's say I
+don't know Firefox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Firefox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know Firefox
+v10.7 right and then it would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v10.7 right and then it would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v10.7 right and then it would try to
+sort of send back the data that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of send back the data that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of send back the data that it
+rendered as Firefox v10.7 so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered as Firefox v10.7 so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered as Firefox v10.7 so there's
+some people who tried to attack this but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who tried to attack this but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people who tried to attack this but
+it's very tricky public W show I how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very tricky public W show I how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very tricky public W show I how
+about uh I'm not distribution a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh I'm not distribution a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh I'm not distribution a pair of
+mutal machines one of them is the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutal machines one of them is the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutal machines one of them is the other
+one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is
+the I see so the basic idea I mean is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I see so the basic idea I mean is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I see so the basic idea I mean is it
+a similar idea to what we were just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar idea to what we were just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar idea to what we were just
+talking about such that okay yeah so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about such that okay yeah so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about such that okay yeah so I
+haven't heard of that one I have heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't heard of that one I have heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't heard of that one I have heard
+some of these other projects I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other projects I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other projects I'm
+imagining you know that there's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining you know that there's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagining you know that there's actually
+uh some some trickiness in getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some some trickiness in getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some some trickiness in getting
+systems like this to be efficient a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems like this to be efficient a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems like this to be efficient a lot
+of times because particularly imagine if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times because particularly imagine if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times because particularly imagine if
+you have something that's interactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something that's interactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something that's interactive
+right it's like you want to play a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like you want to play a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's like you want to play a game
+or something like that it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or something like that it's a little bit
+awkward to you know send my mouse click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward to you know send my mouse click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+awkward to you know send my mouse click
+to some proxy that proxy is then somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some proxy that proxy is then somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some proxy that proxy is then somehow
+going to you know send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to you know send
+the I would like to clarify that bir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I would like to clarify that bir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I would like to clarify that bir
+station virtual machine actually runs a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station virtual machine actually runs a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station virtual machine actually runs a
+canonical copy of fir and the proxy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical copy of fir and the proxy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canonical copy of fir and the proxy is
+only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the
+four ah it's just a tour proxy ah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ah it's just a tour proxy ah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four ah it's just a tour proxy ah okay
+so if it's just a Tor proxy shirt that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's just a Tor proxy shirt that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if it's just a Tor proxy shirt that's
+one thing then basically the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing then basically the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing then basically the only
+overhead there you have to pay is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead there you have to pay is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead there you have to pay is sort
+of the regular tour overhead of going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regular tour overhead of going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the regular tour overhead of going
+through all the onion routs right um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the onion routs right um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through all the onion routs right um
+yeah so what I was talking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what I was talking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so what I was talking about is
+there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some
+systems Let's ignore the IP anonymity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Let's ignore the IP anonymity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems Let's ignore the IP anonymity
+for a second that they basically try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second that they basically try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a second that they basically try to
+say you know you have your own very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know you have your own very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you know you have your own very
+fingerprintable browser on your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprintable browser on your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprintable browser on your own
+machine we don't want to expose that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine we don't want to expose that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine we don't want to expose that to
+the web server so essentially you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server so essentially you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web server so essentially you go
+through a proxy which you know think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a proxy which you know think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a proxy which you know think of
+it as almost having like a headless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as almost having like a headless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as almost having like a headless you
+know Firefox let's say of some canonical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Firefox let's say of some canonical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Firefox let's say of some canonical
+version the web server thinks is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version the web server thinks is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version the web server thinks is
+interacting with this thing and so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with this thing and so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacting with this thing and so if I
+go load the site I I'm perceived by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go load the site I I'm perceived by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go load the site I I'm perceived by the
+web server as Firefox 10.7 or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web server as Firefox 10.7 or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web server as Firefox 10.7 or whatever
+if you go there you're also perceived as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go there you're also perceived as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go there you're also perceived as
+Firefox 7.7 but then behind the scenes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firefox 7.7 but then behind the scenes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firefox 7.7 but then behind the scenes
+it's sort of spitting out you know HTML
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of spitting out you know HTML
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sort of spitting out you know HTML
+and stuff like like that that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like like that that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stuff like like that that it
+collected from the proxy so in certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected from the proxy so in certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collected from the proxy so in certain
+sance those two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sance those two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sance those two things are
+orthogonal but it seems like you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but it seems like you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal but it seems like you don't
+need a proxy for this you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a proxy for this you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a proxy for this you could have
+browser support for this right I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser support for this right I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser support for this right I mean
+the tour browser kind of does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tour browser kind of does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tour browser kind of does this
+already by trying to appear as the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already by trying to appear as the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already by trying to appear as the most
+generic version of Firefox that was yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic version of Firefox that was yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic version of Firefox that was yeah
+so so this is true although I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is true although I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so this is true although I think the
+problem with a lot of those things is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with a lot of those things is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with a lot of those things is
+that even if you try to uh sort of lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you try to uh sort of lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if you try to uh sort of lock
+yourself into one version there's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself into one version there's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself into one version there's still
+a lot of things that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of things that can be
+fingerprinted so I think with the tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprinted so I think with the tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprinted so I think with the tour
+distribution what they often do is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what they often do is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution what they often do is they
+say like we control what's in the tour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like we control what's in the tour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say like we control what's in the tour
+distribution right so if we all go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so if we all go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution right so if we all go and
+download the tour distribution then for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the tour distribution then for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the tour distribution then for
+shizel you know we're both going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shizel you know we're both going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shizel you know we're both going to get
+a Firefox with the same Java version and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Firefox with the same Java version and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Firefox with the same Java version and
+the same so on and so forth right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so on and so forth right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so on and so forth right it's
+more than that though like they return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that though like they return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than that though like they return
+screen sizes that are the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen sizes that are the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen sizes that are the most common
+screen sizes whenever you clear for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen sizes whenever you clear for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen sizes whenever you clear for
+Queen screen that's all true yeah so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen screen that's all true yeah so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Queen screen that's all true yeah so one
+thing is interesting to look at though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is interesting to look at though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is interesting to look at though
+is so the tour team they often put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the tour team they often put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is so the tour team they often put out
+or the the people who do the bundle they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the people who do the bundle they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the the people who do the bundle they
+often put out like these reports about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often put out like these reports about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often put out like these reports about
+you know what data still gets leaked so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what data still gets leaked so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know what data still gets leaked so
+stuff does still SS get leaked out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff does still SS get leaked out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff does still SS get leaked out of
+that but but you're right that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but you're right that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but you're right that if you
+could um I mean at a high level that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could um I mean at a high level that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could um I mean at a high level that
+goal is very reasonable it's saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is very reasonable it's saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goal is very reasonable it's saying that
+if we all agree to download the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we all agree to download the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we all agree to download the same
+distribution and to then not trick it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and to then not trick it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution and to then not trick it
+out by adding plugins or stuff like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by adding plugins or stuff like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out by adding plugins or stuff like that
+then you're exactly right that that work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're exactly right that that work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're exactly right that that work
+great any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great any other
+questions okay so yeah so that is uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so yeah so that is uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions okay so yeah so that is uh it
+for demo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time let's uh turn that guy off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's uh turn that guy off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time let's uh turn that guy off and
+there's more physics all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more physics all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more physics all
+right must have been a riveting previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right must have been a riveting previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right must have been a riveting previous
+class so we will ignore that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so we will ignore that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class so we will ignore that for the
+moment uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh let's see
+here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right
+um so where were we okay so so as I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so where were we okay so so as I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so where were we okay so so as I was
+talking about so so you know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so so you know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so so you know what is the
+the high level goal of um privacy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high level goal of um privacy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high level goal of um privacy and
+you can think of it as what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of it as what's your
+anonymity set if you're a user so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymity set if you're a user so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymity set if you're a user so in
+other words how many what's the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words how many what's the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words how many what's the size of
+people the number of people that uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the number of people that uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people the number of people that uh sort
+of you could be confused for you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you could be confused for you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you could be confused for you could
+be mistaken for by an attack and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mistaken for by an attack and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be mistaken for by an attack and so what
+the browser fingerprinting Stuff shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser fingerprinting Stuff shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser fingerprinting Stuff shows
+is that um often times the web attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um often times the web attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that um often times the web attacker
+can sort of narrow you down to a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of narrow you down to a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sort of narrow you down to a very
+very tight demographic right without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tight demographic right without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very tight demographic right without
+controlling anything on your local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling anything on your local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling anything on your local
+machine whatsoever uh and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine whatsoever uh and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine whatsoever uh and so that's
+actually sort of a little bit uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of a little bit uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sort of a little bit uh
+frightening to know um all right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightening to know um all right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frightening to know um all right and
+so you might want to think about how can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might want to think about how can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might want to think about how can
+a web attacker determine if you're using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a web attacker determine if you're using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a web attacker determine if you're using
+private browsing mode maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode maybe that's
+useful to the attacker for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to the attacker for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful to the attacker for some reason
+so in the paper they actually describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the paper they actually describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the paper they actually describe
+an attack uh that uses uh link colors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attack uh that uses uh link colors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attack uh that uses uh link colors so
+if you remember in private browsing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember in private browsing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you remember in private browsing mode
+the browser isn't supposed to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser isn't supposed to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser isn't supposed to keep track
+of the history of the sites that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the history of the sites that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the history of the sites that you
+visit and so in the paper the authors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit and so in the paper the authors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit and so in the paper the authors
+describe an attack in which essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe an attack in which essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe an attack in which essentially
+the attacker control page creates an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker control page creates an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker control page creates an
+iframe right to some URL that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iframe right to some URL that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iframe right to some URL that the
+attacker controls and loads that inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker controls and loads that inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker controls and loads that inside
+the attacker page and then it basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker page and then it basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attacker page and then it basically
+looks at the link color it creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the link color it creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at the link color it creates a
+link to that page that iframe that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to that page that iframe that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link to that page that iframe that just
+created and then sees that the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and then sees that the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created and then sees that the link
+color for uh that link is the visited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color for uh that link is the visited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color for uh that link is the visited
+color so sees if it's purple versus if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so sees if it's purple versus if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color so sees if it's purple versus if
+it's blue right the idea is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blue right the idea is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's blue right the idea is that if you
+do this test in private browsing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this test in private browsing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this test in private browsing mode
+then presumably the link color should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then presumably the link color should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then presumably the link color should
+stay like the unvisited color right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay like the unvisited color right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay like the unvisited color right
+because the browser is supposed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the browser is supposed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the browser is supposed to be
+forgetting about all this kind of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting about all this kind of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting about all this kind of stuff
+right and so that's the attack they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's the attack they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so that's the attack they
+describe in the paper uh what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in the paper uh what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe in the paper uh what's
+interesting is that this attack actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that this attack actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that this attack actually
+doesn't work anymore right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work anymore right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work anymore right so we
+actually discussed this a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discussed this a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually discussed this a couple
+lectures back right so this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures back right so this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures back right so this is this
+attack that the paper describes is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that the paper describes is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack that the paper describes is the
+is the browser history sniffing attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the browser history sniffing attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the browser history sniffing attack
+right and so as we discussed a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so as we discussed a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so as we discussed a couple
+lectures ago JavaScript code Now does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago JavaScript code Now does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures ago JavaScript code Now does
+not expose uh correct link colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expose uh correct link colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not expose uh correct link colors
+basically um to to JavaScript and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um to to JavaScript and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically um to to JavaScript and the
+reason is to is precisely to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is to is precisely to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is to is precisely to prevent
+these types of attacks so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of attacks so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these types of attacks so that
+particular part of the paper is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular part of the paper is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular part of the paper is a little
+bit outdated um but you get was just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit outdated um but you get was just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit outdated um but you get was just a
+point to that that browsers now also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to that that browsers now also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to that that browsers now also
+Show links as purple in private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show links as purple in private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show links as purple in private browsing
+mode yes and then turn blue again when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode yes and then turn blue again when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode yes and then turn blue again when
+you exit yeah it's a bit weird yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exit yeah it's a bit weird yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you exit yeah it's a bit weird yeah so
+so they implemented that attack that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they implemented that attack that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they implemented that attack that the
+defense yeah I think before a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense yeah I think before a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense yeah I think before a lot of the
+private browsing modes haveu got popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing modes haveu got popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing modes haveu got popular
+so now they do this additional thing too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they do this additional thing too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now they do this additional thing too
+but long story short uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but long story short uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but long story short uh
+the attack they described in the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attack they described in the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the attack they described in the paper
+doesn't work because of some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work because of some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work because of some of these
+browser sniffing defenses but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser sniffing defenses but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser sniffing defenses but you can
+still imagine that there may be ways for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still imagine that there may be ways for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still imagine that there may be ways for
+the web attacker to figure out if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web attacker to figure out if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web attacker to figure out if you're
+using private browsing mode so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using private browsing mode so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using private browsing mode so for
+example uh when you do private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh when you do private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh when you do private browsing
+mode any cookies that you got from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode any cookies that you got from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode any cookies that you got from
+public mode should not be sent during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public mode should not be sent during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public mode should not be sent during
+private mode right so in other words if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private mode right so in other words if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private mode right so in other words if
+I go to amazon.com in public mode I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to amazon.com in public mode I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go to amazon.com in public mode I
+generate some cookies right then I go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some cookies right then I go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate some cookies right then I go to
+amazon.com in private browsing mode when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com in private browsing mode when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com in private browsing mode when
+I contact amazon.com in private mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I contact amazon.com in private mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I contact amazon.com in private mode
+those public mode cookies should not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those public mode cookies should not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those public mode cookies should not be
+sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent
+right but that can actually act as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that can actually act as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but that can actually act as a
+sign to uh to the web attacker that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign to uh to the web attacker that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign to uh to the web attacker that you
+actually are using private mode this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are using private mode this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are using private mode this is
+also now you're using the IP address in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also now you're using the IP address in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also now you're using the IP address in
+both of these attacks right know the IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these attacks right know the IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these attacks right know the IP
+address yeah so that's right so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address yeah so that's right so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address yeah so that's right so that
+link that you targeting with the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link that you targeting with the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+link that you targeting with the link
+color it would be on a PO IP basis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it would be on a PO IP basis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color it would be on a PO IP basis and
+you would have to rely that the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to rely that the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have to rely that the user
+first visited it in public mode and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first visited it in public mode and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first visited it in public mode and you
+detect ah so the link so so the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect ah so the link so so the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect ah so the link so so the link
+attack you can actually do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack you can actually do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attack you can actually do in the
+context of a single page right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a single page right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of a single page right so
+imagine that uh I the web attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that uh I the web attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that uh I the web attacker
+construct a single page right I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a single page right I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct a single page right I the
+attacker have JavaScript that creates an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker have JavaScript that creates an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker have JavaScript that creates an
+iframe to food.com let's say right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iframe to food.com let's say right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iframe to food.com let's say right so
+that if frame will just load in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if frame will just load in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if frame will just load in the
+context of of that page and then I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of of that page and then I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of of that page and then I the
+attacker in the parent frame can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker in the parent frame can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker in the parent frame can then
+you know create a link element and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know create a link element and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know create a link element and then
+try to look at the color I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to look at the color I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to look at the color I mean this
+this worked four years ago right so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worked four years ago right so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this worked four years ago right so so
+in that case it doesn't rely on the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case it doesn't rely on the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case it doesn't rely on the user
+having explicitly visited that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having explicitly visited that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having explicitly visited that that
+iframe page at all because I the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iframe page at all because I the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iframe page at all because I the
+attacker can just create that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can just create that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker can just create that in the
+context of the page I have gotten the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the page I have gotten the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of the page I have gotten the
+user to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other questions okay so uh so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay so uh so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other questions okay so uh so yeah
+so you can maybe think about how cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can maybe think about how cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can maybe think about how cookies
+can reveal public or private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reveal public or private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reveal public or private browsing
+modes and things like that um all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and things like that um all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes and things like that um all right
+so one thing we might think about is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing we might think about is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so one thing we might think about is um
+how can we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can we uh
+provide a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stronger uh privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guarantees for private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and for the discuss uh the uh sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the discuss uh the uh sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the discuss uh the uh sake of
+this discussion let's just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion let's just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this discussion let's just uh
+ignore uh IP addresses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore uh IP addresses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore uh IP addresses for
+now because as we'll discuss uh next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because as we'll discuss uh next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because as we'll discuss uh next
+lecture we can use tour to maybe help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we can use tour to maybe help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture we can use tour to maybe help
+with some of the uh privacy of IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the uh privacy of IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some of the uh privacy of IP
+addresses so one thing you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses so one thing you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses so one thing you can imagine
+doing is you can imagine using VMS in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you can imagine using VMS in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is you can imagine using VMS in
+some way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way
+to help provide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help provide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help provide uh
+Stronger private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stronger private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stronger private
+browsing guarantees so VM level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing guarantees so VM level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing guarantees so VM level
+privacy and so the basic idea is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy and so the basic idea is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy and so the basic idea is that
+you want to run uh each uh private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+session inside of a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VM and then when the user us is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VM and then when the user us is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VM and then when the user us is done
+with that so you is finished with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so you is finished with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with that so you is finished with the
+private browsing session you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing session you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing session you basically
+delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delete
+VM after uh that session is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+done right and so what is uh what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done right and so what is uh what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done right and so what is uh what's the
+advantage of this well what's nice about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this well what's nice about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of this well what's nice about
+this is that presumably you can get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that presumably you can get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that presumably you can get some
+stronger guarantees about uh sort of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger guarantees about uh sort of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stronger guarantees about uh sort of uh
+What uh privacy uh properties you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What uh privacy uh properties you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What uh privacy uh properties you can
+provide to the user because presumably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide to the user because presumably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide to the user because presumably
+the VM has a pretty clean interface to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VM has a pretty clean interface to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VM has a pretty clean interface to
+the io path of the underlying uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the io path of the underlying uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the io path of the underlying uh sort of
+host OS so you can imagine that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host OS so you can imagine that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host OS so you can imagine that maybe
+you combine this um VMS with maybe let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine this um VMS with maybe let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you combine this um VMS with maybe let's
+say some type of uh secure swap uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say some type of uh secure swap uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say some type of uh secure swap uh
+solution like open BSD has you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution like open BSD has you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution like open BSD has you know some
+type of encrypted disc type thing and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of encrypted disc type thing and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of encrypted disc type thing and so
+you can imagine okay we have a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine okay we have a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine okay we have a very
+clean separation of you know sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean separation of you know sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean separation of you know sort of the
+VM up here and all the iOS that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VM up here and all the iOS that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VM up here and all the iOS that it's
+generating down here and so that gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating down here and so that gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating down here and so that gives
+you uh sort of stronger guarantees than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh sort of stronger guarantees than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh sort of stronger guarantees than
+what you can get from the browser which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can get from the browser which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can get from the browser which
+wasn't sort of designed from the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sort of designed from the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't sort of designed from the ground
+up to sort of think very carefully about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to sort of think very carefully about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to sort of think very carefully about
+all its IO paaths and you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its IO paaths and you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all its IO paaths and you know what
+Secrets might leak to persistent storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secrets might leak to persistent storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Secrets might leak to persistent storage
+and so on and so forth so so yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth so so yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and so forth so so yeah so
+this provides um sort of what's nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this provides um sort of what's nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this provides um sort of what's nice
+about this so strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guarantees and also what's nice is uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees and also what's nice is uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees and also what's nice is uh it
+doesn't require any changes to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require any changes to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't require any changes to your
+applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications
+that is to say to the browser right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say to the browser right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say to the browser right you
+just take your browser put it inside one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take your browser put it inside one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take your browser put it inside one
+of these VMS right and then everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these VMS right and then everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these VMS right and then everything
+sort of gets better automatically right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gets better automatically right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of gets better automatically right
+so no application changes so what's bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no application changes so what's bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no application changes so what's bad
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+uh use an unhappy face to demonstrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use an unhappy face to demonstrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use an unhappy face to demonstrate
+that uh so what's bad is first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so what's bad is first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so what's bad is first of all
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+heavyweight and by heavyweight I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavyweight and by heavyweight I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavyweight and by heavyweight I mean
+that every time you want to spin up one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every time you want to spin up one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every time you want to spin up one
+of these private browsing sessions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these private browsing sessions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these private browsing sessions you
+have to spin up a whole VM right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spin up a whole VM right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to spin up a whole VM right and
+that can actually be pretty painful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually be pretty painful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can actually be pretty painful
+right so perhaps users are going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so perhaps users are going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so perhaps users are going to get
+upset because it's going to take them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset because it's going to take them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset because it's going to take them a
+long time how to launch these private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time how to launch these private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time how to launch these private
+browsing sessions and the other problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing sessions and the other problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing sessions and the other problem
+too is this solution actually has uh bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usability and the reason I say that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability and the reason I say that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability and the reason I say that is
+because now it's actually difficult for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now it's actually difficult for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now it's actually difficult for
+users to do things like um take files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users to do things like um take files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users to do things like um take files
+that they've saved in private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've saved in private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they've saved in private browsing
+mode and then take them to you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and then take them to you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and then take them to you know the
+rest of their computer any bookmarks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of their computer any bookmarks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of their computer any bookmarks
+that they generate during private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they generate during private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they generate during private
+browsing mode that they actually do want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode that they actually do want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode that they actually do want
+to persist it'll be difficult to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to persist it'll be difficult to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to persist it'll be difficult to sort of
+get those out of the VM it can be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those out of the VM it can be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get those out of the VM it can be done
+but there's a lot of friction here uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of friction here uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a lot of friction here uh so
+that's kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's kind of a
+bummer so another thing that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer so another thing that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bummer so another thing that you might
+imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doing is something that looks kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is something that looks kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is something that looks kind of
+like approach number one but we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like approach number one but we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like approach number one but we actually
+implement this inside of the OS itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this inside of the OS itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement this inside of the OS itself
+instead of in a virtual machine so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of in a virtual machine so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of in a virtual machine so the
+basic idea here is that you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea here is that you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic idea here is that you can imagine
+that uh you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh you know
+each process uh could potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+run in a privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+domain right and so basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain right and so basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain right and so basically the
+Privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Privacy
+domain sort of acts as uh sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain sort of acts as uh sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain sort of acts as uh sort of the
+collection of os level resources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of os level resources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of os level resources that
+that process uses and so the OS tracks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process uses and so the OS tracks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process uses and so the OS tracks
+all that kind of stuff and then once the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that kind of stuff and then once the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that kind of stuff and then once the
+process dies uh essentially the OS goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process dies uh essentially the OS goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process dies uh essentially the OS goes
+through looks at all the things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through looks at all the things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through looks at all the things that are
+in that privacy domain set and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that privacy domain set and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that privacy domain set and then
+securely uh deallocates all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securely uh deallocates all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securely uh deallocates all of those
+resources and so the advantage of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and so the advantage of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources and so the advantage of this
+over you know the VM is that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you know the VM is that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over you know the VM is that it is
+lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weight right because if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight right because if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight right because if you think about
+it the VM is essentially agnostic to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the VM is essentially agnostic to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the VM is essentially agnostic to all
+of the OS State and all the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the OS State and all the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the OS State and all the application
+state that it is actually being used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that it is actually being used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that it is actually being used to
+run right so as a result it probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run right so as a result it probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run right so as a result it probably
+does more work than the OS would have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does more work than the OS would have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does more work than the OS would have to
+do because the OS presumably knows all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because the OS presumably knows all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because the OS presumably knows all
+the points at which the uh private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points at which the uh private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points at which the uh private
+browser would be touching IO and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser would be touching IO and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser would be touching IO and you
+know talking to the network and stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know talking to the network and stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know talking to the network and stuff
+like that and so maybe it even knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so maybe it even knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and so maybe it even knows
+things like it can actually clear the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like it can actually clear the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like it can actually clear the
+DNS cache selectively for example right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS cache selectively for example right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS cache selectively for example right
+and so you can imagine that uh it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine that uh it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can imagine that uh it's much
+easier to spin these things up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to spin these things up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to spin these things up these
+privacy domains than to tear them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy domains than to tear them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy domains than to tear them
+down however uh the sad thing at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down however uh the sad thing at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down however uh the sad thing at least
+with respect to uh the virtual machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to uh the virtual machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to uh the virtual machine
+solution is that it's uh harder to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that it's uh harder to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution is that it's uh harder to get
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so you know I just finished describing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I just finished describing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know I just finished describing
+the VM approach as being heavyweight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VM approach as being heavyweight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VM approach as being heavyweight
+because it's essentially agnostic to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's essentially agnostic to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's essentially agnostic to
+everything that's running sort of inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's running sort of inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's running sort of inside
+the container but what's nice about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container but what's nice about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the container but what's nice about that
+is that uh that allows the VM approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh that allows the VM approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh that allows the VM approach
+to only focus on a few low interfaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only focus on a few low interfaces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only focus on a few low interfaces
+and if it can focus on those things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it can focus on those things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it can focus on those things like
+for example the interface the VM uses to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the interface the VM uses to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the interface the VM uses to
+write to dis then it can have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to dis then it can have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to dis then it can have high
+probability uh high confidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh high confidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability uh high confidence
+that it's actually managed to contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually managed to contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually managed to contain
+everything whereas with the OS right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything whereas with the OS right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything whereas with the OS right if
+you think of the OS it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the OS it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think of the OS it's going to
+interpose on individual file system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpose on individual file system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpose on individual file system
+interfaces perhaps individual network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces perhaps individual network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces perhaps individual network
+interfaces stuff like that it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces stuff like that it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces stuff like that it's much
+more complicated to find all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated to find all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated to find all of those
+points at which um data can leak if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at which um data can leak if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points at which um data can leak if
+you're going to do that at the OS level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do that at the OS level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to do that at the OS level
+so does that all make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does that all make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so does that all make
+sense okay so uh let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh move this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh move this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh move this guy
+up why is there physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up why is there physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up why is there physics
+everywhere ah God being tested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere ah God being tested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere ah God being tested
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so those are basically some approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are basically some approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those are basically some approaches
+that we can use to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we can use to
+provide potentially stronger privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide potentially stronger privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide potentially stronger privacy
+guarantees than what's implemented in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees than what's implemented in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantees than what's implemented in
+private browsers right now so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsers right now so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsers right now so you know
+one question you might have is uh so can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question you might have is uh so can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question you might have is uh so can
+we uh still will de anonymize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh still will de anonymize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we uh still will de anonymize the
+user if the uh browser or sorry if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user if the uh browser or sorry if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user if the uh browser or sorry if the
+uh user is employing one of these more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh user is employing one of these more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh user is employing one of these more
+powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful
+Solutions right if the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions right if the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions right if the user
+is surfing through a VM or surfing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is surfing through a VM or surfing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is surfing through a VM or surfing
+through one of these privacy domains in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one of these privacy domains in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through one of these privacy domains in
+the OS can we still figure out who they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OS can we still figure out who they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the OS can we still figure out who they
+are and yeah the answer is yes so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and yeah the answer is yes so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and yeah the answer is yes so you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+maybe the VM is unique for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so similar to um how we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so similar to um how we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so similar to um how we were able to
+fingerprint uh browsers using that pain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint uh browsers using that pain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint uh browsers using that pain
+optic site maybe there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic site maybe there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optic site maybe there's something
+unique about the way that the VM would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique about the way that the VM would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique about the way that the VM would
+be set up that will allow us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be set up that will allow us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be set up that will allow us to
+fingerprint it right and it may in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint it right and it may in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint it right and it may in fact
+be the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the case that
+maybe the virtual machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the virtual machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the virtual machine
+monitor or the OS itself uh is unique in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor or the OS itself uh is unique in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor or the OS itself uh is unique in
+some way that would allow a web attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way that would allow a web attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way that would allow a web attacker
+to figure out who the user was and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out who the user was and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out who the user was and so
+one sort of cute example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of cute example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one sort of cute example of this
+is TCP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fingerprinting so what's the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprinting so what's the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprinting so what's the basic idea
+behind this so as it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this so as it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind this so as it turns out the
+specification for the TCP protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification for the TCP protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specification for the TCP protocol
+actually allows some of the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allows some of the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually allows some of the parameters
+for the protocol to be set by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the protocol to be set by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the protocol to be set by the
+implementation of the protocol right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the protocol right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation of the protocol right so
+for example TCP allows um implementers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example TCP allows um implementers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example TCP allows um implementers
+to choose things like the initial packet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose things like the initial packet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to choose things like the initial packet
+size for the thing that gets sent out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size for the thing that gets sent out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size for the thing that gets sent out
+the first part of the TCP connection it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the TCP connection it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of the TCP connection it
+allows implementers to choose things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows implementers to choose things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows implementers to choose things
+like that initial time to live in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that initial time to live in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that initial time to live in those
+packets so on and so forth and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets so on and so forth and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+packets so on and so forth and so you
+can imagine and in fact you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine and in fact you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine and in fact you don't have
+to imagine this is actually the truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine this is actually the truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to imagine this is actually the truth
+you can get off the shelf tools uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get off the shelf tools uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get off the shelf tools uh like
+inmap for example that they actually can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inmap for example that they actually can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inmap for example that they actually can
+tell what operating system you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what operating system you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what operating system you're
+running with high probability just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running with high probability just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running with high probability just by
+sending you packets right they'll send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending you packets right they'll send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending you packets right they'll send
+you these very carefully crafted packets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these very carefully crafted packets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you these very carefully crafted packets
+then they'll they'll look and see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll they'll look and see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they'll they'll look and see things
+like here's what the TTL was or here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's what the TTL was or here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like here's what the TTL was or here's
+what the packet size distribution was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the packet size distribution was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the packet size distribution was
+here's what the TCB sequence number was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what the TCB sequence number was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's what the TCB sequence number was
+they basically have a database of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically have a database of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically have a database of
+fingerprints right and they say okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints right and they say okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprints right and they say okay if
+the return packet has this this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return packet has this this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the return packet has this this and this
+characteristics then the table says that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics then the table says that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics then the table says that
+you're probably running you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably running you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're probably running you know for
+some reason Solaris right or you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason Solaris right or you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason Solaris right or you're
+running Mac you're running Windows or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running Mac you're running Windows or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running Mac you're running Windows or
+whatever right and so even if we use one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever right and so even if we use one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever right and so even if we use one
+of these stronger approaches for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these stronger approaches for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these stronger approaches for uh
+private browsing that leverage a VM or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing that leverage a VM or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing that leverage a VM or
+an OS you still might be able to run one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an OS you still might be able to run one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an OS you still might be able to run one
+of those TCB finger printing attacks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those TCB finger printing attacks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those TCB finger printing attacks and
+learn a lot about a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot about a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn a lot about a particular
+user and one thing that's also uh sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and one thing that's also uh sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and one thing that's also uh sort
+of interesting to note is that even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting to note is that even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interesting to note is that even if
+we use one of these more powerful uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use one of these more powerful uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use one of these more powerful uh
+techniques to try to protect the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to try to protect the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques to try to protect the user
+the user is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user is still
+shared across both the public and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared across both the public and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared across both the public and the
+private browsing session right it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing session right it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing session right it's
+still you who's physically using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you who's physically using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still you who's physically using the
+machine so why is this interesting well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so why is this interesting well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine so why is this interesting well
+it's interesting because you yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting because you yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's interesting because you yourself
+just by Way by by by Dent of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by Way by by by Dent of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by Way by by by Dent of the way
+that you use computers May leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use computers May leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you use computers May leak
+information about yourself so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about yourself so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about yourself so for
+example um as it turns out users have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um as it turns out users have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example um as it turns out users have
+unique keystroke timings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so if I look at it if I give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I look at it if I give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if I look at it if I give
+everyone in this class sort of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this class sort of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in this class sort of the same
+thing to te to to type in you the quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to te to to type in you the quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to te to to type in you the quick
+brown fox whatever that nonsense is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown fox whatever that nonsense is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brown fox whatever that nonsense is
+right and I actually look at the inter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I actually look at the inter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and I actually look at the inter
+key press timings right we'll all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key press timings right we'll all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key press timings right we'll all have
+these unique distributions right that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these unique distributions right that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these unique distributions right that
+can potentially be used to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can potentially be used to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can potentially be used to uh
+fingerprint us another thing that's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint us another thing that's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingerprint us another thing that's uh
+interesting is uh users have uh unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is uh users have uh unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is uh users have uh unique
+writing styles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so there's this uh branch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this uh branch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's this uh branch of
+security that is called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stylograph and the basic idea here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylograph and the basic idea here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylograph and the basic idea here
+is to figure out if I'm an attacker can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out if I'm an attacker can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to figure out if I'm an attacker can
+I figure out who you are just by looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figure out who you are just by looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I figure out who you are just by looking
+at writing samples from you so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at writing samples from you so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at writing samples from you so you know
+imagine that for whatever reason you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that for whatever reason you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that for whatever reason you're
+hanging out on forchan don't hang out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out on forchan don't hang out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out on forchan don't hang out on
+forchan and I want to figure out you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forchan and I want to figure out you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forchan and I want to figure out you
+know if you've actually in fact been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've actually in fact been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if you've actually in fact been
+hanging out in forchan so perhaps what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out in forchan so perhaps what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hanging out in forchan so perhaps what I
+can do is I can look at a bunch of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is I can look at a bunch of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do is I can look at a bunch of uh
+different posts from forchan maybe I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different posts from forchan maybe I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different posts from forchan maybe I can
+cluster those posts into like sets of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster those posts into like sets of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster those posts into like sets of
+posts that I think look stylistically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts that I think look stylistically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posts that I think look stylistically
+the same right and then what I can do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right and then what I can do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same right and then what I can do is
+I can find things that you've written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find things that you've written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find things that you've written
+publicly where you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly where you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publicly where you're actually
+attributed as the author I'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed as the author I'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributed as the author I'll look at
+your homework assignments or your papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework assignments or your papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your homework assignments or your papers
+that you've written or things like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've written or things like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you've written or things like that
+then I'll see do you map to any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll see do you map to any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'll see do you map to any of these
+clusters from these fourchant Comas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters from these fourchant Comas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clusters from these fourchant Comas and
+if so then maybe I can say like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so then maybe I can say like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if so then maybe I can say like you know
+send you a Stern note talk to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you a Stern note talk to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send you a Stern note talk to your
+parents like your kid's gone off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents like your kid's gone off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents like your kid's gone off the
+beaten path get off of 4chan right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaten path get off of 4chan right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beaten path get off of 4chan right so if
+you're interested in this uh look like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in this uh look like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're interested in this uh look like I
+said look at this thing called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look at this thing called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said look at this thing called a
+stylograph it's actually quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylograph it's actually quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stylograph it's actually quite
+interesting so anyone have any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so anyone have any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so anyone have any questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that excellent okay um so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excellent okay um so we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that excellent okay um so we've
+discussed uh how we might be able to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh how we might be able to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed uh how we might be able to use
+um VMS or sort of modified operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um VMS or sort of modified operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um VMS or sort of modified operating
+systems to provide private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to provide private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems to provide private browsing
+support and so you might wonder okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and so you might wonder okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and so you might wonder okay
+well then why don't browsers just sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then why don't browsers just sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then why don't browsers just sort
+of require users to to do one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of require users to to do one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of require users to to do one of these
+things to have one of these tricked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to have one of these tricked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to have one of these tricked out
+VMS or tricked out os's so why do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VMS or tricked out os's so why do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VMS or tricked out os's so why do
+browsers take it upon themselves to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers take it upon themselves to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers take it upon themselves to
+implement all this stuff and so the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement all this stuff and so the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement all this stuff and so the main
+reason is deployability right so in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is deployability right so in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is deployability right so in fact
+browser vendors typically do not want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser vendors typically do not want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser vendors typically do not want to
+ask their users to do anything special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask their users to do anything special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask their users to do anything special
+to use the browser besides just install
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the browser besides just install
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use the browser besides just install
+the browser binary itself this is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser binary itself this is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser binary itself this is sort
+of similar to the motivation for Native
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to the motivation for Native
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of similar to the motivation for Native
+client so Google wants to add this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client so Google wants to add this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client so Google wants to add this kind
+of cool feature to in users computers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool feature to in users computers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cool feature to in users computers
+but it doesn't want to force users to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't want to force users to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it doesn't want to force users to
+you know install some special version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know install some special version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know install some special version of
+Windows or Linux or whatever so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows or Linux or whatever so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Windows or Linux or whatever so you know
+Google debate basically says we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google debate basically says we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google debate basically says we'll take
+care of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care of this
+ourselves uh and then another uh reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves uh and then another uh reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves uh and then another uh reason
+is actually usability so a lot of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually usability so a lot of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually usability so a lot of these
+um VM and Os level solutions for private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um VM and Os level solutions for private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um VM and Os level solutions for private
+browsing as we've discussed they make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing as we've discussed they make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing as we've discussed they make it
+more difficult for users to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult for users to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult for users to sort of
+persist state from private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist state from private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist state from private browsing
+sessions that they do actually want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions that they do actually want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions that they do actually want to
+persist right like downloaded files like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist right like downloaded files like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist right like downloaded files like
+uh bookmarks they create and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bookmarks they create and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh bookmarks they create and things like
+that and so basically the browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so basically the browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so basically the browser
+vendors say well if we Implement private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors say well if we Implement private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors say well if we Implement private
+browsing modes oursel we can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing modes oursel we can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing modes oursel we can actually
+allow users to do those things we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow users to do those things we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow users to do those things we can
+allow users to take downloaded files
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow users to take downloaded files
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allow users to take downloaded files
+from private browsing mode and take them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from private browsing mode and take them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from private browsing mode and take them
+to the rest of the machine so that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rest of the machine so that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the rest of the machine so that seems
+kind of nice at first but note that of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice at first but note that of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of nice at first but note that of
+course that that be allowing users to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that that be allowing users to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that that be allowing users to
+export some types of private State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export some types of private State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+export some types of private State
+actually opens up a lot of security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually opens up a lot of security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually opens up a lot of security
+vulnerabilities right and it makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerabilities right and it makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerabilities right and it makes it
+very difficult to analyze the security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to analyze the security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult to analyze the security
+properties that the resulting private BR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that the resulting private BR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that the resulting private BR
+uh that the resulting private uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the resulting private uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the resulting private uh
+browsing modes actually provide and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing modes actually provide and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing modes actually provide and so
+in the paper they they try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper they they try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the paper they they try to
+characterize um the different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize um the different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterize um the different types of
+browser state that can be modified and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser state that can be modified and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser state that can be modified and
+how current private browsing modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how current private browsing modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how current private browsing modes
+actually handle the modification of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually handle the modification of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually handle the modification of that
+state so they they the paper describes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so they they the paper describes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so they they the paper describes
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+taxonomy of browser State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy of browser State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taxonomy of browser State
+changes and so there are four things in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so there are four things in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes and so there are four things in
+this taxonomy so one type of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this taxonomy so one type of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this taxonomy so one type of State
+change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+initiated uh by the website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated uh by the website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated uh by the website
+itself and there's no user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interaction and so examples of this type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and so examples of this type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction and so examples of this type
+of State change you know think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of State change you know think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of State change you know think about
+stuff like uh when a cookie gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like uh when a cookie gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like uh when a cookie gets
+Set uh when something gets added to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh when something gets added to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Set uh when something gets added to the
+uh address history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh address history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh address history of the
+browser uh maybe when the browser cache
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser uh maybe when the browser cache
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser uh maybe when the browser cache
+gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets
+updated and so for this type of State um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated and so for this type of State um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated and so for this type of State um
+basically Al private browsing modes say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Al private browsing modes say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically Al private browsing modes say
+that this stays within the private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this stays within the private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this stays within the private
+browsing mode session but it's basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode session but it's basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode session but it's basically
+going to be destroyed when that private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be destroyed when that private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be destroyed when that private
+browsing session concludes okay and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing session concludes okay and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing session concludes okay and so
+the sort of intuition behind this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of intuition behind this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of intuition behind this is
+that because there's no user interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because there's no user interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because there's no user interaction
+in creating um this state then perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in creating um this state then perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in creating um this state then perhaps
+the right thing for the browser to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing for the browser to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right thing for the browser to do is
+assume that the user wouldn't want that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the user wouldn't want that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the user wouldn't want that
+stuff to persist right so another type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to persist right so another type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff to persist right so another type
+of uh browser State change is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+initiated by the website that the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated by the website that the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initiated by the website that the user
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+visiting but there is some type of user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting but there is some type of user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visiting but there is some type of user
+interaction involved with the state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction involved with the state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction involved with the state
+change so an example of this might be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so an example of this might be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change so an example of this might be uh
+the user installs a client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+certificate or may me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate or may me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate or may me
+uh there's like a saved password so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's like a saved password so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's like a saved password so the
+user tries to log into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user tries to log into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user tries to log into something
+something and the browser says very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and the browser says very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and the browser says very
+helpfully would you like to save this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpfully would you like to save this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpfully would you like to save this
+password and then if the user says yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and then if the user says yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and then if the user says yes
+then these types of things like the save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these types of things like the save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then these types of things like the save
+password that can actually be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password that can actually be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password that can actually be used
+outside of the private browsing mode and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the private browsing mode and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of the private browsing mode and
+so it's a little bit unclear sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit unclear sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a little bit unclear sort of in
+principle what this what the what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle what this what the what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle what this what the what the
+policy for this should be so what ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for this should be so what ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy for this should be so what ends
+up happening uh in practice is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up happening uh in practice is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up happening uh in practice is that
+browsers typically allow State that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers typically allow State that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers typically allow State that's in
+this category that's set in private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this category that's set in private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this category that's set in private
+browsing modes to persist outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing modes to persist outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing modes to persist outside of
+that private browsing mode under the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that private browsing mode under the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that private browsing mode under the
+intuition that since the user did have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that since the user did have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition that since the user did have
+to say yes or no if the user said yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say yes or no if the user said yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say yes or no if the user said yes
+then maybe the user is smart enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe the user is smart enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe the user is smart enough to
+understand that you know if they you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you know if they you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that you know if they you
+know whatever save some password for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever save some password for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know whatever save some password for
+some unsaved recite then someone comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unsaved recite then someone comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unsaved recite then someone comes
+on later and figures that out that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on later and figures that out that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on later and figures that out that's the
+user's fault not the browser's fault so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's fault not the browser's fault so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user's fault not the browser's fault so
+like I said it's a little bit unclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said it's a little bit unclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I said it's a little bit unclear
+what the best policy is here but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the best policy is here but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the best policy is here but in
+practice this type of State change is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this type of State change is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice this type of State change is
+allowed to persist outside of private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to persist outside of private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to persist outside of private
+browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mode so there's another type of State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so there's another type of State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so there's another type of State
+change which is just purely initiated uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change which is just purely initiated uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change which is just purely initiated uh
+by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the
+user and so here you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and so here you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user and so here you can think about
+things like uh setting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like uh setting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like uh setting a
+bookmark or maybe uh downloading a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+file and so the story for this state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and so the story for this state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+file and so the story for this state is
+similar to the story for the state up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the story for the state up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the story for the state up
+here so basically because the user was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so basically because the user was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so basically because the user was
+explicitly involved in the creation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly involved in the creation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly involved in the creation of
+that state private browsing modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state private browsing modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state private browsing modes
+typically say okay so that's okay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically say okay so that's okay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically say okay so that's okay to
+persist these types of changes uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist these types of changes uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+persist these types of changes uh to
+sort of the outside world outside of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the outside world outside of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the outside world outside of the
+private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing
+mode and there's some uh sets of state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and there's some uh sets of state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode and there's some uh sets of state
+which are actually uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unrelated to any particular session at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to any particular session at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unrelated to any particular session at
+all so this is stuff for example like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so this is stuff for example like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so this is stuff for example like uh
+like an update to the browser itself the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an update to the browser itself the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like an update to the browser itself the
+actual uh binaries that constitute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+browser and so the way that browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser and so the way that browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser and so the way that browser
+vender think about this state is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vender think about this state is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vender think about this state is that
+they this state is essentially assumed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they this state is essentially assumed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they this state is essentially assumed
+to be sort of part of a single Global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of part of a single Global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be sort of part of a single Global
+State that's available to both public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State that's available to both public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State that's available to both public
+and private browsing modes right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and private browsing modes right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and private browsing modes right and so
+what's interesting is that if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is that if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's interesting is that if you look
+at this there's actually quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this there's actually quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this there's actually quite a lot of
+state that will actually potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that will actually potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that will actually potentially
+leak outside of private browsing modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak outside of private browsing modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leak outside of private browsing modes
+particularly if there's user volition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if there's user volition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly if there's user volition
+involved and so it's interesting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and so it's interesting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved and so it's interesting to
+think about is this sort of the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is this sort of the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about is this sort of the right
+tradeoff between security uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff between security uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff between security uh and
+privacy and so what's interesting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy and so what's interesting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+privacy and so what's interesting is
+that uh so so the paper actually uh says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so so the paper actually uh says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh so so the paper actually uh says
+that it's difficult um to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's difficult um to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's difficult um to sort of
+prevent a local attacker from detecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent a local attacker from detecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent a local attacker from detecting
+whether or not you've been using private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you've been using private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you've been using private
+browsing mode and the paper was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode and the paper was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsing mode and the paper was a little
+bit vague about why this might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit vague about why this might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit vague about why this might be the
+case so one reason why this might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so one reason why this might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so one reason why this might be the
+case is because some of this state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is because some of this state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is because some of this state that
+actually leaks from private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually leaks from private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually leaks from private browsing
+mode to public browsing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode to public browsing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode to public browsing mode
+intentionally it can actually uh contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally it can actually uh contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intentionally it can actually uh contain
+hints that the state was generated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hints that the state was generated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hints that the state was generated in
+private browsing mode so for example um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode so for example um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode so for example um
+on Firefox and chrome when you generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Firefox and chrome when you generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Firefox and chrome when you generate
+bookmark in private browsing mode that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmark in private browsing mode that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmark in private browsing mode that
+bookmark has a bunch of metadata with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmark has a bunch of metadata with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmark has a bunch of metadata with it
+so for example the time that it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the time that it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example the time that it was
+visited and things like that so in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited and things like that so in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited and things like that so in many
+cases um that metadata will be set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases um that metadata will be set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases um that metadata will be set to
+zero or to some null value if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or to some null value if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero or to some null value if that
+bookmark was generated inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmark was generated inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookmark was generated inside of a
+private browsing mode right so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode right so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode right so then
+later on if someone controls your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on if someone controls your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on if someone controls your
+machine and can look at your bookmark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and can look at your bookmark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine and can look at your bookmark
+information if they see this metadata
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if they see this metadata
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information if they see this metadata
+set to this zero or null value they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to this zero or null value they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to this zero or null value they can
+say aha that bookmark was probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say aha that bookmark was probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say aha that bookmark was probably
+generated in private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated in private browsing
+mode so one thing to think about is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so one thing to think about is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode so one thing to think about is uh
+you know typically when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typically when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know typically when we talk about
+browser security we talk about okay what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser security we talk about okay what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser security we talk about okay what
+can people do with JavaScript or HTML or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can people do with JavaScript or HTML or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can people do with JavaScript or HTML or
+css one thing you might want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+css one thing you might want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+css one thing you might want to think
+about is well what can people do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is well what can people do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about is well what can people do with
+plugins or extensions so in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins or extensions so in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins or extensions so in the context
+of private browsing plugins and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of private browsing plugins and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of private browsing plugins and and
+extensions are quite interesting because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions are quite interesting because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions are quite interesting because
+uh they're not constrained in most cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're not constrained in most cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh they're not constrained in most cases
+by the same origin policy that constrain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same origin policy that constrain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the same origin policy that constrain
+stuff like JavaScript and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like JavaScript and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff like JavaScript and what's
+interesting is that these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that these these
+extensions and plugins typically run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions and plugins typically run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions and plugins typically run
+with very high Authority right Loosely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very high Authority right Loosely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very high Authority right Loosely
+speaking you can think of them as like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking you can think of them as like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking you can think of them as like
+kernel modules right they Implement new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel modules right they Implement new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kernel modules right they Implement new
+features directly inside of the browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features directly inside of the browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features directly inside of the browser
+themselves and so that's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and so that's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and so that's a little bit
+problematic because these plugins and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic because these plugins and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problematic because these plugins and
+extensions are often developed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions are often developed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions are often developed by
+someone who's not the actual browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's not the actual browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone who's not the actual browser
+vendor right and so what that means is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor right and so what that means is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendor right and so what that means is
+that you know someone's trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know someone's trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know someone's trying to do
+something nice and provide you this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nice and provide you this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something nice and provide you this nice
+value ad in this browser Plug-In or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value ad in this browser Plug-In or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value ad in this browser Plug-In or
+extension but that implementor might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension but that implementor might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension but that implementor might not
+fully understand the context the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully understand the context the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully understand the context the
+security context in which that extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security context in which that extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security context in which that extension
+runs so that extension may not Implement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs so that extension may not Implement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs so that extension may not Implement
+private browsing mode semantics or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode semantics or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode semantics or it
+may try to implement it but do it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may try to implement it but do it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may try to implement it but do it in a
+bad way and so as I'll describe in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad way and so as I'll describe in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad way and so as I'll describe in a
+couple minutes that's actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes that's actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple minutes that's actually sort of
+bad from the security perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad from the security perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad from the security perspective
+because that means that when you add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means that when you add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that means that when you add
+some of these new plugins or extensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these new plugins or extensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these new plugins or extensions
+you now can't strongly reason about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now can't strongly reason about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you now can't strongly reason about what
+the resulting private these mantics for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting private these mantics for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resulting private these mantics for
+the browser are now one thing that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser are now one thing that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser are now one thing that's
+nice is that plugins are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice is that plugins are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice is that plugins are actually
+probably going the way of dinosaurs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going the way of dinosaurs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably going the way of dinosaurs so
+as you probably know like HTML 5 adds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you probably know like HTML 5 adds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you probably know like HTML 5 adds
+all these new features like the audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these new features like the audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these new features like the audio
+tag and the video tag and stuff like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and the video tag and stuff like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tag and the video tag and stuff like
+that and so a lot of these new features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so a lot of these new features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and so a lot of these new features
+were designed to allow people to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were designed to allow people to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were designed to allow people to get
+away from plugins to get away from java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from plugins to get away from java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from plugins to get away from java
+to get away from flash so you know when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get away from flash so you know when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get away from flash so you know when
+people in the past wanted to do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the past wanted to do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the past wanted to do things
+like have Rich like uh 2D or 3D Graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have Rich like uh 2D or 3D Graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like have Rich like uh 2D or 3D Graphics
+they'd have to use something like Java
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to use something like Java
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd have to use something like Java
+or flash now they can use things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or flash now they can use things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or flash now they can use things like
+webgl they can use things like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webgl they can use things like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+webgl they can use things like the
+canvas tag so on and so forth so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas tag so on and so forth so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canvas tag so on and so forth so
+probably plugins are going away and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably plugins are going away and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably plugins are going away and in
+fact like IE team for example has said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact like IE team for example has said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact like IE team for example has said
+that you know in a couple years they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in a couple years they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know in a couple years they
+don't think anybody's going to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think anybody's going to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think anybody's going to be using
+plugins whatsoever it's all going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins whatsoever it's all going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugins whatsoever it's all going to be
+like HTML 5 type stuff and in fact if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like HTML 5 type stuff and in fact if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like HTML 5 type stuff and in fact if
+you go to YouTube I don't know if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to YouTube I don't know if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to YouTube I don't know if you've
+noticed but a lot of times if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed but a lot of times if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noticed but a lot of times if you go to
+the video the video is actually using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video the video is actually using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the video the video is actually using
+it's called like the HTML 5 player right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called like the HTML 5 player right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called like the HTML 5 player right
+they've gone away from sort of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've gone away from sort of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've gone away from sort of their
+standard uh sort of uh plug-in based one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh sort of uh plug-in based one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard uh sort of uh plug-in based one
+right uh so that's very interesting so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so that's very interesting so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so that's very interesting so
+you can already see sites trying to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already see sites trying to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can already see sites trying to move
+towards this new plug-in world uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards this new plug-in world uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards this new plug-in world uh
+however extensions are probably here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however extensions are probably here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however extensions are probably here to
+stay for at least the foreseeable future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay for at least the foreseeable future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay for at least the foreseeable future
+so it's still important to get those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still important to get those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's still important to get those
+right uh so yeah so the last thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so yeah so the last thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so yeah so the last thing that
+I want to discuss is so that the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to discuss is so that the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to discuss is so that the paper
+was written in 2010 right so that's four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written in 2010 right so that's four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written in 2010 right so that's four
+years ago so you might think to yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so you might think to yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago so you might think to yourself
+what's changed about private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's changed about private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's changed about private browsing
+mode um um and so at a high level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode um um and so at a high level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode um um and so at a high level
+private browsing mode is still tricky to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode is still tricky to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode is still tricky to
+get right uh and the reason why It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get right uh and the reason why It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get right uh and the reason why It's
+tricky to get right uh is a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to get right uh is a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky to get right uh is a couple
+reasons so first of all because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so first of all because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons so first of all because the
+browser API is still growing because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser API is still growing because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser API is still growing because of
+things like this HTML 5 stuff right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this HTML 5 stuff right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like this HTML 5 stuff right the
+the the interface which needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interface which needs to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the interface which needs to be
+secured with respect to Private Browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secured with respect to Private Browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secured with respect to Private Browsing
+mode that Frontier is always getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that Frontier is always getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode that Frontier is always getting
+bigger right and also a lot of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger right and also a lot of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger right and also a lot of times
+developers they're more Fe they're more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers they're more Fe they're more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers they're more Fe they're more
+focused on sort of adding cool new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on sort of adding cool new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on sort of adding cool new
+features and then the Privacy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and then the Privacy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and then the Privacy
+implications sort of get taken up later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications sort of get taken up later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications sort of get taken up later
+on and so in practice it is still tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so in practice it is still tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and so in practice it is still tricky
+um to produce a private browsing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to produce a private browsing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um to produce a private browsing mode
+which catches all potential data leaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which catches all potential data leaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which catches all potential data leaks
+um so one example uh there was a Firefox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one example uh there was a Firefox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so one example uh there was a Firefox
+Firefox bug fix from January 2014 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firefox bug fix from January 2014 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firefox bug fix from January 2014 and
+the basic idea is there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic idea is there is this
+extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension
+um it's called Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's called Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's called Uh
+PDF .js it's basically a way to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF .js it's basically a way to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PDF .js it's basically a way to look at
+uh PDF files uh using pure HTML 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh PDF files uh using pure HTML 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh PDF files uh using pure HTML 5
+interfaces and so as it turns out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and so as it turns out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfaces and so as it turns out this
+extension uh was allowing public mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension uh was allowing public mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension uh was allowing public mode
+cookies to leak when it was being used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies to leak when it was being used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies to leak when it was being used
+in private browsing mode right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in private browsing mode right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in private browsing mode right so the
+idea is that you know let's say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you know let's say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea is that you know let's say that you
+visit um some website in public mode you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit um some website in public mode you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit um some website in public mode you
+want to download some PDF maybe you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to download some PDF maybe you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to download some PDF maybe you get
+some cookie that comes back you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cookie that comes back you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cookie that comes back you come
+back in private browsing mode you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in private browsing mode you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back in private browsing mode you want
+to view another PDF from that site and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view another PDF from that site and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view another PDF from that site and
+then pdf.js was actually sending those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pdf.js was actually sending those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then pdf.js was actually sending those
+public mode cookies along with any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public mode cookies along with any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public mode cookies along with any
+private mode cookies that were set and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private mode cookies that were set and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private mode cookies that were set and
+so uh in the lecture notes actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in the lecture notes actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in the lecture notes actually have
+a link to the uh sort of uh the bugzilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link to the uh sort of uh the bugzilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a link to the uh sort of uh the bugzilla
+discussion about this particular bug so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about this particular bug so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about this particular bug so
+the fix was actually quite quite simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix was actually quite quite simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix was actually quite quite simple
+once they realized this was a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they realized this was a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once they realized this was a problem
+they basically just have to add a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically just have to add a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically just have to add a check
+that says morally speaking am I in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says morally speaking am I in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says morally speaking am I in
+private browsing mode if so just you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode if so just you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private browsing mode if so just you
+know do some things and well and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do some things and well and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know do some things and well and one of
+those things is not in the cookies um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things is not in the cookies um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things is not in the cookies um so
+the fix here was actually quite quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix here was actually quite quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fix here was actually quite quite
+simple um but the challenge was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um but the challenge was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple um but the challenge was that
+once again people had added this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again people had added this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once again people had added this this
+cool new extension um but they it hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool new extension um but they it hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool new extension um but they it hadn't
+really crossed their mind to sort of do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crossed their mind to sort of do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really crossed their mind to sort of do
+this sort of very uh sort of full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of very uh sort of full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sort of very uh sort of full
+invasive audit and say where are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasive audit and say where are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invasive audit and say where are all the
+places at which uh private browsing mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places at which uh private browsing mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places at which uh private browsing mode
+semantics might be impacted uh by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics might be impacted uh by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semantics might be impacted uh by this
+particular plug-in there's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plug-in there's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plug-in there's another
+interesting one too gets back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one too gets back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting one too gets back to a
+discussion we had about 30 minutes ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we had about 30 minutes ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we had about 30 minutes ago
+about what happens if you have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens if you have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what happens if you have sort of
+like private tabs and public tabs maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like private tabs and public tabs maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like private tabs and public tabs maybe
+open at the same time or very close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open at the same time or very close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open at the same time or very close to
+each other so there's actually a bug uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so there's actually a bug uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other so there's actually a bug uh
+in Firefox I think it's from let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Firefox I think it's from let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Firefox I think it's from let's see
+here yeah 2011 which is still unfilled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah 2011 which is still unfilled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here yeah 2011 which is still unfilled
+and the basic idea is that if you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic idea is that if you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basic idea is that if you go to
+a tab in private browsing mode okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tab in private browsing mode okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a tab in private browsing mode okay you
+go do some stuff you then close that tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go do some stuff you then close that tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go do some stuff you then close that tab
+okay you then open a new public mode Tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you then open a new public mode Tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you then open a new public mode Tab
+and you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you go to
+uh you go to about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you go to about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you go to about
+memory so as you probably know browsers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so as you probably know browsers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory so as you probably know browsers
+toine these sort of fake URLs to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toine these sort of fake URLs to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toine these sort of fake URLs to tell
+you information about how the browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you information about how the browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you information about how the browser
+works so you go to the private tab close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so you go to the private tab close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so you go to the private tab close
+it up then go to about memory this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up then go to about memory this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up then go to about memory this is
+going to tell you information about all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you information about all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to tell you information about all
+the objects that Firefox has allocated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects that Firefox has allocated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the objects that Firefox has allocated
+right and so what would happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what would happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so what would happen is that
+that uh window objects are typically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh window objects are typically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh window objects are typically um
+deallocated they're garbage collected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deallocated they're garbage collected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deallocated they're garbage collected
+lazily in Firefox so what could end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazily in Firefox so what could end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lazily in Firefox so what could end up
+happening is that when you open up that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that when you open up that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that when you open up that
+new public mode tab go to about memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new public mode tab go to about memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new public mode tab go to about memory
+you can actually find information still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually find information still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually find information still
+about that private mode window right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that private mode window right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that private mode window right
+such as things like it's URL for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as things like it's URL for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as things like it's URL for example
+it'll tell you how much memory was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell you how much memory was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll tell you how much memory was
+allocated and all that kind of stuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated and all that kind of stuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocated and all that kind of stuff and
+it's all in the plain text right and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all in the plain text right and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all in the plain text right and so
+that's an example of how you know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of how you know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an example of how you know there
+are these very subtle interfaces in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these very subtle interfaces in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these very subtle interfaces in the
+browser that can actually leak a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser that can actually leak a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser that can actually leak a lot of
+information and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so
+it was very interesting so if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very interesting so if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was very interesting so if you look
+at the bugzilla discussion it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bugzilla discussion it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the bugzilla discussion it's actually
+pretty uh interesting to sort of see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh interesting to sort of see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty uh interesting to sort of see how
+these problems get resolved in real life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems get resolved in real life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these problems get resolved in real life
+and I put a link in the lecture notes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put a link in the lecture notes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I put a link in the lecture notes to
+it so there there's a message that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so there there's a message that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so there there's a message that says
+this bug was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bug was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this bug was
+deprioritized uh when it became clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprioritized uh when it became clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deprioritized uh when it became clear
+that the potential solution was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the potential solution was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the potential solution was more
+involved than originally anticipated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved than originally anticipated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved than originally anticipated
+right so there's actually a pretty long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's actually a pretty long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's actually a pretty long
+discussion about how do we fix this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about how do we fix this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion about how do we fix this and
+it involve like changing the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involve like changing the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it involve like changing the way that
+garbage collection is done and like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collection is done and like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage collection is done and like the
+garbage you know it's very tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage you know it's very tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garbage you know it's very tricky
+because if you invoke it too often maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you invoke it too often maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you invoke it too often maybe
+that's a performance it and so and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a performance it and so and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a performance it and so and so
+forth so this this long discussion about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so this this long discussion about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth so this this long discussion about
+this so they said it was deprioritized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so they said it was deprioritized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so they said it was deprioritized
+when it was clear the solution was more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was clear the solution was more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it was clear the solution was more
+involved than anticipated and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved than anticipated and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved than anticipated and then in
+response a developer said that is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response a developer said that is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response a developer said that is very
+sad to hear this can pretty much defeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad to hear this can pretty much defeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sad to hear this can pretty much defeat
+the purpose of things like session store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of things like session store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the purpose of things like session store
+forgetting about closed private Windows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting about closed private Windows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgetting about closed private Windows
+right so so the so developers do care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the so developers do care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so the so developers do care
+about this stuff and like in the cas of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff and like in the cas of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff and like in the cas of
+session store um this this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session store um this this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session store um this this sort of
+storage feature for HML 5 they'd gone to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage feature for HML 5 they'd gone to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage feature for HML 5 they'd gone to
+a lot of trouble to make it uh delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of trouble to make it uh delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of trouble to make it uh delete
+things that belonged to these closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that belonged to these closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that belonged to these closed
+private windows but basically what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private windows but basically what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private windows but basically what this
+bug did is still it basically still left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug did is still it basically still left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug did is still it basically still left
+information about that stuff sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about that stuff sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about that stuff sitting
+around in memory somewhere so long story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in memory somewhere so long story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around in memory somewhere so long story
+short you know it's still very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short you know it's still very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short you know it's still very difficult
+to get private browsing right and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get private browsing right and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get private browsing right and in
+fact they're actually off the-shelf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're actually off the-shelf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact they're actually off the-shelf
+forensics tools that you can download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensics tools that you can download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forensics tools that you can download
+that will actually look for um evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will actually look for um evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will actually look for um evidence
+of both public and private browsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both public and private browsing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of both public and private browsing
+modes right so if you're an attacker you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes right so if you're an attacker you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modes right so if you're an attacker you
+don't have to roll your own custom tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to roll your own custom tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to roll your own custom tool
+there's this one thing called like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this one thing called like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this one thing called like
+magnet I think it's uh internet evidence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet I think it's uh internet evidence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnet I think it's uh internet evidence
+Finder right he just go get this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finder right he just go get this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finder right he just go get this thing
+it'll do things like look through your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll do things like look through your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll do things like look through your
+page file for Ram artifacts right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page file for Ram artifacts right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page file for Ram artifacts right and
+it'll give you a very nice guey it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give you a very nice guey it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll give you a very nice guey it'll
+say here are the images I found here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here are the images I found here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here are the images I found here are
+the URLs so on and so forth so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the URLs so on and so forth so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the URLs so on and so forth so in
+practice these private browsing modes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice these private browsing modes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice these private browsing modes
+still do um leak some information all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do um leak some information all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still do um leak some information all
+right so uh next lecture we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh next lecture we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so uh next lecture we're going to
+talk about Tour all right see you then
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZR-BWj_sMV0.txt b/ZR-BWj_sMV0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14f9a52255024dcd538f391488e46ed88229ddca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZR-BWj_sMV0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so from a power and political context I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from a power and political context I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from a power and political context I
+would say yes we should supplement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say yes we should supplement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say yes we should supplement the
+work of representative democracy but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of representative democracy but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work of representative democracy but we
+also need to be very precise in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to be very precise in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also need to be very precise in our
+analysis when we do any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis when we do any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis when we do any of these
+processes about how we link to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes about how we link to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes about how we link to and
+connect to the existing representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the existing representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to the existing representative
+democracy I think part of our work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy I think part of our work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+democracy I think part of our work is
+designing safe Democratic spaces where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing safe Democratic spaces where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designing safe Democratic spaces where
+both the polity and the governance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the polity and the governance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the polity and the governance
+authorities take a leap of faith that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities take a leap of faith that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities take a leap of faith that if
+we both on Good Grounds agree to come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we both on Good Grounds agree to come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we both on Good Grounds agree to come to
+this Democratic space mutually we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Democratic space mutually we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Democratic space mutually we
+haven't changed any laws we aren't in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed any laws we aren't in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't changed any laws we aren't in a
+co-governance situation but both parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-governance situation but both parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-governance situation but both parties
+are investing fully taking a Leap of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are investing fully taking a Leap of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are investing fully taking a Leap of
+Faith and Decisions are actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith and Decisions are actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Faith and Decisions are actually going
+to be different and that seems to me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different and that seems to me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be different and that seems to me a
+Nuance between communicative and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuance between communicative and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nuance between communicative and
+co-governance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-governance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-governance
+Our Kind asked the question of me and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our Kind asked the question of me and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our Kind asked the question of me and of
+Carolyn um since referring to our media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carolyn um since referring to our media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Carolyn um since referring to our media
+projects uh I you you said is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh I you you said is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects uh I you you said is that the
+best you can do question un quote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can do question un quote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best you can do question un quote
+unquote so so what I'd like to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote so so what I'd like to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unquote so so what I'd like to well
+first I'd like to say if you can affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I'd like to say if you can affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first I'd like to say if you can affect
+the public dialogue with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public dialogue with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public dialogue with the
+deliberations of a random sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberations of a random sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliberations of a random sample and
+create an expression of the public will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an expression of the public will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create an expression of the public will
+to use Caroline's phrase I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use Caroline's phrase I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use Caroline's phrase I think you're
+doing something okay now I have actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something okay now I have actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing something okay now I have actually
+fundamental disagreements with Carolyn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental disagreements with Carolyn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental disagreements with Carolyn
+about the usefulness of self- selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the usefulness of self- selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the usefulness of self- selected
+samples even with demographic screens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples even with demographic screens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples even with demographic screens
+but that's a different issue I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a different issue I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a different issue I think
+she's absolutely right that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's absolutely right that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she's absolutely right that an
+expression of the public will that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the public will that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of the public will that is
+taken as representative of the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken as representative of the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken as representative of the community
+after deliberation is terribly useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after deliberation is terribly useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after deliberation is terribly useful
+for policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for policy
+makers
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ZulMqrvP-Pk.txt b/ZulMqrvP-Pk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56192830ea7c6c4f67877fa034f7cb107050a85f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ZulMqrvP-Pk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2553 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+offer high-quality, educational
+
+resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or view
+additional materials from
+
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit
+MIT OpenCourseWare at
+
+ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: All right.
+
+So today, we're going to start
+by taking stock of what we
+
+discussed last time, review the
+
+definition of Markov chains.
+
+And then most of the lecture,
+we're going to concentrate on
+
+their steady-state behavior.
+
+Meaning, we're going to look at
+what does a Markov chain do
+
+if it has run for a long time.
+
+What can we say about
+the probabilities of
+
+the different states?
+
+So what I would like to repeat
+is a statement I made last
+
+time that Markov chains
+is a very, very
+
+useful class of models.
+
+Pretty much anything in
+the real world can be
+
+approximately modeled by a
+Markov chain provided that you
+
+set your states in
+the proper way.
+
+So we're going to see
+some examples.
+
+You're going to see more
+examples in the problems
+
+you're going to do in homework
+and recitation.
+
+On the other hand, we're
+not going to go
+
+too deep into examples.
+
+Rather, we're going to develop
+the general methodology.
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+Markov models can be
+pretty general.
+
+They can run in continuous
+or discrete time.
+
+They can have continuous or
+discrete state spaces.
+
+In this class, we're going to
+stick just to the case where
+
+the state space is discrete and
+time is discrete because
+
+this is the simplest case.
+
+And also, it's the one where
+you build your intuition
+
+before going to more
+general cases
+
+perhaps in other classes.
+
+So the state is discrete
+and finite.
+
+There's a finite number
+of states.
+
+At any point in time, the
+process is sitting on one of
+
+those states.
+
+Time is discrete, so at each
+unit of time, somebody
+
+whistles and then
+the state jumps.
+
+And when it jumps, it can either
+land in the same place,
+
+or it can land somewhere else.
+
+And the evolution of the
+process is described by
+
+transition probabilities.
+
+Pij is the probability that the
+next state is j given that
+
+the current state is i.
+
+And the most important property
+that the Markov chain
+
+has, the definition of a
+Markov chain or Markov
+
+process, is that this
+probability, Pij, is the same
+
+every time that you
+land at state i --
+
+no matter how you got there
+and also no matter
+
+what time it is.
+
+So the model we have is time
+homogeneous, which basically
+
+means that those transition
+probabilities are the same at
+
+every time.
+
+So the model is time invariant
+in that sense.
+
+So we're interested in what the
+chain or the process is
+
+going to do in the longer run.
+
+So we're interested, let's say,
+in the probability that
+
+starting at a certain state, n
+times steps later, we find
+
+ourselves at some particular
+state j.
+
+Fortunately, we can calculate
+those probabilities
+
+recursively.
+
+Of course, at the first time 1,
+the probability of being 1
+
+time later at state j given that
+we are right now at state
+
+i, by definition, this is just
+the transition probabilities.
+
+So by knowing these, we can
+start a recursion that tells
+
+us the transition probabilities
+
+for more than n steps.
+
+This recursion, it's
+a formula.
+
+It's always true.
+
+You can copy it or
+memorize it.
+
+But there is a big idea behind
+that formula that you should
+
+keep in mind.
+
+And basically, the divide
+and conquer idea.
+
+It's an application of the
+total probability law.
+
+So let's fix i.
+
+The probability that you find
+yourself at state j, you break
+
+it up into the probabilities of
+the different ways that you
+
+can get to state j.
+
+What are those different ways?
+
+The different ways are the
+different states k at which
+
+you might find yourself
+the previous time.
+
+So with some probability, with
+this probability, you find
+
+yourself at state k
+the previous time.
+
+And then with probability
+Pkj, you make a
+
+transition to state j.
+
+So this is a possible scenario
+that takes you to state j
+
+after n transitions.
+
+And by summing over all the k's,
+then we have considered
+
+all the possible scenarios.
+
+Now, before we move to the more
+serious stuff, let's do a
+
+little bit of warm up to get
+a handle on how we use
+
+transition probabilities to
+calculate more general
+
+probabilities, then talk about
+some structural properties of
+
+Markov chains, and then
+eventually get to the main
+
+business of today, which is
+a steady-state behavior.
+
+So somebody gives you this
+chain, and our convention is
+
+that those arcs that are not
+shown here corresponds to 0
+
+probabilities.
+
+And each one of the arcs that's
+shown has a non-zero
+
+probability, and somebody
+gives it to us.
+
+Suppose that the chain
+starts at state 1.
+
+We want to calculate the
+probability that it follows
+
+this particular path.
+
+That is, it goes to 2,
+then to 6, then to 7.
+
+How do we calculate the
+probability of a particular
+
+trajectory?
+
+Well, this is the
+probability--
+
+so it's the probability of the
+trajectory from 1 that you go
+
+to 2, then to 6, then to 7.
+
+So the probability of this
+trajectory is we use the
+
+multiplication rule.
+
+The probability of several
+things happening is the
+
+probability that the first
+thing happens, which is a
+
+transition from 1 to 2.
+
+And then given that we are at
+state 2, we multiply with a
+
+conditional probability that
+the next event happens.
+
+That is, that X2 is equal to 6
+given that right now, we are
+
+at state 1.
+
+And that conditional probability
+is just P26.
+
+And notice that this conditional
+probability
+
+applies no matter how
+we got to state 2.
+
+This is the Markov assumption.
+
+So we don't care about the
+fact that we came in in a
+
+particular way.
+
+Given that we came in here, this
+probability P26, that the
+
+next transition takes us to 6.
+
+And then given that all that
+stuff happened, so given that
+
+right now, we are at state 6,
+we need to multiply with a
+
+conditional probability that the
+next transition takes us
+
+to state 7.
+
+And this is just the P67.
+
+So to find the probability
+of following a specific
+
+trajectory, you just multiply
+the transition probabilities
+
+along the particular
+trajectory.
+
+Now, if you want to calculate
+something else, such as for
+
+example, the probability that
+4 time steps later, I find
+
+myself at state 7 given that
+they started, let's say, at
+
+this state.
+
+How do you calculate
+this probability?
+
+One way is to use the recursion
+for the Rijs that we
+
+know that it is always valid.
+
+But for short and simple
+examples, and with a small
+
+time horizon, perhaps you can do
+this in a brute force way.
+
+What would be the
+brute force way?
+
+This is the event that 4 time
+steps later, I find
+
+myself at state 7.
+
+This event can happen
+in various ways.
+
+So we can take stock of all the
+different ways, and write
+
+down their probabilities.
+
+So starting from 2.
+
+One possibility is to follow
+this trajectory, 1 transition,
+
+2 transitions, 3 transitions,
+4 transitions.
+
+And that takes me to state 7.
+
+What's the probability
+of this trajectory?
+
+It's P26 times P67 times
+P76 and then times P67.
+
+So this is a probability of a
+particular trajectory that
+
+takes you to state 7
+after 4 time steps.
+
+But there's other trajectories
+as well.
+
+What could be it?
+
+I might start from state 2, go
+to state 6, stay at state 6,
+
+stay at state 6 once more.
+
+And then from state
+6, go to state 7.
+
+And so there must be one more.
+
+What's the other one?
+
+I guess I could go 1, 2, 6, 7.
+
+OK.
+
+That's the other trajectory.
+
+Plus P21 times P12 times
+P26 and times P67.
+
+So the transition probability,
+the overall probability of
+
+finding ourselves at state 7,
+is broken down as the sum of
+
+the probabilities of all the
+different ways that I can get
+
+to state 7 in exactly 4 steps.
+
+So we could always do that
+without knowing much about
+
+Markov chains or the general
+formula for the
+
+Rij's that we had.
+
+What's the trouble with
+this procedure?
+
+The trouble with this procedure
+is that the number
+
+of possible trajectories becomes
+quite large if this
+
+index is a little bigger.
+
+If this 4 was 100, and you
+ask how many different
+
+trajectories of length 100 are
+there to take me from here to
+
+there, that number of
+trajectories would be huge.
+
+It grows exponentially with
+the time horizon.
+
+And this kind of calculation
+would be impossible.
+
+The basic equation, the
+recursion that have for the
+
+Rij's is basically a clever
+way of organizing this
+
+computation so that the amount
+of computation that you do is
+
+not exponential in
+the time horizon.
+
+Rather, it's sort of linear
+with the time horizon.
+
+For each time step you need in
+the time horizon, you just
+
+keep repeating the same
+iteration over and over.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, the other thing that we
+discussed last time, briefly,
+
+was a classification of the
+different states of the Markov
+
+chain in two different types.
+
+A Markov chain, in general, has
+states that are recurrent,
+
+which means that from a
+recurrent state, I can go
+
+somewhere else.
+
+But from that somewhere else,
+there's always some way of
+
+coming back.
+
+So if you have a chain of this
+form, no matter where you go,
+
+no matter where you start,
+you can always come
+
+back where you started.
+
+States of this kind are
+called recurrent.
+
+On the other hand, if you have
+a few states all this kind, a
+
+transition of this type, then
+these states are transient in
+
+the sense that from those
+states, it's possible to go
+
+somewhere else from which place
+there's no way to come
+
+back where you started.
+
+The general structure of a
+Markov chain is basically a
+
+collection of transient
+states.
+
+You're certain that you are
+going to leave the transient
+
+states eventually.
+
+And after you leave the
+transient states, you enter
+
+into a class of states in
+which you are trapped.
+
+You are trapped if you
+get inside here.
+
+You are trapped if you
+get inside there.
+
+This is a recurrent
+class of states.
+
+From any state, you can
+get to any other
+
+state within this class.
+
+That's another recurrent
+class.
+
+From any state inside here,
+you can get anywhere else
+
+inside that class.
+
+But these 2 classes, you
+do not communicate.
+
+If you start here, there's
+no way to get there.
+
+If you have 2 recurrent classes,
+then it's clear that
+
+the initial conditions
+of your Markov chain
+
+matter in the long run.
+
+If you start here, you will be
+stuck inside here for the long
+
+run and similarly about here.
+
+So the initial conditions
+do make a difference.
+
+On the other hand, if this class
+was not here and you
+
+only had that class, what would
+happen to the chain?
+
+Let's say you start here.
+
+You move around.
+
+At some point, you make
+that transition.
+
+You get stuck in here.
+
+And inside here, you keep
+circulating, because of the
+
+randomness, you keep visiting
+all states over and over.
+
+And hopefully or possibly, in
+the long run, it doesn't
+
+matter exactly what time it is
+or where you started, but the
+
+probability of being at that
+particular state is the same
+
+no matter what the initial
+condition was.
+
+So with a single recurrent
+class, we hope that the
+
+initial conditions
+do not matter.
+
+With 2 or more recurrent
+classes, initial conditions
+
+will definitely matter.
+
+So how many recurrent classes we
+have is something that has
+
+to do with the long-term
+behavior of the chain and the
+
+extent to which initial
+conditions matter.
+
+Another way that initial
+conditions may matter is if a
+
+chain has a periodic
+structure.
+
+There are many ways of
+defining periodicity.
+
+The one that I find sort of the
+most intuitive and with
+
+the least amount
+of mathematical
+
+symbols is the following.
+
+The state space of a chain is
+said to be periodic if you can
+
+lump the states into a number
+of clusters called
+
+d clusters or groups.
+
+And the transition diagram has
+the property that from a
+
+cluster, you always
+make a transition
+
+into the next cluster.
+
+So here d is equal to 2.
+
+We have two subsets of
+the state space.
+
+Whenever we're here, next
+time we'll be there.
+
+Whenever we're here, next
+time we will be there.
+
+So this chain has a periodic
+structure.
+
+There may be still
+some randomness.
+
+When I jump from here to here,
+the state to which I jump may
+
+be random, but I'm sure that I'm
+going to be inside here.
+
+And then next time, I will be
+sure that I'm inside here.
+
+This would be a structure of a
+diagram in which we have a
+
+period of 3.
+
+If you start in this lump, you
+know that the next time, you
+
+would be in a state
+inside here.
+
+Next time, you'll be in a state
+inside here, and so on.
+
+So these chains certainly have
+a periodic structure.
+
+And that periodicity
+gets maintained.
+
+If I start, let's say, at this
+lump, at even times,
+
+I'm sure I'm here.
+
+At odd times, I'm
+sure I am here.
+
+So the exact time does matter
+in determining the
+
+probabilities of the
+different states.
+
+And in particular, the
+probability of being at the
+
+particular state cannot convert
+to a state value.
+
+The probability of being at the
+state inside here is going
+
+to be 0 for all times.
+
+In general, it's going
+to be some positive
+
+number for even times.
+
+So it goes 0 positive, zero,
+positive, 0 positive.
+
+Doesn't settle to anything.
+
+So when we have periodicity,
+we do not expect the states
+
+probabilities to converge to
+something, but rather, we
+
+expect them to oscillate.
+
+Now, how can we tell whether
+a Markov chain
+
+is periodic or not?
+
+There are systematic ways of
+doing it, but usually with the
+
+types of examples we see in this
+class, we just eyeball
+
+the chain, and we tell whether
+it's periodic or not.
+
+So is this chain down here, is
+it the periodic one or not?
+
+How many people think
+it's periodic?
+
+No one.
+
+One.
+
+How many people think
+it's not periodic?
+
+OK.
+
+Not periodic?
+
+Let's see.
+
+Let me do some drawing here.
+
+OK.
+
+Is it periodic?
+
+It is.
+
+From a red state, you can only
+get to a white state.
+
+And from a white state, you can
+only get to a red state.
+
+So this chain, even though it's
+not apparent from the
+
+picture, actually has
+this structure.
+
+We can group the states into red
+states and white states.
+
+And from reds, we always go to
+a white, and from a white, we
+
+always go to a red.
+
+So this tells you
+that sometimes
+
+eyeballing is not as easy.
+
+If you have lots and lots of
+states, you might have some
+
+trouble doing this exercise.
+
+On the other hand, something
+very useful to know.
+
+Sometimes it's extremely
+easy to tell that the
+
+chain is not periodic.
+
+What's that case?
+
+Suppose that your chain has a
+self-transition somewhere.
+
+Then automatically,
+you know that your
+
+chain is not periodic.
+
+So remember, the definition of
+periodicity requires that if
+
+you are in a certain group of
+states, next time, you will be
+
+in a different group.
+
+But if you have
+self-transitions, that
+
+property is not true.
+
+If you have a possible
+self-transition, it's possible
+
+that you stay inside your own
+group for the next time step.
+
+So whenever you have a
+self-transition, this implies
+
+that the chain is
+not periodic.
+
+And usually that's the simplest
+and easy way that we
+
+can tell most of the time that
+the chain is not periodic.
+
+So now, we come to the big topic
+of today, the central
+
+topic, which is the question
+about what does the chain do
+
+in the long run.
+
+The question we are asking and
+which we motivated last time
+
+by looking at an example.
+
+It's something that did happen
+in our example of last time.
+
+So we're asking whether
+this happens for
+
+every Markov chain.
+
+We're asking the question
+whether the probability of
+
+being at state j at some
+time n settles to a
+
+steady-state value.
+
+Let's call it pi sub j.
+
+That these were asking whether
+this quantity has a limit as n
+
+goes to infinity, so that
+we can talk about the
+
+steady-state probability
+of state j.
+
+And furthermore, we asked
+whether the steady-state
+
+probability of that state
+does not depend
+
+on the initial state.
+
+In other words, after the chain
+runs for a long, long
+
+time, it doesn't matter exactly
+what time it is, and
+
+it doesn't matter where the
+chain started from.
+
+You can tell me the probability
+that the state is
+
+a particular j is approximately
+the steady-state
+
+probability pi sub j.
+
+It doesn't matter exactly what
+time it is as long as you tell
+
+me that a lot of time
+has elapsed so
+
+that n is a big number.
+
+So this is the question.
+
+We have seen examples, and we
+understand that this is not
+
+going to be the case always.
+
+For example, as I just
+discussed, if we have 2
+
+recurrent classes, where
+we start does matter.
+
+The probability pi(j) of being
+in that state j is going to be
+
+0 if we start here, but it would
+be something positive if
+
+we were to start in that lump.
+
+So the initial state does matter
+if we have multiple
+
+recurrent classes.
+
+But if we have only a single
+class of recurrent states from
+
+each one of which you can get
+to any other one, then we
+
+don't have that problem.
+
+Then we expect initial
+conditions to be forgotten.
+
+So that's one condition
+that we need.
+
+And then the other condition
+that we need is that the chain
+
+is not periodic.
+
+If the chain is periodic, then
+these Rij's do not converge.
+
+They keep oscillating.
+
+If we do not have periodicity,
+then there is hope that we
+
+will get the convergence
+that we need.
+
+It turns out this is the big
+theory of Markov chains-- the
+
+steady-state convergence
+theorem.
+
+It turns out that yes, the
+rijs do converge to a
+
+steady-state limit, which
+we call a steady-state
+
+probability as long as these two
+conditions are satisfied.
+
+We're not going to prove
+this theorem.
+
+If you're really interested, the
+end of chapter exercises
+
+basically walk you through a
+proof of this result, but it's
+
+probably a little too much for
+doing it in this class.
+
+What is the intuitive idea
+behind this theorem?
+
+Let's see.
+
+Let's think intuitively
+as to why the initial
+
+state doesn't matter.
+
+Think of two copies of the chain
+that starts at different
+
+initial states, and the
+state moves randomly.
+
+As the state moves randomly
+starting from the two initial
+
+states a random trajectory.
+
+as long as you have a single
+recurrent class at some point,
+
+and you don't have periodicity
+at some point, those states,
+
+those two trajectories,
+are going to collide.
+
+Just because there's enough
+randomness there.
+
+Even though we started from
+different places, the state is
+
+going to be the same.
+
+After the state becomes the
+same, then the future of these
+
+trajectories, probabilistically,
+is the same
+
+because they both started
+at the same state.
+
+So this means that the
+initial conditions
+
+stopped having any influence.
+
+That's sort of the high-level
+idea of why the initial state
+
+gets forgotten.
+
+Even if you started at different
+initial states, at
+
+some time, you may find yourself
+to be in the same
+
+state as the other trajectory.
+
+And once that happens, your
+initial conditions cannot have
+
+any effect into the future.
+
+All right.
+
+So let's see how we might
+calculate those steady-state
+
+probabilities.
+
+The way we calculate the
+steady-state probabilities is
+
+by taking this recursion, which
+is always true for the
+
+end-step transition
+probabilities, and take the
+
+limit of both sides.
+
+The limit of this side is the
+steady-state probability of
+
+state j, which is pi sub j.
+
+The limit of this
+side, we put the
+
+limit inside the summation.
+
+Now, as n goes to infinity,
+n - also goes to infinity.
+
+So this Rik is going to be the
+steady-state probability of
+
+state k starting from state i.
+
+Now where we started
+doesn't matter.
+
+So this is just the
+steady-state
+
+probability of state k.
+
+So this term converges to that
+one, and this gives us an
+
+equation that's satisfied
+by the steady-state
+
+probabilities.
+
+Actually, it's not
+one equation.
+
+We get one equation for
+each one of the j's.
+
+So if we have 10 possible
+states, we're going to get the
+
+system of 10 linear equations.
+
+In the unknowns, pi(1)
+up to pi(10).
+
+OK.
+
+10 unknowns, 10 equations.
+
+You might think that
+we are in business.
+
+But actually, this system of
+equations is singular.
+
+0 is a possible solution
+of this system.
+
+If you plug pi equal to
+zero everywhere, the
+
+equations are satisfied.
+
+It does not have a unique
+solution, so maybe we need one
+
+more condition to get the
+uniquely solvable system of
+
+linear equations.
+
+It turns out that this
+system of equations
+
+has a unique solution.
+
+If you impose an additional
+condition, which is pretty
+
+natural, the pi(j)'s are the
+probabilities of the different
+
+states, so they should
+add to 1.
+
+So you want this one equation
+to the mix.
+
+And once you do that, then this
+system of equations is
+
+going to have a unique
+solution.
+
+And so we can find the
+steady-state probabilities of
+
+the Markov chain by just
+solving these linear
+
+equations, which is numerically
+straightforward.
+
+Now, these equations are
+quite important.
+
+I mean, they're the central
+point in the Markov chain.
+
+They have a name.
+
+They're called the balance
+equations.
+
+And it's worth interpreting
+them in a
+
+somewhat different way.
+
+So intuitively, one can
+sometimes think of
+
+probabilities as frequencies.
+
+For example, if I toss an
+unbiased coin, probability 1/2
+
+of heads, you could also say
+that if I keep flipping that
+
+coin, in the long run,
+1/2 of the time, I'm
+
+going to see heads.
+
+Similarly, let's try an
+interpretation of this pi(j),
+
+the steady-state probability,
+the long-term probability of
+
+finding myself at state j.
+
+Let's try to interpret it as
+the frequency with which I
+
+find myself at state j if
+I run a very, very long
+
+trajectory over that
+Markov chain.
+
+So the trajectory moves
+around, visits states.
+
+It visits the different states
+with different frequencies.
+
+And let's think of the
+probability that you are at a
+
+certain state as being sort of
+the same as the frequency of
+
+visiting that state.
+
+This turns out to be a
+correct statement.
+
+If you were more rigorous, you
+would have to prove it.
+
+But it's an interpretation which
+is valid and which gives
+
+us a lot of intuition about what
+these equation is saying.
+
+So let's think as follows.
+
+Let's focus on a particular
+state j, and think of
+
+transitions into the state j
+versus transitions out of the
+
+state j, or transitions into
+j versus transitions
+
+starting from j.
+
+So transition starting
+from that includes a
+
+self-transition.
+
+Ok.
+
+So how often do we get a
+transition, if we interpret
+
+the pi(j)'s as frequencies,
+how often do we get a
+
+transition into j?
+
+Here's how we think about it.
+
+A fraction pi(1) of the time,
+we're going to be at state 1.
+
+Whenever we are at state 1,
+there's going to be a
+
+probability, P1j, that we make
+a transition of this kind.
+
+So out of the times that we're
+at state 1, there's a
+
+frequency, P1j with which the
+next transition is into j.
+
+So out of the overall number of
+transitions that happen at
+
+the trajectory, what fraction
+of those transitions is
+
+exactly of that kind?
+
+That fraction of transitions is
+the fraction of time that
+
+you find yourself at 1 times the
+fraction with which out of
+
+one you happen to visit
+next state j.
+
+So we interpreted this number
+as the frequency of
+
+transitions of this kind.
+
+At any given time, our chain
+can do transitions of
+
+different kinds, transitions of
+the general form from some
+
+k, I go to some l.
+
+So we try to do some
+accounting.
+
+How often does a transition of
+each particular kind happen?
+
+And this is the frequency with
+which transitions of that
+
+particular kind happens.
+
+Now, what's the total
+frequency of
+
+transitions into state j?
+
+Transitions into state j can
+happen by having a transition
+
+from 1 to j, from 2 to j,
+or from state m to j.
+
+So to find the total frequency
+with which we would observe
+
+transitions into j is going
+to be this particular sum.
+
+Now, you are at state j if and
+only if the last transition
+
+was into state j.
+
+So the frequency with which you
+are at j is the frequency
+
+with which transitions
+into j happen.
+
+So this equation expresses
+exactly that statement.
+
+The probability of being at
+state j is the sum of the
+
+probabilities that the last
+transition was into state j.
+
+Or in terms of frequencies, the
+frequency with which you
+
+find yourself at state j is the
+sum of the frequencies of
+
+all the possible transition
+types that take you
+
+inside state j.
+
+So that's a useful intuition
+to have, and we're going to
+
+see an example a little later
+that it gives us short cuts
+
+into analyzing Markov chains.
+
+But before we move,
+let's revisit the
+
+example from last time.
+
+And let us write down
+the balance
+
+equations for this example.
+
+So the steady-state probability
+that I find myself
+
+at state 1 is the probability
+that the previous time I was
+
+at state 1 and I made
+a self-transition--
+
+So the probability that I was
+here last time and I made a
+
+transition of this kind, plus
+the probability that the last
+
+time I was here and I made a
+transition of that kind.
+
+So plus pi(2) times 0.2.
+
+And similarly, for the other
+states, the steady-state
+
+probably that I find myself at
+state 2 is the probability
+
+that last time I was at state 1
+and I made a transition into
+
+state 2, plus the probability
+that the last time I was at
+
+state 2 and I made the
+transition into state 1.
+
+Now, these are two
+equations and two
+
+unknowns, pi(1) and pi(2).
+
+But you notice that both of
+these equations tell you the
+
+same thing.
+
+They tell you that 0.5pi(1)
+equals 0.2pi(2).
+
+Either of these equations tell
+you exactly this if you move
+
+terms around.
+
+So these two equations are
+not really two equations.
+
+It's just one equation.
+
+They are linearly dependent
+equations, and in order to
+
+solve the problem, we need the
+additional condition that
+
+pi(1) + pi(2) is equal to 1.
+
+Now, we have our system
+of two equations,
+
+which you can solve.
+
+And once you solve it, you find
+that pi(1) is 2/7 and
+
+pi(2) is 5/7.
+
+So these are the steady state
+probabilities of the two
+
+different states.
+
+If we start this chain, at some
+state, let's say state 1,
+
+and we let it run for a long,
+long time, the chain settles
+
+into steady state.
+
+What does that mean?
+
+It does not mean that
+the state itself
+
+enters steady state.
+
+The state will keep jumping
+around forever and ever.
+
+It will keep visiting both
+states once in a while.
+
+So the jumping never ceases.
+
+The thing that gets into
+steady state is the
+
+probability of finding
+yourself at state 1.
+
+So the probability that you find
+yourself at state 1 at
+
+time one trillion is
+approximately 2/7.
+
+The probability you find
+yourself at state 1 at time
+
+two trillions is again,
+approximately 2/7.
+
+So the probability of being in
+that state settles into a
+
+steady value.
+
+That's what the steady-state
+convergence means.
+
+It's convergence of
+probabilities, not convergence
+
+of the process itself.
+
+And again, the two main things
+that are happening in this
+
+example, and more generally,
+when we have a single class
+
+and no periodicity, is
+that the initial
+
+state does not matter.
+
+There's enough randomness here
+so that no matter where you
+
+start, the randomness kind of
+washes out any memory of where
+
+you started.
+
+And also in this example,
+clearly, we do not have
+
+periodicity because
+we have self arcs.
+
+And this, in particular, implies
+that the exact time
+
+does not matter.
+
+So now, we're going to spend
+the rest of our time by
+
+looking into a special class
+of chains that's a little
+
+easier to deal with,
+but still, it's
+
+an important class.
+
+So what's the moral from here?
+
+This was a simple example with
+two states, and we could find
+
+the steady-state probabilities
+by solving a simple system of
+
+two-by-two equations.
+
+If you have a chain with 100
+states, it's no problem for a
+
+computer to solve a system
+of 100-by-100 equations.
+
+But you can certainly not do it
+by hand, and usually, you
+
+cannot get any closed-form
+formulas, so you do not
+
+necessarily get a
+lot of insight.
+
+So one looks for special
+structures or models that
+
+maybe give you a little more
+insight or maybe lead you to
+
+closed-form formulas.
+
+And an interesting subclass of
+Markov chains in which all of
+
+these nice things do happen,
+is the class
+
+of birth/death processes.
+
+So what's a birth/death
+process?
+
+It's a Markov chain who's
+diagram looks
+
+basically like this.
+
+So the states of the Markov
+chain start from 0 and go up
+
+to some finite integer m.
+
+What's special about this chain
+is that if you are at a
+
+certain state, next time you can
+either go up by 1, you can
+
+go down by 1, or you
+can stay in place.
+
+So it's like keeping track
+of some population
+
+at any given time.
+
+One person gets born,
+or one person
+
+dies, or nothing happens.
+
+Again, we're not accounting
+for twins here.
+
+So we're given this structure,
+and we are given the
+
+transition probabilities, the
+probabilities associated with
+
+transitions of the
+different types.
+
+So we use P's for the upward
+transitions, Q's for the
+
+downward transitions.
+
+An example of a chain of this
+kind was the supermarket
+
+counter model that we
+discussed last time.
+
+That is, a customer arrives,
+so this increments
+
+the state by 1.
+
+Or a customer finishes service,
+in which case, the
+
+state gets decremented by 1,
+or nothing happens in which
+
+you stay in place, and so on.
+
+In the supermarket model, these
+P's inside here were all
+
+taken to be equal because we
+assume that the arrival rate
+
+was sort of constant
+at each time slot.
+
+But you can generalize a little
+bit by assuming that
+
+these transition probabilities
+P1 here, P2 there, and so on
+
+may be different from
+state to state.
+
+So in general, from state
+i, there's going to be a
+
+transition probability
+Pi that the next
+
+transition is upwards.
+
+And there's going to be a
+probability Qi that the next
+
+transition is downwards.
+
+And so from that state, the
+probability that the next
+
+transition is downwards is
+going to be Q_(i+1).
+
+So this is the structure
+of our chain.
+
+As I said, it's a crude model
+of what happens at the
+
+supermarket counter but it's
+also a good model for lots of
+
+types of service systems.
+
+Again, you have a server
+somewhere that has a buffer.
+
+Jobs come into the buffer.
+
+So the buffer builds up.
+
+The server processes jobs, so
+the buffer keeps going down.
+
+And the state of the chain would
+be the number of jobs
+
+that you have inside
+your buffer.
+
+Or you could be thinking about
+active phone calls out of a
+
+certain city.
+
+Each time that the phone call
+is placed, the number of
+
+active phone calls
+goes up by 1.
+
+Each time that the phone call
+stops happening, is
+
+terminated, then the count
+goes down by 1.
+
+So it's for processes of this
+kind that a model with this
+
+structure is going to show up.
+
+And they do show up in
+many, many models.
+
+Or you can think about the
+number of people in a certain
+
+population that have
+a disease.
+
+So 1 more person gets the
+flu, the count goes up.
+
+1 more person gets healed,
+the count goes down.
+
+And these probabilities in such
+an epidemic model would
+
+certainly depend on
+the current state.
+
+If lots of people already have
+the flu, the probability that
+
+another person catches it
+would be pretty high.
+
+Whereas, if no one has the flu,
+then the probability that
+
+you get a transition where
+someone catches the flu, that
+
+probability would
+be pretty small.
+
+So the transition rates, the
+incidence of new people who
+
+have the disease definitely
+depends on how many people
+
+already have the disease.
+
+And that motivates cases where
+those P's, the upward
+
+transition probabilities,
+depend on the
+
+state of the chain.
+
+So how do we study this chain?
+
+You can sit down and write the
+system of n linear equations
+
+in the pi's.
+
+And this way, find the
+steady-state probabilities of
+
+this chain.
+
+But this is a little harder.
+
+It's more work than one
+actually needs to do.
+
+There's a very clever shortcut
+that applies
+
+to birth/death processes.
+
+And it's based on the frequency
+interpretation that
+
+we discussed a little
+while ago.
+
+Let's put a line somewhere in
+the middle of this chain, and
+
+focus on the relation between
+this part and that part in
+
+more detail.
+
+So think of the chain continuing
+in this direction,
+
+that direction.
+
+But let's just focus on 2
+adjacent states, and look at
+
+this particular cut.
+
+What is the chain going to do?
+
+Let's say it starts here.
+
+It's going to move around.
+
+At some point, it makes a
+transition to the other side.
+
+And that's a transition
+from i to i+1.
+
+It stays on the other
+side for some time.
+
+It gets here, and eventually,
+it's going to make a
+
+transition to this side.
+
+Then it keeps moving
+and so on.
+
+Now, there's a certain balance
+that must be obeyed here.
+
+The number of upward transitions
+through this line
+
+cannot be very different from
+the number of downward
+
+transitions.
+
+Because we cross this
+way, then next time,
+
+we'll cross that way.
+
+Then next time, we'll
+cross this way.
+
+We'll cross that way.
+
+So the frequency with which
+transitions of this kind occur
+
+has to be the same as the
+long-term frequency that
+
+transitions of that
+kind occur.
+
+You cannot go up 100 times and
+go down only 50 times.
+
+If you have gone up 100 times,
+it means that you have gone
+
+down 99, or 100, or 101,
+but nothing much more
+
+different than that.
+
+So the frequency with
+which transitions of
+
+this kind get observed.
+
+That is, out of a large number
+of transitions, what fraction
+
+of transitions are
+of these kind?
+
+That fraction has to be the
+same as the fraction of
+
+transitions that happened
+to be of that kind.
+
+What are these fractions?
+
+We discussed that before.
+
+The fraction of times at which
+transitions of this kind are
+
+observed is the fraction of time
+that we happen to be at
+
+that state.
+
+And out of the times that we
+are in that state, the
+
+fraction of transitions that
+happen to be upward
+
+transitions.
+
+So this is the frequency with
+which transitions of this kind
+
+are observed.
+
+And with the same argument,
+this is the frequency with
+
+which transitions of that
+kind are observed.
+
+Since these two frequencies
+are the same, these two
+
+numbers must be the same, and
+we get an equation that
+
+relates the Pi to P_(i+1).
+
+This has a nice form because
+it gives us a recursion.
+
+If we knew pi(i), we could then
+
+immediately calculate pi(i+1).
+
+So it's a system of equations
+that's very
+
+easy to solve almost.
+
+But how do we get started?
+
+If I knew pi(0), I could find
+by pi(1) and then use this
+
+recursion to find pi(2),
+pi(3), and so on.
+
+But we don't know pi(0).
+
+It's one more unknown.
+
+It's an unknown, and we need
+to actually use the extra
+
+normalization condition that
+the sum of the pi's is 1.
+
+And after we use that
+normalization condition, then
+
+we can find all of the pi's.
+
+So you basically fix pi(0) as a
+symbol, solve this equation
+
+symbolically, and
+everything gets
+
+expressed in terms of pi(0).
+
+And then use that normalization
+condition to
+
+find pi(0), and you're done.
+
+Let's illustrate the details
+of this procedure on a
+
+particular special case.
+
+So in our special case, we're
+going to simplify things now
+
+by assuming that all those
+upward P's are the same, and
+
+all of those downward
+Q's are the same.
+
+So at each point in time, if
+you're sitting somewhere in
+
+the middle, you have probability
+P of moving up and
+
+probability Q of moving down.
+
+This rho, the ratio of P/Q is
+frequency of going up versus
+
+frequency of going down.
+
+If it's a service system, you
+can think of it as a measure
+
+of how loaded the system is.
+
+If P is equal to Q, it's means
+that if you're at this state,
+
+you're equally likely to move
+left or right, so the system
+
+is kind of balanced.
+
+The state doesn't have a
+tendency to move in this
+
+direction or in that
+direction.
+
+If rho is bigger than 1 so that
+P is bigger than Q, it
+
+means that whenever I'm at some
+state in the middle, I'm
+
+more likely to move right rather
+than move left, which
+
+means that my state, of course
+it's random, but it has a
+
+tendency to move in
+that direction.
+
+And if you think of this as a
+number of customers in queue,
+
+it means your system has the
+tendency to become loaded and
+
+to build up a queue.
+
+So rho being bigger than 1
+corresponds to a heavy load,
+
+where queues build up.
+
+Rho less than 1 corresponds to
+the system where queues have
+
+the tendency to drain down.
+
+Now, let's write down
+the equations.
+
+We have this recursion P_(i+1)
+is Pi times Pi over Qi.
+
+In our case here, the P's and
+the Q's do not depend on the
+
+particular index, so we
+get this relation.
+
+And this P over Q is just
+the load factor rho.
+
+Once you look at this equation,
+clearly you realize
+
+that by pi(1) is rho
+times pi(0).
+
+pi(2) is going to be --
+
+So we'll do it in detail.
+
+So pi(1) is pi(0) times rho.
+
+pi(2) is pi(1) times rho,
+which is pi(0) times
+
+rho-squared.
+
+And then you continue doing
+this calculation.
+
+And you find that you can
+express every pi(i) in terms
+
+of pi(0) and you get this
+factor of rho^i.
+
+And then you use the last
+equation that we have -- that
+
+the sum of the probabilities
+has to be equal to 1.
+
+And that equation is going to
+tell us that the sum over all
+
+i's from 0 to m of pi(0) rho
+to the i is equal to 1.
+
+And therefore, pi(0) is 1 over
+(the sum over the rho to the i
+
+for i going from 0 to m).
+
+So now we found pi(0), and by
+plugging in this expression,
+
+we have the steady-state
+probabilities of all of the
+
+different states.
+
+Let's look at some special
+cases of this.
+
+Suppose that rho
+is equal to 1.
+
+If rho is equal to 1, then
+pi(i) is equal to pi(0).
+
+It means that all
+the steady-state
+
+probabilities are equal.
+
+It's means that every
+state is equally
+
+likely in the long run.
+
+So this is an example.
+
+It's called a symmetric
+random walk.
+
+It's a very popular model for
+modeling people who are drunk.
+
+So you start at a state
+at any point in time.
+
+Either you stay in place, or you
+have an equal probability
+
+of going left or going right.
+
+There's no bias in
+either direction.
+
+You might think that in such a
+process, you will tend to kind
+
+of get stuck near one end
+or the other end.
+
+Well, it's not really clear
+what to expect.
+
+It turns out that in such a
+model, in the long run, the
+
+drunk person is equally
+likely to be at any
+
+one of those states.
+
+The steady-state probability is
+the same for all i's if rho
+
+is equal to 1.
+
+And so if you show up at a
+random time, and you ask where
+
+is my state, you will be told
+it's equally likely to be at
+
+any one of those places.
+
+So let's make that note.
+
+If rho equal to 1, implies
+that all the
+
+pi(i)'s are 1/(M+1) --
+
+M+1 because that's how many
+states we have in our model.
+
+Now, let's look at
+a different case.
+
+Suppose that M is
+a huge number.
+
+So essentially, our supermarket
+has a very large
+
+space, a lot of space to
+store their customers.
+
+But suppose that the system
+is on the stable side.
+
+P is less than Q, which means
+that there's a tendency for
+
+customers to be served faster
+than they arrive.
+
+The drift in this chain, it
+tends to be in that direction.
+
+So when rho is less than 1,
+which is this case, and when M
+
+is going to infinity, this
+infinite sum is the sum of a
+
+geometric series.
+
+And you recognize it
+(hopefully) --
+
+this series is going
+to 1/(1-rho).
+
+And because it's in the
+denominator, pi(0) ends up
+
+being 1-rho.
+
+So by taking the limit as M
+goes to infinity, in this
+
+case, and when rho is less than
+1 so that this series is
+
+convergent, we get
+this formula.
+
+So we get the closed-form
+formula for the pi(i)'s.
+
+In particular, pi(i) is (1-
+rho)(rho to the i).
+
+to
+
+So these pi(i)'s are essentially
+a probability
+
+distribution.
+
+They tell us if we show up at
+time 1 billion and we ask,
+
+where is my state?
+
+You will be told that
+the state is 0.
+
+Your system is empty with
+probability 1-rho, minus or
+
+there's one customer in the
+system, and that happens with
+
+probability (rho
+- 1) times rho.
+
+And it keeps going
+down this way.
+
+And it's pretty much a geometric
+distribution except
+
+that it has shifted so that it
+starts at 0 whereas the usual
+
+geometric distribution
+starts at 1.
+
+So this is a mini introduction
+into queuing theory.
+
+This is the first and simplest
+model that one encounters when
+
+you start studying
+queuing theory.
+
+This is clearly a model of a
+queueing phenomenon such as
+
+the supermarket counter with
+the P's corresponding to
+
+arrivals, the Q's corresponding
+to departures.
+
+And this particular queuing
+system when M is very, very
+
+large and rho is less than 1,
+has a very simple and nice
+
+solution in closed form.
+
+And that's why it's
+very much liked.
+
+And let me just take
+two seconds to
+
+draw one last picture.
+
+So this is the probability
+of the different i's.
+
+It gives you a PMF.
+
+This PMF has an expected
+value.
+
+And the expectation, the
+expected number of customers
+
+in the system, is given
+by this formula.
+
+And this formula, which is
+interesting to anyone who
+
+tries to analyze a system
+of this kind,
+
+tells you the following.
+
+That as long as a rho is less
+than 1, then the expected
+
+number of customers in
+the system is finite.
+
+But if rho becomes very
+close to 1 --
+
+So if your load factor is
+something like .99, you expect
+
+to have a large number of
+customers in the system at any
+
+given time.
+
+OK.
+
+All right.
+
+Have a good weekend.
+
+We'll continue next time.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_5fpxkVFQUw.txt b/_5fpxkVFQUw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e1800270cc6da85f6a046110cbe93c5d20aa233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_5fpxkVFQUw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1571 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to recitation in this video
+what I'd like you to do is work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like you to do is work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'd like you to do is work on
+proving the following product rule for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving the following product rule for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proving the following product rule for
+the Dell operator so we're going to let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dell operator so we're going to let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Dell operator so we're going to let
+capital F be a vector field and you be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital F be a vector field and you be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital F be a vector field and you be a
+scaler function and we want to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler function and we want to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaler function and we want to show the
+product rule for the Dell operator which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for the Dell operator which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product rule for the Dell operator which
+it's in quotes but it should remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in quotes but it should remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in quotes but it should remind you
+of the product role we have for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product role we have for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the product role we have for for
+functions and it is that Dell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and it is that Dell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and it is that Dell the
+quantity U * F so U is the scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity U * F so U is the scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity U * F so U is the scalar
+function and F is the vector field is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and F is the vector field is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and F is the vector field is
+actually equal to the gradient of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to the gradient of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually equal to the gradient of U
+dotted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with
+f plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f plus
+u times Dell do F where F again is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u times Dell do F where F again is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u times Dell do F where F again is the
+vector field so why don't you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field so why don't you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field so why don't you take a
+moment to prove this fact and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to prove this fact and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment to prove this fact and then you
+can you can pause the video while doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can pause the video while doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can pause the video while doing
+that and then when you're ready to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then when you're ready to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then when you're ready to check
+if your solution is correct bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your solution is correct bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your solution is correct bring the
+video back up and I'll show you what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did okay welcome back again what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay welcome back again what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did okay welcome back again what we
+wanted to do is prove this sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do is prove this sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do is prove this sort of
+pseudo product rule for the Dell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo product rule for the Dell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pseudo product rule for the Dell
+operator and what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator and what we're doing is we're
+trying to see what happens is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see what happens is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see what happens is if you
+have a vector field and you multiply it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector field and you multiply it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a vector field and you multiply it
+by a scalar function and you apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a scalar function and you apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a scalar function and you apply the
+Dell operator to that so we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell operator to that so we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dell operator to that so we're going to
+see if we actually come up with what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we actually come up with what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we actually come up with what we
+should on the right hand side which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should on the right hand side which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should on the right hand side which
+since I'm calling it a rule we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm calling it a rule we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I'm calling it a rule we really
+hope we do in fact we will so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope we do in fact we will so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope we do in fact we will so let me
+start off what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to write symbolically what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write symbolically what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to write symbolically what the
+leftand side means and then we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftand side means and then we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leftand side means and then we're going
+to break it up into pieces and show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break it up into pieces and show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to break it up into pieces and show you
+get in fact what you what you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in fact what you what you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get in fact what you what you would get
+on the right hand side so symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side so symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side so symbolically
+what do we have oh actually first I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have oh actually first I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we have oh actually first I'm
+going to call F the components of f as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call F the components of f as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call F the components of f as
+is usually done in lecture capitals p q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually done in lecture capitals p q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is usually done in lecture capitals p q
+and R so those will be the components of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R so those will be the components of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and R so those will be the components of
+f that's how we've been denoting this us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that's how we've been denoting this us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that's how we've been denoting this us
+ually and notice that if we wanted F to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ually and notice that if we wanted F to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ually and notice that if we wanted F to
+be a vector field in in two Dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a vector field in in two Dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a vector field in in two Dimensions
+we'd just make R zero and then we'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd just make R zero and then we'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd just make R zero and then we'd have
+a vector field in two Dimensions so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field in two Dimensions so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector field in two Dimensions so we
+can certainly do that if we want but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly do that if we want but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can certainly do that if we want but
+we're going to prove it in a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove it in a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to prove it in a little more
+in the threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the threedimensional
+case so remember that Dell dotted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so remember that Dell dotted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case so remember that Dell dotted with
+any Vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any Vector
+field is supposed to be symbolically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is supposed to be symbolically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is supposed to be symbolically
+what was written was you should think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was written was you should think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was written was you should think
+about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this
+as d d x comma d d y comma d d z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+dotted with this Vector field UF now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with this Vector field UF now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted with this Vector field UF now
+what is this Vector field because U is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this Vector field because U is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is this Vector field because U is a
+scalar when I multiply U by the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar when I multiply U by the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalar when I multiply U by the vector
+field F the components are going to be U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field F the components are going to be U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field F the components are going to be U
+capital P comma U capital Q comma U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital P comma U capital Q comma U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital P comma U capital Q comma U
+capital r so those are my components now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r so those are my components now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital r so those are my components now
+symbolically this is what we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically this is what we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically this is what we've seen
+when we're looking at the Dell operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking at the Dell operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're looking at the Dell operator
+acting on a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acting on a vector
+field so what do we actually do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so what do we actually do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field so what do we actually do well
+what we actually do of course is we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually do of course is we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we actually do of course is we we
+take the X derivative of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the X derivative of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the X derivative of the first
+component we take the Y derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component we take the Y derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component we take the Y derivative of
+the second component and we take the Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second component and we take the Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second component and we take the Z
+derivative of the third component and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the third component and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the third component and
+then we add those together so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we add those together so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we add those together so it's
+really a a symbolic idea of a DOT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a a symbolic idea of a DOT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a a symbolic idea of a DOT
+product it's not a true dot product here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it's not a true dot product here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product it's not a true dot product here
+but let's actually write down what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's actually write down what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's actually write down what we
+get there we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get there we
+get del d x of the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get del d x of the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get del d x of the quantity
+U plus del d y of the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus del d y of the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U plus del d y of the quantity
+uq plus d d z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uq plus d d z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uq plus d d z
+of the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the quantity
+Ur right that's exactly what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ur right that's exactly what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ur right that's exactly what this
+symbolically means is this this what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically means is this this what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbolically means is this this what
+I've written in the next line down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written in the next line down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've written in the next line down so
+maybe I should write equals again this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should write equals again this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I should write equals again this
+is another equals right the top thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another equals right the top thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is another equals right the top thing
+equals the next line down equals the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the next line down equals the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the next line down equals the
+next line down and just to have it nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next line down and just to have it nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next line down and just to have it nice
+and even I'll put the equals there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even I'll put the equals there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even I'll put the equals there so
+when we look back it's easy to see now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look back it's easy to see now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look back it's easy to see now
+how do I deal with this well notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I deal with this well notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I deal with this well notice that
+U is a function and P is a function why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is a function and P is a function why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U is a function and P is a function why
+is that because P was a component of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because P was a component of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that because P was a component of a
+Vector field so it is just a function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector field so it is just a function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector field so it is just a function in
+that is in the first component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the first component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is in the first component of the
+vector field PQ and R are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field PQ and R are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field PQ and R are all
+individually functions that depend on X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually functions that depend on X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually functions that depend on X
+Y and Z so here at this step I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Z so here at this step I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and Z so here at this step I can
+actually take the regular product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the regular product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take the regular product rule
+we have for functions and I can do it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for functions and I can do it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have for functions and I can do it in
+this one this one and this one and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this one and this one and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this one and this one and what
+I'm going to do so I don't have to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do so I don't have to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do so I don't have to write
+d d x and d d y all over the place I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d x and d d y all over the place I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d d x and d d y all over the place I'm
+going to use the subscripts notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the subscripts notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use the subscripts notation for
+derivatives so I'm going to write what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so I'm going to write what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so I'm going to write what
+this actually equals is U subx * P plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually equals is U subx * P plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this actually equals is U subx * P plus
+u p subx so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u p subx so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u p subx so
+here the d d x is now corresponding to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the d d x is now corresponding to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the d d x is now corresponding to a
+subscript so notice that I've just used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript so notice that I've just used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subscript so notice that I've just used
+the product rule on functions at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule on functions at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the product rule on functions at this
+step because U is a function and P is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because U is a function and P is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step because U is a function and P is a
+function I can do the same thing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I can do the same thing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function I can do the same thing for the
+Y derivative of uq I get u suby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y derivative of uq I get u suby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y derivative of uq I get u suby
+q plus u q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q plus u q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+q plus u q
+suby right and then the last component I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby right and then the last component I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suby right and then the last component I
+do the same thing for z i get u subz r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for z i get u subz r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the same thing for z i get u subz r
+plus u r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus u r
+subz now if I made a mistake it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz now if I made a mistake it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subz now if I made a mistake it will
+become very apparent in the next moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very apparent in the next moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become very apparent in the next moment
+but I don't think I made a mistake I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think I made a mistake I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I don't think I made a mistake I
+want to remind us where we want to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remind us where we want to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remind us where we want to go
+and then we'll see if we have the pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll see if we have the pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll see if we have the pieces
+to get there so I'm going to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there so I'm going to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get there so I'm going to go back
+over to the to the side we have over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the to the side we have over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over to the to the side we have over
+here and I want to remind you we started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I want to remind you we started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I want to remind you we started
+off with the Dell operator acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with the Dell operator acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with the Dell operator acting on
+this Vector field U * F capital F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector field U * F capital F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Vector field U * F capital F and
+what we'd like to see is if we can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to see is if we can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'd like to see is if we can get
+this to equal the gradient of U dotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to equal the gradient of U dotted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to equal the gradient of U dotted
+with the vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the vector
+field plus u * the Dell operator acting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field plus u * the Dell operator acting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field plus u * the Dell operator acting
+on F so let's see if we can first find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on F so let's see if we can first find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on F so let's see if we can first find
+components of the vector field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the vector field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the vector field and
+components of the gradient of U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the gradient of U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of the gradient of U and
+let's see where those are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where those are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where those are they're
+actually very nicely placed here notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very nicely placed here notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually very nicely placed here notice
+that that this underlining component is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this underlining component is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this underlining component is
+the first component of gradient U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component of gradient U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component of gradient U and
+the first component of F and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component of F and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first component of F and this
+underlined component is the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlined component is the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underlined component is the second
+component of gradient U and the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of gradient U and the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of gradient U and the second
+component of F and this third underline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of F and this third underline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of F and this third underline
+component here is the third component of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component here is the third component of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component here is the third component of
+grad U and the third component of f so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad U and the third component of f so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grad U and the third component of f so
+if I take those three components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take those three components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I take those three components
+together I'm going to write the equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I'm going to write the equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together I'm going to write the equals
+up here I get exactly grad U dotted with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here I get exactly grad U dotted with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here I get exactly grad U dotted with
+f that's the first thing I get and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that's the first thing I get and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f that's the first thing I get and then
+I'm going to see what else I get but let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to see what else I get but let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to see what else I get but let
+me just make sure you understand look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just make sure you understand look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just make sure you understand look at
+these three underlined components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three underlined components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three underlined components
+together you get U subx * P plus u sub y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you get U subx * P plus u sub y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together you get U subx * P plus u sub y
+* Q Plus U sub Z * R well ux u y u z is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Q Plus U sub Z * R well ux u y u z is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* Q Plus U sub Z * R well ux u y u z is
+the gradient Vector field for for U and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient Vector field for for U and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gradient Vector field for for U and
+PQ R is f so when I dot those I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ R is f so when I dot those I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PQ R is f so when I dot those I get
+exactly uxp plus uq plus u ZR you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uxp plus uq plus u ZR you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uxp plus uq plus u ZR you notice
+these two or the dotproduct of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two or the dotproduct of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two or the dotproduct of this
+gives you those three components and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you those three components and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you those three components and now
+there are three components remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three components remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three components remaining
+notice what they all have in common they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what they all have in common they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what they all have in common they
+all have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have a
+u in the first spot and then it's multip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u in the first spot and then it's multip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u in the first spot and then it's multip
+mli by P subx and then here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mli by P subx and then here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mli by P subx and then here it's
+multiplied by Q sub y and here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by Q sub y and here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by Q sub y and here it's
+multiplied by R subz but that is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by R subz but that is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by R subz but that is exactly
+P subx plus Q suby Plus R subz is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P subx plus Q suby Plus R subz is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P subx plus Q suby Plus R subz is
+exactly the Dell operator acting on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the Dell operator acting on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the Dell operator acting on this
+Vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector field
+F right so this is something you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F right so this is something you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F right so this is something you've seen
+previously so I'm going to do these as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squiggles that's exactly equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggles that's exactly equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squiggles that's exactly equal to
+U times the Dell operator Ator of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U times the Dell operator Ator of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U times the Dell operator Ator of this
+Vector field F so again let me remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector field F so again let me remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vector field F so again let me remind
+you dell. f actually is going to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dell. f actually is going to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dell. f actually is going to give
+you P subx plus Q suby Plus R subz and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you P subx plus Q suby Plus R subz and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you P subx plus Q suby Plus R subz and
+then if I multiply that by a u i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I multiply that by a u i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if I multiply that by a u i get
+this u in front so what I have done is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this u in front so what I have done is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this u in front so what I have done is
+for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an
+arbitrary function U I guess I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary function U I guess I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary function U I guess I've
+assumed that function had first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that function had first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that function had first
+derivatives so that I could do all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so that I could do all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives so that I could do all this
+stuff and for a vector field that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and for a vector field that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and for a vector field that had
+first derivatives I showed that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives I showed that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first derivatives I showed that if I
+take the Dell operator of U times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Dell operator of U times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the Dell operator of U times the
+vector field I actually get the gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field I actually get the gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field I actually get the gradient
+of U dotted with the vector field plus u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U dotted with the vector field plus u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of U dotted with the vector field plus u
+* the Dell operator of the vector field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the Dell operator of the vector field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* the Dell operator of the vector field
+so that is what I wanted to show if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is what I wanted to show if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is what I wanted to show if you
+remember what I wanted to show was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I wanted to show was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember what I wanted to show was
+exactly that sort of pseudo product rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that sort of pseudo product rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that sort of pseudo product rule
+for this Dell operator so I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Dell operator so I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this Dell operator so I think that
+that is where I'll stop I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where I'll stop I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is where I'll stop I'm going to
+step off to the side so you can see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step off to the side so you can see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step off to the side so you can see it
+all again for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all again for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all again for a
+moment but that's that's it so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but that's that's it so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment but that's that's it so that's
+where I'll stop
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/_rU1VmnyYG0.txt b/_rU1VmnyYG0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8aaa669980694af3989f8928acbf9cb8c5419d53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/_rU1VmnyYG0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+most of the time we don't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time we don't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the time we don't have the
+luxury of showing various points of view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury of showing various points of view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luxury of showing various points of view
+so we have to find the right point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to find the right point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have to find the right point of
+view when we are submitting to journals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view when we are submitting to journals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view when we are submitting to journals
+or presentations so here's an image that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or presentations so here's an image that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or presentations so here's an image that
+I made of a microreactor that studies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made of a microreactor that studies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made of a microreactor that studies a
+particular reaction it was important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reaction it was important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular reaction it was important to
+show how this micro reactor was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how this micro reactor was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show how this micro reactor was
+connected to the analytic pieces and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the analytic pieces and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to the analytic pieces and so
+here's another point of view showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another point of view showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another point of view showing the
+pieces connected to the background so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces connected to the background so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces connected to the background so I
+worked a little more on this was there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked a little more on this was there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked a little more on this was there a
+way to show the microreactor with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to show the microreactor with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to show the microreactor with the
+background pieces at an angle this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background pieces at an angle this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background pieces at an angle this was
+okay I wanted to see a little more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I wanted to see a little more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I wanted to see a little more of
+the front of it and so I went to tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of it and so I went to tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front of it and so I went to tried
+for this one notice something isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one notice something isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this one notice something isn't
+quite right I hope you are getting more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right I hope you are getting more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite right I hope you are getting more
+and more particular with your own images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more particular with your own images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more particular with your own images
+you see something up here in the corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see something up here in the corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see something up here in the corner
+that's the shadow we don't want that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the shadow we don't want that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the shadow we don't want that so
+by moving the camera just a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by moving the camera just a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by moving the camera just a little more
+to a different angle we get a cleaner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different angle we get a cleaner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a different angle we get a cleaner
+image I wanted to play around a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image I wanted to play around a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image I wanted to play around a little
+bit with the microreactor this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with the microreactor this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit with the microreactor this
+particular one on its own and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one on its own and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular one on its own and then what
+i did was i duplicated it put a digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did was i duplicated it put a digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i did was i duplicated it put a digital
+background on it I thought it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on it I thought it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background on it I thought it would be
+kind of interesting maybe it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting maybe it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of interesting maybe it could be
+used for an introduction slide bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for an introduction slide bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used for an introduction slide bottom
+line as the researchers never used it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line as the researchers never used it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line as the researchers never used it so
+went back to the clear documentary image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to the clear documentary image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back to the clear documentary image
+which hopefully really shows what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully really shows what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully really shows what is
+going on here and indeed we did get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here and indeed we did get it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here and indeed we did get it
+published as a cover and also of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published as a cover and also of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published as a cover and also of course
+in the figure this is the best point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the figure this is the best point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the figure this is the best point of
+view for this particular device
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aT-gcunlFJg.txt b/aT-gcunlFJg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..efd4fd665ada094e6acf85b62ec7e109cae4a24a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aT-gcunlFJg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+If you're driving down the highway and want
+to see how fast you're going, you look down
+
+at your speedometer. If you're in a lab and
+want to see how fast a chemical reaction is
+
+going, it's a little more complicated. In
+this video we'll look at a few factors that
+
+influence the speed of chemical reactions.
+
+This video is part of the Equilibrium video
+series. It is often important to determine
+
+whether or not a system is at equilibrium,
+to do this we must understand how a system's
+
+equilibrium state is constrained by its boundary
+and surroundings.
+
+Hi, my name is George Zaidan and I'm a graduate
+of the chemistry department here at MIT.
+
+Before watching this video, you should have
+a basic understanding of chemical equilibrium.
+
+After watching this video, you will be able
+to:
+
+Understand how reaction rate is influenced
+by reactant concentration
+
+Explain how reaction rates change as a system
+establishes equilibrium, AND
+
+Predict relative equilibrium concentrations
+of reactant and product, based on rates of
+
+forward and reverse processes.
+
+Suppose you have this general reaction where
+A, B, C, and D are molecules and lowercase
+
+a, b, c, d are their molar coefficients.
+As the reaction progresses, A and B will be
+
+consumed, and C and D will be formed.
+
+The speed at which any of these four processes
+happen multiplied by the reciprocal of the
+
+appropriate molar coefficient is called the
+rate of this reaction.
+
+If you want your car to go faster, you step
+on the gas, but speeding up a chemical reaction
+
+is not that simple. There are lots of different
+factors that affect reaction rate. Three common
+
+ones are: the concentration of reactants,
+the temperature of the reaction mixture and
+
+the presence of a catalyst. In this video
+we'll focus on the effect of concentration
+
+on homogenous reactions.
+
+Most chemical reactions are the result of
+two or more molecules colliding with each
+
+other... but not every collision leads to
+a reaction. The molecules must collide in
+
+the proper physical orientation, and they
+must do so with enough energy to break their
+
+bonds.
+
+Imagine a beaker with 100 mL of water, in
+which you dissolve 106 molecules of reactant
+
+A and 106 molecules of reactant B. How likely
+is the reaction to form C and D? Do a back
+
+of the envelope calculation to support your
+answer. Pause the video.
+
+So let's see. 100 mL of water is 100 grams
+of water, which is 100 over 18.02, about 5.5
+
+moles of water. That means there are about
+3.3x1024 molecules of water in the beaker,
+
+and only 106 molecules of each reactant...So
+in any given volume of this solution, 3.3x1024
+
+over (3.3x1024 + 106 + 106), or 99.99999999999999994
+%, of molecules are nonreactive water!
+
+Clearly, successful collisions between the
+reactants would be very rare in this situation.
+
+Intuitively, you would expect that the more
+concentrated the reactants, the faster the
+
+reaction, and this is generally true.
+
+Let's draw a reaction coordinate diagram to
+better understand our hypothetical reaction.
+
+Let's assume that the reaction is exothermic,
+in other words, that energy is given off as
+
+the reaction progresses, so we draw the curve
+like this.
+
+The x-axis is the progress of the reaction,
+and the y-axis is potential energy.
+
+Here are the reactants, and here are the products.
+
+This hump is the activation energy, the point
+of highest potential energy of the reaction.
+
+Two molecules must collide with at least this
+amount of energy in order to successfully
+
+react.
+
+Do you notice anything about this diagram?
+There's no indication of directionality; in
+
+other words, there's no reason that the reaction
+couldn't proceed backwards just as well as
+
+forwards.
+
+You're probably used to thinking of chemical
+reactions as processes that happen in only
+
+one direction (forward), but most reactions
+are actually reversible. There are a few exceptions,
+
+for example combustion. *You can't un-burn
+a match. But most reactions that chemists
+
+carry out in the lab or that happen in our
+bodies are reversible.
+
+Draw your own reaction coordinate diagram
+and label the forward and reverse reaction
+
+paths. Suggest what the relationship might
+be between the activation energy and the relative
+
+rates of the forward and reverse reactions.
+Pause the video.
+
+This is the activation energy for the forward
+reaction. The higher this activation energy,
+
+the slower the forward reaction, because the
+number of reactant molecules with sufficient
+
+energy to react when they collide will decrease.
+
+But now let's look at this picture in reverse.
+The reverse activation energy is not the same
+
+as the forward activation energy! In this
+case, it's higher. So that means that the
+
+reverse reaction will be slower than the forward
+reaction.
+
+If we were to somehow increase the activation
+energy, both the forward and the reverse rates
+
+would slow down, but the relationship between
+them -- namely that the forward rate is faster
+
+than the reverse rate -- would be preserved.
+
+Here are four other diagrams, each for a different
+hypothetical reaction. Predict the relative
+
+rates of the forward and reverse reactions
+in each of these cases. Pause the video.
+
+In 
+
+real life chemical processes, the rates of
+the forward and reverse reactions are often
+
+very different. Many of the reactions that
+you may have previously thought of as "irreversible"actually
+
+just have wildly different forward and reverse
+rates. For example, you've probably seen the
+
+dissociation of a strong acid in water written
+like this.
+
+But really, it's this. In this case, the forward
+reaction is many orders of magnitude faster
+
+than the reverse reaction, so we write it
+as just the forward reaction.
+
+So far we've seen that concentration and activation
+energy can each independently affect the rate
+
+of a chemical reaction. The higher the concentration
+of a reactant, the faster the reaction; and
+
+the lower the activation energy, the faster
+the reaction. But there's a twist... Thinking
+
+about the hypothetical reaction A and B yields
+C and D. Suggest what that twist might be.
+
+Pause the video.
+
+There's no reason that the activation energy
+of this reaction would change as the reaction
+
+progresses. But that's not true for the concentrations:
+as A and B are converted to C and D, the concentration
+
+of all four species change! And as the concentrations
+change, the reaction rate also changes.
+
+To see if we can understand how the reaction
+rate changes as the reaction progresses, let's
+
+go back to the reaction coordinate diagram.
+Let's start by considering both the forward
+
+and reverse reactions as if they're completely
+separate.
+
+Here are A and B reacting to form C and D.
+Let's assume this forward reaction is relatively
+
+fast. As more and more A and B get converted
+to products, their concentrations decrease,
+
+and the initially fast reaction rate slows
+over time. Here are C and D reacting to form
+
+A and B. This reaction would be slower than
+this one, but as C and D react, their concentrations
+
+decrease with time and the reaction becomes
+even slower.
+
+Except that in reality, these aren't two separate
+reactions. The products of one reaction are
+
+the reactants for the other.
+Let's now consider the forward and reverse
+
+reactions at the same time. At the very very
+beginning, only A and B are present -- no
+
+C or D. So the initial rate of the forward
+reaction will be relatively high, since the
+
+concentrations of A and B are high. The reverse
+reaction can't happen at all yet, because
+
+there is no C and D present, so its initial
+rate is zero.
+
+As the reaction proceeds, two things happen:
+the concentrations of A and B decrease, and
+
+the concentrations of C and D increase. So
+the forward reaction rate slows, and the reverse
+
+reaction rate speeds up.
+Eventually, we reach a point where the rates
+
+of the forward and reverse reactions are the
+same: this is the definition of a dynamic
+
+chemical equilibrium. When this happens, the
+concentrations of A, B, C, and D stop changing
+
+with time. Be careful not to confuse equilibrium
+with "no reaction."A and B are still reacting
+
+to form C and D; and C and D are still reacting
+to form A and B. But the rate of formation
+
+of products equals the rate of disappearance
+of reactants and vice versa. That means that
+
+the concentrations of A, B, C, and D don't
+change with time.
+
+Let's go back to our reaction coordinate diagrams
+for our four hypothetical reactions. We've
+
+already worked out the relative rates of the
+forward and reverse reactions in each case.
+
+Using these relative rates, see if you can
+predict the relative concentrations of the
+
+reactants and products at equilibrium. Pause
+the video.
+
+-Endo, high Ea: lots of reactant, not much
+product
+
+-Exo, high Ea: lots of product, not much reactant
+
+-(In both of these cases, the forward rate
+is the same as the reverse rate...)Same energy,
+
+high Ea: ratio of product/reactant will depend
+on specific reaction Same energy, low Ea:
+
+ratio of product/reactant will depend on specific
+reaction
+
+Now what's the difference between the last
+two scenarios? In each case, the forward reaction
+
+rate will be the same as the reverse reaction
+rate. But the rates for this scenario will
+
+be much faster than for this one... so equilibrium
+will be reached much more quickly here than
+
+here!
+The most important thing to understand about
+
+reaction rates and equilibrium is that just
+because the forward and reverse rates are
+
+the same DOES NOT mean that the concentrations
+of the reactants and products are the same.
+
+Some equilibria, like the dissociation of
+a strong acid in water, strongly favor the
+
+products. Others strongly favor the reactants.
+Many of the reactions that keep us alive are
+
+equilibria, and our body goes to a great deal
+of effort to make sure that the position of
+
+equilibrium heavily favors one side or the
+other.
+
+We hope this video has helped you understand
+the relationship between reaction rates and
+
+equilibrium. We saw that, in general, the
+rate of a reaction decreases as reactant concentration
+
+decreases.
+
+And while we may think of reactions as irreversible,
+most are actually reversible, it's just that
+
+we "see"the faster of the two.
+
+As the forward reaction rate decreases, the
+reverse reaction rate increases until equilibrium
+
+is established. At equilibrium, the rate of
+the forward reaction equals the rate of the
+
+reverse reaction, but this does not imply
+anything about the equilibrium concentrations
+
+of the products and reactants.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/aaLDUlJXXNM.txt b/aaLDUlJXXNM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d48fa49d318ae87eea3ac136bc47fa7d1e9e824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/aaLDUlJXXNM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay we'll get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay we'll get started
+on time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on time
+if you look at the reading list and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the reading list and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the reading list and
+scroll down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scroll down to
+where we are which is dynamics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are which is dynamics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we are which is dynamics and
+programming you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming you'll see
+lecture six there there's a chapter on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture six there there's a chapter on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture six there there's a chapter on
+varian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varian
+which is starred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is starred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is starred
+called time that's because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called time that's because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called time that's because the
+application today will be featuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application today will be featuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application today will be featuring
+dynamics and what's what happens over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and what's what happens over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics and what's what happens over
+various dates and we're going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various dates and we're going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various dates and we're going to do it
+in the context of a storage problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of a storage problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of a storage problem
+where people were close to starving to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people were close to starving to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where people were close to starving to
+death as in the medieval villages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death as in the medieval villages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death as in the medieval villages
+and that is chapter three of medville
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is chapter three of medville
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is chapter three of medville
+it's also starred which uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also starred which uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also starred which uh
+fills out even more than i'm able to in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills out even more than i'm able to in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fills out even more than i'm able to in
+one class the material for the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class the material for the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one class the material for the lecture
+today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so
+that's the reading list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reading list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the reading list
+then there's study guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's study guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's study guide
+so i went back and earmarked what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i went back and earmarked what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i went back and earmarked what we did
+last time which was decision making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time which was decision making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time which was decision making
+under uncertainty linear programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uncertainty linear programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under uncertainty linear programming
+some of these questions are worded as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these questions are worded as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these questions are worded as if
+you were doing it at home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing it at home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were doing it at home
+but nevertheless the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nevertheless the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nevertheless the question
+asks about important concepts so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks about important concepts so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks about important concepts so let me
+read the first one draw a consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the first one draw a consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the first one draw a consumption
+set which consists of discrete number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which consists of discrete number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which consists of discrete number of
+points argue that this set is not convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points argue that this set is not convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points argue that this set is not convex
+and then show how the lotteries which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then show how the lotteries which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then show how the lotteries which
+put mass on these discrete points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put mass on these discrete points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put mass on these discrete points
+transforms the consumption set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms the consumption set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transforms the consumption set
+into something convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something convex
+so there's two sentences there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two sentences there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's two sentences there
+effectively two questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively two questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively two questions
+could i get a volunteer please
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can't actually draw it can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can't actually draw it can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can't actually draw it can you
+describe a consumption set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maybe these words suffice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these words suffice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe these words suffice
+try to describe in words a consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to describe in words a consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to describe in words a consumption
+set which contains a discrete number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which contains a discrete number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set which contains a discrete number of
+points and tell me why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and tell me why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points and tell me why
+it's not convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not convex
+yeah um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah um
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so i guess i think this was i think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess i think this was i think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i guess i think this was i think we
+discussed this earlier but um one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this earlier but um one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed this earlier but um one
+consumption set was um consuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set was um consuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set was um consuming
+consuming lunch in new york in new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming lunch in new york in new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consuming lunch in new york in new york
+at noon versus consuming lunch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at noon versus consuming lunch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at noon versus consuming lunch in
+washington dc at noon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington dc at noon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+washington dc at noon
+that's true so that's so that would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true so that's so that would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true so that's so that would be a
+district consumption set and since you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district consumption set and since you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district consumption set and since you
+can't have a mig you can't consume lunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a mig you can't consume lunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have a mig you can't consume lunch
+and a mixture of those two um since that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a mixture of those two um since that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a mixture of those two um since that
+then the consumption says not convex but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the consumption says not convex but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the consumption says not convex but
+if you if you had some probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you had some probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you had some probability of
+eating lunch in either location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating lunch in either location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating lunch in either location
+then you could have any a probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could have any a probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you could have any a probability
+between zero and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between zero and one
+and what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what uh
+how would you draw it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you draw it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would you draw it
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so so for the original discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for the original discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so for the original discrete
+consumption set you'd you you'd just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set you'd you you'd just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption set you'd you you'd just be
+would be two points i think one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be two points i think one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be two points i think one of those
+points would be one zero uh yeah and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points would be one zero uh yeah and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points would be one zero uh yeah and one
+of those points would be zero one good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those points would be zero one good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those points would be zero one good
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and can you imagine how i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can you imagine how i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can you imagine how i'll
+help in a second if it's not clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in a second if it's not clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help in a second if it's not clear
+can you imagine how you would be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you imagine how you would be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you imagine how you would be able to
+convert that set into something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that set into something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert that set into something that is
+convex uh using the lotteries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex uh using the lotteries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convex uh using the lotteries
+is there something you could draw to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something you could draw to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there something you could draw to
+depict it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depict it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depict it
+um if you're if you sort of draw a line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're if you sort of draw a line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you're if you sort of draw a line
+between those two points like your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two points like your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two points like your
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+you instead of doing how many lunches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you instead of doing how many lunches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you instead of doing how many lunches
+you eat at each um at dc and new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eat at each um at dc and new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you eat at each um at dc and new york
+you can do the probability that you eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the probability that you eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do the probability that you eat
+at dc or new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at dc or new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at dc or new york
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly
+so now we have a line running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a line running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we have a line running
+on the diagonal from zero one zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal from zero one zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the diagonal from zero one zero to
+zero one the endpoints are still there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one the endpoints are still there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero one the endpoints are still there
+those are lotteries that are degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are lotteries that are degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are lotteries that are degenerate
+they're putting probability one on each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're putting probability one on each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're putting probability one on each
+each of the endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of the endpoints
+an intermediate lottery non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediate lottery non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intermediate lottery non-trivial
+lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lottery
+say halfway between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say halfway between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say halfway between
+would put probability one half on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put probability one half on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would put probability one half on
+would be distance one half to one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be distance one half to one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be distance one half to one zero
+and distance one half to zero one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance one half to zero one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and distance one half to zero one
+and that represents an equal weighted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that represents an equal weighted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that represents an equal weighted
+probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability and
+you can inch closer to one end point or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can inch closer to one end point or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can inch closer to one end point or
+the other those are still non-degenerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other those are still non-degenerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other those are still non-degenerate
+lotteries so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lotteries so
+so a lottery when you put a point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lottery when you put a point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a lottery when you put a point in
+there represents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there represents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there represents
+the weights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but yes your answer was perfect thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes your answer was perfect thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes your answer was perfect thank
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what does risk and aversion imply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does risk and aversion imply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does risk and aversion imply
+about the consumer's utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the consumer's utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the consumer's utility function
+again i'll take volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'll take volunteers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again i'll take volunteers
+if you're a risk-averse then you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a risk-averse then you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're a risk-averse then you have
+diminishing marginal utility of income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility of income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diminishing marginal utility of income
+so the utility function should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the utility function should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the utility function should be
+concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+strictly or weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um convex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um convex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um convex
+um let me repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let me repeat
+the question says does risk what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question says does risk what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question says does risk what does
+risk aversion imply about the consumer's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion imply about the consumer's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk aversion imply about the consumer's
+utility function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility function
+well your answer concave yes and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well your answer concave yes and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well your answer concave yes and i'm
+asking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking back
+you mean strictly concave weakly concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean strictly concave weakly concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean strictly concave weakly concave
+i mean i think it would be weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i think it would be weakly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean i think it would be weakly
+concave right because if you have like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave right because if you have like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave right because if you have like a
+straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line
+or actually would that still be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually would that still be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actually would that still be
+considered risk averse if you're like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered risk averse if you're like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considered risk averse if you're like
+utility from getting a certain value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from getting a certain value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from getting a certain value is
+like completely equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like completely equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like completely equal to the
+utility of like having that as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of like having that as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility of like having that as your
+expected value all right that's perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value all right that's perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected value all right that's perfect
+you've figured it out so the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've figured it out so the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've figured it out so the answer is
+we typically think of risk aversion to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically think of risk aversion to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically think of risk aversion to
+mean strictly averse to the lottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean strictly averse to the lottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean strictly averse to the lottery
+and hence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and hence
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the linear case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the linear case of
+a linear utility function or weakly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear utility function or weakly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a linear utility function or weakly
+concave function but not strictly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave function but not strictly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave function but not strictly
+concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concave
+we call them risk neutral and not risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them risk neutral and not risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we call them risk neutral and not risk
+averse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse
+but i never said that in class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i never said that in class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i never said that in class so
+i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm
+amplifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifying
+but yes risk aversion as being risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes risk aversion as being risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but yes risk aversion as being risk
+averse strictly speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse strictly speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+averse strictly speaking
+implies strictly concave utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies strictly concave utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies strictly concave utility
+so perfect thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so one more here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this again is going to require you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again is going to require you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this again is going to require you to
+describe something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describe something
+combining states and time of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining states and time of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combining states and time of the world
+time and states of the world what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and states of the world what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and states of the world what is the
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+commodity space for a consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what i'm really looking for is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm really looking for is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm really looking for is for
+you to describe to me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to describe to me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to describe to me the
+the tree of possibilities that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree of possibilities that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tree of possibilities that we had
+on the slide last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and again i'll take volunteers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so like this is a tree that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like this is a tree that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like this is a tree that's like
+oriented upwards and so at where time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented upwards and so at where time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented upwards and so at where time
+increases as you go up in this tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases as you go up in this tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases as you go up in this tree
+um as you make a specific choice in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you make a specific choice in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as you make a specific choice in any
+given time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given time you
+limit your future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit your future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit your future
+options to some specific set and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options to some specific set and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options to some specific set and you
+like exclude some others that are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exclude some others that are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like exclude some others that are no
+longer possible for you to consume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the uh the tricky part of it is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the tricky part of it is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the tricky part of it is to
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that the state of the world at any date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state of the world at any date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the state of the world at any date
+is not just a set of possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just a set of possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just a set of possible
+realizations of the contemporary shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of the contemporary shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realizations of the contemporary shock
+it also includes the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also includes the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it also includes the history
+of shocks up to and including the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shocks up to and including the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of shocks up to and including the
+contemporary date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary date
+so that's what's going on with that tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's going on with that tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what's going on with that tree
+you pick a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you pick a
+node in the tree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in the tree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node in the tree
+it's described not just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's described not just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's described not just by
+the set of all things that could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all things that could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all things that could have
+happened on the current branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened on the current branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened on the current branch
+but the set of all things that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the set of all things that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the set of all things that could
+possibly have happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have happened
+um up to and including that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um up to and including that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um up to and including that point
+and actually i made the comment in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually i made the comment in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually i made the comment in class
+that one has to consider whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to consider whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one has to consider whether you're
+already at the current date or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already at the current date or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already at the current date or whether
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+at date zero imagining what could happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date zero imagining what could happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at date zero imagining what could happen
+in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the future
+because if you're at zero and imagining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're at zero and imagining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're at zero and imagining
+what could happen in the future then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could happen in the future then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what could happen in the future then you
+have to delineate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to delineate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to delineate
+all pos possible histories and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pos possible histories and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all pos possible histories and all
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+states that could happen in any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that could happen in any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states that could happen in any given
+date including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date including
+up through and including the date in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up through and including the date in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up through and including the date in
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+great okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so again i earmarked some of these i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i earmarked some of these i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again i earmarked some of these i
+only went i went through three or three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only went i went through three or three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only went i went through three or three
+of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the four
+that was very helpful thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very helpful thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was very helpful thank you
+um okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the um the lecture today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the lecture today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the lecture today
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is on dynamic dynamics and dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on dynamic dynamics and dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is on dynamic dynamics and dynamic
+programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming
+it's going to focus on this application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to focus on this application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to focus on this application
+for medieval villages on storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for medieval villages on storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for medieval villages on storage
+or call it inventory or carryover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or call it inventory or carryover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or call it inventory or carryover
+as well as the seed that they put in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the seed that they put in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as the seed that they put in the
+ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground
+and i'll come back to that momentarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll come back to that momentarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll come back to that momentarily
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+if you go back to the economic science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to the economic science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go back to the economic science
+lecture this lecture is illustrative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this lecture is illustrative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this lecture is illustrative of
+something we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we call
+calibration so you have a model of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration so you have a model of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration so you have a model of the
+way the world works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the world works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the world works and
+you find somehow parameter values that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find somehow parameter values that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you find somehow parameter values that
+are appropriate for the model and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are appropriate for the model and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are appropriate for the model and then
+you simulate the model and figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simulate the model and figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you simulate the model and figure out
+how well it fits the data and if it fits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well it fits the data and if it fits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how well it fits the data and if it fits
+reasonably well then it's a success that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well then it's a success that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably well then it's a success that
+you have a logical explanation of in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a logical explanation of in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a logical explanation of in an
+artificial economy of how the world is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial economy of how the world is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial economy of how the world is
+actually work or in this case past tense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work or in this case past tense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually work or in this case past tense
+was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was working
+there should be another bullet point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be another bullet point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be another bullet point
+here because i like to feature an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because i like to feature an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because i like to feature an
+earmarked that uh when it comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earmarked that uh when it comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earmarked that uh when it comes up
+we go through various techniques and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through various techniques and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go through various techniques and the
+technique that's going to be become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that's going to be become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that's going to be become
+apparent is dynamic programming so most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent is dynamic programming so most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparent is dynamic programming so most
+of the lectures up to this point not all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lectures up to this point not all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lectures up to this point not all
+of them were static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them were static
+we made an exception with that interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made an exception with that interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made an exception with that interest
+rate and income and substitution effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and income and substitution effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate and income and substitution effects
+and a couple of the consumption set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of the consumption set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a couple of the consumption set
+diagrams so time is playing a big role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so time is playing a big role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams so time is playing a big role
+here and so if we're going to solve a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so if we're going to solve a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and so if we're going to solve a
+problem or program it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or program it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem or program it's going to be a
+dynamic program and there's some useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic program and there's some useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic program and there's some useful
+techniques that fall right out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that fall right out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques that fall right out of the
+end of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of this lecture
+okay so we're going to talk about actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to talk about actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to talk about actual
+and potential use of risk reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potential use of risk reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and potential use of risk reduction
+arrangements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrangements
+namely carrying over grain from one year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely carrying over grain from one year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely carrying over grain from one year
+to the next this first line says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next this first line says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the next this first line says
+alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative
+begging the issue of what else have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begging the issue of what else have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begging the issue of what else have we
+looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at
+well we looked at an individual putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we looked at an individual putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we looked at an individual putting
+his strips of land all over the village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his strips of land all over the village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his strips of land all over the village
+and i referred to that as sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i referred to that as sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i referred to that as sort of
+portfolio diversification at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio diversification at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio diversification at one point
+we looked at and we are about to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at and we are about to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we looked at and we are about to see
+again a picture of the estates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a picture of the estates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again a picture of the estates of the
+bishop of winchester which were spread
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bishop of winchester which were spread
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bishop of winchester which were spread
+out over space arguably again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over space arguably again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out over space arguably again to
+diversify and now we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify and now we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify and now we're going to be
+stuck in one village and effectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in one village and effectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuck in one village and effectively
+with one person in one village on his or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one person in one village on his or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one person in one village on his or
+her own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+her own
+looking for alternative ways of reducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for alternative ways of reducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for alternative ways of reducing
+exposure to risk now the stylized fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to risk now the stylized fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposure to risk now the stylized fact
+if we go back to the same bishop of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back to the same bishop of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we go back to the same bishop of
+winchester accounts we don't see a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winchester accounts we don't see a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+winchester accounts we don't see a whole
+lot of carryover there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of carryover there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of carryover there are
+one estate at the time rare spikes where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one estate at the time rare spikes where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one estate at the time rare spikes where
+the carryover jumps up and then the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carryover jumps up and then the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the carryover jumps up and then the next
+year it's down i should say oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's down i should say oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year it's down i should say oh this
+comes up later carry over means carried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up later carry over means carried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up later carry over means carried
+over from one harvest to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over from one harvest to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over from one harvest to
+the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next
+obviously time passes by the day and by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously time passes by the day and by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously time passes by the day and by
+the month they only produce one crop a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the month they only produce one crop a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the month they only produce one crop a
+year they have to have something to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they have to have something to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year they have to have something to eat
+during the interim so there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the interim so there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the interim so there is some
+storage going on the issue is whether by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage going on the issue is whether by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage going on the issue is whether by
+the time they get to the next harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time they get to the next harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time they get to the next harvest
+there's any storage left at all and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any storage left at all and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any storage left at all and if
+there is we call it carryover well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is we call it carryover well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is we call it carryover well
+likewise if you look at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise if you look at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise if you look at the same
+estate accounts at a point in time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate accounts at a point in time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate accounts at a point in time you
+can see that some of them have carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that some of them have carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that some of them have carry
+over but most of them don't so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but most of them don't so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over but most of them don't so this
+model is going to be similar to a macro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is going to be similar to a macro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is going to be similar to a macro
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+that probably doesn't mean much to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably doesn't mean much to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that probably doesn't mean much to you
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+a neoclassical growth stabilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neoclassical growth stabilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a neoclassical growth stabilization
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+we're going to put in two kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put in two kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to put in two kinds of
+storage technologies grain in the bin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage technologies grain in the bin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage technologies grain in the bin
+for storage but also seed in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for storage but also seed in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for storage but also seed in the ground
+because that's another way to carry over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's another way to carry over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's another way to carry over
+the crop by planting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crop by planting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crop by planting it
+and we're going to choose the parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to choose the parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to choose the parameters
+to be consistent with the available data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be consistent with the available data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be consistent with the available data
+and we're gonna again look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna again look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna again look at the
+numerical predictions of the model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical predictions of the model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical predictions of the model and
+see if we can match the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can match the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if we can match the fact that
+carryover was not common this goes more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover was not common this goes more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover was not common this goes more
+into how uncommon it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how uncommon it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into how uncommon it was
+rare if they're not carrying anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare if they're not carrying anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare if they're not carrying anything
+over and there's only one person in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and there's only one person in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and there's only one person in a
+village like robinson crusoe as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village like robinson crusoe as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+village like robinson crusoe as an
+abstraction and they got they're eating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction and they got they're eating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction and they got they're eating
+all their output well maybe in over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their output well maybe in over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all their output well maybe in over a
+12-month time period so variability in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-month time period so variability in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12-month time period so variability in
+consumption is one to one with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is one to one with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is one to one with
+variability and output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability and output
+and if output varies a lot that's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if output varies a lot that's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if output varies a lot that's a lot
+of risk to bear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk to bear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk to bear
+we have data from that same lord
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have data from that same lord
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have data from that same lord
+treating him as the single villager we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating him as the single villager we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treating him as the single villager we
+can look at output as representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at output as representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at output as representative
+output in the population and uh and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in the population and uh and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in the population and uh and see
+in the cross section in 1236 only three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cross section in 1236 only three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cross section in 1236 only three
+of the 18 estates had carryover in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 18 estates had carryover in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 18 estates had carryover in a
+good year there was carryover 1223 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good year there was carryover 1223 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good year there was carryover 1223 was
+good for example for one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for example for one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good for example for one of those
+estates with 57
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estates with 57
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estates with 57
+of the crop being stored till next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crop being stored till next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the crop being stored till next year
+and the following year for that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the following year for that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the following year for that same
+estate 1224
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate 1224
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estate 1224
+zero carryover this is the review
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero carryover this is the review
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero carryover this is the review
+picture these are the estates of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture these are the estates of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture these are the estates of the
+bishop of winchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bishop of winchester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bishop of winchester
+and as i said last time it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said last time it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as i said last time it's hard to
+figure out what what country you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what what country you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what what country you're in
+let alone where you are in it but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone where you are in it but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let alone where you are in it but this
+is the english channel down here so all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the english channel down here so all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the english channel down here so all
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+dots are the bishops of winchester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots are the bishops of winchester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dots are the bishops of winchester
+estates so that's the context that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estates so that's the context that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estates so that's the context that's
+generating the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the data
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+two ways to store well actually four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to store well actually four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two ways to store well actually four
+we're going to adopt two of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to adopt two of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to adopt two of them and
+rule out the two others not model the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out the two others not model the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule out the two others not model the
+two others i should say in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two others i should say in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two others i should say in the
+artificial economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial economy
+first grain can be stored after harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first grain can be stored after harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first grain can be stored after harvest
+as i've been saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've been saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as i've been saying
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second
+they could take some of that harvest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could take some of that harvest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could take some of that harvest and
+put the grain in the ground as seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the grain in the ground as seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the grain in the ground as seed
+planted for next year's crop the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted for next year's crop the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted for next year's crop the other
+things we're not going to consider is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're not going to consider is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we're not going to consider is
+taking the grain and feeding it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the grain and feeding it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking the grain and feeding it to the
+animals eventually it might kill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals eventually it might kill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals eventually it might kill the
+animal so in some respects you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal so in some respects you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animal so in some respects you're
+carrying over the calories from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying over the calories from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrying over the calories from the
+grain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain but
+it's not very efficient since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very efficient since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not very efficient since the
+animals are also surviving on the grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are also surviving on the grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animals are also surviving on the grain
+so it's a bad so we don't have animals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a bad so we don't have animals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a bad so we don't have animals
+in the model uh another more humorous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model uh another more humorous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the model uh another more humorous
+possibility is beer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is beer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is beer
+so they would take the grain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would take the grain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they would take the grain and
+ferment it and make barley malt for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferment it and make barley malt for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ferment it and make barley malt for
+example which english people still like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which english people still like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which english people still like
+to drink quite a bit without due to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drink quite a bit without due to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to drink quite a bit without due to this
+history but we're not going to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history but we're not going to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history but we're not going to do that
+either no drinking in the model so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either no drinking in the model so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either no drinking in the model so let's
+take this storage possibility the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this storage possibility the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this storage possibility the most
+obvious one is you take the grain and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious one is you take the grain and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious one is you take the grain and
+put it in the bin and potentially have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the bin and potentially have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in the bin and potentially have
+some left or not by next harvest how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some left or not by next harvest how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some left or not by next harvest how the
+depreciation rate being delta why does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation rate being delta why does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation rate being delta why does
+grain go bad well in england it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain go bad well in england it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain go bad well in england it's a very
+wet climate if it gets wet and the grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet climate if it gets wet and the grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wet climate if it gets wet and the grain
+gets wet if it's not secured it spoils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets wet if it's not secured it spoils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets wet if it's not secured it spoils
+mildew even if it doesn't directly rain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildew even if it doesn't directly rain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mildew even if it doesn't directly rain
+on the grain is not good for the grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the grain is not good for the grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the grain is not good for the grain
+and grain gets eaten by rats and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grain gets eaten by rats and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and grain gets eaten by rats and other
+rodents and you may think that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodents and you may think that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rodents and you may think that's
+humorous but it is is real i know in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorous but it is is real i know in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+humorous but it is is real i know in
+thailand we would go and look at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thailand we would go and look at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thailand we would go and look at what
+they call the rice bank which was a shed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call the rice bank which was a shed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they call the rice bank which was a shed
+where they had stored the rice and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they had stored the rice and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they had stored the rice and they
+were showing us the shed as they opened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were showing us the shed as they opened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were showing us the shed as they opened
+the door all these mice ran out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door all these mice ran out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the door all these mice ran out so
+we're eating the grain how big is delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're eating the grain how big is delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're eating the grain how big is delta
+we have to calibrate this model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to calibrate this model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to calibrate this model
+so drawing from mccluskey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so drawing from mccluskey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so drawing from mccluskey
+you can see prices increasing month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see prices increasing month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see prices increasing month
+after month after month from harvest up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after month after month from harvest up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after month after month from harvest up
+through the next month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the next month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the next month
+and from this fact mccluskey gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this fact mccluskey gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this fact mccluskey gets a
+depreciation rate of 30 percent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation rate of 30 percent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation rate of 30 percent so
+here's that table that he's using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that table that he's using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that table that he's using
+between september and october grain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between september and october grain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between september and october grain
+prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices
+inflated by three and a half percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflated by three and a half percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflated by three and a half percent
+between october november two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between october november two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between october november two and a
+quarter percent so these are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter percent so these are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter percent so these are kind of
+grain price inflation rate through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain price inflation rate through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain price inflation rate through the
+year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year
+and roughly if you add them up and do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roughly if you add them up and do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and roughly if you add them up and do a
+little compounding you'll get 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little compounding you'll get 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little compounding you'll get 30
+now who cares well let's imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now who cares well let's imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now who cares well let's imagine that
+whatever you store at one date you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you store at one date you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you store at one date you get
+back one minus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back one minus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back one minus delta
+that number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number
+following say the following month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following say the following month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following say the following month
+it's linear you don't get out what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear you don't get out what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear you don't get out what you
+put in one to one if the depreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in one to one if the depreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put in one to one if the depreciation
+were thirty percent you put in one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thirty percent you put in one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were thirty percent you put in one you
+get back point seven you put in ten you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back point seven you put in ten you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back point seven you put in ten you
+get back seven it's linear the storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back seven it's linear the storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back seven it's linear the storage
+technology displays constant returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology displays constant returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology displays constant returns to
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+if you were a firm maximizing profits by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were a firm maximizing profits by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you were a firm maximizing profits by
+the choice of how much to store over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of how much to store over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the choice of how much to store over
+time you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you'd be
+thinking about this constant returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this constant returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about this constant returns to
+scale technology and asking how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale technology and asking how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale technology and asking how much
+would they be storing depending on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they be storing depending on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they be storing depending on how
+much the price next month is relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the price next month is relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the price next month is relative to
+the price today so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price today so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the price today so
+it says exercise so i urge you to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says exercise so i urge you to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says exercise so i urge you to write
+that down i did it just to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down i did it just to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down i did it just to make sure
+this morning you know it's like maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning you know it's like maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this morning you know it's like maximize
+p1 times y minus i where i is investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 times y minus i where i is investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p1 times y minus i where i is investment
+plus p2 times y2 plus i multiplied by 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p2 times y2 plus i multiplied by 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus p2 times y2 plus i multiplied by 1
+minus delta it's kind of silly to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta it's kind of silly to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus delta it's kind of silly to be
+describing this in words now what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing this in words now what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing this in words now what do you
+know about constant returns to scale you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about constant returns to scale you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about constant returns to scale you
+already know with constant returns to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know with constant returns to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already know with constant returns to
+scale when we did the production lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale when we did the production lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale when we did the production lecture
+four that the solution is either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that the solution is either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four that the solution is either
+infinite or indeterminate or zero well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite or indeterminate or zero well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite or indeterminate or zero well
+it's not indeterminate and it's not zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not indeterminate and it's not zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not indeterminate and it's not zero
+either because they were storing from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because they were storing from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either because they were storing from
+month to month at least so the premise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month to month at least so the premise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+month to month at least so the premise
+is that in order to compensate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in order to compensate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that in order to compensate the
+economics is in order to compensate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is in order to compensate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics is in order to compensate for
+the loss of the crop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss of the crop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the loss of the crop
+rather than selling it today at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than selling it today at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than selling it today at a
+certain price they can sell it tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain price they can sell it tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain price they can sell it tomorrow
+they're going to have 70
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have 70
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to have 70
+left 30 loss so the price has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left 30 loss so the price has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left 30 loss so the price has to
+accumulate at 30 percent over the year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate at 30 percent over the year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate at 30 percent over the year
+i'm going back and forth between month
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going back and forth between month
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going back and forth between month
+and year sorry so that's the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and year sorry so that's the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and year sorry so that's the economic
+intuition and you already know the math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and you already know the math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition and you already know the math
+so that's one advantage for us having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one advantage for us having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one advantage for us having
+spent some time on production and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent some time on production and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spent some time on production and in
+particular on profit maximization so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular on profit maximization so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular on profit maximization so you
+know how mccloskey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how mccloskey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how mccloskey
+is calibrating parameter delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is calibrating parameter delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is calibrating parameter delta
+second possibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second possibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second possibility
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+putting seed in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting seed in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting seed in the ground
+now it turns out that's a a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that's a a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it turns out that's a a pretty
+healthy return
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy return
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy return
+we have some data on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some data on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have some data on that
+and the yield to seed ratio is about 2.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yield to seed ratio is about 2.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the yield to seed ratio is about 2.6
+for one of these manners and 1.67 for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of these manners and 1.67 for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one of these manners and 1.67 for
+the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one
+so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a
+yield to seed ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield to seed ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield to seed ratio
+meaning you get roughly taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you get roughly taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning you get roughly taking the
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+units of output for every units of input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of output for every units of input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of output for every units of input
+so that's pretty productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty productive
+so if we stopped right there you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we stopped right there you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we stopped right there you know
+you'd say well putting seed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say well putting seed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd say well putting seed in the
+ground is a lot more productive than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground is a lot more productive than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground is a lot more productive than
+depreciation even setting aside the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation even setting aside the risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation even setting aside the risk
+uh well so there's a couple of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well so there's a couple of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well so there's a couple of things
+one there's a limit how much seed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's a limit how much seed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's a limit how much seed you
+can put in the ground and two we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in the ground and two we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put in the ground and two we're
+going to be considering the risk so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be considering the risk so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be considering the risk so
+here's the technology if you planted kt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the technology if you planted kt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the technology if you planted kt
+units of put kt seeds in the ground at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of put kt seeds in the ground at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units of put kt seeds in the ground at t
+minus 1 the output would be a function f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 the output would be a function f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 the output would be a function f
+of that amount of seed the harvest and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that amount of seed the harvest and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that amount of seed the harvest and
+there's some shock epsilon in fact let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some shock epsilon in fact let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some shock epsilon in fact let's
+assume this is a linear technology so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this is a linear technology so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this is a linear technology so
+whatever seed got put in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever seed got put in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever seed got put in the ground
+alpha times it is the output output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha times it is the output output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha times it is the output output
+could be two and epsilon is a shock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be two and epsilon is a shock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be two and epsilon is a shock
+that's going to move make it random and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to move make it random and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to move make it random and
+make it move around okay first thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it move around okay first thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it move around okay first thing
+you can't plant an unbounded amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't plant an unbounded amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't plant an unbounded amount of
+seed in fact the best way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed in fact the best way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed in fact the best way to think about
+this is the seed per unit land is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the seed per unit land is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the seed per unit land is
+constant you have so much land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you have so much land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you have so much land
+there's no point in putting down more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in putting down more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in putting down more
+seed so it's really a decision about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed so it's really a decision about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed so it's really a decision about how
+much land to plant and we'll put an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much land to plant and we'll put an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much land to plant and we'll put an
+upper bound on that because there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound on that because there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper bound on that because there are
+finite land holdings so k bar is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite land holdings so k bar is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite land holdings so k bar is going
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+the most land that you can plant you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most land that you can plant you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most land that you can plant you
+plant all of your land and if you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant all of your land and if you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant all of your land and if you were
+to try to put down more seed it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to put down more seed it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to put down more seed it's like
+throwing it away you're still going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing it away you're still going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throwing it away you're still going to
+only have the maximum amount k bar in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have the maximum amount k bar in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only have the maximum amount k bar in
+this case times epsilon alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case times epsilon alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case times epsilon alpha
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we're about ready to get to a key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about ready to get to a key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're about ready to get to a key
+equation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation here
+let's do it this way if you focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it this way if you focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do it this way if you focus on
+equation one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one
+you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got
+output f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output f
+harvest which is a function of the seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest which is a function of the seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest which is a function of the seed
+planted last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted last year
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+an influence of epsilon now you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an influence of epsilon now you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an influence of epsilon now you could
+have had something in storage as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had something in storage as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had something in storage as well
+imagine they had done both things so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine they had done both things so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine they had done both things so
+they put some seed in the ground and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put some seed in the ground and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put some seed in the ground and
+they had some storage you're gonna get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some storage you're gonna get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had some storage you're gonna get
+one minus delta times that amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus delta times that amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one minus delta times that amount of
+storage back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage back
+and that would be the end of the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be the end of the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that would be the end of the story
+for consumption except they have to plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption except they have to plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for consumption except they have to plan
+for next year so they still have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next year so they still have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for next year so they still have these
+two options storage planted now at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two options storage planted now at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two options storage planted now at t
+that will be available at t plus one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be available at t plus one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be available at t plus one and
+seed which they can squirrel away now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed which they can squirrel away now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed which they can squirrel away now
+which will be planted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be planted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will be planted and
+influence the harvest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the harvest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence the harvest
+at kt plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at kt plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at kt plus one
+it's kind of weird dating please be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of weird dating please be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of weird dating please be
+alert to that in fact the last slide for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert to that in fact the last slide for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alert to that in fact the last slide for
+today will change the dating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today will change the dating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today will change the dating
+different people use different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people use different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different people use different
+conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions
+what i'm complaining about or alerting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm complaining about or alerting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm complaining about or alerting
+you is this is consumption at day t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is this is consumption at day t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is this is consumption at day t
+and these things seed in the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these things seed in the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these things seed in the ground
+and inventory have a date t on them but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inventory have a date t on them but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and inventory have a date t on them but
+they are predetermined from t minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are predetermined from t minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are predetermined from t minus one
+they are not decision variables at t the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not decision variables at t the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are not decision variables at t the
+decision variables at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision variables at t
+are labeled t plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled t plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are labeled t plus one
+the pro case for doing it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro case for doing it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pro case for doing it this way
+is that we care about the state variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we care about the state variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we care about the state variable
+at a given day t and that's determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given day t and that's determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given day t and that's determined
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+the seed that they planted before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seed that they planted before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seed that they planted before and
+the inventory that they have from before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventory that they have from before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inventory that they have from before
+anyway just to alert you i trust you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just to alert you i trust you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway just to alert you i trust you
+will interrupt me when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will interrupt me when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will interrupt me when you have
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is the amount that's available this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the amount that's available this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the amount that's available this
+is the amount that you squirrel away for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amount that you squirrel away for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the amount that you squirrel away for
+next year and the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year and the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year and the difference between
+what's available and what you store in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's available and what you store in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's available and what you store in
+one way or another is consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or another is consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way or another is consumption
+now they're risk averse we discussed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're risk averse we discussed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they're risk averse we discussed
+that a minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a minute ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a minute ago
+so this is a strictly concave utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a strictly concave utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a strictly concave utility
+function over consumption over a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over consumption over a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function over consumption over a finite
+number of dates t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dates t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of dates t
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+runs from one to capital t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs from one to capital t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runs from one to capital t
+hopefully capital t is really a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully capital t is really a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully capital t is really a long
+time away and i'll come back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time away and i'll come back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time away and i'll come back to that
+alternatively i could have written cap t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively i could have written cap t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternatively i could have written cap t
+equal to infinity they live forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to infinity they live forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to infinity they live forever
+but we're not quite ready to do that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not quite ready to do that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we're not quite ready to do that so
+i'm just going to show you finite time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to show you finite time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm just going to show you finite time
+horizon first and then argue how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon first and then argue how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon first and then argue how to
+extend it at the end of the class when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend it at the end of the class when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend it at the end of the class when
+we get to dynamic programming you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to dynamic programming you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get to dynamic programming you know
+there's a discounted utility beta is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a discounted utility beta is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a discounted utility beta is a
+discount rate beta is some number less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate beta is some number less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount rate beta is some number less
+than one so you care about the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so you care about the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than one so you care about the present
+more than you care about the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you care about the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you care about the future
+present utility more than future utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present utility more than future utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present utility more than future utility
+this is with beta less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with beta less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is with beta less than one
+geometric you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric you can see
+as the horizon gets further and further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the horizon gets further and further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the horizon gets further and further
+away you care less and less relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you care less and less relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away you care less and less relative to
+today's consumption but it but these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's consumption but it but these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's consumption but it but these are
+strictly concave so you don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly concave so you don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly concave so you don't like
+variability we talked about concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability we talked about concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variability we talked about concave
+utility when we introduced the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility when we introduced the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility when we introduced the concept
+of risk here even if there were no risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk here even if there were no risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of risk here even if there were no risk
+they would not want they would try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would not want they would try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would not want they would try to
+avoid variability in consumption they'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid variability in consumption they'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid variability in consumption they'd
+rather have the same consumption every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have the same consumption every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather have the same consumption every
+day rather than having it low one date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day rather than having it low one date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day rather than having it low one date
+and high another because the utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high another because the utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and high another because the utility
+consequence of that would be less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that would be less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that would be less than
+having the same amount so that's where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the same amount so that's where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the same amount so that's where
+the concave strip concavity is coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concave strip concavity is coming in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concave strip concavity is coming in
+so we already calibrated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already calibrated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we already calibrated the
+depreciation rate at 30 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation rate at 30 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation rate at 30 percent
+the discount rate we're going to put at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount rate we're going to put at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discount rate we're going to put at
+0.95 uh which is kind of standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 uh which is kind of standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.95 uh which is kind of standard
+although we could vary it we could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we could vary it we could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we could vary it we could make
+it lower once we have the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lower once we have the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lower once we have the program
+written we can plug in whatever we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written we can plug in whatever we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written we can plug in whatever we want
+ideally though the spirit of this should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally though the spirit of this should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideally though the spirit of this should
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+that we're somewhat confident about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're somewhat confident about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're somewhat confident about
+these numbers we're about to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers we're about to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these numbers we're about to choose
+constant relative risk aversion i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant relative risk aversion i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant relative risk aversion i
+defined that utility function last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined that utility function last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined that utility function last time
+that's c to the gamma divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's c to the gamma divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's c to the gamma divided by
+sometimes normalized and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes normalized and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes normalized and we're going to
+set that at 0.5 this is kind of a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that at 0.5 this is kind of a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that at 0.5 this is kind of a low
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+it's definitely a strictly concave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely a strictly concave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's definitely a strictly concave
+utility but they may have been even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but they may have been even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility but they may have been even more
+risk averse than that however you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk averse than that however you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk averse than that however you'll see
+you know this is exposed justification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is exposed justification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is exposed justification
+that that all three of these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that all three of these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that all three of these numbers
+kind of work in terms of explaining the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work in terms of explaining the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work in terms of explaining the
+paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paradox
+namely they're about to starve to death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely they're about to starve to death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely they're about to starve to death
+every 12 years and they weren't storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 12 years and they weren't storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every 12 years and they weren't storing
+anything that's the paradox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's the paradox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that's the paradox
+back to that epsilon this is the way you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that epsilon this is the way you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to that epsilon this is the way you
+put the uncertainty in one unit of land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the uncertainty in one unit of land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the uncertainty in one unit of land
+planted today yields two tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted today yields two tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planted today yields two tomorrow
+so that's the yield to seed ratio but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the yield to seed ratio but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the yield to seed ratio but
+there is a little uncertainty ten out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a little uncertainty ten out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a little uncertainty ten out of
+twelve times you get two tomorrow but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve times you get two tomorrow but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twelve times you get two tomorrow but
+one twelfth of the time you get one half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one twelfth of the time you get one half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one twelfth of the time you get one half
+of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+one twelfth of the time you get four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one twelfth of the time you get four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one twelfth of the time you get four
+double it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double it
+so the expected yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the expected yield
+is a little bit above two since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit above two since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit above two since the
+weights one twelfth are same on the low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights one twelfth are same on the low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weights one twelfth are same on the low
+and the high end but four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the high end but four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the high end but four
+is two times greater than two and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two times greater than two and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two times greater than two and the
+difference between two and one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two and one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between two and one is just
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so it's just the expected value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just the expected value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's just the expected value is
+slightly higher than two we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly higher than two we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly higher than two we're going to
+set the upper bound on storage at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the upper bound on storage at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the upper bound on storage at one
+and this number one twelfth i actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number one twelfth i actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this number one twelfth i actually
+just said why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just said why
+and you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may
+be reminded of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reminded of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be reminded of that
+when you go back and look at in the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go back and look at in the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go back and look at in the data
+the coefficient of variation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of variation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficient of variation that we
+introduced last time of yields it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced last time of yields it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced last time of yields it was
+0.35
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.35
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.35
+which meant roughly every 12 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant roughly every 12 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which meant roughly every 12 years
+output fell below less than half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output fell below less than half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output fell below less than half of the
+mean value so we called that disaster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value so we called that disaster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean value so we called that disaster
+last time for these scattered plots so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time for these scattered plots so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time for these scattered plots so
+this mass over here under the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mass over here under the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mass over here under the solid
+density is 1 12. well it's also true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is 1 12. well it's also true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density is 1 12. well it's also true
+they could get lucky and have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get lucky and have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could get lucky and have a high
+yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yield
+so you saw this picture last time i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you saw this picture last time i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you saw this picture last time i'm
+really just using it to remind you of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just using it to remind you of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just using it to remind you of
+the context of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the context of
+where the risk is coming from we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the risk is coming from we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the risk is coming from we wanted
+we just did calibrate the yield to seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did calibrate the yield to seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did calibrate the yield to seed
+ratio in such a way as to deliver a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio in such a way as to deliver a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio in such a way as to deliver a
+disaster every 12 years on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster every 12 years on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disaster every 12 years on average
+okay so let's look at the dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's look at the dynamic
+decision problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision problem
+let's call this the total available this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this the total available this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call this the total available this
+year and denote on the y-axis so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and denote on the y-axis so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and denote on the y-axis so to
+speak the amount of each of the possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the amount of each of the possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speak the amount of each of the possible
+savings decision either storage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings decision either storage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings decision either storage or
+planting back to the key equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting back to the key equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting back to the key equation the
+amount available is this output plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount available is this output plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount available is this output plus
+storage and the savings decisions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and the savings decisions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage and the savings decisions are
+inventory or seed so that's what's being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory or seed so that's what's being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory or seed so that's what's being
+plotted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but we are varying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are varying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we are varying
+the total amount available going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount available going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total amount available going from
+zero to six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to six
+and let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's look at
+oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh
+where is this coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we actually solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we actually solve this problem
+we maximize 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maximize 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we maximize 2
+subject to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject to 1
+putting in all these parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in all these parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting in all these parameters
+and i didn't show you the code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i didn't show you the code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i didn't show you the code
+you can solve it on matlab or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve it on matlab or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve it on matlab or something
+i'm not asking you to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not asking you to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not asking you to do that
+but anyway it's like this picture could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway it's like this picture could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway it's like this picture could
+be anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be anything
+it's it's it's pinned down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's pinned down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's pinned down
+because it's the solution to a max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the solution to a max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's the solution to a max
+problem at the calibrated parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at the calibrated parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem at the calibrated parameters
+so this is our model version of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our model version of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is our model version of what
+they were doing in fact so if the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing in fact so if the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were doing in fact so if the total
+amount available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount available
+was um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um
+a little less than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less than one
+then they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they were
+not planting all the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not planting all the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not planting all the land
+despite that high yield
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that high yield
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite that high yield
+however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however
+for anything else they hit the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything else they hit the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for anything else they hit the upper
+bound and they plant everything they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and they plant everything they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound and they plant everything they can
+at the upper bound which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the upper bound which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the upper bound which was
+1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.
+let's look at the storage decision as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the storage decision as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the storage decision as a
+function of the total available it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the total available it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the total available it's
+only when the total available is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when the total available is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only when the total available is three
+or higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or higher
+that positive storage kicks in and when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive storage kicks in and when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that positive storage kicks in and when
+it does it's it's moving linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it's it's moving linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does it's it's moving linearly
+with the amount available this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amount available this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the amount available this year
+it's actually not moving one to one if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not moving one to one if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not moving one to one if
+you're one to one higher available mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're one to one higher available mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're one to one higher available mean
+higher storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher storage
+it would be parallel with this 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be parallel with this 45 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be parallel with this 45 degree
+line but it's not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but it's not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line but it's not so
+so they never store one to one they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they never store one to one they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they never store one to one they may
+store less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store less than
+than the harvest but they are storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the harvest but they are storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the harvest but they are storing
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+something here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something here
+all right so those are the savings plans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those are the savings plans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so those are the savings plans
+um things to kind of keep in the back of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things to kind of keep in the back of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um things to kind of keep in the back of
+your mind when we go through some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind when we go through some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your mind when we go through some of the
+other slides is the fact that mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other slides is the fact that mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other slides is the fact that mostly
+they put all the seed in the ground but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put all the seed in the ground but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put all the seed in the ground but
+not when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not when
+the amount available is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount available is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount available is less
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the amount of storage is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of storage is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of storage is zero
+unless the amount available is above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the amount available is above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless the amount available is above
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+now how much is consumption well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how much is consumption well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now how much is consumption well
+back to this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this thing
+so consumption is the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumption is the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so consumption is the difference between
+the amount available and those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount available and those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount available and those two
+savings decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings decisions
+so if you look at this diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at this diagram
+consumption is the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption is the difference between
+the amount available and the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount available and the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount available and the sum of
+these decisions this 45 degree line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these decisions this 45 degree line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these decisions this 45 degree line is
+now playing a role because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now playing a role because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now playing a role because
+the amount available say 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount available say 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount available say 2
+go up to the 45 degree line then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to the 45 degree line then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up to the 45 degree line then this
+amount is 2. that's the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount is 2. that's the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount is 2. that's the definition of
+the 45 degree line right it's a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 45 degree line right it's a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 45 degree line right it's a way to
+convert the units on the x-axis axis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the units on the x-axis axis to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convert the units on the x-axis axis to
+the same amount on the y-axis that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount on the y-axis that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same amount on the y-axis that's
+convenient here because we can look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient here because we can look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient here because we can look at
+okay here's the amount uh that's availa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the amount uh that's availa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay here's the amount uh that's availa
+that would be available next year if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be available next year if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be available next year if
+they didn't save anything but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't save anything but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't save anything but they are
+storing in this case so consumption is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing in this case so consumption is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing in this case so consumption is
+the difference between this 45 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between this 45 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the difference between this 45 degree
+line and the sum of these two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the sum of these two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and the sum of these two other
+lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines
+that means that as we get over here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that as we get over here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that as we get over here the
+45 degree line is really close to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree line is really close to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 degree line is really close to the
+only thing they're doing which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing they're doing which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing they're doing which is
+planting seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting seed
+and very close so when you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very close so when you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very close so when you have a
+less than 1.1 available this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1.1 available this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 1.1 available this year
+they're still eating and they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still eating and they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're still eating and they're not
+planting all the land but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting all the land but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planting all the land but they're not
+eating much it's a really hard problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating much it's a really hard problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eating much it's a really hard problem
+do we starve now or starve later i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we starve now or starve later i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we starve now or starve later i mean
+they kind of gamble on getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of gamble on getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of gamble on getting a
+reasonable return if they ate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable return if they ate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable return if they ate the
+the seed they have nothing tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seed they have nothing tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seed they have nothing tomorrow
+they're starving to death for sure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starving to death for sure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're starving to death for sure in
+fact i don't know if you've heard this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact i don't know if you've heard this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact i don't know if you've heard this
+expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression
+don't eat the seed corn yeah that came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't eat the seed corn yeah that came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't eat the seed corn yeah that came
+right out of this episode eating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of this episode eating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right out of this episode eating the
+seed corn is the worst thing you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed corn is the worst thing you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seed corn is the worst thing you could
+do because you're kind of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because you're kind of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do because you're kind of like
+guaranteeing zero for tomorrow but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing zero for tomorrow but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guaranteeing zero for tomorrow but they
+actually do cut back they eat some of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do cut back they eat some of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do cut back they eat some of it
+okay so this is a related way to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a related way to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is a related way to think
+about the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the dynamics
+let's take total available this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take total available this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take total available this year
+implement those two savings decisions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement those two savings decisions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implement those two savings decisions on
+the previous diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous diagram
+and then ask how much are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ask how much are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ask how much are you going to
+have next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have next year
+sorry if i'm belaboring this this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if i'm belaboring this this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry if i'm belaboring this this is the
+amount available this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount available this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount available this year
+you can save it or eat it if you save it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can save it or eat it if you save it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can save it or eat it if you save it
+in one of the other of these two devices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the other of these two devices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one of the other of these two devices
+we're now talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now talking about
+the first part of this equation with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of this equation with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first part of this equation with the
+two terms but the date would be t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms but the date would be t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms but the date would be t plus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so this would be the amount available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the amount available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be the amount available
+next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year
+given the amount available this year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the amount available this year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the amount available this year and
+the endogenously determined oh i used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endogenously determined oh i used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the endogenously determined oh i used
+that word for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word for the first time
+endogenously determined savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenously determined savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenously determined savings
+decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions
+so so here you know we can't plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here you know we can't plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so here you know we can't plot
+savings and the total amount available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and the total amount available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings and the total amount available
+unless we're in some four dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we're in some four dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless we're in some four dimension
+three dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three dimensional space
+so the savings decisions are suppressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the savings decisions are suppressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the savings decisions are suppressed
+or they're still active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're still active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or they're still active
+well first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all
+output is stochastic epsilon could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is stochastic epsilon could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is stochastic epsilon could be
+and likely to be medium but it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likely to be medium but it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and likely to be medium but it could be
+higher it could be low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it could be low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher it could be low
+so the amount that's available next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amount that's available next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the amount that's available next year
+even given the savings decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even given the savings decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even given the savings decisions
+will vary with the epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vary with the epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will vary with the epsilon
+so if you have three units available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have three units available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have three units available
+this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this year
+which is right on the margin of storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right on the margin of storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is right on the margin of storing
+say zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say zero
+the most likely outcome next year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely outcome next year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely outcome next year is
+medium and hence there would be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and hence there would be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and hence there would be two
+units available next year and so there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units available next year and so there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units available next year and so there
+would be no storage next year either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be no storage next year either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be no storage next year either
+so what do those words correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do those words correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do those words correspond to
+you're at three units available now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at three units available now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're at three units available now
+the most likely outcome next year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely outcome next year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely outcome next year is
+medium the amount available next year is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium the amount available next year is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium the amount available next year is
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and again from the savings decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again from the savings decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again from the savings decision
+storage at three and a two is zero so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage at three and a two is zero so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage at three and a two is zero so no
+storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+so this is like what what would happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like what what would happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like what what would happen
+over time but let's just come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but let's just come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but let's just come back
+suppose we redid this experiment and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we redid this experiment and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we redid this experiment and you
+had two units available this year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two units available this year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had two units available this year and
+then you got the medium output you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got the medium output you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you got the medium output you would
+have two units so what is that referring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two units so what is that referring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two units so what is that referring
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+if we have two units available this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have two units available this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we have two units available this year
+and you had the medium output which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had the medium output which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you had the medium output which is
+the most likely thing you get two units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely thing you get two units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most likely thing you get two units
+available for the following year so two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the following year so two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available for the following year so two
+in and two out is the most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and two out is the most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and two out is the most likely
+outcome if you start with two so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome if you start with two so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome if you start with two so you
+could refer to that as a kind of steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could refer to that as a kind of steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could refer to that as a kind of steady
+state meaning things aren't moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state meaning things aren't moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state meaning things aren't moving
+actually they are moving so technically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they are moving so technically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually they are moving so technically
+it's not a steady state because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a steady state because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a steady state because we
+picked a particular shock but it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a particular shock but it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked a particular shock but it is the
+most likely shock so it's approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely shock so it's approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most likely shock so it's approximately
+true that if you have two today you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that if you have two today you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that if you have two today you're
+going to have two tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two tomorrow
+but if you had two units available this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had two units available this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you had two units available this
+year and you got the low output epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and you got the low output epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year and you got the low output epsilon
+1 12 being probability the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 12 being probability the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 12 being probability the output
+available next year is about one and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available next year is about one and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available next year is about one and at
+that point you're not planting all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you're not planting all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that point you're not planting all the
+land so that's over here you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land so that's over here you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land so that's over here you could have
+two today and get really unlucky and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two today and get really unlucky and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two today and get really unlucky and
+have less than two available about one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less than two available about one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less than two available about one
+available next year and again if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available next year and again if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available next year and again if you've
+memorized a bit those savings diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized a bit those savings diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized a bit those savings diagrams
+with one available you don't you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one available you don't you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one available you don't you're not
+storing and you're not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing and you're not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing and you're not even
+you're eating some of the seed so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're eating some of the seed so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're eating some of the seed so let's
+go the other way suppose you had two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the other way suppose you had two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go the other way suppose you had two
+units available which is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units available which is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+units available which is roughly
+speaking a reasonable starting point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking a reasonable starting point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking a reasonable starting point and
+you got lucky and got the high output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got lucky and got the high output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got lucky and got the high output
+then you would finally be storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would finally be storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would finally be storing
+suppose you had two and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you had two and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you had two and instead of
+getting the medium yield you got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the medium yield you got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the medium yield you got the
+high yield then you'd have four units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high yield then you'd have four units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high yield then you'd have four units
+available next year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available next year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available next year
+and at four units available there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at four units available there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at four units available there's
+definitely storage going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely storage going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely storage going on
+so that's carryover rare but it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's carryover rare but it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's carryover rare but it can
+happen does it persist well suppose just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen does it persist well suppose just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen does it persist well suppose just
+to run this experiment that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this experiment that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run this experiment that you get
+lucky and lucky and lucky so where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky and lucky and lucky so where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lucky and lucky and lucky so where where
+would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you
+end up you'd end up at roughly a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up you'd end up at roughly a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up you'd end up at roughly a little
+above four four replicates itself four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above four four replicates itself four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above four four replicates itself four
+in four out so on the 45 degree line so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four out so on the 45 degree line so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in four out so on the 45 degree line so
+that's the best case scenario that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best case scenario that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the best case scenario that you
+would converge to that and you would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would converge to that and you would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would converge to that and you would be
+storing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storing
+but i'm sure you can see this coming if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm sure you can see this coming if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'm sure you can see this coming if
+you were at that fortunate situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were at that fortunate situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were at that fortunate situation
+with storage you got a medium or low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with storage you got a medium or low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with storage you got a medium or low
+output then you would climb back below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output then you would climb back below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output then you would climb back below
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+and you wouldn't be storing at all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wouldn't be storing at all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wouldn't be storing at all so
+they had carryover once in a while but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had carryover once in a while but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had carryover once in a while but
+not often questions i have a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not often questions i have a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not often questions i have a question
+if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the
+depreciation rate goes down then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation rate goes down then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation rate goes down then the
+inventory line will move right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory line will move right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory line will move right
+it will move up yeah it would shift up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will move up yeah it would shift up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will move up yeah it would shift up
+they will well it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will well it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will well it would
+it would not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would not only
+have a higher slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher slope
+but it would kick in earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would kick in earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it would kick in earlier
+yes so but it is also implied that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so but it is also implied that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so but it is also implied that in
+the medieval england maybe the depletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medieval england maybe the depletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medieval england maybe the depletion
+rate was so high so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate was so high so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate was so high so the
+carryover was so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover was so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carryover was so
+so low or we cannot observe the carry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so low or we cannot observe the carry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so low or we cannot observe the carry
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+say that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that again
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe
+it implies that in the medieval england
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it implies that in the medieval england
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it implies that in the medieval england
+the depletion rate is so high that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depletion rate is so high that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depletion rate is so high that is
+why we cannot observe the carryover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we cannot observe the carryover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we cannot observe the carryover
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it
+if yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+we picked it to try to match the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we picked it to try to match the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we picked it to try to match the data
+you could run the model with a higher or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could run the model with a higher or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could run the model with a higher or
+lower number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower number
+if we make the depreciation rate less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make the depreciation rate less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we make the depreciation rate less
+severe so it's like 20 percent is 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe so it's like 20 percent is 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+severe so it's like 20 percent is 30
+they would store more often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would store more often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would store more often
+and then we would have to look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would have to look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we would have to look at that
+diagram and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram and see
+whether carryover is still rare i mean i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether carryover is still rare i mean i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether carryover is still rare i mean i
+imagine if you go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine if you go from
+30 to 28 or even 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 to 28 or even 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 to 28 or even 25
+not too much might change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much might change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much might change
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's clear if you ran the depreciation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear if you ran the depreciation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's clear if you ran the depreciation
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero
+then they're going to be storing quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to be storing quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to be storing quite a
+lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot
+they would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have
+they would have a way of carrying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have a way of carrying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would have a way of carrying the
+crop over one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop over one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crop over one to one
+it would still be uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would still be uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would still be uncertain
+but that would be a big step toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that would be a big step toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that would be a big step toward
+keeping their consumption steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+yeah so no it's a great question because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so no it's a great question because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so no it's a great question because
+uh that parameter and all the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that parameter and all the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that parameter and all the other ones
+are key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are key
+you know we could vary each one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could vary each one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we could vary each one at a
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+we could make them more risk-averse for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could make them more risk-averse for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could make them more risk-averse for
+example that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example that would be
+an interesting experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting experiment
+then they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they're going to be
+more worried about that low output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more worried about that low output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more worried about that low output
+and that probably means they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that probably means they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that probably means they're going to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know trying to maintain more seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trying to maintain more seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know trying to maintain more seed
+and more inventory which one i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more inventory which one i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more inventory which one i'm not
+quite sure well there's an upper bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure well there's an upper bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite sure well there's an upper bound
+on the amount of seed the amount of land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the amount of seed the amount of land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the amount of seed the amount of land
+they can plant so that's probably going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can plant so that's probably going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can plant so that's probably going
+to push
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to push
+inventory up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inventory up
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that's a version of what we saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a version of what we saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a version of what we saw last
+time in the sort of static
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the sort of static
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in the sort of static
+context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context
+namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that
+you're willing to accept something less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to accept something less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're willing to accept something less
+than the mean return in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the mean return in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the mean return in order to
+guarantee
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee
+to get rid of the risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this case even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+storage being somewhat costly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage being somewhat costly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage being somewhat costly
+when they're risk-averse and we can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're risk-averse and we can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're risk-averse and we can make
+them even more risk-averse they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them even more risk-averse they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them even more risk-averse they're going
+to be more inclined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more inclined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more inclined
+to give up some of the consumption today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give up some of the consumption today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give up some of the consumption today
+even though it's going to not survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's going to not survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though it's going to not survive
+the rats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rats
+into tomorrow because when they have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into tomorrow because when they have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into tomorrow because when they have it
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+consumption today and consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption today and consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption today and consumption
+tomorrow are more likely to be the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta matters you know if beta goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta matters you know if beta goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta matters you know if beta goes to
+zero you don't care about the future so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you don't care about the future so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you don't care about the future so
+obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously
+these guys would be very myopic and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys would be very myopic and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these guys would be very myopic and they
+would be behaving very differently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be behaving very differently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be behaving very differently and
+so on so all these parameters matter i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so all these parameters matter i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on so all these parameters matter i
+guess i got lucky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i got lucky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess i got lucky
+i mean um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean um
+some of these parameters were picked and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these parameters were picked and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these parameters were picked and
+i was complaining they seem a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was complaining they seem a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was complaining they seem a little bit
+off like beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off like beta
+and risk aversion but that along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and risk aversion but that along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and risk aversion but that along with
+the depreciation rate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depreciation rate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the depreciation rate and
+the very carefully calibrated technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very carefully calibrated technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very carefully calibrated technology
+did produce succeed in producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did produce succeed in producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did produce succeed in producing
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the data
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i want to come back to this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to come back to this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to come back to this uh
+we cheated a bit because we had a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cheated a bit because we had a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cheated a bit because we had a finite
+horizon and then i kind of told you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon and then i kind of told you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon and then i kind of told you to
+ignore it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore it
+that diagram was produced as if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagram was produced as if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that diagram was produced as if the
+horizon was infinite and how would i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon was infinite and how would i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon was infinite and how would i
+know that because if the horizon is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that because if the horizon is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that because if the horizon is
+finite then unlike those figures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite then unlike those figures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite then unlike those figures the
+amount stored is going to depend on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount stored is going to depend on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount stored is going to depend on how
+many years are left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years are left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many years are left
+you know intuitively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know intuitively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know intuitively
+if you're at the terminal date sounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at the terminal date sounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're at the terminal date sounds
+kind of foreboding though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of foreboding though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of foreboding though
+the terminal date well you got one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal date well you got one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the terminal date well you got one more
+year to go that's it eat now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to go that's it eat now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year to go that's it eat now
+you're not going to be around tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be around tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not going to be around tomorrow
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there's not any savings in seed there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not any savings in seed there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's not any savings in seed there's
+not any storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not any storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not any storage
+now you could move back from there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could move back from there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you could move back from there to
+the next to the last date
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next to the last date
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next to the last date
+knowing that you're not going to save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that you're not going to save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowing that you're not going to save
+tomorrow you're still facing a choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you're still facing a choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow you're still facing a choice
+between today and tomorrow or this year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between today and tomorrow or this year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between today and tomorrow or this year
+versus next year so you could solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus next year so you could solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus next year so you could solve that
+two-period problem we call this working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-period problem we call this working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-period problem we call this working
+back from the end right we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the end right we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the end right we start
+at the last date we move to the next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last date we move to the next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the last date we move to the next to
+the last date and solve the maximization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last date and solve the maximization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last date and solve the maximization
+problem substitute in the values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem substitute in the values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem substitute in the values
+and then we have the maximized utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the maximized utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we have the maximized utility
+at the next to last state because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next to last state because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next to last state because we've
+already solved that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved that problem
+and then you move to the third to last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you move to the third to last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you move to the third to last
+date but it's still going to look like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date but it's still going to look like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date but it's still going to look like a
+two-period problem because we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-period problem because we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-period problem because we've
+collapsed the last date and the next to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed the last date and the next to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collapsed the last date and the next to
+the last date into one because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last date into one because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last date into one because we
+already solved those that last two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved those that last two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already solved those that last two
+period problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period problem
+i'm going gonna show you some notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going gonna show you some notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going gonna show you some notation
+i'm not sure you could possibly be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure you could possibly be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not sure you could possibly be
+following me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following me
+but i'll say it in english first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll say it in english first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i'll say it in english first and
+then we'll we'll do it in the notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll do it in the notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll we'll do it in the notation
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+there's a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a sequence of
+two period problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two period problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two period problems
+as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you
+let the horizon t get larger and larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the horizon t get larger and larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let the horizon t get larger and larger
+you're kind of farther and farther away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of farther and farther away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're kind of farther and farther away
+as you go back toward t equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go back toward t equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go back toward t equals one
+so the larger is that distance between t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the larger is that distance between t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the larger is that distance between t
+equal one and cap t especially when beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one and cap t especially when beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal one and cap t especially when beta
+is close to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to zero
+it's as if you're solving an infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if you're solving an infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if you're solving an infinite
+horizon problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon problem
+and that is the way numerically to solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the way numerically to solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is the way numerically to solve
+it literally start with the last day do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it literally start with the last day do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it literally start with the last day do
+the two period optimization from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two period optimization from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two period optimization from the
+next to the last to the last plug in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the last to the last plug in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next to the last to the last plug in the
+solution move to the third to last and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution move to the third to last and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution move to the third to last and
+so on and then keep iterating forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and then keep iterating forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on and then keep iterating forever
+well keep iterating until the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well keep iterating until the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well keep iterating until the solution
+isn't changing anymore and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't changing anymore and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't changing anymore and then
+amazingly you will be guaranteed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly you will be guaranteed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazingly you will be guaranteed to have
+solved the infinite horizon problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the infinite horizon problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved the infinite horizon problem so
+let let me show you the math of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me show you the math of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me show you the math of that
+and i apologize the notation changes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i apologize the notation changes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i apologize the notation changes a
+bit this is from engineering or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit this is from engineering or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit this is from engineering or
+economics call a control problem the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics call a control problem the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics call a control problem the
+bellman problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bellman problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bellman problem
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+x is the current state which in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is the current state which in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is the current state which in our
+application was the current harvest plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application was the current harvest plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application was the current harvest plus
+the storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the storage
+and y are the control variables namely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y are the control variables namely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y are the control variables namely
+how much you can store and save for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you can store and save for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much you can store and save for
+tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow
+that you get to choose also you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to choose also you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get to choose also you choose
+consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumption
+and choose two out of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose two out of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and choose two out of three
+that determines the third and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines the third and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determines the third and then
+you'll get beta times the utility for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get beta times the utility for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get beta times the utility for
+next year which in this control problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year which in this control problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next year which in this control problem
+language is this so-called value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is this so-called value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is this so-called value
+function which has in it y the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which has in it y the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which has in it y the
+endogenous variable chosen today becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous variable chosen today becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+endogenous variable chosen today becomes
+the state of the world for next period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the world for next period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state of the world for next period
+so this is the two period problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the two period problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the two period problem
+utility contemporary utility today and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility contemporary utility today and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility contemporary utility today and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility
+next period it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next period it's really
+already maximized utility from tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already maximized utility from tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already maximized utility from tomorrow
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+but think of it as a two-period problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think of it as a two-period problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but think of it as a two-period problem
+that's the way i was describing it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way i was describing it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the way i was describing it and
+what is the overall solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the overall solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the overall solution
+it has to do with j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to do with j
+the guess about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guess about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the guess about
+the next-to-last date and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next-to-last date and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next-to-last date and so on
+but t now here's my apology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but t now here's my apology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but t now here's my apology
+t is not time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is not time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is not time
+t is the mapping in this language of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is the mapping in this language of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is the mapping in this language of
+bellman and i realized only this morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bellman and i realized only this morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bellman and i realized only this morning
+that it might have been better to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might have been better to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it might have been better to change
+the notation to be consistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation to be consistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the notation to be consistent
+but t does not refer refer to the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but t does not refer refer to the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but t does not refer refer to the time
+horizon t refers to the mapping from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon t refers to the mapping from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon t refers to the mapping from the
+utility from next period on to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from next period on to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility from next period on to the
+utility today this is the maximized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility today this is the maximized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility today this is the maximized
+utility where j is is a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility where j is is a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility where j is is a given
+you're surely going to have questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're surely going to have questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're surely going to have questions
+about this so interrupt me now there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so interrupt me now there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so interrupt me now there's
+something called a contraction mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a contraction mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something called a contraction mapping
+and don't worry about the details here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't worry about the details here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't worry about the details here
+but it turns out we have this mapping t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out we have this mapping t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turns out we have this mapping t
+here and we have the underlying space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have the underlying space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and we have the underlying space
+being a metric space and we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a metric space and we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a metric space and we have some
+distance metric some way to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance metric some way to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance metric some way to measure
+distance in that metric space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in that metric space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance in that metric space
+then the difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the difference between
+two guesses about v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guesses about v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two guesses about v
+times beta is an upper bound for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta is an upper bound for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times beta is an upper bound for the
+distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the result and so so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result and so so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result and so so again
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+we should think about v1 and v2 as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think about v1 and v2 as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should think about v1 and v2 as as
+guesses for the right-hand side so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses for the right-hand side so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guesses for the right-hand side so this
+would be j1 and j2 and then we apply t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be j1 and j2 and then we apply t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be j1 and j2 and then we apply t
+to it and this would be tj instead of tv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and this would be tj instead of tv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to it and this would be tj instead of tv
+so that's probably the second thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's probably the second thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's probably the second thing to
+correct is to change the v's to js
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct is to change the v's to js
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct is to change the v's to js
+anyway the point is the distance over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the point is the distance over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway the point is the distance over
+here on the left hand side is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left hand side is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on the left hand side is not
+greater typically less than the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater typically less than the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater typically less than the distance
+on the right hand side and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side and so
+intuitively what that means is things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively what that means is things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitively what that means is things
+are going to contract hence this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to contract hence this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to contract hence this is
+called a contraction mapping or to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a contraction mapping or to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a contraction mapping or to put
+it more formally if you start with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more formally if you start with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more formally if you start with an
+arbitrary j or an arbitrary v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary j or an arbitrary v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary j or an arbitrary v
+and keep iterating start here get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep iterating start here get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keep iterating start here get this
+put it in do it again get this do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in do it again get this do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it in do it again get this do it
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+as as n gets large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as n gets large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as n gets large
+and we keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we keep
+successively applying that mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successively applying that mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successively applying that mapping
+to an initial guess value of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an initial guess value of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an initial guess value of v
+we're going to converge to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to converge to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to converge to something
+called v star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called v star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called v star
+and when t of v star is equal to v star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when t of v star is equal to v star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when t of v star is equal to v star
+we we are done that's the infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we are done that's the infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we are done that's the infinite
+horizon solution that's like saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon solution that's like saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horizon solution that's like saying
+the j up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the j up here
+and the tj is also j so the time horizon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tj is also j so the time horizon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the tj is also j so the time horizon
+has disappeared this is kind of tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has disappeared this is kind of tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has disappeared this is kind of tough
+stuff i thought it would be better to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff i thought it would be better to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff i thought it would be better to
+show you the math rather than be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the math rather than be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you the math rather than be
+mysterious about it but let me pause for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious about it but let me pause for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mysterious about it but let me pause for
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+all right we have everything we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we have everything we needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we have everything we needed
+in that application to apply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that application to apply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that application to apply the
+contraction mapping our guess for v0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction mapping our guess for v0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contraction mapping our guess for v0 is
+just the solution to the last period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the solution to the last period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the solution to the last period
+problem we get the optimized value if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we get the optimized value if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem we get the optimized value if
+you as if you're at the last eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as if you're at the last eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as if you're at the last eight
+substitute in the maximized utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in the maximized utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in the maximized utility
+number and then go to the next to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then go to the next to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and then go to the next to the
+last period and iterate again with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last period and iterate again with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last period and iterate again with that
+new guest for the second period utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new guest for the second period utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new guest for the second period utility
+and just keep iterating and we'll we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just keep iterating and we'll we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just keep iterating and we'll we'll
+get to the infinite horizon solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the infinite horizon solution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the infinite horizon solution so
+we can think about applying this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about applying this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can think about applying this
+technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique
+more generally so this is a related but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally so this is a related but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more generally so this is a related but
+somewhat distinct problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat distinct problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat distinct problem
+it's uh in a contemporary setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh in a contemporary setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh in a contemporary setting
+uh a household trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a household trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a household trying to
+maximize utility of consumption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize utility of consumption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize utility of consumption but
+facing stochastic earnings say from year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing stochastic earnings say from year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facing stochastic earnings say from year
+to year and they're limited in the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to year and they're limited in the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to year and they're limited in the way
+that they can save but there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can save but there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can save but there is a
+savings account in the bank at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings account in the bank at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savings account in the bank at some
+interest rate or even a riskless bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate or even a riskless bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate or even a riskless bond
+like treasuries so it's like putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like treasuries so it's like putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like treasuries so it's like putting
+stuff in the ground today and getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the ground today and getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff in the ground today and getting
+stuff out tomorrow that's like storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out tomorrow that's like storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff out tomorrow that's like storage
+in fact in the first lecture i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in the first lecture i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact in the first lecture i said
+something about these agrarian metaphors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about these agrarian metaphors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about these agrarian metaphors
+and we just jumped like that we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just jumped like that we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we just jumped like that we went
+from grain in the bin as kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from grain in the bin as kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from grain in the bin as kind of a
+storage technology to riskless bonds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage technology to riskless bonds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage technology to riskless bonds is
+another way to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to store
+money over time with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money over time with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money over time with the with the
+hopefully with a positive yield actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully with a positive yield actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully with a positive yield actually
+the real rates are negative right now so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real rates are negative right now so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real rates are negative right now so
+anyway that's a bit of a problem so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's a bit of a problem so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's a bit of a problem so we
+maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize
+utility and now i i have the courage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and now i i have the courage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility and now i i have the courage to
+put infinite horizon here so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put infinite horizon here so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put infinite horizon here so we're going
+to maximize discounted expected utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize discounted expected utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maximize discounted expected utility
+over the infinite horizon beta is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the infinite horizon beta is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the infinite horizon beta is still
+less than one this thing would converge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one this thing would converge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than one this thing would converge
+so this term is finite and the choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term is finite and the choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this term is finite and the choice
+will be over how much to eat and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over how much to eat and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be over how much to eat and how
+much to save so the way to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to save so the way to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much to save so the way to think about
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+you're coming in with a realization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming in with a realization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're coming in with a realization of
+your stochastic income you're having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stochastic income you're having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your stochastic income you're having the
+amount of the bond that you bought last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the bond that you bought last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of the bond that you bought last
+period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period
+you get that back plus the interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that back plus the interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that back plus the interest rate
+that's the resources available today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the resources available today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the resources available today
+at t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t
+and you can either eat that or buy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can either eat that or buy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can either eat that or buy a
+bond and carry it over to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and carry it over to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond and carry it over to the next
+period so this looks really similar to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so this looks really similar to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period so this looks really similar to
+the medieval storage problem a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medieval storage problem a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medieval storage problem a couple of
+comments about it as i tried to alert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about it as i tried to alert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments about it as i tried to alert
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+the timing here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the timing here is
+the date the dating is different but now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date the dating is different but now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the date the dating is different but now
+at t this is no longer a state variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t this is no longer a state variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at t this is no longer a state variable
+this is the decision variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the decision variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the decision variable
+bonds to be coming due next period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds to be coming due next period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds to be coming due next period
+likewise on the right hand side this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise on the right hand side this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likewise on the right hand side this
+doesn't have a t it had a t minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a t it had a t minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a t it had a t minus one
+because the decision the savings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the decision the savings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the decision the savings
+decisions are dated at the time t that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are dated at the time t that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are dated at the time t that
+you make the decision rather than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the decision rather than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make the decision rather than the
+time t that where the yield comes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t that where the yield comes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t that where the yield comes in and
+this is also standard you just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also standard you just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also standard you just have to
+keep an eye out in terms of what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep an eye out in terms of what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep an eye out in terms of what the
+authors have in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors have in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authors have in mind
+and you know this starts at date zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this starts at date zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know this starts at date zero so
+you need some initial conditions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some initial conditions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need some initial conditions which
+should have been k at t equals zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been k at t equals zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have been k at t equals zero
+minus one or k one this is also a typo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one or k one this is also a typo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one or k one this is also a typo
+this should have been k minus one not k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should have been k minus one not k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should have been k minus one not k
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+and the y zero is fine that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the y zero is fine that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the y zero is fine that's the
+contemporary yield so i apologize about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary yield so i apologize about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary yield so i apologize about
+these typos although it is kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these typos although it is kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these typos although it is kind of an
+interesting story they're not mine i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting story they're not mine i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting story they're not mine i
+just i took this slide from somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just i took this slide from somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just i took this slide from somebody
+else and they had actually made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and they had actually made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and they had actually made the
+mistake and it wasn't corrected in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and it wasn't corrected in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake and it wasn't corrected in the
+publication but we'll fix it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication but we'll fix it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publication but we'll fix it
+the other thing about the typos i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing about the typos i know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other thing about the typos i know
+you hate them i do too when we did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hate them i do too when we did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you hate them i do too when we did that
+input output matrix for leontes last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output matrix for leontes last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input output matrix for leontes last
+when we did the last part of lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did the last part of lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we did the last part of lecture
+before the first part of last lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the first part of last lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the first part of last lecture
+the beginning of lecture five we did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of lecture five we did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning of lecture five we did we
+went back over lecture four and i was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back over lecture four and i was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back over lecture four and i was
+saying how much of the service sector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how much of the service sector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying how much of the service sector
+you need as an input produce one unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need as an input produce one unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need as an input produce one unit of
+output of services how much do you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of services how much do you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of services how much do you need
+from manufacturing and raw materials it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from manufacturing and raw materials it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from manufacturing and raw materials it
+was right in the slide the typo had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right in the slide the typo had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was right in the slide the typo had been
+corrected but that typo exists in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected but that typo exists in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrected but that typo exists in in
+wikipedia and it's still wrong there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikipedia and it's still wrong there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wikipedia and it's still wrong there so
+what i'm saying is i work very hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying is i work very hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm saying is i work very hard to
+eliminate the typos but sometimes they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the typos but sometimes they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eliminate the typos but sometimes they
+still persist if you're reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still persist if you're reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still persist if you're reading
+carefully though you can spot them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully though you can spot them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully though you can spot them and
+please don't hesitate if you find other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't hesitate if you find other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+please don't hesitate if you find other
+things that you find questionable that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you find questionable that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that you find questionable that's
+the bad part then it becomes confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad part then it becomes confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bad part then it becomes confusing
+about whether there's a typo or not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether there's a typo or not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about whether there's a typo or not so
+if in doubt ask us and we'll we'll try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in doubt ask us and we'll we'll try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in doubt ask us and we'll we'll try
+to answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to answer
+questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions
+here the kt could be negative right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the kt could be negative right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the kt could be negative right
+in the laster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the laster
+constrained and say that a kt gesture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained and say that a kt gesture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained and say that a kt gesture
+larger than miners k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than miners k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than miners k
+oh good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh good question
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so borrowing is allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so borrowing is allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so borrowing is allowed
+so i refer to this as a riskless bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i refer to this as a riskless bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i refer to this as a riskless bond
+as if you could save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you could save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if you could save
+but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact
+if savings is negative you're borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you multiplied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you multiplied
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you multiplied
+through by the negative sign you'd have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by the negative sign you'd have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through by the negative sign you'd have
+a minus kt less than or equal to k bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus kt less than or equal to k bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a minus kt less than or equal to k bar
+so kt positive for savings minus kt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kt positive for savings minus kt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so kt positive for savings minus kt
+would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be
+now denoting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now denoting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now denoting
+borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing
+and borrowing has an upper bound a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and borrowing has an upper bound a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and borrowing has an upper bound a lower
+bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar
+so this formulation of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this formulation of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this formulation of the problem
+allows borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows borrowing
+but it's limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a great question thank you for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question thank you for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great question thank you for is
+it clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it clear
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+another question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another question is
+what is the difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the difference between the
+self-insurance and for insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-insurance and for insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-insurance and for insurance
+in the self-insurance that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the self-insurance that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the self-insurance that means we
+cannot borrow or we can borrow but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot borrow or we can borrow but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot borrow or we can borrow but there
+were some constraints like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some constraints like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were some constraints like this we
+can borrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can borrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can borrow
+at a certain range or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so i actually took out slides that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i actually took out slides that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so i actually took out slides that
+i used to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used to have
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+self-insurance is what we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-insurance is what we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-insurance is what we've been
+studying the whole lecture because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the whole lecture because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the whole lecture because
+there's like one village or one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like one village or one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like one village or one person
+and they're pretty much in isolation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're pretty much in isolation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're pretty much in isolation
+here it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's still
+self-insurance although it there is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-insurance although it there is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-insurance although it there is this
+bond or this borrowing possibility at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond or this borrowing possibility at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond or this borrowing possibility at a
+fixed interest rate which i didn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed interest rate which i didn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed interest rate which i didn't tell
+you where that came from but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where that came from but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you where that came from but this is
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+partial equilibrium problem in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial equilibrium problem in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial equilibrium problem in which
+the agent can borrow or land with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent can borrow or land with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the agent can borrow or land with the
+rest of the of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of the of the economy
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and that's still referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's still referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's still referred to as
+self-insurance although it's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+misleading because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+misleading because
+one person is saving is another person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person is saving is another person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one person is saving is another person's
+borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing
+but but anyway we're not doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but anyway we're not doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but anyway we're not doing the
+general equilibrium here we're taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general equilibrium here we're taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general equilibrium here we're taking
+the interest rate is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interest rate is given
+but the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the other thing
+would be what if there were multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what if there were multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be what if there were multiple
+people like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people like this
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and some people had high income
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people had high income
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some people had high income
+at a given date and other people had low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given date and other people had low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given date and other people had low
+income at a given day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we're back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're back to
+thinking about whether they could make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about whether they could make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about whether they could make
+deals with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we'll get there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll get there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll get there
+actually next time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually next time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually next time
+but the risk sharing problem would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the risk sharing problem would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the risk sharing problem would be
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+an extreme version of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme version of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extreme version of that is
+get rid of the storage altogether and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the storage altogether and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of the storage altogether and
+the seed get rid of them not to see get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seed get rid of them not to see get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the seed get rid of them not to see get
+rid of the storage get rid of the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the storage get rid of the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of the storage get rid of the bond
+but imagine these guys can contract with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine these guys can contract with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine these guys can contract with
+each other write financial contracts or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other write financial contracts or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other write financial contracts or
+informal risk sharing arrangements with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal risk sharing arrangements with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal risk sharing arrangements with
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+so as to pool the risk that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to pool the risk that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as to pool the risk that they're
+facing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like in the village you know they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the village you know they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the village you know they had
+scattered those strips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered those strips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered those strips
+so they're trying to stabilize their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're trying to stabilize their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're trying to stabilize their
+starting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point
+but on top of it they could be borrowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on top of it they could be borrowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on top of it they could be borrowing
+and lending they could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lending they could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lending they could be
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+making a deal if i'm high and you're low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a deal if i'm high and you're low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a deal if i'm high and you're low
+i'll give you money and likewise vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you money and likewise vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you money and likewise vice
+versa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa
+and that's not self
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not self
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's not self
+insurance that's kind of dynamic of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance that's kind of dynamic of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance that's kind of dynamic of
+explicit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit
+risk sharing insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you
+yeah no it's a great question as i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it's a great question as i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no it's a great question as i said
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+i used to have more slides here about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used to have more slides here about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i used to have more slides here about
+that and i thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and i thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and i thought
+it was a little too early in the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a little too early in the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a little too early in the class
+but there are clearly trade-offs about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are clearly trade-offs about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there are clearly trade-offs about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how can i put this whether or not you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i put this whether or not you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i put this whether or not you
+want to do self-insurance as in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do self-insurance as in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do self-insurance as in a
+dynamic problem versus whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic problem versus whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic problem versus whether or not
+you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to do
+risk sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk sharing
+as in but do it repeatedly over many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in but do it repeatedly over many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in but do it repeatedly over many
+dates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dates
+in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact
+the very first lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the very first lecture
+after we did economic science we went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we did economic science we went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we did economic science we went
+through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+some example economies and i gave you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some example economies and i gave you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some example economies and i gave you
+five of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of them
+and the very first two were one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the very first two were one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the very first two were one
+medieval villages with these scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval villages with these scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medieval villages with these scattered
+strips that we've been studying now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips that we've been studying now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips that we've been studying now
+last time and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time and today
+implicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicitly
+or the thai temple scheme remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the thai temple scheme remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the thai temple scheme remember the
+thai temple scheme they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thai temple scheme they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thai temple scheme they
+had low land in highland if the monsoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had low land in highland if the monsoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had low land in highland if the monsoon
+rains were really abundant the lowland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rains were really abundant the lowland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rains were really abundant the lowland
+flooded too much and they only got crops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooded too much and they only got crops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flooded too much and they only got crops
+off the highland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the highland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the highland
+and when the monsoon rains were adequate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the monsoon rains were adequate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when the monsoon rains were adequate
+or low then the highlands failed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or low then the highlands failed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or low then the highlands failed
+and what they did was contribute their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did was contribute their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they did was contribute their
+crops to the monks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crops to the monks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crops to the monks
+not for eating but that really threw me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for eating but that really threw me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not for eating but that really threw me
+because i know monks don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i know monks don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because i know monks don't
+i mean you can feed the monks but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can feed the monks but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean you can feed the monks but the
+monks don't feed you but nevertheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monks don't feed you but nevertheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monks don't feed you but nevertheless
+they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were
+putting their crops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting their crops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting their crops
+under the auspices of the temple with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the auspices of the temple with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the auspices of the temple with
+the monks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monks
+and then handing it out to people that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then handing it out to people that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then handing it out to people that
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+either drought or flood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either drought or flood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either drought or flood
+so that's an active risk sharing scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an active risk sharing scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an active risk sharing scheme
+and your question comes back to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your question comes back to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your question comes back to that
+which is comparing and contrasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is comparing and contrasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is comparing and contrasting
+these two different ways to handle risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+this is lecture six there aren't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lecture six there aren't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is lecture six there aren't quite
+as many slides here but you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many slides here but you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many slides here but you can see
+there are some very important concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some very important concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some very important concepts
+and and we've now succeeded in having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we've now succeeded in having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and we've now succeeded in having
+both time and uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both time and uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both time and uncertainty
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+dynamic programming techniques for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming techniques for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamic programming techniques for
+solving that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving that so
+we'll come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back
+and use those techniques in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use those techniques in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and use those techniques in in
+subsequent lectures next tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lectures next tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsequent lectures next tuesday
+is a lecture on pareto optimality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lecture on pareto optimality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a lecture on pareto optimality
+which is finally the full-blown general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is finally the full-blown general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is finally the full-blown general
+equilibrium although we've kind of been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium although we've kind of been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium although we've kind of been
+going back and forth and getting very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth and getting very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going back and forth and getting very
+close to that in the last couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that in the last couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to that in the last couple of
+lectures but in the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but in the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures but in the lecture
+on tuesday we will fully embrace it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tuesday we will fully embrace it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on tuesday we will fully embrace it and
+talk about efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about efficiency
+okay that's all for today
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/bXmDp8R8n8U.txt b/bXmDp8R8n8U.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d48dd7e73d9c78d86388fe27aa0bcb3d246f30e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bXmDp8R8n8U.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+as an example of a mean variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example of a mean variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example of a mean variance
+calculation we will now consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we will now consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we will now consider the
+continuous uniform random variable which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous uniform random variable which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous uniform random variable which
+we have introduced a little earlier this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have introduced a little earlier this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have introduced a little earlier this
+is the continuous analogue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the continuous analogue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the continuous analogue of the
+discrete uniform for which we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete uniform for which we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete uniform for which we have
+already seen formulas for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen formulas for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already seen formulas for the
+corresponding mean and variance so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding mean and variance so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding mean and variance so let
+us now calculate the mean or expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now calculate the mean or expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us now calculate the mean or expected
+value for the continuous case the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the continuous case the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value for the continuous case the mean
+is defined as an integral that ranges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined as an integral that ranges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is defined as an integral that ranges
+over the entire real line on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the entire real line on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the entire real line on the other
+hand we recognize that the density is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we recognize that the density is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we recognize that the density is
+equal to 0 outside the interval from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 outside the interval from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0 outside the interval from A
+to B and therefore there is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B and therefore there is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B and therefore there is going to be
+no contribution to the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no contribution to the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no contribution to the integral from
+those X's outside that interval this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those X's outside that interval this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those X's outside that interval this
+means that we can integrate just over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we can integrate just over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that we can integrate just over
+the interval from A to B and inside that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from A to B and inside that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval from A to B and inside that
+interval the value of the density is 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the value of the density is 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval the value of the density is 1
+over B minus a we can carry out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B minus a we can carry out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over B minus a we can carry out this
+integration and find an answer equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and find an answer equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration and find an answer equal to
+a plus B over 2 which interestingly also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus B over 2 which interestingly also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plus B over 2 which interestingly also
+happens to be the same as in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the same as in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the same as in the
+discrete case in fact we could find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete case in fact we could find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete case in fact we could find this
+answer without having to run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer without having to run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer without having to run this
+integration we could just recognize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration we could just recognize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration we could just recognize that
+this PDF is symmetric around the mint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PDF is symmetric around the mint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this PDF is symmetric around the mint
+point of the interval and the midpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the interval and the midpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of the interval and the midpoint
+is a plus B over 2 we now continue with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plus B over 2 we now continue with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plus B over 2 we now continue with
+what is involved in the calculation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is involved in the calculation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is involved in the calculation of
+the expected value of the square of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the square of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected value of the square of the
+random variable using the expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable using the expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable using the expected value
+rule this is the integral of x squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this is the integral of x squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule this is the integral of x squared
+times the density but because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the density but because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the density but because of the
+same argument as before we only need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument as before we only need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same argument as before we only need to
+integrate from A to B we can evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from A to B we can evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate from A to B we can evaluate
+this integral and the answer turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral and the answer turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this integral and the answer turns out
+to be 1 over B minus a times B cube over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1 over B minus a times B cube over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 1 over B minus a times B cube over
+3 minus a cube over 3 the reason why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 minus a cube over 3 the reason why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 minus a cube over 3 the reason why
+this cubic terms appear is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cubic terms appear is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cubic terms appear is that the
+integral of the x squared function is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the x squared function is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of the x squared function is X
+cube divided by 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube divided by 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube divided by 3
+now that we have this quantity available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have this quantity available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that we have this quantity available
+we're ready to calculate the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to calculate the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're ready to calculate the variance
+using this alternative formula which as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this alternative formula which as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this alternative formula which as
+we have often discussed usually provides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have often discussed usually provides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have often discussed usually provides
+us a quicker way to carry out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a quicker way to carry out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us a quicker way to carry out the
+calculation we take this term insert it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we take this term insert it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation we take this term insert it
+here we take the square of this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we take the square of this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we take the square of this term
+insert it here carry out some algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it here carry out some algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insert it here carry out some algebra
+and eventually we find an answer which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually we find an answer which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually we find an answer which
+is equal to B minus a squared over 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to B minus a squared over 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to B minus a squared over 12
+and this is the formula for the variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the formula for the variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is the formula for the variance
+of a uniform random variable we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uniform random variable we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a uniform random variable we can take
+the square root of this expression to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of this expression to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of this expression to
+find the standard deviation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the standard deviation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the standard deviation and the
+standard deviation is going to be B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is going to be B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation is going to be B
+minus a divided by the square root of 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a divided by the square root of 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a divided by the square root of 12
+a few observations first the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few observations first the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few observations first the formula
+looks quite similar to the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks quite similar to the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks quite similar to the formula for
+the variance that we had in the discrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance that we had in the discrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the variance that we had in the discrete
+case except that in the discrete case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case except that in the discrete case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case except that in the discrete case we
+have this extra additive factor of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this extra additive factor of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this extra additive factor of two
+more interestingly and perhaps more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interestingly and perhaps more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interestingly and perhaps more
+important is that the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important is that the standard deviation
+is proportional to the width of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the width of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to the width of this
+uniform the wider it is the larger the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform the wider it is the larger the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniform the wider it is the larger the
+standard deviation will be and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation will be and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation will be and this
+conforms to our intuition that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conforms to our intuition that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conforms to our intuition that the
+standard deviation captures the width of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation captures the width of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation captures the width of
+a particular distribution and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular distribution and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular distribution and the
+variance of course becomes larger when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of course becomes larger when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance of course becomes larger when
+the width is larger and as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width is larger and as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the width is larger and as far as the
+variance is concerned it increases with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is concerned it increases with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance is concerned it increases with
+the square of the length of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the length of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of the length of the interval
+over which we have our distribution
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/cJOHERGcGm4.txt b/cJOHERGcGm4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..04a8f62d5a8e3604eeacce66aabe2686a203ed6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cJOHERGcGm4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3866 @@
+-- week of 6.046.
+Woohoo!
+
+The topic of this final week,
+among our advanced topics,
+
+is cache oblivious algorithms.
+This is a particularly fun
+
+area, one dear to my heart
+because I've done a lot of
+
+research in this area.
+This is an area co-founded by
+
+Professor Leiserson.
+So, in fact,
+
+the first context in which I
+met Professor Leiserson was him
+
+giving a talk about cache
+oblivious algorithms at WADS '99
+
+in Vancouver I think.
+Yeah, that has to be an odd
+
+year.
+So, I learned about cache
+
+oblivious algorithms then,
+started working in the area,
+
+and it's been a fun place to
+play.
+
+But this topic in some sense
+was also developed in the
+
+context of this class.
+I think there was one semester,
+
+probably also '98-'99 where all
+of the problem sets were about
+
+cache oblivious algorithms.
+And they were,
+
+in particular,
+working out the research ideas
+
+at the same time.
+So, it must have been fun
+
+semester.
+We consider doing that this
+
+semester, but we kept it to the
+simple.
+
+We know a lot more about cache
+oblivious algorithms by now as
+
+you might expect.
+Right, I think that's all the
+
+setting.
+I mean, it was kind of
+
+developed also with a bunch of
+MIT students in particular,
+
+M.Eng.
+student, Harold Prokop.
+
+It was his M.Eng.
+thesis.
+
+There is all the citations I
+will give for now.
+
+I haven't posted yet,
+but there are some lecture
+
+notes that are already on my
+webpage.
+
+But I will link to them from
+the course website that gives
+
+all the references for all the
+results I'll be talking about.
+
+They've all been done in the
+last five years or so,
+
+in particular,
+starting in '99 when the first
+
+paper was published.
+But I won't give the specific
+
+citations in lecture.
+And, this topic is related to
+
+the topic of last week,
+multithreaded algorithms,
+
+although at a somewhat high
+level.
+
+And then it's also dealing with
+parallelism in modern machines.
+
+And we've had throughout all of
+these last two lectures,
+
+we've had this very simple
+model of a computer where we
+
+have random access.
+You can access memory at a cost
+
+of one.
+You can read and write a word
+
+of memory.
+There is some details on how
+
+big a word can be and whatnot.
+It's pretty basic,
+
+simple, flat model.
+And, at the multithreaded
+
+algorithm is the idea that,
+well, maybe you have multiple
+
+threads of computation running
+at once, but you still have this
+
+very flat memory.
+Everyone can access anything in
+
+memory at a constant cost.
+We're going to change that
+
+model now.
+And we are going to realize
+
+that a real machine,
+the memory of a real machine is
+
+some hierarchy.
+You have some CPU,
+
+you have some cache,
+probably on the same chip,
+
+level 1 cache,
+you have some level 2 cache,
+
+if you're lucky,
+maybe you have some level 3
+
+cache, before you get to main
+memory.
+
+And then, you probably have a
+really big disk and probably
+
+there's even some cache out
+here, but I won't even think
+
+about that.
+So, the point is,
+
+you have lots of different
+levels of memory and what's
+
+changing here is that things
+that are very close to the CPU
+
+are very fast to access.
+Usually level 1 cache you can
+
+access in one clock cycle or a
+few.
+
+And then, things get slower and
+slower.
+
+Memory still costs like 70 ns
+or so to access a chunk out of.
+
+And that's a long time.
+70 ns is, of course,
+
+a very long time.
+So, as we go out here,
+
+we get slower.
+But we also get bigger.
+
+I mean, if we could put
+everything at level 1 cache,
+
+the problem would be solved.
+But what would be a flat
+
+memory.
+Accessing everything in here,
+
+we assumed takes the same
+amount of time.
+
+But usually,
+we can't afford,
+
+it's not even possible to put
+everything in level 1 cache.
+
+I mean, there's a reason why
+there is a memory hierarchy.
+
+Does anyone have a suggestion
+on what that reason might be?
+
+It's like one of these limits
+in life.
+
+Yeah?
+Fast memory is expensive.
+
+That's the practical
+limitations indeed,
+
+that you could try to build
+more and more at level 1 cache
+
+and maybe you could try to,
+well, yeah.
+
+Expenses is a good reason,
+and practically,
+
+that's why they may be the
+sizes are what they are.
+
+But suppose really fast memory
+were really cheap.
+
+There is a physical limitation
+of what's going on,
+
+yeah?
+The speed of light.
+
+Yeah, that's a bit of a
+problem, right?
+
+No matter how much,
+let's suppose you can only fit
+
+so many bits in an atom.
+You can only fit so many bits
+
+in a particular amount of space.
+If you want more bits,
+
+and you need more space,
+and the more space you have,
+
+the longer it's going to take
+for a round-trip.
+
+So, if you assume your CPU is
+like this point in space,
+
+so it's relatively small and it
+has to get the data in,
+
+the bigger the data,
+the farther it has to be away.
+
+But, you can have these cores
+around the CPU that are,
+
+we don't usually live in 3-D,
+and chips were usually in 2-D,
+
+but never mind.
+You can have the sphere that's
+
+closer to the CPU that's a lot
+faster to access.
+
+And as you get further away it
+costs more.
+
+And that's essentially what
+this model is representing,
+
+although it's a bit
+approximated from the intrinsic
+
+physics and geometry and
+whatnot.
+
+But that's the idea.
+The latency,
+
+the round-trip time to get some
+of this memory has to be big.
+
+In general, the costs to access
+memory is made up of two things.
+
+There's the latency,
+the round-trip time,
+
+which in particular is limited
+by the speed of light.
+
+And, plus the round-trip time,
+you also have to get the data
+
+out.
+And depending on how much data
+
+you want, it could take longer.
+OK, so there's something.
+
+There could be,
+get this right,
+
+let's say, the amount of data
+divided by the bandwidth.
+
+OK, the bandwidth is at what
+rate can you get the data out?
+
+And if you look at the
+bandwidth of these various
+
+levels of memory,
+it's all pretty much the same.
+
+If you have a well-designed
+computer the bandwidths should
+
+all be the same.
+OK, as you can still get data
+
+off disc really,
+really fast,
+
+usually at about the speed of
+your bus, and that the bus gets
+
+the CPU hopefully as fast as
+everything else.
+
+So, even though they're slower,
+they're really only slower in
+
+terms of latency.
+And so, this part is maybe
+
+reasonable.
+The bandwidth looks pretty much
+
+the same universally.
+It's the latency that's going
+
+up.
+So, if the latency is going up
+
+but we still get to divide by
+the same amount of bandwidth,
+
+what should we do to make the
+access cost at all these levels
+
+about the same?
+This is fixed.
+
+Let's say this is increasing,
+but this is still staying big.
+
+What could we do to balance
+this formula?
+
+Change the amounts.
+As the latency goes up,
+
+if we increase the amount,
+then the amortized cost to
+
+access one element will go down.
+So, this is amortization in a
+
+very simple sense.
+So, this was to access a whole
+
+block, let's say,
+and this amount was the size of
+
+the block.
+So, the amortized cost,
+
+then, to access one element is
+going to be the latency divided
+
+by the size of the block,
+the amount plus one over the
+
+bandwidth.
+OK, so this is what you should
+
+implicitly be thinking in your
+head.
+
+So, I'm just dividing here by
+the amounts because the amount
+
+is how many elements you get in
+one access, let's suppose.
+
+OK, so we get this formula for
+the amortized cost.
+
+The one over bandwidth is going
+to be good no matter what level
+
+we are on, I claim.
+There's no real fundamental
+
+limitation there except it might
+be expensive.
+
+And the latency week at the
+amortized out by the amounts,
+
+so whatever the latency is,
+at the latency gets bigger out
+
+here, we just get more and more
+stuff and then we make these two
+
+terms equal, let's say.
+That would be a good way to
+
+balance things.
+So what particular,
+
+disc has a really high latency.
+Not only is there speed of
+
+light issues here,
+but there's actually the speed
+
+of the head moving on the tracks
+of the disk.
+
+That takes a long time.
+There's a physical motion.
+
+Everything else here doesn't
+usually have physical motion.
+
+It's just electric.
+So, this is really,
+
+really slow and latency,
+so when you read something out
+
+of disk, you might as well read
+a lot of data from disc,
+
+like a megabyte or so.
+It's probably even old these
+
+days.
+Maybe you read multiple
+
+megabytes when you read anything
+from disk if you want these to
+
+be matched.
+OK, there's a bit of a problem
+
+with doing that.
+Any suggestions what the
+
+problem would be?
+So, you have this algorithm.
+
+And, whenever it reads
+something off of desk,
+
+it reads an entire megabyte of
+stuff around the element it
+
+asked for.
+So the amortized cost to access
+
+is going to be reasonable,
+but that's actually sort of
+
+assuming something.
+Yeah?
+
+Right.
+I'm assuming I'm ever going to
+
+use the rest of that data.
+If I'm going to read 10 MB
+
+around the one element that
+asked for, I access A bracket I,
+
+and I get 10 million items from
+A around I, it would be kind of
+
+good if the algorithm actually
+used that data for something.
+
+It seems reasonable.
+So, this would be spatial
+
+locality.
+So, we want,
+
+I mean the goal of this world
+in cache oblivious algorithms
+
+and cache efficient algorithms
+in general is you want
+
+algorithms that perform well
+when this is happening.
+
+So, this is the idea of
+blocking.
+
+And we want the algorithm to
+use all or at least most of the
+
+elements in a block,
+a consecutive chunk of memory.
+
+So, this is spatial locality.
+
+Ideally, we'd use all of them
+right then.
+
+But I mean, depending on your
+algorithm, that's a little bit
+
+tricky.
+There is another issue,
+
+though.
+So, you read in your thing
+
+into, read your 10 MB into main
+memory, let's say,
+
+and your memory,
+let's say, is at least,
+
+these days you should have a 4
+GB memory or something.
+
+So, you could read and actually
+a lot of different blocks into
+
+main memory.
+What you'd like is that you can
+
+use those blocks for as long as
+possible.
+
+Maybe you don't even use them.
+If you have a linear time
+
+algorithm, you're probably only
+going to visit each element a
+
+constant number of times.
+So, this is enough.
+
+But if your algorithm is more
+than linear time,
+
+you're going to be accessing
+elements more than once.
+
+So, it would be a good idea not
+only to use all the elements of
+
+the blocks, but use them as many
+times as you can before you have
+
+to throw the block out.
+That's temporal locality.
+
+So ideally, you even reuse
+blocks as much as possible.
+
+So, I mean, we have all these
+caches.
+
+So, I didn't write this word.
+Just in case I don't know how
+
+to spell it, it's not the money.
+We should use those caches for
+
+something.
+I mean, the fact that they
+
+store more than one block,
+each cache can store several
+
+blocks.
+How many?
+
+Well, we'll get to that in a
+second.
+
+OK, so this is the general
+motivation, but at this point
+
+the model is still pretty damn
+ugly.
+
+If you wanted to design an
+algorithm that runs well on this
+
+kind of machine directly,
+it's possible but pretty
+
+difficult, and essentially never
+done, let's say,
+
+even though this is what real
+machines look like.
+
+At least in theory,
+and pretty much in practice,
+
+the main thing to think about
+is two levels at a time.
+
+So, this is a simplification
+where we can say a lot more
+
+about algorithms,
+a simplification over this
+
+model.
+So, in this model,
+
+each of these levels has
+different block sizes,
+
+and a different total sizes,
+it's a mess to deal with and
+
+design algorithms for.
+If you just think about two
+
+levels, it's relatively easy.
+So, we have our CPU which we
+
+assume has a constant number of
+registers only.
+
+So, you know,
+once it has a couple of data
+
+items, you can add them and
+whatnot.
+
+Then we have this really fast
+pipe.
+
+So, I draw it thick to some
+cache.
+
+So this is cache.
+And, we have a relatively
+
+narrow pipe to some really big
+other storage,
+
+which I will call main memory.
+So, I mean, that's the general
+
+picture.
+Now, this could represent any
+
+two of these levels.
+It could be between L3 cache
+
+and make memory.
+That's maybe,
+
+what?
+The naming corresponds to best.
+
+Or cache could in fact be main
+memory, what we consider the RAM
+
+of the machine,
+and what's called a memory over
+
+there to be the disk.
+It's whatever you care about.
+
+And usually,
+if you have a program,
+
+that's what usually we assume
+everything fits in main memory.
+
+Then you care about the caching
+behavior.
+
+So you probably look between
+these two levels.
+
+That's probably what matters
+the most inner program because
+
+the cost differential here is
+really big relative to the cost
+
+differential here.
+If your data doesn't even fit
+
+it main memory,
+and you have to go to disk,
+
+then you really care about this
+level because the cost
+
+differential here is huge.
+It's like six orders of
+
+magnitude, let's say.
+So, in practice you may think
+
+of just two memory levels that
+are the most relevant.
+
+OK, now I'm going to define
+some parameters.
+
+I'm going to call them cache
+and make memory just for clarity
+
+because I like to think of main
+memory just the way it used to
+
+be.
+And now all we have to worry
+
+about is this extra thing called
+cache.
+
+It has some bounded size,
+and there's a block size.
+
+The block size is B.
+and a number of blocks is M
+
+over B.
+So, the total size of the cache
+
+is M.
+OK, main memory is also blocked
+
+into blocks of size B.
+And we assume that it has
+
+essentially infinite size.
+We don't care about its size in
+
+this picture.
+It's whatever is big enough to
+
+hold the size of your algorithm,
+or data structure,
+
+or whatever.
+OK, so that's the general
+
+model.
+And for strange,
+
+historical reasons,
+which I don't want to get into,
+
+these things are called capital
+M and capital B.
+
+Even though M sounds a lot like
+memory, it's really for cache,
+
+and don't ask.
+OK, this is to preserve
+
+history.
+OK, now what do we do with this
+
+model?
+It seems nice,
+
+but now what do we measure
+about it?
+
+What I'm going to assume is
+that the cache is really fast.
+
+So the CPU can access cache
+essentially instantaneously.
+
+I still have to pay for the
+computation that the CPU is
+
+doing, but I'm assuming cache is
+close enough that I don't care.
+
+And that may memory is so big
+that it has to be far away,
+
+and therefore,
+this pipe is a problem.
+
+I mean, what I should really
+draw is that pipe is still
+
+thick, but is really long.
+So, the latency is high.
+
+The bandwidth is still high.
+OK, and all transfers here
+
+happened as blocks.
+So, when you don't have
+
+something, so the idea is CPU
+asks for A of I,
+
+as for something in memory,
+if it's in the cache,
+
+it gets it.
+That's free.
+
+Otherwise, it has to grab the
+entire block containing that
+
+element from main memory,
+brings it into cache,
+
+maybe kicks somebody out if the
+cache was full,
+
+and then the CPU can use that
+data and keep going.
+
+Until it accesses something
+else that's not in cache,
+
+then it has to grab it from
+main memory.
+
+When you kick something out,
+you're actually writing back to
+
+memory.
+That's the model.
+
+So, we suppose the accesses to
+cache are free.
+
+But we can still think about
+the running time of the
+
+algorithm.
+I'm not going to change the
+
+definition of running time.
+This would be the computation
+
+time, or the work if you want to
+use multithreaded lingo,
+
+computation time.
+OK, so we still have time,
+
+and T of N will still mean what
+it did before.
+
+This is just an extra level of
+refinement of understanding of
+
+what's going on.
+Essentially,
+
+measuring the parallelism that
+we can exploit out of the memory
+
+system, that when you access
+something you actually get B
+
+items.
+So, this is the old stuff.
+
+Now, what I want to do is count
+memory transfers.
+
+These are transfers of blocks,
+so I should say block memory
+
+transfers between the two
+levels, so, between the cache
+
+and main memory.
+So, memory transfers are either
+
+reading reads or writes.
+Maybe I should say that.
+
+These are number of block reads
+and writes from and to the main
+
+memory.
+OK, so I'm going to introduce
+
+some notation.
+This is new notation,
+
+so we'll see how it works out.
+MT of N I want to represent the
+
+number of memory transfers
+instead of just normal time of
+
+the problem of size N.
+Really, this is a function that
+
+depends not only on N but also
+on these parameters,
+
+B and M, in our model.
+So, this is what it should be,
+
+MT_B,M(N), but that's obviously
+pretty messy,
+
+so I'm going to stick to MT of
+N.
+
+But this will always,
+because mainly I care about the
+
+growth in terms of N.
+well, I care about the growth
+
+in terms of all things,
+but the only thing I could
+
+change is N.
+So, most of the time I only
+
+think about, like when we are
+writing recurrences,
+
+only N is changing.
+I can't recurse on the block
+
+size.
+I can't recurse on the size of
+
+cache.
+Those are given to me.
+
+They're fixed.
+OK, so we'll be changing N
+
+mainly.
+But B and M always matter here.
+
+They're not constants.
+They're parameters of the
+
+model.
+OK, easy enough.
+
+This is something called the
+disk access model,
+
+if you like DAM models,
+or the external memory model,
+
+or the cache aware model.
+Maybe I should mention that;
+
+this is the cache aware.
+In general, you have some
+
+algorithm that runs on this kind
+of model, machine model.
+
+That's a cache aware algorithm.
+OK, we're not too interested in
+
+cache aware algorithms.
+We've seen one,
+
+B trees.
+B trees are cache aware data
+
+structure.
+You assume that there is some
+
+block size, B,
+underlying.
+
+Maybe you didn't see exactly
+this model.
+
+In particular,
+it didn't really matter how big
+
+the cache was because you just
+wanted to know.
+
+When I read B items,
+I can use all of them as much
+
+as possible and figure out where
+I fit among those B items,
+
+and that gives me log base B of
+N memory transfers instead of
+
+log N, which would be,
+if you just threw your favorite
+
+balanced binary search tree.
+So, log base B of N is
+
+definitely better than log base
+2 of N.
+
+B trees are a cache aware
+algorithm.
+
+OK, what we would like to do
+today and next lecture is get
+
+cache oblivious algorithms.
+So, there's essentially only
+
+one difference between cache
+aware algorithms and cache
+
+oblivious algorithms.
+In cache oblivious algorithms,
+
+the algorithm doesn't know what
+B and M are.
+
+So this is a bit of a subtle
+point, but very cool idea.
+
+You assume that this is the
+model of the machine,
+
+and you care about the number
+of memory transfers between this
+
+cache of size M with blocking B,
+and main memory with blocking
+
+B.
+But you don't actually know
+
+what the model is.
+You don't know the other
+
+parameters of the model.
+It looks like this,
+
+but you don't know the width.
+You don't know the height.
+
+Why not?
+So, the analysis knows what B
+
+and M are.
+We are going to write some
+
+algorithms which look just like
+boring old algorithms that we've
+
+seen throughout the lecture.
+That's one of the nice things
+
+about this model.
+Every algorithm we have seen is
+
+a cache oblivious algorithm,
+all right, because we didn't
+
+even know the word cache in this
+class until today.
+
+So, we already have lots of
+algorithms to choose from.
+
+The thing is,
+some of them will perform well
+
+in this model,
+and some of them won't.
+
+So, we would like to design
+algorithms that just like our
+
+old algorithms that happened to
+perform well in this context,
+
+no matter what B and M are.
+So, another way this is the
+
+same algorithm should work well
+for all values of B and M if you
+
+have a good cache oblivious
+algorithm.
+
+OK, there are a few
+consequences to this assumption.
+
+In a cache aware algorithm,
+you can explicitly say,
+
+OK, I'm blocking my memory into
+chunks of size B.
+
+Here they are.
+I was going to store these B
+
+elements here,
+these B elements here,
+
+because you know B,
+you can do that.
+
+You can say,
+well, OK, now I want to read
+
+these B items into my cache,
+and then write out these ones
+
+over here.
+You can explicitly maintain
+
+your cache.
+With cache oblivious
+
+algorithms, you can't because
+you don't know what it is.
+
+So, it's got to be all
+implicit.
+
+And this is pretty much how
+caches work anyway except for
+
+disk.
+So, it's a pretty reasonable
+
+model.
+In particular,
+
+when you access an element
+that's not in cache,
+
+you automatically fetch the
+block containing that element.
+
+And you pay one memory transfer
+for that if it wasn't already
+
+there.
+Another bit of a catch here is,
+
+what if your cache is full?
+Then you've got to kick some
+
+block out of your cache.
+And then, so we need some model
+
+of which block gets kicked out
+because we can't control that.
+
+We have no knowledge of what
+the blocks are in our algorithm.
+
+So what we're going to assume
+in this model is the ideal
+
+thing, that when you fetch a new
+block, if your cache is full,
+
+you evict a block that will be
+used farthest in the future.
+
+Sorry, the furthest.
+Farthest is distance.
+
+Furthest is time.
+Furthest in the future.
+
+OK, this would be the best
+possible thing to do.
+
+It's a little bit hard to do in
+practice because you don't know
+
+the future generally,
+unless you're omniscient.
+
+So, this is a bit of an
+idealized model.
+
+But it's pretty reasonable in
+the sense that if you've read
+
+the reading handout number 20,
+this paper by Sleator and
+
+Tarjan, they introduce the idea
+of competitive algorithms.
+
+So, we only talked about a
+small portion of that paper that
+
+moved to front heuristic for
+storing a list.
+
+But, it also proves that there
+are strategies,
+
+and maybe you heard this in
+recitation.
+
+Some people covered it;
+some didn't,
+
+that these are called paging
+strategies.
+
+So, you want to maintain some
+cache of pages or blocks,
+
+and you pay whenever you have
+to access a block that's not in
+
+your cache.
+The best thing to do is to
+
+always kick out the block that
+will be used farthest in the
+
+future because that way you'll
+use all the blocks that are in
+
+there.
+This turns out to be the
+
+offline optimal strategy if you
+knew the future.
+
+But, there are algorithms that
+are essentially constant
+
+competitive against this
+strategy.
+
+I don't want to get into
+details because they're not
+
+exactly constant competitive.
+But they are sufficiently
+
+constant competitive for the
+purposes of this lecture that we
+
+can assume this,
+not have to worry about it.
+
+Most of the time,
+we don't even really use this
+
+assumption.
+But there it is.
+
+That's the cache oblivious
+model.
+
+It makes things cleaner to
+think about just anything that
+
+should be done,
+will be done.
+
+And you can simulate that with
+least recently used or whatever
+
+good heuristic that you want to
+that's competitive against the
+
+optimal.
+OK, that's pretty much the
+
+cache oblivious algorithm.
+Once you have the two level
+
+model, you just assume you don't
+know B and M.
+
+You have this automatic request
+in writing, and whatnot.
+
+A little bit more to say,
+I guess, it may be obvious at
+
+this point, but I've been
+drawing everything as tables.
+
+So, it's not really clear what
+the linear order is.
+
+Linear order is just the
+reading order.
+
+So, although we don't
+explicitly say it most of the
+
+time, a typical model is that
+memory is a linear array.
+
+Everything that you ever store
+in your program is written in
+
+this linear array.
+If you've ever programmed in
+
+Assembly or whatever,
+that's the model.
+
+You have the address space,
+and any number between here and
+
+here, that's where you can
+actually, this is physical
+
+memory.
+This is all you can write to.
+
+So, it starts at zero and goes
+out to, let's call it infinity
+
+over here.
+And, if you allocate some
+
+array, maybe it occupies some
+space in the middle.
+
+Who knows?
+OK, we usually don't think
+
+about that much.
+What I care about now is that
+
+memory itself is blocked in this
+view.
+
+So, however your stuff is
+stored in memory,
+
+it's blocked into clusters of
+length B.
+
+So, if this is,
+let me call it one and be a
+
+little bit nicer.
+This is B.
+
+This is position B plus one.
+This is 2B, and 2B plus one,
+
+and so on.
+These are the indexes into
+
+memory.
+This is how the blocking
+
+happens.
+If you access something here,
+
+you get that chunk from U,
+round it down to the previous
+
+multiple of B,
+round it up to the next
+
+multiple of B.
+That's what you always get.
+
+OK, so if you think about some
+array that's maybe allocated
+
+here, OK, you have to keep in
+mind that that array may not be
+
+perfectly aligned with the
+blocks.
+
+But more or less it will be so
+we don't care too much.
+
+But that's a bit of a subtlety
+there.
+
+OK, so that's pretty much the
+model.
+
+So every algorithm we've seen,
+except B trees,
+
+is a cache oblivious algorithm.
+And our question is,
+
+now, we know how everything
+runs in terms of running time.
+
+Now we want to measure the
+number of memory transfers,
+
+MT of N.
+I want to mention one other
+
+fact or theorem.
+I'll put it in brackets because
+
+I don't want to state it
+precisely.
+
+But if you have an algorithm
+that is efficient on two levels,
+
+so in other words,
+what we're looking at,
+
+if we just think about the two
+level world and your algorithm
+
+is cache oblivious,
+then it is efficient on any
+
+number of levels in your memory
+hierarchy, say,
+
+L levels.
+So, I don't want to define what
+
+efficient means.
+But the intuition is,
+
+if your machine really looks
+like this and you have a cache
+
+oblivious algorithm,
+you can apply the cache
+
+oblivious analysis for all B and
+M.
+
+So you can analyze the number
+of memory transfers here,
+
+here, here, here,
+and here.
+
+And if you have a good cache
+oblivious algorithm,
+
+the performances at all those
+levels has to be good.
+
+And therefore,
+the whole performance is good.
+
+Good here means asymptotically
+optimal up to constant factors,
+
+something like that.
+OK, so I don't want to prove
+
+that, and you can read the cache
+oblivious papers.
+
+That's a nice fact about cache
+oblivious algorithms.
+
+If you have a cache aware
+algorithm that tunes to a
+
+particular value of B,
+and a particular value of M,
+
+you're not going to have that
+problem.
+
+So, this is one nice feature of
+cache obliviousness.
+
+Another nice feature is when
+you are coding the algorithm,
+
+you don't have to put in B and
+M.
+
+So, that simplifies things a
+bit.
+
+So, let's do some algorithms.
+Enough about models.
+
+OK, we're going to start out
+with some really simple things
+
+just to get warmed up on the
+analysis side.
+
+The most basic thing you can do
+that's good in a cache oblivious
+
+world is scanning.
+So, scanning is just visiting
+
+the items in an array in order.
+So, visit A_1 up to A_N in
+
+order.
+For some notion of visit,
+
+this is presumably some
+constant time operation.
+
+For example,
+suppose you want to compute the
+
+aggregate of the array.
+You want to sum all the
+
+elements in the array.
+So, you have one extra variable
+
+using, but you can store that in
+a register or whatever,
+
+so that's one simple example.
+Sum the array.
+
+OK, so here's the picture.
+We have our memory.
+
+Each of these cells represents
+one item, one element,
+
+log N bits, one word,
+whatever.
+
+Our array is somewhere in here.
+Maybe it's there.
+
+And we go from here to here to
+here to here.
+
+OK, and so on.
+So, what does this cost?
+
+What is the number of memory
+transfers?
+
+We know that this is a linear
+time algorithm.
+
+It takes order N time.
+What does it cost in terms of
+
+memory transfers?
+N over B, pretty much.
+
+We like to say it's order N
+over B plus two or one in the
+
+big O.
+This is a bit of worry.
+
+I mean, N could be smaller than
+B.
+
+We really want to think about
+all the cases,
+
+especially because usually
+you're not doing this on
+
+something of size N.
+You're doing it on something of
+
+size k, where we don't really
+know much about k.
+
+But in general,
+it's N over B plus one because
+
+we always need at least one
+memory transfer to look at
+
+something, unless N is zero.
+And in particular,
+
+it's plus two if you care about
+the constants.
+
+If I don't write the big O,
+then it would be plus two at
+
+most because you could
+essentially waste the first
+
+block and that everything is
+fine for awhile.
+
+And then, if you're unlucky,
+you essentially waste the last
+
+blocked.
+There is just one element in
+
+that block, and you're not
+getting much out of it.
+
+Everything in the middle,
+though, every block between the
+
+first and last block has to be
+full.
+
+So, you're using all of those
+elements.
+
+So out of the N elements,
+you only have N over B blocks
+
+because the block has B
+elements.
+
+OK, that's pretty trivial.
+Let me do something slightly
+
+more interesting,
+which is two scans at once.
+
+OK, here we are not assuming
+anything about M.
+
+we're not assuming anything
+about the size of the cache,
+
+just that I can hold a single
+block.
+
+The last block that we visited
+has to be there.
+
+OK, you can also do a constant
+number of parallel scans.
+
+This is not really parallel in
+the sense of multithreaded,
+
+bit simulated parallelism.
+I mean, if you have a constant
+
+number, do one,
+do the other,
+
+do the other,
+come back, come back,
+
+come back, all right,
+visit them in turn round robin,
+
+whatever.
+For example,
+
+here's a cute piece of code.
+If you want to reverse an
+
+array, OK, then you can do it.
+This is a good puzzle.
+
+You can do it by essentially
+two scans where you repeatedly
+
+swapped the first and last
+element.
+
+So I was swapping A_i with N
+minus i plus one,
+
+and just restart at one.
+So, here's your array.
+
+Suppose this is actually my
+array.
+
+I swap these two guys,
+and I saw these two guys,
+
+and so on.
+That will reverse my array,
+
+and this should work hopefully
+the middle as well if it's odd.
+
+It should not do anything.
+And you can view this as two
+
+scans.
+There is one scan that's coming
+
+in this way.
+There's also a reverse scan,
+
+ooh, some more sophisticated,
+coming back this way.
+
+Of course, reverse scan has the
+same analysis.
+
+And as long as your cache is
+big enough to store at least two
+
+blocks, which is a pretty
+reasonable assumption,
+
+so let's write it.
+Assuming the number of blocks
+
+in the cache,
+which is M over B,
+
+is at least two in this
+algorithm, the number of memory
+
+transfers is still order N over
+B plus one.
+
+OK, the constant goes up maybe,
+but in this case it probably
+
+doesn't.
+But who cares.
+
+OK, as long as you're doing a
+constant number of scans,
+
+and some constant number of
+arrays, it happens to be one of
+
+them's reversed,
+whatever, it will take,
+
+we call this linear time.
+It's linear in the number of
+
+blocks in your input.
+OK, great.
+
+So now you can reverse an
+array: exciting.
+
+Let's try another simple
+algorithm on another board.
+
+Let's try binary search.
+So just like last week,
+
+we're going back to our basics
+here.
+
+Scanning we didn't even talk
+about in this class.
+
+Binary search is something we
+talked about a little bit.
+
+It was a simple divide and
+conquer algorithm.
+
+I hope you all remember it.
+And if we look at an array,
+
+and I'm not going to draw the
+cells here because I want to
+
+imagine a really big array,
+binary search,
+
+but suppose it always goes to
+left.
+
+It starts by visiting this
+element in the middle.
+
+Then ago so the quarter marked.
+Then it goes to the one eighth
+
+mark.
+OK, this is one hypothetical
+
+execution of a binary search.
+OK, and eventually it finds the
+
+element it's looking for.
+It finds where it fits at
+
+least.
+So x is over here.
+
+So, we know that it takes log N
+time.
+
+How many memory transfers of
+the take?
+
+Now, I blocked this array into
+chunks of size B,
+
+blocks of size B.
+How many blocks do I touch?
+
+This one's a little bit more
+subtle.
+
+It depends on the relative
+sizes of N and B,
+
+yeah.
+Log base B of N would be a good
+
+guess.
+We would like it to be,
+
+let's say, hope,
+is that it's log base B of N
+
+because we know that B trees can
+search in what's essentially a
+
+sorted list of N items in log
+base B of N time.
+
+That turns out to be optimal in
+the cache oblivious model or in
+
+the two level model you've got
+to pay log base B of N.
+
+I won't prove that here.
+The same reason you need log N
+
+comparisons to do a binary
+search in the normal model.
+
+Alas, it is possible to get log
+base B of N even without knowing
+
+B.
+But, binary search does not do
+
+it.
+Log of N over B,
+
+yes.
+So the number of memory
+
+transfers on N items is log of N
+over B also known as,
+
+let's say, plus one,
+also known as log N minus log
+
+B.
+OK, whereas log base B of N is
+
+log N divided by log B,
+OK, clearly this is much better
+
+than subtracting.
+So, this would be good,
+
+but this is bad.
+Most of the time,
+
+this is log N,
+which is no better,
+
+I mean, you're not using blocks
+at all essentially.
+
+The idea is,
+out here, I mean,
+
+there's some little,
+tiny block that contains this
+
+thing.
+I mean, tiny depends on how big
+
+B is.
+But, each of these items will
+
+be in a different block until
+you get essentially within one
+
+block worth of x.
+When you get within one block
+
+worth of x, there's only like a
+constant number of blocks that
+
+matter, and so all of these
+accesses are indeed within the
+
+same block.
+But, how many are there?
+
+Well, just log B because you're
+only spending log B within a,
+
+if you're within an interval of
+size k, you're only going to
+
+spend log k steps in it.
+So, you're saving log B in
+
+here, but overall you're paying
+log N, so you only get log N
+
+minus log B plus some constant.
+OK, so this is bad news for
+
+binary search.
+So, not all of the algorithms
+
+we've seen are going to work
+well in this model.
+
+We need a lot more thinking
+before we can solve what is
+
+essentially the binary search
+problem, finding an element in a
+
+sorted list, in log base B of N
+without knowing B.
+
+OK, we know we could use B
+trees.
+
+If you knew B,
+great, that works,
+
+and that's optimal.
+But without knowing B,
+
+it's a little bit harder.
+And this gets us into the world
+
+of divide and conquer.
+Also like last week,
+
+and like the first few weeks of
+this class, divide and conquer
+
+is your friend.
+And, it turns out divide and
+
+conquer is not the only tool,
+but it's a really useful tool
+
+in designing cache oblivious
+algorithms.
+
+And, let me say why.
+
+So, we'll see a bunch of divide
+and conquer based algorithms,
+
+cache oblivious.
+And, the intuition is that we
+
+can take all the favorite
+algorithms we have,
+
+obviously it doesn't always
+work.
+
+Binary search was a divide and
+conquer algorithm.
+
+It's not so great.
+But, in general,
+
+the idea is that your algorithm
+can just do the normal divide
+
+and conquer thing,
+right?
+
+You divide your problem into
+subproblems of smaller size
+
+repeatedly, all the way down to
+problems of constant size,
+
+OK, just like before.
+But, if you're recursively
+
+dividing your problem into
+smaller things,
+
+at some point you can think
+about it and say,
+
+well, wait, I mean,
+the algorithm divides all the
+
+way, but we can think about the
+point at which the problem fits
+
+in a block or fits in cache.
+OK, and that's the analysis.
+
+OK, we'll think about the time
+when your problem is small
+
+enough that we can analyze it in
+some other way.
+
+So, usually,
+we analyze it recursively.
+
+We get a recurrence.
+What we're changing,
+
+essentially,
+is the base case.
+
+So, in the base case,
+we don't want to go down to a
+
+constant size.
+That's too far.
+
+I'll show you some examples.
+We want to consider the point
+
+in recursion at which either the
+problem fits in cache,
+
+so it has size less than or
+equal to M, or it fits in order
+
+one blocks.
+That's another natural time to
+
+do it.
+Order one blocks would be even
+
+better than fitting in cache.
+So, this means a size order B.
+
+OK, this will change the base
+case of the recurrence,
+
+and it will turn out to give us
+good answers instead of bad
+
+ones.
+So, let's do a simple example.
+
+Our good friend order
+statistics, in particular,
+
+for finding medians.
+So, I hope you all know this by
+
+heart.
+Remember the worst case linear
+
+time, median finding algorithm
+by Bloom et al.
+
+I'll write this fast.
+We partition our array.
+
+It turns out,
+this is a good algorithm as it
+
+is.
+We partition our array
+
+conceptually into N over five,
+five tuples into little groups
+
+of five.
+This may not have been exactly
+
+how I wrote it last time.
+I didn't check.
+
+But, it's the same algorithm.
+You compute the median of each
+
+five tuple.
+Then you recursively compute
+
+the median of the medians of
+these medians.
+
+Then, you partition around x.
+So, that gave us some element
+
+that was roughly in the middle.
+It was within the middle half,
+
+I think.
+Partition around x,
+
+and then we show that you could
+always recurse on just one of
+
+the sides.
+
+OK, this was our good old
+friend for computing,
+
+order statistics,
+or medians, or whatnot.
+
+OK, so how much time does this,
+well, we know how much time
+
+this takes.
+It should be linear time.
+
+But how many memory transfers
+does this take?
+
+Well, conceptually partitioning
+that, I can do,
+
+in zero.
+Maybe I have to compute N over
+
+five, no big deal here.
+We're not thinking about
+
+computation.
+I have to find the median of
+
+each tuple.
+So, here it matters how my
+
+array is laid out.
+But, what I'm going to do is
+
+take my array,
+take the first five elements,
+
+and then the next five elements
+and so on.
+
+Those will be my five tuples.
+So, I can implement this just
+
+by scanning, and then computing
+the median on those five
+
+elements, which I stored in the
+five registers on my CPU.
+
+I'll assume that there are
+enough registers for that.
+
+And, I compute the median,
+write it out to some array out
+
+here.
+So, it's going to be one
+
+element.
+So, the median of here goes
+
+into there.
+The median of these guys goes
+
+into there, and so on.
+So, I'm scanning in here,
+
+and in parallel,
+I'm scanning an output in here.
+
+So, it's two parallel scans.
+So, that takes linear time.
+
+So, this takes order N over B
+plus one memory transfers.
+
+OK, then we have recursively
+compute the median of the
+
+medians.
+This step used to be T of N
+
+over five.
+Now it's MT of N over five,
+
+OK, with the same values of B
+and M.
+
+Then we partition around x.
+Partitioning is also like three
+
+parallel scans if you work it
+out.
+
+So, this is also going to take
+linear memory transfers,
+
+N over B plus one.
+And then, we recurse on one of
+
+the sides, and this is the fun
+part of the analysis which I
+
+won't repeat here.
+But, we get MT of,
+
+like, three quarters N.
+I think originally it was seven
+
+tenths, so we simplified to
+three quarters,
+
+which is hopefully bigger than
+seven tenths.
+
+Yeah, it is.
+OK, so this is the new
+
+analysis.
+Now we get a recurrence.
+
+So, let's do that.
+
+So, the analysis is we get this
+MT of N is MT of N over five
+
+plus MT of three quarters N
+plus, this is just as before.
+
+Before we had linear work here.
+And now, we have what we call
+
+linear number of memory
+transfers, linear number of
+
+blocks.
+OK, I'll sort of ignore this
+
+plus one.
+It's not too critical.
+
+So, this is our recurrence.
+Now, it depends what our base
+
+case is.
+And, usually we would use a
+
+base case of constant size.
+So, let's see what happens if
+
+we use a base case of constant
+size just so that it's clear why
+
+this base case is so important.
+OK, this describes a recurrence
+
+as one of these hairy
+recurrences.
+
+And, I don't want to use
+substitution.
+
+I just want the intuition of
+why this is going to solve to
+
+something rather big.
+OK, and for me,
+
+the best intuition always comes
+from recursion trees.
+
+If you don't know the solution
+to recurrence and you need a
+
+good guess, use recursion trees.
+And today, I will only give you
+
+good guesses.
+I don't want to prove anything
+
+with substitution because I want
+to get to the bigger ideas.
+
+So, this is even messy from a
+recursion tree point of view
+
+because you have these
+unbalanced sizes where you start
+
+at the root with some of size N
+over B.
+
+Then you split it into
+something size one fifth N over
+
+B, and something of size three
+quarters N over B,
+
+which is annoying because now
+this subtree will be a lot
+
+bigger than this one,
+or this one will terminate
+
+faster.
+So, it's pretty unbalanced.
+
+But, summing per level doesn't
+really tell you a lot at this
+
+point.
+But let's just look at the
+
+bottom level.
+Look at all the leaves in this
+
+recursion tree.
+So, that's the base cases.
+
+How many base cases are there?
+This is an interesting
+
+question.
+We've never thought about it in
+
+the context of this recurrence.
+It gives a somewhat surprising
+
+answer.
+It was surprising to me the
+
+first time I worked it out.
+So, how many leaves does this
+
+recursion tree have?
+Well, we can write a
+
+recurrence.
+The number of leaves in a
+
+problem of size N,
+it's going to be the number of
+
+leaves in this problem plus the
+number of leaves in this problem
+
+plus zero.
+So, that's another recurrence.
+
+We'll call this L of N.
+OK, now the base case is really
+
+relevant.
+It determines the solution to
+
+this recurrence.
+And let's, again,
+
+assume that in a problem of
+size one, we have one leaf.
+
+That's our only base case.
+Well, it turns out,
+
+and here you need to guess,
+I think.
+
+This is not particularly
+obvious.
+
+Any of the TA's have guesses of
+the form of this solution?
+
+Or anybody, not just TA's.
+But this is open to everyone.
+
+If Charles were here,
+I would ask him.
+
+I had to think for a while,
+and it's not linear,
+
+right, because you're somehow
+decreasing quite a bit.
+
+So, it's smaller than linear,
+but it's more than a constant.
+
+OK, it's actually more than
+polylog, so what's your favorite
+
+function in the middle?
+N over log N,
+
+that's still too big.
+Keep going.
+
+You have an oracle here,
+so you can, N to the k,
+
+yeah, close.
+I mean, k is usually an
+
+integer.
+N to the alpha for some real
+
+number between zero and one.
+Yeah, that's what you meant.
+
+Sorry.
+It's like the shortest
+
+mathematical joke.
+Let epsilon be less than zero
+
+or for a sufficiently large
+epsilon.
+
+I don't know.
+So, you've got to use the right
+
+letters.
+So, let's suppose that it's N
+
+to the alpha.
+Then we would get this N over
+
+five to the alpha,
+and we'd get three quarters N
+
+to the alpha.
+When you have a nice recurrence
+
+like this, you can just try
+plugging in a guess and see
+
+whether it works,
+OK, and of course this will
+
+work only depending on alpha.
+So, we should get an equation
+
+on alpha here.
+So, everything has an N to the
+
+alpha, in fact,
+all of these terms.
+
+So, I can divide through my N
+to the alpha.
+
+That's assuming that it's not
+zero or something.
+
+That seems reasonable.
+So, we have one equals one
+
+fifth to the alpha plus three
+quarters to the alpha.
+
+This is something you won't get
+on a final because I don't know
+
+any good way to solve this
+except with like Maple or
+
+Mathematica.
+If you're smart I'm sure you
+
+could compute it in a nicer way,
+but alpha is about 0.8,
+
+it turns out.
+So, the number of leaves is
+
+this sort of in between constant
+and linear.
+
+Usually polynomial means you
+have an integer power.
+
+Let's call it a polynomial.
+Why not?
+
+There's a lot of leaves,
+is the point,
+
+and if we say that each leaf
+costs a constant number of
+
+memory transfers,
+we're in trouble because then
+
+the number of memory transfers
+has to be at least this.
+
+If it's at least that,
+that's potentially bigger than
+
+N over B, I mean,
+bigger than in an asymptotic
+
+sense.
+This is little omega of N over
+
+B if B is big.
+If B is at least N to the 0.2
+
+something, OK,
+or one seventh something.
+
+But if, in particular,
+B is at least N to the 0.2,
+
+then this should be bigger than
+that.
+
+So, this is a bad analysis
+because we're not going to get
+
+the answer we want,
+which is N over B.
+
+The best you can do for median
+is N over B because you have to
+
+read all the element,
+and you should spend linear
+
+time.
+So, we want to get N over B.
+
+This algorithm is N over B plus
+one.
+
+So, this is why you need a good
+base case, all right?
+
+So that makes the point.
+So, the question is,
+
+what base case should I use?
+
+So, we have this recurrence
+
+What base case should I use?
+Constant was too small.
+
+We have a couple of choices
+listed up here.
+
+Any suggestions?
+B, OK, MT of B is?
+
+The hard part.
+So, if my problem,
+
+if the size of my array fits in
+a block and I do all this stuff
+
+on it, how many memory transfers
+could that take?
+
+One, or a constant,
+depending on alignment.
+
+OK, maybe it takes two memory
+transfers, but constant.
+
+Good.
+That's clearly a lot better
+
+than this base case,
+MT of one equals order one,
+
+clearly stronger.
+So, hopefully,
+
+it gives the right answer,
+and now indeed it does.
+
+I love this analysis.
+So, I'm going to wave my hands.
+
+OK, but in particular,
+what this gives us,
+
+if we do the previous analysis,
+what is the number of leaves?
+
+So, in the leaves,
+now L of B equals one instead
+
+of L of one equals one.
+So, this stops earlier.
+
+When does it stop?
+Well, instead of getting N to
+
+the order of 0.8,
+whatever, we get N over B to
+
+the power of 0.8 whatever.
+OK, so it turns out the number
+
+of leaves is N over B to the
+alpha, which is little o of N
+
+over B.
+So, we don't care.
+
+It's tiny.
+And, if you look at the root
+
+cost is N over B in the
+recursion tree,
+
+the leaf cost is little o of N
+over B, and if you wave your
+
+hands, and close your eyes,
+and squint, the cost should be
+
+geometrically decreasing as we
+go down, I hope,
+
+more or less.
+It's a bit messy because of all
+
+the things terminating,
+but let's say cost is roughly
+
+geometric.
+Don't do this in the final,
+
+but you won't have any messy
+recurrences like this.
+
+So, don't worry.
+Down the tree,
+
+so you'd have to prove this
+formally, but I claim that the
+
+root cost dominates.
+And, the root cost is N over B.
+
+So, we get N over B.
+OK, so this is a nice,
+
+linear time algorithm for order
+statistics for cache oblivious.
+
+Great.
+This may turn you off a little
+
+bit, but even though this is
+like the simplest algorithm,
+
+it's also probably the most
+complicated analysis that we
+
+will do.
+In the future,
+
+our algorithms will be more
+complicated, and the analyses
+
+will be relatively simple.
+And usually,
+
+it's that way with cache
+oblivious algorithms.
+
+So, I'm giving you this sort of
+as the intuition of why this
+
+should be enough.
+Then you have to prove it.
+
+OK, let's go to another problem
+where divide and conquer is
+
+useful, our good friend,
+matrix multiplication.
+
+I don't know how many times
+we've seen this in this class,
+
+but in particular we saw it
+last week with a recursive
+
+matrix multiply,
+multithreaded algorithm.
+
+So, I won't give you the
+algorithm yet again,
+
+but we're going to analyze it
+in a very different way.
+
+So, we have C and we have A,
+and actually up to you.
+
+So, I could cover standard
+matrix multiplication,
+
+which is when you do it row by
+row, and column by column.
+
+And, we could see why that's
+bad.
+
+And then, we could do the
+recursive one and see why that's
+
+good.
+Or, we could skip the standard
+
+algorithm.
+So, how many people would like
+
+to see why the standard
+algorithm is bad?
+
+Because it's not totally
+obvious.
+
+One, two, three,
+four, five, half?
+
+Wow, that's a lot of votes.
+Now, how many people want to
+
+skip to the chase?
+No one.
+
+One, OK.
+And, everyone else is asleep.
+
+So, that's pretty good,
+50% awake, not bad.
+
+OK, then, so standard matrix
+multiplication.
+
+I'll do this fast because it
+is, I mean, you all know the
+
+algorithm, right?
+To compute this value of C;
+
+in A, you take this row,
+and in B you take this column.
+
+Sorry I did a little bit
+sloppily.
+
+But this is supposed to be
+aligned.
+
+Right?
+So I take all of this stuff,
+
+I multiply it with all of the
+stuff, add them up,
+
+the dot product.
+That gives me this element.
+
+And, let's say I do them in
+this order row by row.
+
+So for every item in C,
+I loop over this row and this
+
+column, B, multiply them
+together.
+
+That is an access pattern in
+memory.
+
+So, exactly how much that costs
+depends how these matrices are
+
+laid out in memory.
+OK, this is a subtlety we
+
+haven't had to worry about
+before because everything was
+
+uniform.
+I'm going to assume to give the
+
+standard algorithm the best
+chances of being good,
+
+I'm going to store C in row
+major order, A in row major
+
+order, and B in column major
+order.
+
+So, everything is nice and
+you're scanning.
+
+So then this inner product is a
+scan.
+
+Cool.
+Sounds great,
+
+doesn't it?
+It's bad, though.
+
+Assume A is row major,
+and B is column major.
+
+And C, you could assume is
+really either way,
+
+but if I'm doing it row by row,
+I'll assume it's row major.
+
+So, this is what I call the
+layout, the memory layout,
+
+of these matrices.
+OK, it's good for this
+
+algorithm, but the algorithm is
+not good.
+
+So, it won't be that great.
+
+So, how long does this take?
+How many memory transfers?
+
+We know it takes M^3 time.
+Not going to try and beat M^3
+
+here.
+Just going to try and get
+
+standard matrix multiplication
+going faster.
+
+So, well, for each item over
+here I pay N over B to do the
+
+scans and get the inner product.
+So, N over B per item.
+
+So, it's N over B,
+or we could go with the plus
+
+one here, to compute each c_ij.
+So that would suggest,
+
+as an upper bound at least,
+it's N^3 over B.
+
+OK, and indeed that is the
+right bound, so theta.
+
+This is memory transfers,
+not time, obviously.
+
+That is indeed the case because
+if you look at consecutive,
+
+I do this c_ij,
+then this one,
+
+this one, this one,
+this one, keep incrementing j
+
+and keeping I fixed,
+right?
+
+So, the row that I use stays
+fixed for a long time.
+
+I get to reuse that if it
+happens, say that that fits a
+
+block maybe, I get to reuse that
+row several times if that
+
+happens to fit in cache.
+But the column is changing
+
+every single time.
+OK, so every time I moved here
+
+and compute the next c_ij,
+even if a column could fit in
+
+cache, I can't fit all the
+columns in cache.
+
+And the columns that I'm
+visiting move,
+
+you know, they just scan
+across.
+
+So, I'm scanning this whole
+matrix every time.
+
+And unless you're entire matrix
+fits in cache,
+
+in which case you could do
+anything, I don't care,
+
+it will take constant time,
+or you'll take M over B time,
+
+enough to read it into the
+cache, do your stuff,
+
+and write it back out.
+Except in that boring case,
+
+you're going to have to pay N^2
+over B for every row here
+
+because you have to scan the
+whole collection of columns.
+
+You have to read this entire
+matrix for every row over here.
+
+So, you really do need N^3 over
+B for the whole thing.
+
+So, it's usually a theta.
+So, you might say,
+
+well, that's great.
+It's the size of my problem,
+
+the usual running time,
+divided by B.
+
+And that was the case when we
+are thinking about linear time,
+
+N versus N over B.
+It's hard to beat N over B when
+
+your problem is of size N.
+But now we have a cubed.
+
+And, this gets back to,
+we have good spatial locality.
+
+When we read a block,
+we use the whole thing.
+
+Great.
+It seems optimal.
+
+But we don't have good temporal
+locality.
+
+It could be that maybe if we
+stored the right things,
+
+we kept them around,
+we could them several times
+
+because we're using each element
+like a cubed number of times.
+
+That's not the right way of
+saying it, but we're reusing the
+
+matrices a lot,
+reusing those items.
+
+If we are doing N^3 work on N^2
+things, we're reusing a lot.
+
+So, we want to do better than
+this, and that's the recursive
+
+algorithm, which we've seen.
+So, we know the algorithm
+
+pretty much.
+I just have to tell you what
+
+the layout is.
+So, we're going to take C,
+
+partition of C_1-1,
+C_1-2, and so on.
+
+So, I have an N by N matrix,
+and I'm partitioning into N
+
+over 2 by N over 2 submatrices,
+all three of them times
+
+whatever.
+And, I could write this out yet
+
+again but I won't.
+OK, we can recursively compute
+
+this thing with eight matrix
+multiplies, and a bunch of
+
+matrix additions.
+I don't care how many,
+
+but a constant number.
+We see that at least twice now,
+
+so I won't show it again.
+Now, how do I lay out the
+
+matrices?
+Any suggestions how I lay out
+
+the matrices?
+I could lay them out in row
+
+major order.
+I'll call it major order.
+
+But that might be less natural
+now.
+
+We're not doing anything by
+rows or by columns.
+
+So, what layout should I use?
+Yeah?
+
+Quartet major order,
+maybe quadrant major order
+
+unless you're musically
+inclined, yeah.
+
+Good idea.
+You've never seen this order
+
+before, so it's maybe not so
+natural.
+
+Somehow I want to cluster it by
+blocks.
+
+OK, I think that's about all.
+So, I mean, it's a recursive
+
+layout.
+This was not an easy question.
+
+It's OK.
+Store matrices or lay out the
+
+matrices recursively by block.
+OK, I'm cheating a little bit.
+
+I'm redefining the problem to
+say, assume that your matrices
+
+are laid out in this way.
+But, it doesn't really matter.
+
+We can cheat,
+can't we?
+
+In fact, it doesn't matter.
+You can turn a matrix into this
+
+layout without too much linear
+work, almost linear work.
+
+Log factors,
+maybe.
+
+OK, so if I want to store my
+matrix A as a linear thing,
+
+I'm going to recursively
+defined that layout to be
+
+recursively store the upper left
+corner, then store,
+
+let's say, the upper right
+corner.
+
+It doesn't matter which order I
+do these.
+
+I should have drawn this wider,
+then store the lower left
+
+corner, and then store the lower
+right corner recursively.
+
+So, how do you store this?
+Well, you divide it in four,
+
+and lay out the top left,
+and so on.
+
+OK, this is a recursive
+definition of how the element
+
+should be stored in a linear
+array.
+
+It's a weird one,
+but this is a very powerful
+
+idea in cache oblivious
+algorithms.
+
+We'll use this multiple times.
+OK, so now all we have to do is
+
+analyze the number of memory
+transfers.
+
+How hard could it be?
+So, we're going to store all
+
+the matrices in this order,
+and we want to compute the
+
+number of memory transfers on an
+N by N matrix.
+
+See, I lapsed and I switched to
+lowercase n.
+
+I should, throughout this week,
+be using uppercase N because
+
+for historical reasons,
+any external memory kinds of
+
+algorithms, to level algorithms,
+always talk about capital N.
+
+And, don't ask why.
+You should see what they define
+
+little n to be.
+OK, so, any suggestions on what
+
+the recurrence should be now?
+All his fancy setup with the
+
+recurrence is actually pretty
+easy.
+
+So, definitely it involves
+multiplying matrices that are N
+
+over 2 by N over 2.
+So, what goes here?
+
+Eight, thank you.
+That you should know.
+
+And that the tricky part is
+what goes here.
+
+OK, what goes here is,
+now, the fact that I can even
+
+write this, this is the matrix
+additions.
+
+Ignore those for now.
+Suppose there weren't any.
+
+I just have to recursively
+multiply.
+
+The fact that this actually is
+eight times memory transfers of
+
+N over 2 relies on this layout.
+Right, I'm assuming that the
+
+arrays that I'm given are given
+as contiguous intervals and
+
+memory.
+If they aren't,
+
+I mean, if they're scattered
+all over memory,
+
+I'm screwed.
+There's nothing I can do.
+
+So, but by assuming that I have
+this recursive layout,
+
+I know that the recursive
+multiplies will always deal with
+
+three consecutive chunks of
+memory, one for A,
+
+one for B, one for C,
+OK, no matter what I do.
+
+Because these are stored
+consecutively,
+
+recursively I have that
+invariant.
+
+And I can keep recursing.
+And I'm always dealing with
+
+three consecutive chunks of
+memory.
+
+That's why I need this layout
+is to be able to say this.
+
+OK, Now what does addition
+cost?
+
+I'll just give you two
+matrices.
+
+They're stored in some linear
+order, the same linear order
+
+among the three of them.
+Do I care what the linear order
+
+is?
+How should I add two matrices,
+
+get the output?
+
+Yeah?
+
+Right, if each of the three
+arrays I'm dealing with are
+
+stored in the same order,
+I can just scan in parallel
+
+through all three of them and
+just add corresponding elements,
+
+and output it to the third.
+So, I don't care what the order
+
+is, as long as it's consistent
+and I get N^2 over B.
+
+I'll ignore plus one here.
+That's just looking at the
+
+entire matrix.
+So, there we go:
+
+another recurrence.
+We've seen this with N^2,
+
+and we just got N^3.
+But, it turns out now we get
+
+something cooler if we use the
+right base case.
+
+So now we get to the base case,
+ah, the tricky part.
+
+So, any suggestions what base
+case I should use?
+
+The block size,
+good suggestion.
+
+So, if we have something of
+size order B,
+
+we know that takes a constant
+number of memory transfers.
+
+It turns out that's not enough.
+That won't solve it here.
+
+But good guess.
+In this case,
+
+it's not the right answer.
+I'll give you some intuition
+
+why.
+We are trying to improve on N^3
+
+over B.
+If you were just trying to get
+
+it divided by B,
+this is a great base case.
+
+But here, we know that just the
+improvement afforded by the
+
+block size is not enough.
+We have to somehow use the fact
+
+that the cache is big.
+It's M, so however big M is,
+
+it's that big.
+OK, so if we want to get some
+
+improvement on this,
+we've got to have M in the
+
+formula somewhere,
+and there's no M's yet.
+
+So, it's got to involve M.
+What's that?
+
+MT of M over B?
+That would work,
+
+but MT of M is also OK,
+I mean, some constant times M,
+
+let's say.
+I want to make this constant
+
+small enough so that the entire
+problem fits in cache.
+
+So, it's like one third.
+I think it's actually,
+
+oh wait, is it the square root
+of M actually?
+
+Right, this is an N by N
+matrix.
+
+So, it should be C times the
+square root of M.
+
+Sorry.
+So, the square root of M by
+
+square root of M matrix has M
+entries.
+
+If I make C like one third or
+something, then I can fit all
+
+three matrices in memory.
+Actually, one over square root
+
+of three would do,
+but who cares?
+
+So, for some constant,
+C, now everything fits in
+
+memory.
+How many memory transfers does
+
+it take?
+One?
+
+It's a bit too small,
+because I do have to read the
+
+problem in.
+And now, I mean,
+
+here was one because there's
+only one block to read.
+
+Now how many blocks are there
+to read?
+
+Constants?
+No.
+
+B?
+No.
+
+M over B, good.
+Get it right eventually.
+
+That's the great thing about
+thinking with an oracle.
+
+You can just keep guessing.
+M over B because we have cache
+
+size M.
+There are M over B blocks in
+
+that cache to read each one,
+OK?
+
+This is maybe,
+you forgot what M was because
+
+we haven't used it for a long
+time.
+
+But M is the number of elements
+in cache.
+
+This is the number of blocks in
+cache.
+
+OK, some of was saying B,
+and it's reasonable to assume
+
+that M over B is about B.
+That's like a square cache,
+
+but in general,
+we don't make that assumption.
+
+OK, where are we?
+We're hopefully done,
+
+just about, good,
+because we have three minutes.
+
+So, that's our base case.
+I have a square root here;
+
+I just forgot it.
+Now we just have to solve it.
+
+Now, this is an easier
+recurrence, right?
+
+I don't want to use the master
+method, because master method is
+
+not going to handle these B's
+and M's, and these crazy base
+
+cases.
+OK, master method would prove
+
+N^3.
+Great.
+
+Master method doesn't really
+think about these kinds of
+
+cases.
+But with regression trees,
+
+if you remember way back to the
+proof of the master method,
+
+just look at the recursion tree
+as geometric up or down where
+
+everything is equal,
+and then you just add them up,
+
+every level.
+The point is that this is a
+
+nice recurrence.
+All of the sub problems are the
+
+same size, and that analysis
+always works,
+
+I say, when everything has the
+same size, all the children.
+
+So, here's the recursion tree.
+We have N^2 over B at the top.
+
+We split into eight subproblems
+where each one,
+
+the cost is one half N^2 over
+B.
+
+I'm not going to write them
+all.
+
+There they are.
+You add them up.
+
+How much do you get?
+Well, there's eight of them.
+
+Eight times a half is two.
+Four.
+
+[LAUGHTER] Thanks.
+Four, right?
+
+OK, I'm bad at arithmetic.
+I probably already said it,
+
+but there are three kinds of
+mathematicians,
+
+those who can add,
+and those who can't.
+
+OK, why am I looking at this?
+It's obvious.
+
+OK, so we keep going.
+This looks geometrically
+
+increasing.
+Right?
+
+You just know in your heart
+that if you work out the first
+
+two levels, you can tell whether
+it's geometrically increasing,
+
+decreasing, or they're all
+equal, or something else.
+
+And then you better think.
+But I see this as geometrically
+
+increasing.
+It will indeed be like 16 at
+
+the next level,
+I guess.
+
+OK, it should be.
+So, it's increasing.
+
+That means the leaves matter.
+So, let's work out the leaves.
+
+And, this is where we use our
+base case.
+
+So, we have a problem of size
+square root of M.
+
+And so, yeah,
+you have a question?
+
+Oh, indeed.
+I knew there was something.
+
+I knew it was supposed to be
+two out here.
+
+Thanks.
+This is why you're here.
+
+It's actually N over two
+squared over B.
+
+Thanks.
+I'm substituting N over 2 into
+
+this.
+OK, so this is actually N^2
+
+over 4 B.
+So, I get two,
+
+because there are eight times
+one over four.
+
+OK, I wasn't that far off then.
+It's still geometrically
+
+increasing, still the case,
+OK?
+
+But now, it actually doesn't
+matter.
+
+Whatever the cost is,
+as long as it's bigger than
+
+one, great.
+Now we look at the leaves.
+
+The leaves are root M by root
+M.
+
+I substitute root M into this:
+I get M over B with some
+
+constants.
+Who cares?
+
+So, each leaf is M over B,
+OK, lots of them.
+
+How many are there?
+This is the only,
+
+deal with recursion trees,
+counting the number of leaves
+
+is always the annoying part.
+Oh boy, well,
+
+we start with an N by N matrix.
+We stop when we get down to
+
+root N by root N matrix.
+So, that sounds like something.
+
+Oh boy, I'm cheating here.
+Really?
+
+That many?
+It sounds plausible.
+
+OK, the claim is,
+and I'll cheat.
+
+So I'm going to use the oracle
+here, and we'll figure out why
+
+this is the case.
+N over root N^3 leaves,
+
+hey what?
+I think here,
+
+it's hard to see the tree.
+But it's easy to see in the
+
+matrix.
+Let's enter the matrix.
+
+We have our big matrix.
+We divided in half.
+
+We recursively divide in half.
+We recursively divide in half.
+
+You get the idea,
+OK?
+
+Now, at some point these
+sectors, let's say one of these
+
+sectors, and each of these
+sectors, fits in cache.
+
+And three of them fit in cache.
+So, that's when we stop the
+
+recursion in the analysis.
+The algorithm goes all the way.
+
+But in the analysis,
+let's say we stop at M.
+
+OK, now, how many leaves or
+problems are there?
+
+Oh man, this is still not
+obvious.
+
+OK, the number of leaf chunks
+here is, like,
+
+I mean, the number of these
+things is something like N over
+
+root M, right,
+the number of chunks.
+
+But, it's a little less clear
+because I have so many of these.
+
+But, all right,
+so let's just suppose,
+
+now, I think of normal,
+boring, matrix multiplication
+
+on chunks of this size.
+That's essentially what the
+
+leaves should tell me.
+I start with this big problem,
+
+I recurse out to all these
+little, tiny,
+
+multiply this by that,
+OK, this root M by root M
+
+chunk.
+OK, how many operations,
+
+how many multiplies do I do on
+those things?
+
+N^3.
+But now, N, the size of my
+
+matrix in terms of these little
+sub matrices,
+
+is N over root M.
+So, it should be N over root
+
+M^3 subproblems of this size.
+If you work it out,
+
+normally we go down to things
+of constant size and we get
+
+exactly N^3 of them.
+Now we are stopping at this
+
+short point in saying,
+well, it's however many there
+
+are, cubed.
+OK, this is a bit of hand
+
+waving.
+You could work it out with the
+
+recurrence on the number of
+leaves.
+
+But there it is.
+So, the total here is N over,
+
+let's work it out.
+N^3 over M to the three halves,
+
+that's this number of leaves,
+times the cost at each leaf,
+
+which is M over B.
+So, some of the N's cancel,
+
+and we get N^3 over B root M,
+which is a root M factor better
+
+than N^3 over B.
+It's actually quite a lot,
+
+the square root of the cache
+size.
+
+That is optimal.
+The best two level matrix
+
+multiplication algorithm is N^3
+over B root M memory transfers.
+
+Pretty amazing,
+and I'm over time.
+
+You can generalize this into
+all sorts of great things,
+
+but the bottom line is this is
+a great way to do matrix
+
+multiplication as a recursion.
+We'll see more recursion for
+
+cache oblivious algorithms on
+Wednesday.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/caSqb6LMF30.txt b/caSqb6LMF30.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a9f47bf0ca8aaa21285fa2f93f243361008f96fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/caSqb6LMF30.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I believe language teaching needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I believe language teaching needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I believe language teaching needs to
+take place together with the culture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place together with the culture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take place together with the culture of
+that language and whenever we teach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language and whenever we teach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that language and whenever we teach them
+like linguistics patterns for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like linguistics patterns for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like linguistics patterns for instance
+even like greetings okay the linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like greetings okay the linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even like greetings okay the linguistics
+forms are very simple but Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms are very simple but Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms are very simple but Japanese
+people always bow so whenever we teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always bow so whenever we teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people always bow so whenever we teach
+some grammar patterns we also teach say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some grammar patterns we also teach say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some grammar patterns we also teach say
+body language and also like whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body language and also like whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+body language and also like whenever we
+introduce honorific we have to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce honorific we have to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce honorific we have to introduce
+the society I mean the hierarchical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society I mean the hierarchical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the society I mean the hierarchical and
+structure of the Japanese society we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the Japanese society we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the Japanese society we
+need to introduce students the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to introduce students the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to introduce students the concept
+of we have to show respect toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we have to show respect toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we have to show respect toward the
+elderly so every linguistic aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly so every linguistic aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly so every linguistic aspect
+involves a cultural understanding so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a cultural understanding so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves a cultural understanding so
+whenever possible we introduce culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever possible we introduce culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever possible we introduce culture
+together with language also textbook has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with language also textbook has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together with language also textbook has
+so called culture nodes so each lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called culture nodes so each lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so called culture nodes so each lesson
+has cultural note to introduce one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cultural note to introduce one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has cultural note to introduce one
+aspect of the Japanese culture for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the Japanese culture for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the Japanese culture for
+instance Japanese housing Japanese food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance Japanese housing Japanese food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance Japanese housing Japanese food
+how to take off shoes something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to take off shoes something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to take off shoes something like
+this
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dNKAsbdHDCs.txt b/dNKAsbdHDCs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2e42941f68fb913889846fe59c3c237878d75ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dNKAsbdHDCs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,603 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+now let me conclude for a few minutes by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me conclude for a few minutes by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let me conclude for a few minutes by
+introducing the idea of how we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the idea of how we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the idea of how we're gonna
+perturb things so how are we gonna set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb things so how are we gonna set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturb things so how are we gonna set
+up our perturbation theory so so for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our perturbation theory so so for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up our perturbation theory so so for a
+perturbation theory we will do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory we will do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation theory we will do the
+following we will take our system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we will take our system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following we will take our system and
+introduce again so setting up up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce again so setting up up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce again so setting up up the
+perturbation expansion so we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation expansion so we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation expansion so we want to
+give just an idea of what we're gonna do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give just an idea of what we're gonna do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give just an idea of what we're gonna do
+so H of P is gonna be H of 0 plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H of P is gonna be H of 0 plus Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so H of P is gonna be H of 0 plus Delta
+of H of T and now your lambda it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H of T and now your lambda it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H of T and now your lambda it's going
+to be treated as small so again we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be treated as small so again we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be treated as small so again we're
+going to use a power series expansion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a power series expansion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a power series expansion
+and everything is gonna depend on lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is gonna depend on lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everything is gonna depend on lambda
+and we're gonna take coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna take coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're gonna take coefficients in
+that way where we're gonna work with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way where we're gonna work with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way where we're gonna work with the
+state side tilde you remember if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state side tilde you remember if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state side tilde you remember if you
+know sy tilde you put an e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sy tilde you put an e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sy tilde you put an e to the minus
+i h0 T over H bar and you can get h so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h0 T over H bar and you can get h so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i h0 T over H bar and you can get h so
+we'll set the perturbation for up side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll set the perturbation for up side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll set the perturbation for up side
+tilde and it will have a zeroth part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde and it will have a zeroth part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde and it will have a zeroth part
+that is time dependent plus a first part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is time dependent plus a first part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is time dependent plus a first part
+that is time dependent every term is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is time dependent every term is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is time dependent every term is
+gonna be time dependent in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be time dependent in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be time dependent in the
+perturbation and what was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and what was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation and what was our
+Schrodinger equation our Schrodinger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation our Schrodinger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schrodinger equation our Schrodinger
+equation was I h-bar DDT of site tilde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was I h-bar DDT of site tilde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation was I h-bar DDT of site tilde
+of T was Delta H like that times sine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T was Delta H like that times sine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of T was Delta H like that times sine of
+T but we need change things a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but we need change things a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T but we need change things a little bit
+we replace Delta H by lambda Delta H so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace Delta H by lambda Delta H so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we replace Delta H by lambda Delta H so
+now it's going to have a lambda here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's going to have a lambda here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's going to have a lambda here so
+I now need to plug in this thing which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now need to plug in this thing which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I now need to plug in this thing which
+is not going to be too difficult it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be too difficult it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not going to be too difficult it's
+easier than what we did in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than what we did in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier than what we did in time
+independent perturbation theory DDT of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent perturbation theory DDT of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent perturbation theory DDT of
+size 0 let me not put the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 0 let me not put the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size 0 let me not put the time
+dependence in the cat's side one lands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in the cat's side one lands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence in the cat's side one lands
+website 2 and this is equal to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website 2 and this is equal to lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website 2 and this is equal to lambda
+Delta H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta H bar
+sorry tilde again so it's price 0 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry tilde again so it's price 0 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry tilde again so it's price 0 plus
+sy 1 plus those terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so for here we'll just read the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for here we'll just read the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for here we'll just read the first
+few terms and they're pretty easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few terms and they're pretty easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few terms and they're pretty easy
+there's no much of a lambda thing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what do we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what do we get
+terms without lambda I h-bar DDT of psy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms without lambda I h-bar DDT of psy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms without lambda I h-bar DDT of psy
+tilde 0 of T equals zero this is lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde 0 of T equals zero this is lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilde 0 of T equals zero this is lambda
+2 0 that's the only term without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 0 that's the only term without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 0 that's the only term without a
+lambda the one that the rice is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda the one that the rice is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda the one that the rice is here
+terms with or lambda already well it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with or lambda already well it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms with or lambda already well it was
+one term here which is shredding there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term here which is shredding there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one term here which is shredding there
+like DDT of psy one is in fact equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like DDT of psy one is in fact equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like DDT of psy one is in fact equal to
+order lambda you have Delta H tilde size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order lambda you have Delta H tilde size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order lambda you have Delta H tilde size
+0 and the next one I h-bar DDT of side 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and the next one I h-bar DDT of side 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 and the next one I h-bar DDT of side 2
+of key that's lambda squared comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of key that's lambda squared comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of key that's lambda squared comes from
+the derivative acting here we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative acting here we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative acting here we have to
+look for lambda squared here and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for lambda squared here and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for lambda squared here and I
+forgot this lambda and therefore this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot this lambda and therefore this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forgot this lambda and therefore this
+time you get Delta H sorry 1 of T in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you get Delta H sorry 1 of T in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time you get Delta H sorry 1 of T in
+general for lambda and you will get I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for lambda and you will get I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general for lambda and you will get I
+h-bar DDT of psy and I'll actually put n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar DDT of psy and I'll actually put n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h-bar DDT of psy and I'll actually put n
+plus 1 n plus 1 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 n plus 1 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 n plus 1 here
+is given by Delta H acting on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by Delta H acting on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is given by Delta H acting on the
+previous one so this will be simple once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one so this will be simple once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous one so this will be simple once
+you know size zero of T which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know size zero of T which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know size zero of T which is a
+constant you put it here this will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you put it here this will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant you put it here this will be
+easily solved as an integral you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily solved as an integral you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily solved as an integral you can
+once you have side one you put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have side one you put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have side one you put it here
+you easily solve side two and start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you easily solve side two and start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you easily solve side two and start
+solving one after another the fun thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving one after another the fun thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving one after another the fun thing
+is that you can write these equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can write these equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can write these equations
+explicitly and the just even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and the just even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly and the just even the
+first-order result and sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-order result and sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first-order result and sometimes a
+second give you all the physics you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second give you all the physics you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second give you all the physics you want
+which we will explore in the next few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will explore in the next few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we will explore in the next few
+lectures
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/duLYiTXjofU.txt b/duLYiTXjofU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..893dbef665f6d584bc4cf8f30b7e39076f8a07a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/duLYiTXjofU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10291 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particular
+class i intentionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class i intentionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class i intentionally
+did not make an assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not make an assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not make an assignment
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+i didn't want you to know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't want you to know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't want you to know what the
+answer was back in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+book um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is a pre-preliminary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a pre-preliminary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is a pre-preliminary to
+discussion tomorrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion tomorrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion tomorrow
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+dr m's class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i want to talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put ethics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put ethics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put ethics in
+scientific and engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific and engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific and engineering
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now here's what i'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here's what i'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now here's what i'm going to have
+to do i want to make a metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do i want to make a metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do i want to make a metaphor
+i've made this metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've made this metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've made this metaphor
+it went over so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went over so well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went over so well
+somebody actually it wasn't it wasn't my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually it wasn't it wasn't my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody actually it wasn't it wasn't my
+invention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hi uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hi uh
+and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it went over so well that uh actually i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went over so well that uh actually i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went over so well that uh actually i
+i published this little metaphor it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i published this little metaphor it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i published this little metaphor it's a
+joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joke
+but it has poetic value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has poetic value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has poetic value
+um the metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the metaphor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the metaphor
+uh is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's
+it's a two is it's called the barbecue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two is it's called the barbecue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a two is it's called the barbecue
+metaphor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh i was on sabbatical one year uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before this one and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this one and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this one and um
+i was down at duke university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was down at duke university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was down at duke university
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+durham north carolina
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one of the faculty had a picnic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh highly spirited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh highly spirited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh highly spirited
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+highly spirited good-natured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly spirited good-natured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly spirited good-natured
+debate broke out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate broke out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debate broke out
+between the north carolinians and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the north carolinians and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the north carolinians and the
+texans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texans
+on who made the best barbecue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who made the best barbecue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on who made the best barbecue
+okay if you know anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you know anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you know anything about the
+united states those two states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states those two states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+united states those two states
+claim to have make the best barbecue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to have make the best barbecue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim to have make the best barbecue and
+this was a barbecue cookout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a barbecue cookout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a barbecue cookout
+uh incidentally the person who was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh incidentally the person who was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh incidentally the person who was the
+host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host
+was from india but he claimed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from india but he claimed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was from india but he claimed to have
+the best north carolina bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best north carolina bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best north carolina bank
+in the world and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world and uh
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+size of the debate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the debate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the debate
+came to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came to
+did come to one agreement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did come to one agreement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did come to one agreement
+they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said
+um don't ask me to defend this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't ask me to defend this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um don't ask me to defend this
+but they agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they agreed
+that north carolina barbecue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that north carolina barbecue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that north carolina barbecue
+was a verb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a verb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a verb
+and that texas barbecue was a noun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that texas barbecue was a noun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that texas barbecue was a noun
+that is to say north carolina barbecue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say north carolina barbecue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is to say north carolina barbecue
+is what it is by virtue of the method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it is by virtue of the method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what it is by virtue of the method
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh texas barbecue is what it is by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh texas barbecue is what it is by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh texas barbecue is what it is by what
+you put in your mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in your mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in your mouth
+what you get later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we had a big time over that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we had a big time over that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we had a big time over that and
+one of the faculty members who was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the faculty members who was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the faculty members who was there
+was a young faculty member and i started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a young faculty member and i started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a young faculty member and i started
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+um an ethical situa uh an ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an ethical situa uh an ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um an ethical situa uh an ethical
+situation which we later published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which we later published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation which we later published
+and what we did was we said that almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we did was we said that almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we did was we said that almost
+all ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all ethics
+engineering ethics at the time this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering ethics at the time this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering ethics at the time this was
+in the this was in the early 90s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the this was in the early 90s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the this was in the early 90s
+we were there in 19 i was there academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were there in 19 i was there academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were there in 19 i was there academic
+year 1991.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 1991.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 1991.
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that engineering ethics at the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineering ethics at the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that engineering ethics at the time
+was all done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was all done
+like the texas barbecue if that in case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the texas barbecue if that in case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the texas barbecue if that in case
+is true that you see the ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that you see the ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is true that you see the ethical
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+and then you comment on it afterwards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we began to ask ourselves well what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we began to ask ourselves well what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we began to ask ourselves well what
+about an ethical situation in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an ethical situation in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an ethical situation in
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering
+where the ethical question comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the ethical question comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the ethical question comes up
+either before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either before
+or during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or during
+the engineering analysis and we dealt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering analysis and we dealt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the engineering analysis and we dealt
+with the engine with the during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the engine with the during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the engine with the during
+uh the engineering analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the engineering analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the engineering analysis
+and we talked about this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we talked about this particular
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it turns out this particular problem uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+caused a lot of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused a lot of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caused a lot of discussion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+got notes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got notes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got notes from
+doctoral students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctoral students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctoral students
+telling me how miserable their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me how miserable their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me how miserable their lives
+were made because their faculty advisors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made because their faculty advisors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were made because their faculty advisors
+made them read that audit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll give you the article later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you the article later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll give you the article later
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it came out of an of a journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it came out of an of a journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it came out of an of a journal
+that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's called
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh
+it's called engineering education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called engineering education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called engineering education
+and it's published by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's published by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's published by
+the um oh i bet it worked a long way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um oh i bet it worked a long way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um oh i bet it worked a long way
+it's published by the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+american society for engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american society for engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+american society for engineering
+education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oops
+i did that wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see it better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now here's the way the problem goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the way the problem goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the way the problem goes
+uh how many people have had a course in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many people have had a course in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how many people have had a course in
+engineering dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years
+uh i teach engineering so it's like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i teach engineering so it's like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i teach engineering so it's like it's
+physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics
+newtonian physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtonian physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newtonian physics
+uh is just applied to a different set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is just applied to a different set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is just applied to a different set of
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+and here we got a truck with a big load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we got a truck with a big load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here we got a truck with a big load
+on the back of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's a problem like that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a problem like that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a problem like that maybe
+not exactly with this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly with this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not exactly with this picture
+but uh there's a problem like that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's a problem like that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh there's a problem like that i
+dare say in every book on on engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare say in every book on on engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dare say in every book on on engineering
+dynamics or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics or
+you might call it engineering mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might call it engineering mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might call it engineering mechanics
+colon dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colon dynamic
+uh the idea is that the truck is riding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea is that the truck is riding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the idea is that the truck is riding
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+the driver's driving the truck down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driver's driving the truck down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the driver's driving the truck down the
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway
+slams on the brakes because the dog is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slams on the brakes because the dog is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slams on the brakes because the dog is
+running in front of the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in front of the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running in front of the truck
+and what happens is the load shifts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you have to the students ask first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to the students ask first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have to the students ask first of
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to predict
+and give us some information to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give us some information to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and give us some information to predict
+whether or not the load will shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the load will shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not the load will shift
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+if in fact it will shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact it will shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if in fact it will shift
+you want to know what's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know what's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to know what's called the
+relative velocity of the load to the cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity of the load to the cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity of the load to the cab
+of the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the truck
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+the load hits the cab of the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load hits the cab of the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load hits the cab of the truck
+so the truck may be going uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the truck may be going uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the truck may be going uh
+let's say 70 miles an hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 70 miles an hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say 70 miles an hour
+slams the brake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slams the brake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slams the brake
+and somewhere between the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somewhere between the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and somewhere between the time the
+the brakes are slammed and the time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brakes are slammed and the time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the brakes are slammed and the time the
+truck stops this load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck stops this load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck stops this load
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+hits the back of the cab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the back of the cab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hits the back of the cab
+at some velocity some relative velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some velocity some relative velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some velocity some relative velocity
+some velocity of the load relative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some velocity of the load relative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some velocity of the load relative to
+the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the truck
+and depending on how that how high that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on how that how high that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on how that how high that
+velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we put in this paper the truck driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put in this paper the truck driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put in this paper the truck driver
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will
+be injured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be injured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be injured
+now we're going to consider two types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to consider two types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to consider two types of
+injury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is where the truck driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is where the truck driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is where the truck driver
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+has his spine snapped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his spine snapped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has his spine snapped
+and will be a paraplegic for the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will be a paraplegic for the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and will be a paraplegic for the rest of
+his or her life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or her life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his or her life
+um the other one is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other one is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the other one is where
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+truck driver gets the spine snapped and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck driver gets the spine snapped and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck driver gets the spine snapped and
+dies right on the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies right on the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies right on the spot
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh so you want to calculate so your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you want to calculate so your job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so you want to calculate so your job
+is to d to buy the brakes for a fleet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to d to buy the brakes for a fleet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to d to buy the brakes for a fleet of
+trucks on your job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks on your job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trucks on your job
+i don't know who you work for but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know who you work for but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know who you work for but let's
+say you work for a company that's got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you work for a company that's got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you work for a company that's got a
+fleet of 200 trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet of 200 trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fleet of 200 trucks
+and all of a sudden the brakes are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden the brakes are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of a sudden the brakes are going
+bad or they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad or they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad or they're not
+you need a whole new set for all trucks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a whole new set for all trucks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a whole new set for all trucks
+so they get the engineer one one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get the engineer one one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they get the engineer one one of
+their brand new engineers on the job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their brand new engineers on the job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their brand new engineers on the job
+says okay look we got a choice of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay look we got a choice of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay look we got a choice of two
+kinds of brakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of brakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of brakes
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is where
+it's very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very strong
+if the truck driver puts on the brakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the truck driver puts on the brakes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the truck driver puts on the brakes
+uh at 70 miles per hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at 70 miles per hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at 70 miles per hour
+then we then i want to know if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we then i want to know if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we then i want to know if the
+load is going to break his back or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load is going to break his back or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load is going to break his back or
+killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing
+or just injure or kill him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just injure or kill him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or just injure or kill him
+or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or her
+uh the other set of brakes cost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other set of brakes cost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the other set of brakes cost the same
+amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount
+they're not as strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not as strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not as strong
+but they give a nice smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they give a nice smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they give a nice smooth
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh breaking uh experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh breaking uh experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh breaking uh experience
+uh and that has some value to the kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that has some value to the kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and that has some value to the kinds
+of things we those we carry we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we those we carry we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things we those we carry we don't
+want them vibrating a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them vibrating a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want them vibrating a lot
+okay so you do your analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you do your analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you do your analysis
+now here's the last piece and then i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the last piece and then i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the last piece and then i'll
+ask you all to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you break
+the driver's back and kill him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the cost to your company will be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost to your company will be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost to your company will be one
+million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+insurance other things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance other things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance other things
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+break the driver's back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the driver's back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break the driver's back
+and don't kill him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't kill him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and don't kill him
+put him in a wheelchair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put him in a wheelchair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put him in a wheelchair
+cost your company five million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost your company five million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost your company five million dollars
+because you got to pay for that person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got to pay for that person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you got to pay for that person
+the rest of his life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which system do you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why
+how do you justify your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+any questions about the problem you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about the problem you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about the problem you can
+be creative with the problem you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative with the problem you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be creative with the problem you can
+take the problem and add or even take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the problem and add or even take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the problem and add or even take
+away a few things but i think you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a few things but i think you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away a few things but i think you've got
+to feel for the essentials of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel for the essentials of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to feel for the essentials of the
+problem you got to make a hard decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you got to make a hard decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you got to make a hard decision
+here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to give you some time to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to give you some time to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to give you some time to think
+about it and talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and talk about it
+now what i'd like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to um
+let's say have two discussion groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say have two discussion groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say have two discussion groups
+i guess you know who the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you know who the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess you know who the discussion
+leaders are going to be and i guess you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders are going to be and i guess you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaders are going to be and i guess you
+know who the spokesperson for the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who the spokesperson for the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who the spokesperson for the groups
+are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+um miss ratliff why don't you pick one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um miss ratliff why don't you pick one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um miss ratliff why don't you pick one
+of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your
+your group person and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your group person and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your group person and
+y'all talk it over and miss bethany you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all talk it over and miss bethany you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y'all talk it over and miss bethany you
+pick one of yours you talk it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of yours you talk it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick one of yours you talk it over
+and if y'all need five minutes that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if y'all need five minutes that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if y'all need five minutes that'll
+be fine if you need more let me know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine if you need more let me know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine if you need more let me know
+but enjoy the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but enjoy the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but enjoy the discussion
+yeah do we know for sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do we know for sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah do we know for sure that this
+one one set of brakes will kill the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one set of brakes will kill the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one one set of brakes will kill the
+driver and the other side of brakes will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver and the other side of brakes will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver and the other side of brakes will
+paralyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyze
+we have every reason to plan for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have every reason to plan for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have every reason to plan for that
+eventuality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+consider yourself pretty much locked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider yourself pretty much locked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider yourself pretty much locked in
+on that unless the discussion leads you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that unless the discussion leads you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that unless the discussion leads you
+someplace else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someplace else
+but the central part part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the central part part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the central part part
+of your answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your answer
+depends on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on that
+excuse me actually i do this i didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me actually i do this i didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me actually i do this i didn't
+anticipate this and this is great this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate this and this is great this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipate this and this is great this
+is what ethics is all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what ethics is all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what ethics is all about
+i don't want to stop your discussion but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to stop your discussion but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to stop your discussion but
+can we at some point kind of merge so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we at some point kind of merge so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we at some point kind of merge so
+everybody can get a benefit of everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can get a benefit of everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody can get a benefit of everybody
+else's discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else's discussion
+so rather than make a report why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than make a report why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so rather than make a report why don't
+we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just
+you can stay where you are but just each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can stay where you are but just each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can stay where you are but just each
+one each one give this other group uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each one give this other group uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one each one give this other group uh a
+status of where you are in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of where you are in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+status of where you are in your
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should
+always the same way again because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same way again because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always the same way again because
+there's the continuum i mean baby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the continuum i mean baby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the continuum i mean baby
+scratch that's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch that's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scratch that's maybe
+embrace the leg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace the leg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace the leg
+and but again it just depends you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but again it just depends you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and but again it just depends you don't
+really know what you're saying you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what you're saying you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know what you're saying you're
+going to possibly use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to possibly use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to possibly use a different
+surgery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one of the things we thought about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we thought about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the things we thought about those
+what do you think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+was to inform the driver of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to inform the driver of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to inform the driver of this
+increased risk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased risk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increased risk and
+choose a great one that's going to kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a great one that's going to kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose a great one that's going to kill
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+inform the driver this person would just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the driver this person would just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inform the driver this person would just
+payable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+payable
+and obviously be compensated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously be compensated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and obviously be compensated and
+distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ethical to have this man out there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical to have this man out there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical to have this man out there and
+just make this into this management and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make this into this management and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just make this into this management and
+not tell them which way you're going um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's two um informational points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two um informational points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two um informational points
+there i think are relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i think are relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i think are relevant
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when i was in the army this was doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was in the army this was doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was in the army this was doing
+the vietnam war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vietnam war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vietnam war
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i was talking to a friend of mine who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was talking to a friend of mine who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i was talking to a friend of mine who
+was in the cemetery dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the cemetery dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the cemetery dude
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+he had just come back from vietnam i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had just come back from vietnam i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had just come back from vietnam i
+didn't know they used any submarines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know they used any submarines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know they used any submarines
+over there but i guess they had suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but i guess they had suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over there but i guess they had suddenly
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+he said that when he was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said that when he was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said that when he was in
+vietnam in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vietnam in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vietnam in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a war situation he was getting both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a war situation he was getting both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a war situation he was getting both
+hazard hazardous duty pay and combat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard hazardous duty pay and combat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hazard hazardous duty pay and combat
+i mean that's being in the submarine you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's being in the submarine you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean that's being in the submarine you
+get hazardous duty pay over and above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get hazardous duty pay over and above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get hazardous duty pay over and above
+the combat that's what well they suspend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combat that's what well they suspend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combat that's what well they suspend
+that part what you got in common but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part what you got in common but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that part what you got in common but
+they did that's an interesting point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did that's an interesting point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they did that's an interesting point uh
+the other uh the other one is uh to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh the other one is uh to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other uh the other one is uh to keep
+in mind i think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind i think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind i think
+i think you're doing right with the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're doing right with the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you're doing right with the use
+of the word his and talking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word his and talking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the word his and talking about these
+nail drives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail drives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nail drives
+but i drove a diesel for a long time i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i drove a diesel for a long time i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i drove a diesel for a long time i
+had a little mercedes diesel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a little mercedes diesel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a little mercedes diesel
+uh four cylinders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh four cylinders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh four cylinders
+uh and i used to get my diesel fuel at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i used to get my diesel fuel at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i used to get my diesel fuel at
+truck stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck stops
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+occasionally you'd see a truck driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally you'd see a truck driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasionally you'd see a truck driver
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+with his whole family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his whole family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with his whole family
+wife maybe two little kids because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife maybe two little kids because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife maybe two little kids because they
+had that little compartment in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that little compartment in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had that little compartment in the back
+where you could sleep and one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could sleep and one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you could sleep and one of them
+let me look in there and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me look in there and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me look in there and have a
+television in there a little toilet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television in there a little toilet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television in there a little toilet
+one time i went in there and the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time i went in there and the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one time i went in there and the family
+got in the truck and the wife was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the truck and the wife was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got in the truck and the wife was the
+drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ and so you uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and so you uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ and so you uh
+uh i think uh sometimes it's relevant to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think uh sometimes it's relevant to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i think uh sometimes it's relevant to
+keep in mind the facts because sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the facts because sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind the facts because sometimes
+they can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can have
+a relevancy on the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relevancy on the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relevancy on the um
+on your decision um i i think it's fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your decision um i i think it's fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your decision um i i think it's fair
+to say that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that um
+some people would rather have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people would rather have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some people would rather have
+an argument with a father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument with a father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument with a father
+over the disposition of the children
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the disposition of the children
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the disposition of the children
+than the mother the mother's gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the mother the mother's gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the mother the mother's gonna
+might be a little more hard hard to deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little more hard hard to deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little more hard hard to deal
+with on a problem like that so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with on a problem like that so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with on a problem like that so i
+invite you to continue the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you to continue the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invite you to continue the discussion
+using the pronouns that you've used keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the pronouns that you've used keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the pronouns that you've used keep
+in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind
+that some of these things can when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these things can when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some of these things can when you
+talk about lethal situation involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about lethal situation involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about lethal situation involving
+children the mother is going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children the mother is going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children the mother is going to be a
+particular factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular factor
+uh yeah keep going i mean keep going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah keep going i mean keep going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah keep going i mean keep going
+back and forth now this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we started by doing a consequentialist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started by doing a consequentialist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started by doing a consequentialist
+approach just a starting place so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach just a starting place so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach just a starting place so
+the two options are the strong breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two options are the strong breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two options are the strong breaks
+and the week breaks and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the week breaks and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the week breaks and um
+we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we also
+decided we needed to complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided we needed to complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided we needed to complete the
+driver's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver's
+family and audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family and audience
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+now our list of consequences we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our list of consequences we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our list of consequences we're not
+sure how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure how to
+decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide
+which one has greater utility than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one has greater utility than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one has greater utility than the
+other languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other languages
+so we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+death of the driver the emotional damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death of the driver the emotional damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+death of the driver the emotional damage
+to the family one million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the family one million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the family one million dollars
+inside of the weakness breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the weakness breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of the weakness breaks
+paralyzed driver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyzed driver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paralyzed driver
+potentially less emotional damage to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially less emotional damage to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially less emotional damage to the
+family than the five million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family than the five million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family than the five million dollars
+so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do we
+compare that four million dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that four million dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare that four million dollar
+difference to the difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to the difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference to the difference of
+emotional damage to the family or lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional damage to the family or lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotional damage to the family or lost
+opportunities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it is that you should draw the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that you should draw the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that you should draw the boundary
+of the problem first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the problem first
+i mean because you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean because you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean because you can
+right sure well what happens is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sure well what happens is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right sure well what happens is uh
+particularly when you're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you're talking about
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+consequentialist ethics and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialist ethics and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequentialist ethics and the
+utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian
+method of it you draw a boundary but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of it you draw a boundary but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method of it you draw a boundary but
+inevitably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably
+it will extend out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will extend out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will extend out
+now it doesn't go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it doesn't go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it doesn't go out
+it may go out a little bit towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may go out a little bit towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may go out a little bit towards
+infinity at first but the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity at first but the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity at first but the discussion
+if it goes over a few days i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes over a few days i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it goes over a few days i think the
+experience with these with ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with these with ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with these with ethics
+committees in professional societies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees in professional societies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committees in professional societies it
+takes time you go out and then after a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time you go out and then after a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes time you go out and then after a
+while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while
+it'll start coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll start coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll start coming back
+and you may not coming back to exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may not coming back to exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you may not coming back to exactly
+the first boundary you came to but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first boundary you came to but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first boundary you came to but it
+will come back to a manageable boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back to a manageable boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back to a manageable boundary
+people have to air all of these views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to air all of these views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people have to air all of these views
+and there's something like group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's something like group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's something like group
+psychology that takes an effect here i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology that takes an effect here i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychology that takes an effect here i
+know that to be the case you argue it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that to be the case you argue it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that to be the case you argue it
+long enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long enough
+and it comes back to manageable size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh yeah we're going to see a boundary in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah we're going to see a boundary in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah we're going to see a boundary in
+the next problem uh in in dynamics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next problem uh in in dynamics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next problem uh in in dynamics we
+call it free body diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it free body diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it free body diagram
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh yeah you do you draw your free body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you do you draw your free body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yeah you do you draw your free body
+you solve your problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve your problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you solve your problem
+uh but then you debate it with a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then you debate it with a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but then you debate it with a large
+enough group and it goes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough group and it goes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough group and it goes out
+and then after a while you keep debating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after a while you keep debating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then after a while you keep debating
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+and my experience has taught me that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my experience has taught me that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my experience has taught me that it
+will come back down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come back down
+and it'll be a manageable set you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be a manageable set you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it'll be a manageable set you will
+not have to deal with infinity for it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to deal with infinity for it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have to deal with infinity for it
+uh but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but um
+i've got something to say on that too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got something to say on that too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've got something to say on that too
+but you all have the floor now i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you all have the floor now i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you all have the floor now i don't
+want to take the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think will be complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah but this is sort of an i feel like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but this is sort of an i feel like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but this is sort of an i feel like
+the way we're talking about it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're talking about it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're talking about it is that
+this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+need for sudden breaking sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for sudden breaking sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need for sudden breaking sort of
+if that need for center breaking occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that need for center breaking occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that need for center breaking occurs
+if you choose break grade one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you choose break grade one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you choose break grade one
+there's a certain there's certainty that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain there's certainty that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain there's certainty that
+the driver will be killed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i thought of that slippery slope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought of that slippery slope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i thought of that slippery slope
+analogy and that's why we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy and that's why we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogy and that's why we kind of
+arrived at this perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at this perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrived at this perspective
+to keep the person as safe as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the person as safe as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to keep the person as safe as possible
+because we have all these various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have all these various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have all these various
+components and there's you know risk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and there's you know risk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and there's you know risk of
+a small injury and a risk of death that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small injury and a risk of death that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a small injury and a risk of death that
+maybe the better principle would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the better principle would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the better principle would be to
+aim for a small injury in every case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim for a small injury in every case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aim for a small injury in every case
+because chances are you know these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chances are you know these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because chances are you know these are
+complex systems when you're dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems when you're dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex systems when you're dealing with
+that you know as you multiply that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know as you multiply that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know as you multiply that and
+multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply
+you know if you keep aiming for death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you keep aiming for death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you keep aiming for death
+you know it's guaranteed after a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's guaranteed after a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's guaranteed after a certain
+point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that
+you know it's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's going to happen
+now i'm thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i'm thinking about the
+self-defeating test for the personality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-defeating test for the personality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-defeating test for the personality
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and i'm stuck because if you if you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm stuck because if you if you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm stuck because if you if you have
+the principle that the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle that the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle that the company
+should always aim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always aim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always aim
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+safety to the employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety to the employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safety to the employees
+at whatever cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at whatever cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at whatever cost
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+that principle maybe could be defeated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that principle maybe could be defeated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that principle maybe could be defeated
+because it's company companies will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's company companies will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's company companies will go
+out of business if they're if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of business if they're if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of business if they're if they're
+going for safety at any cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know just to finish my argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know just to finish my argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know just to finish my argument
+but on the side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+being um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being um
+with a death it doesn't cost less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a death it doesn't cost less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a death it doesn't cost less
+if you go to that principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to that principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you go to that principle
+it could also be self-defeating because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be self-defeating because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could also be self-defeating because
+all of your employees are actually good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i guess they've already made a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess they've already made a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i guess they've already made a new
+assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keeping the driver alive is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the driver alive is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping the driver alive is a
+moral thing to do if you ask the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral thing to do if you ask the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral thing to do if you ask the people
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+maybe fifty percent of the private would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe fifty percent of the private would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe fifty percent of the private would
+say that they prefer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they prefer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that they prefer to
+die instantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what i was trying to do was stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i was trying to do was stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i was trying to do was stick
+with a consequentialist approach and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a consequentialist approach and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a consequentialist approach and not
+consider the principle of like the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the principle of like the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the principle of like the value
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+of life versus paralysis from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life versus paralysis from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of life versus paralysis from your
+principle but look at the consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but look at the consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle but look at the consequences
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+is a paralyzed person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paralyzed person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a paralyzed person
+does the paralyzed person produce more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the paralyzed person produce more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the paralyzed person produce more
+utility for the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utility for the world
+and i think we can argue that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we can argue that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think we can argue that
+paraplegics can still be productive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraplegics can still be productive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paraplegics can still be productive in
+our particular society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is anyone here who's expert on cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anyone here who's expert on cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is anyone here who's expert on cost
+benefit analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh when you do cost benefit analysis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you do cost benefit analysis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you do cost benefit analysis uh
+you come up with an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come up with an equation
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+it has profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has profit
+p on the left side of equal sign you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p on the left side of equal sign you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p on the left side of equal sign you
+have all of these terms on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of these terms on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all of these terms on the other
+side and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and you
+optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize
+or maximize the profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maximize the profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maximize the profit
+but in there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make a monetary value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and there's some standard numbers they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some standard numbers they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's some standard numbers they
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i don't know anybody who still does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know anybody who still does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know anybody who still does it
+but you got the sloan school here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you got the sloan school here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you got the sloan school here
+and there's a lot of people who do cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of people who do cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a lot of people who do cost
+benefit analysis uh be interested to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit analysis uh be interested to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benefit analysis uh be interested to see
+what you all say about what they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you all say about what they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you all say about what they do
+these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh any more discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any more discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh any more discussion
+can i get into the act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay i'll get into the act with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'll get into the act with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i'll get into the act with the
+discussion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion that
+my partner and i came up with but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my partner and i came up with but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my partner and i came up with but that
+does not conclude the discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not conclude the discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not conclude the discussion
+uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i
+have forgotten i put the reference down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have forgotten i put the reference down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have forgotten i put the reference down
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+a matter that is significant to probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter that is significant to probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matter that is significant to probably
+what i should be able to get to today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i should be able to get to today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i should be able to get to today
+is uh can you see this can you see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh can you see this can you see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh can you see this can you see this
+this this guy's name is spelled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this guy's name is spelled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this guy's name is spelled
+p-e-i-r-c-e not p-i-e his name is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-e-i-r-c-e not p-i-e his name is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p-e-i-r-c-e not p-i-e his name is not
+pierce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pierce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pierce
+you know this name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this name
+purse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purse
+there's a guy by the name of charles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy by the name of charles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a guy by the name of charles
+sanders purse that we'll be talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanders purse that we'll be talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sanders purse that we'll be talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that's important because if you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important because if you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important because if you're going
+to try to google the person you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to google the person you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to try to google the person you have to
+spell it right and it's the e.i that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell it right and it's the e.i that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spell it right and it's the e.i that
+makes it purse as opposed to the ie that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it purse as opposed to the ie that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes it purse as opposed to the ie that
+makes his pierce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and he was a faculty member there too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was a faculty member there too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was a faculty member there too
+and what got him involved was that he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what got him involved was that he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what got him involved was that he
+had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had
+two young daughters and he was making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two young daughters and he was making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two young daughters and he was making
+his uh analysis in terms of what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh analysis in terms of what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his uh analysis in terms of what he
+thought he should be teaching there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought he should be teaching there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought he should be teaching there
+and when he said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when he said that
+then i said now i've got an unconscious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i said now i've got an unconscious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i said now i've got an unconscious
+dimension to this paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension to this paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension to this paper
+uh so two of so i said you gotta write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so two of so i said you gotta write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so two of so i said you gotta write
+this paper with me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper with me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this paper with me
+and we load it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we load it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we load it up
+now here's the way we ca here's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the way we ca here's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here's the way we ca here's what we
+came out with we struggled with it first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with we struggled with it first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out with we struggled with it first
+and then i'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'll tell you what
+we started off with the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off with the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started off with the um
+utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian
+because the uh impact the ethical impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh impact the ethical impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the uh impact the ethical impact
+on this problem is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this problem is the
+dollar amount of scientific what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar amount of scientific what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollar amount of scientific what's going
+to happen to these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen to these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to happen to these people
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we
+our first iteration came down the blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first iteration came down the blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first iteration came down the blind
+alley we just could not decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alley we just could not decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alley we just could not decide
+that uh death as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh death as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh death as opposed to
+injury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injury
+was better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was better
+or worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or worse
+one experience that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one experience that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one experience that um
+that i had was a high school buddy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i had was a high school buddy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i had was a high school buddy of
+mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine
+uh became a policeman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh became a policeman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh became a policeman
+and he was shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he was shot
+on duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on duty
+in the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back
+and he spent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he spent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he spent
+the rest of his life in the wheelchair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i am not too sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am not too sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am not too sure
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+what he thinks about this as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he thinks about this as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he thinks about this as opposed to
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+dying out right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um
+second thing we what we went to was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we what we went to was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second thing we what we went to was
+the principle that is very effective in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle that is very effective in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the principle that is very effective in
+medical ethics that you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+touched upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touched upon
+was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was
+the principle of informed consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we said that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we said that uh
+it was not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not the
+our solution informs consent solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solution informs consent solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our solution informs consent solution
+was a slight bit different than yours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a slight bit different than yours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a slight bit different than yours
+it's like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like the
+slight difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slight difference
+that was that we did not prescribe and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that we did not prescribe and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was that we did not prescribe and
+then tell them and pay them more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tell them and pay them more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then tell them and pay them more
+what we did was we said we want them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we said we want them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we did was we said we want them in
+on the decision making from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the decision making from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the decision making from the
+beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning
+now you got two or three hundred of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you got two or three hundred of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you got two or three hundred of them
+how can you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you do that
+well we talked about representative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we talked about representative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we talked about representative
+government they've got unions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they've got unions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government they've got unions
+you belong to the team's continue you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you belong to the team's continue you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you belong to the team's continue you
+can have a set of two engineers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a set of two engineers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have a set of two engineers
+and two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+union representative and three drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union representative and three drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union representative and three drivers
+you can kind of work that thing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of work that thing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of work that thing out
+and whatever they decide is what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever they decide is what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and whatever they decide is what we're
+going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do
+uh we drew a boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we drew a boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we drew a boundary
+we said that outside of our outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that outside of our outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that outside of our outside of
+the company when it comes to the dog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company when it comes to the dog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the company when it comes to the dog
+crossing the street or another car that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the street or another car that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crossing the street or another car that
+you may run into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may run into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may run into
+uh that the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that the um
+that we were going to say that our moral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were going to say that our moral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we were going to say that our moral
+obligation was to uphold the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation was to uphold the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation was to uphold the law
+and so we let the law decide outside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we let the law decide outside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we let the law decide outside of
+the boundary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the boundary
+and we did the ethics inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did the ethics inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did the ethics inside
+then we said well on what principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said well on what principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we said well on what principle
+what is remember i gave this long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is remember i gave this long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is remember i gave this long
+dissertation on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissertation on
+kant's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theory of respect for persons that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of respect for persons that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of respect for persons that it
+actually goes back to logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes back to logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually goes back to logic
+is there a logical reason why we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a logical reason why we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there a logical reason why we should
+choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose
+to uh inform consent what is so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh inform consent what is so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh inform consent what is so great
+about information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about information
+so we went back and back and back and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went back and back and back and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we went back and back and back and we
+just could not find a logical principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just could not find a logical principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just could not find a logical principle
+to say that if one consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that if one consent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that if one consent
+uh had the basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had the basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh had the basis
+so then we came back to utilitarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we came back to utilitarianism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then we came back to utilitarianism
+and we came back to it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we came back to it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we came back to it with
+rule utilitarianism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule utilitarianism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule utilitarianism
+that the rule that we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rule that we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rule that we're going to use
+informal consent tends to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal consent tends to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informal consent tends to produce
+good consequences because everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good consequences because everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good consequences because everybody
+feels like they participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so what we had what we then said was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we had what we then said was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we had what we then said was
+that we anticipated among ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we anticipated among ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we anticipated among ourselves
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+truck drivers unions just may say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck drivers unions just may say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck drivers unions just may say well
+look kill me and get it over with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look kill me and get it over with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look kill me and get it over with
+make sure my family gets a big payoff my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure my family gets a big payoff my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure my family gets a big payoff my
+wife get married again my kids can go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife get married again my kids can go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wife get married again my kids can go to
+school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school
+i don't want to sit around in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to sit around in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to sit around in a
+wheelchair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelchair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheelchair
+that still has something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still has something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that still has something
+in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it
+that i want to bring to consciousness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to bring to consciousness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that i want to bring to consciousness
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+in respect for persons we respected the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in respect for persons we respected the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in respect for persons we respected the
+truck drivers to be able to make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck drivers to be able to make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck drivers to be able to make this
+decision better than us i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision better than us i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision better than us i mean
+we're sitting up here with all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sitting up here with all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sitting up here with all our
+degrees and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees and
+and the authority to make this decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the authority to make this decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the authority to make this decision
+uh but we really thought that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we really thought that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but we really thought that these
+truck drivers are the best people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck drivers are the best people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truck drivers are the best people to
+make these decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make these decisions and
+mainly because well mainly because not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly because well mainly because not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly because well mainly because not
+only because they were affected parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because they were affected parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only because they were affected parties
+sometimes that puts you in a worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that puts you in a worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes that puts you in a worse
+situation to make decisions because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to make decisions because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation to make decisions because you
+can be biased and all of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be biased and all of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be biased and all of that
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uh issue was that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the picture we had in our mind was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture we had in our mind was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the picture we had in our mind was a
+young student who just got out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young student who just got out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+young student who just got out of
+college
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college
+given this job to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this job to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given this job to do
+and the picture we had out of the truck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the picture we had out of the truck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the picture we had out of the truck
+driver a 45 year old man with a family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver a 45 year old man with a family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driver a 45 year old man with a family
+that's more mature person's guy can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more mature person's guy can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more mature person's guy can make
+a better decision than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better decision than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better decision than that
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+so that's what we did we also reported
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we did we also reported
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what we did we also reported
+in there that we had given this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that we had given this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there that we had given this problem
+to classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to classes
+uh various undergraduate classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh various undergraduate classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh various undergraduate classes and
+more than one university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one university
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in none of those undergraduate classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in none of those undergraduate classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in none of those undergraduate classes
+did informed consent come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but in all of the graduate classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in all of the graduate classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in all of the graduate classes
+in all of the graduate classes at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of the graduate classes at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all of the graduate classes at least
+at the beginning of the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning of the class
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the discussion was dominated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion was dominated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the discussion was dominated
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+me and my career
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and my career
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and my career
+student got out said i'm gonna i'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student got out said i'm gonna i'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student got out said i'm gonna i'm gonna
+do what's right for the company and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's right for the company and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do what's right for the company and i'm
+gonna advance in that company and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna advance in that company and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna advance in that company and i'm
+saving the money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving the money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving the money
+it's only after the ethical debate got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only after the ethical debate got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's only after the ethical debate got
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+that that uh kind of argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh kind of argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that uh kind of argument
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+lost weight in the class i don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost weight in the class i don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost weight in the class i don't know if
+it lost any weight with the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lost any weight with the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it lost any weight with the individual
+or outside of the class but it did lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or outside of the class but it did lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or outside of the class but it did lose
+weight in the class the students began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight in the class the students began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight in the class the students began
+to turn on that after a while but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn on that after a while but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turn on that after a while but the
+dominant view in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant view in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant view in the beginning
+was what should i do for my career on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what should i do for my career on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what should i do for my career on
+this job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is
+my word and it is not the last word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my word and it is not the last word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my word and it is not the last word
+any more discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+also give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also give me a
+you mean in this case or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean in this case or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you mean in this case or in
+i don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the the breaks were going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the breaks were going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the the breaks were going to be
+within the legal limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so as i said before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i said before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as i said before
+i do want to teach ethics without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do want to teach ethics without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i do want to teach ethics without a
+whole lot of dependency on the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of dependency on the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of dependency on the law
+but the law can be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the law can be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the law can be useful
+because you can say that the public has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can say that the public has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can say that the public has
+a contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a contract
+uh with all of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with all of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh with all of us
+to obey the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obey the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to obey the law
+and so if a person does not want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if a person does not want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so if a person does not want
+to take any kind of risk like this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take any kind of risk like this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take any kind of risk like this then
+they'll go out on the street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll go out on the street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll go out on the street
+well i gotta go out on the street but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i gotta go out on the street but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i gotta go out on the street but
+that's your problem don't take your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your problem don't take your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your problem don't take your
+problem and make it one of my problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and make it one of my problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and make it one of my problems
+okay so it does have some kind of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it does have some kind of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so it does have some kind of an
+effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective
+uh use to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah with that see that's that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with that see that's that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah with that see that's that but
+that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what
+uh for if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for if
+it is complex you can't get all 200 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is complex you can't get all 200 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is complex you can't get all 200 of
+them in there what are you going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in there what are you going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in there what are you going to do
+decide by majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide by majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide by majority
+what's so magical about a majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so magical about a majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's so magical about a majority
+okay uh so uh we just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so uh we just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh so uh we just said
+that it's it's actually another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's actually another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's it's actually another
+imitation of the laws the trial by jury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation of the laws the trial by jury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation of the laws the trial by jury
+you just get a few people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get a few people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just get a few people
+in and make a decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and make a decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and make a decision
+uh based on their and have them in from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on their and have them in from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh based on their and have them in from
+the beginning now there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning now there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning now there's a lot of
+education that has to go on in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education that has to go on in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education that has to go on in there
+they haven't taken the dynamics course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't taken the dynamics course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they haven't taken the dynamics course
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+i think that uh it will that in the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that uh it will that in the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think that uh it will that in the end
+uh was our argument would produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was our argument would produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh was our argument would produce the
+best results it was utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best results it was utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best results it was utilitarian
+but it was not it was rule utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was not it was rule utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was not it was rule utilitarian
+it was not based on the money was based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not based on the money was based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was not based on the money was based
+on what that group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what that group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what that group
+had to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it seems like informed consent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like informed consent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it seems like informed consent
+is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's easy to ascribe to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to ascribe to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to ascribe to
+the respect for persons because with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the respect for persons because with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the respect for persons because with
+informed consent you're respecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed consent you're respecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informed consent you're respecting
+a person's moral agency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person's moral agency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a person's moral agency
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+make decisions about his or her quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions about his or her quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make decisions about his or her quality
+so you're sort of respecting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're sort of respecting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're sort of respecting that
+person's freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+then that's based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that's based on
+categorical imperative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical imperative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+categorical imperative
+to treat other people as it ends you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat other people as it ends you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to treat other people as it ends you
+know a free end to themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but some i must be wrong somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some i must be wrong somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some i must be wrong somewhere
+because you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're saying
+no i'm not saying you're wrong i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm not saying you're wrong i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no i'm not saying you're wrong i'm
+saying we couldn't find it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we couldn't find it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying we couldn't find it yeah
+uh we had problems with that we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had problems with that we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we had problems with that we just
+couldn't say can i just reason it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't say can i just reason it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't say can i just reason it out
+that informed consent even though it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that informed consent even though it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that informed consent even though it is
+respecting persons other things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respecting persons other things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respecting persons other things are
+respecting persons how do i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respecting persons how do i get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respecting persons how do i get
+to something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to something
+okay let me speak in pedestrian terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me speak in pedestrian terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let me speak in pedestrian terms
+here we are looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we are looking for
+for a an argument that we can hang our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a an argument that we can hang our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a an argument that we can hang our
+hand we'll say we have to we may go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we'll say we have to we may go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand we'll say we have to we may go
+before our judge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before our judge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before our judge
+we may go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may go for
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+new york
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york
+times uh we may have to go to a pta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh we may have to go to a pta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times uh we may have to go to a pta
+meeting and have to defend ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and have to defend ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting and have to defend ourselves
+with all of those parents in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of those parents in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all of those parents in that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i
+go in there and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in there and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go in there and get
+with people who are opposed to what i've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people who are opposed to what i've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with people who are opposed to what i've
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+and walk out of there with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk out of there with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and walk out of there with people
+supporting what i've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting what i've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporting what i've done
+can i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can i do that
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+my best chance at doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best chance at doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my best chance at doing that
+is to anchor what i have to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to anchor what i have to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to anchor what i have to say
+on the great books of uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the great books of uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the great books of uh of
+of of american culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of american culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of american culture
+okay i've got to be able to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i've got to be able to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i've got to be able to say that
+what i am doing here is consistent with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i am doing here is consistent with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i am doing here is consistent with
+this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and there's gonna be somebody in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's gonna be somebody in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's gonna be somebody in there
+who's going to take me to task and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to take me to task and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to take me to task and who's
+going to know what they're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to know what they're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to know what they're talking about
+okay i learned that one time i went you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i learned that one time i went you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i learned that one time i went you
+ready for this i gave an ethics lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for this i gave an ethics lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ready for this i gave an ethics lecture
+in a prison once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are the sociology fact faculty had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sociology fact faculty had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sociology fact faculty had
+a grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a grant
+to uh introduce uh the prisoners to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh introduce uh the prisoners to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh introduce uh the prisoners to the
+various professions and i had to go down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various professions and i had to go down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various professions and i had to go down
+there and talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and talk about
+engineering and ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering and ethics
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i'm sitting i'm giving this lecture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sitting i'm giving this lecture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm sitting i'm giving this lecture in
+this lecture hall it must be 100 inmates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture hall it must be 100 inmates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture hall it must be 100 inmates
+in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there
+and 30 or 40 of them had read aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 30 or 40 of them had read aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 30 or 40 of them had read aristotle
+and played all they got nothing else to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and played all they got nothing else to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and played all they got nothing else to
+do they read that stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they read that stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they read that stuff
+okay so you so you got to be ready you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you so you got to be ready you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you so you got to be ready you
+can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't
+tell who's going to be ready to take you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell who's going to be ready to take you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell who's going to be ready to take you
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+uh so that's i guess the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's i guess the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that's i guess the most important
+thing i want to do in the class and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i want to do in the class and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing i want to do in the class and that
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+to say that if you really want to hang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that if you really want to hang
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say that if you really want to hang
+your head on something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head on something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your head on something that's
+substantial and try your best to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial and try your best to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial and try your best to get
+people to follow you not just to defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to follow you not just to defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to follow you not just to defend
+yourself or just to find the right way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or just to find the right way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself or just to find the right way
+but to get somebody to support and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get somebody to support and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to get somebody to support and
+follow you then you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow you then you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow you then you're going to have to
+say put one of the great books on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say put one of the great books on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say put one of the great books on the
+table and justify what you're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and justify what you're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and justify what you're doing is
+consistent with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent with that
+and that you've made some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you've made some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that you've made some kind of
+decisions as to where the big books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions as to where the big books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions as to where the big books
+may not apply to your particular case or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not apply to your particular case or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not apply to your particular case or
+how to apply to your case or the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to apply to your case or the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to apply to your case or the next
+way to do it is to come in there with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is to come in there with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to do it is to come in there with
+say here are the three great books on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here are the three great books on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say here are the three great books on
+this subject and none of them apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject and none of them apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this subject and none of them apply to
+this case so i have to come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so i have to come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case so i have to come up with
+something totally new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something totally new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something totally new
+that's fair enough too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but don't go in there just talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay another thing about this uh problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another thing about this uh problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay another thing about this uh problem
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which has pedagogical value um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has pedagogical value um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which has pedagogical value um
+is best illustrated next problem i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best illustrated next problem i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is best illustrated next problem i'm
+going to put up and i think i can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put up and i think i can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put up and i think i can go
+through the next problem real quick it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the next problem real quick it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the next problem real quick it's
+another dynamics problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay don't worry about all of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay don't worry about all of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay don't worry about all of the stuff
+let me see turn off this light a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see turn off this light a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me see turn off this light a little
+bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now this is this is a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is this is a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now this is this is a problem
+and i'm going to give you the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to give you the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to give you the first
+reading and then the second reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and then the second reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading and then the second reading
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the only thing you really need to see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you really need to see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing you really need to see in
+this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem
+is this little figure here you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this little figure here you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this little figure here you got a
+person a man pushing a box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and there's the free body diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and the first formulation of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the first formulation of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the first formulation of the
+problem is sounds like it comes right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is sounds like it comes right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is sounds like it comes right
+out of out of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of out of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of out of uh
+out of a physics book uh you're given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a physics book uh you're given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a physics book uh you're given
+the coefficients of coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients of coefficients
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of um
+friction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friction
+uh you're given the static coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're given the static coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you're given the static coefficient
+coefficient and the kinetic coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the kinetic coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient and the kinetic coefficient
+and you tell you say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you tell you say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you tell you say how
+much the box weighs and you say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the box weighs and you say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the box weighs and you say the
+person can put 125 pound force on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can put 125 pound force on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person can put 125 pound force on the
+box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box
+and how fast will the box accelerate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how fast will the box accelerate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how fast will the box accelerate
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now this becomes an ethical problem when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this becomes an ethical problem when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this becomes an ethical problem when
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+give them this picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them this picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give them this picture
+so it's not a little box on the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a little box on the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not a little box on the ground
+the box is tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box is tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box is tall
+and the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the question is
+where does the worker put his hands on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the worker put his hands on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the worker put his hands on
+the box so that the box doesn't tip back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box so that the box doesn't tip back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box so that the box doesn't tip back
+on and fall back on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and fall back on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and fall back on top of
+so now what happens is that the student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what happens is that the student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now what happens is that the student
+walks into a dynamics class and is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks into a dynamics class and is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walks into a dynamics class and is given
+an easy problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an easy problem
+but then the professor says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the professor says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then the professor says
+uh give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh give me
+tell me what ethical dimensions are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what ethical dimensions are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me what ethical dimensions are in
+the problem and now you wind up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem and now you wind up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem and now you wind up with a
+significantly harder problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly harder problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly harder problem
+and this problem now tells you that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this problem now tells you that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this problem now tells you that well
+when you analyze that problem you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you analyze that problem you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you analyze that problem you come
+up with um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with um
+the answer is 2.9 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+under 2.9 feet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 2.9 feet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 2.9 feet
+pushing at 125 pounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing at 125 pounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing at 125 pounds
+the box is going to tip back over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box is going to tip back over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the box is going to tip back over
+and crush them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crush them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crush them
+and crush the worker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crush the worker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and crush the worker
+so what you've got to do then is if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you've got to do then is if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you've got to do then is if this
+is a warehouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a warehouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a warehouse
+uh that you've got to paint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you've got to paint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that you've got to paint
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+part of the box 2.9 feet below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the box 2.9 feet below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the box 2.9 feet below
+and say do you know do not push here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say do you know do not push here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say do you know do not push here
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+then some smart student will come in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some smart student will come in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some smart student will come in and
+say oh wait a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh wait a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh wait a minute
+put another person on the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put another person on the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put another person on the other end
+so you got other people walking around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got other people walking around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you got other people walking around
+in there you don't want the person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you don't want the person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there you don't want the person who's
+pushing the box just to save himself you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the box just to save himself you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing the box just to save himself you
+don't want him to push it too high to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want him to push it too high to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want him to push it too high to
+the point where it falls over on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where it falls over on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where it falls over on
+somebody on the other side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the other side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody on the other side
+so now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now you have to
+make another calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make another calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make another calculation
+as to how high it will go i'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to how high it will go i'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as to how high it will go i'm not
+showing that solution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that solution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing that solution here
+and in the end there's a there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end there's a there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end there's a there's a
+there's a zone in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a zone in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a zone in the middle
+where you say push here only and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say push here only and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you say push here only and you
+paint that one green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint that one green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paint that one green
+and below and above you paint it red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and below and above you paint it red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and below and above you paint it red
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i bring this problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bring this problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i bring this problem in
+in addition to the other one because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the other one because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to the other one because
+uh it has pedagogical value uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has pedagogical value uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it has pedagogical value uh
+the more that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more that
+professors want to introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors want to introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors want to introduce
+ethical material into their classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical material into their classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical material into their classes
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+than all they have to do is look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all they have to do is look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than all they have to do is look at the
+problem statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem statement
+and either change the problem statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either change the problem statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and either change the problem statement
+a look a little bit make it personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look a little bit make it personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look a little bit make it personal
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+draw the picture in such a way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the picture in such a way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the picture in such a way that the
+student cannot avoid taking it personal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student cannot avoid taking it personal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student cannot avoid taking it personal
+and that's what this one did it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this one did it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this one did it was very
+subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle
+it made the box tall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made the box tall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it made the box tall
+and made the guy look like he was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made the guy look like he was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made the guy look like he was
+pushing it at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing it at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing it at the bottom
+remember if the box was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if the box was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember if the box was
+short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short
+like that then that question wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that then that question wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that then that question wouldn't
+come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh this is one of the things that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is one of the things that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh this is one of the things that i
+think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that
+in pedagogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pedagogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pedagogy
+that uh if i had things my way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if i had things my way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh if i had things my way
+uh all professors would have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+formally trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally trained
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in pedagogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pedagogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in pedagogy
+and learn some of these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn some of these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and learn some of these things and
+formally trained does not mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally trained does not mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formally trained does not mean
+necessarily taking courses meaning you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily taking courses meaning you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily taking courses meaning you
+have to read a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to read a book
+and train yourself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and train yourself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and train yourself
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's good for college professors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good for college professors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good for college professors
+you don't have to tell them well you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to tell them well you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to tell them well you got
+to get three hours credit and death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get three hours credit and death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get three hours credit and death
+but you give a seminar on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you give a seminar on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you give a seminar on this
+then they go back and read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go back and read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they go back and read it
+and i'll give you a name i don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you a name i don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll give you a name i don't have
+the reference uh the name is michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference uh the name is michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference uh the name is michael
+davis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+davis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+davis
+now michael davis wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um
+book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+he wrote a couple of books several books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a couple of books several books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he wrote a couple of books several books
+and he's written a lot of papers he's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's written a lot of papers he's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's written a lot of papers he's at
+the illinois institute of technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illinois institute of technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illinois institute of technology
+but one of his works which i have to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of his works which i have to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but one of his works which i have to get
+in my position i don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my position i don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my position i don't have
+uh takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh takes
+which is a final report from an nsf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a final report from an nsf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a final report from an nsf
+grant that he had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant that he had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grant that he had
+and i saw the final report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i saw the final report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i saw the final report
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+i think it was the final report i saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it was the final report i saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think it was the final report i saw
+but it had something to do with his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it had something to do with his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it had something to do with his
+research that he published some parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that he published some parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research that he published some parts of
+his reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his reasoning
+what he did was he took a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did was he took a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what he did was he took a lot of
+engineering problems from various fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering problems from various fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering problems from various fields
+of engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of engineering
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+xerox right out of the textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xerox right out of the textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xerox right out of the textbook
+and then he took those problems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he took those problems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then he took those problems and
+change the wording very slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the wording very slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the wording very slightly
+to get the ethical dimension into it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the ethical dimension into it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get the ethical dimension into it
+uh and then he argued that that if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then he argued that that if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then he argued that that if the
+problem is stated differently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is stated differently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is stated differently
+then as in the first case and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as in the first case and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as in the first case and this this
+is really significant about the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really significant about the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really significant about the first
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+that depending on your ethical judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depending on your ethical judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depending on your ethical judgment
+while you are doing the problem you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you are doing the problem you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you are doing the problem you may
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+one or another different answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+slow breaks or heavy breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow breaks or heavy breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow breaks or heavy breaks
+so it can affect your answer to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can affect your answer to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it can affect your answer to a
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+so those go that goes back to the bbq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those go that goes back to the bbq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those go that goes back to the bbq
+metaphors again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors again
+uh so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+what i would like to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would like to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i would like to do
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is to as a homework problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to as a homework problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to as a homework problem
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um let's see how about the first class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see how about the first class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's see how about the first class
+after the break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the break
+find a technical problem in some area of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a technical problem in some area of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a technical problem in some area of
+engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i'm interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm interested in
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the wording of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wording of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wording of the problem
+or changing and change it as slight as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or changing and change it as slight as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or changing and change it as slight as
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+uh and see if you can't make the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and see if you can't make the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and see if you can't make the problem
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+have a clear ethical dimension to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clear ethical dimension to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a clear ethical dimension to it
+and make a comment as to whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a comment as to whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make a comment as to whether or not
+that change is the answer to the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh i don't have to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh i don't have to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh i don't have to understand the
+problem if you come in here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you come in here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem if you come in here with
+something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in
+environmental chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environmental chemistry
+that's fine as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine as long as
+you as i can understand it as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as i can understand it as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you as i can understand it as well as
+i've explained this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've explained this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've explained this one
+but it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's important
+for me to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me to see
+a technical solution and it's important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technical solution and it's important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a technical solution and it's important
+for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me
+for you to tell me in this technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to tell me in this technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you to tell me in this technical
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+that you have to make this change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make this change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have to make this change right
+there i don't need to understand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i don't need to understand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there i don't need to understand that
+but i need to understand that it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i need to understand that it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i need to understand that it's in
+the body of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the body of the problem
+that you're making that that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making that that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're making that that your
+ethical decision has an effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical decision has an effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethical decision has an effect
+uh makes uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh makes uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh makes uh
+has an effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you can do a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can do a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can do a paper
+a research paper out of a journal you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a research paper out of a journal you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a research paper out of a journal you
+can do a paper out of a textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a paper out of a textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do a paper out of a textbook
+i mean sorry you know sample problem out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean sorry you know sample problem out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean sorry you know sample problem out
+of a textbook that might even be better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a textbook that might even be better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a textbook that might even be better
+just xerox a sample problem out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just xerox a sample problem out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just xerox a sample problem out of a
+textbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+textbook
+reword it and then make a comment like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reword it and then make a comment like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reword it and then make a comment like
+an arrow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arrow
+in the problem of how of where exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem of how of where exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem of how of where exactly
+in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the problem
+that ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ethical
+uh dimension is going to affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dimension is going to affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dimension is going to affect
+the solution of the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh you mean in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you mean in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you mean in this case
+in this case it introduced a whole new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it introduced a whole new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case it introduced a whole new
+problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem
+uh it not only gave the acceleration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it not only gave the acceleration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it not only gave the acceleration
+which i which was asked for at first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i which was asked for at first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i which was asked for at first
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+uh it's in here someplace it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's still valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still valid
+a sub cm is still valid but it gave an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub cm is still valid but it gave an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub cm is still valid but it gave an
+additional answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional answer
+uh which was this distance h
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before h wasn't in the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh but the solution is in there simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the solution is in there simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the solution is in there simply
+okay um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we are ready to go in uh to uh the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are ready to go in uh to uh the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are ready to go in uh to uh the third
+major approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i think i have uh my calculation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i have uh my calculation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i think i have uh my calculation is
+what three minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what three minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what three minutes
+yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what we
+have done and will continue to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done and will continue to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have done and will continue to do
+is to look at ethics the way aristotle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at ethics the way aristotle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to look at ethics the way aristotle
+looks at ethics and that is from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at ethics and that is from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks at ethics and that is from the
+standpoint of your reason and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of your reason and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint of your reason and your
+experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+your argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your argument
+and the style of your argumentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the style of your argumentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the style of your argumentation
+and we looked at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we looked at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we looked at two
+uh large categories of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh large categories of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh large categories of that
+utilitarian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+utilitarian
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+deontological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one having more to do with the mind one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one having more to do with the mind one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one having more to do with the mind one
+having to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having to do
+experiment with nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment with nature
+or test from nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or test from nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or test from nature
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+plato is not talked about much anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato is not talked about much anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plato is not talked about much anymore
+and i'll tell you why in the next class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you why in the next class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll tell you why in the next class
+uh but what he wants to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but what he wants to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but what he wants to talk about is
+character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character
+and if you have a virtuous character and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a virtuous character and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you have a virtuous character and
+he can define what what virtues he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can define what what virtues he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can define what what virtues he's
+talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about
+uh that if you have a virtuous character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that if you have a virtuous character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that if you have a virtuous character
+then the real issue is not so much what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the real issue is not so much what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the real issue is not so much what
+you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do
+or what you recommend the real issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you recommend the real issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you recommend the real issue is
+whether or not you suffer when you make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you suffer when you make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether or not you suffer when you make
+the decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the decision
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+if it can have an impact on somebody you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it can have an impact on somebody you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it can have an impact on somebody you
+feel pain for them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel pain for them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel pain for them
+that's the bottom line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bottom line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the bottom line
+so good character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so good character
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we don't deal with character in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't deal with character in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't deal with character in the
+western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+western
+academic world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+academic world
+we leave that to religion outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave that to religion outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we leave that to religion outside
+of the academy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the academy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the academy
+but it used to be taught in the western
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it used to be taught in the western
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it used to be taught in the western
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world
+and now there's some talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now there's some talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now there's some talk about it
+coming back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming back
+and so what i'm going to now do is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i'm going to now do is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what i'm going to now do is to
+talk about a method uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a method uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about a method uh
+of dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of dealing with
+a problem like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem like this
+in this other category it's not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this other category it's not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this other category it's not exactly
+virtual ethics but the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the central feature of the technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central feature of the technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central feature of the technique
+is to take a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+replace one of the characters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace one of the characters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace one of the characters in the
+problem with a fictitious character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with a fictitious character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with a fictitious character
+and then work the problem out as a story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then work the problem out as a story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then work the problem out as a story
+and get your solution that way the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get your solution that way the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get your solution that way the key
+is to which character do you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to which character do you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to which character do you choose
+which fictitious character and on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which fictitious character and on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which fictitious character and on what
+basis do you choose that character and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis do you choose that character and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basis do you choose that character and
+secondly when you work that person out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly when you work that person out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly when you work that person out
+do you come up with a believable story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you come up with a believable story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you come up with a believable story
+in a classroom anything you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a classroom anything you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a classroom anything you come up with
+you can justify as believable because i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can justify as believable because i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can justify as believable because i
+can't say it's not believable all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say it's not believable all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't say it's not believable all right
+but in the real world it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the real world it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the real world it's going to be
+believable or not believable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable or not believable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believable or not believable because
+some mother with her child
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mother with her child
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some mother with her child
+who had who's going to who's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had who's going to who's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who had who's going to who's going to be
+exposed to your decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to your decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposed to your decision
+uh is either going to believe it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is either going to believe it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is either going to believe it or
+won't now that's the real test that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't now that's the real test that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't now that's the real test that
+you're going to get in an ethical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get in an ethical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get in an ethical
+situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation
+and we can't forget that just because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can't forget that just because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can't forget that just because
+we're sitting in here in the classroom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sitting in here in the classroom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're sitting in here in the classroom
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh and then we've got work to do on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we've got work to do on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we've got work to do on
+friday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friday
+all right and i'll give you a final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and i'll give you a final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and i'll give you a final
+briefing on that on fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we do have class on thursday friday's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have class on thursday friday's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have class on thursday friday's
+makeup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll tell you one thing that was helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you one thing that was helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll tell you one thing that was helpful
+to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me
+i got on the web and i googled norway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got on the web and i googled norway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i got on the web and i googled norway
+and i and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and um
+and plagiarism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plagiarism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plagiarism
+and i came up with some news articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i came up with some news articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i came up with some news articles
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+apparently there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparently there's
+a lot going on in norway in the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot going on in norway in the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot going on in norway in the uh
+colleges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleges
+with respect to plagiarism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to plagiarism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to plagiarism
+and it seems to be a repeat of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems to be a repeat of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it seems to be a repeat of what
+we're getting in high schools here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting in high schools here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting in high schools here
+some students are downloading answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students are downloading answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some students are downloading answers
+on tests from the web on the cell phones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+see you on thursday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/e99nsCAsJrw.txt b/e99nsCAsJrw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5c469a2949457115580de23e60b480c364415feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/e99nsCAsJrw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2451 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thin layer chromatography or TLC is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin layer chromatography or TLC is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin layer chromatography or TLC is a
+common analytical technique used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common analytical technique used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common analytical technique used in
+organic Laboratories TLC can be helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic Laboratories TLC can be helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organic Laboratories TLC can be helpful
+when you are trying to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are trying to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are trying to identify the
+components of a mixture or assess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a mixture or assess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components of a mixture or assess the
+purity of a sample it is also used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity of a sample it is also used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purity of a sample it is also used to
+monitor both reactions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor both reactions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor both reactions and
+purifications it can take some time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purifications it can take some time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purifications it can take some time to
+become a pro at TLC but this video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a pro at TLC but this video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become a pro at TLC but this video
+should help to familiarize you with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should help to familiarize you with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should help to familiarize you with the
+basic technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+TLC plates are composed of a thin layer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC plates are composed of a thin layer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC plates are composed of a thin layer
+of a polar absorbent either silica or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polar absorbent either silica or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a polar absorbent either silica or
+alumina which has been bound to a plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina which has been bound to a plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumina which has been bound to a plate
+of solid support generally plastic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solid support generally plastic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of solid support generally plastic or
+glass in most cases a fluorescent powder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass in most cases a fluorescent powder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass in most cases a fluorescent powder
+is also mixed in with the absorbent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also mixed in with the absorbent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also mixed in with the absorbent to
+Aid with visualization as you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aid with visualization as you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Aid with visualization as you will see
+later in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video a sample is applied to a TLC plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video a sample is applied to a TLC plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video a sample is applied to a TLC plate
+using a thin glass spotter micropipets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a thin glass spotter micropipets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a thin glass spotter micropipets
+such as the one shown here can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the one shown here can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the one shown here can be used
+and are conveniently commercially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are conveniently commercially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are conveniently commercially
+available however in many Laboratories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available however in many Laboratories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available however in many Laboratories
+TLC spotters are prepared by Heating and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC spotters are prepared by Heating and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC spotters are prepared by Heating and
+pulling capillary tubes or disposable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling capillary tubes or disposable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulling capillary tubes or disposable
+pasture pip pets one benefit of making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasture pip pets one benefit of making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pasture pip pets one benefit of making
+your own spotters is that these homemade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own spotters is that these homemade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own spotters is that these homemade
+spotters are usually thinner than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotters are usually thinner than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spotters are usually thinner than
+commercially available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercially available
+micropipets you can watch the advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micropipets you can watch the advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micropipets you can watch the advanced
+thin layer chromatography video for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin layer chromatography video for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin layer chromatography video for a
+demonstration of this procedure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+once a TLC plate has been spotted with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a TLC plate has been spotted with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once a TLC plate has been spotted with a
+sample it is developed in a developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it is developed in a developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it is developed in a developing
+chamber that can easily be assembled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber that can easily be assembled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber that can easily be assembled
+from a glass jar with a lid a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a glass jar with a lid a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a glass jar with a lid a piece of
+filter paper and 5 to 10 mL of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter paper and 5 to 10 mL of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter paper and 5 to 10 mL of an
+appropriate developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate developing
+solvent before you get started make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent before you get started make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent before you get started make sure
+you also have a pair of tweezers a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have a pair of tweezers a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have a pair of tweezers a
+pencil and a ruler close at hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+assembling the developing chamber is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling the developing chamber is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assembling the developing chamber is
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+straightforward first Slide the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward first Slide the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward first Slide the filter
+paper into the jar so that it is flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper into the jar so that it is flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper into the jar so that it is flat
+against the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the
+wall next pour an approximately 8 mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall next pour an approximately 8 mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall next pour an approximately 8 mm
+layer of the appropriate developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the appropriate developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of the appropriate developing
+solvent into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent into the
+jar tilt the jar to moisten the filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar tilt the jar to moisten the filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jar tilt the jar to moisten the filter
+paper and close the lid to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and close the lid to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and close the lid to prevent
+evaporation you should end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation you should end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation you should end up with a
+layer of Sol vent no more than 5 to 8 mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of Sol vent no more than 5 to 8 mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer of Sol vent no more than 5 to 8 mm
+deep the moist filter paper ensures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep the moist filter paper ensures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep the moist filter paper ensures that
+the air in the chamber is saturated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air in the chamber is saturated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air in the chamber is saturated with
+solvent Vapor it prevents evaporation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent Vapor it prevents evaporation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent Vapor it prevents evaporation of
+solvent from the TLC plate during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent from the TLC plate during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent from the TLC plate during
+development once you have put together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development once you have put together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development once you have put together
+your developing chamber it is time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your developing chamber it is time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your developing chamber it is time to
+prepare the TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate in this video plastic backed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate in this video plastic backed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate in this video plastic backed
+alumin plates will be used for more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumin plates will be used for more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alumin plates will be used for more
+information on preparing glass plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on preparing glass plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on preparing glass plates
+you can watch the advanced TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video before you start there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video before you start there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video before you start there are a few
+things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things to
+remember always use a pencil and never a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember always use a pencil and never a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember always use a pencil and never a
+pen to mark your TLC plates ink is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen to mark your TLC plates ink is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pen to mark your TLC plates ink is
+soluble in organic solvents and will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble in organic solvents and will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soluble in organic solvents and will be
+developed along with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed along with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed along with your
+sample make sure that you always Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample make sure that you always Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample make sure that you always Mark
+and spot your sample on the dull and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spot your sample on the dull and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and spot your sample on the dull and not
+the shiny side of the TLC plate remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shiny side of the TLC plate remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shiny side of the TLC plate remember
+the dull side is coated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dull side is coated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dull side is coated with the
+absorbent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorbent
+even though you should be wearing gloves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you should be wearing gloves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though you should be wearing gloves
+while handling TLC plates it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while handling TLC plates it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while handling TLC plates it is
+important that you do not touch the face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you do not touch the face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important that you do not touch the face
+of the plate with your fingers oils from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plate with your fingers oils from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plate with your fingers oils from
+your skin or other contaminants can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your skin or other contaminants can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your skin or other contaminants can
+absorb to the plate and affect your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+results before you can apply your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results before you can apply your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results before you can apply your sample
+to a TLC plate it is important to Mark
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a TLC plate it is important to Mark
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a TLC plate it is important to Mark
+the plate so that you can keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate so that you can keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate so that you can keep track of
+where the sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the sample is
+applied one way to do this is to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied one way to do this is to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied one way to do this is to draw a
+straight line approximately 1 cm from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line approximately 1 cm from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line approximately 1 cm from
+the bottom of the plate draw small ticks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the plate draw small ticks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom of the plate draw small ticks
+through the line at each point where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the line at each point where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the line at each point where you
+will apply a spot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sample it is important that the spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it is important that the spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample it is important that the spots
+are not too close to the edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too close to the edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not too close to the edge of the
+plate or evaporation from the sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate or evaporation from the sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate or evaporation from the sides of
+the plate will result in inconsistent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate will result in inconsistent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plate will result in inconsistent
+results it is also important that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results it is also important that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results it is also important that the
+spots are not too close together or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots are not too close together or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots are not too close together or you
+will end up with overlapping spots after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up with overlapping spots after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will end up with overlapping spots after
+you develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you develop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you develop the
+plate a applying your sample to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate a applying your sample to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate a applying your sample to the
+plate is probably the trickiest part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate is probably the trickiest part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate is probably the trickiest part of
+TLC and it may take some practice before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC and it may take some practice before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLC and it may take some practice before
+you can consistently apply the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consistently apply the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consistently apply the right
+amount of sample in a small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of sample in a small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of sample in a small enough
+spot your TLC sample should be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot your TLC sample should be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot your TLC sample should be fairly
+dilute containing approximately 1 to 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute containing approximately 1 to 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilute containing approximately 1 to 2%
+of the desired compound if the sample is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the desired compound if the sample is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the desired compound if the sample is
+too dilute you will not be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too dilute you will not be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too dilute you will not be able to
+visualize the spots if the sample is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the spots if the sample is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualize the spots if the sample is too
+concentrated you will observe large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated you will observe large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrated you will observe large
+streaky spots on your final plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to spot the plate dip the glass spotter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spot the plate dip the glass spotter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spot the plate dip the glass spotter
+into the sample and touch it lightly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sample and touch it lightly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the sample and touch it lightly and
+quickly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate wait briefly for the solvent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate wait briefly for the solvent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate wait briefly for the solvent to
+dissolve before spotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again generally one to three spots will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suffice it is crucial that you do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice it is crucial that you do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suffice it is crucial that you do not
+leave the spotter on the plate for too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the spotter on the plate for too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the spotter on the plate for too
+long or you will will end up with large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long or you will will end up with large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long or you will will end up with large
+diffus spots it's difficult to separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffus spots it's difficult to separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffus spots it's difficult to separate
+mixtures on a TLC plate when the spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures on a TLC plate when the spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixtures on a TLC plate when the spots
+are too big try to keep the spots 1 to 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too big try to keep the spots 1 to 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too big try to keep the spots 1 to 2
+mm in diameter the smaller the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm in diameter the smaller the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mm in diameter the smaller the
+better once you have applied your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better once you have applied your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better once you have applied your sample
+and the spots have dried it's time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spots have dried it's time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the spots have dried it's time to
+develop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate using your tweezers pick up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate using your tweezers pick up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate using your tweezers pick up the
+plate and place it in the developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate and place it in the developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate and place it in the developing
+chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+make sure that the solvent level is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the solvent level is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the solvent level is
+below the spots on the plate otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the spots on the plate otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below the spots on the plate otherwise
+you will end up with your sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will end up with your sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will end up with your sample
+dissolved in the developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in the developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissolved in the developing
+solvent replace the cap to prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent replace the cap to prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent replace the cap to prevent
+evaporation of solvent off of the plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation of solvent off of the plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaporation of solvent off of the plate
+and try not to let the edges of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try not to let the edges of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and try not to let the edges of the
+plate touch the filter paper this will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate touch the filter paper this will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate touch the filter paper this will
+disturb the capillary motion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb the capillary motion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturb the capillary motion of the
+solvent on the plate keep a close eye on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent on the plate keep a close eye on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent on the plate keep a close eye on
+the solvent front do not let the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent front do not let the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent front do not let the solvent
+get closer than 5 to 10 mm from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer than 5 to 10 mm from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer than 5 to 10 mm from the top
+of the plate when the solvent front gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plate when the solvent front gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the plate when the solvent front gets
+too close to the top evaporation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close to the top evaporation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too close to the top evaporation from
+the top of the plate becomes a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the plate becomes a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of the plate becomes a problem
+the spots keep moving up the plate but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots keep moving up the plate but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spots keep moving up the plate but
+the solvent front appears to stop this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent front appears to stop this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solvent front appears to stop this
+leads to incorrect RF values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to incorrect RF values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leads to incorrect RF values
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when the solvent front has reached an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the solvent front has reached an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the solvent front has reached an
+appropriate height remove the plate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate height remove the plate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate height remove the plate and
+immediately draw a line at the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately draw a line at the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately draw a line at the solvent
+front this line will be necessary for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this line will be necessary for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front this line will be necessary for
+the calculation of RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+values when the compound of interest is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values when the compound of interest is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values when the compound of interest is
+brightly colored no extra steps need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightly colored no extra steps need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brightly colored no extra steps need to
+be taken to visualize the spots however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken to visualize the spots however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taken to visualize the spots however
+most organic compounds are colorless and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organic compounds are colorless and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most organic compounds are colorless and
+can not be seen on a TLC plate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can not be seen on a TLC plate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can not be seen on a TLC plate with the
+naked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naked
+eye fortunately most TLC plates contain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye fortunately most TLC plates contain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye fortunately most TLC plates contain
+an additive that causes the plates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive that causes the plates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an additive that causes the plates to
+fluoresce under ultraviolet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce under ultraviolet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluoresce under ultraviolet
+light certain UV active compounds are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light certain UV active compounds are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light certain UV active compounds are
+capable of quenching this fluorescent as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of quenching this fluorescent as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of quenching this fluorescent as
+a result they appear as dark spots on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result they appear as dark spots on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a result they appear as dark spots on
+the glowing TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glowing TLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the glowing TLC
+plate UV lamps such as this one are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate UV lamps such as this one are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate UV lamps such as this one are
+commonly found in Laboratories for just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly found in Laboratories for just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commonly found in Laboratories for just
+this purpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this purpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this purpose
+just place your plate under the lamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just place your plate under the lamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just place your plate under the lamp
+turn it on and mark the spot with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pencil a number of TLC Stains have also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil a number of TLC Stains have also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil a number of TLC Stains have also
+been developed to Aid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed to Aid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed to Aid in the
+visualization of spots that cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of spots that cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization of spots that cannot be
+seen under a UV light you can watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen under a UV light you can watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen under a UV light you can watch the
+advanced thin layer chromatography video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced thin layer chromatography video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced thin layer chromatography video
+for a demonstration of a few of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a demonstration of a few of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a demonstration of a few of these
+staining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staining
+procedures TLC data is described in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures TLC data is described in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+procedures TLC data is described in
+terms of of RF values under a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of of RF values under a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of of RF values under a specific
+set of conditions a particular compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of conditions a particular compound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of conditions a particular compound
+should always exhibit the same RF let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always exhibit the same RF let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should always exhibit the same RF let's
+quickly run through the procedure for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly run through the procedure for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly run through the procedure for
+calculating an RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating an RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating an RF
+Value First measure the distance from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value First measure the distance from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value First measure the distance from
+where the spot started on the plate to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the spot started on the plate to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the spot started on the plate to
+where it ended up always measure from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it ended up always measure from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it ended up always measure from
+the center of the final spot we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the final spot we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center of the final spot we'll call
+this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance
+a next measure the distance from where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a next measure the distance from where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a next measure the distance from where
+the spot started to where the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot started to where the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot started to where the solvent
+front end it up we'll call this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end it up we'll call this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end it up we'll call this distance
+B do not measure from the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B do not measure from the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B do not measure from the bottom of the
+plate this is a common mistake that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate this is a common mistake that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate this is a common mistake that will
+lead to incorrect RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to incorrect RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to incorrect RF
+values the RF value is defined as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the RF value is defined as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values the RF value is defined as the
+ratio between the distance the spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between the distance the spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratio between the distance the spot
+moved a and the distance the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved a and the distance the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved a and the distance the solvent
+moved B this value is dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved B this value is dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved B this value is dependent on the
+polarity of the compound and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of the compound and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of the compound and the
+polarity of the developing solvent polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of the developing solvent polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of the developing solvent polar
+compounds will have lower RF values than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds will have lower RF values than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds will have lower RF values than
+nonpolar compounds under the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpolar compounds under the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonpolar compounds under the same
+developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conditions this series of plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions this series of plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions this series of plates
+illustrates the effect of solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the effect of solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the effect of solvent
+polarity on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity on
+RF as the polarity of the developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF as the polarity of the developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF as the polarity of the developing
+solvent is increased from left to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent is increased from left to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent is increased from left to right
+the spot moves further up the plate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot moves further up the plate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spot moves further up the plate the
+value of a gets larger while the solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a gets larger while the solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a gets larger while the solvent
+front B stays the same increasing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front B stays the same increasing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front B stays the same increasing the
+polarity of the developing solvent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of the developing solvent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polarity of the developing solvent
+generally increases the RF values of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally increases the RF values of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally increases the RF values of all
+of the SP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the SP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the SP
+spots it is a good idea to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots it is a good idea to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spots it is a good idea to use a
+developing solvent that gives you RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing solvent that gives you RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developing solvent that gives you RF
+values between 0.2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values between 0.2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values between 0.2 and
+0.8 this will generally give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 this will generally give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.8 this will generally give you the
+most effective separation when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most effective separation when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most effective separation when you have
+more than one compound in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one compound in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one compound in your
+sample for example a mixture of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample for example a mixture of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample for example a mixture of two
+compounds was spotted and developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds was spotted and developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds was spotted and developed in
+hexanes a non-polar solvent the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexanes a non-polar solvent the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hexanes a non-polar solvent the final
+plate shows only one spot with a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate shows only one spot with a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate shows only one spot with a very
+low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low
+RF the same mix mixture was developed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF the same mix mixture was developed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF the same mix mixture was developed in
+ethyl acetate a polar solvent and once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl acetate a polar solvent and once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethyl acetate a polar solvent and once
+again the final plate shows only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the final plate shows only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the final plate shows only one
+spot this time with a very high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot this time with a very high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot this time with a very high
+RF when a mixture of hexane and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF when a mixture of hexane and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF when a mixture of hexane and
+ethylacetate was used as a developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylacetate was used as a developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ethylacetate was used as a developing
+solvent the two spots were resolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent the two spots were resolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent the two spots were resolved
+notice that both spots are near the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that both spots are near the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that both spots are near the
+center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the
+plate TLC is frequently used to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate TLC is frequently used to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate TLC is frequently used to compare
+the identity of two compounds in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity of two compounds in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity of two compounds in a
+perfect world TLC data would be consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect world TLC data would be consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect world TLC data would be consider
+consistent from plate to plate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent from plate to plate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistent from plate to plate and
+chamber to chamber unfortunately small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber to chamber unfortunately small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber to chamber unfortunately small
+deviations in development conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations in development conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviations in development conditions
+affect the observed RF values as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the observed RF values as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the observed RF values as a
+result it is most convincing to compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it is most convincing to compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result it is most convincing to compare
+RF values of different samples on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF values of different samples on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RF values of different samples on the
+same TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same TLC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same TLC
+plate for example you know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate for example you know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate for example you know that the
+unknown sample marked with a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown sample marked with a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown sample marked with a question
+mark consists of either compound a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark consists of either compound a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark consists of either compound a
+compound b or a mixture of the two you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound b or a mixture of the two you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound b or a mixture of the two you
+can use TLC to determine the identity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use TLC to determine the identity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can use TLC to determine the identity of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+unknown you will need two TLC plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown you will need two TLC plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknown you will need two TLC plates
+make three marks on the first TLC plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make three marks on the first TLC plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make three marks on the first TLC plate
+one for the unknown one for a and one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the unknown one for a and one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one for the unknown one for a and one in
+the center for the c-spot do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for the c-spot do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center for the c-spot do the same
+with the second plate except substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the second plate except substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the second plate except substitute
+B for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a on the first plate spot compound a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on the first plate spot compound a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on the first plate spot compound a on
+the center Mark and one of the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center Mark and one of the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the center Mark and one of the side
+marks and allow both spots to dry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well drain the excess liquid from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well drain the excess liquid from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well drain the excess liquid from the
+spotter onto a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+towel and rinse your spotter in clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel and rinse your spotter in clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towel and rinse your spotter in clean
+solvent before switching to a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent before switching to a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvent before switching to a different
+sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now spot the unknown mixture on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now spot the unknown mixture on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now spot the unknown mixture on the
+center Mark and the other side Mark of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center Mark and the other side Mark of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center Mark and the other side Mark of
+the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate repeat this procedure with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate repeat this procedure with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate repeat this procedure with
+compound B on the second plate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound B on the second plate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compound B on the second plate and
+develop both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop both
+plates now compare the two plates you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates now compare the two plates you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates now compare the two plates you
+can see that the co-s spot with a shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the co-s spot with a shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that the co-s spot with a shows
+two dis distinct spots while the co-s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dis distinct spots while the co-s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dis distinct spots while the co-s
+spot with B shows only one these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot with B shows only one these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot with B shows only one these results
+indicate that the unknown sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that the unknown sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate that the unknown sample
+contains only compound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+B in this video we have surveyed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in this video we have surveyed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B in this video we have surveyed the
+basic techniques that you need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic techniques that you need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic techniques that you need to know
+to use thin layer chromatography in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lab you have learned how to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you have learned how to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lab you have learned how to set up a
+developing chamber
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how to Mark and apply your sample to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to Mark and apply your sample to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to Mark and apply your sample to a
+TLC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plate how to develop the plate in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate how to develop the plate in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate how to develop the plate in your
+developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+chamber how to visualize the spots on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber how to visualize the spots on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chamber how to visualize the spots on
+your developed plate using a UV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lamp and how to correctly calculate RF
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp and how to correctly calculate RF
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lamp and how to correctly calculate RF
+values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have also learned how to choose an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have also learned how to choose an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have also learned how to choose an
+appropriate developing solvent for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+system and how to compare the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and how to compare the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system and how to compare the identity
+of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compounds remember this video is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds remember this video is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compounds remember this video is
+intended to help you prepare for lab by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to help you prepare for lab by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended to help you prepare for lab by
+providing a demonstration of the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a demonstration of the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a demonstration of the proper
+experimental technique it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental technique it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental technique it is not
+intended as a replacement for reading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended as a replacement for reading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended as a replacement for reading
+your lab manual or the supplementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab manual or the supplementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lab manual or the supplementary
+material in order to become a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in order to become a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material in order to become a great
+experimentalist it is important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist it is important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentalist it is important that you
+understand both Theory and technique now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand both Theory and technique now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand both Theory and technique now
+it's your turn good luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your turn good luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's your turn good luck
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/eV0kTm1h7mQ.txt b/eV0kTm1h7mQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb0b5b7b2f4912138f9d40467ec24b51c2a5f9fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/eV0kTm1h7mQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,915 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this segment we discussed splitting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we discussed splitting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this segment we discussed splitting a
+Poisson process into two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process into two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process into two different
+streams so we have a Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams so we have a Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streams so we have a Poisson process
+with some arrival rate lambda and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some arrival rate lambda and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some arrival rate lambda and
+whenever there is an arrival we decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever there is an arrival we decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever there is an arrival we decide
+to send it either to one or another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send it either to one or another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send it either to one or another
+stream and for example this arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and for example this arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream and for example this arrival
+might be sent to that stream this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sent to that stream this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be sent to that stream this
+arrival might be sent to this stream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival might be sent to this stream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival might be sent to this stream
+this arrival might be sent to this dream
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arrival might be sent to this dream
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this arrival might be sent to this dream
+that arrival might be sent to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arrival might be sent to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that arrival might be sent to that
+stream how do we decide where to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream how do we decide where to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream how do we decide where to send
+these arrivals we make those decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrivals we make those decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these arrivals we make those decisions
+using independent coin flips of a coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using independent coin flips of a coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using independent coin flips of a coin
+that has a certain fixed bias equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a certain fixed bias equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has a certain fixed bias equal to
+two so when this arrival comes there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so when this arrival comes there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two so when this arrival comes there is
+probability Q that it will be sent that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Q that it will be sent that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Q that it will be sent that
+direction or probability 1 minus Q that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or probability 1 minus Q that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or probability 1 minus Q that
+it will be sent in the other direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be sent in the other direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be sent in the other direction
+all of these coin flips are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these coin flips are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these coin flips are independent
+so the decision on where to send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the decision on where to send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the decision on where to send the
+second arrival is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second arrival is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second arrival is going to be
+independent from the decision of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the decision of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent from the decision of where
+to send the first arrival and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the first arrival and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to send the first arrival and
+furthermore we make one more assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we make one more assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+furthermore we make one more assumption
+that these coin flips are independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these coin flips are independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that these coin flips are independent
+from everything else they're independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everything else they're independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from everything else they're independent
+from the time history of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the time history of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the time history of the original
+Poisson process for example the coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process for example the coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process for example the coin
+flip that decides the destination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip that decides the destination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flip that decides the destination of
+this first arrival cannot depend on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first arrival cannot depend on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first arrival cannot depend on how
+long it took for this arrival to occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it took for this arrival to occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it took for this arrival to occur
+we will argue now that this stream is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will argue now that this stream is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will argue now that this stream is a
+Poisson process and by symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process and by symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson process and by symmetry
+therefore this stream is also a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this stream is also a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this stream is also a Poisson
+process we need to verify two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we need to verify two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process we need to verify two
+assumptions one has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions one has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions one has to do with
+independence the argument here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence the argument here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independence the argument here is
+entirely analogous to arguments that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely analogous to arguments that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely analogous to arguments that we
+have already carried out in the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already carried out in the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have already carried out in the past
+namely disjoint time intervals in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely disjoint time intervals in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely disjoint time intervals in the
+original process our independent coin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original process our independent coin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original process our independent coin
+flips that happened during those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips that happened during those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flips that happened during those
+disjoint time intervals are also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint time intervals are also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint time intervals are also
+independent of each other and for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other and for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent of each other and for this
+reason whatever happens during this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason whatever happens during this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason whatever happens during this
+joint time intervals in that stream will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint time intervals in that stream will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+joint time intervals in that stream will
+also be independent the other property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be independent the other property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be independent the other property
+that we need to verify has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to verify has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need to verify has to do with
+probabilities of small intervals if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of small intervals if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities of small intervals if we
+take a little interval here of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little interval here of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a little interval here of
+length Delta what is going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Delta what is going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length Delta what is going to happen
+during that interval well we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that interval well we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that interval well we look at
+what happens during the corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens during the corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens during the corresponding
+interval in the original stream in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in the original stream in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval in the original stream in the
+original stream the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original stream the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original stream the probability of
+having two or more arrivals this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two or more arrivals this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having two or more arrivals this
+probability is order of delta squared so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is order of delta squared so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is order of delta squared so
+there's no way of having two or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way of having two or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no way of having two or more
+arrivals during that little interval or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during that little interval or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrivals during that little interval or
+to be more precise the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more precise the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be more precise the probability of
+two or more arrivals here is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more arrivals here is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or more arrivals here is going to be
+negligible order of delta squared what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible order of delta squared what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible order of delta squared what
+is the probability of having one arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of having one arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the probability of having one arrival
+during that little interval we will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that little interval we will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that little interval we will have
+one arrival here if we've had one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one arrival here if we've had one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one arrival here if we've had one
+arrival in this time interval which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival in this time interval which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrival in this time interval which
+happens with probability lambda times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability lambda times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with probability lambda times
+Delta and also the coin flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and also the coin flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta and also the coin flip
+sent the arrival in this direction which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the arrival in this direction which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent the arrival in this direction which
+is something that happens with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that happens with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that happens with
+probability Q and the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Q and the remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability Q and the remaining
+probability is assigned to the event of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is assigned to the event of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability is assigned to the event of
+having zero arrivals during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having zero arrivals during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having zero arrivals during that
+interval so the probability of two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so the probability of two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval so the probability of two or
+more arrivals is negligible and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more arrivals is negligible and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more arrivals is negligible and the
+probability of one arrival is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one arrival is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of one arrival is
+proportional to Delta and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to Delta and that's what we
+need in order to have a Poisson process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in order to have a Poisson process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need in order to have a Poisson process
+the factor of proportionality that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor of proportionality that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor of proportionality that
+multiplies Delta is equal to lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies Delta is equal to lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies Delta is equal to lambda
+times Q therefore this is a Poisson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Q therefore this is a Poisson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times Q therefore this is a Poisson
+process with parameter or arrival rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with parameter or arrival rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process with parameter or arrival rate
+equal to lambda times Q and by a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda times Q and by a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda times Q and by a similar
+argument this process here is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument this process here is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument this process here is going to
+be a Poisson process with parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Poisson process with parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a Poisson process with parameter
+equal to lambda times 1 minus Q so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda times 1 minus Q so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to lambda times 1 minus Q so by
+splitting a Poisson process using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting a Poisson process using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splitting a Poisson process using
+independent coin flips we obtain two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent coin flips we obtain two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent coin flips we obtain two
+different Poisson streams are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Poisson streams are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Poisson streams are these
+Poisson streams independent for the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson streams independent for the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Poisson streams independent for the case
+of the Bernoulli process we had seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Bernoulli process we had seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the Bernoulli process we had seen
+that the resulting streams were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the resulting streams were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the resulting streams were not
+independent the reason for the Bernoulli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent the reason for the Bernoulli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent the reason for the Bernoulli
+process was that if I tell you that at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was that if I tell you that at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process was that if I tell you that at a
+certain slot we had an arrival in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain slot we had an arrival in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain slot we had an arrival in this
+stream that would tell you that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream that would tell you that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream that would tell you that in the
+corresponding time slot of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding time slot of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding time slot of the other
+process you could not have an arrival
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you could not have an arrival
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you could not have an arrival
+and that was a source of dependence it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a source of dependence it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that was a source of dependence it
+turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out
+for the Poisson process because it runs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Poisson process because it runs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Poisson process because it runs
+in continuous time telling you that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time telling you that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in continuous time telling you that we
+had an arrival at this particular time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an arrival at this particular time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an arrival at this particular time
+instant does not give you any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant does not give you any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant does not give you any
+substantial or any non-trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial or any non-trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial or any non-trivial
+information about the other process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the other process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the other process and
+the two processes remain independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two processes remain independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two processes remain independent
+this result is surprising in some ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result is surprising in some ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result is surprising in some ways
+but it is true a mathematical derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is true a mathematical derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it is true a mathematical derivation
+proceeds a long line that's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds a long line that's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceeds a long line that's a little
+different from the intuitive argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the intuitive argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from the intuitive argument
+that I just outlined and we will not go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just outlined and we will not go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just outlined and we will not go
+through that derivation but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that derivation but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through that derivation but it's a
+useful fact to know
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/f08-SYyjMp0.txt b/f08-SYyjMp0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35a8725cc83e6a9e191b3d62643e9ded2861f8f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/f08-SYyjMp0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to age 20 special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to age 20 special
+relativity in the last section we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in the last section we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativity in the last section we
+discussed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed that
+moving clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving clocks
+tick differently than those which are at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick differently than those which are at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tick differently than those which are at
+rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest
+and here i would like to discuss a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i would like to discuss a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here i would like to discuss a
+real-life example of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-life example of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real-life example of this
+the muon the muon is an elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muon the muon is an elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the muon the muon is an elementary
+particle very similar to the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle very similar to the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle very similar to the electron
+its mass is about 200 times as heavy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass is about 200 times as heavy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mass is about 200 times as heavy
+um the mune was discovered in the 1930s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mune was discovered in the 1930s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the mune was discovered in the 1930s
+by anderson and nedermeier at caltech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anderson and nedermeier at caltech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anderson and nedermeier at caltech
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it it's really one of my favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's really one of my favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's really one of my favorite
+particles because you can they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles because you can they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles because you can they're
+abundant they there's many of them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant they there's many of them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundant they there's many of them in
+cosmic ear showers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic ear showers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosmic ear showers
+you can study them you can study their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can study them you can study their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can study them you can study their
+lifetime you can even calculate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime you can even calculate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime you can even calculate their
+lifetime on a on a piece of piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime on a on a piece of piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime on a on a piece of piece of
+paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper
+so what anderson and nedermeyer did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what anderson and nedermeyer did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what anderson and nedermeyer did is
+they just basically you know went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just basically you know went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just basically you know went
+outside and discovered a particle which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and discovered a particle which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside and discovered a particle which
+comes from the sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes from the sky
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so they studied cosmic radiation moons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they studied cosmic radiation moons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they studied cosmic radiation moons
+are produced in cosmic air showers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are produced in cosmic air showers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are produced in cosmic air showers and
+we look at one of those a little later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at one of those a little later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at one of those a little later
+basically proton sits the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically proton sits the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically proton sits the upper
+atmosphere and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and
+in a shower of various particles neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a shower of various particles neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a shower of various particles neurons
+are being produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are being produced
+and then those neurons are not stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those neurons are not stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then those neurons are not stable
+particles but they are stable enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but they are stable enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles but they are stable enough to
+reach us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach us
+on average if you hold out your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average if you hold out your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on average if you hold out your hand
+right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now
+about one neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one neuron
+travels through your hand every second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels through your hand every second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travels through your hand every second
+how does how is this possible so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does how is this possible so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does how is this possible so if you
+look at this muon give you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this muon give you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this muon give you a little bit
+of particle physics explanation here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle physics explanation here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of particle physics explanation here
+again the muon is not a stable particle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the muon is not a stable particle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the muon is not a stable particle
+that decay the decay via the weak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decay the decay via the weak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that decay the decay via the weak
+interaction for those who are interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction for those who are interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction for those who are interested
+uh this is the final diagram for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the final diagram for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the final diagram for this
+decay the muon couples to the w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay the muon couples to the w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay the muon couples to the w
+and as a result of the decay you find an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result of the decay you find an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as a result of the decay you find an
+electron an anti-electron neutrino and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron an anti-electron neutrino and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron an anti-electron neutrino and a
+neuron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neuron
+the lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lifetime
+is about 2.2 microseconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 2.2 microseconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about 2.2 microseconds
+2.2 times 10 to the minus 6 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 times 10 to the minus 6 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.2 times 10 to the minus 6 seconds
+and i just taught 8701 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just taught 8701 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just taught 8701 which is
+introductory class into particle and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory class into particle and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory class into particle and
+nuclear physics and the students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics and the students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear physics and the students
+calculated the lifetime of a muon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the lifetime of a muon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated the lifetime of a muon in
+that class so you can calculate this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class so you can calculate this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that class so you can calculate this and
+you need a few tools but it's not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a few tools but it's not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need a few tools but it's not that
+hard after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard after all
+the average velocity of the neurons when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average velocity of the neurons when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average velocity of the neurons when
+they're being produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being produced
+is close to the speed of light or 0.998
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to the speed of light or 0.998
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is close to the speed of light or 0.998
+times the speed of light and if you do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the speed of light and if you do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the speed of light and if you do a
+classical calculation and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical calculation and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical calculation and you want to
+figure out how long do the muons on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how long do the muons on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how long do the muons on
+average live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average live
+fly you find that this is about 660
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly you find that this is about 660
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fly you find that this is about 660
+meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meters
+now they are produced in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they are produced in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they are produced in the upper
+atmosphere and nevertheless we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and nevertheless we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere and nevertheless we can find
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+down here on the earth so something is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here on the earth so something is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down here on the earth so something is
+not quite right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite right
+what is not quite right you can already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not quite right you can already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is not quite right you can already
+assume is that the clock in the muon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is that the clock in the muon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume is that the clock in the muon
+uh as observed by us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as observed by us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as observed by us
+uh ticks much much slower than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ticks much much slower than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh ticks much much slower than
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+then for the muon at rest and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for the muon at rest and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for the muon at rest and so the
+lifetime of the mural of 2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of the mural of 2.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifetime of the mural of 2.2
+microseconds is basically extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds is basically extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds is basically extended
+um if you calculate this this average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you calculate this this average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you calculate this this average
+velocity we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity we find
+a gamma factor of 15 using the equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gamma factor of 15 using the equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gamma factor of 15 using the equations
+we this you know for time dilation you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this you know for time dilation you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we this you know for time dilation you
+just simply multiply 15 times 2.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply multiply 15 times 2.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just simply multiply 15 times 2.2
+microseconds and you find that neurons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds and you find that neurons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microseconds and you find that neurons
+indeed reach our hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed reach our hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed reach our hand
+on the surface of earth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of earth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the surface of earth
+all right this is a really fun example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a really fun example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right this is a really fun example
+again you can study uh those cosmic air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can study uh those cosmic air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you can study uh those cosmic air
+showers with moons um and and learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showers with moons um and and learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showers with moons um and and learn
+about the neurons in very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the neurons in very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the neurons in very simple
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+this picture here shows you one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture here shows you one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this picture here shows you one of those
+air shower formations so the story is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air shower formations so the story is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air shower formations so the story is a
+little bit more complex as i explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complex as i explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit more complex as i explained
+this is a spectacular air shower or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a spectacular air shower or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a spectacular air shower or a
+picture of one where you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of one where you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of one where you have an
+important coming in with an energy of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important coming in with an energy of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important coming in with an energy of 10
+to the 15 electron volt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 15 electron volt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 15 electron volt
+and so even at slower lower energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so even at slower lower energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so even at slower lower energies
+showers look like the one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showers look like the one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showers look like the one here
+you produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you produce
+in collision with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collision with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in collision with
+the atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atmosphere
+many many particles pions protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many particles pions protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many particles pions protons
+additional protons neutrons and ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional protons neutrons and ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional protons neutrons and ions
+again and those pions then they decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and those pions then they decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and those pions then they decay
+into neurons and this all happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into neurons and this all happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into neurons and this all happens
+in the upper atmosphere but also in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper atmosphere but also in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the upper atmosphere but also in some
+cases further down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so here we have seen now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have seen now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have seen now
+an example which you can actually see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example which you can actually see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example which you can actually see
+and observe in nature where particles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observe in nature where particles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and observe in nature where particles
+travel with high speed and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel with high speed and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+travel with high speed and there is
+relativistic effects we can measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic effects we can measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relativistic effects we can measure and
+observe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fQ6mdCCPIIM.txt b/fQ6mdCCPIIM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41604e2d299acbc783e24e387c187b1cccd546d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fQ6mdCCPIIM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so hello again here we are in Week three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hello again here we are in Week three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so hello again here we are in Week three
+already it's just amazing week 3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's just amazing week 3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already it's just amazing week 3 is
+going to be very much a part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very much a part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be very much a part of your
+photographic exercise to say the least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic exercise to say the least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographic exercise to say the least
+it's all about lighting which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about lighting which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about lighting which of course
+is what photography is all about ok so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what photography is all about ok so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what photography is all about ok so
+for week 3 it's very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for week 3 it's very straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for week 3 it's very straightforward
+it's all about liking it's again very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about liking it's again very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all about liking it's again very
+rich in information remember watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich in information remember watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich in information remember watch the
+videos which of course is essential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos which of course is essential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos which of course is essential and
+at the end we're part of the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end we're part of the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end we're part of the assignment
+is using your imagination and finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using your imagination and finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is using your imagination and finding
+new light sources for example I still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new light sources for example I still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new light sources for example I still
+constantly looking for new ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly looking for new ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constantly looking for new ways of
+lighting my photography actually I came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting my photography actually I came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lighting my photography actually I came
+across this which is an incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this which is an incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across this which is an incredibly
+exciting piece of lighting equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting piece of lighting equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exciting piece of lighting equipment
+it's very light the name of it is phlox
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very light the name of it is phlox
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very light the name of it is phlox
+phl 0 X it's a little pricey but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phl 0 X it's a little pricey but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phl 0 X it's a little pricey but I
+suggest that you take a look at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that you take a look at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggest that you take a look at their
+website if you have a chance ok and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website if you have a chance ok and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website if you have a chance ok and
+finally an encouragement to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally an encouragement to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally an encouragement to go to the
+resources we have of really pretty in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources we have of really pretty in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources we have of really pretty in my
+opinion very interesting interview with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion very interesting interview with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion very interesting interview with
+Brian Hayes who is a writer but also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian Hayes who is a writer but also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brian Hayes who is a writer but also a
+very fine photographer and he and I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fine photographer and he and I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fine photographer and he and I had
+a conversation about technical issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversation about technical issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a conversation about technical issues
+which I think that will be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think that will be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think that will be very
+beneficial to you it's mostly a podcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial to you it's mostly a podcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial to you it's mostly a podcast
+so you could hear it sort of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could hear it sort of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you could hear it sort of in the
+background although i'd like you to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background although i'd like you to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background although i'd like you to pay
+attention to what he has to say enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what he has to say enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to what he has to say enjoy
+week 3
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fpy5Hsz5t6E.txt b/fpy5Hsz5t6E.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ded28758f69866a44590283ddfcab86dfde6ed03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fpy5Hsz5t6E.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1963 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're finally ready to tie up these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're finally ready to tie up these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're finally ready to tie up these
+ideas about mapping properties to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about mapping properties to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas about mapping properties to
+counting properties and let's begin with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting properties and let's begin with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting properties and let's begin with
+the remark that we already made that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remark that we already made that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the remark that we already made that if
+there's a bisection from one set to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bisection from one set to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bisection from one set to
+another if there's a bijection from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another if there's a bijection from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another if there's a bijection from a
+finite set aid we'll finite set B then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set aid we'll finite set B then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite set aid we'll finite set B then a
+and B have the same size by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B have the same size by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B have the same size by the way
+those vertical bars absolute value of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vertical bars absolute value of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those vertical bars absolute value of a
+when it's a set refers us to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's a set refers us to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when it's a set refers us to the size of
+the set for finite sets of it it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set for finite sets of it it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set for finite sets of it it means
+if a has n elements then the absolute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a has n elements then the absolute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a has n elements then the absolute
+value of a is n ok let's use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a is n ok let's use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of a is n ok let's use this
+bhaijan idea immediately here's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bhaijan idea immediately here's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bhaijan idea immediately here's a nice
+example suppose you want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose you want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example suppose you want to figure out
+how many subsets are there of a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many subsets are there of a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many subsets are there of a finite
+set a and suppose you didn't know yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a and suppose you didn't know yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set a and suppose you didn't know yet
+all right so what we're asking about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we're asking about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what we're asking about is
+what's the size of the power set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of the power set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the size of the power set of a
+room and the power set of a is all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and the power set of a is all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room and the power set of a is all of
+the possible subsets of the set a well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible subsets of the set a well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible subsets of the set a well
+suppose a has three elements what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a has three elements what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose a has three elements what is the
+power set of a look like if Capital a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of a look like if Capital a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power set of a look like if Capital a
+has elements little ABC it's a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has elements little ABC it's a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has elements little ABC it's a set of
+size three then the power set of a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size three then the power set of a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size three then the power set of a is
+going to have one subset with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have one subset with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have one subset with no
+elements three subsets with one element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements three subsets with one element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements three subsets with one element
+they're listed there it's going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're listed there it's going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're listed there it's going to have
+three more subsets with two elements and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more subsets with two elements and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three more subsets with two elements and
+one subset with three elements for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one subset with three elements for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one subset with three elements for a
+total of a subset in the power set of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of a subset in the power set of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total of a subset in the power set of a
+so let's see what the counting argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what the counting argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see what the counting argument
+in general would be so suppose that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general would be so suppose that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general would be so suppose that a
+has n elements and we'll number them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has n elements and we'll number them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has n elements and we'll number them
+from a zero up through a n minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a zero up through a n minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a zero up through a n minus 1
+because computer scientists usually 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because computer scientists usually 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because computer scientists usually 0
+origin index so a is a set of n elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin index so a is a set of n elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin index so a is a set of n elements
+indicated there suppose I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated there suppose I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicated there suppose I have some
+arbitrary subset of a let's suppose that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary subset of a let's suppose that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary subset of a let's suppose that
+it has a zero then there's no a 1 that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a zero then there's no a 1 that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has a zero then there's no a 1 that's
+what the space is for it has a 2 it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the space is for it has a 2 it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the space is for it has a 2 it has
+a 3 it doesn't have a 4 then it goes on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3 it doesn't have a 4 then it goes on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 3 it doesn't have a 4 then it goes on
+for a while in some uncertain way and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while in some uncertain way and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a while in some uncertain way and it
+ends it actually has the last element a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends it actually has the last element a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends it actually has the last element a
+n minus 1 in it well I can take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 in it well I can take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 in it well I can take the
+subset like this and cut and have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset like this and cut and have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset like this and cut and have it
+correspond to a bit string where I put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a bit string where I put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspond to a bit string where I put a
+1 where the element is there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 where the element is there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 where the element is there in the
+subset and a 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and a 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset and a 0
+where the element is not there in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the element is not there in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the element is not there in the
+subset so there's a 1 because a 1 a 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset so there's a 1 because a 1 a 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset so there's a 1 because a 1 a 0 is
+in the subset followed by a 0 because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subset followed by a 0 because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the subset followed by a 0 because a
+1 is not in the subset followed by two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is not in the subset followed by two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 is not in the subset followed by two
+ones because a 2 and a 3 are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because a 2 and a 3 are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones because a 2 and a 3 are in the
+subset followed by a 0 because a for is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset followed by a 0 because a for is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset followed by a 0 because a for is
+not and so on ending with a 1 because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and so on ending with a 1 because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and so on ending with a 1 because a
+n minus 1 is in the subset so in short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 is in the subset so in short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n minus 1 is in the subset so in short
+the bit string the cave bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit string the cave bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bit string the cave bit in the
+string is 1 if and only if a sub K is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is 1 if and only if a sub K is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string is 1 if and only if a sub K is in
+the set now this clearly defines a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set now this clearly defines a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set now this clearly defines a
+bijection between subsets and strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection between subsets and strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection between subsets and strings
+because given a subset I can uniquely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given a subset I can uniquely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because given a subset I can uniquely
+determine the string and given the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the string and given the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the string and given the
+string I can uniquely determine the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string I can uniquely determine the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string I can uniquely determine the
+subset so there's one arrow in and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset so there's one arrow in and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subset so there's one arrow in and one
+arrow out of each of those things so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out of each of those things so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out of each of those things so I
+can immediately conclude then by the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately conclude then by the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can immediately conclude then by the by
+this by action theorem that the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by action theorem that the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by action theorem that the number
+of n bit strings is equal to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n bit strings is equal to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n bit strings is equal to the size of
+the power set of a well now every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of a well now every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of a well now every
+computer scientist knows how many n bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist knows how many n bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer scientist knows how many n bit
+strings there are right there are 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings there are right there are 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strings there are right there are 2 to
+the N and bit bit strings and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N and bit bit strings and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N and bit bit strings and therefore
+the power set of a has 2 to the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of a has 2 to the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the power set of a has 2 to the N
+elements we can get rid of the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we can get rid of the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements we can get rid of the end
+because it was the size of a and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was the size of a and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was the size of a and we have
+this nice formula the power set the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice formula the power set the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this nice formula the power set the size
+of the power set of a finite set a is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the power set of a finite set a is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the power set of a finite set a is 2
+to the size of a well there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the size of a well there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the size of a well there are some
+more counting rules like the bijection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more counting rules like the bijection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more counting rules like the bijection
+rule that relates sizes obsessed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that relates sizes obsessed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule that relates sizes obsessed by
+inequalities according to whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities according to whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequalities according to whether the
+mappings are surjective injective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mappings are surjective injective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mappings are surjective injective
+functions and so on so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so on so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions and so on so let's take a
+quick look at those suppose that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick look at those suppose that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick look at those suppose that I have
+a surjective function from A to B well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surjective function from A to B well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a surjective function from A to B well
+that means there's less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there's less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means there's less than or equal to
+one arrow out of every element of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one arrow out of every element of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one arrow out of every element of a
+that's what function means and there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what function means and there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what function means and there is
+greater than or equal to one arrow in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to one arrow in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to one arrow in to
+every element of B that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element of B that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element of B that's what
+surjective means so here's this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective means so here's this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective means so here's this function
+from A to B that means less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B that means less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from A to B that means less than or
+equal to one arrow out and that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one arrow out and that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one arrow out and that means
+that there have to be more elements in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there have to be more elements in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there have to be more elements in a
+than there are arrows since there's at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there are arrows since there's at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than there are arrows since there's at
+most one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most one
+arrow out of every element of a and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out of every element of a and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow out of every element of a and that
+accounts for all the arrows so the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for all the arrows so the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounts for all the arrows so the size
+of a has to be Gregor drink'll to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a has to be Gregor drink'll to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a has to be Gregor drink'll to the
+number of arrows when you have a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrows when you have a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of arrows when you have a a
+partial function when it's a surjection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial function when it's a surjection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial function when it's a surjection
+that means that there's an arrow coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there's an arrow coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that there's an arrow coming
+in to every element of B that means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to every element of B that means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in to every element of B that means that
+there have to be at least as many arrows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have to be at least as many arrows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there have to be at least as many arrows
+as there are and B because everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there are and B because everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as there are and B because everything in
+B has at least one arrow coming in so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B has at least one arrow coming in so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B has at least one arrow coming in so if
+you look at these two pieces the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at these two pieces the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at these two pieces the size of
+a has to be greater equal to the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has to be greater equal to the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a has to be greater equal to the number
+of arrows and the size of B has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrows and the size of B has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of arrows and the size of B has to be
+less than or equal to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the number of
+arrows putting them together we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows putting them together we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows putting them together we have the
+mapping rule for surjections if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping rule for surjections if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping rule for surjections if I have a
+surjective function from A to B it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective function from A to B it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjective function from A to B it means
+the size of a is greater than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a is greater than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a is greater than or equal
+to the size of B for finite a and B well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the size of B for finite a and B well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the size of B for finite a and B well
+the same argument goes for injections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same argument goes for injections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same argument goes for injections
+with an injection I have less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an injection I have less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an injection I have less than or
+equal to one arrow in and what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one arrow in and what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one arrow in and what does that
+tell me well if it's total then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me well if it's total then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me well if it's total then there's
+at least one arrow out of everything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one arrow out of everything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one arrow out of everything and
+that means that the size of a has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the size of a has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that the size of a has to be
+less than or equal for the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal for the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal for the number of
+arrows because every element that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows because every element that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrows because every element that
+contributes an arrow may be more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes an arrow may be more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes an arrow may be more than
+one okay if it's an injection there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay if it's an injection there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay if it's an injection there's
+less than or equal to one arrow coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to one arrow coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to one arrow coming
+into each element of B that means that B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each element of B that means that B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into each element of B that means that B
+had better be big enough to catch all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had better be big enough to catch all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had better be big enough to catch all
+the arrows so the number of arrows has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows so the number of arrows has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the arrows so the number of arrows has
+to be less than or equal to the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than or equal to the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be less than or equal to the size of
+B put those two inequalities together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B put those two inequalities together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B put those two inequalities together
+and you find that if you have a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that if you have a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you find that if you have a total
+injective relation from A to B that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective relation from A to B that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injective relation from A to B that
+implies that the size of a is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the size of a is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies that the size of a is less than
+or equal to the size of B for finite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the size of B for finite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the size of B for finite a
+and B the statement here that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B the statement here that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and B the statement here that it's a
+total injective relation is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total injective relation is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total injective relation is for
+generality but the truth is whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality but the truth is whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generality but the truth is whenever
+there's a total injective relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a total injective relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a total injective relation
+there's also a total injective function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a total injective function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's also a total injective function
+I'll leave that to a class exercise to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll leave that to a class exercise to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll leave that to a class exercise to
+work out so to summarize what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out so to summarize what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out so to summarize what we can do
+is characterize these kinds of of jetson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is characterize these kinds of of jetson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is characterize these kinds of of jetson
+relations between sets so let's define a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between sets so let's define a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relations between sets so let's define a
+by B so this is going to be a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B so this is going to be a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by B so this is going to be a binary
+relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation between
+two sets a and B and its meaning is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets a and B and its meaning is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sets a and B and its meaning is that
+there's a bi action from A to B so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bi action from A to B so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bi action from A to B so the
+definition of BI is a binary relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of BI is a binary relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of BI is a binary relation
+where the domain and the codomain are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the domain and the codomain are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the domain and the codomain are
+the class of finite sets or all sets for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of finite sets or all sets for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class of finite sets or all sets for
+that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matter
+Serg be a surge be is means that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serg be a surge be is means that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Serg be a surge be is means that there
+is a surjective function from A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a surjective function from A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a surjective function from A to B
+again surge is a binary relation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again surge is a binary relation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again surge is a binary relation between
+sets and finally a inge B says there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and finally a inge B says there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and finally a inge B says there's a
+total injection relation from A to B so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total injection relation from A to B so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total injection relation from A to B so
+we have those three relations between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have those three relations between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have those three relations between
+sets and what we've just shown is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and what we've just shown is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and what we've just shown is that
+if there's a bisection between a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a bisection between a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a bisection between a and B
+that's true implies that the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true implies that the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true implies that the size of a
+is equal to the size of B and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the size of B and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to the size of B and in fact
+it's not hard to prove the converse if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to prove the converse if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not hard to prove the converse if
+the size of a and the size of B are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a and the size of B are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a and the size of B are the
+same then it's easy enough to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same then it's easy enough to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same then it's easy enough to find a
+bisection between them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection between them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bisection between them
+similarly if there's a surjection from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if there's a surjection from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if there's a surjection from A
+to B that's true if and only if the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B that's true if and only if the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B that's true if and only if the size
+of a is greater than equal to the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is greater than equal to the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is greater than equal to the size
+of B and if there's an injection from A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and if there's an injection from A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B and if there's an injection from A
+to B that's true if and only if the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B that's true if and only if the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B that's true if and only if the size
+of a is less than or equal to the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is less than or equal to the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is less than or equal to the size
+of B so the this the existence of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B so the this the existence of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of B so the this the existence of these
+kinds of of relations between sets is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of of relations between sets is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of of relations between sets is a
+handle on their relative sizes and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on their relative sizes and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle on their relative sizes and this
+implies for finite sets a and B because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies for finite sets a and B because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies for finite sets a and B because
+we don't really know what the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really know what the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't really know what the size of
+infinite sets are so it wouldn't make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sets are so it wouldn't make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite sets are so it wouldn't make
+sense to talk about the mapping lemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to talk about the mapping lemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense to talk about the mapping lemma
+for infinite sets however we can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for infinite sets however we can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for infinite sets however we can ask
+some questions about infinite sets so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions about infinite sets so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions about infinite sets so
+one a natural question to ask is let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a natural question to ask is let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one a natural question to ask is let's
+look at some finite properties if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some finite properties if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at some finite properties if the
+size of a and B are the same and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a and B are the same and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of a and B are the same and the
+size of B and C are the same obviously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of B and C are the same obviously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of B and C are the same obviously
+the size of a and C are the same and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a and C are the same and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of a and C are the same and
+that corresponds directly to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds directly to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponds directly to an
+assertion about bi because the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion about bi because the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assertion about bi because the size of a
+equals the size of B for finite sets is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the size of B for finite sets is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the size of B for finite sets is
+the same as a by G B so what this says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as a by G B so what this says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as a by G B so what this says
+is that if a by b and b by C then a by C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if a by b and b by C then a by C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if a by b and b by C then a by C
+if there's a bijection from A to B in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a bijection from A to B in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's a bijection from A to B in a
+bijection from b to c then there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection from b to c then there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection from b to c then there's a
+bijection from a to c corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection from a to c corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection from a to c corresponding
+property for finite States again is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for finite States again is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property for finite States again is
+greater than or equal to if a is square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to if a is square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to if a is square
+root will to be greater linked to the C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root will to be greater linked to the C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root will to be greater linked to the C
+then a is the size of a is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a is the size of a is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a is the size of a is greater than
+equal to the size of C and now it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the size of C and now it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the size of C and now it
+corresponds to a similar statement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a similar statement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponds to a similar statement about
+the surjection relation a search BB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surjection relation a search BB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the surjection relation a search BB
+search C implies a search C and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search C implies a search C and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search C implies a search C and finally
+more interesting one is that if a and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting one is that if a and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting one is that if a and B
+are each greater than equal to each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are each greater than equal to each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are each greater than equal to each
+other if a is granule to B and be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if a is granule to B and be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other if a is granule to B and be the
+size of B is greater than equal to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of B is greater than equal to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of B is greater than equal to a
+then in fact they're the same size a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact they're the same size a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in fact they're the same size a is
+equal to B now in correspond to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B now in correspond to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to B now in correspond to the
+following statement in terms of jek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following statement in terms of jek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following statement in terms of jek
+shion's if a search b and b search a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shion's if a search b and b search a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shion's if a search b and b search a
+then a by b now all of these facts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a by b now all of these facts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then a by b now all of these facts
+follow immediately for finite sets a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow immediately for finite sets a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow immediately for finite sets a and
+B but we're going to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but we're going to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B but we're going to be interested in
+whether they hold for infinite set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they hold for infinite set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they hold for infinite set so
+they follow immediately for finite sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they follow immediately for finite sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they follow immediately for finite sets
+from the mapping lemma because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mapping lemma because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the mapping lemma because the
+mapping lemma says that these bhaijan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping lemma says that these bhaijan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping lemma says that these bhaijan
+surge relations are the same as equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surge relations are the same as equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surge relations are the same as equal
+and greater than or equal to sign so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and greater than or equal to sign so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and greater than or equal to sign so
+again this is immediate from the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is immediate from the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this is immediate from the mapping
+lemma but now I can ask whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma but now I can ask whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lemma but now I can ask whether or not
+these same properties hold for infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same properties hold for infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these same properties hold for infinite
+sets it's an exercise in reasoning about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets it's an exercise in reasoning about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets it's an exercise in reasoning about
+properties of mappings and relations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of mappings and relations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of mappings and relations and
+the answer is that the first two claims
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that the first two claims
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that the first two claims
+go through easily if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through easily if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through easily if you're trying to
+prove them for finite sets for infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove them for finite sets for infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove them for finite sets for infinite
+sets the basic idea is let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the basic idea is let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets the basic idea is let's look at the
+first one says that if a if there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one says that if a if there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one says that if a if there's a
+bijection from A to B and there's a by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection from A to B and there's a by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection from A to B and there's a by
+checks you from B to C then there would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks you from B to C then there would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+checks you from B to C then there would
+it be one from A to C how do you find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be one from A to C how do you find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be one from A to C how do you find it
+well it's actually easy you just compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's actually easy you just compose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's actually easy you just compose
+the by action from A to B with the by CH
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by action from A to B with the by CH
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the by action from A to B with the by CH
+action from B to C and it's a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action from B to C and it's a very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action from B to C and it's a very easy
+exercise that the composition of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that the composition of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercise that the composition of by
+actions is a bijection likewise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions is a bijection likewise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions is a bijection likewise the
+composition of surjections is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of surjections is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition of surjections is a
+surjection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surjection
+and that proves the second claim easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that proves the second claim easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that proves the second claim easily
+but the third claim is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the third claim is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the third claim is much more
+interesting and is not obvious it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and is not obvious it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and is not obvious it's
+called the Schroder bernstein theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Schroder bernstein theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Schroder bernstein theorem
+and it will come up a little bit in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will come up a little bit in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will come up a little bit in a
+few more lectures
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/g9UwqdMHjnM.txt b/g9UwqdMHjnM.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2d50db74c6d7714167843827a71be0ceee7eaa61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/g9UwqdMHjnM.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,20723 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so this is six nine twelve the nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is six nine twelve the nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is six nine twelve the nine
+means it's experimental I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's experimental I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means it's experimental I wanted to
+finish some stuff that we were doing at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish some stuff that we were doing at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish some stuff that we were doing at
+the end of last week that we were kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of last week that we were kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of last week that we were kind
+of hurried about and then let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hurried about and then let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hurried about and then let's talk
+about the cases that we read for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cases that we read for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the cases that we read for
+homework and then we can talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework and then we can talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homework and then we can talk about
+copyright okay so what were we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright okay so what were we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright okay so what were we talking
+about at the end of last week yeah the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the end of last week yeah the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the end of last week yeah the
+nature of property that was so yeah that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of property that was so yeah that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of property that was so yeah that
+was more of last week than I had planned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more of last week than I had planned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was more of last week than I had planned
+but I like that discussion but no at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I like that discussion but no at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I like that discussion but no at the
+end of last week we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of last week we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end of last week we were talking about
+the structure of the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the federal government
+and we said that the federal government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said that the federal government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we said that the federal government
+is divided into what three branches and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divided into what three branches and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is divided into what three branches and
+what are the branches what's the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the branches what's the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the branches what's the most
+important one in the Constitution what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one in the Constitution what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important one in the Constitution what's
+the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah I think you're right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I think you're right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah I think you're right okay
+we'll edit this out on the video it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll edit this out on the video it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll edit this out on the video it's
+not true so the legislative branch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true so the legislative branch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not true so the legislative branch and
+who's in that Congress and who's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the Senate why do they call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the Senate why do they call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the Senate why do they call it
+Congress I think it's the Senate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress I think it's the Senate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress I think it's the Senate in the
+house that get together in Congress what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house that get together in Congress what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house that get together in Congress what
+what's our Congress called in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our Congress called in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's our Congress called in
+Massachusetts it's the general Court but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts it's the general Court but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts it's the general Court but
+nobody calls it that they just call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody calls it that they just call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody calls it that they just call it
+the Massachusetts legislature but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Massachusetts legislature but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Massachusetts legislature but it
+does have two houses also and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have two houses also and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does have two houses also and there's
+some states that have like one house I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some states that have like one house I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some states that have like one house I
+think like is it Nebraska did every from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like is it Nebraska did every from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think like is it Nebraska did every from
+a one house state there's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one house state there's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one house state there's a famous
+Supreme Court case about Communists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court case about Communists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court case about Communists and
+whether they should be expelled from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they should be expelled from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they should be expelled from the
+United States and one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and one of the things that
+Congress wanted what the Communists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress wanted what the Communists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress wanted what the Communists
+excuse me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excuse me
+was to eliminate the Senate because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to eliminate the Senate because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to eliminate the Senate because they
+said it was anti-democratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was anti-democratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said it was anti-democratic
+and it kind of is right because states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it kind of is right because states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it kind of is right because states
+like Nebraska get two senators and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Nebraska get two senators and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Nebraska get two senators and also
+states like California and Texas so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states like California and Texas so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states like California and Texas so and
+it went to the Supreme Court and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went to the Supreme Court and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went to the Supreme Court and the
+Supreme Court says well we can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court says well we can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court says well we can't really
+conclude that wanting to eliminate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that wanting to eliminate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclude that wanting to eliminate the
+Senate is you know so anti-american that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate is you know so anti-american that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate is you know so anti-american that
+you can be expelled from the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be expelled from the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be expelled from the country
+because Nebraska only has one house so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Nebraska only has one house so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Nebraska only has one house so
+thanks to Nebraska the Communists were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to Nebraska the Communists were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks to Nebraska the Communists were
+saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved
+I'm sure Nebraska is proud to be a front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure Nebraska is proud to be a front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sure Nebraska is proud to be a front
+for communists in this country okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for communists in this country okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for communists in this country okay so
+this the legislative branch what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the legislative branch what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the legislative branch what's the
+next branch the executive branch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next branch the executive branch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next branch the executive branch and
+who's in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's in there
+the president yes and the Vice President
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president yes and the Vice President
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the president yes and the Vice President
+and who else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the department's like the Treasury and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department's like the Treasury and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the department's like the Treasury and
+defense and what's something that's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense and what's something that's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defense and what's something that's in
+the executive branch that's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the executive branch that's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the executive branch that's not a
+department like the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department like the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+department like the Federal
+Communication Service good and various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication Service good and various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communication Service good and various
+other things and then the last branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and then the last branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things and then the last branch
+the judicial branch and who's at the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judicial branch and who's at the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judicial branch and who's at the top
+of that the Supreme Court and who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that the Supreme Court and who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that the Supreme Court and who's
+right below that would say the Court of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right below that would say the Court of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right below that would say the Court of
+Appeals right and there's there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appeals right and there's there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Appeals right and there's there's like
+at least 12 of them the courts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 12 of them the courts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least 12 of them the courts of
+appeals sometimes these are called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals sometimes these are called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals sometimes these are called the
+circuit courts because there used to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit courts because there used to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit courts because there used to be
+these circuits and the judges would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circuits and the judges would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these circuits and the judges would go
+around the country and making sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country and making sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the country and making sure that
+the opinions would be in concert but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opinions would be in concert but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the opinions would be in concert but
+they don't do that anymore but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do that anymore but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't do that anymore but they
+still have the circuit courts of appeals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the circuit courts of appeals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the circuit courts of appeals
+and some newspapers like to say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some newspapers like to say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some newspapers like to say that the
+judges on the court of appeals they ride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges on the court of appeals they ride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judges on the court of appeals they ride
+the circuit which is not really true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit which is not really true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circuit which is not really true
+anymore because they don't go anywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because they don't go anywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because they don't go anywhere
+but they used to and then below the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they used to and then below the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they used to and then below the
+course of Appeals is who the district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of Appeals is who the district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of Appeals is who the district
+courts now all this is the federal court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts now all this is the federal court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts now all this is the federal court
+system if you get caught with marijuana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you get caught with marijuana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system if you get caught with marijuana
+you probably don't go here right where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't go here right where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't go here right where
+would you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+today we have been caught with marijuana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have been caught with marijuana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we have been caught with marijuana
+we let's not move the camera over to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we let's not move the camera over to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we let's not move the camera over to you
+nobody here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody here okay
+well if you did I think you would go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you did I think you would go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you did I think you would go to
+the Cambridge District Court which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cambridge District Court which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Cambridge District Court which is
+people know that is by the mall the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know that is by the mall the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know that is by the mall the big
+ugly building by the mall yeah it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly building by the mall yeah it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ugly building by the mall yeah it's one
+reason not to do pot is you have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason not to do pot is you have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason not to do pot is you have to go
+to the ugly building especially if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ugly building especially if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the ugly building especially if
+you're an architecture offends your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an architecture offends your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an architecture offends your
+sensibilities so you go to the Cambridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibilities so you go to the Cambridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensibilities so you go to the Cambridge
+District Court and Massachusetts has its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District Court and Massachusetts has its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+District Court and Massachusetts has its
+own court system that is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own court system that is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own court system that is you know
+similar to the federal system in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the federal system in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the federal system in
+structure there's district courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there's district courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure there's district courts
+there's a there's superior courts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's superior courts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's superior courts
+there's Appeals course there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Appeals course there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Appeals course there's the
+Massachusetts Supreme Court which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Supreme Court which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts Supreme Court which is
+called the Supreme Judicial Court and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Supreme Judicial Court and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the Supreme Judicial Court and
+sometimes you can you can litigate your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can you can litigate your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you can you can litigate your
+case all the way up to the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all the way up to the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case all the way up to the Supreme
+Judicial Court and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judicial Court and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Judicial Court and then you can
+challenge you know maybe your conviction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge you know maybe your conviction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge you know maybe your conviction
+here in one of these federal district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in one of these federal district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in one of these federal district
+courts and then you can have to litigate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts and then you can have to litigate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts and then you can have to litigate
+all through the federal court system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through the federal court system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all through the federal court system
+sometimes you end up appealing through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you end up appealing through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you end up appealing through
+like six layers of the court hierarchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six layers of the court hierarchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six layers of the court hierarchy
+but in this class we're just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this class we're just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this class we're just talking
+about the federal course okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the federal course okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the federal course okay and what
+did we say what's I'm running out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we say what's I'm running out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did we say what's I'm running out of
+space here but at the end of a district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here but at the end of a district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space here but at the end of a district
+court case what sometimes happens okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court case what sometimes happens okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court case what sometimes happens okay
+but before that there's a judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before that there's a judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but before that there's a judgment
+issued and if it's a you know if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued and if it's a you know if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued and if it's a you know if there's
+an interesting legal question what will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting legal question what will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an interesting legal question what will
+the judge do write an opinion right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judge do write an opinion right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the judge do write an opinion right and
+where and if it's an interesting opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and if it's an interesting opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where and if it's an interesting opinion
+what will happen to the opinion it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen to the opinion it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen to the opinion it'll be
+published in a reporter and you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in a reporter and you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published in a reporter and you'll be
+able to find it because it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find it because it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to find it because it has a
+citation which is the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation which is the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation which is the most important
+thing in all of law it's not murders or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in all of law it's not murders or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in all of law it's not murders or
+property or tort citations okay and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property or tort citations okay and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property or tort citations okay and what
+will the citation look like some number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the citation look like some number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will the citation look like some number
+okay so like twelve and then what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like twelve and then what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so like twelve and then what does
+this number mean the volume it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number mean the volume it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this number mean the volume it's like
+the book you get down off the shelf and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book you get down off the shelf and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book you get down off the shelf and
+then what will you have F supp oh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what will you have F supp oh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what will you have F supp oh very
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+federal supplement and who publishes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal supplement and who publishes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal supplement and who publishes
+that is that the government that's west
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the government that's west
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that the government that's west
+and who owns West Thompson very good and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who owns West Thompson very good and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and who owns West Thompson very good and
+where's Thompson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's Thompson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's Thompson
+I don't know Canada so all of our laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know Canada so all of our laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know Canada so all of our laws
+under the control of this Canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the control of this Canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the control of this Canadian
+company Thompson corporation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company Thompson corporation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company Thompson corporation which is
+not to be confused with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be confused with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to be confused with the other
+Thompson which owns like Technicolor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson which owns like Technicolor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thompson which owns like Technicolor
+yeah they're fresh okay and then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're fresh okay and then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they're fresh okay and then what's
+the last thing that's here page the page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that's here page the page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that's here page the page
+number so with these three things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so with these three things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so with these three things you
+can walk into any law library and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can walk into any law library and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can walk into any law library and you
+say the library excludes me where's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the library excludes me where's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the library excludes me where's your
+federal supplement and they're like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal supplement and they're like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+federal supplement and they're like what
+would they say that row of bookshelves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they say that row of bookshelves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would they say that row of bookshelves
+but it's a lot it's like the Dungeons &
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a lot it's like the Dungeons &
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a lot it's like the Dungeons &
+Dragons manual I mean apparently and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dragons manual I mean apparently and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dragons manual I mean apparently and
+then you go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go to the
+you go to the bookshelf and you look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the bookshelf and you look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the bookshelf and you look for
+volume number 12 and you pull that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume number 12 and you pull that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume number 12 and you pull that down
+and then you go to page number 413 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go to page number 413 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you go to page number 413 and
+that's where the opinion is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the opinion is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where the opinion is supposed to
+start and what happens if you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and what happens if you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and what happens if you see a
+citation it's like 413 , 425 what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation it's like 413 , 425 what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation it's like 413 , 425 what does
+that mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that you really want page 425 but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really want page 425 but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you really want page 425 but it
+starts at page 413 yes so the opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at page 413 yes so the opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at page 413 yes so the opinion
+starts at 413 but the citation that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at 413 but the citation that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts at 413 but the citation that the
+person is really trying to direct your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is really trying to direct your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person is really trying to direct your
+interest to is 425 why is it important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to is 425 why is it important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to is 425 why is it important
+always to have the 413 yeah and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to have the 413 yeah and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always to have the 413 yeah and if you
+have LexisNexis this is the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have LexisNexis this is the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have LexisNexis this is the only way to
+get to it is by typing in this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to it is by typing in this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to it is by typing in this exact
+string if you type in 425 it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string if you type in 425 it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string if you type in 425 it's not going
+to pull it up so you always need to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull it up so you always need to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull it up so you always need to know
+the page number it begins up okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page number it begins up okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page number it begins up okay so
+this decision is published and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision is published and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision is published and you
+appeal and if you're in the district of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal and if you're in the district of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeal and if you're in the district of
+Massachusetts where does your appeal go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts where does your appeal go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts where does your appeal go
+the First Circuit Court of Appeals and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Circuit Court of Appeals and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the First Circuit Court of Appeals and
+that's like in the same courthouse where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like in the same courthouse where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like in the same courthouse where
+they had the ring premiere okay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the ring premiere okay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had the ring premiere okay and then
+you'll go and you'll go in front of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go and you'll go in front of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll go and you'll go in front of how
+many judges three well the full First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many judges three well the full First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many judges three well the full First
+Circuit is like six judges which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit is like six judges which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit is like six judges which is the
+smallest Circuit yeah but when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest Circuit yeah but when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smallest Circuit yeah but when you get
+your appeal at least at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your appeal at least at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your appeal at least at the beginning
+they only give you three judges because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only give you three judges because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only give you three judges because
+the dredges are very busy hearing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dredges are very busy hearing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dredges are very busy hearing all
+those pot related Appeals okay so you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pot related Appeals okay so you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those pot related Appeals okay so you'll
+go before these three judges and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go before these three judges and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go before these three judges and how
+long did the trial take by the way what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long did the trial take by the way what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long did the trial take by the way what
+seem was just on a jury so they take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem was just on a jury so they take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem was just on a jury so they take a
+long time they can take like weeks right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time they can take like weeks right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long time they can take like weeks right
+like the OJ Simpson trial took like six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the OJ Simpson trial took like six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the OJ Simpson trial took like six
+months or something right and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or something right and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months or something right and then it's
+rendered in a decision that can be like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered in a decision that can be like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rendered in a decision that can be like
+80 pages or sometimes even four hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 pages or sometimes even four hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80 pages or sometimes even four hundred
+pages there was actually a campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages there was actually a campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages there was actually a campaign
+finance case recently people remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance case recently people remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finance case recently people remember
+that one about the mccain-feingold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one about the mccain-feingold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one about the mccain-feingold
+campaign bipartisan campaign Reform Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign bipartisan campaign Reform Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign bipartisan campaign Reform Act
+and that there was extensive litigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there was extensive litigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that there was extensive litigation
+on that act and the District Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that act and the District Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that act and the District Court
+opinion was like 1,300 pages so they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion was like 1,300 pages so they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion was like 1,300 pages so they can
+be really long okay so courts of appeals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really long okay so courts of appeals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really long okay so courts of appeals
+so you go before three judges and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go before three judges and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you go before three judges and that
+lasts how long is it weeks well like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts how long is it weeks well like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lasts how long is it weeks well like an
+hour yeah sometimes it's like 10 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour yeah sometimes it's like 10 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hour yeah sometimes it's like 10 minutes
+and then they deliberate for like six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they deliberate for like six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they deliberate for like six
+months and then they issue an opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and then they issue an opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months and then they issue an opinion
+maybe and if it's interesting how will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and if it's interesting how will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe and if it's interesting how will
+that be cited right 92f and these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be cited right 92f and these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that be cited right 92f and these days
+it's like f third series because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like f third series because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like f third series because there's
+been so many volumes of F and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so many volumes of F and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been so many volumes of F and then
+another page number okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another page number okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another page number okay great
+and then if you want to you can appeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you want to you can appeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if you want to you can appeal
+the Court of Appeals judgment right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Court of Appeals judgment right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Court of Appeals judgment right you
+can't exactly appeal you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't exactly appeal you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't exactly appeal you have to do
+what's called a collateral attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a collateral attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a collateral attack
+because the Supreme Court is so busy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Supreme Court is so busy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the Supreme Court is so busy and
+they get so many thousands of Appeals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get so many thousands of Appeals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get so many thousands of Appeals
+they don't want to have to take them all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to have to take them all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to have to take them all
+they only take the really important ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only take the really important ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they only take the really important ones
+and that's about seventy five every year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's about seventy five every year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's about seventy five every year
+so this is like many many many cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like many many many cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is like many many many cases
+like tens or hundreds of thousands maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tens or hundreds of thousands maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like tens or hundreds of thousands maybe
+ten thousand seventy five so things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand seventy five so things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten thousand seventy five so things
+really get whittled down and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get whittled down and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get whittled down and if you
+follow a case as you can't in lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a case as you can't in lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow a case as you can't in lectures
+all the way from district court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from district court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way from district court
+sometimes from state courts to federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes from state courts to federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes from state courts to federal
+district court to appeals court to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district court to appeals court to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+district court to appeals court to
+Supreme Court you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court you can see that the
+issues get narrowed at each stage until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues get narrowed at each stage until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues get narrowed at each stage until
+the Supreme Court may be talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court may be talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court may be talking about
+one incredibly esoteric issue that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one incredibly esoteric issue that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one incredibly esoteric issue that the
+poor guy who was actually accused of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor guy who was actually accused of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poor guy who was actually accused of
+having the pot it could totally care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the pot it could totally care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the pot it could totally care
+less about you know by the time I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less about you know by the time I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less about you know by the time I guess
+the Supreme Court is like does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court is like does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court is like does the
+rooker-feldman doctrine preclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooker-feldman doctrine preclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rooker-feldman doctrine preclude
+consideration in nineteen thirty two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration in nineteen thirty two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration in nineteen thirty two of
+the merits of the advance death penalty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merits of the advance death penalty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the merits of the advance death penalty
+act like who cares you know but that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act like who cares you know but that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+act like who cares you know but that the
+Supreme Court is mostly concerned with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court is mostly concerned with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court is mostly concerned with
+important legal issues for the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important legal issues for the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important legal issues for the country
+not necess not generally at all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necess not generally at all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necess not generally at all about
+the actual case before it sometimes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual case before it sometimes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual case before it sometimes it
+is okay so it goes to the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so it goes to the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay so it goes to the Supreme Court
+and they will almost I think always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will almost I think always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will almost I think always
+issue a decision opinion and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue a decision opinion and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue a decision opinion and it will
+always be published because the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be published because the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always be published because the Supreme
+Court is so important and how will that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court is so important and how will that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court is so important and how will that
+look yeah it'll be in US and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look yeah it'll be in US and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look yeah it'll be in US and who
+publishes us not Canadians that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishes us not Canadians that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishes us not Canadians that's right
+the American government but also us is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American government but also us is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American government but also us is
+really slow to come out like you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slow to come out like you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really slow to come out like you can't
+find an opinion in US until like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an opinion in US until like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find an opinion in US until like three
+years after but so Canadians publish it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after but so Canadians publish it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years after but so Canadians publish it
+quicker and a different set of volumes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker and a different set of volumes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker and a different set of volumes
+which have names like supreme court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have names like supreme court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which have names like supreme court
+reporter that's the Canadian law and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter that's the Canadian law and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter that's the Canadian law and
+lawyers edition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers edition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers edition
+which is published by Lexus which is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is published by Lexus which is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is published by Lexus which is I
+think a Dutch company so anyway but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a Dutch company so anyway but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think a Dutch company so anyway but
+eventually when it's in US you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually when it's in US you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually when it's in US you want to
+cite it there okay so that's what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite it there okay so that's what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cite it there okay so that's what the
+judicial branch does and that's what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicial branch does and that's what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicial branch does and that's what we
+looked up on the homework let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up on the homework let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked up on the homework let's talk
+about the executive branch for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the executive branch for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the executive branch for a second
+sorry the legislative branch for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the legislative branch for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry the legislative branch for a
+second what do they do they make laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second what do they do they make laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second what do they do they make laws
+and how do they do how does a lost art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do they do how does a lost art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how do they do how does a lost art
+yeah it's brought up in committee okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's brought up in committee okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's brought up in committee okay
+and eventually it ends up on the floor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually it ends up on the floor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually it ends up on the floor
+of one of the houses of Congress and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the houses of Congress and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the houses of Congress and
+it'll get a number like HR one two nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get a number like HR one two nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll get a number like HR one two nine
+two or something and what does it have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or something and what does it have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two or something and what does it have
+to do to become a law House of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to become a law House of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do to become a law House of
+Representatives and sometime if the bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives and sometime if the bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives and sometime if the bill
+starts in the Senate it'll have a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in the Senate it'll have a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts in the Senate it'll have a number
+like S which is Senate yeah three on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like S which is Senate yeah three on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like S which is Senate yeah three on the
+law and they have to agree on the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and they have to agree on the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and they have to agree on the exact
+same text there can't be any deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same text there can't be any deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same text there can't be any deviation
+and sometimes in history there has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes in history there has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sometimes in history there has been
+a little deviation and that's a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little deviation and that's a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little deviation and that's a problem
+but nowadays with computers they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nowadays with computers they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nowadays with computers they don't
+have that I mean they actually have but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that I mean they actually have but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have that I mean they actually have but
+it's not supposed to happen so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not supposed to happen so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not supposed to happen so the
+Senate in the house are supposed to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate in the house are supposed to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senate in the house are supposed to pass
+the exact same law what happens if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same law what happens if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same law what happens if they
+pass different versions of a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass different versions of a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass different versions of a similar
+kind of law where does it go they had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of law where does it go they had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of law where does it go they had to
+reconcile them and they have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile them and they have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconcile them and they have these
+conference reports and the Republicans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference reports and the Republicans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference reports and the Republicans
+and the Democrats anyway so they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Democrats anyway so they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the Democrats anyway so they get
+together and they they decide on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and they they decide on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together and they they decide on a
+single version of the law and that then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single version of the law and that then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single version of the law and that then
+goes back to the House of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the House of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the House of
+Representatives and the Senate and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives and the Senate and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives and the Senate and they
+vote on it together and now they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote on it together and now they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vote on it together and now they have
+what is it a law no what's it called at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it a law no what's it called at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it a law no what's it called at
+that stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's still a bill yeah in fact once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a bill yeah in fact once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's still a bill yeah in fact once it's
+been passed by one house of Congress at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been passed by one house of Congress at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been passed by one house of Congress at
+the top of it they said before it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of it they said before it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top of it they said before it's been
+passed by one has to call it a bill and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed by one has to call it a bill and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed by one has to call it a bill and
+after it's been passed by one house of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it's been passed by one house of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after it's been passed by one house of
+Congress they call it an act it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress they call it an act it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress they call it an act it's not
+really an act yet is it it's still a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an act yet is it it's still a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an act yet is it it's still a
+bill but they they call it an act or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill but they they call it an act or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill but they they call it an act or at
+least they write that once it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least they write that once it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least they write that once it's been
+passed by both houses of Congress they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed by both houses of Congress they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed by both houses of Congress they
+enroll it and it's called an enrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroll it and it's called an enrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enroll it and it's called an enrolled
+bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill
+and that's printed on actual parchment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's printed on actual parchment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's printed on actual parchment
+it used to be on vellum which i think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be on vellum which i think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it used to be on vellum which i think is
+made from cows but now it's on parchment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made from cows but now it's on parchment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made from cows but now it's on parchment
+which i think is made from sheep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is made from sheep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i think is made from sheep
+somebody want to correct me this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody want to correct me this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody want to correct me this is not
+really my area is that right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really my area is that right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really my area is that right
+okay so and I don't know where we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and I don't know where we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so and I don't know where we get
+the Sheep from they may be Canadian
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sheep from they may be Canadian
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Sheep from they may be Canadian
+which could cause problems ever since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could cause problems ever since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which could cause problems ever since
+hurt of war anyway so there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt of war anyway so there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurt of war anyway so there's an
+enrolled bill they print that on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled bill they print that on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrolled bill they print that on
+parchment and they send it to who to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parchment and they send it to who to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parchment and they send it to who to the
+President of the United States and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President of the United States and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President of the United States and he
+can sign it and that makes it a law or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sign it and that makes it a law or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can sign it and that makes it a law or
+he can not sign it can it still become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can not sign it can it still become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he can not sign it can it still become a
+law yes if two thirds of each house of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law yes if two thirds of each house of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law yes if two thirds of each house of
+Congress then pass it or how else can it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress then pass it or how else can it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress then pass it or how else can it
+become a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah he can forget about it then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he can forget about it then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah he can forget about it then it
+becomes a law sort of by default so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a law sort of by default so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a law sort of by default so
+there's three ways something can become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three ways something can become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's three ways something can become
+a law one of them involves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a law one of them involves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a law one of them involves the
+president's signature but it's but his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's signature but it's but his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's signature but it's but his
+president Bush ever vetoed an enrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president Bush ever vetoed an enrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president Bush ever vetoed an enrolled
+bill no but he is threatened yeah okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill no but he is threatened yeah okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bill no but he is threatened yeah okay
+so the enrolled bill gets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the enrolled bill gets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the enrolled bill gets the
+president's signature it doesn't and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's signature it doesn't and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president's signature it doesn't and
+then now what do we call it wait it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now what do we call it wait it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then now what do we call it wait it's a
+law and what's a special name for a law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and what's a special name for a law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law and what's a special name for a law
+that's been passed by the legislature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been passed by the legislature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's been passed by the legislature as
+opposed to other kinds of laws a statute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to other kinds of laws a statute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposed to other kinds of laws a statute
+good so when people talk about a statute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so when people talk about a statute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so when people talk about a statute
+they're not talking about a court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not talking about a court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not talking about a court
+decision they're not talking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision they're not talking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision they're not talking about the
+MIT rules they're not talking about some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT rules they're not talking about some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT rules they're not talking about some
+regulation the statute really means a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation the statute really means a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation the statute really means a
+lot by a legislature what are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot by a legislature what are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot by a legislature what are some other
+kinds of law that are you know the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of law that are you know the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of law that are you know the law
+in in the federal government that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the federal government that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in the federal government that are
+not statutes case law that's good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not statutes case law that's good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not statutes case law that's good
+regulations yeah those can have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations yeah those can have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations yeah those can have the
+force of law common law is certain like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of law common law is certain like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force of law common law is certain like
+case law trees very good treaties are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case law trees very good treaties are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case law trees very good treaties are
+also the supreme law of the land which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the supreme law of the land which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the supreme law of the land which
+is not how things are in many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not how things are in many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not how things are in many other
+countries and in practice not how things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and in practice not how things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries and in practice not how things
+are in America but at least formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in America but at least formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in America but at least formally
+treated as the supreme law of the land
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as the supreme law of the land
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treated as the supreme law of the land
+but none of those are statutes statutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of those are statutes statutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but none of those are statutes statutes
+are things passed by Congress okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things passed by Congress okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are things passed by Congress okay so
+it's an enrolled bill and at this stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an enrolled bill and at this stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an enrolled bill and at this stage
+we can cite it and therefore it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can cite it and therefore it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can cite it and therefore it has
+validity and it'll have a name like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity and it'll have a name like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity and it'll have a name like the
+once a let's say the Communications Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of 2005 and Congress will give it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2005 and Congress will give it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 2005 and Congress will give it on the
+parchment they'll give it a number like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parchment they'll give it a number like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parchment they'll give it a number like
+109 public law number that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109 public law number that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+109 public law number that's actually
+not how it's done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how it's done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how it's done
+sorry public law number 109 - 50 yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry public law number 109 - 50 yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry public law number 109 - 50 yeah so
+what does this mean what is the one in I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean what is the one in I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean what is the one in I
+mean this is the time that the Senate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is the time that the Senate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean this is the time that the Senate
+and House of Representatives have come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and House of Representatives have come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and House of Representatives have come
+together in Congress which they do every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in Congress which they do every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in Congress which they do every
+two years and the 50 means it's the 50th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years and the 50 means it's the 50th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years and the 50 means it's the 50th
+public law that they passed that year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public law that they passed that year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public law that they passed that year
+now does this let you so there's a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does this let you so there's a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now does this let you so there's a piece
+of parchment and it goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parchment and it goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of parchment and it goes into the
+National Archives and a vault I mean a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Archives and a vault I mean a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Archives and a vault I mean a
+few days later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few days later
+so it is not assigned so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is not assigned so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it is not assigned so you have a
+public law that where for a vehicle no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public law that where for a vehicle no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public law that where for a vehicle no
+okay it's a sign that a few days after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a sign that a few days after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it's a sign that a few days after
+gets sent to the National Archives so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sent to the National Archives so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets sent to the National Archives so
+and then there's this piece of parchment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this piece of parchment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's this piece of parchment
+in the National Archives can you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the National Archives can you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the National Archives can you can you
+look at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that
+I mean maybe if you like make a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean maybe if you like make a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean maybe if you like make a special
+appointment one time I called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointment one time I called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appointment one time I called the
+National Archives this is on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Archives this is on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Archives this is on like
+September 25th 2001 and I was trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 25th 2001 and I was trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September 25th 2001 and I was trying to
+get a copy of a very old enrolled bill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a copy of a very old enrolled bill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a copy of a very old enrolled bill
+and they were a little nervous I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were a little nervous I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they were a little nervous I was
+like can I come and see it you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like can I come and see it you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like can I come and see it you know
+where is it they're like are you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it they're like are you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is it they're like are you a
+terrorist I was like no no no no so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist I was like no no no no so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrorist I was like no no no no so
+they're a little nervous at the National
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little nervous at the National
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're a little nervous at the National
+Archives so but you see you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archives so but you see you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Archives so but you see you can't just
+get this so what what he's supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this so what what he's supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this so what what he's supposed to
+do in the first like a hundred years of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the first like a hundred years of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the first like a hundred years of
+our nation's existence there was nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nation's existence there was nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our nation's existence there was nothing
+better than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than this
+and the federal government depended on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the federal government depended on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the federal government depended on
+newspapers to publish the contents of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers to publish the contents of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers to publish the contents of
+the laws just on the you know the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws just on the you know the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws just on the you know the New
+York Times might be like a that was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times might be like a that was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times might be like a that was an
+interesting law and the reporter would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting law and the reporter would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting law and the reporter would
+go to the National Archives and copy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the National Archives and copy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the National Archives and copy it
+down and put it in the New York Times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and put it in the New York Times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and put it in the New York Times
+that didn't work out too well maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't work out too well maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that didn't work out too well maybe
+because the law is really boring so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the law is really boring so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the law is really boring so they
+came up with this new system in like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this new system in like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with this new system in like
+1845 and what was that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they decided to start publishing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to start publishing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they decided to start publishing the
+laws and they hired this Boston firm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and they hired this Boston firm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws and they hired this Boston firm of
+little and brown which is now part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and brown which is now part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little and brown which is now part of a
+o L Time Warner to go and through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o L Time Warner to go and through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o L Time Warner to go and through the
+National Archives and find all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Archives and find all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+National Archives and find all the
+parchment laws and print them up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parchment laws and print them up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parchment laws and print them up in this
+series of books called the US statutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of books called the US statutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of books called the US statutes
+at large and they sent them out to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at large and they sent them out to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at large and they sent them out to all
+the libraries in the country and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the libraries in the country and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the libraries in the country and they're
+still there so this will also get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there so this will also get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there so this will also get a
+number in the United States statutes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the United States statutes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number in the United States statutes at
+large it'll be like it'll have a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it'll be like it'll have a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large it'll be like it'll have a number
+like three hundred the abbreviation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three hundred the abbreviation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three hundred the abbreviation is
+stacked and it'll have a page number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked and it'll have a page number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stacked and it'll have a page number
+like two nine to six so what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two nine to six so what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like two nine to six so what does that
+mean the 300th book of US statutes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the 300th book of US statutes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the 300th book of US statutes at
+large and page number 2926 I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and page number 2926 I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and page number 2926 I don't think
+they're actually up to 300 yet there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually up to 300 yet there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're actually up to 300 yet there's
+like enough I don't remember maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like enough I don't remember maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like enough I don't remember maybe in
+the hundreds okay so these still gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundreds okay so these still gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hundreds okay so these still gets
+sent out although it's not published by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out although it's not published by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent out although it's not published by
+a little and brown anymore it's by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little and brown anymore it's by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little and brown anymore it's by the
+US government and they're still in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US government and they're still in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+US government and they're still in every
+library so if you if you now have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library so if you if you now have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library so if you if you now have this
+citation Communications Act of 2005 with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation Communications Act of 2005 with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation Communications Act of 2005 with
+this stat you could go get the law you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stat you could go get the law you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stat you could go get the law you
+could go to the law library you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to the law library you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go to the law library you could
+say where's your statutes in large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where's your statutes in large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say where's your statutes in large
+they'd be like that series of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be like that series of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd be like that series of
+bookshelves you can find it or you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookshelves you can find it or you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookshelves you can find it or you could
+get it on LexisNexis now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it on LexisNexis now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it on LexisNexis now what's the
+problem with this system you know water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this system you know water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with this system you know water
+passes yes so it's kind of confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes yes so it's kind of confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes yes so it's kind of confusing
+right I mean there's let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean there's let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean there's let's say that
+there's 300 books each 3,000 pages long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 300 books each 3,000 pages long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's 300 books each 3,000 pages long
+if somebody asks you you know is it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody asks you you know is it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if somebody asks you you know is it okay
+to make a phone call what are you gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a phone call what are you gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a phone call what are you gonna
+do I mean you can't just read this law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean you can't just read this law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean you can't just read this law
+and say oh it is or it isn't cuz there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh it is or it isn't cuz there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say oh it is or it isn't cuz there
+might be a future law that changed it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a future law that changed it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a future law that changed it or
+it might affect previous laws you wanta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might affect previous laws you wanta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might affect previous laws you wanta
+have to go through the entire 225 year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through the entire 225 year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go through the entire 225 year
+history of our country looking for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of our country looking for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of our country looking for all
+sorts of laws on the same topic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of laws on the same topic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts of laws on the same topic and
+figure out what the current state is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the current state is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what the current state is
+does that make sense to people why this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense to people why this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that make sense to people why this
+is a problem but they're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem but they're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a problem but they're not really
+organized so they have a solution to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized so they have a solution to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized so they have a solution to
+this which started in the 1920s which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which started in the 1920s which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this which started in the 1920s which is
+that after this whole process is done a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after this whole process is done a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that after this whole process is done a
+group of people in the House of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people in the House of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of people in the House of
+Representatives takes the laws and tries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives takes the laws and tries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives takes the laws and tries
+to organize them by subject matter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize them by subject matter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to organize them by subject matter so
+they put out one book which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put out one book which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put out one book which is about
+Congress and the laws about Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress and the laws about Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress and the laws about Congress
+they put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put out
+it's about Indians and the laws about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about Indians and the laws about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's about Indians and the laws about
+Indians they put another book about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians they put another book about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Indians they put another book about
+copyright and what about patents and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and what about patents and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and what about patents and all
+the laws that are about patents go into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws that are about patents go into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the laws that are about patents go into
+that book and about armies go into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book and about armies go into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that book and about armies go into that
+book and they try and if something's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and they try and if something's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book and they try and if something's
+repealed they're trying to lead it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repealed they're trying to lead it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repealed they're trying to lead it if
+something has something to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has something to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something has something to do with
+something else they try to put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else they try to put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else they try to put them
+right next to each other and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to each other and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right next to each other and that
+process is called codification and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is called codification and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is called codification and the
+books that they put out are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that they put out are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books that they put out are called
+anybody know codes yes and it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know codes yes and it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know codes yes and it's called
+the United States code and it comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States code and it comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States code and it comes out
+there's a new version that comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new version that comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new version that comes out
+every six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six years
+although the Canadians and the Dutch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the Canadians and the Dutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the Canadians and the Dutch
+published a new version like every ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a new version like every ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published a new version like every ten
+days that the official version comes out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days that the official version comes out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days that the official version comes out
+every six years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every six years
+so this citation if you saw it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this citation if you saw it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this citation if you saw it if
+somebody gave you this you'd be like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gave you this you'd be like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody gave you this you'd be like oh
+come on man are you making things hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on man are you making things hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come on man are you making things hard
+for me well you really want to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me well you really want to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for me well you really want to see is
+Communications Act of 2005 and then some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Act of 2005 and then some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Communications Act of 2005 and then some
+number like 47 u.s.c section no 271
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like 47 u.s.c section no 271
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number like 47 u.s.c section no 271
+that's what you really want to see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you really want to see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you really want to see and
+that doesn't that that's a lot better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't that that's a lot better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't that that's a lot better
+than oh go to the library and find book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than oh go to the library and find book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than oh go to the library and find book
+300 and that'll tell you the law at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 and that'll tell you the law at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 and that'll tell you the law at this
+instant in time that'll actually tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant in time that'll actually tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant in time that'll actually tell
+you one that this has something to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one that this has something to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one that this has something to do
+with telecommunications because 47 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with telecommunications because 47 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with telecommunications because 47 is
+about telecommunications and 2 you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about telecommunications and 2 you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about telecommunications and 2 you'll
+know exactly where to look to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly where to look to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly where to look to find the
+current state of the law and whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state of the law and whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current state of the law and whatever
+subject is being talked about because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is being talked about because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject is being talked about because if
+some later law has come along and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some later law has come along and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some later law has come along and and
+amended it that amendment will also go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amended it that amendment will also go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amended it that amendment will also go
+in section 271 yeah it's a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in section 271 yeah it's a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in section 271 yeah it's a complete
+problem with the Supreme Court in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the Supreme Court in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem with the Supreme Court in the
+course yeah and and people write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah and and people write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course yeah and and people write
+treatises that try and take court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatises that try and take court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatises that try and take court
+opinions together and sort of make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions together and sort of make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions together and sort of make them
+fit together and and be organized and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit together and and be organized and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit together and and be organized and
+there's some some of them are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some some of them are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some some of them are called
+restatements which which try and take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restatements which which try and take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restatements which which try and take
+but you know sometimes different court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know sometimes different court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know sometimes different court
+opinions can conflict in very subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions can conflict in very subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinions can conflict in very subtle
+ways and it's not really clear so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and it's not really clear so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways and it's not really clear so it's
+definitely a problem and people will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a problem and people will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely a problem and people will
+argue about whether it an old Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about whether it an old Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue about whether it an old Supreme
+Court opinion is still good law and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court opinion is still good law and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court opinion is still good law and you
+know it's definitely a problem and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's definitely a problem and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's definitely a problem and one
+of the things that you can do if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you can do if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that you can do if you
+have a bunch of court opinions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of court opinions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bunch of court opinions that are
+in disagreement is the legislature can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in disagreement is the legislature can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in disagreement is the legislature can
+step in and clarify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in and clarify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step in and clarify
+by the law and we'll see that they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the law and we'll see that they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the law and we'll see that they did
+that with copyright yeah version still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with copyright yeah version still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with copyright yeah version still
+sees the same numbering system they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the same numbering system they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sees the same numbering system they do
+okay so they generally pick them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they generally pick them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they generally pick them up
+first how do they know what number to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first how do they know what number to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first how do they know what number to
+this it's a good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this it's a good question
+nowadays these natural archives people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays these natural archives people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowadays these natural archives people
+generally signal their intent about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally signal their intent about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally signal their intent about what
+section number they're gonna put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section number they're gonna put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section number they're gonna put it in
+when the law has passed even though they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the law has passed even though they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the law has passed even though they
+don't actually prepare the version until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually prepare the version until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually prepare the version until
+later so but they're not always the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so but they're not always the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so but they're not always the same
+and some typos and also these books are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some typos and also these books are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some typos and also these books are
+not really official at least sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really official at least sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really official at least sometimes
+they're not official so there can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not official so there can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not official so there can be
+mistakes in them Congress could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes in them Congress could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes in them Congress could have
+said one thing in Stata and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one thing in Stata and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said one thing in Stata and that's
+what's official and the people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's official and the people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's official and the people who
+prepare these books who are not elected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare these books who are not elected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepare these books who are not elected
+or anything can make mistakes and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything can make mistakes and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything can make mistakes and you
+can be reading this book and you can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reading this book and you can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be reading this book and you can say
+oh it is legal to make a phone call and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it is legal to make a phone call and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it is legal to make a phone call and
+little did you know that it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little did you know that it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little did you know that it's actually
+not and the Supreme Court has had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and the Supreme Court has had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not and the Supreme Court has had to
+decide cases based on that I think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide cases based on that I think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide cases based on that I think it
+recently is 1993 so sometimes they go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently is 1993 so sometimes they go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently is 1993 so sometimes they go
+back to the parchment so but generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the parchment so but generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the parchment so but generally
+that doesn't happen generally the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen generally the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen generally the United
+States Code is the only version anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Code is the only version anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Code is the only version anybody
+cares about okay so so when you see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about okay so so when you see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cares about okay so so when you see a
+citation to USC you know that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation to USC you know that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation to USC you know that you're
+looking at what a statute and when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what a statute and when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at what a statute and when you
+see a citation to us you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a citation to us you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a citation to us you know you're
+looking at a Supreme Court opinion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a Supreme Court opinion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a Supreme Court opinion and
+Supreme Court opinions often interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court opinions often interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court opinions often interpret
+statues right what else can they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statues right what else can they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statues right what else can they
+interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the Constitution yet are we do other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constitution yet are we do other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constitution yet are we do other
+countries have it that way that their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have it that way that their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have it that way that their
+top court interprets both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top court interprets both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top court interprets both the
+Constitution and the statutes how about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution and the statutes how about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution and the statutes how about
+like in France it does which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in France it does which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in France it does which can
+interpret further if a law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret further if a law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret further if a law is
+unconstitutional and it has already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstitutional and it has already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstitutional and it has already been
+passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anything so who has the job of stopping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so who has the job of stopping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything so who has the job of stopping
+unconstitutional eyes before they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstitutional eyes before they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconstitutional eyes before they get
+past the Constitutional Council so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the Constitutional Council so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past the Constitutional Council so in
+France the highest court of appeal is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France the highest court of appeal is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+France the highest court of appeal is
+sort of different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of different from the
+Constitutional Council and many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitutional Council and many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitutional Council and many
+countries have that the court of last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have that the court of last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countries have that the court of last
+resort is not the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resort is not the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resort is not the same as the
+Constitutional Court and those countries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitutional Court and those countries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitutional Court and those countries
+generally put less importance on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally put less importance on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally put less importance on their
+judicial branch France we say has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicial branch France we say has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicial branch France we say has a
+civil law system and they sort of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil law system and they sort of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civil law system and they sort of make
+fun of our common law system they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of our common law system they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of our common law system they're
+like how can you have the you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how can you have the you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how can you have the you know the
+courts just sort of deciding things on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts just sort of deciding things on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts just sort of deciding things on
+whim that have such importance you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whim that have such importance you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whim that have such importance you know
+like there's a case of Roe versus Wade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a case of Roe versus Wade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like there's a case of Roe versus Wade
+that what did that decide but what more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what did that decide but what more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what did that decide but what more
+specifically about abortion Yeah right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about abortion Yeah right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about abortion Yeah right
+it said that even if the state wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said that even if the state wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it said that even if the state wants to
+forbid somebody from having an abortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid somebody from having an abortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forbid somebody from having an abortion
+it can't do that if the state wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't do that if the state wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can't do that if the state wants to
+permit somebody from having abortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit somebody from having abortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permit somebody from having abortion
+there's no conflict but even if a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no conflict but even if a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no conflict but even if a state
+wants to provide a woman from having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to provide a woman from having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to provide a woman from having an
+abortion it can't do that because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abortion it can't do that because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abortion it can't do that because of the
+Federal Constitution and who got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Constitution and who got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Federal Constitution and who got to
+argue in that case basically just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue in that case basically just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue in that case basically just one
+woman right Ms McCorvey and so people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman right Ms McCorvey and so people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+woman right Ms McCorvey and so people
+from countries with civil law systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from countries with civil law systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from countries with civil law systems
+would say that's ridiculous how can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that's ridiculous how can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say that's ridiculous how can you
+have national policy for the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have national policy for the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have national policy for the entire
+country being decided by this one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country being decided by this one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country being decided by this one person
+and the particulars of her circumstance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the particulars of her circumstance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the particulars of her circumstance
+but that's how we have things anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's how we have things anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's how we have things anyway so
+so we give the the reason the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we give the the reason the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we give the the reason the Supreme
+Court has such importance in America is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court has such importance in America is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court has such importance in America is
+partly because we give it a-- thority is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because we give it a-- thority is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because we give it a-- thority is
+the court of last appeal and also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court of last appeal and also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court of last appeal and also it's
+the court of last appeal in civil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court of last appeal in civil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court of last appeal in civil
+matters and criminal matters and also it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and criminal matters and also it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters and criminal matters and also it
+interprets the constitution so it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interprets the constitution so it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interprets the constitution so it has a
+a role that not that many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role that not that many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a role that not that many other
+countries give to one court yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a separate constitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a separate constitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a separate constitutional
+court how do they choose what's a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court how do they choose what's a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court how do they choose what's a rule
+on well in France the legislature can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on well in France the legislature can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on well in France the legislature can
+choose to ask the constitutional court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to ask the constitutional court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to ask the constitutional court
+for an opinion before it's even passed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an opinion before it's even passed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an opinion before it's even passed
+the law and actually in Massachusetts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law and actually in Massachusetts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law and actually in Massachusetts
+the same is true the legislature can ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true the legislature can ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same is true the legislature can ask
+the Supreme Supreme Judicial Court for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Supreme Judicial Court for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Supreme Judicial Court for
+an advisory opinion and say hey if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advisory opinion and say hey if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an advisory opinion and say hey if we
+pass this would it be constitutional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this would it be constitutional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this would it be constitutional
+they tried that in the federal court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried that in the federal court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they tried that in the federal court
+George Washington tried that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Washington tried that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+George Washington tried that with the
+Supreme Court he asked his friend John
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court he asked his friend John
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court he asked his friend John
+Jay who was the Chief Justice he's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jay who was the Chief Justice he's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jay who was the Chief Justice he's like
+can you give us an advisory opinion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give us an advisory opinion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you give us an advisory opinion and
+what did John Jay say he was like screw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did John Jay say he was like screw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what did John Jay say he was like screw
+you I would use harsh language but open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I would use harsh language but open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you I would use harsh language but open
+you know this is going to be distributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is going to be distributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this is going to be distributed
+to countries with more restrictive laws
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to countries with more restrictive laws
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to countries with more restrictive laws
+so he said no the Supreme Court does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he said no the Supreme Court does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he said no the Supreme Court does not
+give advisory opinions it only decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give advisory opinions it only decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give advisory opinions it only decides
+actual cases or controversies and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cases or controversies and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual cases or controversies and that's
+from the Constitution okay so right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Constitution okay so right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the Constitution okay so right so
+that's what the legislative branch does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the legislative branch does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what the legislative branch does
+and very quickly what is the executive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very quickly what is the executive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very quickly what is the executive
+branch do it enforces the law it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch do it enforces the law it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch do it enforces the law it
+enforces the laws that Congress passes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforces the laws that Congress passes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforces the laws that Congress passes
+and also it enforces decisions that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also it enforces decisions that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also it enforces decisions that the
+judicial branch puts out it goes after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicial branch puts out it goes after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicial branch puts out it goes after
+people it prosecutes them and it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it prosecutes them and it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people it prosecutes them and it also
+issues regulations sometimes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues regulations sometimes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues regulations sometimes the
+Congress will decide we don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress will decide we don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress will decide we don't want to
+get into the particularity of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the particularity of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get into the particularity of some
+subject matter so be like we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter so be like we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subject matter so be like we want to
+have the radio spectrum be regulated but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the radio spectrum be regulated but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the radio spectrum be regulated but
+we Congress don't want have to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Congress don't want have to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Congress don't want have to decide
+who can have 47 megahertz and who can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can have 47 megahertz and who can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who can have 47 megahertz and who can
+have 48 makers and you're gonna have 49
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 48 makers and you're gonna have 49
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 48 makers and you're gonna have 49
+megahertz so they decide we're gonna set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz so they decide we're gonna set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megahertz so they decide we're gonna set
+up something in the executive branch in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up something in the executive branch in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up something in the executive branch in
+this case the FCC and we're gonna invest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the FCC and we're gonna invest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the FCC and we're gonna invest
+them with our authority we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with our authority we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them with our authority we're going to
+delegate to them and the FCC is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegate to them and the FCC is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delegate to them and the FCC is going to
+be able to publish regulations that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to publish regulations that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to publish regulations that will
+have the force of law in some particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the force of law in some particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the force of law in some particular
+area and when the FCC publishes those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and when the FCC publishes those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area and when the FCC publishes those
+regulations that are published in we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that are published in we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that are published in we're
+in the Federal Register the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Federal Register the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Federal Register the Federal
+Register which is like a magazine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Register which is like a magazine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Register which is like a magazine
+published by the US government that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by the US government that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by the US government that
+comes out every weekday and I don't oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out every weekday and I don't oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out every weekday and I don't oh
+yeah I do remember what the citations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I do remember what the citations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I do remember what the citations
+look like there's like a number in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like there's like a number in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like there's like a number in the
+front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front
+which is I think the year of the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I think the year of the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is I think the year of the Federal
+Register and then there's a page number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Register and then there's a page number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Register and then there's a page number
+which is like fourteen thousand two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like fourteen thousand two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like fourteen thousand two
+hundred ninety six the page numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred ninety six the page numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred ninety six the page numbers
+start over every year and this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over every year and this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start over every year and this tells you
+you know this tells you a single page in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this tells you a single page in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this tells you a single page in
+the Federal Register for that year and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Federal Register for that year and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Federal Register for that year and
+this comes you can go to the library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes you can go to the library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this comes you can go to the library
+they'll have the Federal Register from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have the Federal Register from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll have the Federal Register from
+today and yesterday and the day before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and yesterday and the day before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today and yesterday and the day before
+and they stack up and it's like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they stack up and it's like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they stack up and it's like three
+hundred pages a day of new regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred pages a day of new regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundred pages a day of new regulations
+you can also get an email to you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get an email to you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can also get an email to you that's
+published by the US and so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by the US and so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by the US and so this would
+also be very inconvenient if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be very inconvenient if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also be very inconvenient if you're
+trying to figure out who owned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out who owned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to figure out who owned
+forty-seven megahertz and you had to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty-seven megahertz and you had to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forty-seven megahertz and you had to go
+through the last 50 years of the Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the last 50 years of the Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the last 50 years of the Federal
+Register now would they give it to CBS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Register now would they give it to CBS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Register now would they give it to CBS
+yeah they gave to NBC here they so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they gave to NBC here they so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they gave to NBC here they so what
+do they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right they codified it in something very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they codified it in something very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right they codified it in something very
+similar to the United States code that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the United States code that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to the United States code that's
+called Caitlin the Code of Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Caitlin the Code of Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Caitlin the Code of Federal
+Regulations which is almost exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulations which is almost exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulations which is almost exactly the
+same as the United States Code in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the United States Code in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as the United States Code in that
+they have these volume numbers in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have these volume numbers in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have these volume numbers in the
+front and then these section numbers I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and then these section numbers I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and then these section numbers I
+think 47 is the same and that 47 of us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 47 is the same and that 47 of us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think 47 is the same and that 47 of us
+see is about telecommunications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is about telecommunications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see is about telecommunications and
+ditto for the Code of Federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditto for the Code of Federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ditto for the Code of Federal
+Regulations but it's not the same for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulations but it's not the same for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Regulations but it's not the same for
+copyright yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a statute under the executive branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+white except for apprentice under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white except for apprentice under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white except for apprentice under
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+well often Congress doesn't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well often Congress doesn't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well often Congress doesn't want to get
+involved in the nitty-gritty so Rick you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the nitty-gritty so Rick you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved in the nitty-gritty so Rick you
+know Congress you know they had to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Congress you know they had to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Congress you know they had to make
+a lot it's a lot of effort there have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot it's a lot of effort there have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot it's a lot of effort there have to
+be lobbyists and hearings and you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lobbyists and hearings and you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lobbyists and hearings and you know I
+mean there's an only a limited number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's an only a limited number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there's an only a limited number of
+time at amount of time that Congress has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at amount of time that Congress has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time at amount of time that Congress has
+they don't want to be consumed with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to be consumed with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't want to be consumed with the
+nitty-gritty like who will be a word at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty like who will be a word at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty like who will be a word at
+a particular piece of spectrum or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular piece of spectrum or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a particular piece of spectrum or you
+know on for the Transportation Security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on for the Transportation Security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know on for the Transportation Security
+Administration decides exactly what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration decides exactly what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Administration decides exactly what
+length of knives will be permitted on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of knives will be permitted on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of knives will be permitted on
+airplanes and whether you can have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and whether you can have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airplanes and whether you can have
+medical knives or not and all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical knives or not and all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical knives or not and all sorts of
+questions like that and Congress just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like that and Congress just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions like that and Congress just
+doesn't have the time to do with it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the time to do with it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have the time to do with it so
+they delegate authority you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they delegate authority you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they delegate authority you know to
+these federal agencies and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these federal agencies and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these federal agencies and those
+agencies then have hearings on their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies then have hearings on their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agencies then have hearings on their own
+time and in their own buildings with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in their own buildings with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and in their own buildings with
+their own lobbyists and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own lobbyists and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own lobbyists and then they
+publish these regulations so I mean they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish these regulations so I mean they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publish these regulations so I mean they
+have the force of law at least to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the force of law at least to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the force of law at least to the
+extent that they're within the authority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that they're within the authority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent that they're within the authority
+granted to them but they're not issued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted to them but they're not issued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granted to them but they're not issued
+by Congress that's it's not because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Congress that's it's not because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Congress that's it's not because
+they're enforcers it's just sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're enforcers it's just sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're enforcers it's just sort of
+because that's where Congress decided to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where Congress decided to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's where Congress decided to
+give the authority yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that they should be where yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they should be where yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they should be where yeah
+well they're not I mean do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're not I mean do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're not I mean do you think
+that there's a constitutional problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a constitutional problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a constitutional problem
+with having the executive branch make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having the executive branch make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having the executive branch make
+regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it's true why it's part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's true why it's part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it's true why it's part of their
+purpose yes to regulate it's part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose yes to regulate it's part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose yes to regulate it's part of
+their purpose but they're also supposed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their purpose but they're also supposed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their purpose but they're also supposed
+to be enforcing that the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be enforcing that the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be enforcing that the same
+regulations that they promulgate by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that they promulgate by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations that they promulgate by the
+way statutes are enacted regulations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way statutes are enacted regulations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way statutes are enacted regulations are
+promulgated judicial decisions are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgated judicial decisions are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promulgated judicial decisions are I
+don't know issued it's true but they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know issued it's true but they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know issued it's true but they are
+in the executive brain I mean Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the executive brain I mean Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the executive brain I mean Congress
+has decided we're gonna delegate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has decided we're gonna delegate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has decided we're gonna delegate this
+authority to the executive branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to the executive branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to the executive branch
+there's a limited number of regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limited number of regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a limited number of regulations
+that are issued by legislative branch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are issued by legislative branch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are issued by legislative branch
+entities like whether you have to wipe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities like whether you have to wipe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities like whether you have to wipe
+your shoes before going to the Library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shoes before going to the Library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your shoes before going to the Library
+of Congress the Library of Congress is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Congress the Library of Congress is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Congress the Library of Congress is a
+legislative branch entity in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative branch entity in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legislative branch entity in fact the
+Copyright Office which does issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copyright Office which does issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copyright Office which does issue
+regulations is you know a legislative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations is you know a legislative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations is you know a legislative
+branch entity so the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch entity so the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch entity so the copyright
+regulations are from the legislative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations are from the legislative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulations are from the legislative
+branch okay so when you see a citation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch okay so when you see a citation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branch okay so when you see a citation
+to CFR that means it's a regulation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to CFR that means it's a regulation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to CFR that means it's a regulation this
+comes out by the way every year not by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out by the way every year not by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out by the way every year not by
+Canadians although they have they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadians although they have they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadians although they have they have a
+version that comes out like every day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that comes out like every day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version that comes out like every day
+anyway so this this means it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this this means it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so this this means it's a
+regulation USC means it's a statute us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation USC means it's a statute us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation USC means it's a statute us
+me to judicial decision okay so what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to judicial decision okay so what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to judicial decision okay so what did
+we look at on the homework did we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at on the homework did we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we look at on the homework did we look
+at any US C's yes no or any CFR s no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any US C's yes no or any CFR s no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any US C's yes no or any CFR s no we
+looked only at judicial decisions so who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked only at judicial decisions so who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked only at judicial decisions so who
+wants to talk about what we looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to talk about what we looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to talk about what we looked at
+what was the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the phonebook one which one the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phonebook one which one the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the phonebook one which one the phone
+book publications see if I can get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book publications see if I can get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book publications see if I can get that
+here okay who wants to so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay who wants to so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay who wants to so one of the
+things they teach you to do in law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they teach you to do in law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they teach you to do in law
+school is to brief the case and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school is to brief the case and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school is to brief the case and that
+basically just means putting the holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just means putting the holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically just means putting the holding
+into your own words people know what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your own words people know what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into your own words people know what I
+mean by the holding what's the holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the holding what's the holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by the holding what's the holding
+of the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the result yeah it's sort of the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result yeah it's sort of the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result yeah it's sort of the part
+that really matters there can be what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really matters there can be what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really matters there can be what's
+called dicta which is when the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dicta which is when the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called dicta which is when the Supreme
+Court's might say if things had been a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court's might say if things had been a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court's might say if things had been a
+different way we would have decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way we would have decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way we would have decided
+differently that stuff doesn't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently that stuff doesn't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently that stuff doesn't matter
+for the future what only matters is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the future what only matters is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the future what only matters is in
+this case in this situation we decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in this situation we decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case in this situation we decided
+this that's called the holding and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's called the holding and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that's called the holding and the
+holding is said to be on the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding is said to be on the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding is said to be on the question
+presented so the question might be if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented so the question might be if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented so the question might be if a
+law says that you go to jail for five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law says that you go to jail for five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law says that you go to jail for five
+years for having 50 grams of pot does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for having 50 grams of pot does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years for having 50 grams of pot does
+that refer to the pot before it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refer to the pot before it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that refer to the pot before it's been
+picked or after it's been picked that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked or after it's been picked that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked or after it's been picked that
+might be the question and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the question and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the question and the answer
+would be something very succinct like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something very succinct like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be something very succinct like
+before it's been picked recently there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's been picked recently there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before it's been picked recently there
+was a case where says if a statute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a case where says if a statute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a case where says if a statute
+criminalizes some activity when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminalizes some activity when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criminalizes some activity when it
+occurs within a hundred yards of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs within a hundred yards of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurs within a hundred yards of a
+school does that mean within 100 yards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school does that mean within 100 yards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school does that mean within 100 yards
+as the crow flies or 100 yards along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the crow flies or 100 yards along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the crow flies or 100 yards along the
+street because you know there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street because you know there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+street because you know there was a
+building in the way and you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in the way and you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building in the way and you couldn't
+walk through it and people remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through it and people remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walk through it and people remember that
+case what did the Court decide there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what did the Court decide there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case what did the Court decide there
+yeah they said as the crow flies because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they said as the crow flies because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah they said as the crow flies because
+we don't want to have to worry about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to have to worry about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't want to have to worry about is
+the building open during the day and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building open during the day and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the building open during the day and not
+during the night and was it open then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the night and was it open then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the night and was it open then
+and so they said as the crow flies was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they said as the crow flies was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they said as the crow flies was
+not this gives me not good for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this gives me not good for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this gives me not good for the
+defendant okay so what was the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defendant okay so what was the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defendant okay so what was the question
+presented in Feist publications who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in Feist publications who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented in Feist publications who
+wants to give a stab at first of all how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to give a stab at first of all how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wants to give a stab at first of all how
+did this case get to the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this case get to the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this case get to the Supreme Court
+how did it start yeah in the district
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did it start yeah in the district
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did it start yeah in the district
+court and who did somebody sue who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court and who did somebody sue who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court and who did somebody sue who
+somebody the phone company sued Feist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody the phone company sued Feist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody the phone company sued Feist
+really okay and so who had won in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay and so who had won in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really okay and so who had won in the
+previous in the lower court the funk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous in the lower court the funk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous in the lower court the funk of
+need one so the Supreme Court was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one so the Supreme Court was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need one so the Supreme Court was
+reversing the lower decision give also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing the lower decision give also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversing the lower decision give also
+upheld the district court's decision and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upheld the district court's decision and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upheld the district court's decision and
+then it's been forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's been forever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's been forever
+did the Supreme Court disagree a lot on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the Supreme Court disagree a lot on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did the Supreme Court disagree a lot on
+this one yeah they got pissed off within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one yeah they got pissed off within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one yeah they got pissed off within
+the Supreme Court no who's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court no who's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court no who's you know
+except for one guy right write his own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one guy right write his own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except for one guy right write his own
+opinion opinion with that what's up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion opinion with that what's up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion opinion with that what's up with
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you know there's in the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's in the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's in the Supreme Court
+they can do whatever they want black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do whatever they want black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do whatever they want black
+justice Blackmun concurred in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice Blackmun concurred in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice Blackmun concurred in the
+judgment that just means I agree with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment that just means I agree with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment that just means I agree with
+the holding here but I'm not gonna agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the holding here but I'm not gonna agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the holding here but I'm not gonna agree
+with any of the reasoning right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any of the reasoning right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with any of the reasoning right so
+you're he didn't have to it's true they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're he didn't have to it's true they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're he didn't have to it's true they
+sort of can do it or they want so so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of can do it or they want so so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of can do it or they want so so we
+can see here that this previous court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here that this previous court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here that this previous court
+opinion if you look here it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion if you look here it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opinion if you look here it says
+disposition 916 F ii 718 was reversed so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition 916 F ii 718 was reversed so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disposition 916 F ii 718 was reversed so
+what is 916 f ii 718 they don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is 916 f ii 718 they don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is 916 f ii 718 they don't really
+give you a lot to guide you here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a lot to guide you here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a lot to guide you here but
+what is that it's a citation yes to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that it's a citation yes to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is that it's a citation yes to what
+an appeals court opinion yes so now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appeals court opinion yes so now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an appeals court opinion yes so now we
+so you see how you have to know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see how you have to know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see how you have to know the
+citations to know what the hell they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations to know what the hell they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citations to know what the hell they're
+talking about so they're saying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so they're saying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about so they're saying the
+appeals court opinion was reversed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals court opinion was reversed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals court opinion was reversed and
+it was unanimously reversed that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was unanimously reversed that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was unanimously reversed that means
+that everybody on the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody on the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that everybody on the Supreme Court
+thought that the appeals court got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the appeals court got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the appeals court got it
+wrong so you can see these questions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so you can see these questions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong so you can see these questions are
+not always easy and you should assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always easy and you should assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not always easy and you should assume
+that any time a case gets to the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any time a case gets to the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that any time a case gets to the Supreme
+Court it's not easy even if it's decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court it's not easy even if it's decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court it's not easy even if it's decided
+nationally unanimously reasonable people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationally unanimously reasonable people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nationally unanimously reasonable people
+could could disagree and not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could disagree and not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could could disagree and not just
+reasonable people like very smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable people like very smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable people like very smart
+justices so these cases are not easy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justices so these cases are not easy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justices so these cases are not easy and
+here they give it a sit aside we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they give it a sit aside we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they give it a sit aside we're just
+sort of giving away the answers here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of giving away the answers here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of giving away the answers here
+decision alphabetical listing of names
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision alphabetical listing of names
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision alphabetical listing of names
+accompanied by towns and telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by towns and telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accompanied by towns and telephone
+numbers and telephone book white pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and telephone book white pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and telephone book white pages
+held not copyrightable thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held not copyrightable thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+held not copyrightable thus
+non-consensual copying of listings held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-consensual copying of listings held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-consensual copying of listings held
+not to infringe on copyright Wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to infringe on copyright Wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to infringe on copyright Wow
+okay who wrote that little decision line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who wrote that little decision line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay who wrote that little decision line
+I think it was Canadians are Dutch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was Canadians are Dutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it was Canadians are Dutch
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+what are those people called that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those people called that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are those people called that's
+Dutch people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dutch people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dutch people
+Netherlanders it was a it was a Dutch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlanders it was a it was a Dutch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netherlanders it was a it was a Dutch
+man okay it was a Dutchman well it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man okay it was a Dutchman well it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man okay it was a Dutchman well it was
+probably somebody working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably somebody working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably somebody working for
+people anyway so this is one of the nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people anyway so this is one of the nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people anyway so this is one of the nice
+things about LexisNexis is that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about LexisNexis is that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about LexisNexis is that they
+they put in this information here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in this information here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they put in this information here to
+help you understand it so some lawyer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you understand it so some lawyer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you understand it so some lawyer
+working for Lexus has read this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for Lexus has read this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working for Lexus has read this and this
+entire decision and decided that's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire decision and decided that's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire decision and decided that's this
+is the nut of it this is the holding but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nut of it this is the holding but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the nut of it this is the holding but
+you should be able to do that in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to do that in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to do that in your
+own words and that's probably the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own words and that's probably the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own words and that's probably the best
+way to to understand these cases now who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to to understand these cases now who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to to understand these cases now who
+thought that the Supreme Court was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the Supreme Court was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought that the Supreme Court was
+correct one person okay the rest of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct one person okay the rest of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct one person okay the rest of you
+why was this people got wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was this people got wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why was this people got wrong
+yuh-huh me who's the Supreme Court made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yuh-huh me who's the Supreme Court made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yuh-huh me who's the Supreme Court made
+the right decision here did anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right decision here did anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right decision here did anybody
+think they made a mistake yes okay why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they made a mistake yes okay why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they made a mistake yes okay why
+well they talked about how the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they talked about how the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they talked about how the little
+telephone company put the for fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone company put the for fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telephone company put the for fake
+entries in yeah if they copied that as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in yeah if they copied that as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries in yeah if they copied that as I
+say that's so totally in the frame for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's so totally in the frame for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's so totally in the frame for
+vacancies right and then these dudes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies right and then these dudes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancies right and then these dudes
+copied even that I don't remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied even that I don't remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copied even that I don't remember
+I say get him okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well who wants to be mr. rural telephone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who wants to be mr. rural telephone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well who wants to be mr. rural telephone
+service what would you say to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service what would you say to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service what would you say to that
+yeah I thought the point wasn't that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I thought the point wasn't that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I thought the point wasn't that the
+copy of whether that was okay yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of whether that was okay yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of whether that was okay yeah yeah
+I mean they could have made their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they could have made their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean they could have made their own
+injuries that's where it makes room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injuries that's where it makes room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injuries that's where it makes room
+although they were original okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they were original okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they were original okay so now
+we're getting into something but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting into something but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting into something but if you
+are feisty obligations if you are mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are feisty obligations if you are mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are feisty obligations if you are mr.
+rural telephone service you would say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural telephone service you would say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rural telephone service you would say
+look Feist we somehow came up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look Feist we somehow came up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look Feist we somehow came up with this
+sort of information we got the records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of information we got the records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of information we got the records
+and you know we painstakingly compiled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we painstakingly compiled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know we painstakingly compiled
+them so you could go door-to-door and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you could go door-to-door and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you could go door-to-door and
+get the records too that might be what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the records too that might be what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the records too that might be what
+you would say but the Supreme Court said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say but the Supreme Court said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would say but the Supreme Court said
+no why was that yeah they're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why was that yeah they're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no why was that yeah they're gonna
+copyright for the phone book because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright for the phone book because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright for the phone book because it
+was itself conservative original work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was itself conservative original work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was itself conservative original work
+that's important cereal the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important cereal the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's important cereal the actual
+addresses themselves it's factual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses themselves it's factual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addresses themselves it's factual
+information you claimed pieces out if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you claimed pieces out if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you claimed pieces out if
+you want a factual okay so the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a factual okay so the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want a factual okay so the Supreme
+Court said this lacks originality what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court said this lacks originality what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court said this lacks originality what
+where does that requirement come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that requirement come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does that requirement come from
+copyright law is it from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright law is it from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright law is it from the
+Constitution the Copyright Act well if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution the Copyright Act well if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution the Copyright Act well if
+they said it was from the Constitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said it was from the Constitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said it was from the Constitution
+they said they said I was from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they said I was from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said they said I was from the
+Constitution yeah cuz they said when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution yeah cuz they said when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution yeah cuz they said when
+it's implied when they said the author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's implied when they said the author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's implied when they said the author
+of the work and key word itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work and key word itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the work and key word itself
+Constitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Constitution
+right right by using the word author it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right by using the word author it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right by using the word author it
+implies some originality okay but would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies some originality okay but would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implies some originality okay but would
+you say this decision is primarily about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this decision is primarily about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say this decision is primarily about
+the Constitution or more about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constitution or more about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Constitution or more about the
+statute yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statute yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statute yeah
+they claim that it's about the Copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they claim that it's about the Copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they claim that it's about the Copyright
+Act of 1976 okay I mean if the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act of 1976 okay I mean if the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act of 1976 okay I mean if the Supreme
+Court wanted to grant copyright on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court wanted to grant copyright on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court wanted to grant copyright on this
+kind of work could they sorry it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work could they sorry it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of work could they sorry it's not
+just for it if Congress wanted to grant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for it if Congress wanted to grant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just for it if Congress wanted to grant
+copyright on this kind of work could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on this kind of work could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright on this kind of work could
+they well that's a really hard question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they well that's a really hard question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they well that's a really hard question
+but I think the answer is yes that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the answer is yes that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I think the answer is yes that's my
+personal Supreme Court okay but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal Supreme Court okay but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal Supreme Court okay but I think
+this the Congress was probably within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the Congress was probably within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the Congress was probably within
+its power to stop what vice publications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its power to stop what vice publications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its power to stop what vice publications
+did here we don't really know but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here we don't really know but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did here we don't really know but in
+this case the room Supreme Court no said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the room Supreme Court no said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case the room Supreme Court no said
+no because of this requirement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because of this requirement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no because of this requirement of
+originality and everybody thinks they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality and everybody thinks they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality and everybody thinks they
+made the right decision I mean if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the right decision I mean if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the right decision I mean if you
+compiled the phone book and somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled the phone book and somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compiled the phone book and somebody
+ripped you off you'd be I mean it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripped you off you'd be I mean it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ripped you off you'd be I mean it takes
+a lot of work to compile a phone book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work to compile a phone book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of work to compile a phone book
+right isn't that investment in work what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right isn't that investment in work what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right isn't that investment in work what
+the copyright clause and the covered Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyright clause and the covered Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyright clause and the covered Act
+are supposed to protect yet Bob you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to protect yet Bob you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are supposed to protect yet Bob you can
+also say it's to make an argument that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also say it's to make an argument that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also say it's to make an argument that
+its original in your presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original in your presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original in your presentation
+or you're just the fact that you cop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're just the fact that you cop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you're just the fact that you cop
+that usually can do it and that no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually can do it and that no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that usually can do it and that no one
+else had yeah this Rupert agree that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else had yeah this Rupert agree that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else had yeah this Rupert agree that it
+was original no they don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was original no they don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was original no they don't
+I think nice okay yeah maybe another war
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think nice okay yeah maybe another war
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think nice okay yeah maybe another war
+but since it's required from the company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since it's required from the company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since it's required from the company
+yeah what they don't have a choice so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what they don't have a choice so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what they don't have a choice so I
+hope you'd agree with this friend : they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'd agree with this friend : they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you'd agree with this friend : they
+say they have no choice on this election
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they have no choice on this election
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say they have no choice on this election
+days okay so they had no choice on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days okay so they had no choice on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days okay so they had no choice on the
+selection of names they arranged them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of names they arranged them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selection of names they arranged them
+you know alphabetically which they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know alphabetically which they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know alphabetically which they also
+basically had no choice yeah prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically had no choice yeah prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically had no choice yeah prediction
+the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+building methods names okay somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building methods names okay somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building methods names okay somebody
+else yeah basically yelling at the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah basically yelling at the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else yeah basically yelling at the lower
+circuit courts abusing the sweat of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit courts abusing the sweat of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit courts abusing the sweat of the
+brow argument the sweat of the brow it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brow argument the sweat of the brow it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brow argument the sweat of the brow it
+doesn't matter how much effort you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter how much effort you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter how much effort you put
+into getting the facts they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into getting the facts they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into getting the facts they're just
+facts unless you do something special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts unless you do something special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+facts unless you do something special
+them they're not copyrightable Wow okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're not copyrightable Wow okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them they're not copyrightable Wow okay
+okay so what are some contemporary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are some contemporary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what are some contemporary
+situations where this this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where this this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where this this kind of
+question could be an issue yes Kalyn yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question could be an issue yes Kalyn yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question could be an issue yes Kalyn yes
+okay sure if the NBA versus step Inc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sure if the NBA versus step Inc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay sure if the NBA versus step Inc and
+okay versus Pepsi and how did you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay versus Pepsi and how did you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay versus Pepsi and how did you find
+out about that case I read a book about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about that case I read a book about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about that case I read a book about
+baseball statistics okay what would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball statistics okay what would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseball statistics okay what would be
+another way to find out about related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to find out about related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to find out about related
+cases that starts with the letter C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that starts with the letter C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that starts with the letter C
+sensation yes so what's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation yes so what's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensation yes so what's one of the
+coolest things that you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolest things that you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coolest things that you can do in
+reading a Supreme Court opinion all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a Supreme Court opinion all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading a Supreme Court opinion all
+those citations you can read other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those citations you can read other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those citations you can read other
+Supreme Court opinions that cite it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court opinions that cite it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court opinions that cite it you
+can just follow the citations and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just follow the citations and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can just follow the citations and those
+often have all sorts of interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have all sorts of interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often have all sorts of interesting
+permutations and another thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations and another thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations and another thing you can
+do is you can use lectures to search for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you can use lectures to search for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is you can use lectures to search for
+other cases that have cited in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases that have cited in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other cases that have cited in this case
+because the citation format is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the citation format is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the citation format is so
+constrained or not original well we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained or not original well we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained or not original well we'll
+get to that but the citation form is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that but the citation form is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to that but the citation form is so
+constrained that you can be sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained that you can be sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained that you can be sure that
+future courts will have used the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future courts will have used the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future courts will have used the exact
+same format you can just search for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same format you can just search for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same format you can just search for that
+text you can find other cases that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text you can find other cases that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text you can find other cases that
+decided to cite this case and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to cite this case and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided to cite this case and for
+Supreme Court cases Lexus has made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court cases Lexus has made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court cases Lexus has made it
+even easier for you they have a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even easier for you they have a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even easier for you they have a little
+button up here that says Shepards and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button up here that says Shepards and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button up here that says Shepards and
+you click Shepards and which in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click Shepards and which in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you click Shepards and which in the
+olden days you had to actually get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olden days you had to actually get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+olden days you had to actually get the
+book scheppers but now it's just unlike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book scheppers but now it's just unlike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book scheppers but now it's just unlike
+this and this will tell you the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this will tell you the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this will tell you the entire
+history of this case so it started out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this case so it started out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of this case so it started out
+here as EPS up what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as EPS up what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as EPS up what's that
+and so what Court District Court and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what Court District Court and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what Court District Court and
+then it was affirmed without an opinion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was affirmed without an opinion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was affirmed without an opinion
+by F second which is the Tenth Circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by F second which is the Tenth Circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by F second which is the Tenth Circuit
+in Kansas and then they had they tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kansas and then they had they tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kansas and then they had they tried
+to get reconsideration and they lost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get reconsideration and they lost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get reconsideration and they lost and
+then it was reversed I'm not exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was reversed I'm not exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it was reversed I'm not exactly
+sure what happened here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what happened here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure what happened here
+the Supreme Court says no we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court says no we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court says no we're not
+going to take all this is later so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take all this is later so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take all this is later so you
+these are get confusing because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are get confusing because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are get confusing because it's
+1992 anyway and then it gets to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 anyway and then it gets to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1992 anyway and then it gets to this
+citation and then they argued about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation and then they argued about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+citation and then they argued about who
+should pay the fees there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pay the fees there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should pay the fees there's a whole
+history and then you can go down here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and then you can go down here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history and then you can go down here
+you can see here's all the decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here's all the decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see here's all the decisions
+where the Supreme Court later talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Supreme Court later talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the Supreme Court later talked
+about this case it was explained by and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this case it was explained by and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this case it was explained by and
+cited here and cited in this case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited here and cited in this case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited here and cited in this case and
+cited in this case which you also read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited in this case which you also read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited in this case which you also read
+right and then here's let's say you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then here's let's say you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then here's let's say you're a
+lawyer arguing in Massachusetts what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer arguing in Massachusetts what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyer arguing in Massachusetts what you
+really want to know is what is the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to know is what is the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want to know is what is the First
+Circuit said about this well here they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit said about this well here they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Circuit said about this well here they
+tell you here's all the First Circuit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you here's all the First Circuit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you here's all the First Circuit
+cases Johnson versus Gordon and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases Johnson versus Gordon and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases Johnson versus Gordon and this
+case and this can't they go on oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and this can't they go on oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case and this can't they go on oh
+there's a case about Yankee Candle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a case about Yankee Candle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a case about Yankee Candle
+Yankee Candle Company versus Bridgewater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yankee Candle Company versus Bridgewater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yankee Candle Company versus Bridgewater
+candle company what is that probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle company what is that probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candle company what is that probably
+about yeah maybe can you you read you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah maybe can you you read you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about yeah maybe can you you read you
+know is it rough sense yeah I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it rough sense yeah I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is it rough sense yeah I don't know
+if you can copyright a cent maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can copyright a cent maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can copyright a cent maybe that's
+what it's about or the names handle come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's about or the names handle come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's about or the names handle come
+I don't know you know so there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know you know so there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know you know so there's all
+these cases here's one Lotus development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases here's one Lotus development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases here's one Lotus development
+company versus Borland International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company versus Borland International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company versus Borland International
+people know what that was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know what that was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people know what that was about
+that was about whether you can copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was about whether you can copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was about whether you can copyright
+control X and your arrangement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control X and your arrangement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control X and your arrangement of
+because I think what notice you Borland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think what notice you Borland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think what notice you Borland
+was actually with a corporate wt1 file I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually with a corporate wt1 file I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was actually with a corporate wt1 file I
+don't think so no you're right it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so no you're right it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think so no you're right it was
+about the quadrant proheavy of and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quadrant proheavy of and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the quadrant proheavy of and that
+was Lotus or Portland Metro is Portland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Lotus or Portland Metro is Portland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Lotus or Portland Metro is Portland
+so board that made that program had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so board that made that program had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so board that made that program had
+supported me this program that had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported me this program that had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supported me this program that had a
+venue mode that you could turn on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venue mode that you could turn on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venue mode that you could turn on in
+that mode it completely presented the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mode it completely presented the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that mode it completely presented the
+same you eyes lives 1 2 3 so all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you eyes lives 1 2 3 so all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same you eyes lives 1 2 3 so all these
+people learned on Lotus 1-2-3 and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learned on Lotus 1-2-3 and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people learned on Lotus 1-2-3 and all
+that so people learn oh it's Rolex do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so people learn oh it's Rolex do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so people learn oh it's Rolex do
+this ctrl C command X all cubed to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ctrl C command X all cubed to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ctrl C command X all cubed to do
+this and Borland wanted to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and Borland wanted to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and Borland wanted to make a
+program to compete with them and so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to compete with them and so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program to compete with them and so they
+made it have the exact same key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it have the exact same key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it have the exact same key
+combinations and Lotus sued them and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and Lotus sued them and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations and Lotus sued them and who
+do you think should having read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think should having read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think should having read this
+case vice publications who should win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's unclear do you think it's a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unclear do you think it's a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's unclear do you think it's a it's
+okay to copy the control C control x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to copy the control C control x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to copy the control C control x
+command V I think it depends like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command V I think it depends like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command V I think it depends like if
+they created if they were original oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created if they were original oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they created if they were original oh
+yeah no they totally create them yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no they totally create them yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no they totally create them yeah I
+think you know the control seek it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know the control seek it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know the control seek it means
+copy because it starts with the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy because it starts with the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy because it starts with the scene
+bit control acts like that's not cut and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit control acts like that's not cut and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit control acts like that's not cut and
+there's no accident catch okay so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no accident catch okay so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no accident catch okay so here's
+some so some issues where originality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so some issues where originality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some so some issues where originality
+might be an issue Kaelin said basketball
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an issue Kaelin said basketball
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be an issue Kaelin said basketball
+statistics sports stats and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics sports stats and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics sports stats and there's
+litigation about that what's in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigation about that what's in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigation about that what's in the case
+we're talking about here is command keys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well okay command keys or what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay command keys or what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay command keys or what
+look-and-feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that Shepards button which on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that Shepards button which on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that Shepards button which on our
+school LexisNexis is only available for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school LexisNexis is only available for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school LexisNexis is only available for
+the Supreme Court you can get all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court you can get all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court you can get all sorts
+of permutations about similar issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of permutations about similar issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of permutations about similar issues
+that and when the Supreme Court decides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and when the Supreme Court decides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and when the Supreme Court decides
+this case about telephone books they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case about telephone books they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case about telephone books they
+know that they're not just deciding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're not just deciding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that they're not just deciding
+about telephone books right they know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about telephone books right they know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about telephone books right they know
+that their decision is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their decision is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their decision is going to be
+important for all these other similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for all these other similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important for all these other similar
+disputes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disputes
+okay so sports stats look and feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sports stats look and feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so sports stats look and feel
+what's another similar thing you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another similar thing you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's another similar thing you can
+imagine people arguing about yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine people arguing about yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine people arguing about yeah so
+there is a case a very old case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a case a very old case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a case a very old case where
+the The Associated Press would put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Associated Press would put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the The Associated Press would put out
+the what's the Associated Press by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the Associated Press by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the what's the Associated Press by the
+way it's a wire service it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's a wire service it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it's a wire service it's a
+non-profit collaboration between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-profit collaboration between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-profit collaboration between
+newspapers when there's gonna be a press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers when there's gonna be a press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+newspapers when there's gonna be a press
+conference or something you know the New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference or something you know the New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference or something you know the New
+York Times doesn't want to have to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times doesn't want to have to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York Times doesn't want to have to send
+their guy and the Boston Globe send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their guy and the Boston Globe send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their guy and the Boston Globe send
+their guy and the Los Angeles Times send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their guy and the Los Angeles Times send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their guy and the Los Angeles Times send
+their guy does something that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their guy does something that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their guy does something that's probably
+boring anyway so they created this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring anyway so they created this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring anyway so they created this
+nonprofit coalition called The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit coalition called The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonprofit coalition called The
+Associated Press that they fund that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated Press that they fund that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated Press that they fund that
+then ghost has sends one guy to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ghost has sends one guy to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ghost has sends one guy to the
+press conference and very quickly writes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press conference and very quickly writes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press conference and very quickly writes
+an article about what happened and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article about what happened and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an article about what happened and if
+you go to cnn.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to cnn.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to cnn.com
+for instance almost all the articles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance almost all the articles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance almost all the articles
+there by The Associated Press or its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there by The Associated Press or its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there by The Associated Press or its
+competitors okay and there was some guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors okay and there was some guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors okay and there was some guy
+some other company that was ripping off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other company that was ripping off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other company that was ripping off
+The Associated Press as soon as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Associated Press as soon as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Associated Press as soon as the
+associate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associate
+Preston put out a story on the wire this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Preston put out a story on the wire this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Preston put out a story on the wire this
+other company would rephrase it in their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other company would rephrase it in their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other company would rephrase it in their
+own words and then put it out themselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own words and then put it out themselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own words and then put it out themselves
+and the associate press sued them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the associate press sued them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the associate press sued them and
+you can find the case yourself if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find the case yourself if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can find the case yourself if you
+want the result no I think The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the result no I think The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want the result no I think The
+Associated Press won that case under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated Press won that case under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Associated Press won that case under
+this hot news jurisprudence that has yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hot news jurisprudence that has yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hot news jurisprudence that has yet
+has not a lot been said about that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not a lot been said about that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has not a lot been said about that I
+think that's true I thought they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's true I thought they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's true I thought they said
+that the news of the day was factual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the news of the day was factual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the news of the day was factual and
+that it wasn't a credible I mean is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't a credible I mean is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it wasn't a credible I mean is one
+look and look it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and look it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and look it up
+okay so news lips something else there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so news lips something else there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so news lips something else there's
+this musical composition by this advant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this musical composition by this advant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this musical composition by this advant
+garde composer John Cage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garde composer John Cage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+garde composer John Cage
+it's called 4:33 and it's what it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called 4:33 and it's what it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called 4:33 and it's what it's
+completely silent for four minutes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely silent for four minutes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely silent for four minutes and
+33 seconds and if somebody else you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 seconds and if somebody else you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 seconds and if somebody else you know
+makes a piece that's two minutes of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a piece that's two minutes of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a piece that's two minutes of
+silence you know can the cage of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silence you know can the cage of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silence you know can the cage of states
+through them for copyright infringement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them for copyright infringement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through them for copyright infringement
+it's another question about originality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another question about originality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's another question about originality
+okay silence biographies yeah I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay silence biographies yeah I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay silence biographies yeah I think
+that's less about originality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less about originality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less about originality
+oh yeah so Lotus three Borland way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah so Lotus three Borland way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh yeah so Lotus three Borland way to
+the Supreme Court and they decided it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court and they decided it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court and they decided it
+was too hard and they did not reach a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too hard and they did not reach a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too hard and they did not reach a
+decision copyright is but autobiography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision copyright is but autobiography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision copyright is but autobiography
+but they said he couldn't copyright the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they said he couldn't copyright the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they said he couldn't copyright the
+factory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory
+major comment so people that's read it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major comment so people that's read it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major comment so people that's read it
+make factual information represented I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make factual information represented I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make factual information represented I
+don't know about that case but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about that case but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about that case but that
+would make sense so there's also going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make sense so there's also going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would make sense so there's also going
+to dispute recently about price lists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dispute recently about price lists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to dispute recently about price lists
+because the day after Thanksgiving all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the day after Thanksgiving all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the day after Thanksgiving all
+these retailers have massive sales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these retailers have massive sales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these retailers have massive sales and
+Walmart and Amazon and target and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart and Amazon and target and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart and Amazon and target and the
+other retailers have these big sales and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other retailers have these big sales and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other retailers have these big sales and
+those price lists are closely guarded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those price lists are closely guarded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those price lists are closely guarded
+secrets and yet they somehow get out on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets and yet they somehow get out on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrets and yet they somehow get out on
+these websites like super sales calm and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these websites like super sales calm and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these websites like super sales calm and
+the websites you know have been the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the websites you know have been the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the websites you know have been the
+Walmart really objects to that why might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart really objects to that why might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walmart really objects to that why might
+they objected that right people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they objected that right people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they objected that right people could
+compare the prices between Walmart and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the prices between Walmart and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compare the prices between Walmart and
+Target or whatever and they say no those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target or whatever and they say no those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Target or whatever and they say no those
+price lists or our copyrighted works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price lists or our copyrighted works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price lists or our copyrighted works and
+you know and there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and there's a lot of
+originality that goes into the prices we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality that goes into the prices we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality that goes into the prices we
+have to decide should the price of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide should the price of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide should the price of a
+Nintendo be one hundred ninety five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo be one hundred ninety five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nintendo be one hundred ninety five
+dollars 198 192 and what does Target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars 198 192 and what does Target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars 198 192 and what does Target
+likely to do and what's Amazon likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to do and what's Amazon likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to do and what's Amazon likely to
+do a lot of originality goes into bed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of originality goes into bed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of originality goes into bed
+and website people say well come on it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and website people say well come on it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and website people say well come on it's
+just what price you're gonna charge it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what price you're gonna charge it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just what price you're gonna charge it's
+completely factual information what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely factual information what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely factual information what do
+you guys think for those of you specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys think for those of you specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys think for those of you specify
+your sources can you get around if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sources can you get around if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sources can you get around if you
+for any of the things just saying well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of the things just saying well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for any of the things just saying well I
+got this from this article can you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this from this article can you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this from this article can you I
+don't think the site citation is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think the site citation is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think the site citation is really
+the although it does solve almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the although it does solve almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the although it does solve almost all
+problems in the law I don't think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the law I don't think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems in the law I don't think it
+solves this one I mean like the I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves this one I mean like the I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solves this one I mean like the I mean
+if you say this is Beauty and the Beast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say this is Beauty and the Beast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you say this is Beauty and the Beast
+by Disney that doesn't absolve you from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Disney that doesn't absolve you from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Disney that doesn't absolve you from
+copying it does it okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying it does it okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copying it does it okay
+so the price list I'm not sure if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price list I'm not sure if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the price list I'm not sure if that
+has been conclusively adjudicated yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been conclusively adjudicated yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been conclusively adjudicated yeah I
+think it's just like a ruined company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's just like a ruined company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's just like a ruined company
+gave up the numbers which they go sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave up the numbers which they go sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gave up the numbers which they go sort
+of so the same thing Detroit oh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so the same thing Detroit oh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so the same thing Detroit oh you
+think it's like a signing a phone number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like a signing a phone number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's like a signing a phone number
+assigning a price that would be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning a price that would be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assigning a price that would be that
+would be interesting argument yeah just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting argument yeah just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interesting argument yeah just
+prices you can notice for a cancel over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you can notice for a cancel over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices you can notice for a cancel over
+there well that's true and you need the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well that's true and you need the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there well that's true and you need the
+trade secret would apply if prices were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade secret would apply if prices were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade secret would apply if prices were
+to lives on this website say today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lives on this website say today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lives on this website say today is
+prior to to the event when Morrissey is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to to the event when Morrissey is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prior to to the event when Morrissey is
+this price or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this price or
+yeah yeah in America I don't think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah in America I don't think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah in America I don't think you
+can you can you could suppress that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you could suppress that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can you can you could suppress that
+under trade secret unless the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under trade secret unless the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under trade secret unless the
+information were obtained improperly but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information were obtained improperly but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information were obtained improperly but
+if there's enough there goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's enough there goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there's enough there goes through
+enough people then no well wouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough people then no well wouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough people then no well wouldn't be a
+secret as soon as you posted it on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret as soon as you posted it on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret as soon as you posted it on your
+website this is a new this is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website this is a new this is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website this is a new this is a new
+issue and trade secret law and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and trade secret law and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue and trade secret law and I don't
+think it's been totally settled okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's been totally settled okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's been totally settled okay but
+so these are all so when you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all so when you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are all so when you think about
+Feist publications you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feist publications you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Feist publications you should be able to
+have in your mind all these other issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in your mind all these other issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in your mind all these other issues
+that the reasoning could apply to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reasoning could apply to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the reasoning could apply to and
+one more thing that's been recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing that's been recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one more thing that's been recently
+talked about is lockout codes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about is lockout codes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about is lockout codes and
+passwords let's say you make a printer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords let's say you make a printer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passwords let's say you make a printer
+like a laser printer now if you make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a laser printer now if you make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a laser printer now if you make a
+laser printer how do you actually make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser printer how do you actually make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser printer how do you actually make
+money is it by selling laser printers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is it by selling laser printers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money is it by selling laser printers
+right it's by selling toner for laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's by selling toner for laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's by selling toner for laser
+printers is how you make money that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers is how you make money that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printers is how you make money that's
+why you get all the spam emails that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you get all the spam emails that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you get all the spam emails that I
+buy the toner so so what some companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the toner so so what some companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy the toner so so what some companies
+do is they have a password for the toner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they have a password for the toner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they have a password for the toner
+cartridge to work with the printer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartridge to work with the printer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartridge to work with the printer and
+the printer says I will not accept any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the printer says I will not accept any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the printer says I will not accept any
+toner cartridge unless it gives me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toner cartridge unless it gives me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toner cartridge unless it gives me this
+password and the password could be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and the password could be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and the password could be you
+know a megabyte long it could be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a megabyte long it could be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a megabyte long it could be really
+long the password and then in inside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the password and then in inside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long the password and then in inside the
+toner cartridge the company puts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toner cartridge the company puts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toner cartridge the company puts the
+password and when they first connect up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and when they first connect up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+password and when they first connect up
+the toner cartridge sends this megabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toner cartridge sends this megabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toner cartridge sends this megabyte
+long password to the printer this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long password to the printer this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long password to the printer this is
+okay and so any competitor if it makes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so any competitor if it makes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and so any competitor if it makes a
+toner cartridge that doesn't have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toner cartridge that doesn't have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toner cartridge that doesn't have that
+megabyte long work in it they can't that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte long work in it they can't that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte long work in it they can't that
+it won't print so what if some company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't print so what if some company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it won't print so what if some company
+rips off the the lockout code and puts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rips off the the lockout code and puts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rips off the the lockout code and puts
+it in their toner cartridge and copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in their toner cartridge and copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in their toner cartridge and copies
+it is that copyright infringement it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that copyright infringement it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that copyright infringement it's a
+it's not a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a secret
+I mean you connect up to the tuner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you connect up to the tuner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you connect up to the tuner
+cartridge it sends the password you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah that's a little different but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's a little different but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah that's a little different but
+anyway so all of these are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so all of these are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway so all of these are sort of
+originality questions the decision on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality questions the decision on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originality questions the decision on
+the Turner case that you could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Turner case that you could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Turner case that you could not
+copyright a little lockout code like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright a little lockout code like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright a little lockout code like you
+know 32 bytes but if you put a megabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 32 bytes but if you put a megabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 32 bytes but if you put a megabyte
+of you know some movie that your company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know some movie that your company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know some movie that your company
+Commission's I have no idea what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission's I have no idea what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commission's I have no idea what that's
+I think the decision would be similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the decision would be similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think the decision would be similar
+but I really don't know for sure so but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I really don't know for sure so but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I really don't know for sure so but
+these are all the sort of originality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the sort of originality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are all the sort of originality
+issues okay so that's Feist publications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay so that's Feist publications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues okay so that's Feist publications
+let's blow is the next case we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's blow is the next case we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's blow is the next case we talked
+about 2 Live Crew's Campbell vs. 8 Huff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 Live Crew's Campbell vs. 8 Huff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 2 Live Crew's Campbell vs. 8 Huff
+Rose music so by the way why did I sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose music so by the way why did I sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rose music so by the way why did I sign
+these cases I mean do these give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases I mean do these give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cases I mean do these give a
+comprehensive view of copyright no we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive view of copyright no we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive view of copyright no we
+haven't even looked at the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even looked at the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't even looked at the copyright
+statute which I hope will get you today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you read enough cases that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read enough cases that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read enough cases that's true
+although the copyright you know how so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the copyright you know how so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although the copyright you know how so
+how long is the copyright statute does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long is the copyright statute does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how long is the copyright statute does
+anybody know it's like 280 pages just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know it's like 280 pages just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody know it's like 280 pages just
+for the statute and in some sense even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the statute and in some sense even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the statute and in some sense even
+unlike more so than other areas of law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike more so than other areas of law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike more so than other areas of law
+the statute really matters to copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statute really matters to copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statute really matters to copyright
+and we haven't even gotten there yet in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we haven't even gotten there yet in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we haven't even gotten there yet in
+patents the court the passed court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents the court the passed court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents the court the passed court
+decisions are a lot more important but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are a lot more important but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions are a lot more important but
+in copyright there's this long statute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in copyright there's this long statute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in copyright there's this long statute
+that precisely sets out all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precisely sets out all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that precisely sets out all these
+different balances so to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different balances so to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different balances so to understand
+copyright you need to be able to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright you need to be able to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright you need to be able to read
+the statute and these courts you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statute and these courts you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statute and these courts you know
+all of these cases are about the statute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these cases are about the statute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of these cases are about the statute
+in some sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense okay
+what's the whoops Campbell versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the whoops Campbell versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the whoops Campbell versus
+acuff-rose music about about parity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acuff-rose music about about parity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acuff-rose music about about parity and
+why is parity important who is Campbell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what does he do what does mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does he do what does mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what does he do what does mr.
+Skywalker do for a living he's a rapper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skywalker do for a living he's a rapper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skywalker do for a living he's a rapper
+and what did they do they copy what is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did they do they copy what is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what did they do they copy what is a
+coffee rose music what do they do they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee rose music what do they do they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee rose music what do they do they
+only cover it in the song pretty woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cover it in the song pretty woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only cover it in the song pretty woman
+yeah Luke Skywalker is a pseudonym is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Luke Skywalker is a pseudonym is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Luke Skywalker is a pseudonym is
+that a problem well apparently he went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a problem well apparently he went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a problem well apparently he went
+by Campbell that's his real name right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Campbell that's his real name right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Campbell that's his real name right
+company those Luke Skywalker records has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company those Luke Skywalker records has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company those Luke Skywalker records has
+like extra wires anyway okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like extra wires anyway okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like extra wires anyway okay so
+acuff-rose music owns the copyright on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acuff-rose music owns the copyright on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acuff-rose music owns the copyright on
+this song pretty woman people know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this song pretty woman people know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this song pretty woman people know this
+song apparently has a distinctive guitar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song apparently has a distinctive guitar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song apparently has a distinctive guitar
+riff I don't know exactly how that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riff I don't know exactly how that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riff I don't know exactly how that goes
+but anyway so it ended did Campbell's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so it ended did Campbell's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but anyway so it ended did Campbell's
+group did 2 Live Crew you know did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group did 2 Live Crew you know did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group did 2 Live Crew you know did they
+reproduce the song we looked before at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the song we looked before at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce the song we looked before at
+the exclusive rights of copyright one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive rights of copyright one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive rights of copyright one of
+those was to Reaper to reproduce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those was to Reaper to reproduce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those was to Reaper to reproduce the
+work did they reproduce the work or did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work did they reproduce the work or did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work did they reproduce the work or did
+they prepare a derivative work yeah but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prepare a derivative work yeah but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prepare a derivative work yeah but
+did they take the same guitar riff for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they take the same guitar riff for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they take the same guitar riff for
+instance the same melody through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the same melody through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance the same melody through this
+really yeah so they definitely prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah so they definitely prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really yeah so they definitely prepared
+a derivative work and the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative work and the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a derivative work and the copyright
+let's just look at what the Copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at what the Copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just look at what the Copyright
+Act says what's it gonna say well who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act says what's it gonna say well who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act says what's it gonna say well who
+has the right to do that the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the right to do that the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the right to do that the copyright
+owner so happy so we're gonna look down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner so happy so we're gonna look down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner so happy so we're gonna look down
+at the statute how are we gonna do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the Copyright Act is one law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the Copyright Act is one law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the Copyright Act is one law
+that was passed by Congress most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was passed by Congress most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was passed by Congress most
+recently in 1976 so people talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in 1976 so people talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently in 1976 so people talk about
+the Copyright Act of 1976
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Copyright Act of 1976
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Copyright Act of 1976
+that's not actually what it's called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually what it's called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not actually what it's called the
+actual name of the Copyright Act is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual name of the Copyright Act is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual name of the Copyright Act is
+title 17 that's the formal name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title 17 that's the formal name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title 17 that's the formal name of the
+Copyright Act and they call it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copyright Act and they call it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copyright Act and they call it that
+because it's title 17 of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's title 17 of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's title 17 of the United
+States Code so everything in copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Code so everything in copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States Code so everything in copyright
+will start with 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start with 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start with 7
+tene USC so just as 47 USC means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tene USC so just as 47 USC means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tene USC so just as 47 USC means
+telecommunications 17 USC means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications 17 USC means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telecommunications 17 USC means
+copyright and whenever Congress makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and whenever Congress makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright and whenever Congress makes
+them change to the Copyright Act as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them change to the Copyright Act as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them change to the Copyright Act as they
+do and they've done many times since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and they've done many times since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do and they've done many times since
+1976 it always goes somewhere in title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 it always goes somewhere in title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1976 it always goes somewhere in title
+17 and they just keep adding more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 and they just keep adding more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 and they just keep adding more and
+more sections they're up to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sections they're up to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sections they're up to like
+fourteen hundred or something there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen hundred or something there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen hundred or something there's
+not fourteen hundred sections but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fourteen hundred sections but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fourteen hundred sections but they
+they keep adding sections so we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep adding sections so we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they keep adding sections so we're gonna
+look at the Copyright Act and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Copyright Act and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the Copyright Act and we're
+gonna type in 17 USC s the S stands for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna type in 17 USC s the S stands for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna type in 17 USC s the S stands for
+service which means we're getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service which means we're getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service which means we're getting the
+Canadian version or the Dutch version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian version or the Dutch version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Canadian version or the Dutch version
+sorry no dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry no dots
+you just type 17 USC s and the source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just type 17 USC s and the source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just type 17 USC s and the source is
+the United States code you can also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States code you can also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the United States code you can also
+search the Constitution here but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search the Constitution here but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search the Constitution here but we're
+doing the code then people see how I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the code then people see how I got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the code then people see how I got
+here here's where you start it oops when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's where you start it oops when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here here's where you start it oops when
+you go to did everybody manage to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to did everybody manage to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to did everybody manage to use
+LexisNexis correctly I hope you didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis correctly I hope you didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis correctly I hope you didn't
+just google the cases nobody did that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just google the cases nobody did that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just google the cases nobody did that
+that will admit to it okay so you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will admit to it okay so you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will admit to it okay so you go to
+LexisNexis if you just have a citation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis if you just have a citation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LexisNexis if you just have a citation
+you put it in right here a citation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it in right here a citation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put it in right here a citation for
+a case but if you're looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case but if you're looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case but if you're looking for
+something in the US code you have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the US code you have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something in the US code you have to do
+legal research and federal code and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal research and federal code and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal research and federal code and then
+for cabaret you put 17 USC s in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cabaret you put 17 USC s in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cabaret you put 17 USC s in the
+citation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it brings up the whole thing and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it brings up the whole thing and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it brings up the whole thing and how
+many sections is at 161 sections okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many sections is at 161 sections okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many sections is at 161 sections okay
+and so the one that we're worried about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the one that we're worried about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the one that we're worried about
+what was the central one we're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the central one we're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the central one we're talking
+about before 106 everything comes out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before 106 everything comes out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about before 106 everything comes out of
+106 the exclusive rights incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+106 the exclusive rights incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+106 the exclusive rights incorporated
+works so to be able to answer to speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so to be able to answer to speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works so to be able to answer to speed
+and copyright for your own satisfaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and copyright for your own satisfaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and copyright for your own satisfaction
+you're gonna have to look at the statute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to look at the statute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna have to look at the statute
+and that's what these courts did and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what these courts did and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what these courts did and if
+if you want to find out what the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to find out what the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to find out what the answer
+is without having to go to court you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is without having to go to court you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is without having to go to court you're
+gonna have to look at the statute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to look at the statute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna have to look at the statute
+yourself so here are the let me zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so here are the let me zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself so here are the let me zoom
+this in here so the owner of copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here so the owner of copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in here so the owner of copyright
+has the exclusive right exclusive means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the exclusive right exclusive means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the exclusive right exclusive means
+nobody else can do to do and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else can do to do and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobody else can do to do and to
+authorize any of the following and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize any of the following and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorize any of the following and one
+of those is to prepare derivative works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those is to prepare derivative works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those is to prepare derivative works
+based on the copyrighted work and later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the copyrighted work and later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the copyrighted work and later
+it says that if anybody infringes one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that if anybody infringes one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it says that if anybody infringes one of
+those exclusive rights you can sue them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those exclusive rights you can sue them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those exclusive rights you can sue them
+and make them stop and get money for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make them stop and get money for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make them stop and get money for
+them yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so there's exceptions to this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well that's basically what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's basically what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well that's basically what the
+entire rest of the kind of your day is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire rest of the kind of your day is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire rest of the kind of your day is
+there but I didn't go to the sessions at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but I didn't go to the sessions at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there but I didn't go to the sessions at
+the MIT libraries and the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT libraries and the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT libraries and the technology
+licensing office are running read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing office are running read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+licensing office are running read
+copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright
+did anybody actually go to those yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the they briefly touched on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they briefly touched on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the they briefly touched on the
+definition of fair use but that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of fair use but that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition of fair use but that was
+about as far as they go yeah so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as far as they go yeah so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as far as they go yeah so the the
+perspective that they gave in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that they gave in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective that they gave in those
+sessions I don't want to the perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions I don't want to the perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions I don't want to the perspective
+they gave in those sessions was a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conventional perspective on copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional perspective on copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional perspective on copyright
+which is that of the author and I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that of the author and I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that of the author and I don't
+want to mislead you into thinking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mislead you into thinking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to mislead you into thinking that
+all this stuff is how authors think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff is how authors think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all this stuff is how authors think
+about copyright when we talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about copyright when we talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about copyright when we talk about
+copyright academically we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright academically we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright academically we talk about the
+structure of government and property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of government and property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of government and property
+rights and intellectual and and rivalry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and intellectual and and rivalry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rights and intellectual and and rivalry
+and exclusion and all that stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exclusion and all that stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exclusion and all that stuff you
+know that's sort of an academic view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's sort of an academic view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's sort of an academic view
+about copyright but if you're an author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about copyright but if you're an author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about copyright but if you're an author
+and you just want to copyright stuff you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just want to copyright stuff you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you just want to copyright stuff you
+know you have a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have a very different
+discussion and I that's not really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and I that's not really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion and I that's not really what
+you're getting here so I don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting here so I don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting here so I don't want to
+mislead you I mean what if somebody had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mislead you I mean what if somebody had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mislead you I mean what if somebody had
+to summarize copyright for their friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize copyright for their friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to summarize copyright for their friend
+who was trying to write a book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was trying to write a book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who was trying to write a book and
+protect it what would you say yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect it what would you say yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect it what would you say yeah I
+would say you write a book and nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say you write a book and nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say you write a book and nobody
+can copy it until seven years after you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can copy it until seven years after you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can copy it until seven years after you
+died you should register your copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died you should register your copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+died you should register your copyright
+with the cowbird office which we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cowbird office which we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the cowbird office which we haven't
+even touched on yet and if somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even touched on yet and if somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even touched on yet and if somebody
+adapts your book into a play or sells it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapts your book into a play or sells it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adapts your book into a play or sells it
+without your permission or it copies it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without your permission or it copies it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without your permission or it copies it
+you can sue them that's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sue them that's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sue them that's you know
+basically the author view of copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the author view of copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the author view of copyright
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's not necessary to register your it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessary to register your it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not necessary to register your it
+could be kept protected by copyright but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be kept protected by copyright but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be kept protected by copyright but
+it is necessary in order to sue somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is necessary in order to sue somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is necessary in order to sue somebody
+we'll get to that but I just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that but I just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get to that but I just want to
+emphasize that the sort of academic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that the sort of academic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize that the sort of academic
+study that we're doing here is not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that we're doing here is not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study that we're doing here is not the
+sort of nuts and bolts that you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nuts and bolts that you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of nuts and bolts that you would
+get from one of those MIT library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from one of those MIT library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from one of those MIT library
+sessions okay so you have the exclusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions okay so you have the exclusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions okay so you have the exclusive
+right to prepare derivative works based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to prepare derivative works based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to prepare derivative works based
+on the cupboard at work so is to Live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cupboard at work so is to Live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the cupboard at work so is to Live
+Crew in trouble they infringe one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crew in trouble they infringe one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crew in trouble they infringe one of
+these exclusive rights why are they not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exclusive rights why are they not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these exclusive rights why are they not
+immediately put in jail because parodies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately put in jail because parodies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately put in jail because parodies
+are allowed and in particular what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed and in particular what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are allowed and in particular what was
+the first sense of this that I skipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sense of this that I skipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first sense of this that I skipped
+over subject to sections 107 through 122
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over subject to sections 107 through 122
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over subject to sections 107 through 122
+so I just blithely skipped over that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just blithely skipped over that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I just blithely skipped over that but
+those are important because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are important because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are important because those are
+the exceptions and what the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exceptions and what the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exceptions and what the very first
+one is 107 which is fair use which says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is 107 which is fair use which says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is 107 which is fair use which says
+notwithstanding what you just read what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding what you just read what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding what you just read what
+is notwithstanding mean it means forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is notwithstanding mean it means forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is notwithstanding mean it means forget
+what you just read I'm the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just read I'm the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you just read I'm the more
+important thing Congress will sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing Congress will sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing Congress will sometimes
+pass laws where the first words in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass laws where the first words in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass laws where the first words in the
+law are notwithstanding any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law are notwithstanding any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law are notwithstanding any other
+provision of law those are really scary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision of law those are really scary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision of law those are really scary
+because you know the United States code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the United States code
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know the United States code
+takes up an entire bookshelf it's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes up an entire bookshelf it's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes up an entire bookshelf it's you
+know 50 volumes and some of them are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 50 volumes and some of them are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 50 volumes and some of them are
+really big and when they write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big and when they write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big and when they write
+notwithstanding any other provision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding any other provision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding any other provision of
+law they're Wow yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens with two laws contract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with two laws contract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens with two laws contract
+themselves that's why we have highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that's why we have highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves that's why we have highly
+paid judges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid judges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paid judges
+I mean sometimes the more recent law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean sometimes the more recent law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean sometimes the more recent law
+take I mean there's general rules like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I mean there's general rules like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I mean there's general rules like
+the more recent law takes precedence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more recent law takes precedence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more recent law takes precedence or
+more likely you try and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely you try and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more likely you try and understand
+Congress's intent in fact there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress's intent in fact there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress's intent in fact there are some
+laws that are so important that they say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws that are so important that they say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws that are so important that they say
+this law cannot be overridden by by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law cannot be overridden by by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law cannot be overridden by by any
+law unless it specifically says that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law unless it specifically says that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law unless it specifically says that it
+overrides me so if you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overrides me so if you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overrides me so if you say
+notwithstanding any other provision of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding any other provision of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding any other provision of
+law that's not good enough to override
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that's not good enough to override
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law that's not good enough to override
+this law you still have to say and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law you still have to say and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this law you still have to say and
+notwithstanding the second subject so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding the second subject so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notwithstanding the second subject so
+you can get yourself in all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get yourself in all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get yourself in all sorts of
+logical contradictions but fortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical contradictions but fortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logical contradictions but fortunately
+we have judges to serve these things out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have judges to serve these things out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have judges to serve these things out
+and generally they're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generally they're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generally they're not really
+concerned with law you know with formal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with law you know with formal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned with law you know with formal
+logic okay so notwithstanding what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic okay so notwithstanding what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic okay so notwithstanding what you
+just read but this notwithstanding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read but this notwithstanding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read but this notwithstanding this
+is also dangerous because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also dangerous because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also dangerous because we're
+depending on the people who write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the people who write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the people who write the
+u.s. code to put things in a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. code to put things in a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u.s. code to put things in a reasonable
+order but as far as we know somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but as far as we know somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order but as far as we know somewhere in
+title three there might be a section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title three there might be a section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+title three there might be a section
+that says notwithstanding all of title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says notwithstanding all of title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says notwithstanding all of title
+17 you can copy it as long as it's about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 you can copy it as long as it's about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+17 you can copy it as long as it's about
+pretty women that that law might be part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty women that that law might be part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty women that that law might be part
+of the United States code and we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the United States code and we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the United States code and we would
+have no idea yeah they're like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea yeah they're like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have no idea yeah they're like a
+full-text search you can now but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-text search you can now but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full-text search you can now but you
+know that's something you can do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's something you can do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's something you can do in the
+last 20 years and even so it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 20 years and even so it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last 20 years and even so it's you know
+it's difficult and there's some federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult and there's some federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult and there's some federal
+laws that are not in the United States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws that are not in the United States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws that are not in the United States
+code like the Northwest Ordinance which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code like the Northwest Ordinance which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code like the Northwest Ordinance which
+created like Illinois and it's a federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created like Illinois and it's a federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created like Illinois and it's a federal
+law it's still in effect today still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law it's still in effect today still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law it's still in effect today still
+enforced but it's not in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced but it's not in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enforced but it's not in the United
+States code it's complicated anyway so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States code it's complicated anyway so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States code it's complicated anyway so
+now with standing what you just read the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with standing what you just read the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now with standing what you just read the
+fair use of a copyrighted work including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair use of a copyrighted work including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair use of a copyrighted work including
+such use by reproduction in copies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such use by reproduction in copies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such use by reproduction in copies or
+phone records or by any other means for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone records or by any other means for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone records or by any other means for
+purposes such as criticism comment news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes such as criticism comment news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purposes such as criticism comment news
+reporting teaching scholarship or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting teaching scholarship or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporting teaching scholarship or
+research is not an infringement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is not an infringement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research is not an infringement of
+copyright in determining whether the use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright in determining whether the use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright in determining whether the use
+made of a work in any particular case is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of a work in any particular case is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made of a work in any particular case is
+a fair use the factors to be considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair use the factors to be considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair use the factors to be considered
+shall include the purpose of the use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall include the purpose of the use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shall include the purpose of the use the
+nature of the work the amount of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the work the amount of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature of the work the amount of the
+portion used and the effect on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion used and the effect on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion used and the effect on the
+potential market that's what Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential market that's what Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential market that's what Congress
+has said now did Congress come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has said now did Congress come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has said now did Congress come up with
+that on their own no where did this come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on their own no where did this come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on their own no where did this come
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it came from judges because the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came from judges because the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it came from judges because the previous
+Copyright Act had no provision for fair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copyright Act had no provision for fair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Copyright Act had no provision for fair
+use at all in the law and some people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use at all in the law and some people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use at all in the law and some people
+went to court over you know small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to court over you know small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to court over you know small
+changes or you know tricky issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes or you know tricky issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes or you know tricky issues and
+the court said well Congress could not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court said well Congress could not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the court said well Congress could not
+have seriously intended to have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seriously intended to have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have seriously intended to have no
+provision for fair use so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision for fair use so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provision for fair use so we're just
+gonna invent one and there was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna invent one and there was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna invent one and there was this
+whole judge-made doctrine of fair use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole judge-made doctrine of fair use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole judge-made doctrine of fair use
+and when Congress enacted the Copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when Congress enacted the Copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when Congress enacted the Copyright
+Act in 1976 title 17 they said we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act in 1976 title 17 they said we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Act in 1976 title 17 they said we're not
+going to disturb that judge-made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disturb that judge-made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to disturb that judge-made
+doctrine we're going to preserve it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine we're going to preserve it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine we're going to preserve it and
+Lexus has attached probably what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexus has attached probably what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lexus has attached probably what they
+said so Lexus has attached the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so Lexus has attached the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so Lexus has attached the sort of
+commentary that the House of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary that the House of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commentary that the House of
+Representatives row when they first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives row when they first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Representatives row when they first
+issued this in 1976 they said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued this in 1976 they said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued this in 1976 they said the
+judicial doctrine of fair use one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicial doctrine of fair use one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judicial doctrine of fair use one of the
+most important and well established
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important and well established
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most important and well established
+limitations on the exclusive right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations on the exclusive right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations on the exclusive right of
+copper donors would be given express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper donors would be given express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copper donors would be given express
+statutory recognition for the first time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statutory recognition for the first time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statutory recognition for the first time
+in section 107 so it was there it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in section 107 so it was there it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in section 107 so it was there it was
+given it was well established in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given it was well established in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given it was well established in
+Congress's view and yet it was nowhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress's view and yet it was nowhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress's view and yet it was nowhere
+in the statute so these things can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the statute so these things can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the statute so these things can be
+tricky anyway so we'll go back here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky anyway so we'll go back here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky anyway so we'll go back here so
+you're the Supreme Court and mr. camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the Supreme Court and mr. camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're the Supreme Court and mr. camp
+mr. acuff-rose says you ripped off my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. acuff-rose says you ripped off my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. acuff-rose says you ripped off my
+song you prepared a derivative work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song you prepared a derivative work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song you prepared a derivative work
+that's undisputed and what is Luke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's undisputed and what is Luke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's undisputed and what is Luke
+Skywalker say he says it was what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skywalker say he says it was what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skywalker say he says it was what he
+says it was not an infringement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it was not an infringement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says it was not an infringement of
+copyright because he was fair use and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright because he was fair use and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright because he was fair use and
+section 107 says notwithstanding your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 107 says notwithstanding your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 107 says notwithstanding your
+exclusive right my fair use is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right my fair use is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusive right my fair use is not an
+infringement of copyright that's what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement of copyright that's what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement of copyright that's what he
+says right yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we include the lyrics and appendix yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we include the lyrics and appendix yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we include the lyrics and appendix yeah
+I like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're the Supreme Court let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're the Supreme Court let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're the Supreme Court let's
+look at this dispassionately we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this dispassionately we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this dispassionately we'll say
+okay Luke Skywalker we're gonna look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Luke Skywalker we're gonna look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay Luke Skywalker we're gonna look at
+that maybe you're covered by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe you're covered by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe you're covered by the
+exception it says notwithstanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception it says notwithstanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception it says notwithstanding
+section 106 the fair use including such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 106 the fair use including such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 106 the fair use including such
+used by reproduction copies or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by reproduction copies or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used by reproduction copies or
+phonorecords for purposes okay let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonorecords for purposes okay let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phonorecords for purposes okay let's
+let's look at it such as criticism is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it such as criticism is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at it such as criticism is
+that what they were doing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they were doing okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what they were doing okay
+criticism comment maybe news reporting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism comment maybe news reporting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism comment maybe news reporting
+no teaching no scholarship research no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no teaching no scholarship research no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no teaching no scholarship research no
+okay so but they're like it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but they're like it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so but they're like it's it's
+criticism and comment and did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism and comment and did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticism and comment and did the
+Supreme Court rigorously apply these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court rigorously apply these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court rigorously apply these
+four factors in deciding whether it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four factors in deciding whether it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four factors in deciding whether it was
+a fair use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fair use
+yes I mean do you think do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I mean do you think do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I mean do you think do you think
+that's how they made the decision well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they made the decision well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how they made the decision well
+Supreme Court days are now in the feels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court days are now in the feels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court days are now in the feels
+these assumptions about one through four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions about one through four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these assumptions about one through four
+that are not true they change so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not true they change so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not true they change so much
+kind of seems like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of seems like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of seems like
+yeah I mean but how do you think that do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean but how do you think that do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I mean but how do you think that do
+you think that that's how the jut the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that that's how the jut the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think that that's how the jut the
+justice has reached their conclusions or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice has reached their conclusions or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justice has reached their conclusions or
+do you think they were like well come on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think they were like well come on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you think they were like well come on
+it's just a joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just a joke
+let's write this reason why and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this reason why and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's write this reason why and we don't
+really know how they in their minds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how they in their minds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know how they in their minds
+reach the decision and David Nimr who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the decision and David Nimr who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach the decision and David Nimr who's
+probably the foremost copyright scholar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the foremost copyright scholar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably the foremost copyright scholar
+today has written a paper called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today has written a paper called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today has written a paper called the
+fairest of them all which may be worded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairest of them all which may be worded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairest of them all which may be worded
+in this class where he analyzes you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class where he analyzes you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class where he analyzes you know
+like a hundred fair use decisions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hundred fair use decisions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a hundred fair use decisions and
+finds that the judges opinion on these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds that the judges opinion on these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds that the judges opinion on these
+four factors has almost no predictive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four factors has almost no predictive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four factors has almost no predictive
+power about what the judge's ruling will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power about what the judge's ruling will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power about what the judge's ruling will
+be even what the judge actually has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even what the judge actually has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be even what the judge actually has
+written about his opinion of the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about his opinion of the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written about his opinion of the four
+factors has no has no effect no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors has no has no effect no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors has no has no effect no
+predictive power I think on the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power I think on the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive power I think on the final
+ruling about whether it was fair use or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling about whether it was fair use or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ruling about whether it was fair use or
+not yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what is he the minority opinion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he the minority opinion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is he the minority opinion is
+across or what reach the home of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across or what reach the home of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across or what reach the home of the
+opposite decision to maturity and yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite decision to maturity and yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite decision to maturity and yeah
+so you know you have to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you have to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know you have to understand
+although these are the criteria that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although these are the criteria that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although these are the criteria that
+Congress is set out for judges to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress is set out for judges to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress is set out for judges to take
+to help judges and reaching their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help judges and reaching their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help judges and reaching their
+decision in reality things are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision in reality things are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision in reality things are a lot
+more subtle than that and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle than that and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more subtle than that and you know
+really what probably happens is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what probably happens is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really what probably happens is that you
+know the judges sort of decide is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the judges sort of decide is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the judges sort of decide is this
+really a ripoff is this affecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a ripoff is this affecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a ripoff is this affecting the
+plaintiff in some bad way and yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaintiff in some bad way and yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaintiff in some bad way and yeah so
+you know that it's um it's more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's um it's more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that it's um it's more subtle
+than what's set out here I don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what's set out here I don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what's set out here I don't know
+and so and what what you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and what what you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so and what what you know the
+vagueness of fair use in practice means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagueness of fair use in practice means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vagueness of fair use in practice means
+that large entities just will not rely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that large entities just will not rely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that large entities just will not rely
+on it at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it at all
+because you have you really don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have you really don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have you really don't know
+what very what is fair use and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what very what is fair use and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what very what is fair use and what is
+it I mean the victory for Luke Skywalker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean the victory for Luke Skywalker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it I mean the victory for Luke Skywalker
+was by no means assured in this Campbell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by no means assured in this Campbell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by no means assured in this Campbell
+V acuff-rose case right and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V acuff-rose case right and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V acuff-rose case right and the
+consequence of that vagueness is that no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that vagueness is that no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of that vagueness is that no
+publisher will rely on fair use so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher will rely on fair use so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publisher will rely on fair use so when
+when the MIT press is publishing a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the MIT press is publishing a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the MIT press is publishing a book
+and they want to quote some other author
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to quote some other author
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they want to quote some other author
+from some other book you know they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some other book you know they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from some other book you know they
+always ask permission from Simon &
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ask permission from Simon &
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always ask permission from Simon &
+Schuster whoever it is even if it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schuster whoever it is even if it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Schuster whoever it is even if it's just
+a sentence and if they won't give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence and if they won't give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sentence and if they won't give
+permission they're extremely reluctant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission they're extremely reluctant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permission they're extremely reluctant
+to include it even if they have a lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include it even if they have a lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to include it even if they have a lock
+lock hard case of fair use have people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock hard case of fair use have people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock hard case of fair use have people
+know the author Douglas Hofstadter who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the author Douglas Hofstadter who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the author Douglas Hofstadter who
+wrote gödel Escher Bach so in his book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote gödel Escher Bach so in his book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrote gödel Escher Bach so in his book
+through tome Buddha Malvo which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through tome Buddha Malvo which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through tome Buddha Malvo which is about
+translation at one point he wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation at one point he wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation at one point he wants to
+criticize part of the Catcher in the Rye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize part of the Catcher in the Rye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticize part of the Catcher in the Rye
+by JD Salinger and so he he prepares in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by JD Salinger and so he he prepares in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by JD Salinger and so he he prepares in
+his book did he know the important thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book did he know the important thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book did he know the important thing
+about his book is that he laid it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his book is that he laid it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about his book is that he laid it out
+it's the author laid out this book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the author laid out this book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the author laid out this book
+himself in a word processor because he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in a word processor because he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself in a word processor because he
+wanted it to have a very particular kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to have a very particular kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted it to have a very particular kind
+of layout this is you know he's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of layout this is you know he's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of layout this is you know he's a famous
+author so the publishers like whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author so the publishers like whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+author so the publishers like whatever
+and so in his book he's like and now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in his book he's like and now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in his book he's like and now let
+me show you what I mean about the bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you what I mean about the bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me show you what I mean about the bad
+parts of JD Salinger's capturing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of JD Salinger's capturing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of JD Salinger's capturing their
+eye : and then he has this long excerpt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye : and then he has this long excerpt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye : and then he has this long excerpt
+that's in its I shoulda brought this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in its I shoulda brought this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's in its I shoulda brought this in
+but in the inset he says I've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the inset he says I've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the inset he says I've got a
+problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here
+this is not JD Salinger and the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not JD Salinger and the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not JD Salinger and the problem
+is that right before our publication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right before our publication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that right before our publication
+date my my publisher called up JD
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date my my publisher called up JD
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date my my publisher called up JD
+Salinger's publisher and said can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salinger's publisher and said can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Salinger's publisher and said can we
+excerpt this little excerpt from Catcher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpt this little excerpt from Catcher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpt this little excerpt from Catcher
+in the Rye and JD Salinger said no and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Rye and JD Salinger said no and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the Rye and JD Salinger said no and I
+would have you know written around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have you know written around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have you know written around this
+or somehow fixed it but as I explained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somehow fixed it but as I explained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or somehow fixed it but as I explained
+to you I've laid out this whole book in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I've laid out this whole book in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you I've laid out this whole book in
+advance to have a certain layout in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance to have a certain layout in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance to have a certain layout in my
+word processor and I can't just delete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word processor and I can't just delete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word processor and I can't just delete
+this excerpt or it'll screw up my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this excerpt or it'll screw up my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this excerpt or it'll screw up my
+pagination so I'm just gonna sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pagination so I'm just gonna sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pagination so I'm just gonna sort of
+ramble on at length here until I reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramble on at length here until I reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ramble on at length here until I reach
+the original length of the excerpt and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original length of the excerpt and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the original length of the excerpt and
+then he goes back he's like can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he goes back he's like can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then he goes back he's like can you
+believe JD Salinger wrote that I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe JD Salinger wrote that I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe JD Salinger wrote that I'll
+bring this in but the point is that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this in but the point is that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring this in but the point is that here
+yeah Douglas Hofstadter is exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Douglas Hofstadter is exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah Douglas Hofstadter is exactly
+criticizing Catcher in the Rye he has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing Catcher in the Rye he has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criticizing Catcher in the Rye he has
+like a one paragraph or two paragraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a one paragraph or two paragraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a one paragraph or two paragraph
+excerpt from Catcher in the Rye who here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpt from Catcher in the Rye who here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpt from Catcher in the Rye who here
+has read Catcher in the Rye and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has read Catcher in the Rye and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has read Catcher in the Rye and you know
+we can look at the purpose and character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the purpose and character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can look at the purpose and character
+of the use it was criticism the nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the use it was criticism the nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the use it was criticism the nature
+of the copyrighted work is this big book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the copyrighted work is this big book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the copyrighted work is this big book
+that's one of the classics of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the classics of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the classics of American
+literature he's excerpting well what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature he's excerpting well what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature he's excerpting well what's
+the amount and substantiality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount and substantiality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount and substantiality of the
+portion just one paragraph what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion just one paragraph what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portion just one paragraph what's the
+effect of the use on the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the use on the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of the use on the potential
+market for for Catcher in the Rye I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for for Catcher in the Rye I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for for Catcher in the Rye I mean
+are people gonna not buy a Catcher in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people gonna not buy a Catcher in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are people gonna not buy a Catcher in
+the Rye because one paragraph has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rye because one paragraph has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Rye because one paragraph has been
+excerpted in this Hofstadter book the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpted in this Hofstadter book the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excerpted in this Hofstadter book the
+effect is probably nil right yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is probably nil right yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect is probably nil right yeah so
+here Douglas Hofstadter's publisher and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Douglas Hofstadter's publisher and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Douglas Hofstadter's publisher and
+the publisher by the way is basic books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publisher by the way is basic books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the publisher by the way is basic books
+which I think is owned by HarperCollins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is owned by HarperCollins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I think is owned by HarperCollins
+which is owned by the News Corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is owned by the News Corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is owned by the News Corporation
+you know which is a gigantic company it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which is a gigantic company it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know which is a gigantic company it
+also owns like Fox News and Fox TV and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also owns like Fox News and Fox TV and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also owns like Fox News and Fox TV and
+20th Century Fox television and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th Century Fox television and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20th Century Fox television and the
+Simpsons I'm a gigantic company which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simpsons I'm a gigantic company which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Simpsons I'm a gigantic company which
+would have no problem paying lawyers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no problem paying lawyers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no problem paying lawyers to
+litigate a fair use to speed here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigate a fair use to speed here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+litigate a fair use to speed here and
+here you know seems to have an ironclad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know seems to have an ironclad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you know seems to have an ironclad
+fair use case they just they won't risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair use case they just they won't risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair use case they just they won't risk
+it so the the fact that fairies this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the the fact that fairies this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so the the fact that fairies this
+vague means that in practice you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague means that in practice you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vague means that in practice you know
+cautious entities will not depend on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious entities will not depend on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious entities will not depend on it
+at all even if you might think that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all even if you might think that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all even if you might think that what
+you're doing is fair use okay did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is fair use okay did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing is fair use okay did
+anybody have anything else to say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have anything else to say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody have anything else to say about
+the to Live Crew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to Live Crew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the to Live Crew
+yeah yeah it is related I mean rappers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it is related I mean rappers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it is related I mean rappers
+recently a rapper I don't remember which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently a rapper I don't remember which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently a rapper I don't remember which
+one you know they they do these samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know they they do these samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one you know they they do these samples
+where they take a small section of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they take a small section of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they take a small section of
+another recording and they put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another recording and they put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another recording and they put it in
+their recording and recently one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their recording and recently one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their recording and recently one of
+those you know rap bands or rep I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you know rap bands or rep I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those you know rap bands or rep I don't
+know are they in bands one of the labels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are they in bands one of the labels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know are they in bands one of the labels
+was hit with a judgment of like 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hit with a judgment of like 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was hit with a judgment of like 50
+million dollars for just sampling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars for just sampling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million dollars for just sampling that
+you know and it's a sample like rip or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and it's a sample like rip or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and it's a sample like rip or
+something like that but they were hit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but they were hit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that but they were hit
+with a judgement for 50 million dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a judgement for 50 million dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a judgement for 50 million dollars
+or a lot of million dollars I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a lot of million dollars I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a lot of million dollars I don't
+remember how much for that sampling so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how much for that sampling so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember how much for that sampling so
+you really have to be careful and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to be careful and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really have to be careful and as
+we'll see if you mimic the sound that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see if you mimic the sound that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see if you mimic the sound that's
+completely okay if you make your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely okay if you make your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely okay if you make your own
+loop even if it sounds almost exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop even if it sounds almost exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop even if it sounds almost exactly
+like the loop that you're sampling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the loop that you're sampling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the loop that you're sampling
+that's fine that's not copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine that's not copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine that's not copyright
+infringement at all even if it's totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement at all even if it's totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement at all even if it's totally
+similar well that was about the musical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar well that was about the musical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar well that was about the musical
+work that was not about sampling the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that was not about sampling the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work that was not about sampling the
+recording but anyway the point is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording but anyway the point is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recording but anyway the point is you
+have to be very cautious about even the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very cautious about even the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be very cautious about even the
+tiniest copy if you're a big commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiniest copy if you're a big commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiniest copy if you're a big commercial
+entity or even if you're not have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity or even if you're not have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity or even if you're not have to be
+cautious and there's a distinction here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious and there's a distinction here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cautious and there's a distinction here
+what was the defense that acuff-rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the defense that acuff-rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was the defense that acuff-rose
+tried to raise I said well it might be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to raise I said well it might be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to raise I said well it might be a
+parody but it's not a parody of our song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody but it's not a parody of our song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody but it's not a parody of our song
+right did they raise this this issue of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did they raise this this issue of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right did they raise this this issue of
+parody versus satire didn't they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody versus satire didn't they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parody versus satire didn't they they
+talked about that what is the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that what is the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about that what is the difference
+what's a parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh I don't think so at all now a parody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't think so at all now a parody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh I don't think so at all now a parody
+is when you use the work to make fun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you use the work to make fun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when you use the work to make fun of
+it itself which is sort of like this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it itself which is sort of like this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it itself which is sort of like this to
+Live Crew thing I mean they were making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Live Crew thing I mean they were making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Live Crew thing I mean they were making
+fun of the song pretty woman but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of the song pretty woman but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun of the song pretty woman but a
+satire can be when you use some work to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satire can be when you use some work to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satire can be when you use some work to
+make fun of something else completely so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fun of something else completely so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fun of something else completely so
+we you know weird al' take songs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know weird al' take songs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we you know weird al' take songs like
+American Pie and he turned it into what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Pie and he turned it into what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Pie and he turned it into what
+was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it
+Star Wars pie what was it called it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Wars pie what was it called it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Star Wars pie what was it called it was
+about Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars and
+all that but it was not in any way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that but it was not in any way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that but it was not in any way
+making fun of Don McLean's song American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making fun of Don McLean's song American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making fun of Don McLean's song American
+Pie and and so we're now I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pie and and so we're now I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pie and and so we're now I think
+traditionally we say that parodies might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally we say that parodies might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally we say that parodies might
+be fair use but satire is not so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fair use but satire is not so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fair use but satire is not so so
+we're now who takes a song like American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now who takes a song like American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're now who takes a song like American
+Pie and makes it to make fun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pie and makes it to make fun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pie and makes it to make fun of
+something completely different or how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something completely different or how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something completely different or how
+they took how you doing but what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took how you doing but what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they took how you doing but what's that
+song yes pretty fly for a white guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song yes pretty fly for a white guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song yes pretty fly for a white guy
+weird out like that and he made it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird out like that and he made it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird out like that and he made it he
+made he called it what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made he called it what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made he called it what
+pretty fly for a rabbi which was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fly for a rabbi which was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fly for a rabbi which was all
+about this rabbi and you know all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this rabbi and you know all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this rabbi and you know all this
+stuff was not really making fun of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff was not really making fun of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff was not really making fun of the
+original song so weird out I think would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original song so weird out I think would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original song so weird out I think would
+have a very difficult fair use defense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very difficult fair use defense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very difficult fair use defense
+because he's not making fun of the songs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's not making fun of the songs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's not making fun of the songs
+that he takes he's using those songs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he takes he's using those songs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he takes he's using those songs to
+make fun of something else and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fun of something else and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make fun of something else and there's
+another case where somebody took it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case where somebody took it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another case where somebody took it was
+Walt Disney Company by the way whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walt Disney Company by the way whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walt Disney Company by the way whenever
+you see like Walt Disney Company's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see like Walt Disney Company's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see like Walt Disney Company's the
+plaintiff they almost always win so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaintiff they almost always win so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaintiff they almost always win so you
+never want to see one of those cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never want to see one of those cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never want to see one of those cases
+cited if you're not on the side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited if you're not on the side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cited if you're not on the side of the
+copyright owner Walt Disney Company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright owner Walt Disney Company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright owner Walt Disney Company
+versus I think the company was called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus I think the company was called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus I think the company was called
+air pirates also not a good sign and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pirates also not a good sign and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pirates also not a good sign and the
+air pirates had taken like Mickey Mouse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pirates had taken like Mickey Mouse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air pirates had taken like Mickey Mouse
+and Donald and used them in like some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Donald and used them in like some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Donald and used them in like some
+pornographic thing and they said oh no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornographic thing and they said oh no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pornographic thing and they said oh no
+it's a parody of Mickey Mouse and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parody of Mickey Mouse and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a parody of Mickey Mouse and the
+car was like no you're just doing porno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car was like no you're just doing porno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+car was like no you're just doing porno
+with Mickey Mouse and of course doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Mickey Mouse and of course doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Mickey Mouse and of course doesn't
+he want so you have you know you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he want so you have you know you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he want so you have you know you might
+say oh it's a parody but no no no no the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh it's a parody but no no no no the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say oh it's a parody but no no no no the
+other guys is gay no it's a satire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys is gay no it's a satire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other guys is gay no it's a satire
+you're just using our work but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just using our work but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just using our work but it's not
+you're not making fun of our work you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not making fun of our work you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not making fun of our work you're
+making something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making something
+one of something else yeah funny parity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of something else yeah funny parity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of something else yeah funny parity
+was also a rock sound and so we is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also a rock sound and so we is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was also a rock sound and so we is good
+with the curve effect of the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the curve effect of the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the curve effect of the market
+potential market of some favorite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential market of some favorite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential market of some favorite
+charities right so then camp acuff-rose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charities right so then camp acuff-rose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charities right so then camp acuff-rose
+like well if we wanted to then later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well if we wanted to then later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like well if we wanted to then later
+license a rap version of a pretty woman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license a rap version of a pretty woman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license a rap version of a pretty woman
+you know we'd be stuck because there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'd be stuck because there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we'd be stuck because there
+already is this rap version and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already is this rap version and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already is this rap version and the
+supreme court was like well we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme court was like well we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme court was like well we don't
+think that's really likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes Oh but you can see how sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Oh but you can see how sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes Oh but you can see how sensitive
+these fair use decisions can be and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fair use decisions can be and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fair use decisions can be and I
+you know I wouldn't want to ever depend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I wouldn't want to ever depend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I wouldn't want to ever depend
+on a fair use determination because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a fair use determination because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a fair use determination because you
+really can't depend on this is one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't depend on this is one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't depend on this is one of my
+favorite cases yeah well they okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite cases yeah well they okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite cases yeah well they okay so
+here's one in the dark days of 1977 when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one in the dark days of 1977 when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one in the dark days of 1977 when
+the city of New York teetered on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city of New York teetered on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the city of New York teetered on the
+brink of bankruptcy in its name had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brink of bankruptcy in its name had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brink of bankruptcy in its name had
+become synonymous with sin there came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become synonymous with sin there came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become synonymous with sin there came
+forth upon the land a message of hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth upon the land a message of hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth upon the land a message of hope
+sometimes the judges like to ham it up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the judges like to ham it up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the judges like to ham it up a
+bit on the television screens of America
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the television screens of America
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the television screens of America
+there appeared the image of a top-hatted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appeared the image of a top-hatted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there appeared the image of a top-hatted
+Broadway showgirl backed by an advancing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadway showgirl backed by an advancing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Broadway showgirl backed by an advancing
+filings of dancers chanting I Love New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filings of dancers chanting I Love New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filings of dancers chanting I Love New
+York repeated again and again the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York repeated again and again the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York repeated again and again the
+musical accompaniment with increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical accompaniment with increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+musical accompaniment with increasing
+intensity throughout the commercial this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity throughout the commercial this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity throughout the commercial this
+slogan was to become the theme for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slogan was to become the theme for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slogan was to become the theme for an
+extensive series of advertisements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive series of advertisements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensive series of advertisements that
+were to bring the nation assurances from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to bring the nation assurances from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were to bring the nation assurances from
+the stars of Broadway ranging from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stars of Broadway ranging from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stars of Broadway ranging from
+Dracula to the Cowardly Lion that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dracula to the Cowardly Lion that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dracula to the Cowardly Lion that all
+was well and that they too loved New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well and that they too loved New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well and that they too loved New
+York as an ad campaign for an ailing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York as an ad campaign for an ailing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York as an ad campaign for an ailing
+City was an unparalleled success crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City was an unparalleled success crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+City was an unparalleled success crucial
+of the campaign was the brief but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the campaign was the brief but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the campaign was the brief but
+exhilarating musical theme written by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhilarating musical theme written by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exhilarating musical theme written by
+Steve Carmen who had previously offered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Carmen who had previously offered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steve Carmen who had previously offered
+a number of highly successful commercial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of highly successful commercial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a number of highly successful commercial
+jingles including weekends were made for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jingles including weekends were made for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jingles including weekends were made for
+Michelob well the aisle Avenue her song
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelob well the aisle Avenue her song
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michelob well the aisle Avenue her song
+was written for the New York State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written for the New York State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was written for the New York State
+Department of Commerce it was for New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Commerce it was for New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Commerce it was for New
+York City the success of this campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City the success of this campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+York City the success of this campaign
+did not go unnoticed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not go unnoticed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not go unnoticed in the
+entertainment world on May 20th 1978 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment world on May 20th 1978 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entertainment world on May 20th 1978 the
+popular weekly variety program Saturday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular weekly variety program Saturday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular weekly variety program Saturday
+Night Live performed a comedy sketch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Night Live performed a comedy sketch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Night Live performed a comedy sketch
+over defendant NBC's Network in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over defendant NBC's Network in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over defendant NBC's Network in this
+sketch the cast of SNL portraying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the cast of SNL portraying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sketch the cast of SNL portraying the
+mayor and members of the Chamber of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor and members of the Chamber of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor and members of the Chamber of
+Commerce of the biblical city of Sodom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commerce of the biblical city of Sodom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Commerce of the biblical city of Sodom
+are seen discussing Sodom's poor public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seen discussing Sodom's poor public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are seen discussing Sodom's poor public
+image with out of towners and the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image with out of towners and the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image with out of towners and the effect
+this was having on the tourist trade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was having on the tourist trade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was having on the tourist trade in
+an attempt to recast the city's image in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to recast the city's image in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attempt to recast the city's image in
+a more positive light a new advertising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more positive light a new advertising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more positive light a new advertising
+campaign emphasizing the less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign emphasizing the less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign emphasizing the less
+sensational aspects of Sodom nightlife
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensational aspects of Sodom nightlife
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensational aspects of Sodom nightlife
+is unveiled as the highlight of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unveiled as the highlight of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is unveiled as the highlight of this
+campaign the song Isle of Sodom is sung
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign the song Isle of Sodom is sung
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign the song Isle of Sodom is sung
+a cappella by a chorus line of three SNL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cappella by a chorus line of three SNL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a cappella by a chorus line of three SNL
+regulars to the tune of I Love New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulars to the tune of I Love New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulars to the tune of I Love New York
+with the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the world
+I love Sodom repeated three times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love Sodom repeated three times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love Sodom repeated three times the
+plaintive Ellesmere music incorporated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaintive Ellesmere music incorporated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaintive Ellesmere music incorporated
+the cabra proprietor of I Love New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cabra proprietor of I Love New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cabra proprietor of I Love New York
+did not see the humor of the sketch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not see the humor of the sketch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did not see the humor of the sketch it
+sued for copyright infringement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued for copyright infringement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued for copyright infringement
+so then you can see they go on and on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can see they go on and on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then you can see they go on and on
+and on about the four factors and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on about the four factors and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on about the four factors and the
+economic okay you see how these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic okay you see how these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic okay you see how these things
+go so and who who in your view should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so and who who in your view should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go so and who who in your view should
+have won this case and we see this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have won this case and we see this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have won this case and we see this the
+Sodom they were not a party to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sodom they were not a party to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sodom they were not a party to this
+action anyway but you might think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action anyway but you might think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+action anyway but you might think if you
+were you know who would care right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know who would care right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were you know who would care right but
+in fact these people did care people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact these people did care people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact these people did care people are
+very sensitive about these issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive about these issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sensitive about these issues and
+they had to pay for this whole federal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to pay for this whole federal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had to pay for this whole federal
+adjudication so sorry in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjudication so sorry in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjudication so sorry in this case the
+NB c-- did win but you know it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NB c-- did win but you know it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NB c-- did win but you know it wasn't
+totally clear in for instance one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally clear in for instance one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally clear in for instance one of the
+arguments was that the I Love New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments was that the I Love New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments was that the I Love New York
+song was made for New York State but NBC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song was made for New York State but NBC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+song was made for New York State but NBC
+was only making fun of New York City's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only making fun of New York City's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was only making fun of New York City's
+campaign you know that was part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign you know that was part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+campaign you know that was part of the
+argument and there's another much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and there's another much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument and there's another much more
+famous case in the Supreme Court called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous case in the Supreme Court called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous case in the Supreme Court called
+the nation vs. Harper & row which was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nation vs. Harper & row which was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nation vs. Harper & row which was a
+fair use case where some president it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair use case where some president it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair use case where some president it
+wasn't present for it his that the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't present for it his that the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't present for it his that the one
+we were talking about I think President
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about I think President
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about I think President
+Ford's some book was coming out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford's some book was coming out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ford's some book was coming out
+published by Harper & row and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by Harper & row and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by Harper & row and it
+contained these quotations from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained these quotations from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contained these quotations from
+President Ford I guess which the Nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Ford I guess which the Nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+President Ford I guess which the Nation
+magazine you know ripped off and printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine you know ripped off and printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magazine you know ripped off and printed
+in the nation they were just short you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nation they were just short you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the nation they were just short you
+know small quotations from the book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know small quotations from the book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know small quotations from the book and
+Harper & row sued and said it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harper & row sued and said it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harper & row sued and said it's
+copyright infringement and the nation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright infringement and the nation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright infringement and the nation
+was like you know what the hell are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like you know what the hell are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like you know what the hell are you
+talking about it's just a few paragraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it's just a few paragraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about it's just a few paragraphs
+it's this big book and who won that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this big book and who won that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's this big book and who won that case
+Harper in a row right they you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harper in a row right they you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harper in a row right they you know the
+spring court said well it may be just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring court said well it may be just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring court said well it may be just a
+few paragraphs but those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few paragraphs but those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few paragraphs but those are the
+important ones which is obviously why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones which is obviously why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important ones which is obviously why
+the nation had chosen those paragraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nation had chosen those paragraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nation had chosen those paragraphs
+and so the nation was not successful on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the nation was not successful on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the nation was not successful on
+their fair use defense and that's a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fair use defense and that's a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fair use defense and that's a case
+it's very often cited by the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very often cited by the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very often cited by the you know
+plaintiffs in these actions when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaintiffs in these actions when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plaintiffs in these actions when the
+defendants trying to assert a fair use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defendants trying to assert a fair use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defendants trying to assert a fair use
+defense okay any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what was the next case that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what was the next case that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what was the next case that we
+looked at on command video court versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at on command video court versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at on command video court versus
+Columbia Pictures industries yeah now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia Pictures industries yeah now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Columbia Pictures industries yeah now
+was this was not a Supreme Court case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was not a Supreme Court case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was not a Supreme Court case
+right this is from a lowly trial court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is from a lowly trial court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is from a lowly trial court
+and those often end up talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those often end up talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those often end up talking about
+much more technical issues so I put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more technical issues so I put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much more technical issues so I put this
+one in just for anyway so what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in just for anyway so what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in just for anyway so what can
+explain what this case was about have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what this case was about have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain what this case was about have
+never you oh yeah go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never you oh yeah go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never you oh yeah go ahead
+it was defining what was actually public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was defining what was actually public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was defining what was actually public
+what was public that was part of it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was public that was part of it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was public that was part of it yeah
+this company anything on command video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company anything on command video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this company anything on command video
+made this system anything if you say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this system anything if you say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this system anything if you say to
+hotel you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay you know and then these Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know and then these Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you know and then these Hollywood
+company-issued said pretty stuff heavily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company-issued said pretty stuff heavily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company-issued said pretty stuff heavily
+he said okay well you know this isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said okay well you know this isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said okay well you know this isn't
+okay this copyright infringement because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this copyright infringement because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay this copyright infringement because
+we have what I think was exclusively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have what I think was exclusively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have what I think was exclusively
+there something public public so here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something public public so here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something public public so here's
+the exclusive right to tell you about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive right to tell you about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive right to tell you about
+the exclusive right of public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive right of public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exclusive right of public
+performance now to understand this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance now to understand this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance now to understand this case
+we have to understand there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to understand there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to understand there was a
+already a previous case about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a previous case about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already a previous case about this
+situation here's the hotel everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation here's the hotel everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation here's the hotel everybody's
+in the hotel here's the front desk of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hotel here's the front desk of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the hotel here's the front desk of
+the hotel and they have these tapes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hotel and they have these tapes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hotel and they have these tapes and
+then they have this hallway and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have this hallway and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they have this hallway and then
+here's your room that you rent from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your room that you rent from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's your room that you rent from the
+hotel and there's a VCR hooked up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel and there's a VCR hooked up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel and there's a VCR hooked up to a
+TV and then there's the beds okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV and then there's the beds okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TV and then there's the beds okay and
+here's the tapes okay so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tapes okay so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the tapes okay so there's a
+previous case from 1986 where there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous case from 1986 where there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous case from 1986 where there's a
+hotel and if the people want to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel and if the people want to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hotel and if the people want to get a
+tape they walk down the hallway and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape they walk down the hallway and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape they walk down the hallway and they
+pay some money and they rent the tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay some money and they rent the tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay some money and they rent the tape
+from the hotel and they walk back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hotel and they walk back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the hotel and they walk back to
+their room with the tape they put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their room with the tape they put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their room with the tape they put it in
+the VCR it gets transmitted over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VCR it gets transmitted over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the VCR it gets transmitted over this
+short cable to the TV then they sit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short cable to the TV then they sit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short cable to the TV then they sit on
+the bed and watch it there in the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed and watch it there in the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bed and watch it there in the room
+and they watch okay in that case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they watch okay in that case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they watch okay in that case the
+copyright owners sued and they said this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright owners sued and they said this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright owners sued and they said this
+is a public performance okay and and who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a public performance okay and and who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a public performance okay and and who
+won in that previous 1986 case the hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won in that previous 1986 case the hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won in that previous 1986 case the hotel
+won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a previous area yeah the hotel one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a previous area yeah the hotel one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a previous area yeah the hotel one
+because section 101 of the Cochran Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because section 101 of the Cochran Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because section 101 of the Cochran Act
+which is the one with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one with all the
+definitions says to perform or display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions says to perform or display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitions says to perform or display
+work publicly means one to perform or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work publicly means one to perform or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work publicly means one to perform or
+display it at a place open to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display it at a place open to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display it at a place open to the public
+or at any place where a substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at any place where a substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at any place where a substantial
+number of persons outside of a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of persons outside of a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of persons outside of a normal
+circle of a family that social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of a family that social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of a family that social
+acquaintances is gathered or to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintances is gathered or to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquaintances is gathered or to to
+transmit or otherwise communicate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit or otherwise communicate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit or otherwise communicate a
+performance or display the work to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or display the work to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance or display the work to a
+place specified by clause 1 that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place specified by clause 1 that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place specified by clause 1 that's one
+of those open to public places or to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those open to public places or to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those open to public places or to
+transmit it to the public by means of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit it to the public by means of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmit it to the public by means of
+any device or process whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any device or process whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any device or process whether the
+members of the public capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the public capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the public capable of
+receiving the performance or display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the performance or display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receiving the performance or display
+receive it in the same place or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive it in the same place or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+receive it in the same place or in
+separate places and at the same time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate places and at the same time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate places and at the same time or
+at different times so you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different times so you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at different times so you can see how
+this is one of these definitions people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of these definitions people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of these definitions people
+can argue about for hours so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue about for hours so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can argue about for hours so in this
+first case the 1986 case is the hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case the 1986 case is the hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first case the 1986 case is the hotel
+going number two now they're not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going number two now they're not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going number two now they're not really
+transmitting it at all they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting it at all they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting it at all they're just
+giving you the tape and you walk down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the tape and you walk down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the tape and you walk down
+the hallway which is not transmission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hallway which is not transmission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hallway which is not transmission
+there's another definition about that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another definition about that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another definition about that so
+are they doing number one to perform or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they doing number one to perform or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are they doing number one to perform or
+display it at a place over to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display it at a place over to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display it at a place over to the public
+and yeah I mean presumably anyone who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I mean presumably anyone who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah I mean presumably anyone who
+was for it for the most part most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for it for the most part most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was for it for the most part most
+members of the public could choose to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the public could choose to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members of the public could choose to
+mentally yeah most of the public could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally yeah most of the public could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentally yeah most of the public could
+choose to rent a room from that hotel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to rent a room from that hotel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to rent a room from that hotel
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah so in this previous case that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in this previous case that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so in this previous case that we
+didn't read the whole argument was is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't read the whole argument was is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't read the whole argument was is
+this hotel room a public space is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hotel room a public space is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this hotel room a public space is it
+open to the public and they were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the public and they were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the public and they were like
+well yes it's open to the public because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes it's open to the public because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well yes it's open to the public because
+any member of the public can rent a room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any member of the public can rent a room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any member of the public can rent a room
+and the hotel is like well it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hotel is like well it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the hotel is like well it's not
+really open to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really open to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really open to the public
+once you've rented it at that point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've rented it at that point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you've rented it at that point it's
+only open to the people who've rented it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only open to the people who've rented it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only open to the people who've rented it
+and okay there's another previous case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay there's another previous case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and okay there's another previous case
+called the red horn case which concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the red horn case which concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the red horn case which concerned
+a video store like a blockbuster they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video store like a blockbuster they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a video store like a blockbuster they
+had a room in the back that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a room in the back that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a room in the back that you could
+rent and you could you could rent your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent and you could you could rent your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rent and you could you could rent your
+tape from the Blockbuster and go in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape from the Blockbuster and go in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape from the Blockbuster and go in the
+back and then watch the tape and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then watch the tape and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and then watch the tape and the
+copyright owners sued saying no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright owners sued saying no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright owners sued saying no no
+you're performing it publicly because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're performing it publicly because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're performing it publicly because
+that room in the back is open to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that room in the back is open to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that room in the back is open to the
+public and who won that case the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and who won that case the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public and who won that case the video
+store or the copyright owners the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store or the copyright owners the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store or the copyright owners the
+copyright owners well in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright owners well in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyright owners well in that case
+because the court said well this room in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the court said well this room in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the court said well this room in
+the back is not really private because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back is not really private because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back is not really private because
+anybody can rent it and it's in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can rent it and it's in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can rent it and it's in your
+store so it's open to the public that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store so it's open to the public that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store so it's open to the public that's
+the red horn case so here's a hotel case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red horn case so here's a hotel case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the red horn case so here's a hotel case
+that looks somewhat similar but in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks somewhat similar but in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks somewhat similar but in that
+case the court said well it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the court said well it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the court said well it's not really
+you know hotel rooms have long been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hotel rooms have long been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know hotel rooms have long been
+understood to be private and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood to be private and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood to be private and for
+instance for for a search you know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance for for a search you know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance for for a search you know for
+the Fourth Amendment you can't just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourth Amendment you can't just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Fourth Amendment you can't just
+barge into a hotel room without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barge into a hotel room without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barge into a hotel room without a
+warrant even if the hotel says it's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrant even if the hotel says it's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warrant even if the hotel says it's okay
+so you know there's all sorts of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there's all sorts of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know there's all sorts of reasons
+but they said the hotel room inada not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they said the hotel room inada not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they said the hotel room inada not
+open to the public and so this hotel VCR
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the public and so this hotel VCR
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open to the public and so this hotel VCR
+tape lending scheme was approved by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape lending scheme was approved by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tape lending scheme was approved by the
+court okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+court okay
+any questions about that one okay now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that one okay now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about that one okay now in
+1991 a hotel somewhere in California
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 a hotel somewhere in California
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1991 a hotel somewhere in California
+comes up with this scheme where there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with this scheme where there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up with this scheme where there's
+the hotel and there's the front desk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hotel and there's the front desk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hotel and there's the front desk and
+they have the tapes and there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the tapes and there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the tapes and there's the
+hallway and here's the room and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallway and here's the room and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hallway and here's the room and here's
+the TV and here's the bed except in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TV and here's the bed except in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the TV and here's the bed except in this
+case the VCR is here and the wire goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the VCR is here and the wire goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case the VCR is here and the wire goes
+all the way down the hallway and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down the hallway and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down the hallway and then
+into the TV okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the TV okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the TV okay
+and the people stay here and they maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people stay here and they maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the people stay here and they maybe
+call the hotel on the phone the front
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the hotel on the phone the front
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the hotel on the phone the front
+desk and they say please put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk and they say please put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desk and they say please put
+this tape and then somebody over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tape and then somebody over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tape and then somebody over here
+puts the tape into the VCR and plays it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the tape into the VCR and plays it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts the tape into the VCR and plays it
+and then they watch it here people agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they watch it here people agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they watch it here people agree
+with my characterization of the factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my characterization of the factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my characterization of the factor
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+doesn't really we don't I don't think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really we don't I don't think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really we don't I don't think we
+know and it doesn't matter does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's say only one only one person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say only one only one person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say only one only one person's
+watch I mean one of them so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch I mean one of them so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch I mean one of them so it's like
+that so only one person can ever watch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so only one person can ever watch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so only one person can ever watch a
+particular tape at a time you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tape at a time you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular tape at a time you can choose
+from that movie and it disappears okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that movie and it disappears okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that movie and it disappears okay
+okay so this case I mean it seems pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this case I mean it seems pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this case I mean it seems pretty
+similar to that other case but who won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that other case but who won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to that other case but who won
+this one and when we read the copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and when we read the copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and when we read the copyright
+owners alone and why was that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners alone and why was that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners alone and why was that I think
+isn't the one didn't apply because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the one didn't apply because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't the one didn't apply because the
+elements are private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements are private
+play to apply because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play to apply because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play to apply because you're
+transmitting this data over the wire it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting this data over the wire it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting this data over the wire it
+basically the on command video I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the on command video I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the on command video I think
+said well we're really it's this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well we're really it's this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well we're really it's this really
+an electronic rental not you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic rental not you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electronic rental not you know a
+transmission they did well they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission they did well they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission they did well they said
+look you're not transmitting it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you're not transmitting it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look you're not transmitting it to a
+place specified by Clause one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place specified by Clause one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place specified by Clause one which is
+the first one open to the public but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one open to the public but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one open to the public but you
+are transmitting it to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transmitting it to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are transmitting it to the public
+because these hotel members there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these hotel members there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these hotel members there's no
+screening criteria for hotel members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening criteria for hotel members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screening criteria for hotel members
+anybody can be a hotel customer what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can be a hotel customer what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody can be a hotel customer what are
+they called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they called
+guests hotel guests and so you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests hotel guests and so you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guests hotel guests and so you're not
+transmitting it to a place open to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting it to a place open to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitting it to a place open to the
+public at least not once the room has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public at least not once the room has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public at least not once the room has
+been rented but you're transmitting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been rented but you're transmitting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been rented but you're transmitting it
+to the public so you lose now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the public so you lose now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the public so you lose now this is
+just one chord in California so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one chord in California so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one chord in California so you know
+it's plausible that some court in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plausible that some court in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's plausible that some court in
+Massachusetts would reach a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts would reach a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Massachusetts would reach a different
+conclusions but not likely once it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions but not likely once it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusions but not likely once it's
+already been decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been decided
+so you know many times when your head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know many times when your head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know many times when your head
+you know let's say you're an engineer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say you're an engineer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's say you're an engineer
+you're designing some system and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing some system and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're designing some system and you
+have to decide whether you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide whether you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to decide whether you can do
+architecture a or architecture be you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture a or architecture be you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture a or architecture be you
+know some co-worker will be like it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some co-worker will be like it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know some co-worker will be like it's
+the same thing anybody ever encountered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing anybody ever encountered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing anybody ever encountered
+an argument like that from a friend yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument like that from a friend yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an argument like that from a friend yeah
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know you might say well the quit you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might say well the quit you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you might say well the quit you
+know the court approved a so let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the court approved a so let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the court approved a so let's go
+with a and the co-worker or your boss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a and the co-worker or your boss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a and the co-worker or your boss
+might say no no let's go with B it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say no no let's go with B it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might say no no let's go with B it's
+much better and it's the same thing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better and it's the same thing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better and it's the same thing the
+only difference is the length of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is the length of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only difference is the length of this
+wire and surely the copyright law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and surely the copyright law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and surely the copyright law
+doesn't care whether this wire is six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care whether this wire is six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care whether this wire is six
+feet in this case or sixty feet in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet in this case or sixty feet in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feet in this case or sixty feet in this
+case I mean it's not a copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I mean it's not a copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I mean it's not a copyright
+question how long that wire is it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how long that wire is it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how long that wire is it's the
+same thing and people often their voice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and people often their voice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing and people often their voice
+gets higher and higher the more emphatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets higher and higher the more emphatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets higher and higher the more emphatic
+they are about it and and are they right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay that's an interesting dividing line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's an interesting dividing line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's an interesting dividing line
+where is the wire I mean do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the wire I mean do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the wire I mean do you think
+Congress when they wrote the salon 1976
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress when they wrote the salon 1976
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress when they wrote the salon 1976
+they said we intend you know this exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we intend you know this exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said we intend you know this exact
+result that this will be legal and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that this will be legal and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that this will be legal and this
+would be not legal they think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be not legal they think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be not legal they think the
+Senators were there like what oh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senators were there like what oh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Senators were there like what oh how
+long can the wire be no and this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long can the wire be no and this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long can the wire be no and this is what
+courts do ya say that since the wire was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts do ya say that since the wire was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courts do ya say that since the wire was
+in a rubix case he gets the facility you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rubix case he gets the facility you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a rubix case he gets the facility you
+see author we should be considered as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see author we should be considered as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see author we should be considered as
+police face which is a quote on short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police face which is a quote on short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+police face which is a quote on short
+Island Council that in no matter what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island Council that in no matter what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Island Council that in no matter what is
+fast because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast because
+you can watch it on the TV so the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch it on the TV so the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch it on the TV so the real
+question whether it's transmitted to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether it's transmitted to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question whether it's transmitted to the
+public now why is this not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public now why is this not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public now why is this not a
+transmission to the public I mean it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission to the public I mean it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission to the public I mean it's
+transmitted from here to here for today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted from here to here for today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmitted from here to here for today
+Mike pretty well this time that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike pretty well this time that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mike pretty well this time that was a
+transmission particular to its digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission particular to its digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission particular to its digital
+well okay maybe but the point is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay maybe but the point is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well okay maybe but the point is that
+when you're pressed to conclude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're pressed to conclude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're pressed to conclude
+something and somebody argues by analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and somebody argues by analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something and somebody argues by analogy
+that is very dangerous and you should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very dangerous and you should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is very dangerous and you should be
+very cautious because truly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cautious because truly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very cautious because truly these
+questions even now that one court in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions even now that one court in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions even now that one court in
+California has rendered an opinion on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California has rendered an opinion on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+California has rendered an opinion on
+these questions that doesn't mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions that doesn't mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these questions that doesn't mean that
+they're answered but the fact they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're answered but the fact they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're answered but the fact they might
+have been answered adversely is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been answered adversely is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been answered adversely is more
+reason for caution so when somebody gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for caution so when somebody gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason for caution so when somebody gets
+high pitched in and says it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pitched in and says it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high pitched in and says it's the same
+thing you got to be very cautious who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you got to be very cautious who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you got to be very cautious who
+here ever used Napster or Kazaa or one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ever used Napster or Kazaa or one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here ever used Napster or Kazaa or one
+of those things yeah okay so have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things yeah okay so have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those things yeah okay so have you
+ever like traded tapes with your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever like traded tapes with your friends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever like traded tapes with your friends
+like most people think that's perhaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most people think that's perhaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like most people think that's perhaps
+fair use but people think trading a tape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair use but people think trading a tape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fair use but people think trading a tape
+with your friend is maybe Freitas we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your friend is maybe Freitas we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with your friend is maybe Freitas we're
+making a mixtape or something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a mixtape or something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a mixtape or something like that
+probably fair use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fair use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably fair use
+perhaps fair use and in the Napster case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps fair use and in the Napster case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps fair use and in the Napster case
+Napster went to the eventually to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Napster went to the eventually to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Napster went to the eventually to the
+appeals court in California which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals court in California which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeals court in California which is
+which Circuit the Ninth Circuit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Circuit the Ninth Circuit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which Circuit the Ninth Circuit and
+Napster you know the copper donors went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Napster you know the copper donors went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Napster you know the copper donors went
+after Napster and they said your users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Napster and they said your users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after Napster and they said your users
+are infringing copyright because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are infringing copyright because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are infringing copyright because they're
+distributing these sound recordings over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing these sound recordings over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributing these sound recordings over
+the internet to other users and Napster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet to other users and Napster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the internet to other users and Napster
+says well come on distributing tapes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well come on distributing tapes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says well come on distributing tapes you
+know to your friend next door is okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to your friend next door is okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know to your friend next door is okay
+and just so they're for distributing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just so they're for distributing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just so they're for distributing
+them across the country it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them across the country it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them across the country it's the same
+thing and that was basically Napster's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that was basically Napster's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and that was basically Napster's
+argument that's not giving them fairness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that's not giving them fairness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that's not giving them fairness
+actually professor nimmer the expert on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually professor nimmer the expert on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually professor nimmer the expert on
+cabaret thinks Napster should have won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabaret thinks Napster should have won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cabaret thinks Napster should have won
+but they didn't win but and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't win but and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they didn't win but and their
+argument that it's the same thing was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that it's the same thing was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that it's the same thing was
+completely unsuccessful there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unsuccessful there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely unsuccessful there were
+okay internal movements about what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay internal movements about what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay internal movements about what they
+meant was like let's go over the record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant was like let's go over the record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant was like let's go over the record
+companies yeah yeah another thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies yeah yeah another thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies yeah yeah another thing to
+keep in mind is when you read these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind is when you read these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep in mind is when you read these
+adjudications the amount of sympathy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjudications the amount of sympathy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjudications the amount of sympathy to
+the various plaintiffs is very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various plaintiffs is very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the various plaintiffs is very important
+that their eyes party this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their eyes party this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that their eyes party this is very
+important but anyway these arguments on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but anyway these arguments on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important but anyway these arguments on
+the lines if it's the same thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines if it's the same thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lines if it's the same thing you
+cannot get suckered in by those because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get suckered in by those because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get suckered in by those because
+the copyright law is a 300-page document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyright law is a 300-page document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the copyright law is a 300-page document
+I guess will I'll probably assign more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess will I'll probably assign more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess will I'll probably assign more
+of it to read and you you cannot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it to read and you you cannot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it to read and you you cannot
+you just can't argue by analogy like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't argue by analogy like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just can't argue by analogy like
+that because you'll be wrong that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you'll be wrong that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because you'll be wrong that's the
+point I'm trying to make okay yeah they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm trying to make okay yeah they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point I'm trying to make okay yeah they
+crash is about a pneumatic tape well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash is about a pneumatic tape well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crash is about a pneumatic tape well you
+know but I don't know I think it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but I don't know I think it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but I don't know I think it would
+be fine go on you're the transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine go on you're the transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be fine go on you're the transmitting
+also involves caring so tell me Carrie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also involves caring so tell me Carrie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also involves caring so tell me Carrie
+because I think that may be answered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that may be answered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I think that may be answered
+okay to transmit a performance or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to transmit a performance or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay to transmit a performance or
+display is to communicate it by any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display is to communicate it by any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display is to communicate it by any
+process device or process whereby images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process device or process whereby images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process device or process whereby images
+are sound are received beyond the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sound are received beyond the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are sound are received beyond the place
+from which they are sent that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which they are sent that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from which they are sent that's pretty
+broad I agree however well I just don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad I agree however well I just don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broad I agree however well I just don't
+know I think that the court would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think that the court would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I think that the court would not
+construe throwing the videotape to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construe throwing the videotape to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construe throwing the videotape to be
+transmission I think they would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission I think they would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transmission I think they would call
+that distribution which there's a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution which there's a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distribution which there's a whole
+separate law bass but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate law bass but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate law bass but
+but you know what if you had the tape on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what if you had the tape on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know what if you had the tape on
+spool so that like the tape goes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spool so that like the tape goes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spool so that like the tape goes over
+here and then comes back you know who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then comes back you know who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then comes back you know who
+knows but my yes so okay okay and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows but my yes so okay okay and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows but my yes so okay okay and let's
+talk about the last case that we read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the last case that we read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the last case that we read
+which was what was the last case Sony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was what was the last case Sony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was what was the last case Sony
+versus Universal okay so how did this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Universal okay so how did this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus Universal okay so how did this
+case reach the Supreme Court who started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case reach the Supreme Court who started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case reach the Supreme Court who started
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Universal started it and did was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal started it and did was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal started it and did was
+Universal acting by itself there though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal acting by itself there though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal acting by itself there though
+like the other movies so why do we only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the other movies so why do we only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the other movies so why do we only
+just called it Sony Clark versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called it Sony Clark versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just called it Sony Clark versus
+Universal City Studios so only people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal City Studios so only people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Universal City Studios so only people
+with stake no it's not true list of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stake no it's not true list of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with stake no it's not true list of all
+that would be too long it's mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be too long it's mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be too long it's mostly
+because the rules on citations say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rules on citations say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the rules on citations say that
+you list the first part in each side and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you list the first part in each side and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you list the first part in each side and
+you don't put at all I don't really know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't put at all I don't really know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't put at all I don't really know
+why the rules say that but those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the rules say that but those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the rules say that but those are the
+rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules
+yeah and these names use suniye they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and these names use suniye they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and these names use suniye they
+just received
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just received
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just received
+what I think some iki amigas briefs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think some iki amigas briefs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I think some iki amigas briefs
+nuclei I feel like the other you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei I feel like the other you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei I feel like the other you really
+think so why I don't I think it was both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so why I don't I think it was both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think so why I don't I think it was both
+of the document based on the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah generally it's their Association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah generally it's their Association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah generally it's their Association
+the Motion Picture Association that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Motion Picture Association that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Motion Picture Association that you
+know decides to have a suit and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know decides to have a suit and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know decides to have a suit and then
+they all sort of get in on it okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all sort of get in on it okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all sort of get in on it okay so
+here Russell and the other movie studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Russell and the other movie studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here Russell and the other movie studios
+started this that's do they say who the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this that's do they say who the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started this that's do they say who the
+parties are sometimes the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties are sometimes the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties are sometimes the Supreme Court
+never says you the parties are we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never says you the parties are we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never says you the parties are we have
+to look at the lower court well anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the lower court well anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the lower court well anyway
+go on so Universal and the other dude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on so Universal and the other dude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on so Universal and the other dude
+sued Sony and what was their cause of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued Sony and what was their cause of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued Sony and what was their cause of
+actions did they say Sony was Sony by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions did they say Sony was Sony by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions did they say Sony was Sony by
+the way is a movie studio right it's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is a movie studio right it's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way is a movie studio right it's one
+of the biggest ones also one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biggest ones also one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the biggest ones also one of the
+biggest music labels they certainly had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest music labels they certainly had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest music labels they certainly had
+movies at the time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies at the time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies at the time so
+so did Universal and friends allege that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did Universal and friends allege that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so did Universal and friends allege that
+Sony was sitting there ripping off their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony was sitting there ripping off their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony was sitting there ripping off their
+programs these customers were doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs these customers were doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs these customers were doing it
+so why would Sony have been in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would Sony have been in trouble
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why would Sony have been in trouble
+at all contributory infringement okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all contributory infringement okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all contributory infringement okay
+now is that precisely delineated when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that precisely delineated when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is that precisely delineated when
+you're a contributory infringement when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a contributory infringement when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a contributory infringement when
+you're not not really that's what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not not really that's what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not not really that's what this
+case is what the case is really about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is what the case is really about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is what the case is really about is
+when are you a contributory infringement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when are you a contributory infringement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when are you a contributory infringement
+in favor of the movie studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in favor of the movie studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in favor of the movie studios
+how about yo-yo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they argue that Sony in its marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue that Sony in its marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they argue that Sony in its marketing
+head for example had had known that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head for example had had known that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head for example had had known that the
+primary use for its Betamax would be to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary use for its Betamax would be to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary use for its Betamax would be to
+copy programs off of the television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy programs off of the television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy programs off of the television
+waves and most of these programs were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and most of these programs were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and most of these programs were
+copyrighted so they knew that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted so they knew that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copyrighted so they knew that people
+would be using the Betamax for okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be using the Betamax for okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be using the Betamax for okay so
+Sony knew that Sony was making money and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony knew that Sony was making money and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony knew that Sony was making money and
+they were selling this device to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were selling this device to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were selling this device to
+customers and Sony knew that what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and Sony knew that what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers and Sony knew that what the
+customers were doing was was copyright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers were doing was was copyright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers were doing was was copyright
+infringement that was the argument there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement that was the argument there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infringement that was the argument there
+for Sony should be contributory liable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Sony should be contributory liable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Sony should be contributory liable
+yeah silly was commercially news of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah silly was commercially news of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah silly was commercially news of any
+customers right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+customers right because
+it could be from the so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be from the so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be from the so there's this
+whole fair use analysis about how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole fair use analysis about how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole fair use analysis about how much
+of it and the studios major spokesman at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and the studios major spokesman at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it and the studios major spokesman at
+that time until very recently was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time until very recently was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time until very recently was this
+man Jack Valenti who's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man Jack Valenti who's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man Jack Valenti who's one of the most
+eloquent lobbyists that Washington has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquent lobbyists that Washington has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eloquent lobbyists that Washington has
+ever seen and he went before Congress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen and he went before Congress
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever seen and he went before Congress
+and he said I say to you that the vyas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said I say to you that the vyas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he said I say to you that the vyas
+VCRs to the American film producer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCRs to the American film producer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCRs to the American film producer in
+the American public as the Boston
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American public as the Boston
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the American public as the Boston
+strangler's to the woman home alone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangler's to the woman home alone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strangler's to the woman home alone
+yeah no excuse desk move over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no excuse desk move over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah no excuse desk move over
+I didn't interview him he was or had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't interview him he was or had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I didn't interview him he was or had
+already been asked about that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been asked about that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been asked about that at the
+forum okay but you know if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forum okay but you know if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forum okay but you know if you if you
+read the entire congressional hearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the entire congressional hearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the entire congressional hearing
+where mr. Valenti testified you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mr. Valenti testified you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where mr. Valenti testified you can see
+that he just blew away all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he just blew away all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he just blew away all the other
+advocates and he made the argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocates and he made the argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advocates and he made the argument
+brilliantly about you know America's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly about you know America's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly about you know America's
+position in the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position in the world
+he told Congress you can give money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he told Congress you can give money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he told Congress you can give money to
+those Japanese companies but you'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Japanese companies but you'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those Japanese companies but you'll just
+be taking money out of American coffers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking money out of American coffers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be taking money out of American coffers
+and giving it to Sony in the Japanese
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving it to Sony in the Japanese
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and giving it to Sony in the Japanese
+and he you know even Congress said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he you know even Congress said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he you know even Congress said okay
+today we heard from mr. Valenti and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we heard from mr. Valenti and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today we heard from mr. Valenti and the
+other motion picture companies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other motion picture companies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other motion picture companies and
+tomorrow we'll have testimony from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we'll have testimony from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow we'll have testimony from the
+Japanese companies I mean from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese companies I mean from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japanese companies I mean from the
+consumer electronics industry when he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer electronics industry when he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer electronics industry when he
+brilliantly framed it in in those kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly framed it in in those kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brilliantly framed it in in those kinds
+of terms and in fact the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms and in fact the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of terms and in fact the consumer
+electronics industry dwarfs the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics industry dwarfs the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics industry dwarfs the content
+industry and people know this in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and people know this in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry and people know this in you
+know in revenue and market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in revenue and market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in revenue and market
+capitalization but partly thanks to mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization but partly thanks to mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalization but partly thanks to mr.
+Valenti the the movie studios have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valenti the the movie studios have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Valenti the the movie studios have been
+very successful in getting their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful in getting their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very successful in getting their their
+message out also of course the consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message out also of course the consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message out also of course the consumer
+electronics people have nothing to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics people have nothing to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronics people have nothing to show
+if it weren't for the people who make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it weren't for the people who make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it weren't for the people who make
+the movies anyway but and you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies anyway but and you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the movies anyway but and you know what
+what this was what was this really about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this was what was this really about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this was what was this really about
+were they trying to get VCRs banned yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they trying to get VCRs banned yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were they trying to get VCRs banned yeah
+but what did they they wanted money what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did they they wanted money what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what did they they wanted money what
+this was really about was money they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was really about was money they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was really about was money they
+would have been fine if Sony been like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been fine if Sony been like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been fine if Sony been like
+we'll give you you know ten bucks on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you you know ten bucks on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll give you you know ten bucks on
+every VCR they move like great and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every VCR they move like great and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every VCR they move like great and there
+had been a previous dispute in the 1970s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been a previous dispute in the 1970s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had been a previous dispute in the 1970s
+with very similar parties well very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very similar parties well very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with very similar parties well very
+similar plaintiffs about cable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar plaintiffs about cable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar plaintiffs about cable
+television there are these cable TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television there are these cable TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television there are these cable TV
+channels people ever seen cable TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels people ever seen cable TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels people ever seen cable TV
+called CATV that stands for community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called CATV that stands for community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called CATV that stands for community
+antenna television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the cable TV people said we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cable TV people said we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the cable TV people said we're gonna
+put up an antenna we're gonna receive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up an antenna we're gonna receive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put up an antenna we're gonna receive
+NBC and ABC and CBS we're gonna get good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBC and ABC and CBS we're gonna get good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NBC and ABC and CBS we're gonna get good
+reception of it and then we're gonna put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception of it and then we're gonna put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reception of it and then we're gonna put
+it in a wire in the ground too you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a wire in the ground too you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in a wire in the ground too you know
+all these homes and people gonna pay us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these homes and people gonna pay us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these homes and people gonna pay us
+to get good reception
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good reception
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get good reception
+that's cable TV and the movie studios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cable TV and the movie studios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's cable TV and the movie studios
+sued the cable TV providers and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued the cable TV providers and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sued the cable TV providers and said
+what do you know and you're transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you know and you're transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you know and you're transmitting
+our content and you are infringing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our content and you are infringing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our content and you are infringing and
+you need to pay us if you're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay us if you're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to pay us if you're making
+money off of our programs and who won no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money off of our programs and who won no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money off of our programs and who won no
+the cable TV companies won
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cable TV companies won
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cable TV companies won
+I think it went to the Supreme Court the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it went to the Supreme Court the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it went to the Supreme Court the
+Supreme Court said come on they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court said come on they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court said come on they're just
+putting it on a better antenna it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it on a better antenna it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting it on a better antenna it's a
+community antenna well we have to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community antenna well we have to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community antenna well we have to read
+that case maybe I'll sign it but anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case maybe I'll sign it but anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case maybe I'll sign it but anyway
+they said no it's just a big antenna you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said no it's just a big antenna you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said no it's just a big antenna you
+know who cares kisses you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who cares kisses you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who cares kisses you know you're
+not editing it you're not choosing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not editing it you're not choosing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not editing it you're not choosing what
+to do it's just a good antenna and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it's just a good antenna and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it's just a good antenna and the
+long wire that's what the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long wire that's what the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long wire that's what the Supreme Court
+said and then Jack Valenti went to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and then Jack Valenti went to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and then Jack Valenti went to
+Congress and got them to pass the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress and got them to pass the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress and got them to pass the law
+saying no no cable TV is infringement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no no cable TV is infringement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying no no cable TV is infringement
+so now cable TV providers don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now cable TV providers don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now cable TV providers don't have to
+get permission but they do have to pay a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get permission but they do have to pay a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get permission but they do have to pay a
+royalty on what they do you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalty on what they do you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalty on what they do you know you
+supposed to read contributions oh if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to read contributions oh if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to read contributions oh if I
+yeah give me okay I'll try and get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah give me okay I'll try and get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah give me okay I'll try and get to
+that so anyway so now five years later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so anyway so now five years later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so anyway so now five years later
+they have the same argument about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same argument about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have the same argument about the
+VCR and Congress had basically said to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCR and Congress had basically said to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VCR and Congress had basically said to
+mr. Valenti look if you can win in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. Valenti look if you can win in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mr. Valenti look if you can win in the
+Supreme Court then we'll consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court then we'll consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court then we'll consider
+legalizing VCRs in exchange for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legalizing VCRs in exchange for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legalizing VCRs in exchange for this
+royalty but I guess they said we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalty but I guess they said we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+royalty but I guess they said we're not
+going to just impose this royalty so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just impose this royalty so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to just impose this royalty so
+they again went to the Supreme Court in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they again went to the Supreme Court in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they again went to the Supreme Court in
+an effort to have the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effort to have the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an effort to have the Supreme Court
+declared VCRs illegal and so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared VCRs illegal and so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declared VCRs illegal and so that the
+supreme court could legalize them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme court could legalize them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supreme court could legalize them in
+exchange for this royalty which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange for this royalty which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchange for this royalty which is what
+they done with cable TV but the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they done with cable TV but the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they done with cable TV but the Supreme
+Court disagreed right it said no Sony is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court disagreed right it said no Sony is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court disagreed right it said no Sony is
+not contributorily liable and why was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not contributorily liable and why was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not contributorily liable and why was
+that one because not all of Sony's users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one because not all of Sony's users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one because not all of Sony's users
+are breaking the law which of Sony's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are breaking the law which of Sony's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are breaking the law which of Sony's
+users were breaking the law what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users were breaking the law what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users were breaking the law what is
+illegal that they said you could you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal that they said you could you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal that they said you could you can
+do with this device what illegal content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this device what illegal content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with this device what illegal content
+does the spice allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's he illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's he illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's he illegal
+what's against the law that you guys do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's against the law that you guys do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's against the law that you guys do
+he's a woman could be all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a woman could be all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's a woman could be all right
+what's the particular activity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the particular activity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the particular activity that
+Supreme Court said was against the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court said was against the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court said was against the law
+right library building by the way was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right library building by the way was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right library building by the way was
+this decision unanimous no the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision unanimous no the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this decision unanimous no the other
+decisions we read both of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we read both of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions we read both of them were
+unanimous right it was five to four so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanimous right it was five to four so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unanimous right it was five to four so
+any new justice coming in might shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new justice coming in might shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any new justice coming in might shift
+the balance okay so they said what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance okay so they said what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the balance okay so they said what's
+illegal is library building so who what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal is library building so who what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal is library building so who what
+is library building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+library buildings when you say I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library buildings when you say I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+library buildings when you say I'm gonna
+record all of the episodes of Seinfeld
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record all of the episodes of Seinfeld
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record all of the episodes of Seinfeld
+that come on TV put them on these tapes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come on TV put them on these tapes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come on TV put them on these tapes
+put them on my wall and later when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on my wall and later when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put them on my wall and later when I
+want to watch an episode of Seinfeld I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch an episode of Seinfeld I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to watch an episode of Seinfeld I'm
+just gonna pull the tape off the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna pull the tape off the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just gonna pull the tape off the wall
+and watch it that's library building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch it that's library building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and watch it that's library building
+that's against the law the people here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's against the law the people here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's against the law the people here
+do that yeah okay but they said no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that yeah okay but they said no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that yeah okay but they said no no
+not fair use because you know it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fair use because you know it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not fair use because you know it might
+supplant the market for the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplant the market for the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplant the market for the original
+well in a Seinfeld episodes on TV with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a Seinfeld episodes on TV with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in a Seinfeld episodes on TV with
+with ads you might say I'm not gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ads you might say I'm not gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with ads you might say I'm not gonna
+watch that because I've got all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch that because I've got all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch that because I've got all the
+Seinfeld I could want on my wall yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that the trooper said that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the trooper said that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the trooper said that's not
+legal and if that were the only thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal and if that were the only thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal and if that were the only thing
+that Sony's customers did with Sony be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sony's customers did with Sony be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Sony's customers did with Sony be
+in trouble yes but fortunately some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble yes but fortunately some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in trouble yes but fortunately some of
+the users perhaps a small majority but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users perhaps a small majority but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the users perhaps a small majority but
+some of these is do something that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these is do something that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these is do something that is
+not against the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not against the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not against the law
+that is Farias and what was that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is Farias and what was that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is Farias and what was that time
+shifting now we're there you know where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting now we're there you know where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting now we're there you know where
+there are a lot of users who appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of users who appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of users who appear
+before the Supreme Court and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Supreme Court and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Supreme Court and said
+Supreme Court we are not breaking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court we are not breaking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court we are not breaking the
+law we're arguing our case we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law we're arguing our case we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law we're arguing our case we're just
+time shifting did that really happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time shifting did that really happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time shifting did that really happen
+not really so the user is not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really so the user is not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really so the user is not really a
+major party to this action so Sony is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major party to this action so Sony is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major party to this action so Sony is
+sort of making these arguments on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of making these arguments on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of making these arguments on their
+behalf so the Supreme Court said but his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf so the Supreme Court said but his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behalf so the Supreme Court said but his
+time shifting is legal what's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time shifting is legal what's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time shifting is legal what's time
+shifting yeah I mean it's just shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting yeah I mean it's just shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifting yeah I mean it's just shifting
+the funds of the time was Hamid and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funds of the time was Hamid and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the funds of the time was Hamid and you
+can falcomon section you're going late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can falcomon section you're going late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can falcomon section you're going late
+but you can't do it that's easy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't do it that's easy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't do it that's easy that's
+sure you can't for the ads say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you can't for the ads say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure you can't for the ads say we're
+dead set against it that's why they sued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead set against it that's why they sued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dead set against it that's why they sued
+but you know you can also walk away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you can also walk away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know you can also walk away
+doing it with ads like to go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it with ads like to go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it with ads like to go to the
+bathroom and then I think 2002 one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom and then I think 2002 one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathroom and then I think 2002 one of
+the the head of Turner Broadcasting made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the head of Turner Broadcasting made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the head of Turner Broadcasting made
+a famous remark that going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a famous remark that going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a famous remark that going to the
+bathroom during the ads is like seft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but you know that's how these people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that's how these people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know that's how these people
+make their monies from advertising so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their monies from advertising so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make their monies from advertising so
+they take it very seriously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take it very seriously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take it very seriously
+okay so there's prenup or snippet time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's prenup or snippet time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there's prenup or snippet time
+shooting is legal so time shifting who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting is legal so time shifting who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting is legal so time shifting who
+can give me an example of time shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give me an example of time shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give me an example of time shifting
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+we want to office program until today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to office program until today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to office program until today
+they have to work so you take this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to work so you take this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to work so you take this yeah
+okay yeah was that time city was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah was that time city was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah was that time city was really
+good because finally you invested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because finally you invested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good because finally you invested in
+with a nice tape recorder in order to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a nice tape recorder in order to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a nice tape recorder in order to be
+able to do some time shifting or but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do some time shifting or but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to do some time shifting or but you
+would it would because product to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it would because product to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it would because product to a
+potential market customers who would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential market customers who would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential market customers who would be
+willing to buy the movies images you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to buy the movies images you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to buy the movies images you see
+you know that do you watch it yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that do you watch it yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know that do you watch it yeah so
+you know they weren't in agreement but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they weren't in agreement but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they weren't in agreement but
+five of the justices said time shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of the justices said time shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of the justices said time shifting
+was legal and you know reading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was legal and you know reading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was legal and you know reading the
+dissent is often more illuminating than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissent is often more illuminating than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissent is often more illuminating than
+reading the majority opinion because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the majority opinion because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the majority opinion because the
+dissenters always focus on the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissenters always focus on the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissenters always focus on the you know
+the juicy part okay and then why did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the juicy part okay and then why did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the juicy part okay and then why did the
+Supreme Court you know this was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court you know this was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court you know this was about
+Stoney's users but what did the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stoney's users but what did the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stoney's users but what did the Supreme
+Court say about Sony which was really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court say about Sony which was really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court say about Sony which was really
+what mattered they said Sony was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mattered they said Sony was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what mattered they said Sony was not
+contribute orally liable why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should they not be responsible for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they not be responsible for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should they not be responsible for their
+duty to immigrants because they said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty to immigrants because they said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duty to immigrants because they said the
+relationship between Saudi and its user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Saudi and its user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between Saudi and its user
+and the users most a landlord-tenant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the users most a landlord-tenant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the users most a landlord-tenant
+rather than a daesil okay but if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a daesil okay but if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than a daesil okay but if the
+only people had been that if all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only people had been that if all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only people had been that if all of
+their customers were just library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their customers were just library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their customers were just library
+building with Sloane you've been off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building with Sloane you've been off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building with Sloane you've been off the
+hook no so what did the Supreme what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook no so what did the Supreme what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hook no so what did the Supreme what's
+the reason this Tony got off the hook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substantial non-infringing use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+substantial non-infringing use that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial non-infringing use that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial non-infringing use that this
+is the really important holding of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the really important holding of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the really important holding of the
+Sony opinion it's not that time shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony opinion it's not that time shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sony opinion it's not that time shifting
+is legal that's the important holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is legal that's the important holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is legal that's the important holding
+the important holding is that because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important holding is that because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the important holding is that because
+time shifting is legal and because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time shifting is legal and because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time shifting is legal and because this
+device is capable of a substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is capable of a substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is capable of a substantial
+non-infringing use therefore Sony is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-infringing use therefore Sony is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-infringing use therefore Sony is not
+contributory liable that's the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributory liable that's the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributory liable that's the important
+holding of the case by the way did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding of the case by the way did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding of the case by the way did
+people actually have to be time shifting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually have to be time shifting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people actually have to be time shifting
+or did the device just have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did the device just have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or did the device just have to be
+capable of a substantial non-infringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of a substantial non-infringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capable of a substantial non-infringing
+use so you say capable you said people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so you say capable you said people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use so you say capable you said people
+had to be time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well Rupert did you hear evidence I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Rupert did you hear evidence I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Rupert did you hear evidence I mean
+we we I think formally people assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we I think formally people assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we I think formally people assume
+that well I think it's formally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I think it's formally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that well I think it's formally
+expressed it merely has to be capable of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed it merely has to be capable of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed it merely has to be capable of
+substantial non-infringing use but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial non-infringing use but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial non-infringing use but the
+doctrine is still very muddy and in two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine is still very muddy and in two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctrine is still very muddy and in two
+thousand five Houlihan ago in 2005 the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand five Houlihan ago in 2005 the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand five Houlihan ago in 2005 the
+Supreme Court heard a grot a case about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court heard a grot a case about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court heard a grot a case about
+Grokster and whether grok stir which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grokster and whether grok stir which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Grokster and whether grok stir which was
+sort of like Kazaa should be liable for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like Kazaa should be liable for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of like Kazaa should be liable for
+its users some of whom are doing illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its users some of whom are doing illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its users some of whom are doing illegal
+things and some of whom might plausibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and some of whom might plausibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and some of whom might plausibly
+be doing legal things like trading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing legal things like trading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be doing legal things like trading the
+Bible or whatever I mean I know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible or whatever I mean I know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bible or whatever I mean I know how to
+that all the time I'm like dude let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the time I'm like dude let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the time I'm like dude let's
+get the Bible so garage ster went before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Bible so garage ster went before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the Bible so garage ster went before
+the Supreme Court and they said our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court and they said our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court and they said our
+device is capable of a substantial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is capable of a substantial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device is capable of a substantial
+non-infringing use because people could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-infringing use because people could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-infringing use because people could
+be trading the Bible or Huck Finn or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be trading the Bible or Huck Finn or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be trading the Bible or Huck Finn or
+whatever and and they went before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and and they went before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever and and they went before the
+Supreme Court they said as everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court they said as everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Supreme Court they said as everybody
+knows in your Sony decision in 1984 you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows in your Sony decision in 1984 you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows in your Sony decision in 1984 you
+said a device just has to be capable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a device just has to be capable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said a device just has to be capable
+substantial non-infringing use and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial non-infringing use and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substantial non-infringing use and we're
+off the hook and the Supreme Court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the hook and the Supreme Court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the hook and the Supreme Court
+justices who are basically you know many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justices who are basically you know many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justices who are basically you know many
+of them are still there they were like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are still there they were like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them are still there they were like
+really I don't think Sony was that clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I don't think Sony was that clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really I don't think Sony was that clear
+so you know here we have a case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know here we have a case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know here we have a case where
+everybody assumes they knew at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody assumes they knew at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody assumes they knew at that
+decision meant but not until you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision meant but not until you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision meant but not until you really
+get back before a court or even a court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back before a court or even a court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back before a court or even a court
+that's able to overrule it do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's able to overrule it do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's able to overrule it do you
+realize how shaky the foundations are it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize how shaky the foundations are it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize how shaky the foundations are it
+was sort of a middle ruling the Supreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of a middle ruling the Supreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of a middle ruling the Supreme
+Court held that they didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court held that they didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Court held that they didn't have to
+address the issue because gerak stir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the issue because gerak stir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address the issue because gerak stir
+it's on the facts presented roxtor had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the facts presented roxtor had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on the facts presented roxtor had
+actually induced infringement itself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually induced infringement itself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually induced infringement itself so
+they didn't want to have to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't want to have to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they didn't want to have to talk about
+if they hadn't induced infringement what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they hadn't induced infringement what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they hadn't induced infringement what
+the result would have been okay so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result would have been okay so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the result would have been okay so for
+next week I think the homework is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week I think the homework is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week I think the homework is going
+to be to read some of the Copyright Act
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to read some of the Copyright Act
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be to read some of the Copyright Act
+and maybe some more cases about it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some more cases about it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe some more cases about it if
+any of you have more suggestions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have more suggestions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of you have more suggestions about
+what you'd like to talk about I'd love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd like to talk about I'd love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you'd like to talk about I'd love
+to hear them are there any we can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear them are there any we can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear them are there any we can turn
+off the tape but other any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the tape but other any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the tape but other any of the
+questions or whatever suggest
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gMHkf-107Sw.txt b/gMHkf-107Sw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a38c074373ec69cbe31ec110664dfffa7e7d48e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gMHkf-107Sw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1683 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Square
+well so what is this problem this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what is this problem this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so what is this problem this is the
+problem of having a particle that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of having a particle that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of having a particle that can
+actually just move on a segment like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just move on a segment like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just move on a segment like it
+can move on this uh eraser just from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move on this uh eraser just from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can move on this uh eraser just from the
+left to the right it cannot Escape here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to the right it cannot Escape here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to the right it cannot Escape here
+so the way we represent it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we represent it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way we represent it is the
+interval 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval 0 to
+a on the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a on the x
+axis and there's going to be two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and there's going to be two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and there's going to be two
+walls one wall to the left and one wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls one wall to the left and one wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walls one wall to the left and one wall
+to the right and no potential in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right and no potential in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right and no potential in
+between that is I write the potential V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that is I write the potential V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between that is I write the potential V
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+X as zero for X in between a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X as zero for X in between a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X as zero for X in between a
+and z and Infinity for X less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z and Infinity for X less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z and Infinity for X less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+0 and uh X greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a so basically the particle can move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so basically the particle can move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so basically the particle can move
+from0 to a and nowh else the potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from0 to a and nowh else the potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from0 to a and nowh else the potential
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+now this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+problem meaning that the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem meaning that the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem meaning that the wave function
+uh the particle cannot be outside the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the particle cannot be outside the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the particle cannot be outside the
+interval means that the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval means that the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval means that the wave function
+must vanish outside the interval and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must vanish outside the interval and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must vanish outside the interval and you
+could say how do you know well U if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say how do you know well U if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say how do you know well U if the
+potential is infinite cost you infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is infinite cost you infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is infinite cost you infinite
+amount of energy to be there so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy to be there so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of energy to be there so the
+particle cannot really be there if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle cannot really be there if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle cannot really be there if it's
+really infinite energy than you need you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really infinite energy than you need you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really infinite energy than you need you
+will see in the fin Square well that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in the fin Square well that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will see in the fin Square well that the
+particle has probability to be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has probability to be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle has probability to be in
+regions where it classically cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions where it classically cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions where it classically cannot be
+but that probability will go to zero if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that probability will go to zero if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that probability will go to zero if
+the potential is infinite so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is infinite so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential is infinite so we can
+think of it as a limit and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a limit and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of it as a limit and we will
+reconfirm that but in fact if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfirm that but in fact if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconfirm that but in fact if the
+potential is infinity we will take it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is infinity we will take it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential is infinity we will take it to
+mean that s of X is equal to zero for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that s of X is equal to zero for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that s of X is equal to zero for
+X less than Z Z and for X greater than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X less than Z Z and for X greater than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X less than Z Z and for X greater than a
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+whether you know I I'm putting this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you know I I'm putting this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you know I I'm putting this
+equals or um you know there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals or um you know there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals or um you know there are many
+ways of doing this it's if this function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing this it's if this function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of doing this it's if this function
+is discontinuous you have a wall at a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discontinuous you have a wall at a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is discontinuous you have a wall at a is
+the potential zero at a or is infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential zero at a or is infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the potential zero at a or is infinity
+well it doesn't quite matter the issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it doesn't quite matter the issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it doesn't quite matter the issue
+is that the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the wave
+function is zero here is z zero there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero here is z zero there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is zero here is z zero there
+and we've said that the wave function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've said that the wave function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we've said that the wave function
+must be continuous so it should be Zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be continuous so it should be Zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be continuous so it should be Zero
+by the time you're at zero or at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you're at zero or at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you're at zero or at a
+so therefore we will take s of0 to be0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore we will take s of0 to be0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so therefore we will take s of0 to be0
+and S of a to be0 by continuity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we discuss why the wave function has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discuss why the wave function has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we discuss why the wave function has
+to be continuous if the wave function is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be continuous if the wave function is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be continuous if the wave function is
+not continuous uh the second derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not continuous uh the second derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not continuous uh the second derivative
+of the wave function is is terribly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function is is terribly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wave function is is terribly
+singular it's like a derivative of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it's like a derivative of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singular it's like a derivative of a
+Delta function which is an impossible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function which is an impossible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function which is an impossible
+situation so the wave function we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so the wave function we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation so the wave function we will
+take it to vanish at these two places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to vanish at these two places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it to vanish at these two places
+and this is what is called a hard one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what is called a hard one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what is called a hard one
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all so
+of what is the shinger equation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the shinger equation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what is the shinger equation the
+shinger equation is again a free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation is again a free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shinger equation is again a free
+shredding equation nothing no potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding equation nothing no potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shredding equation nothing no potential
+here so it's the same shinger equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's the same shinger equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so it's the same shinger equation
+we had there s double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Prime equal - 2 m e/
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equal - 2 m e/
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime equal - 2 m e/
+h²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+h²
+s of X or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of X or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of X or
+again - k^
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again - k^
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again - k^
+2 s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 s of
+X let's solve this um so how do we do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let's solve this um so how do we do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X let's solve this um so how do we do it
+um well it's again a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it's again a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um well it's again a very simple
+equation but uh this time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but uh this time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation but uh this time it's
+convenient since we don't have a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient since we don't have a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient since we don't have a circle
+or periodicity to use SS and cosiness so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or periodicity to use SS and cosiness so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or periodicity to use SS and cosiness so
+I'll take s of X would be C1 cine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take s of X would be C1 cine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll take s of X would be C1 cine of
+KX plus C2 s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KX but uh the wave function must vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX but uh the wave function must vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX but uh the wave function must vanish
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+zero and at zero the coine is one so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and at zero the coine is one so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and at zero the coine is one so you
+get C1 and the sign is zero so this must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get C1 and the sign is zero so this must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get C1 and the sign is zero so this must
+be zero so C1 is gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero so C1 is gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be zero so C1 is gone
+there's no C1 contribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no C1 contribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no C1 contribution to the
+solution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+SI s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SI s of
+X is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is
+C2 s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 s of
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+KX but we're not done we need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX but we're not done we need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX but we're not done we need this
+function to vanish at the other side so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to vanish at the other side so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function to vanish at the other side so
+s of x = a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of x = a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s of x = a
+must be zero and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be zero and that
+C2 s of K A must be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 s of K A must be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 s of K A must be
+zero and therefore we realize that k a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and therefore we realize that k a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and therefore we realize that k a
+must be equal to a multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to a multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must be equal to a multiple of
+Pi because uh s vanishes for 0 Pi 2 pi 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi because uh s vanishes for 0 Pi 2 pi 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi because uh s vanishes for 0 Pi 2 pi 3
+Pi - pi - 2 pi - 3 Pi all all the bounes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi - pi - 2 pi - 3 Pi all all the bounes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi - pi - 2 pi - 3 Pi all all the bounes
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+Pi and therefore we will write K
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi and therefore we will write K
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pi and therefore we will write K
+n's equals 2 pi uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n's equals 2 pi uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n's equals 2 pi uh
+n not 2 pi n Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a okay uh well let me ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay uh well let me ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay uh well let me ask you
+uh should we take what should we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should we take what should we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should we take what should we take
+for n all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n all
+integers oh should we skip some should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers oh should we skip some should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integers oh should we skip some should
+we we took all integers for the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we took all integers for the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we took all integers for the circle
+but should we take all integers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but should we take all integers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but should we take all integers
+here so what happens here Nal 0 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what happens here Nal 0 what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so what happens here Nal 0 what's
+the problem with Nal 0 Nal 0 K is z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with Nal 0 Nal 0 K is z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem with Nal 0 Nal 0 K is z the
+wave function vanishes well wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function vanishes well wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function vanishes well wave
+function Vanishing is really bad because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Vanishing is really bad because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Vanishing is really bad because
+there's no part particle then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no part particle then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no part particle then there's
+nowhere the probability to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere the probability to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere the probability to find the
+particle so n equal 0 is not allowed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so n equal 0 is not allowed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle so n equal 0 is not allowed for
+sure n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure n equal
+Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z
+no so why did we allow it n equal Z in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so why did we allow it n equal Z in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so why did we allow it n equal Z in
+the circle well in the circle for n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle well in the circle for n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle well in the circle for n
+equal Z the exponential doesn't vanish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z the exponential doesn't vanish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal Z the exponential doesn't vanish
+it's a constant and a constant is a fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a constant and a constant is a fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a constant and a constant is a fine
+wave function zero is not fine but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function zero is not fine but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave function zero is not fine but the
+constant is good but n equal 0 is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is good but n equal 0 is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is good but n equal 0 is not so
+how about uh positive NS or negative n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about uh positive NS or negative n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how about uh positive NS or negative n's
+um and here comes the problem U as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here comes the problem U as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and here comes the problem U as you
+were getting to it um for n =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting to it um for n =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were getting to it um for n =
+-2 or for n equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 or for n equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2 or for n equal
+2 so in one case k is a number and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so in one case k is a number and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 so in one case k is a number and in
+the other case k is the opposite sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case k is the opposite sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other case k is the opposite sign
+number and sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number and sign
+of a number or minus a number the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a number or minus a number the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a number or minus a number the number
+goes out so if if you have a s of -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out so if if you have a s of -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes out so if if you have a s of -
+KX that's Min - sin of KX and two wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX that's Min - sin of KX and two wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KX that's Min - sin of KX and two wave
+functions that differ by a sign are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that differ by a sign are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions that differ by a sign are the
+same wave function physically there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same wave function physically there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same wave function physically there's
+nothing different they could differ by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing different they could differ by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing different they could differ by
+an i and other things so when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i and other things so when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an i and other things so when you
+pick n -1 or Pick n = + 1 you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick n -1 or Pick n = + 1 you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick n -1 or Pick n = + 1 you get the
+same wave function but just differ by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same wave function but just differ by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same wave function but just differ by a
+sign so it's not new so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so it's not new so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign so it's not new so in this case
+it's very interesting that uh we must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting that uh we must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very interesting that uh we must
+restrict ourself we can correct all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict ourself we can correct all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrict ourself we can correct all this
+and just say n = 1 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say n = 1 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just say n = 1 2
+3 all the way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity the wave function then is s of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the wave function then is s of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the wave function then is s of
+x s n of x is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x s n of x is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x s n of x is proportional to
+S of n x over a and you look at it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S of n x over a and you look at it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S of n x over a and you look at it and
+you say yes that looks nice for xal 0 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say yes that looks nice for xal 0 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say yes that looks nice for xal 0 it
+vanishes for x = a it vanishes n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes for x = a it vanishes n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes for x = a it vanishes n and
+minus n would give me the same wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n would give me the same wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus n would give me the same wave
+function up to assign so this is good I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up to assign so this is good I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function up to assign so this is good I
+just have to normalize it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to normalize it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have to normalize it and
+normalizing it would be done by putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing it would be done by putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalizing it would be done by putting
+an N here and then the integral of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N here and then the integral of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an N here and then the integral of s
+n² DX from 0 to a only would be n²
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n² DX from 0 to a only would be n²
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n² DX from 0 to a only would be n²
+intergal from 0 to a DX of sin s n Pi a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergal from 0 to a DX of sin s n Pi a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intergal from 0 to a DX of sin s n Pi a
+x over a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over a
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now you can do these integrals of by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can do these integrals of by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can do these integrals of by
+calculation and uh s squared is written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and uh s squared is written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and uh s squared is written
+in terms of a double angle cosine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a double angle cosine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of a double angle cosine of
+double angle plus a 1 12 U the intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double angle plus a 1 12 U the intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double angle plus a 1 12 U the intuition
+with these things are that U if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these things are that U if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with these things are that U if you're
+integrating over the right interval that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over the right interval that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrating over the right interval that
+contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contains
+an integer number of cycles of the sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer number of cycles of the sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integer number of cycles of the sin
+squar then the sin squar has average 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar then the sin squar has average 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar then the sin squar has average 12
+because sin sare + cosine square is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sin sare + cosine square is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because sin sare + cosine square is
+equal to 1 so you don't have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so you don't have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 1 so you don't have to do the
+integral in general this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in general this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral in general this is
+n² * 12 * the length of the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n² * 12 * the length of the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n² * 12 * the length of the interval
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+a um and there for n² this is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um and there for n² this is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um and there for n² this is equal to 1
+and therefore n is = < TK of 2/ a and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore n is = < TK of 2/ a and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore n is = < TK of 2/ a and we
+can write now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write now
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Solutions our Solutions are um sin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions our Solutions are um sin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions our Solutions are um sin
+n of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n of
+X = < TK 2/ a sin NK X over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X = < TK 2/ a sin NK X over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X = < TK 2/ a sin NK X over
+A and N = 1 2 up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and N = 1 2 up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and N = 1 2 up to
+infinity and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity and
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+n is equal to H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n is equal to H bar
+squar k squar so pi^ 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar k squar so pi^ 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar k squar so pi^ 2
+m² a 2 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m that's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m that's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m that's it
+for the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the solution
+of are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are there
+degeneracies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degeneracies
+no every energy state is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no every energy state is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no every energy state is different
+because there's n is equal 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's n is equal 1 2 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's n is equal 1 2 3
+Infinity each one has more energy than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity each one has more energy than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity each one has more energy than
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+next no I'm sorry the energy increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next no I'm sorry the energy increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next no I'm sorry the energy increases
+as you increase and the energy levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase and the energy levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you increase and the energy levels
+actually become more and more spaced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually become more and more spaced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually become more and more spaced
+out and um the last thing I want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and um the last thing I want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and um the last thing I want to do
+with this box is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this box is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this box is
+to look at the states and see how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the states and see how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at the states and see how they
+look and gather some important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and gather some important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and gather some important
+properties that are going to be uh very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that are going to be uh very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that are going to be uh very
+relevant soon
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/h4-GpUrdi1M.txt b/h4-GpUrdi1M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0cc1f9eac10e537ec7b7c0870accd55e4322e82e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/h4-GpUrdi1M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13715 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we have we should celebrate the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have we should celebrate the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have we should celebrate the the
+nobel prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize
+is for imaging this time wow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for imaging this time wow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for imaging this time wow
+of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but it's also about light and image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also about light and image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also about light and image and
+uh this is the point i was making just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the point i was making just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is the point i was making just a
+couple of weeks ago about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks ago about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of weeks ago about how
+you know in imaging you keep on getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in imaging you keep on getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in imaging you keep on getting
+nobel prizes but somehow in other fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prizes but somehow in other fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prizes but somehow in other fields
+just the nobel prizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the nobel prizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the nobel prizes
+um of course uh teda wilson uh sent out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course uh teda wilson uh sent out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of course uh teda wilson uh sent out
+an email i don't know if you told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email i don't know if you told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an email i don't know if you told you
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+and he thinks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he thinks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he thinks
+prizes like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prizes like uh
+nobel prize and all that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize and all that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nobel prize and all that have
+you know outlived their their importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know outlived their their importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know outlived their their importance
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+they were always trying to feed this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were always trying to feed this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were always trying to feed this
+notion that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion that
+science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science
+moves by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves by
+uh you know select group of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know select group of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know select group of people
+working in select places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in select places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in select places
+and coming up with amazing discoveries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming up with amazing discoveries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and coming up with amazing discoveries
+like select individuals and we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like select individuals and we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like select individuals and we know
+that's not how the world works now you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how the world works now you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not how the world works now you
+know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the
+the even the even the development of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even the even the development of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even the even the development of
+fiber optics it's not just one person or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optics it's not just one person or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiber optics it's not just one person or
+one team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one team
+but hundreds of people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hundreds of people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but hundreds of people have
+have made tremendous contributions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made tremendous contributions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have made tremendous contributions and
+the same with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same with
+a ccd chip for which there was a nobel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ccd chip for which there was a nobel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a ccd chip for which there was a nobel
+prize and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prize and
+you know somebody may have thought about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somebody may have thought about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know somebody may have thought about
+it somebody may have implemented it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somebody may have implemented it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it somebody may have implemented it
+uh but at the same time there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but at the same time there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but at the same time there are a lot
+of people involved so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people involved so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people involved so
+it's somewhat misleading to identify one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhat misleading to identify one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's somewhat misleading to identify one
+or two people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two people
+uh as the ones who uh made all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the ones who uh made all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as the ones who uh made all the
+difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference
+by the way the inventor of light fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the inventor of light fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way the inventor of light fields
+which we're going to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we're going to talk about
+lipman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lipman
+also got a nobel prize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got a nobel prize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also got a nobel prize
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but he didn't get the nobel prize for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't get the nobel prize for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but he didn't get the nobel prize for
+light fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light fails
+uh he got a nobel prize for inventing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he got a nobel prize for inventing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh he got a nobel prize for inventing
+color photography which is very closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color photography which is very closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color photography which is very closely
+related to light fix which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to light fix which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to light fix which is
+surprising uh we'll discuss about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising uh we'll discuss about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising uh we'll discuss about that
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+let's figure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so uh the assignment actually has two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the assignment actually has two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh the assignment actually has two
+part uh two options of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the light filled part has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light filled part has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light filled part has
+several parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several parts
+uh several sub parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh several sub parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh several sub parts
+but don't get intimidated intimidated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't get intimidated intimidated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't get intimidated intimidated by
+all the things you have to do it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things you have to do it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the things you have to do it's
+mostly a matter of you know how much you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly a matter of you know how much you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly a matter of you know how much you
+want to do and based on your background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and based on your background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do and based on your background
+so if i know you have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i know you have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i know you have a lot of
+background in light fields and so on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in light fields and so on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in light fields and so on so
+like rohit over there for example i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rohit over there for example i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like rohit over there for example i
+would expect him to go quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect him to go quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would expect him to go quite a bit
+deep into the assignment but those of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into the assignment but those of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deep into the assignment but those of
+you who don't have as much optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who don't have as much optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you who don't have as much optics
+background or those of you who are using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background or those of you who are using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background or those of you who are using
+uh are not programming and using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are not programming and using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh are not programming and using
+uh or don't have programming background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or don't have programming background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or don't have programming background
+and using uh some gui based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using uh some gui based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and using uh some gui based
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+tools to do the light fill assignment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to do the light fill assignment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools to do the light fill assignment of
+course i'll expect you not to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course i'll expect you not to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course i'll expect you not to just
+finish the first part but not first stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the first part but not first stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish the first part but not first stop
+part but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part but not
+not all the parts so you know we will we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all the parts so you know we will we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not all the parts so you know we will we
+will kind of normalize your performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will kind of normalize your performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will kind of normalize your performance
+based on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on your
+background and abilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and abilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background and abilities
+so you may want to send an email to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may want to send an email to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you may want to send an email to me
+separately in case you run into problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately in case you run into problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately in case you run into problems
+and say hey you know i don't have as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hey you know i don't have as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say hey you know i don't have as
+much background in this area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much background in this area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much background in this area
+but the assignment is basically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the assignment is basically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the assignment is basically it's
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+taking pictures and taking an average of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pictures and taking an average of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking pictures and taking an average of
+these pictures so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these pictures so
+it's just that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just that when you
+take a picture shift it and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture shift it and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture shift it and add
+to some other picture so the concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other picture so the concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some other picture so the concepts
+are really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really simple
+and if you do the first sub part you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the first sub part you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you do the first sub part you
+should be able to do other sub parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do other sub parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to do other sub parts
+very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very quickly
+if you think about it some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you think about it some more
+but again given that you have limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again given that you have limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again given that you have limited
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+you don't have to go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so what i'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what i'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so what i'm going to do is
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+start talking about the light fields and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the light fields and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start talking about the light fields and
+then halfway through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then halfway through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then halfway through
+we'll come back and talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll come back and talk about the
+assignment okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know if you're if you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you're if you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know if you're if you're in
+photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photography
+uh or you're new to cameras people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you're new to cameras people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or you're new to cameras people
+always throw this drums at you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always throw this drums at you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always throw this drums at you the
+f-stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-stop
+and you know fast lens and slow lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know fast lens and slow lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know fast lens and slow lens and
+the bokeh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bokeh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bokeh
+and depth of field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depth of field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depth of field
+um ankit covered it a little bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ankit covered it a little bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um ankit covered it a little bit but
+it's always very confusing and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always very confusing and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always very confusing and uh
+photographers just like any other cult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers just like any other cult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers just like any other cult
+group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group
+always try to make it more exotic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always try to make it more exotic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always try to make it more exotic and
+more difficult to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficult to understand
+what they are saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they are saying
+so my general advice is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my general advice is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so my general advice is
+uh as a researcher as a student as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a researcher as a student as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a researcher as a student as a
+scientist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist
+just get rid of all the jargon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get rid of all the jargon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get rid of all the jargon
+and focus on really simple parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focus on really simple parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focus on really simple parameters
+okay so f stop for example is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so f stop for example is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so f stop for example is really
+complicated and it's not just it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and it's not just it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated and it's not just it's
+complicated but it's actually wrong the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's actually wrong the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated but it's actually wrong the
+numbers they use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers they use
+are actually wrong they're off by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually wrong they're off by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually wrong they're off by you
+know sometimes up to 10 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes up to 10 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know sometimes up to 10 percent
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know
+increasing the f number or decrease in f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the f number or decrease in f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing the f number or decrease in f
+number is not very clear what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is not very clear what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is not very clear what it means
+because it's inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's inverse
+of so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of so
+and f 2.8 versus f 5.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f 2.8 versus f 5.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and f 2.8 versus f 5.6
+the 5.6 actually is smaller than 2.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5.6 actually is smaller than 2.8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 5.6 actually is smaller than 2.8
+whoever came up with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever came up with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whoever came up with that
+uh in in microscopy and scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in microscopy and scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in microscopy and scientific
+imaging they use numerical aperture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging they use numerical aperture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imaging they use numerical aperture
+which is more meaningful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more meaningful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is more meaningful because
+when numerical and then aperture becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when numerical and then aperture becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when numerical and then aperture becomes
+larger the numerical aperture becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the numerical aperture becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger the numerical aperture becomes
+larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger
+and it's thought about it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's thought about it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's thought about it in a
+scientific way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific way
+so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the whole concept of flight field might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole concept of flight field might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole concept of flight field might
+seem very foreign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem very foreign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem very foreign
+and you wonder why we need to study it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wonder why we need to study it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you wonder why we need to study it
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+once we have understood this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have understood this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we have understood this
+relationship between 3d points to 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between 3d points to 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between 3d points to 2d
+pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+and rays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rays and
+relationship between different rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between different rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship between different rays
+and so on all these other concepts such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on all these other concepts such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on all these other concepts such
+as depth of field and f number and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as depth of field and f number and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as depth of field and f number and all
+that will become extremely clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will become extremely clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will become extremely clear
+and you won't think of them as some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you won't think of them as some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you won't think of them as some
+abstract quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract quantities
+but quantities with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but quantities with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but quantities with some
+some real meaning to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real meaning to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some real meaning to it
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+this is how we started thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we started thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we started thinking about
+the ray space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and then we realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we realized that
+uh rays are five-dimensional because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rays are five-dimensional because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rays are five-dimensional because
+there's a point and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a point and
+uh direction so three degrees of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direction so three degrees of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh direction so three degrees of freedom
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+the for the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for the point
+and only two degrees of freedom for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only two degrees of freedom for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and only two degrees of freedom for
+the direction why is it not six degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction why is it not six degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the direction why is it not six degrees
+of freedom as we have as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+usually have three for translation three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have three for translation three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have three for translation three
+for rotation here we have three for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rotation here we have three for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for rotation here we have three for
+translation only two for rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's nothing
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+uh that's the seventh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the seventh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that's the seventh
+there is no role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but then we realized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we realized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then we realized that
+sometimes you don't have to uh use hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't have to uh use hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes you don't have to uh use hard
+dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions
+you can get away with four dimensions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get away with four dimensions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get away with four dimensions in
+which case does that happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case does that happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case does that happen
+the two of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two of my
+uh two plane approximation but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two plane approximation but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh two plane approximation but that's
+that's good but why does it allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good but why does it allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's good but why does it allow you to
+go from why can we go from 5d to 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+did you raise your hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you raise your hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did you raise your hand
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+let's take the next one you're only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the next one you're only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take the next one you're only
+caring about a single way or single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about a single way or single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caring about a single way or single
+point exactly so if you don't have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point exactly so if you don't have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point exactly so if you don't have this
+occluder in the middle uh the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occluder in the middle uh the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occluder in the middle uh the intensity
+on this side is going to the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side is going to the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this side is going to the intensity
+on the other side so you can just use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side so you can just use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side so you can just use it
+as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+dimensional quantity and now the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional quantity and now the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional quantity and now the four
+dimensional quantities we can specify in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional quantities we can specify in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional quantities we can specify in
+multiple ways we can either specify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways we can either specify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways we can either specify it
+as a 2d position and 2d angle or we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a 2d position and 2d angle or we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a 2d position and 2d angle or we can
+do it as a two plane parameterization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it as a two plane parameterization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it as a two plane parameterization
+where you have 2d point and one plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have 2d point and one plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have 2d point and one plane
+and 2d point on the other plane and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2d point on the other plane and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 2d point on the other plane and this
+is kind of in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of in the
+in the 3d world so uv coordinate on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 3d world so uv coordinate on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 3d world so uv coordinate on this
+plane and sd coordinate on that and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and sd coordinate on that and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and sd coordinate on that and that
+defines the ray direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the ray direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defines the ray direction
+now what's the disadvantage i'll just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the disadvantage i'll just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's the disadvantage i'll just go
+back to this so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to this so
+you'll realize that when we're when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll realize that when we're when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll realize that when we're when
+we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about
+all these optics and rays and geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these optics and rays and geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these optics and rays and geometric
+quantities we'll always think about them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities we'll always think about them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities we'll always think about them
+in flatland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flatland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flatland
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+real world is 3d and rays are in 4d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world is 3d and rays are in 4d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real world is 3d and rays are in 4d
+space but for for the sake of discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but for for the sake of discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space but for for the sake of discussion
+our world is just 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our world is just 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our world is just 2d
+the flatland
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flatland
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flatland
+and the rays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how many dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many dimensions
+two dimensions okay so something strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions okay so something strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions okay so something strange
+is going on already right because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on already right because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going on already right because we
+went in a 3d world the rays are 4d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in a 3d world the rays are 4d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in a 3d world the rays are 4d
+but in a 2d world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a 2d world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a 2d world
+the rays are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rays are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rays are
+2d right there's already a mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d right there's already a mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d right there's already a mismatch
+going on and as we go forward you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and as we go forward you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on and as we go forward you'll
+realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize
+where that comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where that comes from
+okay so most of our discussion will stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so most of our discussion will stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so most of our discussion will stay
+in flatline so our world is 2d our rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flatline so our world is 2d our rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in flatline so our world is 2d our rays
+are 2d there is one degree of freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 2d there is one degree of freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are 2d there is one degree of freedom
+for the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the position
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in this so in this case one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this so in this case one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this so in this case one degree of
+freedom for the position and one degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom for the position and one degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom for the position and one degree
+of freedom for the angle okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom for the angle okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of freedom for the angle okay so that's
+the two dimensions for the ray we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two dimensions for the ray we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two dimensions for the ray we can
+either express it as position and angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either express it as position and angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either express it as position and angle
+or as position and position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as position and position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or as position and position
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+that seems pretty good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems pretty good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that seems pretty good
+there are some rays here which cannot be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some rays here which cannot be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some rays here which cannot be
+represented very well with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented very well with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented very well with this
+representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+it's okay to represent them here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to represent them here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay to represent them here
+but they cannot be represented here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they cannot be represented here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they cannot be represented here
+which raise it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which raise it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which raise it here
+yes that are parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that are parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that are parallel
+exactly so if something is if array is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if something is if array is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so if something is if array is
+vertical here it will never intersect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical here it will never intersect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical here it will never intersect
+both plates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both plates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both plates
+so it's difficult to express that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's difficult to express that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's difficult to express that
+uh in this in this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this in this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this in this particular
+formulation and if you're thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation and if you're thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation and if you're thinking about
+the implementation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the implementation
+then any rate that's even if it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then any rate that's even if it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then any rate that's even if it's not
+vertical but close to vertical will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical but close to vertical will have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical but close to vertical will have
+sampling issues you won't be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling issues you won't be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling issues you won't be able to
+represent that very well and here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that very well and here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent that very well and here you
+don't have that problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that problem
+because you're going to get you'll use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to get you'll use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going to get you'll use a
+different 3d position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different 3d position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different 3d position
+and theta phi is is always defined so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theta phi is is always defined so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and theta phi is is always defined so
+that makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes it
+very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if you if you can build this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you can build this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you can build this uh
+a matrix you know the machine that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix you know the machine that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix you know the machine that can
+see everything everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see everything everywhere
+in every wavelength how many dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every wavelength how many dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in every wavelength how many dimensions
+is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+seven dimensions right five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven dimensions right five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven dimensions right five
+so we go back to this one five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go back to this one five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we go back to this one five
+dimensions here plus wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions here plus wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions here plus wavelength
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+we're going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to get
+you know get closer and closer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get closer and closer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know get closer and closer to that
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+that matrix that sees everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix that sees everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix that sees everywhere
+uh and we're going to start with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we're going to start with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we're going to start with a
+camera array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array
+and we're going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to say that
+an array of cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array of cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an array of cameras
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+can capture like three okay how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can capture like three okay how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can capture like three okay how does
+that happen here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happen here we have
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+imagine on this plane i'm going to put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine on this plane i'm going to put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine on this plane i'm going to put a
+set of cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of cameras
+and for every camera it's it's frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for every camera it's it's frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for every camera it's it's frame
+buffer i'm going to indicate as snt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer i'm going to indicate as snt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buffer i'm going to indicate as snt
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+every camera position here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every camera position here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every camera position here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+given by uv coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by uv coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by uv coordinate
+and the frame buffer of each camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frame buffer of each camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the frame buffer of each camera
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+specified by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified by
+st
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is how we have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is how we have to have
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+uv plane i'm going to put a camera here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv plane i'm going to put a camera here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv plane i'm going to put a camera here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and then i have this keyplay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what i'm going to say is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to say is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i'm going to say is for this
+camera i'm going to shoot all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay these as you can see the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these as you can see the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay these as you can see the image
+starts becoming very messy in the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts becoming very messy in the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts becoming very messy in the real
+world so we'll go back to the fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is my
+u-plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u-plane
+and this is my s plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is my s plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is my s plane
+okay and i'm going to put a camera here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i'm going to put a camera here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and i'm going to put a camera here
+camera here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera here
+camera here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera here
+and camera here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and camera here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and camera here
+and when i said place a camera that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i said place a camera that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when i said place a camera that i
+really mean the center of projection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean the center of projection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really mean the center of projection
+the pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pinhole
+of the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the camera
+is placed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is placed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is placed here
+okay so i put a pimple camera here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i put a pimple camera here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i put a pimple camera here
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+back here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here
+right and what that is doing is if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what that is doing is if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and what that is doing is if i
+take every pixel through this pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take every pixel through this pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take every pixel through this pinhole
+they're shooting the way out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again we're going to think like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to think like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we're going to think like the
+greeks the cameras should be placed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeks the cameras should be placed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greeks the cameras should be placed out
+in the world to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the world to
+fill the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fill the world
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the coordinate of this pixels now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate of this pixels now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coordinate of this pixels now is
+given by x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by x
+but the position of each camera is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the position of each camera is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the position of each camera is given
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+so maybe this is u equals 1 u equals 2 u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this is u equals 1 u equals 2 u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so maybe this is u equals 1 u equals 2 u
+equals 3 equals 4 and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 equals 4 and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals 3 equals 4 and so on
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and simply on s coordinate whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply on s coordinate whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and simply on s coordinate whatever it
+goes from one to thousandths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from one to thousandths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes from one to thousandths
+uh it's important and we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's important and we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's important and we're going to say
+that this camera can capture all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this camera can capture all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this camera can capture all the
+rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays
+that pass through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then this camera again is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+pass all the rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass all the rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass all the rays
+that come through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come through it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+very similar to your assignment i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to your assignment i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to your assignment i'm
+going to take the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take the camera
+shift shift shift shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift shift shift shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift shift shift shift
+and it's going to capture all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to capture all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to capture all those
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+now certain rays are missing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now certain rays are missing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now certain rays are missing here
+that they're not able to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not able to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not able to capture
+examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so they're capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they're capturing
+if i take a photo from here i basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take a photo from here i basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take a photo from here i basically
+captured 1000 rays right corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured 1000 rays right corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured 1000 rays right corresponding
+to each escargot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each escargot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each escargot
+if i go here i captured another 1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go here i captured another 1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go here i captured another 1000
+place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in this picture i have captured about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture i have captured about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this picture i have captured about
+4000 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's missing
+the points between two cameras exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points between two cameras exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the points between two cameras exactly
+so anything that went at u equals 0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that went at u equals 0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anything that went at u equals 0.5
+those rays are not being kept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rays are not being kept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those rays are not being kept
+right so that's how life is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's how life is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's how life is
+the word is continuous and somehow we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word is continuous and somehow we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the word is continuous and somehow we
+have to discretize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to discretize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to discretize
+and sample it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sample it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sample it
+but that's fine it's it's close enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's fine it's it's close enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's fine it's it's close enough
+for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for us
+to start representing the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start representing the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start representing the world
+uh in a four-day presentation so now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a four-day presentation so now um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in a four-day presentation so now um
+you know if somebody asks you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if somebody asks you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if somebody asks you
+uh what's the dimensionality of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the dimensionality of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the dimensionality of the
+world people often say yes it's treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world people often say yes it's treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world people often say yes it's treating
+but what is this feeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the appearance of the word is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appearance of the word is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the appearance of the word is actually
+folding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's always a difficult concept to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always a difficult concept to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's always a difficult concept to
+get across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get across
+but some other ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some other ways of thinking about
+the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same
+situation is imagine if you build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hologram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hologram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hologram
+and you're standing in front of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're standing in front of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're standing in front of it and
+the hologram has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+coordinate system as t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system as t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate system as t
+and as you move your head you see a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you move your head you see a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you move your head you see a new
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+coming out of the solder right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the solder right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of the solder right
+so if i move in the u direction i see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i move in the u direction i see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i move in the u direction i see a
+different set of images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different set of images
+so but if i move my head up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if i move my head up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so but if i move my head up and down
+then again i need to see new images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the weak direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weak direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the weak direction
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the hologram also is recording
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hologram also is recording
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hologram also is recording
+four dimensional dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four dimensional dataset
+or a particular display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a particular display
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a particular display
+uh not a particular but necessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not a particular but necessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh not a particular but necessary
+business player it's also recording a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business player it's also recording a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business player it's also recording a
+four day information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four day information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four day information
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+to record a view through a window for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to record a view through a window for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to record a view through a window for
+example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example
+i need to actually store a four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to actually store a four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i need to actually store a four
+dimensional data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional data
+in a two dimensional cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two dimensional cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a two dimensional cell
+and that's when you square problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when you square problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's when you square problem
+and this one is actually the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is actually the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one is actually the inverse of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+we're going to capture the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to capture the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to capture the word
+and when you capture the word through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you capture the word through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you capture the word through
+the window again we need to record a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window again we need to record a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the window again we need to record a
+code
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so try having that argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try having that argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so try having that argument
+with your friends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so now we have area of cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we have area of cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so now we have area of cameras
+and we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to think about
+how that can be achieved not with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that can be achieved not with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that can be achieved not with an
+area of cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of cameras
+but just with a single camera so the rf
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just with a single camera so the rf
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but just with a single camera so the rf
+cameras is very much similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras is very much similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras is very much similar to this
+just a set of cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a set of cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a set of cameras
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+bunch of sensors behind it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sensors behind it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of sensors behind it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+as far as photography is concerned we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as photography is concerned we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as photography is concerned we
+want to think about how we can achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about how we can achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to think about how we can achieve
+that with just a single camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with just a single camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with just a single camera
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+there are a few concepts we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few concepts we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a few concepts we are going to
+going to look at more carefully one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at more carefully one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look at more carefully one is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+a image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a image
+that's created for the 3d point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's created for the 3d point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's created for the 3d point
+is actually a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a sum
+of multiple images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of multiple images
+created by different parts of the glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by different parts of the glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created by different parts of the glass
+so if you have a whole lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a whole lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a whole lens
+and you cover all these parts and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cover all these parts and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you cover all these parts and just
+leave this one open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this one open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this one open
+it will create one image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will create one image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will create one image
+then if i block that one but just with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if i block that one but just with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if i block that one but just with
+this one open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one open
+you will get another image and so on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get another image and so on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will get another image and so on and
+in this case i will get i guess five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case i will get i guess five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case i will get i guess five
+different images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different images
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what's the difference between those five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between those five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between those five
+images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can kind of see the hint here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see the hint here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of see the hint here
+right it's as if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's as if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's as if
+i moved i've placed a camera here then i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i moved i've placed a camera here then i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i moved i've placed a camera here then i
+pressed the camera here then there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed the camera here then there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressed the camera here then there's the
+camera here and here thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera here and here thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera here and here thank you
+so it's just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um opening up part of the aperture or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um opening up part of the aperture or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um opening up part of the aperture or
+sub aperture is just like moving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub aperture is just like moving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub aperture is just like moving a
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+but within the picture of of your oculus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but within the picture of of your oculus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but within the picture of of your oculus
+if your aperture is only about 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your aperture is only about 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your aperture is only about 25
+millimeters the whole shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters the whole shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeters the whole shift
+is only about 25 millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only about 25 millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only about 25 millimeters
+but there's a difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a difference between
+this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation
+and this situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this situation
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+because all these are peoples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all these are peoples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all these are peoples
+and there's no optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's no optics
+and this one has pinholes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one has pinholes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one has pinholes
+but there's some special shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's some special shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's some special shape
+if you just look at only one section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look at only one section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just look at only one section
+what what does it look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does it look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what does it look like
+don't look at the whole lens just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look at the whole lens just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't look at the whole lens just look
+at any one section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any one section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at any one section
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is a truncation of a prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a truncation of a prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a truncation of a prism
+so you can think of a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think of a lens
+as being made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as being made up of
+sections of a prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of a prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections of a prism
+and of course this prism is truncated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this prism is truncated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this prism is truncated
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and this this position is configured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this position is configured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this this position is configured
+here and this one is just a slab of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this one is just a slab of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and this one is just a slab of
+glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+just it's parallel so it's just a flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's parallel so it's just a flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it's parallel so it's just a flat
+piece of glass it doesn't really do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass it doesn't really do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass it doesn't really do
+anything and so in high school when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and so in high school when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and so in high school when it's
+when they say when the light goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they say when the light goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they say when the light goes to the
+center of the lens it doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the lens it doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center of the lens it doesn't change
+light it's just flap of glass of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it's just flap of glass of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light it's just flap of glass of course
+like those script and here you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those script and here you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like those script and here you have
+prisms where it goes in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisms where it goes in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisms where it goes in and
+we it deflates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it deflates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we it deflates
+a set of prisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of prisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of prisms
+here we just have set up pinholes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just have set up pinholes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we just have set up pinholes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so let's assign some of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assign some of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's assign some of those
+coordinates one more time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates one more time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinates one more time
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to say
+the camera position right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera position right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera position right
+the camera position here is given by you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera position here is given by you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the camera position here is given by you
+and the pixel position is given by s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pixel position is given by s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the pixel position is given by s
+okay you can ignore the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can ignore the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you can ignore the second
+variable here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable here
+and we're going to try and understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to try and understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to try and understand
+this four dimensional space that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this four dimensional space that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this four dimensional space that the
+camera is capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is capturing
+i'll i'll give you a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll give you a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll i'll give you a uh
+the punch line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punch line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the punch line here
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+if a camera can capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a camera can capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a camera can capture
+this four dimensional representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this four dimensional representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this four dimensional representation of
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+it has captured everything that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has captured everything that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has captured everything that can be
+that's coming through the class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming through the class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coming through the class
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and including it includes phase and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and including it includes phase and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and including it includes phase and all
+that information so all the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information so all the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that information so all the geometric
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+about the world is completely captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world is completely captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the world is completely captured
+by this four dimensional representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this four dimensional representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this four dimensional representation
+so once you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once you have that
+of course you can go back and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can go back and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course you can go back and do
+anything you want you can do digital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want you can do digital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you want you can do digital
+refocusing you can estimate 3d shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refocusing you can estimate 3d shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refocusing you can estimate 3d shape
+you know you can insert new objects you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can insert new objects you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you can insert new objects you
+need whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need whatever you want
+that's the that's all you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's all you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's all you can get
+so just by going two dimensions higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just by going two dimensions higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just by going two dimensions higher
+from 2d to 4d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2d to 4d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2d to 4d
+it's a complete representation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complete representation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a complete representation and
+that's why it's so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why it's so important
+to capture that 4d library
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture that 4d library
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to capture that 4d library
+because if you want to think about any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you want to think about any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you want to think about any
+sophisticated photography applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated photography applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated photography applications
+that's the maximum information you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the maximum information you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the maximum information you can
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+we still have wavelength and time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have wavelength and time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we still have wavelength and time and
+and polarization and so on but those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polarization and so on but those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and polarization and so on but those are
+not geometric dimensions the geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not geometric dimensions the geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not geometric dimensions the geometric
+dimensions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions are
+just space and angle or two space and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just space and angle or two space and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just space and angle or two space and so
+on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+i said we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i said we're going to
+think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of
+the lens as being made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens as being made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens as being made up of
+a sequence of prisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and when you capture a light fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when you capture a light fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and when you capture a light fill
+you know you end up getting an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you end up getting an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you end up getting an image
+that looks like this so the picture from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this so the picture from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like this so the picture from
+here versus here was this here versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here versus here was this here versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here versus here was this here versus
+here will have a small parallax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will have a small parallax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here will have a small parallax
+as you as you move around it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as you move around it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you as you move around it looks
+almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same
+but there will be a very tiny pattern so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there will be a very tiny pattern so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there will be a very tiny pattern so
+if you look at this set of images they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this set of images they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at this set of images they
+look almost the same and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look almost the same and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look almost the same and they're
+captured by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured by
+a lecture camera but if you see very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture camera but if you see very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lecture camera but if you see very
+carefully then the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully then the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully then the distance between the
+eye and the ear of the bunny is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and the ear of the bunny is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye and the ear of the bunny is changing
+from top to bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from top to bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from top to bottom
+here it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's
+almost touching the eye and over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost touching the eye and over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost touching the eye and over here
+there's a significant gap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significant gap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a significant gap
+between the two things so there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two things so there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two things so there'll be
+this small capsule and i'm sure when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small capsule and i'm sure when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this small capsule and i'm sure when you
+do this exercise where you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this exercise where you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this exercise where you look at
+something with left eye versus right eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with left eye versus right eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with left eye versus right eye
+it seems to shift your finger seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to shift your finger seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it seems to shift your finger seems to
+shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+and that's the parallax that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the parallax that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the parallax that you're
+introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing
+and that's the same effect that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same effect that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same effect that's
+happening here because the parallax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here because the parallax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening here because the parallax
+between your eyes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your eyes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between your eyes
+is only about six centimeters but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only about six centimeters but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is only about six centimeters but that's
+sufficient to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to create
+a shift in relative pixel positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shift in relative pixel positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shift in relative pixel positions
+what's the method for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh so we'll come and discuss that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we'll come and discuss that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we'll come and discuss that so
+it's a very important it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very important it's a very
+important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important question
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh mark lavoy and and his group at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mark lavoy and and his group at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mark lavoy and and his group at
+stanford has are world leaders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanford has are world leaders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stanford has are world leaders
+in thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in thinking about
+many types of flight field cameras and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many types of flight field cameras and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many types of flight field cameras and
+also their applications in in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also their applications in in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also their applications in in different
+areas so i've taken a lot of a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so i've taken a lot of a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas so i've taken a lot of a lot of
+slides from from his uh presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides from from his uh presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slides from from his uh presentations
+and he has also applied it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has also applied it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he has also applied it for
+microscopy and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+very briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very briefly there are other ways you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly there are other ways you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very briefly there are other ways you
+can represent rays so right now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent rays so right now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can represent rays so right now we're
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+a uv plane and an sd plane and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uv plane and an sd plane and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uv plane and an sd plane and just
+intersection of that but depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of that but depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersection of that but depending on
+your application you may have some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your application you may have some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your application you may have some other
+ones maybe you have a sphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones maybe you have a sphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones maybe you have a sphere
+and you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can take
+you can cut the hemisphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cut the hemisphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cut the hemisphere
+the two hemisphere and any point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two hemisphere and any point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two hemisphere and any point of this
+hemisphere and any point on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere and any point on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere and any point on that
+hemisphere together will create a ray as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere together will create a ray as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hemisphere together will create a ray as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+or in some certain cases you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in some certain cases you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in some certain cases you want to
+create some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create some
+convenient 2d manifold and the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient 2d manifold and the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convenient 2d manifold and the position
+of the manifold and the theta phi with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the manifold and the theta phi with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the manifold and the theta phi with
+respect to that can also be electric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that can also be electric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to that can also be electric so
+just those of you who think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just those of you who think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just those of you who think about it
+mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically
+uh there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there is a
+there's a continuum between flexible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a continuum between flexible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a continuum between flexible
+light fluids to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light fluids to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light fluids to
+two-plane parametrization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's come back to talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's come back to talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's come back to talking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+light field inside the camera okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light field inside the camera okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light field inside the camera okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+why doesn't a traditional camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't a traditional camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why doesn't a traditional camera
+uh capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh capture
+this 4d lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 4d lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 4d lecture
+so you have a point in sharp focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a point in sharp focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have a point in sharp focus
+the rate from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate from that
+eminent they bend at the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eminent they bend at the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eminent they bend at the lens
+and they converge to a photodetector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they converge to a photodetector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they converge to a photodetector and
+all the radians on different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the radians on different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the radians on different directions
+is integrated together to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integrated together to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is integrated together to get
+to and that's recorded as the intensity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and that's recorded as the intensity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and that's recorded as the intensity
+of that fix so what you get out there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that fix so what you get out there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that fix so what you get out there is
+just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just two
+so flat sensor you get a 2d image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so flat sensor you get a 2d image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so flat sensor you get a 2d image
+the question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the question is
+what do we get extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do we get extra
+when we capture a full life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+right now it's compressing all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's compressing all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now it's compressing all the
+angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly so
+this is the most important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the most important question
+remember i'm i'm repeating it multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i'm i'm repeating it multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember i'm i'm repeating it multiple
+times but now we want to figure out not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but now we want to figure out not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times but now we want to figure out not
+just the total of all this rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the total of all this rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the total of all this rays
+but also the value of each of these ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the value of each of these ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but also the value of each of these ways
+okay and where do the rays come from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and where do the rays come from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and where do the rays come from
+individually they're coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually they're coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individually they're coming from
+different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different parts
+of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens
+so there's a there's a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's a very interesting
+relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship
+between the lens and the sensor and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the lens and the sensor and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the lens and the sensor and if
+you realize that geometric relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that geometric relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that geometric relationship
+we may be able to recover uh this 4d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may be able to recover uh this 4d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we may be able to recover uh this 4d
+likelihood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likelihood
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ted adelson and his student
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ted adelson and his student
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ted adelson and his student
+uh came up with an idea in 1992 to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh came up with an idea in 1992 to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh came up with an idea in 1992 to you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+try and build a compact device the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and build a compact device the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try and build a compact device the
+original idea was again presented by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original idea was again presented by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original idea was again presented by
+lippmann in 1908
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lippmann in 1908
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lippmann in 1908
+uh more than 100 years ago so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more than 100 years ago so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh more than 100 years ago so the
+concept of light fit has been around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of light fit has been around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of light fit has been around
+you know about 100 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about 100 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about 100 years
+uh and then running in at stanford in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then running in at stanford in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then running in at stanford in
+2005 created this really beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 created this really beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2005 created this really beautiful
+device that can uh very compactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that can uh very compactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device that can uh very compactly
+capture a light field as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture a light field as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture a light field as well
+the basic idea is very straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you move the sensor a little bit further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move the sensor a little bit further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you move the sensor a little bit further
+back just a few micrometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just a few micrometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back just a few micrometers
+and then replace this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then replace this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then replace this
+uh this plane with a set of macro lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this plane with a set of macro lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this plane with a set of macro lens
+side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side
+and if you just look at these two here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just look at these two here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you just look at these two here
+it's very similar to the lenticular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to the lenticular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very similar to the lenticular
+display or micro lens based display that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display or micro lens based display that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+display or micro lens based display that
+you see on serial boxes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see on serial boxes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see on serial boxes and
+and rulers and so on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rulers and so on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and rulers and so on right
+but now we're going to use that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're going to use that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're going to use that for
+imaging rather than for display
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is how they built uh the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how they built uh the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how they built uh the device
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+they placed this micro lens arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they placed this micro lens arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they placed this micro lens arrays
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the pitch of each micro lens is 125
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitch of each micro lens is 125
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pitch of each micro lens is 125
+microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns
+uh and the pixel itself is about nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the pixel itself is about nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the pixel itself is about nine
+microns so under each microlens array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns so under each microlens array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns so under each microlens array
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+you have about nine by nine pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have about nine by nine pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have about nine by nine pixels
+sorry fourteen by four mix i'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry fourteen by four mix i'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry fourteen by four mix i'm sorry
+um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then
+so what they're going to do is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they're going to do is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what they're going to do is they're
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+record
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+record
+the incoming light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoming light
+in 14 different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 14 different directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 14 different directions
+it basically means that they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically means that they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it basically means that they're going to
+slice the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice the lens
+into 14 segments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 14 segments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 14 segments
+and they're going to capture the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to capture the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're going to capture the light
+that would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would have
+appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appeared
+if i just opened the first part of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just opened the first part of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i just opened the first part of it
+and blocked the remaining 13
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blocked the remaining 13
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blocked the remaining 13
+and then i unblocked only the second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i unblocked only the second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i unblocked only the second one
+and blocked everything else so the 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blocked everything else so the 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and blocked everything else so the 14
+pictures that i would have taken by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that i would have taken by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures that i would have taken by
+exposing only one sub aperture at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposing only one sub aperture at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exposing only one sub aperture at a time
+you can capture that in one shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can capture that in one shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can capture that in one shot
+yes uh so i have a question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh so i have a question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes uh so i have a question about the
+lens array do any of the rings ever go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens array do any of the rings ever go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens array do any of the rings ever go
+outside of that 14 by 14 area and hit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that 14 by 14 area and hit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside of that 14 by 14 area and hit a
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+uh this little thing so so so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this little thing so so so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this little thing so so so instead of
+coming from here something from here but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from here something from here but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from here something from here but
+come and yeah and spoil the image yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and yeah and spoil the image yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come and yeah and spoil the image yeah
+it's a great question that's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question that's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a great question that's a great
+question and we'll come to that and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and we'll come to that and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question and we'll come to that and it
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+uh it basically uh relates to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it basically uh relates to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it basically uh relates to
+the f number or the relative uh opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f number or the relative uh opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f number or the relative uh opening
+angles of the main lens and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles of the main lens and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles of the main lens and the
+microphones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly yeah not just it should not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah not just it should not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah not just it should not
+happen in terms of overlap but you also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in terms of overlap but you also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen in terms of overlap but you also
+don't want any black regions here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want any black regions here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want any black regions here
+so you want to you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you want to you want to
+put the sub aperture images as tight as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the sub aperture images as tight as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the sub aperture images as tight as
+possible and we'll see some examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and we'll see some examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible and we'll see some examples of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+so why what can i just think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why what can i just think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why what can i just think of this
+system like you know now i need this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like you know now i need this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system like you know now i need this
+recognized array you're working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized array you're working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized array you're working on
+maybe i can think about the system and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can think about the system and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe i can think about the system and
+find a linear equation unknown that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a linear equation unknown that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a linear equation unknown that if i
+know the parameters on these unknowns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the parameters on these unknowns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the parameters on these unknowns
+and i can just solve i don't really need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can just solve i don't really need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can just solve i don't really need
+to use an extra excellent that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use an extra excellent that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use an extra excellent that's that's
+a very good question so those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good question so those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good question so those of you who
+think of this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of this as
+some kind of a projection of a 4d space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a projection of a 4d space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some kind of a projection of a 4d space
+onto a 2d sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a 2d sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto a 2d sensor
+will say okay there must be some way i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say okay there must be some way i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will say okay there must be some way i
+can recover the 4d image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recover the 4d image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can recover the 4d image
+4d representation from this 2d image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4d representation from this 2d image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4d representation from this 2d image
+right and the fact of the matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the fact of the matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the fact of the matter is
+depending on the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the scene
+you may be able to do it but in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be able to do it but in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you may be able to do it but in general
+this inversion is very unstable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inversion is very unstable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inversion is very unstable
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+because as i'll explain because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as i'll explain because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because as i'll explain because if you
+have so what does it mean to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so what does it mean to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so what does it mean to actually
+capture this image if i have something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture this image if i have something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture this image if i have something
+that's really sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really sharp
+in focus then all the rays have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus then all the rays have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in focus then all the rays have
+converged on them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged on them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converged on them
+right so there's almost no information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's almost no information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's almost no information
+recorded about the variation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded about the variation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded about the variation between
+this and this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this and this
+and let's see if i go out of focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see if i go out of focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's see if i go out of focus
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i will get a blur here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will get a blur here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will get a blur here
+and we'll look at that more and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll look at that more and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll look at that more and all the
+blurs will go on top of each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurs will go on top of each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurs will go on top of each other so
+it's basically we are reducing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically we are reducing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's basically we are reducing the
+dimensions of the data set and hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the data set and hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of the data set and hoping to
+kind of look up and recover the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look up and recover the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of look up and recover the higher
+animation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+data what you are saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data what you are saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data what you are saying is that
+you probably cannot solve this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably cannot solve this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably cannot solve this
+importance because you get linearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance because you get linearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance because you get linearly
+independent equations yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that because summations the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because summations the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because summations the uh
+coefficients of all the fact of all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of all the fact of all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients of all the fact of all the
+variables are going to be very small at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are going to be very small at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables are going to be very small at
+every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single
+sensor it's a bigger problem than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor it's a bigger problem than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor it's a bigger problem than that
+because remember we're going from four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember we're going from four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember we're going from four
+dimensions to two dimensions what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions to two dimensions what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions to two dimensions what you're
+saying is valid when we're going from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is valid when we're going from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is valid when we're going from
+two dimensions to two dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions to two dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensions to two dimensions
+okay but if i'm going from four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if i'm going from four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but if i'm going from four
+dimensions to two dimensions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions to two dimensions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions to two dimensions
+there is a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a significant
+you know significant it's a loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know significant it's a loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know significant it's a loss
+velocity representation of the signal if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity representation of the signal if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity representation of the signal if
+i have a very unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a very unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have a very unique
+scene which itself doesn't have a 4d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene which itself doesn't have a 4d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene which itself doesn't have a 4d
+light field going out then i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light field going out then i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light field going out then i can
+recovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+to refresh your question you're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refresh your question you're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to refresh your question you're saying
+how can i give up some resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i give up some resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i give up some resolution
+and recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and recover
+a four dimensional representation right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four dimensional representation right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a four dimensional representation right
+and that's exactly what's happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what's happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's exactly what's happening here
+with a hell of some physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a hell of some physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a hell of some physics
+so instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of
+thinking of this as this bare bones lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this as this bare bones lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of this as this bare bones lens
+and sensor if you take some help from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sensor if you take some help from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sensor if you take some help from
+physics and optics then it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and optics then it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics and optics then it turns out
+that that inversion is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's just numerical stability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just numerical stability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just numerical stability
+yeah i mean first of all you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean first of all you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean first of all you're going
+from 4d to 2d sometimes even going 2d to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 4d to 2d sometimes even going 2d to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 4d to 2d sometimes even going 2d to
+2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d
+uh it may not be invertible and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it may not be invertible and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it may not be invertible and here's
+because you're going for 4d it's even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going for 4d it's even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're going for 4d it's even
+more challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one good example of that is an astronomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good example of that is an astronomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one good example of that is an astronomy
+and we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll see
+later where you're looking at a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later where you're looking at a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later where you're looking at a star
+and clearly if you take a picture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly if you take a picture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and clearly if you take a picture of a
+star within the aperture of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star within the aperture of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star within the aperture of the of the
+of the lens the star doesn't change that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens the star doesn't change that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lens the star doesn't change that
+much so clearly it's redundant data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so clearly it's redundant data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much so clearly it's redundant data and
+then light fields are used there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then light fields are used there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then light fields are used there to
+actually figure out the aberration in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out the aberration in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out the aberration in in
+air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+air
+so that's an example we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an example we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's an example we'll look at
+but that's a very important question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a very important question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's a very important question
+because we'll always get into this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll always get into this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we'll always get into this we
+always want to do more with less right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to do more with less right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always want to do more with less right
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one motivation is i have a 2d sensor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one motivation is i have a 2d sensor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one motivation is i have a 2d sensor but
+somehow i want to capture more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow i want to capture more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow i want to capture more
+information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information
+right and and we're going to either use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and we're going to either use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and we're going to either use
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+optics and some physical techniques or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and some physical techniques or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and some physical techniques or
+we're going to use some computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use some computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use some computational
+techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and the best case scenario or the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best case scenario or the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the best case scenario or the best
+strategy is actually to combine the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is actually to combine the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy is actually to combine the two
+combine a physical and computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine a physical and computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine a physical and computational
+approach to uh recover this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to uh recover this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach to uh recover this more
+and the things we saw in the last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things we saw in the last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the things we saw in the last class
+for example being able to tell whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example being able to tell whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example being able to tell whether
+apple is real or fake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple is real or fake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple is real or fake
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+being able to read a playing card and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to read a playing card and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being able to read a playing card and
+all that is a similar problem right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that is a similar problem right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that is a similar problem right
+because the world is high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the world is high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the world is high dimensional
+and we only have a 2d sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we only have a 2d sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we only have a 2d sensor
+okay so one question about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one question about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so one question about it
+wouldn't it be similar if i take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be similar if i take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't it be similar if i take the
+photo sensor and the top thing and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo sensor and the top thing and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photo sensor and the top thing and just
+move it forward so that all of the all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it forward so that all of the all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move it forward so that all of the all
+the ways don't converge i mean i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways don't converge i mean i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ways don't converge i mean i'm
+waiting to separate them when i get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to separate them when i get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waiting to separate them when i get them
+before they convert you're thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they convert you're thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before they convert you're thinking
+you're thinking the right direction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking the right direction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking the right direction the
+multiple ways you can recover all the 4d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways you can recover all the 4d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple ways you can recover all the 4d
+rates you can as i said simplest one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates you can as i said simplest one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates you can as i said simplest one
+would be to simply block part of it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to simply block part of it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to simply block part of it and
+take multiple pictures so that's time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take multiple pictures so that's time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take multiple pictures so that's time
+multiplex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplex
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+this one is space multiplexing because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is space multiplexing because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is space multiplexing because
+i'm giving up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm giving up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm giving up
+some resolution here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some resolution here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some resolution here
+to be able to recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to recover
+the ray direction so i'm training of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ray direction so i'm training of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ray direction so i'm training of
+basically spatial resolution for angular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically spatial resolution for angular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically spatial resolution for angular
+resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution
+right and then the technique you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the technique you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and then the technique you're
+describing says why not just move the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing says why not just move the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing says why not just move the
+sensor back and forth and take multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor back and forth and take multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor back and forth and take multiple
+pictures and that's actually what's used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and that's actually what's used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pictures and that's actually what's used
+in astronomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in astronomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in astronomy
+uh to recover uh recover the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to recover uh recover the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to recover uh recover the
+apparition in the sky and so on so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparition in the sky and so on so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparition in the sky and so on so if
+you had you know if i just come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had you know if i just come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had you know if i just come up with
+that a few tens of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually 1967 is when face diversity was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1967 is when face diversity was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually 1967 is when face diversity was
+i believe invented by a professor at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe invented by a professor at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i believe invented by a professor at
+thomas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so uh just a teaser i think we saw this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh just a teaser i think we saw this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh just a teaser i think we saw this
+earlier that you can take the 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that you can take the 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that you can take the 16
+megapixel image now four thousand by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixel image now four thousand by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixel image now four thousand by
+four thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four thousand
+but then because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then because
+each micro lens now will be treated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each micro lens now will be treated as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each micro lens now will be treated as
+just one pixel one megapixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one pixel one megapixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just one pixel one megapixel
+but under 1 megapixel you have 14 by 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but under 1 megapixel you have 14 by 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but under 1 megapixel you have 14 by 14
+pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in terms of metapixels you only have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of metapixels you only have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of metapixels you only have a
+292 by 292 image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+292 by 292 image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+292 by 292 image
+but because each metapixel has 14 by 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because each metapixel has 14 by 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but because each metapixel has 14 by 14
+underneath we can do digital read focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from a single shot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a single shot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a single shot
+so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is
+spatial multiplexing because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial multiplexing because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial multiplexing because we are
+trading space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trading space
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle
+okay so here's an example where you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an example where you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so here's an example where you said
+okay i want to give up four pixels to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i want to give up four pixels to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay i want to give up four pixels to
+get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get
+angles for only one pixel right so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles for only one pixel right so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles for only one pixel right so now
+we have given up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have given up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have given up
+14 by 14 for one meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 by 14 for one meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 by 14 for one meter
+but still this involves using additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still this involves using additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still this involves using additional
+optics and your dream is can i do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and your dream is can i do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics and your dream is can i do that
+without changing anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without changing anything
+right is that correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right is that correct
+yeah okay can you put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay can you put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah okay can you put
+should you put like the left part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you put like the left part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should you put like the left part of the
+image and focus up close and the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and focus up close and the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image and focus up close and the right
+quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+having a slanted focus is now possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a slanted focus is now possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a slanted focus is now possible
+as opposed to just planar change in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to just planar change in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to just planar change in
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+you can have focus that's not at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have focus that's not at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have focus that's not at a
+constant depth but at some slack and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depth but at some slack and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant depth but at some slack and the
+tilt should tilt shift photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilt should tilt shift photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilt should tilt shift photography
+which we saw in the very first class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we saw in the very first class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we saw in the very first class
+where your angle between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your angle between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where your angle between
+the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens
+so typically when you have a lens and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically when you have a lens and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so typically when you have a lens and a
+sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+uh what's in focus is over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's in focus is over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's in focus is over here and
+using thin lens law if i shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using thin lens law if i shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using thin lens law if i shift the
+sensor from here to here then the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor from here to here then the plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor from here to here then the plane
+of focus shifts from there to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus shifts from there to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of focus shifts from there to them
+so different things come into focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different things come into focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so different things come into focus
+but actually if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually if you
+trip these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the actual piano focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the actual piano focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the actual piano focus
+was on the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on the camera
+and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the
+principal says that this and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal says that this and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principal says that this and this this
+will obviate at one point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will obviate at one point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will obviate at one point
+okay but with the light from camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but with the light from camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but with the light from camera
+you can do this direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do this direction
+and you can decide this effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can decide this effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can decide this effect
+afterwards after the focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards after the focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afterwards after the focus
+the the plane of focus doesn't hurt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the plane of focus doesn't hurt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the plane of focus doesn't hurt to
+shift and slab power slab where it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and slab power slab where it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift and slab power slab where it can
+be predicted and so on so highly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predicted and so on so highly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be predicted and so on so highly
+recommend you to do that for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you to do that for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend you to do that for the
+assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can skip the first one and just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can skip the first one and just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can skip the first one and just go
+for that all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way
+the refocusing is achieved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refocusing is achieved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refocusing is achieved
+as we discussed last time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed last time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as we discussed last time
+you're just going to take all these 14
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to take all these 14
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're just going to take all these 14
+images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+images
+in case of flatland and simply shift and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case of flatland and simply shift and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in case of flatland and simply shift and
+add them and how you shift and add them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them and how you shift and add them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add them and how you shift and add them
+besides that plane of focus if you if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides that plane of focus if you if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+besides that plane of focus if you if i
+don't shift and add i focus on infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't shift and add i focus on infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't shift and add i focus on infinity
+if i shift a little bit and add i start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i shift a little bit and add i start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i shift a little bit and add i start
+focusing closer if i shift more and add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing closer if i shift more and add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing closer if i shift more and add
+i focus really close but then i don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i focus really close but then i don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i focus really close but then i don't
+want to shift all of them the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shift all of them the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to shift all of them the same way
+right i can shift some of them more and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can shift some of them more and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right i can shift some of them more and
+the others less and then i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others less and then i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the others less and then i can
+focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+go ahead uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go ahead uh
+pixel blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel blur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel blur
+will be constant for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be constant for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be constant for
+given depth of field for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um what do you mean by that can repeat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you mean by that can repeat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what do you mean by that can repeat
+so so if i assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if i assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so if i assume that
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a reasonable assumption it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reasonable assumption it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a reasonable assumption it's a
+reasonable assumption that every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assumption that every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable assumption that every point
+at a given depth will have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given depth will have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given depth will have the same
+amount of blur when you start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of blur when you start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of blur when you start thinking
+about the length separation and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the length separation and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the length separation and so on
+you will actually realize that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will actually realize that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will actually realize that
+this is true only in the middle part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true only in the middle part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is true only in the middle part of
+the image but as you go to the periphery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image but as you go to the periphery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image but as you go to the periphery
+of the image you start getting some lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the image you start getting some lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the image you start getting some lens
+separation effects but you know to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation effects but you know to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separation effects but you know to the
+first order approximation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order approximation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first order approximation
+uh you can assume that the whole plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can assume that the whole plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can assume that the whole plane
+has the same amount of fluid and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same amount of fluid and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the same amount of fluid and that's
+why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why
+that's what distinguishes a cheap camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what distinguishes a cheap camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what distinguishes a cheap camera
+from an expensive camera because for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an expensive camera because for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from an expensive camera because for a
+cheap camera the center is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap camera the center is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap camera the center is in
+good quality but the periphery is not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good quality but the periphery is not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good quality but the periphery is not an
+expensive camera i will try to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive camera i will try to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive camera i will try to use
+multiple lenses and all kinds of tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple lenses and all kinds of tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple lenses and all kinds of tricks
+to make sure that particular statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that particular statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that particular statement
+is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+now we come to the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we come to the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we come to the part
+uh that kind of bridges the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that kind of bridges the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that kind of bridges the concept
+between scientific computing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between scientific computing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between scientific computing and
+and light fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and light fix
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+when you want to uh there's this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to uh there's this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you want to uh there's this whole
+concept of adaptive optics which is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of adaptive optics which is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept of adaptive optics which is uh
+which is used in astronomy and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is used in astronomy and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is used in astronomy and and
+telescopes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes
+and so on and what basically it says is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and what basically it says is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on and what basically it says is
+that if i'm looking at a star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i'm looking at a star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i'm looking at a star
+uh which is very far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is very far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is very far away
+uh then the wavefronts that are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the wavefronts that are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then the wavefronts that are coming
+from the star should be mostly planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the star should be mostly planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the star should be mostly planar
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+imagine i throw a stone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine i throw a stone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine i throw a stone in
+water okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water okay
+and it starts creating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it starts creating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it starts creating
+the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference
+but if you go sufficiently far away they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go sufficiently far away they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go sufficiently far away they
+become mostly played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become mostly played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become mostly played
+with expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with expectations
+since everything is clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since everything is clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since everything is clear
+between the star and where you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the star and where you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the star and where you are
+all the way through the plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but if there's some disturbance because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there's some disturbance because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there's some disturbance because
+of hot air and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hot air and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hot air and so on
+uh this will be distorted so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this will be distorted so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this will be distorted so let's say
+this one is there's hot air here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is there's hot air here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is there's hot air here and
+there's nothing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nothing over
+which is conceptually the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is conceptually the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is conceptually the same as
+putting a piece of glass here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a piece of glass here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a piece of glass here
+and nothing over here so here the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing over here so here the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nothing over here so here the light
+continues as it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues as it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues as it is
+but over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over here
+the light slows down and takes slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light slows down and takes slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light slows down and takes slightly
+longer to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer to come
+and so the wavefront will look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the wavefront will look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the wavefront will look something
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and as you go further you know they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you go further you know they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you go further you know they all
+start looking like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start looking like that
+now you can imagine there is another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can imagine there is another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can imagine there is another
+pocket of hot air somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of hot air somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pocket of hot air somewhere
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and then this guy will slow down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this guy will slow down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then this guy will slow down so
+you'll start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll start looking
+something like that and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that and so on
+so the waveform doesn't forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the waveform doesn't forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the waveform doesn't forget
+now the way it's thought about in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way it's thought about in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way it's thought about in
+scientific imaging is that if i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific imaging is that if i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientific imaging is that if i want to
+take a picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a picture
+of this star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this star
+uh which is far away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is far away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which is far away
+and the wavefronts are bent like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavefronts are bent like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavefronts are bent like this
+the image that i will get will not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image that i will get will not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image that i will get will not be
+sharp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp
+but actually will be blurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually will be blurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually will be blurred
+and this happens to you right if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this happens to you right if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this happens to you right if you are
+if you are just looking at uh uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are just looking at uh uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are just looking at uh uh you
+know you know you know in hot air or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know you know in hot air or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you know you know in hot air or a
+fog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fog
+focusing but just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing but just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focusing but just
+just if you look across the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if you look across the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if you look across the river
+to boston even on a clear day because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boston even on a clear day because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to boston even on a clear day because
+the temperature variations on the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature variations on the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature variations on the water
+versus land you know the lights will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus land you know the lights will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus land you know the lights will not
+be sharp there's a little bit blurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sharp there's a little bit blurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sharp there's a little bit blurred
+and actually over time they seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually over time they seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually over time they seem to
+shift the government with the bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the government with the bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift the government with the bit of the
+ship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ship
+and that's happening because at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's happening because at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's happening because at one
+instant it's bent this way some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant it's bent this way some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instant it's bent this way some other
+instrument is bent the other way because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is bent the other way because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instrument is bent the other way because
+the pocket is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pocket is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pocket is changing
+up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and down
+so this is the big problem for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the big problem for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the big problem for
+telescopes because they would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes because they would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telescopes because they would like to
+see this very clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this very clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this very clearly
+right and here's an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and here's an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and here's an example where
+we know that we should be looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we should be looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that we should be looking at
+something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+very far away and really doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away and really doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away and really doesn't have a
+4d life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4d life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4d life
+so it has a really simple representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a really simple representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it has a really simple representation
+it's all black here and there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all black here and there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all black here and there's some
+galaxy or some kind of thing over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy or some kind of thing over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galaxy or some kind of thing over here
+very very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very hard
+so what i would like to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i would like to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what i would like to do is
+take all these guys and if i somehow can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all these guys and if i somehow can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take all these guys and if i somehow can
+by a different method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a different method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a different method
+figure out what this disturbance is i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this disturbance is i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what this disturbance is i
+want to create a mechanism so that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create a mechanism so that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create a mechanism so that when
+it comes out it's again back to nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+everything is parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is parallel
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+remember this was a piece of glass which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this was a piece of glass which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember this was a piece of glass which
+is thickest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thickest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thickest
+right so it slows down quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it slows down quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it slows down quite a bit
+and here the glass is very thin it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the glass is very thin it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here the glass is very thin it goes
+pretty fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty fast
+right so what comes in as a as a planar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what comes in as a as a planar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so what comes in as a as a planar
+wave actually starts becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave actually starts becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave actually starts becoming
+a concave so remember this one slowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concave so remember this one slowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a concave so remember this one slowed
+down the most and this one has slowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the most and this one has slowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the most and this one has slowed
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this will convert down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will convert down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will convert down
+to a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a point
+so this is kind of the wave propagation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of the wave propagation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is kind of the wave propagation
+way of thinking about how the image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about how the image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of thinking about how the image is
+formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formed
+and the real representation would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real representation would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the real representation would be
+have a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lens
+a point create a parabola
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the middle piece is just glass it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle piece is just glass it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle piece is just glass it goes
+straight through this one is a prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through this one is a prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight through this one is a prism
+with on this light tilt so the rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with on this light tilt so the rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with on this light tilt so the rays
+depend a little bit this one is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend a little bit this one is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend a little bit this one is very
+steep prism so light bands quite a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep prism so light bands quite a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep prism so light bands quite a bit
+and eventually they form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually they form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and eventually they form
+but that equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that equivalent
+and by showing these two examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by showing these two examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by showing these two examples
+what we realize is that we don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we realize is that we don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we realize is that we don't think
+about how different part of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how different part of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how different part of the lens
+impacts the incoming image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts the incoming image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impacts the incoming image
+right so going back to this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so going back to this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so going back to this example
+where you want to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want to deal with
+looking at something that's very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at something that's very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at something that's very far
+away then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away then
+i can instead of imaging this distorted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can instead of imaging this distorted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can instead of imaging this distorted
+way from here i can first reflect it off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from here i can first reflect it off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way from here i can first reflect it off
+of some mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some mirror
+okay and what i'm going to do is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what i'm going to do is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what i'm going to do is the
+shape of this mirror is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this mirror is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape of this mirror is going to be
+exactly opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly opposite
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+this particular time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular time
+so i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i can put a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can put a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i can put a lens
+and capture damage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capture damage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and capture damage
+so that's how it's done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how it's done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's how it's done in
+in astronomy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in astronomy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in astronomy
+and this deformable clearer mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this deformable clearer mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this deformable clearer mirror
+is deforming at thousands of hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deforming at thousands of hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is deforming at thousands of hertz
+how do they calculate what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they calculate what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they calculate what the
+perturbation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perturbation are
+anybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+they actually shoot a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually shoot a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they actually shoot a laser
+which ionizes at a particular height so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ionizes at a particular height so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which ionizes at a particular height so
+they basically create a virtual star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically create a virtual star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically create a virtual star
+sometimes they call it toilet star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they call it toilet star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they call it toilet star
+and they take a picture of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take a picture of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they take a picture of that
+and they know that star is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they know that star is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they know that star is supposed to
+look like a point so any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a point so any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like a point so any
+any change in the appearance of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any change in the appearance of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any change in the appearance of that
+star is an indication of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is an indication of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is an indication of how
+the air between the telescope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air between the telescope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the air between the telescope and
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+stratosphere is impacting the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratosphere is impacting the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stratosphere is impacting the incoming
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+and so you can use that mechanism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can use that mechanism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you can use that mechanism to
+correct for so that that that pilot star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for so that that that pilot star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct for so that that that pilot star
+basically acts as a calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically acts as a calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically acts as a calibration
+and they will feed that signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will feed that signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they will feed that signal
+to the reformable mirror and it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the reformable mirror and it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the reformable mirror and it will
+correct that uh incoming variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that uh incoming variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that uh incoming variable
+so if we have the same thing you can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have the same thing you can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we have the same thing you can go
+out in hot air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in hot air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in hot air
+uh where you have those mirages you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you have those mirages you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where you have those mirages you know
+on a street on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a street on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a street on a
+highway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highway
+and or over water and you can correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or over water and you can correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and or over water and you can correct
+for it in real time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah i think you can yeah that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think you can yeah that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i think you can yeah that's pretty
+easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy
+um it's a little bit very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a little bit very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a little bit very interesting
+effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect
+uh in fact what you can do is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact what you can do is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in fact what you can do is you can
+take a piece of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a piece of glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a piece of glass
+and i mean the one key property of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean the one key property of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mean the one key property of
+mirage is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirage is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirage is that
+it's not just that you have an inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that you have an inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not just that you have an inversion
+everybody's familiar with mirage here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's familiar with mirage here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's familiar with mirage here
+where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right here
+sean said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sean said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sean said
+yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+instead of the rays going straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the rays going straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of the rays going straight
+the pen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and sometimes you basically creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and sometimes you basically creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and sometimes you basically creates
+a lens like effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lens like effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lens like effect
+and what you see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you see in the
+picture is that you have the road that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is that you have the road that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture is that you have the road that's
+going towards you then you see the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going towards you then you see the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going towards you then you see the blue
+sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sky
+right that's reflected and then you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's reflected and then you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's reflected and then you see
+the car that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the car that's coming
+so you get this inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get this inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you get this inversion
+and that's very similar to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very similar to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's very similar to this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+because the air near the near the near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the air near the near the near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the air near the near the near
+the road is very hot that's ridiculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road is very hot that's ridiculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the road is very hot that's ridiculous
+sorry because of the brand scanner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but over kilometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over kilometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but over kilometers
+so anyway the reason why i'm bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway the reason why i'm bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anyway the reason why i'm bringing
+this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+the way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that's
+computed now you shoot a now you shoot a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed now you shoot a now you shoot a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computed now you shoot a now you shoot a
+pilot start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pilot start
+and you want to figure out how the air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to figure out how the air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you want to figure out how the air
+is buttered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is buttered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is buttered
+how do they do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do they do that
+yes are they going to image this pilot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes are they going to image this pilot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes are they going to image this pilot
+shooting later right yes it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting later right yes it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting later right yes it should be
+reflected so that they could see it no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected so that they could see it no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected so that they could see it no
+it ionizes the air okay and you just see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ionizes the air okay and you just see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it ionizes the air okay and you just see
+this light spot place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light spot place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this light spot place
+and they're compensating only for their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're compensating only for their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're compensating only for their
+atmospherical uh variations like there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospherical uh variations like there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmospherical uh variations like there
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+other deviations due to mass and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other deviations due to mass and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other deviations due to mass and
+everything and it's changing very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and it's changing very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything and it's changing very
+rapidly every second the air is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly every second the air is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly every second the air is changing
+so even if you compensate for it once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you compensate for it once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so even if you compensate for it once
+that's not good enough because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good enough because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not good enough because it's
+changing that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so now you have the pilot star how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you have the pilot star how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now you have the pilot star how
+do you figure out how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you figure out how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you figure out how to
+deform those mirrors right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform those mirrors right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deform those mirrors right
+they capture a light field but this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they capture a light field but this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they capture a light field but this is
+not how they explain it they explain it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how they explain it they explain it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how they explain it they explain it
+using the notion of short hartmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the notion of short hartmann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the notion of short hartmann
+wavefront sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavefront sensor
+okay that's normally they use and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's normally they use and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's normally they use and these
+are really expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really expensive
+because they're very high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're very high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're very high quality
+all they're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all they're doing is
+this wavefront is coming and you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wavefront is coming and you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wavefront is coming and you have a
+landslide added very similar to the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landslide added very similar to the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+landslide added very similar to the one
+we saw from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw from
+from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from uh
+and stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and stanford
+and the image that's formed here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the image that's formed here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the image that's formed here
+actually tells you how the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells you how the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually tells you how the light is
+bending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bending
+so let's go back to our picture here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to our picture here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's go back to our picture here
+we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that
+uh if you have a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you have a lens
+and the wavefront is traveling in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavefront is traveling in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavefront is traveling in
+parallel where is the image formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel where is the image formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel where is the image formed
+okay i know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so just again in wave optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just again in wave optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just again in wave optics
+if the light is coming from here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the light is coming from here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the light is coming from here the
+image will be found here the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image will be found here the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image will be found here the light is
+coming from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what's happening over here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening over here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening over here is
+we don't have this one lens but we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have this one lens but we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have this one lens but we have
+set up lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're going to have lens plants lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we were looking at a very clear sky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were looking at a very clear sky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were looking at a very clear sky
+for the pilot star the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pilot star the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the pilot star the
+the waveforms will compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveforms will compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waveforms will compare
+and all the images will be formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the images will be formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the images will be formed
+exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but imagine because of perturbation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine because of perturbation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but imagine because of perturbation
+you have i'll take a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have i'll take a very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have i'll take a very simple example
+you have something that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have something that's going
+straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight
+and something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something
+like a very simple example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very simple example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a very simple example
+now what's going to happen is for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's going to happen is for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what's going to happen is for this
+guy when it hits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy when it hits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy when it hits
+these lenses it will again form the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lenses it will again form the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these lenses it will again form the
+image at the same location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image at the same location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image at the same location
+but for this particular one which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this particular one which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for this particular one which is
+still kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still kind of
+uh the image will perform somewhere else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the image will perform somewhere else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the image will perform somewhere else
+that will be formed slightly offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i can look up this image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can look up this image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can look up this image
+right originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+originally the point was in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the point was in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally the point was in the middle
+middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+after the operation the actual point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the operation the actual point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the operation the actual point
+will be shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be shifted
+these two guys are fine but these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys are fine but these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two guys are fine but these two
+guys there is some shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys there is some shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys there is some shift
+and that tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that tells you
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+the waves are bending if you just feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves are bending if you just feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves are bending if you just feed
+this this differential signal defeats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this differential signal defeats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this differential signal defeats
+the mirror and the mirror will correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror and the mirror will correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mirror and the mirror will correct
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+it's as simple as that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as simple as that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as simple as that
+but this is also captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is also captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is also captured
+because you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can think of this
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+propagation of phase so in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of phase so in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagation of phase so in this case the
+rays were traveling in straight line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays were traveling in straight line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays were traveling in straight line
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+parallel optical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel optical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel optical axis
+and in this case the rays were traveling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the rays were traveling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in this case the rays were traveling
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is also very compatible with the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also very compatible with the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also very compatible with the notion
+of wavelengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wavelengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wavelengths
+there are few more details but again to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few more details but again to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are few more details but again to
+keep it simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh it's also used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's also used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's also used in
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to look at any aberrations in in you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at any aberrations in in you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at any aberrations in in you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+the the lengths of the eye
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lengths of the eye
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the lengths of the eye
+same exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same exactly
+okay you have let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay you have let's see
+um you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have the
+the retina here you're going to somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina here you're going to somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the retina here you're going to somehow
+send a bean and create a right a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a bean and create a right a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send a bean and create a right a small
+spot if everything is well the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot if everything is well the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spot if everything is well the light
+will go through it and you create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through it and you create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go through it and you create
+this set of dots in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of dots in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set of dots in the middle
+if there is an aberration in the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is an aberration in the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there is an aberration in the lens
+this waveform will bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this waveform will bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this waveform will bend
+and the points will not be at the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the points will not be at the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the points will not be at the center
+but they'll be offset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'll be offset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they'll be offset
+so in a single snapshot i can tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a single snapshot i can tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in a single snapshot i can tell you
+what the variation of the stream is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one critical element here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one critical element here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one critical element here that
+i'm not talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm not talking about
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+when you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get this
+curve out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve out
+you don't really get the whole thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really get the whole thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't really get the whole thickness
+or the depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the depth
+of this curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this curvature
+but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some
+piece of information is missing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information is missing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of information is missing
+what is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the face or you get the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face or you get the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the face or you get the phase
+but you only get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you only get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you only get
+exactly it's model of two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's model of two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's model of two pi
+it's modular two pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's modular two pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's modular two pi
+okay which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay which means that
+if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you
+let's say i put a piece of glass here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i put a piece of glass here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say i put a piece of glass here
+and the wavefront was needed like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavefront was needed like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the wavefront was needed like that
+okay and if i put so let's say if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if i put so let's say if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if i put so let's say if the
+piece of glass slowed it down exactly by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass slowed it down exactly by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of glass slowed it down exactly by
+one wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can put the piece of glass with twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can put the piece of glass with twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can put the piece of glass with twice
+the thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thickness
+and that will be delayed by two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+after the system is concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the system is concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the system is concerned
+the the phase delay is completed only by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phase delay is completed only by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the phase delay is completed only by
+model of 21. so there's a phase wrapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of 21. so there's a phase wrapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of 21. so there's a phase wrapping
+that's going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going on so
+if you have a shape like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a shape like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a shape like that
+if you have a shape let's talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a shape let's talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a shape let's talk about it
+so this picture here is actually showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this picture here is actually showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this picture here is actually showing
+that it's face wrapped so it might it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's face wrapped so it might it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's face wrapped so it might it
+might look like a lot of discontinuities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like a lot of discontinuities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look like a lot of discontinuities
+but basically you start from the edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you start from the edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but basically you start from the edge
+and there's zero difference and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's zero difference and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's zero difference and there's
+uh you know this curvature here is bent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this curvature here is bent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know this curvature here is bent
+and then it seems to be jumping from say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it seems to be jumping from say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then it seems to be jumping from say
+here to here but actually it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here but actually it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here to here but actually it's a
+continuous surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous surface
+it's just based on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just based on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just based on it
+and this concept is used in in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this concept is used in in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this concept is used in in many
+other fields if you're familiar with uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synthetic aperture radar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic aperture radar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthetic aperture radar
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+arranging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arranging
+you get some values that are modular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some values that are modular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some values that are modular
+specifications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifications
+so here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have
+you know like the friendliness that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the friendliness that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know like the friendliness that you
+see on top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see on top of
+transparencies if you have a lens like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparencies if you have a lens like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparencies if you have a lens like
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instead of creating a very thick lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of creating a very thick lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of creating a very thick lens
+you can create a very thin lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which basically chops this up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you take this slope put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take this slope put it here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you take this slope put it here
+you take this slope put it here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you take that slope put that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that slope put that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take that slope put that here
+the middle one is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one is just
+start to flush
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to flush
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to flush
+and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one and this one
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in simple cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the flat magnifying glasses we have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flat magnifying glasses we have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flat magnifying glasses we have seen
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+the large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the large
+parallel lines we put on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines we put on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel lines we put on top of the
+overhead transparency projector they all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead transparency projector they all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overhead transparency projector they all
+work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work
+problem here is that at the edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is that at the edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here is that at the edges
+uh light cannot so here there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light cannot so here there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh light cannot so here there is a
+smooth surface even if it hits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth surface even if it hits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth surface even if it hits the
+this is just you know conceptual moments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just you know conceptual moments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just you know conceptual moments
+but if the prey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the prey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if the prey
+intersects around the conception it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects around the conception it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intersects around the conception it
+doesn't really matter it's still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter it's still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really matter it's still
+dependent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent
+but here if the ray hits all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here if the ray hits all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here if the ray hits all the
+boundaries it's going to scatter it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries it's going to scatter it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundaries it's going to scatter it's
+going to come it's not going to come out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come it's not going to come out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come it's not going to come out
+there are some issues there but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here what we're doing is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what we're doing is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what we're doing is we're
+saying i'm just going to chop this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying i'm just going to chop this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying i'm just going to chop this class
+into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into
+uh multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multiple
+slabs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slabs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slabs
+and i'm going to keep on the last slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to keep on the last slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to keep on the last slide
+so i'm going to do this one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to do this one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i'm going to do this one and this one
+and this one this one and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one this one and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this one this one and this one
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+from the last lap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last lap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the last lap
+and that converts the traditional lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and similar concept is also applicable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similar concept is also applicable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and similar concept is also applicable
+for facelifting here so so then your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for facelifting here so so then your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for facelifting here so so then your
+doctor can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor can
+see that in a perfect eye all the points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in a perfect eye all the points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that in a perfect eye all the points
+are in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the center
+but if there are any aberrations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there are any aberrations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if there are any aberrations the
+points will shift from the center and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points will shift from the center and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points will shift from the center and
+all you have to do mathematically is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do mathematically is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have to do mathematically is
+these directions are giving you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these directions are giving you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these directions are giving you the
+gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient
+uh 2d gradient so you have to do a 2d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2d gradient so you have to do a 2d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 2d gradient so you have to do a 2d
+integration to recover the surface you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to recover the surface you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration to recover the surface you
+have to solve a poisson equation and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve a poisson equation and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to solve a poisson equation and for
+those of you who are familiar on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are familiar on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are familiar on how to
+go from 2d gradients to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from 2d gradients to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from 2d gradients to
+2d height fields
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d height fields
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2d height fields
+it's a straightforward process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straightforward process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a straightforward process
+when they test your eye which test is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they test your eye which test is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they test your eye which test is
+this um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the one where they scan a light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one where they scan a light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the one where they scan a light
+on the back here i don't have glasses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back here i don't have glasses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back here i don't have glasses
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i never have contacts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i never have contacts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i never have contacts
+everyone knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly yeah that's a very good point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah that's a very good point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly yeah that's a very good point
+that's a very good point so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good point so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good point so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+all these discussions we are having here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these discussions we are having here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these discussions we are having here
+we have on the course of our is for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have on the course of our is for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have on the course of our is for one
+specific wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific wavelength
+so let's say understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say understand
+is going through this particular type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going through this particular type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going through this particular type of
+distortion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distortion
+where you have green light blue light or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have green light blue light or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have green light blue light or
+some other wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other wave
+then the distortions are a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distortions are a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the distortions are a function of
+the reflected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reflected
+the refractive index function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the refractive index function of the
+waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves
+so the distortions are also functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the distortions are also functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the distortions are also functioning
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the color
+and so the operation that you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the operation that you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the operation that you will see
+or the focusing mechanism you see will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the focusing mechanism you see will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the focusing mechanism you see will
+be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+so that was kind of a small detour of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was kind of a small detour of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was kind of a small detour of
+how waves and rays are connected and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how waves and rays are connected and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how waves and rays are connected and how
+the concept of light field is used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of light field is used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept of light field is used in
+in many areas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many areas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in many areas
+okay so let's start having some fun with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start having some fun with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so let's start having some fun with
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+sequence of images right so we saw last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of images right so we saw last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of images right so we saw last
+time that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that
+uh you can see through occluders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see through occluders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can see through occluders
+and this is what you're going to do for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you're going to do for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what you're going to do for
+your assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your assignment
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and and think a little bit about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and think a little bit about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and think a little bit about how
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+uh different grades are allowing us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different grades are allowing us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh different grades are allowing us to
+achieve this events okay now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve this events okay now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve this events okay now
+some of the slides will have some math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the slides will have some math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the slides will have some math
+and some geometry so those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some geometry so those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some geometry so those of you who
+are interested stay awake those because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested stay awake those because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are interested stay awake those because
+if you're not interested you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not interested you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not interested you can you
+know ignore these lights don't go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ignore these lights don't go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know ignore these lights don't go to
+sleep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sleep
+uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but
+for those of you who really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for those of you who really want to
+think about light fades this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about light fades this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about light fades this is this is
+an extremely powerful concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely powerful concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extremely powerful concept
+and when you visualize flight field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you visualize flight field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you visualize flight field
+people think about position and angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about position and angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people think about position and angle
+what people call it phase space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people call it phase space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what people call it phase space
+uh in in fourier objects is space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in fourier objects is space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in in fourier objects is space and
+spatial frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial frequency
+uh some people call it spectrogram and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people call it spectrogram and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some people call it spectrogram and
+all it's saying is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's saying is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all it's saying is that
+again if you go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you go back to the
+representation flat line there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation flat line there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation flat line there's
+position and this angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and this angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and this angle
+so i can take this green ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can take this green ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i can take this green ring
+and plot it in a position and angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plot it in a position and angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and plot it in a position and angle
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+question is black so there's x here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is black so there's x here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is black so there's x here and
+theta here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta here
+i'm going to take this green ring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take this green ring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take this green ring
+find its x position which is x one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its x position which is x one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find its x position which is x one
+and it's at the particular angle theta i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's at the particular angle theta i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's at the particular angle theta i
+i'm going to place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there may be another ray that starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be another ray that starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there may be another ray that starts
+from the same point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the same point
+but at a different angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at a different angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at a different angle
+so the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same
+position for different angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what about this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what about this one here
+this one has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one has
+different position for same angle as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different position for same angle as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different position for same angle as the
+green plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green plate
+so x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x2
+is a different position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a different position
+and an angle it's the same as the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an angle it's the same as the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an angle it's the same as the red
+sorry it's the same as the red one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this diagram very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this diagram very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this diagram very clear
+because we keep coming back to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we keep coming back to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we keep coming back to this
+this particular diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now something
+we can start thinking about how light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start thinking about how light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can start thinking about how light
+will propagate and if you are doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will propagate and if you are doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will propagate and if you are doing the
+first assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first assignment
+the virtual optical bench this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtual optical bench this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the virtual optical bench this is what
+you'll be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll be doing
+and once you see this couple of slides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you see this couple of slides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you see this couple of slides
+it will be crystal clear how this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be crystal clear how this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be crystal clear how this is
+done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done
+now let's see this ray that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see this ray that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's see this ray that's
+propagating from this plane to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating from this plane to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propagating from this plane to this
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+if it travels by a distance of c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can write down the new coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write down the new coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can write down the new coordinate
+as simply the original coordinate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simply the original coordinate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simply the original coordinate
+plus the angle times the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the angle times the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the angle times the distance
+typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then the new x coordinate is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the new x coordinate is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the new x coordinate is just
+all the extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the extraordinary
+time spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+how can you represent that over here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you represent that over here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you represent that over here so
+if you look at the original points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the original points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the original points
+i'm going to take the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take the green
+and change its x position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change its x position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and change its x position
+but it's theta for theta position is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's theta for theta position is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's theta for theta position is not
+changing because it's still going in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing because it's still going in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing because it's still going in the
+same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same direction
+so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's
+x position its position is x1 prime but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x position its position is x1 prime but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x position its position is x1 prime but
+the angle is still here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle is still here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle is still here
+so i will take this green guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will take this green guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will take this green guy
+and just shift it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just shift it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just shift it
+to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the right
+to represent this particular one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent this particular one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent this particular one
+so this one has shifted from here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one has shifted from here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one has shifted from here to
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+and this other guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this other guys
+will shift as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will shift as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will shift as well
+they all shift to the right if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all shift to the right if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all shift to the right if they're
+above this plane and it'll shift to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above this plane and it'll shift to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above this plane and it'll shift to the
+left if they're below this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if they're below this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left if they're below this plane
+so you create a shear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you create a shear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you create a shear
+of the x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x
+theta representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is
+unnecessary why are we thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary why are we thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unnecessary why are we thinking about
+this dual space when we can just think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dual space when we can just think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this dual space when we can just think
+about the primal space of the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the primal space of the real world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the primal space of the real world
+but again it becomes extremely easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again it becomes extremely easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again it becomes extremely easy to
+analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze
+it in this dual space of next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this dual space of next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in this dual space of next
+is this clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i didn't get why the others were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't get why the others were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i didn't get why the others were
+affected if you were only moving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected if you were only moving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affected if you were only moving the
+green right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+green right
+the others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if i take now this particular play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take now this particular play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i take now this particular play
+okay think about what will exclude prank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think about what will exclude prank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay think about what will exclude prank
+for that one will be so we started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one will be so we started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that one will be so we started with
+x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+started with x2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with x2 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with x2 and
+theta j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta j
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta j
+okay and now we want to find the new x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we want to find the new x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now we want to find the new x2
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+is going to be x2 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be x2 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be x2 plus
+similar equations c times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar equations c times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar equations c times
+theta j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it also has similar shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and depending on how far up you are here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on how far up you are here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on how far up you are here
+the shear will be long so this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shear will be long so this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shear will be long so this means
+that if the ray was actually parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the ray was actually parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if the ray was actually parallel
+with the optical axis and perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the optical axis and perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the optical axis and perpendicular
+to this plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this plane
+x will not change and theta will not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x will not change and theta will not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x will not change and theta will not
+change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change
+so if you are lucky enough to be on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are lucky enough to be on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you are lucky enough to be on this
+equator here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equator here
+on the optical axis nothing will change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the optical axis nothing will change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the optical axis nothing will change
+for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+same axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's do a couple of quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's do a couple of quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's do a couple of quick
+exercises to make sure we are they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises to make sure we are they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exercises to make sure we are they're
+all on this if there's a point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on this if there's a point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all on this if there's a point
+uh and a light source and here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a light source and here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and a light source and here's an
+example where the light should be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the light should be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where the light should be very
+simple i have a bulb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple i have a bulb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple i have a bulb
+or a led
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a led
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a led
+and it's emitting light in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's emitting light in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's emitting light in all
+directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions
+how can i represent that in the x theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i represent that in the x theta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can i represent that in the x theta
+space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space
+so there's a particular x i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a particular x i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a particular x i'm going to
+put it somewhere here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it somewhere here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it somewhere here
+and it's going to span all the thetas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to span all the thetas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to span all the thetas
+so it'll be a vertical line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be a vertical line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it'll be a vertical line
+very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good
+now if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if i take
+uh if i let it propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if i let it propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if i let it propagate
+or let's say i have a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say i have a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or let's say i have a new
+light fill here where the light is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light fill here where the light is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light fill here where the light is very
+very far away and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far away and
+all the rays are coming at 10 degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rays are coming at 10 degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rays are coming at 10 degree
+angles with respect to the optical axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles with respect to the optical axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles with respect to the optical axis
+what will this say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will this say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will this say
+a horizontal line because we're spanning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horizontal line because we're spanning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a horizontal line because we're spanning
+all the x coordinate but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the x coordinate but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the x coordinate but only
+the theta of 10 degrees and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta of 10 degrees and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theta of 10 degrees and that's what
+we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get
+all right so two very simple examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so two very simple examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so two very simple examples
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point
+that's very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very close
+vertical line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical line
+point that's very far away think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's very far away think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point that's very far away think about
+star horizontal line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star horizontal line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star horizontal line
+just by using this tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by using this tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by using this tool
+we'll be able to build a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to build a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll be able to build a lot of
+machinery to understand how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery to understand how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machinery to understand how
+we can create some really amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can create some really amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can create some really amazing
+effects for us
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ho1kCjRCjg8.txt b/ho1kCjRCjg8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8568147ec6eb982a8d7758b10a9871c8af2b9193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ho1kCjRCjg8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+HARVEY: Good evening, everybody.
+
+I'd like to welcome you to MIT.
+
+My name's Mark Harvey,
+and I'm teaching here
+
+in the music program.
+
+And this semester
+we have a course
+
+called Musical Improvisation.
+
+And thanks to our music section
+as well as the alumni class
+
+funds program, we were able
+to bring in some distinguished
+
+improvisers.
+
+We've had two of these,
+a series of four.
+
+We've had two of these.
+
+We have tonight, and then we
+have one more in early May.
+
+Let me just say a couple
+words about our visitors
+
+this evening.
+
+We have Neil Leonard, who's
+been a long time friend,
+
+and Robin Eubanks over here.
+
+Neil came to our
+class on Monday,
+
+and we had a great time.
+
+And so this is a
+furthering, an enrichment
+
+of what we're studying.
+
+And now it's a chance for
+all of you to engage in this.
+
+So you can see by
+their bios, they're
+
+very distinguished world
+travelers, master improvisers.
+
+So without further
+ado, Neil Leonard.
+
+Robin Eubanks.
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+LEONARD: Thank you, Mark.
+
+It's wonderful to be
+here at MIT this evening.
+
+I'm very pleased to
+have the opportunity
+
+to play again with the
+great Robin Eubanks.
+
+I'm going to play three
+pieces, [INAUDIBLE] pieces,
+
+and the first two were created
+under very peculiar or unique
+
+circumstances.
+
+One was at the invitation of
+a conference on sonification
+
+in Washington, DC a
+couple of years ago.
+
+And I did a piece with
+a couple of my students
+
+that involved data that
+was collected from the sun.
+
+And so we made a piece of
+music out of celestial data.
+
+And that's the first piece
+called Nocturnal Remix.
+
+The second piece
+is a piece which
+
+I created at the invitation
+of an art collector
+
+in Italy, Gianni
+Bolongaro who asked me
+
+if I would record the
+sounds of a sculpture
+
+by an artist named
+Jannis Kounellis
+
+And I began a piece, which went
+through several renditions.
+
+And what you'll hear
+are the sounds recorded
+
+in his sculpture park,
+an Italian vocalist
+
+from Mount Vesuvius in
+Naples, and the third piece
+
+is an improvisation on a song
+that you'll probably recognize.
+
+I won't announce that right now.
+
+Thank you.
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+[MUSIC PLAYING]
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+LEONARD: Thank you very much.
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+LEONARD: Now I would like
+to welcome the great Robin
+
+Eubanks.
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+EUBANKS: First I want
+to definitely thank
+
+Neil for inviting me up here
+because you probably did not
+
+know it, but Neil and
+I have known each other
+
+for-- Don't say.
+
+Many, many, many,
+many, many years.
+
+Both grew up in Philadelphia.
+
+Actually I grew up playing in
+a lot of funk and rock bands.
+
+And the first jazz
+band I ever played in
+
+was with Neil in Philadelphia.
+
+So it's great to see
+how he's developed.
+
+I found out he was teaching
+up here at Berklee.
+
+And we're both teaching.
+
+I teach at Oberlin Conservatory.
+
+And I was just
+really happy that he
+
+invited me to come
+do this because I
+
+don't get to do it too often.
+
+There's still relatively
+few horn players
+
+that are using all these
+electronics and things.
+
+And I don't get to do too often.
+
+So I just came off of a tour,
+a month-long tour last night,
+
+or the day before maybe.
+
+I forget now.
+
+And actually played at the
+Berklee performance center
+
+a month ago.
+
+And I got in yesterday,
+and I was up all night
+
+trying to read the
+manuals to find out,
+
+remember how to work this stuff.
+
+Because basically
+what I'm saying is I
+
+don't know what I'm doping.
+
+There's a little bit spun for
+me because you kind of fly
+
+by the seat of your pants with
+no net, and sometimes you fall.
+
+And it's cool.
+
+You just get up
+and try to make it
+
+so you don't notice when I fall.
+
+But I'm just going
+to try some stuff
+
+and see what happens
+and hope you enjoy it.
+
+Thank you.
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+EUBANKS: The first piece is just
+going to be complete improv.
+
+I don't know what
+I'm going to do.
+
+We'll call it MIT April 4th.
+
+MIT April 3rd.
+
+[EUBANKS PLAYING]
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+[EUBANKS PLAYING]
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+EUBANKS: That was fun.
+
+Little bumps along the
+way, but it's cool.
+
+But that's what I enjoy about it
+is just that it is what it is.
+
+Just live with it.
+
+[EUBANKS PLAYING MUSIC]
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+LEONARD: We are going to
+finish with a piece together.
+
+Does anybody know
+what a pregonero is?
+
+EUBANKS: A what?
+
+LEONARD: A pregonero.
+
+ROBIN: Spanish
+
+LEONARD: A pregonero is a street
+vendor, who lives in Cuba.
+
+Actually they're
+all over the world.
+
+But the ones that I
+know live in Cuba.
+
+And for the past maybe 50 years,
+their practice was not allowed.
+
+And as of a couple years
+ago, if you found yourself
+
+in Cuba sitting in
+your in-laws patio,
+
+you would begin to hear these
+people selling ajo, garlic,
+
+soja, onions, exterminators
+who could kill
+
+bed bugs, mice, mothers-in-law--
+I didn't try them-- car alarms.
+
+The whole deal.
+
+This was everything you ever
+needed sold door-to-door.
+
+There was no advertising,
+no Internet, no billboards,
+
+no what advertisers,
+no handbills.
+
+Just people roaming the
+streets selling their stuff.
+
+And in the last year as
+they came back instantly,
+
+I invited them to
+do some pieces.
+
+And some of them
+were installations,
+
+and some were performances.
+
+Probably the most
+notable performance
+
+was I decided that I don't
+have an interest in going
+
+to somebody else's country
+and telling them what to do.
+
+But I thought in Cuba they
+needed an American Idol
+
+for the pregoneros.
+
+And so I staged an American
+Idol for the pregoneros,
+
+an Idol of the Americas,
+and invited the pregoneros
+
+and gave prizes for the most
+musical pregon, the most poetic
+
+pregon, the pregonero who was
+the most gifted and innovative
+
+for promoting contemporary art.
+
+We made that category.
+
+And national television picked
+it up and had the pregoneros
+
+on national television with
+a jury that I selected.
+
+This project keeps on going.
+
+And the next stop is
+the Venice biennial,
+
+where my wife and
+I have been invited
+
+to participate in the Cuban
+pavilion of the Venice biennial
+
+in May.
+
+But when I thought of what I
+could write for Robin that he
+
+and I could play, well I still
+couldn't get these pregoneros
+
+out of my mind.
+
+So we're going to perform
+a short suite of pieces
+
+and in this you'll
+hear the voice of one
+
+of these pregoneros and
+a lot play with the song
+
+that this person sings.
+
+So this piece is
+called Pregones that I
+
+wrote for Robin and myself.
+
+Thank you.
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
+
+EUBANKS: [INAUDIBLE]
+
+[LEONARD AND EUBANKS PLAYING]
+
+[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/hoE7pa2RzyQ.txt b/hoE7pa2RzyQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15f13e7ecc1e18a21fdf68069c8cf23386ba9def
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hoE7pa2RzyQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,13315 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses visit MIT
+opencourseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu the original title of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the original title of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu the original title of this
+course was American television a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was American television a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course was American television a
+cultural history and you can take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural history and you can take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural history and you can take that
+to be the subtitle of the course today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the subtitle of the course today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the subtitle of the course today
+the course was changed the course title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course was changed the course title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course was changed the course title
+was changed to understanding television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was changed to understanding television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was changed to understanding television
+in part to accommodate a colleague of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part to accommodate a colleague of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part to accommodate a colleague of
+mine who alternates teaching television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine who alternates teaching television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mine who alternates teaching television
+with me at MIT and when he teaches it he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me at MIT and when he teaches it he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with me at MIT and when he teaches it he
+teaches it in a more International
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches it in a more International
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaches it in a more International
+perspective and in a somewhat more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and in a somewhat more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perspective and in a somewhat more
+theoretical way uh and and pays less uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical way uh and and pays less uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical way uh and and pays less uh
+concrete attention to programming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete attention to programming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete attention to programming to
+specific programs than I will do in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific programs than I will do in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific programs than I will do in this
+course one Central feature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one Central feature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course one Central feature of this
+course is that you must watch as much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that you must watch as much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is that you must watch as much
+television as you can possibly bear even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television as you can possibly bear even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television as you can possibly bear even
+more than you can possibly bear uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you can possibly bear uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than you can possibly bear uh and
+although we will every Wednesday night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we will every Wednesday night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although we will every Wednesday night
+have assigned viewings partly because a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have assigned viewings partly because a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have assigned viewings partly because a
+lot of television history is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of television history is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of television history is not
+available any longer the only way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available any longer the only way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available any longer the only way to
+make people know about it for sure uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people know about it for sure uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make people know about it for sure uh is
+to uh try to give them at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh try to give them at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh try to give them at least a
+sampling of older television so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling of older television so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling of older television so every
+Wednesday probably won't be a three-hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday probably won't be a three-hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday probably won't be a three-hour
+session but every Wednesday for two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session but every Wednesday for two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session but every Wednesday for two or
+two and a half hours we will show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half hours we will show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half hours we will show you
+tele uh texts videotapes of programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tele uh texts videotapes of programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tele uh texts videotapes of programs
+from television's past and we'll move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from television's past and we'll move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from television's past and we'll move
+chronologically So eventually we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronologically So eventually we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chronologically So eventually we'll get
+up closer to the present time we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up closer to the present time we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up closer to the present time we will
+probably end with some programs that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably end with some programs that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably end with some programs that are
+actually on the air now U programs like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the air now U programs like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on the air now U programs like
+The Sopranos or or six feet under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Sopranos or or six feet under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Sopranos or or six feet under
+showing on HBO perhaps a show like The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing on HBO perhaps a show like The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing on HBO perhaps a show like The
+West Wing which is on one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Wing which is on one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+West Wing which is on one of the
+networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks
+um but most of what you will see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but most of what you will see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but most of what you will see in
+these viewings is material that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these viewings is material that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these viewings is material that is
+unavailable not even on Nick at night is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable not even on Nick at night is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable not even on Nick at night is
+unavailable in reruns and it's the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable in reruns and it's the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unavailable in reruns and it's the only
+way to uh give to give you at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to uh give to give you at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to uh give to give you at least a
+partial sense of the uh historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sense of the uh historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial sense of the uh historical
+matter with which the course is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with which the course is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter with which the course is
+concerned but in addition to those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned but in addition to those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned but in addition to those
+viewings uh to those Wednesday night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewings uh to those Wednesday night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewings uh to those Wednesday night
+viewings My Hope and my expectation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewings My Hope and my expectation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+viewings My Hope and my expectation is
+that you will all watch a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will all watch a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will all watch a lot of
+Television uh I prefer I think that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television uh I prefer I think that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television uh I prefer I think that you
+watch old television that is say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch old television that is say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch old television that is say you
+should if you can get Nick at night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should if you can get Nick at night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should if you can get Nick at night and
+you can watch older television programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch older television programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can watch older television programs
+that's the ideal or if you can watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ideal or if you can watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the ideal or if you can watch
+reruns at whatever weird hour you happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reruns at whatever weird hour you happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reruns at whatever weird hour you happen
+to be awake uh that's a that's the ideal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be awake uh that's a that's the ideal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be awake uh that's a that's the ideal
+and was try to uh um expand your sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was try to uh um expand your sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and was try to uh um expand your sense
+and even watch programs that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even watch programs that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even watch programs that maybe you
+never watched when you were when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never watched when you were when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never watched when you were when you
+were younger because you wer weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were younger because you wer weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were younger because you wer weren't
+interested in that particular genre or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that particular genre or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in that particular genre or
+category or performer to get a sense as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category or performer to get a sense as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category or performer to get a sense as
+much as you can to fill in a sense uh of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you can to fill in a sense uh of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as you can to fill in a sense uh of
+of what was on television what what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what was on television what what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what was on television what what what
+what television programs from the past
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what television programs from the past
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what television programs from the past
+were like one of the unique Fe one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like one of the unique Fe one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were like one of the unique Fe one of
+the unique aspects of Television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unique aspects of Television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unique aspects of Television
+especially in the United States and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the United States and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in the United States and it's
+actually I think now become a becoming a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think now become a becoming a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I think now become a becoming a
+kind of global phenomenon is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of global phenomenon is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of global phenomenon is that the
+medium has a unique power an utterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium has a unique power an utterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium has a unique power an utterly
+unique power to keep its own history in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique power to keep its own history in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique power to keep its own history in
+some fragmented form constantly before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fragmented form constantly before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some fragmented form constantly before
+its audiences there the movie audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its audiences there the movie audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its audiences there the movie audiences
+that went to the theaters in 1945 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went to the theaters in 1945 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that went to the theaters in 1945 or
+1950 were not able when they went to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 were not able when they went to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1950 were not able when they went to the
+theater to see movies from the 30s they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater to see movies from the 30s they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater to see movies from the 30s they
+they those movies existed only in memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they those movies existed only in memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they those movies existed only in memory
+and there were no university courses in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were no university courses in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there were no university courses in
+movies either those uh there weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies either those uh there weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies either those uh there weren't
+even any archives or libraries that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even any archives or libraries that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even any archives or libraries that
+saved movies During the period when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved movies During the period when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saved movies During the period when
+movies were actually an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were actually an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were actually an important
+cultural force in the United States uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural force in the United States uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural force in the United States uh
+and and uh uh in a certain sense that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh uh in a certain sense that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and uh uh in a certain sense that's
+one of the ways in which uh in which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways in which uh in which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the ways in which uh in which we
+can say that television has a as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that television has a as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can say that television has a as a as a
+mechanism or as a as a as a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism or as a as a as a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanism or as a as a as a social
+technology as a social formation has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology as a social formation has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology as a social formation has an
+even greater power than the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even greater power than the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even greater power than the movies
+because it has this this extraordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has this this extraordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it has this this extraordinary
+power not only to renew itself but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power not only to renew itself but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power not only to renew itself but to
+make its contemporary audience in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make its contemporary audience in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make its contemporary audience in some
+degree familiar with its history and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree familiar with its history and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree familiar with its history and and
+uh a pro a channel like Nick at Knight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a pro a channel like Nick at Knight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a pro a channel like Nick at Knight
+of course makes this explicit Nick at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course makes this explicit Nick at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course makes this explicit Nick at
+Knight trades on the fact that it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight trades on the fact that it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight trades on the fact that it is the
+channel of television history and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel of television history and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel of television history and
+sometimes it even has parody figures who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it even has parody figures who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes it even has parody figures who
+I sometimes fear are actually literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sometimes fear are actually literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I sometimes fear are actually literally
+parodies of me because I was I was one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodies of me because I was I was one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parodies of me because I was I was one
+of the very first professors to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very first professors to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the very first professors to teach
+this stuff in universities and sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff in universities and sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff in universities and sometimes
+some of you may have seen this Nick at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may have seen this Nick at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you may have seen this Nick at
+Knight has a very uh uh uh properl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight has a very uh uh uh properl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Knight has a very uh uh uh properl
+looking gray gray suited Professor who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking gray gray suited Professor who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking gray gray suited Professor who
+says now let me tell you about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says now let me tell you about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says now let me tell you about the
+psychological implication ations of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological implication ations of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychological implication ations of I
+Love Lucy and it always makes me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love Lucy and it always makes me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love Lucy and it always makes me
+uncomfortable when I see that because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable when I see that because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncomfortable when I see that because I
+actually do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do
+that and and in fact students of mine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and in fact students of mine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and and in fact students of mine
+have worked at Nick at night and so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked at Nick at night and so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have worked at Nick at night and so I
+you know I know at some level that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I know at some level that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I know at some level that there
+that there's a a sort of an awareness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a a sort of an awareness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a a sort of an awareness of
+the idea that that that uh the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that that that uh the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that that that uh the study of
+Television is is is still although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television is is is still although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television is is is still although it's
+becoming more respectable is still in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more respectable is still in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming more respectable is still in
+some sense thought to be a kind of weird
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense thought to be a kind of weird
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sense thought to be a kind of weird
+or a strange activity so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a strange activity so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a strange activity so there's a
+double parody not only of professors who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double parody not only of professors who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double parody not only of professors who
+teach television but of the very idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach television but of the very idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach television but of the very idea
+that television has made its way into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that television has made its way into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that television has made its way into
+the classroom has made its way into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom has made its way into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the classroom has made its way into the
+museum is now becoming a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum is now becoming a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museum is now becoming a part of the
+culture that we study and talk about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture that we study and talk about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture that we study and talk about and
+that process whereby uh the daily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process whereby uh the daily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that process whereby uh the daily
+experience of Ordinary People is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of Ordinary People is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience of Ordinary People is
+suddenly transformed into an artifact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly transformed into an artifact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly transformed into an artifact
+moves into a museum is something we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves into a museum is something we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moves into a museum is something we'll
+be talking about a bit in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about a bit in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be talking about a bit in this course
+and it's something I talk about in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something I talk about in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's something I talk about in one
+of the essays uh that I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the essays uh that I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the essays uh that I'm going to have
+you read within in within a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read within in within a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you read within in within a couple of
+weeks it's the essay titled television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks it's the essay titled television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks it's the essay titled television
+as an aesthetic medium and in that essay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aesthetic medium and in that essay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an aesthetic medium and in that essay
+Begin by talking about the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Begin by talking about the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Begin by talking about the process
+whereby artifacts of all kinds uh under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby artifacts of all kinds uh under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby artifacts of all kinds uh under
+have have many lives and the and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have many lives and the and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have have many lives and the and and and
+the way in which the these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the these these
+cultural artifacts they are often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural artifacts they are often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural artifacts they are often
+cultural practices that are transformed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural practices that are transformed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural practices that are transformed
+by by time and by technological change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by time and by technological change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by time and by technological change
+into something else well we we live in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something else well we we live in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into something else well we we live in a
+moment and this is an exciting moment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and this is an exciting moment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment and this is an exciting moment to
+be studying and thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be studying and thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be studying and thinking about
+television we live in a moment when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television we live in a moment when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television we live in a moment when that
+is literally happening to television and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is literally happening to television and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is literally happening to television and
+some of you are surely aware of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are surely aware of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of you are surely aware of this
+there are now museums that specialize in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are now museums that specialize in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are now museums that specialize in
+television one of them is in New York
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television one of them is in New York
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television one of them is in New York
+called the M Museum of broadcasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the M Museum of broadcasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the M Museum of broadcasting
+right uh uh there are there are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh uh there are there are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh uh there are there are now
+award Ceremonies for television programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award Ceremonies for television programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+award Ceremonies for television programs
+that while they don't match the Oscars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while they don't match the Oscars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that while they don't match the Oscars
+in terms of uh audience interest they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh audience interest they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh audience interest they
+they they are they they they've gotten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are they they they've gotten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they are they they they've gotten
+Beyond simply being a kind of industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond simply being a kind of industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beyond simply being a kind of industry
+experience experience just for the folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience experience just for the folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience experience just for the folks
+who work in the industry and have become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who work in the industry and have become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who work in the industry and have become
+something uh of a cultural phenomenon in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh of a cultural phenomenon in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something uh of a cultural phenomenon in
+their own right audiences pop the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own right audiences pop the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own right audiences pop the the
+population at large is interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population at large is interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population at large is interested in
+what program is chosen to be the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what program is chosen to be the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what program is chosen to be the best
+drama series of the year or what actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama series of the year or what actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drama series of the year or what actor
+or actress is chosen to be the best uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actress is chosen to be the best uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or actress is chosen to be the best uh
+soap opera actress and there's a famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap opera actress and there's a famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soap opera actress and there's a famous
+actress who was a runnerup 10 years in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actress who was a runnerup 10 years in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actress who was a runnerup 10 years in a
+row and she actually became famous for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and she actually became famous for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and she actually became famous for
+never winning anyone know her name yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never winning anyone know her name yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never winning anyone know her name yes
+see you see that the fact that so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you see that the fact that so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see you see that the fact that so many
+of you know the answer to that is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the answer to that is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know the answer to that is also
+proof of something else why it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of something else why it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof of something else why it's an
+interesting and very challenging uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and very challenging uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting and very challenging uh
+experience to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience to teach
+television the answer the the reason is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television the answer the the reason is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television the answer the the reason is
+the the implication of the fact that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the implication of the fact that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the implication of the fact that so
+many of you knew the answer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you knew the answer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you knew the answer to that
+question is that television is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that television is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is that television is actually
+still a part of the living culture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a part of the living culture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still a part of the living culture of
+the of the society although it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the society although it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the society although it's
+undergoing profound Transformations now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing profound Transformations now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing profound Transformations now
+it's part of the actual lived experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the actual lived experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's part of the actual lived experience
+of all of you all of you who have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of you all of you who have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all of you all of you who have
+actually had an unmediated an ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had an unmediated an ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had an unmediated an ordinary
+and usually a continual experience of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually a continual experience of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually a continual experience of
+television from your earliest uh days in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television from your earliest uh days in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television from your earliest uh days in
+fact I myself belong to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I myself belong to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact I myself belong to the last
+American generation to have been born
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American generation to have been born
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American generation to have been born
+before the Advent of Television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Advent of Television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the Advent of Television
+television came into my life when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television came into my life when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television came into my life when I was
+just uh just before I was a teenager I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh just before I was a teenager I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh just before I was a teenager I
+actually have a memory of a of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a memory of a of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have a memory of a of American
+culture before television and and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture before television and and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture before television and and I I
+was shaped much more by books than I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shaped much more by books than I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was shaped much more by books than I was
+by television I belong to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by television I belong to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by television I belong to the last
+American generation for whom that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American generation for whom that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American generation for whom that's true
+and it gives me a a unique perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives me a a unique perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives me a a unique perspective
+on television one reason it gives me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television one reason it gives me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television one reason it gives me a
+unique perspective is that the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique perspective is that the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique perspective is that the whole
+history of Television is part of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of Television is part of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of Television is part of my
+life I remember when televisions cost a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I remember when televisions cost a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life I remember when televisions cost a
+fortune and when uh there were virtually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune and when uh there were virtually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fortune and when uh there were virtually
+no programs on television and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no programs on television and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no programs on television and uh
+uh it some of the younger television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it some of the younger television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it some of the younger television
+Scholars who belong to younger uh uh um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars who belong to younger uh uh um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars who belong to younger uh uh um
+who who belong to younger Generations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who belong to younger Generations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who who belong to younger Generations
+than I uh have a different perspective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I uh have a different perspective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I uh have a different perspective
+and a different set of attitudes about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different set of attitudes about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a different set of attitudes about
+the medium in part because their life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium in part because their life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium in part because their life
+experiences are different from mine in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences are different from mine in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiences are different from mine in
+any case to come back to the major point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case to come back to the major point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any case to come back to the major point
+that I had meant to make a minute ago uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had meant to make a minute ago uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had meant to make a minute ago uh
+we we live in a moment now of profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we live in a moment now of profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we live in a moment now of profound
+transformation in many ways one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in many ways one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in many ways one of the
+most uh decisive instances of the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh decisive instances of the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most uh decisive instances of the way
+our culture is changing has to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our culture is changing has to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our culture is changing has to do with
+the way in which television is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which television is changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which television is changing
+the way in which the history the past of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the history the past of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way in which the history the past of
+Television is suddenly being recovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television is suddenly being recovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television is suddenly being recovered
+as something valuable and important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something valuable and important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as something valuable and important for
+the first time there's this recognition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time there's this recognition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first time there's this recognition
+that what what uh my parents generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what what uh my parents generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what what uh my parents generation
+regarded as the utter garbage of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded as the utter garbage of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regarded as the utter garbage of our
+society is now is now being tracked by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is now is now being tracked by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is now is now being tracked by
+Scholars and saved in museums and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars and saved in museums and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars and saved in museums and there
+are festivals of of programs that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are festivals of of programs that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are festivals of of programs that my
+parents would refuse to would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents would refuse to would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parents would refuse to would have
+refused to allow me to watch when I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to allow me to watch when I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refused to allow me to watch when I was
+a child right uh that's a so and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child right uh that's a so and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a child right uh that's a so and and
+this this this is a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this is a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this this is a very interesting
+phenomenon it's not the first time it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon it's not the first time it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon it's not the first time it's
+happened it's a recurring feature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened it's a recurring feature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened it's a recurring feature of
+cultural life that that um uh cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural life that that um uh cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural life that that um uh cultural
+forms and cultural experiences undergo a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and cultural experiences undergo a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and cultural experiences undergo a
+kind of transformation in which their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transformation in which their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of transformation in which their
+valuation the way in which they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation the way in which they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuation the way in which they're
+actually valued and understood by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually valued and understood by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually valued and understood by a
+society is is powerfully altered there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is is powerfully altered there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society is is powerfully altered there
+was a time not even that long ago when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time not even that long ago when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a time not even that long ago when
+movies were regarded with a kind of with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were regarded with a kind of with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies were regarded with a kind of with
+a kind of contempt by educated people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of contempt by educated people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of contempt by educated people
+that is unimaginable today when I was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is unimaginable today when I was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is unimaginable today when I was a
+student in University there were no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in University there were no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+student in University there were no
+college courses in film and the notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college courses in film and the notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+college courses in film and the notion
+that you might actually have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might actually have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might actually have a
+curriculum in film or Grant degrees in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum in film or Grant degrees in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curriculum in film or Grant degrees in
+film study would have struck my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film study would have struck my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+film study would have struck my
+professors uh as the height of absurdity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors uh as the height of absurdity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors uh as the height of absurdity
+as a kind of as a kind of vulgarity that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of as a kind of vulgarity that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of as a kind of vulgarity that
+they would find unbearable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would find unbearable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would find unbearable and
+shocking right uh but of course movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking right uh but of course movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking right uh but of course movies
+are now not just a a respectable form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now not just a a respectable form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now not just a a respectable form of
+American uh expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American uh expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American uh expression
+recognized very widely as a as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized very widely as a as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognized very widely as a as a as a
+powerful expressive art form as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful expressive art form as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful expressive art form as the
+decisive art form of the 20th century
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive art form of the 20th century
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive art form of the 20th century
+but no one uh is surprised or or unhappy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one uh is surprised or or unhappy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but no one uh is surprised or or unhappy
+about the fact that there are university
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that there are university
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the fact that there are university
+courses in movies well television is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in movies well television is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses in movies well television is now
+undergoing is at the beginning of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing is at the beginning of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoing is at the beginning of that
+process of Entry of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+museumize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museumize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+museumize
+it's becoming an OB not that it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's becoming an OB not that it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's becoming an OB not that it wasn't
+always this but potentially this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always this but potentially this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always this but potentially this I mean
+other words the the the programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the the the programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words the the the programs
+themselves haven't in that sense changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves haven't in that sense changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves haven't in that sense changed
+their fundamental character but our way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fundamental character but our way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their fundamental character but our way
+of understanding those programs has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding those programs has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of understanding those programs has
+undergone a change uh and the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone a change uh and the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone a change uh and the kind of
+affection that some of you felt for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection that some of you felt for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affection that some of you felt for
+Susan Luchi is an example of that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan Luchi is an example of that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Susan Luchi is an example of that that
+is a part of what grants power resonance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a part of what grants power resonance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a part of what grants power resonance
+authority to television programs are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to television programs are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to television programs are the
+life experiences people associate with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life experiences people associate with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life experiences people associate with
+them so uh the cult uh audiences for The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so uh the cult uh audiences for The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so uh the cult uh audiences for The
+Brady Bunch for example are not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brady Bunch for example are not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brady Bunch for example are not always
+or even primarily audiences that value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even primarily audiences that value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even primarily audiences that value
+the artistic power of The Brady Bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artistic power of The Brady Bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the artistic power of The Brady Bunch
+what they value in is their memory of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they value in is their memory of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they value in is their memory of
+having grown through their early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having grown through their early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having grown through their early
+adolescence by measuring their lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adolescence by measuring their lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adolescence by measuring their lives
+against the lives of the bradies uh well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the lives of the bradies uh well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the lives of the bradies uh well
+cultural forms of Storytelling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural forms of Storytelling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural forms of Storytelling that
+implicate themselves in the lives of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicate themselves in the lives of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicate themselves in the lives of a
+population in the lives of ordinary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in the lives of ordinary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population in the lives of ordinary
+people so deeply and powerfully are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so deeply and powerfully are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people so deeply and powerfully are
+worth studying even if they are have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth studying even if they are have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth studying even if they are have no
+other claim on our attention one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other claim on our attention one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other claim on our attention one of the
+Ambitions of this course is to make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambitions of this course is to make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ambitions of this course is to make you
+aware of television in what we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of television in what we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aware of television in what we might
+call this anthropological and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this anthropological and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this anthropological and
+sociological dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociological dimension
+uh to make you aware of the extent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make you aware of the extent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to make you aware of the extent to
+which the power of the medium to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the power of the medium to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the power of the medium to become
+a part of the daily habitual experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the daily habitual experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a part of the daily habitual experiences
+of of American lives is at the heart of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of American lives is at the heart of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of American lives is at the heart of
+its power and why that power is so rare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its power and why that power is so rare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its power and why that power is so rare
+and so extraordinary and so that's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so extraordinary and so that's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so extraordinary and so that's one
+fundamental aspect of of what we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental aspect of of what we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental aspect of of what we want to
+do in the course and of course what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the course and of course what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in the course and of course what we
+also are going to be doing then is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are going to be doing then is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also are going to be doing then is
+studying the ways in which this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the ways in which this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the ways in which this this
+medium uh has altered evolved developed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium uh has altered evolved developed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium uh has altered evolved developed
+over over now something like 50 years uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over now something like 50 years uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over over now something like 50 years uh
+uh it's it its development and its its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it its development and its its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it's it its development and its its
+transformation uh has many lessons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh has many lessons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation uh has many lessons for
+us uh it is intrinsically interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh it is intrinsically interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us uh it is intrinsically interesting
+that development that Evolution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that development that Evolution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that development that Evolution that
+history is intrinsically interesting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is intrinsically interesting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history is intrinsically interesting and
+I hope to show you that why that's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope to show you that why that's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope to show you that why that's true
+uh and expose you to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and expose you to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and expose you to some of the
+pleasures of historical of of in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasures of historical of of in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasures of historical of of in a way
+of original historical research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of original historical research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of original historical research
+parenthesis one one other exciting thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis one one other exciting thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parenthesis one one other exciting thing
+about studying television is that at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about studying television is that at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about studying television is that at one
+level it's contemporary another level it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it's contemporary another level it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level it's contemporary another level it
+is a historical artifact but almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a historical artifact but almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a historical artifact but almost all
+the work that you might be doing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that you might be doing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the work that you might be doing on
+specific programs uh in this course can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific programs uh in this course can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific programs uh in this course can
+be understood to be a form of original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood to be a form of original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be understood to be a form of original
+historical research because television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical research because television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical research because television
+scholarship is still in some respects in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship is still in some respects in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholarship is still in some respects in
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+infancy I mean there's a lot of very bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy I mean there's a lot of very bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infancy I mean there's a lot of very bad
+stuff that's been WR that's been done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's been WR that's been done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that's been WR that's been done in
+the last 10 or 15 years as it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10 or 15 years as it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last 10 or 15 years as it's actually
+become an academic field and young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an academic field and young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become an academic field and young
+faculty members have discovered they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members have discovered they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faculty members have discovered they can
+credential eyesee themselves and earn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credential eyesee themselves and earn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credential eyesee themselves and earn
+promotions by writing about the Brady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions by writing about the Brady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promotions by writing about the Brady
+Bunch but uh most most of that work is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bunch but uh most most of that work is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bunch but uh most most of that work is
+going to be uh uh forgotten in 50 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh uh forgotten in 50 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be uh uh forgotten in 50 years
+and it is actually likely especially The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is actually likely especially The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it is actually likely especially The
+Graduate students in this course but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graduate students in this course but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graduate students in this course but
+even some of the undergraduates course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some of the undergraduates course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even some of the undergraduates course
+are are are are very probably or or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are are are very probably or or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are are are are very probably or or at
+least h i I don't want to promise this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least h i I don't want to promise this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least h i I don't want to promise this
+but are very likely to do work that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are very likely to do work that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but are very likely to do work that will
+last what the papers you write in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last what the papers you write in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last what the papers you write in this
+course might actually be publishable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course might actually be publishable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course might actually be publishable
+might actually be a contribution to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be a contribution to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually be a contribution to the
+historical understanding of our society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical understanding of our society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical understanding of our society
+because if you're working on programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're working on programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you're working on programs
+that no one has worked on before or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one has worked on before or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that no one has worked on before or if
+you see them in in a light that hasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them in in a light that hasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see them in in a light that hasn't
+been shine shown on them before you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shine shown on them before you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been shine shown on them before you'll
+be saying valuable things and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying valuable things and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be saying valuable things and there
+actually are places in which uh the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are places in which uh the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually are places in which uh the work
+of of uh uh graduates and undergraduates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh uh graduates and undergraduates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of uh uh graduates and undergraduates
+on television programs can be published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television programs can be published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television programs can be published
+and I've actually been toying with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've actually been toying with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've actually been toying with the
+idea of making up some sort of a course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of making up some sort of a course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of making up some sort of a course
+journal of some sort maybe we'll maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of some sort maybe we'll maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal of some sort maybe we'll maybe
+we'll put up a website in which the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put up a website in which the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll put up a website in which the very
+best writing in the course is put up on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best writing in the course is put up on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best writing in the course is put up on
+the web uh and those of you who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web uh and those of you who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the web uh and those of you who are
+interested in this as a as an idea talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this as a as an idea talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in this as a as an idea talk
+to me about it I'll I'll need some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me about it I'll I'll need some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me about it I'll I'll need some
+volunteers to help set up the site but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers to help set up the site but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteers to help set up the site but
+we have the technology at MIT and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the technology at MIT and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the technology at MIT and
+they'll uh if you're interested I I i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll uh if you're interested I I i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'll uh if you're interested I I i'
+I'd be glad to direct such a thing uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be glad to direct such a thing uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd be glad to direct such a thing uh I
+do have a collection of the best essays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have a collection of the best essays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have a collection of the best essays
+written in this course over the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in this course over the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written in this course over the years
+both here when I've taught the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both here when I've taught the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both here when I've taught the course
+here and when I've taught it at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when I've taught it at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and when I've taught it at the
+University of Illinois as a visitor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Illinois as a visitor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Illinois as a visitor uh
+and uh I I I will make that available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I I I will make that available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh I I I will make that available to
+those of you who are interested it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are interested it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who are interested it's a
+kind of anthology of the strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of anthology of the strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of anthology of the strongest
+essays in the past written by students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays in the past written by students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays in the past written by students
+who have taken this course and uh I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have taken this course and uh I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who have taken this course and uh I've
+toyed with the idea of publishing it I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toyed with the idea of publishing it I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toyed with the idea of publishing it I
+think it's actually become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's actually become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's actually become more
+interesting over time because some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting over time because some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting over time because some of
+the the students who wrote about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the students who wrote about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the students who wrote about
+television programs 15 years ago had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television programs 15 years ago had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television programs 15 years ago had a
+very different sense of what they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different sense of what they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different sense of what they were
+doing when than students today do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing when than students today do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing when than students today do so
+these collections of student papers have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these collections of student papers have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these collections of student papers have
+taken on a historical character that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken on a historical character that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken on a historical character that I
+think is interesting and I will put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is interesting and I will put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is interesting and I will put a
+collection of them on reserve in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of them on reserve in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of them on reserve in the
+reserve book room for this course so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve book room for this course so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reserve book room for this course so one
+fundamental aspect of this course is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental aspect of this course is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental aspect of this course is a
+historical one uh but it's historical in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical one uh but it's historical in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical one uh but it's historical in
+this strange way because it's what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strange way because it's what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this strange way because it's what we're
+what we're dealing with is a historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're dealing with is a historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're dealing with is a historical
+phenomenon that is also at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that is also at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon that is also at the same time
+alive and contemporary and is undergoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive and contemporary and is undergoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alive and contemporary and is undergoing
+continued Transformations uh as we as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued Transformations uh as we as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued Transformations uh as we as it
+continues so it's a part of our lives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues so it's a part of our lives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continues so it's a part of our lives
+but it's also distant from us and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also distant from us and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also distant from us and that's
+part of what makes this part of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what makes this part of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of what makes this part of what
+makes the study of Television so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the study of Television so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the study of Television so
+interesting everyone's filled out a card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting everyone's filled out a card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting everyone's filled out a card
+would you pass them to the left and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you pass them to the left and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would you pass them to the left and then
+to the front and when you get them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front and when you get them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the front and when you get them
+what's your name Aon Aaron when you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name Aon Aaron when you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's your name Aon Aaron when you get
+them would you alphabetize them for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them would you alphabetize them for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them would you alphabetize them for me
+thank you um and what's the number for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um and what's the number for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you um and what's the number for
+have you done the count yet 2 six okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you done the count yet 2 six okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you done the count yet 2 six okay
+how many of you are graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+students how many are graduate students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students how many are graduate students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students how many are graduate students
+two four five I'd like to meet with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two four five I'd like to meet with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two four five I'd like to meet with the
+graduate students after class briefly to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students after class briefly to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graduate students after class briefly to
+talk about certain special obligations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about certain special obligations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about certain special obligations
+you'll have if you uh uh continue as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have if you uh uh continue as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have if you uh uh continue as I
+hope you will in the course um uh um now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you will in the course um uh um now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you will in the course um uh um now
+let me let me uh uh say a few things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me uh uh say a few things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me uh uh say a few things
+about the about the uh syllabus itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the about the uh syllabus itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the about the uh syllabus itself
+and then and then uh turn to some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then uh turn to some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then and then uh turn to some other
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+um everyone has these two sheets the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everyone has these two sheets the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um everyone has these two sheets the
+first sheet says require text and it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sheet says require text and it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first sheet says require text and it's a
+list of in two categories of of U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of in two categories of of U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of in two categories of of U
+secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary
+sources and then the second sheet is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and then the second sheet is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources and then the second sheet is the
+schedule of classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of classes and
+topics let me make a quick comment about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics let me make a quick comment about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics let me make a quick comment about
+the does everyone everyone have copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the does everyone everyone have copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the does everyone everyone have copies
+of this there I I know there are enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this there I I know there are enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this there I I know there are enough
+around so let's make sure everyone has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so let's make sure everyone has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around so let's make sure everyone has
+them and then again folks if there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then again folks if there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and then again folks if there are
+additional copies please save them for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional copies please save them for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional copies please save them for
+me so I can so I can uh hang on to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so I can so I can uh hang on to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me so I can so I can uh hang on to them
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+students who may add the course or for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who may add the course or for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who may add the course or for
+later purposes so page one required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later purposes so page one required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later purposes so page one required
+texts there are three text that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts there are three text that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts there are three text that that
+I've required you to buy in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've required you to buy in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've required you to buy in the course
+one is what Still Remains in a way the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is what Still Remains in a way the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is what Still Remains in a way the
+only real history of Television it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only real history of Television it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only real history of Television it has
+its limitations but it's still the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its limitations but it's still the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its limitations but it's still the best
+book of its kind and and it's Bare Bones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of its kind and and it's Bare Bones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book of its kind and and it's Bare Bones
+history especially of the economic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history especially of the economic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history especially of the economic uh
+structures of Television remains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of Television remains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures of Television remains
+unsurpassed it's Eric Bar's book tube of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurpassed it's Eric Bar's book tube of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsurpassed it's Eric Bar's book tube of
+Plenty uh and uh over the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plenty uh and uh over the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plenty uh and uh over the course of the
+term you'll end up reading most of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you'll end up reading most of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term you'll end up reading most of this
+book if not all of it uh uh as our kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book if not all of it uh uh as our kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book if not all of it uh uh as our kind
+of uh skeletal history although it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh skeletal history although it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh skeletal history although it's not
+a fully adequate history at all barau
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fully adequate history at all barau
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fully adequate history at all barau
+was himself himself belonged to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was himself himself belonged to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was himself himself belonged to a
+generation that regarded television in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that regarded television in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation that regarded television in a
+very negative light and uh his his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negative light and uh his his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very negative light and uh his his
+inability to see television in more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to see television in more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inability to see television in more
+complex ways colors his treatment of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex ways colors his treatment of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex ways colors his treatment of the
+material he's not very respectful toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material he's not very respectful toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material he's not very respectful toward
+the toward the audiovisual complexity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toward the audiovisual complexity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toward the audiovisual complexity of
+Television even of early television so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television even of early television so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television even of early television so
+there are limits to the book but you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are limits to the book but you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are limits to the book but you'll
+recognize those limits easily and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize those limits easily and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize those limits easily and there
+are ways we can compensate for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways we can compensate for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are ways we can compensate for that
+limitation it's also a healthy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation it's also a healthy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation it's also a healthy and
+valuable thing to be reminded that books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable thing to be reminded that books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable thing to be reminded that books
+don't always speak a perfect truth that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always speak a perfect truth that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always speak a perfect truth that
+they are imperfect and partial objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are imperfect and partial objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are imperfect and partial objects
+even when they're written by your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when they're written by your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even when they're written by your
+professors the second book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors the second book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors the second book
+is uh Brooks and Marsh's directory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh Brooks and Marsh's directory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh Brooks and Marsh's directory
+directory of prime time television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory of prime time television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directory of prime time television
+programs many of you probably have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs many of you probably have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs many of you probably have this
+book or or have had earlier editions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book or or have had earlier editions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book or or have had earlier editions of
+it you must buy the latest edition and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you must buy the latest edition and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you must buy the latest edition and
+you must use it as your Bible in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must use it as your Bible in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must use it as your Bible in the
+course there are limitations in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are limitations in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are limitations in this
+book too which we will talk about its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book too which we will talk about its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book too which we will talk about its
+description its descriptions of courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description its descriptions of courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description its descriptions of courses
+are of of uh of programs is often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of of uh of programs is often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of of uh of programs is often
+inadequate limited uh uh silly in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate limited uh uh silly in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inadequate limited uh uh silly in some
+ways uh it it tends to be obsessed By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh it it tends to be obsessed By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways uh it it tends to be obsessed By
+plot and very rarely captures very much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and very rarely captures very much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot and very rarely captures very much
+of the atmosphere or texture of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atmosphere or texture of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the atmosphere or texture of a
+program uh the length of its entries is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh the length of its entries is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program uh the length of its entries is
+often all out of proportion to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often all out of proportion to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often all out of proportion to the
+relative importance of its program of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative importance of its program of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative importance of its program of
+the programs it describes so it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programs it describes so it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programs it describes so it has
+profound limitations but with each new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound limitations but with each new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound limitations but with each new
+addition the book has gotten richer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition the book has gotten richer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition the book has gotten richer and
+more complex uh partly because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex uh partly because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complex uh partly because it's
+listed more and more programs uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed more and more programs uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed more and more programs uh and it
+remains a fundamental research tool a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a fundamental research tool a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remains a fundamental research tool a
+fundamental resource for anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental resource for anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental resource for anyone
+interested in television it's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in television it's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in television it's also a
+wonderfully fun book just to Le through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully fun book just to Le through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderfully fun book just to Le through
+and to be and and at the back of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be and and at the back of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to be and and at the back of the
+book there is a list of the prime time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book there is a list of the prime time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book there is a list of the prime time
+schedule the way this the way programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule the way this the way programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule the way this the way programs
+were displayed to the uh original Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were displayed to the uh original Prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were displayed to the uh original Prime
+Time audiences beginning in the late 40s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time audiences beginning in the late 40s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Time audiences beginning in the late 40s
+and running right through I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running right through I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and running right through I think
+1998 uh we will be looking at that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 uh we will be looking at that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1998 uh we will be looking at that and
+and and and learning from that as as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and learning from that as as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and learning from that as as the
+course goes on and I hope many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course goes on and I hope many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course goes on and I hope many of you
+will will read around in this book on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will read around in this book on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will will read around in this book on
+your own every single show that we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own every single show that we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own every single show that we talk
+about or that we view in our viewing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about or that we view in our viewing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about or that we view in our viewing
+session of course I would want you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session of course I would want you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session of course I would want you to
+read the description of but my hope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the description of but my hope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the description of but my hope is
+that you'll read the description of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll read the description of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll read the description of many
+many other programs as well and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other programs as well and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other programs as well and that
+they will go help guide the specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will go help guide the specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will go help guide the specific
+kinds of research that you do my hope is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of research that you do my hope is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of research that you do my hope is
+that uh well I won't won't require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh well I won't won't require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh well I won't won't require
+everyone to bring this book to class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to bring this book to class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to bring this book to class
+every day but I'm going to count on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day but I'm going to count on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every day but I'm going to count on the
+idea that there'll be someone in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there'll be someone in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea that there'll be someone in the
+class who has this book because very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class who has this book because very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class who has this book because very
+often when we when we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when we when we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often when we when we're talking about
+television a show that seems worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television a show that seems worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television a show that seems worth
+mentioning will occur to me and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning will occur to me and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioning will occur to me and I want
+to remember its exact dates I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember its exact dates I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to remember its exact dates I can
+usually I can usually come very close I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I can usually come very close I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually I can usually come very close I
+know I know uh the dates of many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know uh the dates of many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I know uh the dates of many many
+programs of course I've been studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs of course I've been studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs of course I've been studying
+the medium and watching it all my life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium and watching it all my life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the medium and watching it all my life
+but the medium is is is is too rich in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the medium is is is is too rich in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the medium is is is is too rich in
+terms of Simply the number of programs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Simply the number of programs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of Simply the number of programs
+that have been on for any one person to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been on for any one person to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been on for any one person to
+have mastered that so we need the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mastered that so we need the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mastered that so we need the book
+as a kind of uh helpful instrument Even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of uh helpful instrument Even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a kind of uh helpful instrument Even
+in our individual classes so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our individual classes so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our individual classes so I'm
+counting on some of you always having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting on some of you always having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting on some of you always having
+this book in class so when we say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book in class so when we say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book in class so when we say oh
+what year was what what were the years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what year was what what were the years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what year was what what were the years
+of The Brady Bunch can anyone answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Brady Bunch can anyone answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of The Brady Bunch can anyone answer
+without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+looking I think that's not a bad guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking I think that's not a bad guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking I think that's not a bad guess I
+think I I I think it starts in the late
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I I I think it starts in the late
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I I I think it starts in the late
+60s but I think it runs for a longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s but I think it runs for a longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60s but I think it runs for a longer
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+check uh uh and there there is other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check uh uh and there there is other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check uh uh and there there is other
+there is other useful information in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is other useful information in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is other useful information in the
+back of the book uh that as you will see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the book uh that as you will see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back of the book uh that as you will see
+when you when you begin to use it you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you begin to use it you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you when you begin to use it you'll
+need it for the writing of papers and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it for the writing of papers and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need it for the writing of papers and so
+forth in the courts in any case and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in the courts in any case and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth in the courts in any case and the
+final book is a is the standard uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final book is a is the standard uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final book is a is the standard uh
+anthology of Television of writing about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthology of Television of writing about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthology of Television of writing about
+television edited by Horus Nukem late of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television edited by Horus Nukem late of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television edited by Horus Nukem late of
+the University of Texas now at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of Texas now at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the University of Texas now at the
+University of Georgia uh the director of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Georgia uh the director of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Georgia uh the director of
+just recently appointed the director of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recently appointed the director of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just recently appointed the director of
+the Peabody Award pebody television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Peabody Award pebody television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Peabody Award pebody television
+Awards uh and this book is in its sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awards uh and this book is in its sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Awards uh and this book is in its sixth
+edition uh in some ways the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition uh in some ways the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition uh in some ways the sixth
+edition seems to me less interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition seems to me less interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edition seems to me less interesting
+than the fourth and fifth editions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the fourth and fifth editions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the fourth and fifth editions and
+I'm going to put all the editions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put all the editions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to put all the editions of
+this book on reserve I think there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book on reserve I think there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book on reserve I think there's a
+publishing uh impetus behind this I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing uh impetus behind this I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+publishing uh impetus behind this I mean
+if he changes if if the book changes its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he changes if if the book changes its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if he changes if if the book changes its
+contents very frequently it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents very frequently it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents very frequently it has to be
+repurchased all the time and the older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurchased all the time and the older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repurchased all the time and the older
+older editions are thought to be out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older editions are thought to be out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+older editions are thought to be out of
+date in this case though uh the writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date in this case though uh the writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+date in this case though uh the writing
+about television has undergone such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about television has undergone such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about television has undergone such a
+transformation in the past decade that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in the past decade that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation in the past decade that
+it's also understandable why Nukem would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also understandable why Nukem would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's also understandable why Nukem would
+want to try to get more recent text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to get more recent text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to try to get more recent text
+there are a couple of essays that remain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of essays that remain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of essays that remain
+standard about the history of tele about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard about the history of tele about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard about the history of tele about
+the nature of Television uh and and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of Television uh and and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of Television uh and and they
+have not changed there are I think two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not changed there are I think two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have not changed there are I think two
+or three essays in the book that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three essays in the book that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or three essays in the book that have
+that have been in every Edition maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been in every Edition maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have been in every Edition maybe
+every Edition except the first and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Edition except the first and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every Edition except the first and uh
+one of them the most luminous essay I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them the most luminous essay I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them the most luminous essay I
+think in the book is by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the book is by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think in the book is by
+me and and nuk Nukem has written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and and nuk Nukem has written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me and and nuk Nukem has written
+beautifully a beautiful tribute to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully a beautiful tribute to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautifully a beautiful tribute to that
+essay it's a very it means a lot to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay it's a very it means a lot to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essay it's a very it means a lot to
+because Nukem is a much more prolific uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Nukem is a much more prolific uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Nukem is a much more prolific uh
+scholar of Television than I am uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar of Television than I am uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scholar of Television than I am uh and
+he he once wrote several paragraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he once wrote several paragraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he he once wrote several paragraphs
+about the importance of that essay it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the importance of that essay it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the importance of that essay it's
+an essay that I'm going to have you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an essay that I'm going to have you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an essay that I'm going to have you read
+at some point I think it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point I think it's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point I think it's on the
+syllabus it's called television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus it's called television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus it's called television
+melodrama U and it it's been in every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama U and it it's been in every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melodrama U and it it's been in every
+addition and one reason I'm proud of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and one reason I'm proud of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition and one reason I'm proud of it
+is that almost everything else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that almost everything else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that almost everything else in the
+book has changed in the course of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book has changed in the course of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book has changed in the course of the
+number of additions it's gone through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of additions it's gone through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of additions it's gone through
+but it's so it's a it's a useful book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so it's a it's a useful book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's so it's a it's a useful book
+and we will read a certain proportion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will read a certain proportion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will read a certain proportion of
+that as required reading and then many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as required reading and then many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as required reading and then many
+of you will find other essays in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will find other essays in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you will find other essays in the
+Nukem Anthology useful depending on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nukem Anthology useful depending on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nukem Anthology useful depending on the
+specific kind of work you choose to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kind of work you choose to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific kind of work you choose to do
+in in in in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in in in your
+writing uh the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um so so three required texts and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so three required texts and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so so three required texts and then
+depending on on uh your work uh many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on on uh your work uh many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on on uh your work uh many of
+the books that I've listed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books that I've listed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books that I've listed as
+recommended Works uh ought to be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended Works uh ought to be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommended Works uh ought to be useful
+to you but I didn't want to uh I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you but I didn't want to uh I didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you but I didn't want to uh I didn't
+want to specify uh which because it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to specify uh which because it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to specify uh which because it will
+partly depend on what some of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly depend on what some of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly depend on what some of you are
+interested in another wonderful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in another wonderful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in another wonderful thing
+about this course is that it allows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this course is that it allows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this course is that it allows
+students to pursue special interests of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to pursue special interests of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students to pursue special interests of
+their own if you're preoccupied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own if you're preoccupied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own if you're preoccupied by the
+treatment of race on television for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of race on television for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treatment of race on television for
+example which is a very rich and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is a very rich and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is a very rich and
+interesting subject of course because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting subject of course because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting subject of course because it
+mirrors the in some respects the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors the in some respects the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirrors the in some respects the
+attitude attitudes toward race in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude attitudes toward race in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attitude attitudes toward race in the
+second half of the 20th century in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the 20th century in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second half of the 20th century in our
+country uh there there are specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country uh there there are specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country uh there there are specific
+texts or books in that list that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts or books in that list that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts or books in that list that you
+might be more interested in than others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more interested in than others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be more interested in than others
+if you're interested in the treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in the treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in the treatment of
+family life or in the treatment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family life or in the treatment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family life or in the treatment of
+gender on television there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender on television there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender on television there are other
+texts that I might send you to uh but i'
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts that I might send you to uh but i'
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts that I might send you to uh but i'
+I've I've offered you this list partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've offered you this list partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've I've offered you this list partly
+as a way of showing you that television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of showing you that television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of showing you that television
+the field of Television study is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of Television study is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of Television study is now
+really a field this is not at all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a field this is not at all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really a field this is not at all a
+complete list of all the possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete list of all the possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete list of all the possibly
+relevant materials that we might that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant materials that we might that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant materials that we might that we
+might actually look at but it is but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually look at but it is but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually look at but it is but but
+it is a list of of of uh works that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a list of of of uh works that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is a list of of of uh works that I
+have at least some respect for in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least some respect for in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have at least some respect for in many
+cases a great deal of respect for there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases a great deal of respect for there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases a great deal of respect for there
+there's no book on this list that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no book on this list that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no book on this list that I
+think is without some real value and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is without some real value and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think is without some real value and
+many of them are very important and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are very important and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of them are very important and and
+and Central to our study of Television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Central to our study of Television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Central to our study of Television
+there are a couple of a couple of texts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of a couple of texts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a couple of a couple of texts
+on the list that are not about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list that are not about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list that are not about
+television that uh that have a a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television that uh that have a a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television that uh that have a a kind of
+larger interest for me uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger interest for me uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger interest for me uh one of the
+most important is the is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um is the uh a book called the practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the uh a book called the practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um is the uh a book called the practice
+of Everyday Life by Michel deserto uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Everyday Life by Michel deserto uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Everyday Life by Michel deserto uh
+many of you may know that from your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you may know that from your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of you may know that from your own
+reading but it's a it's a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading but it's a it's a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading but it's a it's a theoretical
+it's it's a partly theoretical book and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a partly theoretical book and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a partly theoretical book and
+partly uh uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly uh uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly uh uh uh
+ideologically uh uh it's a it's a book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideologically uh uh it's a it's a book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideologically uh uh it's a it's a book
+that's attuned to the ID to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's attuned to the ID to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's attuned to the ID to the
+ideological implications of ordinary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological implications of ordinary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideological implications of ordinary of
+ordinary life and uh it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary life and uh it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinary life and uh it has a
+profound relevance to the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound relevance to the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound relevance to the study of
+Television a second book that I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television a second book that I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television a second book that I think is
+tremendously important uh for uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously important uh for uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendously important uh for uh the
+analogies it offers us is a book not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies it offers us is a book not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogies it offers us is a book not
+very widely known but one of the great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very widely known but one of the great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very widely known but one of the great
+works of scholarship of the modern era
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of scholarship of the modern era
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works of scholarship of the modern era
+Peter Burke's popular culture in early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Burke's popular culture in early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Peter Burke's popular culture in early
+modern Europe and I'm going to probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Europe and I'm going to probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern Europe and I'm going to probably
+ask The Graduate students to read in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask The Graduate students to read in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask The Graduate students to read in
+those two books as as part of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two books as as part of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two books as as part of their
+additional required work but I hope uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional required work but I hope uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional required work but I hope uh
+any undergraduate in the course who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any undergraduate in the course who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any undergraduate in the course who's
+interested in these questions certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these questions certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in these questions certainly
+might want to consult them um finally uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to consult them um finally uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to consult them um finally uh
+well not finally next to it finally but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not finally next to it finally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well not finally next to it finally but
+one uh the the uh collection of essays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh the the uh collection of essays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh the the uh collection of essays
+by Roland B called mythologies uh has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Roland B called mythologies uh has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by Roland B called mythologies uh has
+had a profound impact on my own thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a profound impact on my own thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a profound impact on my own thinking
+about popular culture uh and at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about popular culture uh and at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about popular culture uh and at least
+one of those essays I'll I'll be uh ENC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those essays I'll I'll be uh ENC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those essays I'll I'll be uh ENC
+we'll actually read and discuss uh uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually read and discuss uh uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll actually read and discuss uh uh as
+a group um uh but I think this Roland B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group um uh but I think this Roland B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group um uh but I think this Roland B
+of Roland B of course is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Roland B of course is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Roland B of course is a very
+influential uh mainly theoretical writer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential uh mainly theoretical writer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influential uh mainly theoretical writer
+about culture uh I I myself think these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about culture uh I I myself think these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about culture uh I I myself think these
+relatively modest essays collected in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively modest essays collected in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively modest essays collected in
+his book called mythologies are Roland B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book called mythologies are Roland B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his book called mythologies are Roland B
+at his most remarkable and uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his most remarkable and uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at his most remarkable and uh I think
+the essays there are often much more not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essays there are often much more not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the essays there are often much more not
+only are they more accessible I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are they more accessible I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only are they more accessible I think
+they're more they're often more nuanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more they're often more nuanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're more they're often more nuanced
+and intelligent than the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intelligent than the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and intelligent than the more
+heavy-handed and extended uh theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy-handed and extended uh theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavy-handed and extended uh theoretical
+essays that he wrote uh later in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays that he wrote uh later in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essays that he wrote uh later in his
+career uh and they're very they're it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career uh and they're very they're it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+career uh and they're very they're it's
+impossible to over overestimate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to over overestimate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impossible to over overestimate the
+influence that Roland Bal has had uh on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence that Roland Bal has had uh on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+influence that Roland Bal has had uh on
+the study of popular culture in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of popular culture in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the study of popular culture in the
+United States and uh the mo the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and uh the mo the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States and uh the mo the
+healthiest part of that influence comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthiest part of that influence comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthiest part of that influence comes
+from that book called mythologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that book called mythologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that book called mythologies
+finally uh the book probably more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh the book probably more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally uh the book probably more than
+any other that's influenced my own sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other that's influenced my own sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other that's influenced my own sense
+of cultural study and and and cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cultural study and and and cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cultural study and and and cultural
+interpretation Clifford gez the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation Clifford gez the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation Clifford gez the the
+founding Anthropologist uh whose book is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding Anthropologist uh whose book is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+founding Anthropologist uh whose book is
+called the interpretation of cultures uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the interpretation of cultures uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the interpretation of cultures uh
+who's he's written other books too but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's he's written other books too but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's he's written other books too but
+that's the that's for me the key book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's for me the key book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the that's for me the key book
+and there are two essays in that book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two essays in that book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there are two essays in that book
+that are especially important I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are especially important I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are especially important I haven't
+decided whether to require the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided whether to require the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided whether to require the whole
+class to read it read it some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to read it read it some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class to read it read it some of you
+will certainly have to read it depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly have to read it depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will certainly have to read it depending
+on the kind of project you pick up on I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the kind of project you pick up on I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the kind of project you pick up on I
+certainly recommend this to The Graduate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly recommend this to The Graduate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly recommend this to The Graduate
+students as one of as one of the seminal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students as one of as one of the seminal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students as one of as one of the seminal
+books about interpretation and culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books about interpretation and culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books about interpretation and culture
+uh of the last 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the last 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the last 50
+years uh let me turn very quickly to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh let me turn very quickly to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years uh let me turn very quickly to the
+schedule of classes and topics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of classes and topics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule of classes and topics the
+reason in that that the uh syllabus is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason in that that the uh syllabus is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason in that that the uh syllabus is
+somewhat incomplete uh and and that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat incomplete uh and and that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat incomplete uh and and that I've
+actually only given you the readings for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only given you the readings for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually only given you the readings for
+the first three weeks is that I wanted a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first three weeks is that I wanted a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first three weeks is that I wanted a
+little more time to think about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more time to think about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more time to think about how to
+handle the problem of uh the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the problem of uh the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the problem of uh the fact that
+television as a phenomenon has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television as a phenomenon has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television as a phenomenon has been
+growing at both in other words we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at both in other words we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing at both in other words we've
+been recovering more and more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been recovering more and more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been recovering more and more of
+television's past and more and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television's past and more and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television's past and more and more
+programs from the early days of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs from the early days of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs from the early days of
+Television are being recovered some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television are being recovered some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television are being recovered some of
+them were broadcast live and we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were broadcast live and we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them were broadcast live and we thought
+well they were just went out into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they were just went out into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they were just went out into the
+ether but it turns out that even many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether but it turns out that even many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ether but it turns out that even many of
+the programs that were broadcast live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programs that were broadcast live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the programs that were broadcast live
+were recorded in some form some they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were recorded in some form some they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were recorded in some form some they had
+a system called kcop essentially they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system called kcop essentially they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a system called kcop essentially they
+put a movie camera in front of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a movie camera in front of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a movie camera in front of a
+television screen and while the program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television screen and while the program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television screen and while the program
+was being broadcast the camera recorded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being broadcast the camera recorded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was being broadcast the camera recorded
+it and it's it's turning out that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's it's turning out that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and it's it's turning out that there
+are archives or private collections that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are archives or private collections that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are archives or private collections that
+are that are that are showing up every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are that are showing up every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are that are that are showing up every
+day and something of the way that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and something of the way that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and something of the way that the
+history of silent film is expanding uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of silent film is expanding uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of silent film is expanding uh
+in a similar sense people are going into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar sense people are going into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a similar sense people are going into
+the garages of of old uh uh film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garages of of old uh uh film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the garages of of old uh uh film
+Scholars or or or script writers or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars or or or script writers or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Scholars or or or script writers or of
+old directors and they're discovering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old directors and they're discovering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old directors and they're discovering
+films that we thought were lost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that we thought were lost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+films that we thought were lost the same
+thing is beginning to happen to the P to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is beginning to happen to the P to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is beginning to happen to the P to
+the history of television and and uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of television and and uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the history of television and and uh uh
+uh so that one of the things that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that one of the things that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so that one of the things that's
+happening is that shows from the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that shows from the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is that shows from the early
+40s and the 50s many of which were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40s and the 50s many of which were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40s and the 50s many of which were
+broadcast live records of those versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast live records of those versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast live records of those versions
+of those are starting to show up and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are starting to show up and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those are starting to show up and of
+course at the other end that its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at the other end that its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course at the other end that its
+contemporary moment television is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary moment television is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contemporary moment television is
+expanding at an exponential rate there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding at an exponential rate there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanding at an exponential rate there
+are more networks more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more networks more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are more networks more
+programs more of more of Television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs more of more of Television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs more of more of Television
+that's produced from abroad is available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's produced from abroad is available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's produced from abroad is available
+to us for a variety of reasons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us for a variety of reasons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us for a variety of reasons that
+we'll part that we'll talk about a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll part that we'll talk about a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll part that we'll talk about a bit
+as the course goes on uh and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the course goes on uh and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the course goes on uh and so the
+complexity of this problem is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of this problem is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity of this problem is something
+that has given me some pause and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has given me some pause and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has given me some pause and I
+wanted to give some thought to how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give some thought to how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to give some thought to how to
+handle the question one way I've decided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the question one way I've decided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle the question one way I've decided
+to control the the subject matter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the the subject matter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the the subject matter is
+already implicit in what I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already implicit in what I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already implicit in what I've been
+saying although television is a medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying although television is a medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying although television is a medium
+of many for many kinds of expressions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many for many kinds of expressions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of many for many kinds of expressions in
+this course we're going to Center on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we're going to Center on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course we're going to Center on
+storytelling on its fiction programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling on its fiction programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling on its fiction programming
+and even more narrowly than that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even more narrowly than that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and even more narrowly than that we're
+going to Center on its prime time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Center on its prime time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to Center on its prime time
+programming I won't forbid people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming I won't forbid people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming I won't forbid people to
+talk about soap opera and soap opera is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about soap opera and soap opera is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about soap opera and soap opera is
+are relevant and and one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relevant and and one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are relevant and and one of the most
+powerful and interesting fictional forms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and interesting fictional forms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+powerful and interesting fictional forms
+on television and uh students in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television and uh students in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on television and uh students in the
+class who wish to pursue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class who wish to pursue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class who wish to pursue
+uh projects about daytime uh uh fiction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh projects about daytime uh uh fiction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh projects about daytime uh uh fiction
+programming I are encouraged to do so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming I are encouraged to do so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming I are encouraged to do so
+but in our main discourse in our class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in our main discourse in our class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in our main discourse in our class
+itself and in our required viewing we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and in our required viewing we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and in our required viewing we're
+going to stick to Prime Time fiction but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick to Prime Time fiction but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to stick to Prime Time fiction but
+I don't say we're going to stick to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't say we're going to stick to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't say we're going to stick to it
+exclusively We Will We Will at various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively We Will We Will at various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exclusively We Will We Will at various
+moments deviate from our from our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments deviate from our from our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moments deviate from our from our
+primary uh uh interest to say at least a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary uh uh interest to say at least a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary uh uh interest to say at least a
+few things about various forms of News
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things about various forms of News
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few things about various forms of News
+broadcasting and how that has evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasting and how that has evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcasting and how that has evolved
+and you certainly should feel free to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you certainly should feel free to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you certainly should feel free to
+pursue an interest of that sort in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue an interest of that sort in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursue an interest of that sort in your
+own in your own research in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own in your own research in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own in your own research in the course
+if you'd rather write a paper about news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you'd rather write a paper about news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you'd rather write a paper about news
+we can talk about that and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about that and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can talk about that and you're
+certainly encouraged to do it uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly encouraged to do it uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly encouraged to do it uh you can
+write you you you can write uh essays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write you you you can write uh essays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write you you you can write uh essays
+and do research on on the on on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do research on on the on on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do research on on the on on the
+commercial aspect of Television if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial aspect of Television if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercial aspect of Television if you
+wish to one of the students who took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to one of the students who took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish to one of the students who took
+this course here at MIT some 15 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course here at MIT some 15 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course here at MIT some 15 or so
+years ago is now an advertising the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago is now an advertising the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago is now an advertising the
+president of an advertising agency in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of an advertising agency in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+president of an advertising agency in
+Boston and uh uh has sent me uh has sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and uh uh has sent me uh has sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boston and uh uh has sent me uh has sent
+me commercials that that U uh uh h a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me commercials that that U uh uh h a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me commercials that that U uh uh h a
+kind a kind of mini Archive of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind a kind of mini Archive of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind a kind of mini Archive of
+commercials going back to the 1950s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercials going back to the 1950s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commercials going back to the 1950s and
+and uh we may we may take a look at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we may we may take a look at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh we may we may take a look at some
+of those in the course of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those in the course of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those in the course of our
+investigations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes his name his name is is Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes his name his name is is Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes his name his name is is Fred
+egdom uh I I also a couple of years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egdom uh I I also a couple of years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+egdom uh I I also a couple of years ago
+had a student in the course whose father
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a student in the course whose father
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a student in the course whose father
+was in a New York advertising agency and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in a New York advertising agency and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in a New York advertising agency and
+he conned his father into giving us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he conned his father into giving us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he conned his father into giving us a
+number of commercials uh and so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of commercials uh and so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of commercials uh and so we have
+an archive of interesting commercials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an archive of interesting commercials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an archive of interesting commercials
+that people might want to might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people might want to might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people might want to might want to
+look at uh and so in other words I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh and so in other words I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at uh and so in other words I'm not
+foreclosing uh your own pursuit of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreclosing uh your own pursuit of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+foreclosing uh your own pursuit of of of
+of interest that you may have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest that you may have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interest that you may have uh
+concerning aspects of Television that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning aspects of Television that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerning aspects of Television that we
+won't Center on in the course but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't Center on in the course but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't Center on in the course but it
+it's there are several very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there are several very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's there are several very powerful
+justifications for limiting our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifications for limiting our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+justifications for limiting our
+investigations primarily to fiction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations primarily to fiction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations primarily to fiction the
+first is that it's the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that it's the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first is that it's the most important
+and powerful and influential form of Tel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and powerful and influential form of Tel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and powerful and influential form of Tel
+telion it's what most people watch uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telion it's what most people watch uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telion it's what most people watch uh
+recently there have been some minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently there have been some minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recently there have been some minor
+changes in that with with what is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in that with with what is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes in that with with what is called
+quote reality television uh but and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote reality television uh but and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote reality television uh but and and
+and and the prime time schedules today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the prime time schedules today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the prime time schedules today
+are Freer of fiction than they've ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Freer of fiction than they've ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are Freer of fiction than they've ever
+been there's less there's less uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there's less there's less uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been there's less there's less uh uh
+fiction on television now there's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction on television now there's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction on television now there's less
+there are fewer Prime Time series uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fewer Prime Time series uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are fewer Prime Time series uh
+than ever in the in the medium's history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ever in the in the medium's history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than ever in the in the medium's history
+my own suspicion is that it's a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own suspicion is that it's a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own suspicion is that it's a moment
+uh and temporary phenomenon that that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and temporary phenomenon that that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and temporary phenomenon that that we
+will go back to storytelling every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go back to storytelling every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will go back to storytelling every
+culture tells stories to itself every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture tells stories to itself every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture tells stories to itself every
+culture has a variety of Institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture has a variety of Institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture has a variety of Institutions
+whose function is to tell stories is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose function is to tell stories is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose function is to tell stories is to
+narrate uh a kind of a kind of continual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrate uh a kind of a kind of continual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrate uh a kind of a kind of continual
+version of itself to itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of itself to itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of itself to itself and
+television played that role in American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television played that role in American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television played that role in American
+Society for has played that role in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society for has played that role in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Society for has played that role in
+American Society for over 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Society for over 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American Society for over 50
+years that's one justification for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that's one justification for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years that's one justification for
+looking at its stories its stories have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at its stories its stories have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at its stories its stories have
+been what most people have watched the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been what most people have watched the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been what most people have watched the
+largest number of people have spent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest number of people have spent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+largest number of people have spent the
+most hours watching its stories right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most hours watching its stories right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most hours watching its stories right
+the title of my uh magnumopus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title of my uh magnumopus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the title of my uh magnumopus on
+unpublished magnumopus on television is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpublished magnumopus on television is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpublished magnumopus on television is
+is story machine it was a machine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is story machine it was a machine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is story machine it was a machine for
+telling stories uh uh and it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling stories uh uh and it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling stories uh uh and it it
+perfected certain strategies for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfected certain strategies for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfected certain strategies for the
+mass production of stories that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production of stories that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass production of stories that had
+inherited from the movies uh that made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited from the movies uh that made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherited from the movies uh that made
+it the most astonishing machine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the most astonishing machine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it the most astonishing machine for
+storytelling in the history of the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling in the history of the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling in the history of the world
+uh and and uh there's an appetite for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and uh there's an appetite for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and and uh there's an appetite for
+stories in populations that television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in populations that television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stories in populations that television
+served so that's one justification the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served so that's one justification the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+served so that's one justification the
+second justification has to do with who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second justification has to do with who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second justification has to do with who
+I am I'm a person who I study literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am I'm a person who I study literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am I'm a person who I study literature
+and I regard although I'm interested and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I regard although I'm interested and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I regard although I'm interested and
+recognize the importance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the importance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the importance of the
+anthropological and sociological and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropological and sociological and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropological and sociological and
+political and ideological dimensions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and ideological dimensions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political and ideological dimensions of
+Television they're in some ways more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television they're in some ways more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television they're in some ways more
+important than the aesthetic I'm still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the aesthetic I'm still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than the aesthetic I'm still
+interested in the stories as aesthetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the stories as aesthetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the stories as aesthetic
+objects and I'm especially interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and I'm especially interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects and I'm especially interested in
+that miraculous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that miraculous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that miraculous
+surprising always astonishing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising always astonishing process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising always astonishing process
+whereby uh relatively minor relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby uh relatively minor relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby uh relatively minor relatively
+trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trivial
+relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively
+undeveloped kinds of materials over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undeveloped kinds of materials over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undeveloped kinds of materials over the
+course of time are transformed into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of time are transformed into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course of time are transformed into
+something more and more complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more and more complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more and more complex
+something more and more Rich I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more and more Rich I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more and more Rich I'm
+interested in the process whereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the process whereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in the process whereby
+artifacts are transformed into works of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts are transformed into works of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts are transformed into works of
+art whereby simple narratives become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art whereby simple narratives become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art whereby simple narratives become
+complex narratives and again and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex narratives and again and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex narratives and again and again
+in this course we're going to return to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we're going to return to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course we're going to return to
+to that to that Phenom to an interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that to that Phenom to an interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that to that Phenom to an interest in
+that phenomenon and and try and one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phenomenon and and try and one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that phenomenon and and try and one of
+the wonderful things about studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful things about studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wonderful things about studying
+television is that you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television is that you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television is that you can actually
+study this process you can watch by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this process you can watch by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study this process you can watch by
+studying the evolution of Television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the evolution of Television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying the evolution of Television
+genres a process of complication in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres a process of complication in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genres a process of complication in
+which the stories not only become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the stories not only become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the stories not only become more
+responsive to the complexities of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to the complexities of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to the complexities of the
+outer society and become more uh layered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer society and become more uh layered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer society and become more uh layered
+and comp and resonant and complex simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and comp and resonant and complex simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and comp and resonant and complex simply
+as audiovisual objects but you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as audiovisual objects but you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as audiovisual objects but you can
+actually see uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually see uh
+there these programs Notions of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there these programs Notions of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there these programs Notions of what
+character is and what and and and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is and what and and and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character is and what and and and what
+um uh the relationships among characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the relationships among characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh the relationships among characters
+uh might be deepening and complicating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might be deepening and complicating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might be deepening and complicating
+over time words you could in a way what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time words you could in a way what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time words you could in a way what
+what fascinates me most of all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fascinates me most of all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what fascinates me most of all about
+television even though I would hardly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television even though I would hardly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television even though I would hardly
+say I would not want to say this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I would not want to say this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I would not want to say this is the
+only thing we're going to talk about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we're going to talk about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only thing we're going to talk about but
+it's going to be one Central uh concern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be one Central uh concern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be one Central uh concern
+in the course is this is this amazing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course is this is this amazing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the course is this is this amazing
+process whereby we can study what I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process whereby we can study what I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process whereby we can study what I'll
+call the enabling conditions of Art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the enabling conditions of Art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call the enabling conditions of Art
+right the enabling conditions of our let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the enabling conditions of our let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the enabling conditions of our let
+me give you a couple of examples of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you a couple of examples of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you a couple of examples of what
+I mean to sort of clarify more fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean to sort of clarify more fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean to sort of clarify more fully
+something of the excitement of this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the excitement of this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something of the excitement of this kind
+of process and how we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process and how we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of process and how we're going to be
+able to uh look at it in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh look at it in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to uh look at it in in
+uh in this course I'm I'm going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this course I'm I'm going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this course I'm I'm going to show
+you something some of you will will I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something some of you will will I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you something some of you will will I
+hope recognize if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the if the um system works for me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the um system works for me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the if the um system works for me it
+doesn't seem to be working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't seem to be working
+let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now now that everything was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now that everything was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now now that everything was working
+perfectly when I did the test this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly when I did the test this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly when I did the test this this
+morning yeah there we go now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning yeah there we go now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning yeah there we go now let's
+see who's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+who's Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's Fred
+art who's Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art who's Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art who's Fred
+art he's a he's a incredibly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art he's a he's a incredibly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art he's a he's a incredibly important
+historical figure and you've never heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical figure and you've never heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical figure and you've never heard
+of I'm kidding but now I hope you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm kidding but now I hope you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'm kidding but now I hope you'll
+never forget about who Fred OD is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never forget about who Fred OD is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never forget about who Fred OD is now
+how did that how did that Zoom by itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did that how did that Zoom by itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did that how did that Zoom by itself
+I'm supposed to control the zoom uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposed to control the zoom uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm supposed to control the zoom uh
+there there'll be there'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there'll be there'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there'll be there'll be some
+glitches here folks but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches here folks but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glitches here folks but
+um but we but we're going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we but we're going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but we but we're going to look at
+going to clip it a moment okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to clip it a moment okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to clip it a moment okay so so
+what this is is a is a still version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is is a is a still version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is is a is a still version of
+of a movie right but by tradition it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a movie right but by tradition it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a movie right but by tradition it's
+the first movie it's no one knows what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first movie it's no one knows what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first movie it's no one knows what
+the really first movie is but at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really first movie is but at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the really first movie is but at some
+point in 1895 or 1896 in East Orange New
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in 1895 or 1896 in East Orange New
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point in 1895 or 1896 in East Orange New
+Jersey in the in the studio called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey in the in the studio called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jersey in the in the studio called the
+black Maria where Thomas Edison was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black Maria where Thomas Edison was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+black Maria where Thomas Edison was
+experimenting with the apparatus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with the apparatus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimenting with the apparatus that
+was going to become the motion picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to become the motion picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to become the motion picture
+they they had many false starts and Fin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they had many false starts and Fin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they had many false starts and Fin
+and Fred was one of Edison's employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fred was one of Edison's employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fred was one of Edison's employees
+and they finally thought they had got it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they finally thought they had got it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they finally thought they had got it
+right and they said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and they said okay
+do something and they put the camera on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something and they put the camera on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something and they put the camera on
+him and Fred took snuff and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and Fred took snuff and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him and Fred took snuff and
+sneezed and what we're looking at is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneezed and what we're looking at is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneezed and what we're looking at is a
+still version of that right uh Fred put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still version of that right uh Fred put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still version of that right uh Fred put
+snuff in his nose and he went hat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuff in his nose and he went hat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snuff in his nose and he went hat and
+and uh they made a some people call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they made a some people call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh they made a some people call it
+the first movie well what's and it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first movie well what's and it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first movie well what's and it was
+incredibly exciting because it captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly exciting because it captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly exciting because it captured
+motion right and uh it's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right and uh it's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion right and uh it's a way of
+reminding us of how primitive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding us of how primitive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminding us of how primitive the
+earliest films were let me show you if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest films were let me show you if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest films were let me show you if I
+can uh an even more decisive uh instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh an even more decisive uh instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can uh an even more decisive uh instance
+of this uh if I if I have the right clip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh if I if I have the right clip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this uh if I if I have the right clip
+that I'm that I may show in my film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm that I may show in my film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm that I may show in my film
+course this afternoon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this afternoon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course this afternoon as
+well if I can get the technology working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I can get the technology working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if I can get the technology working
+properly um now I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VCR watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this there should be sound here but U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there should be sound here but U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this there should be sound here but U
+let's see if I can get it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+post to Fred out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sneeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why same not only a piece of art but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why same not only a piece of art but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why same not only a piece of art but
+what specific art very right you're yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what specific art very right you're yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what specific art very right you're yes
+so we have this we have this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this we have this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have this we have this this
+extraordinary new technology right how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary new technology right how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extraordinary new technology right how
+is it imagined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it imagined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it imagined
+it's imagined through the uses of old of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imagined through the uses of old of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's imagined through the uses of old of
+of old forms of representation even when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of old forms of representation even when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of old forms of representation even when
+those forms of representation are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forms of representation are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those forms of representation are in
+many ways fundamentally inimical to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways fundamentally inimical to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many ways fundamentally inimical to the
+inherent or fundamental features of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent or fundamental features of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent or fundamental features of the
+new form I mean the one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new form I mean the one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new form I mean the one of the most
+fundamental things about the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental things about the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental things about the movie
+camera is its Mobility what do we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is its Mobility what do we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera is its Mobility what do we see
+there right not not just not just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right not not just not just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there right not not just not just that
+the A and of course the earliest cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A and of course the earliest cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the A and of course the earliest cameras
+that the earliest Camas were placed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the earliest Camas were placed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the earliest Camas were placed as
+if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+were characters sitting in an audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were characters sitting in an audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were characters sitting in an audience
+and the and the and the actors walked in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the and the actors walked in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the and the and the actors walked in
+front of the camera why for not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera why for not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera why for not what
+what we saw probably S Suggest visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw probably S Suggest visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we saw probably S Suggest visual
+art right but when the actors walk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art right but when the actors walk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art right but when the actors walk in
+front of the camera another older form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera another older form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the camera another older form
+of representationism but the theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representationism but the theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of representationism but the theater
+right so that theatrical and painterly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that theatrical and painterly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that theatrical and painterly
+models controlled the way in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models controlled the way in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models controlled the way in which the
+new technology was first understood even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology was first understood even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new technology was first understood even
+when those techn even when that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those techn even when that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when those techn even when that
+technology inherently intrinsically had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology inherently intrinsically had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology inherently intrinsically had
+nothing whatever to do with this with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing whatever to do with this with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing whatever to do with this with
+with with with the immobility that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with with the immobility that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with with the immobility that is
+associated with the with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the with the with the
+stable position of the theater audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable position of the theater audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable position of the theater audience
+or with the framed still um uh um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the framed still um uh um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or with the framed still um uh um uh
+image of a that that we see when we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a that that we see when we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of a that that we see when we go
+into a museum and look at a and look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a museum and look at a and look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a museum and look at a and look at
+a painting let me so so one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a painting let me so so one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a painting let me so so one thing that
+we recognize here is that in its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recognize here is that in its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recognize here is that in its
+earliest stages a new technology uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest stages a new technology uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earliest stages a new technology uh
+especially when it's used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when it's used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when it's used for
+representations although not only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations although not only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations although not only for
+representation I it's true of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I it's true of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation I it's true of all
+technology will be understood through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology will be understood through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology will be understood through
+the lenses through the Met fors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lenses through the Met fors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lenses through the Met fors that
+have defined the way we've understood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have defined the way we've understood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have defined the way we've understood
+representation earlier and this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation earlier and this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation earlier and this process
+is something we're going to really be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we're going to really be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something we're going to really be
+looking at closely when we look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at closely when we look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at closely when we look at the
+at the at the earliest tele we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the earliest tele we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the at the earliest tele we're going
+to watch a process whereby te television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch a process whereby te television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to watch a process whereby te television
+fiction imagin imagines itself first as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction imagin imagines itself first as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fiction imagin imagines itself first as
+forms of radio forms of movies uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of radio forms of movies uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of radio forms of movies uh uh
+forms of of of of Journalism and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of of of of Journalism and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of of of of Journalism and and and
+and in a but in a in a in a process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a but in a in a in a process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in a but in a in a in a process of
+partly just sort of hitting this in a in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly just sort of hitting this in a in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly just sort of hitting this in a in
+a in a in a in in a kind of experimental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a in a in in a kind of experimental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a in a in a in in a kind of experimental
+mode begins to discover certain features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode begins to discover certain features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mode begins to discover certain features
+that are unique or special to television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unique or special to television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are unique or special to television
+what very quickly what would be and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what very quickly what would be and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what very quickly what would be and and
+remember we're not necessarily talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're not necessarily talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're not necessarily talking
+about things that are always necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things that are always necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things that are always necessarily
+inherent in the technology itself they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent in the technology itself they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inherent in the technology itself they
+could be inherent in what we might call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be inherent in what we might call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be inherent in what we might call
+the environment that grows up around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment that grows up around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the environment that grows up around the
+technology and that constrains it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and that constrains it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology and that constrains it and
+shapes it just as much as its technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes it just as much as its technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes it just as much as its technical
+features so what's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so what's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features so what's one of the most
+obvious ways in which television is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious ways in which television is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious ways in which television is
+different from the movie say or from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theater you watch it in a domestic space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater you watch it in a domestic space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theater you watch it in a domestic space
+yes you watch it at home and what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you watch it at home and what else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you watch it at home and what else
+that follows from that about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follows from that about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that follows from that about your
+relation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to
+it you can watch it alone or you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can watch it alone or you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it you can watch it alone or you can
+watch it with other people but I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it with other people but I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch it with other people but I'm
+thinking of something else I mean you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of something else I mean you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of something else I mean you're
+about having to do with your access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having to do with your access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about having to do with your access to
+it it's it's it's ubiquity is what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's it's it's ubiquity is what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's it's it's ubiquity is what I'm
+thinking about the fact is when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the fact is when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about the fact is when you go
+to the theater you leave the house it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the theater you leave the house it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the theater you leave the house it's
+a you you you get a babysitter or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you you you get a babysitter or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you you you get a babysitter or
+whatever you go you go and you sit in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you go you go and you sit in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever you go you go and you sit in
+the theater it's a major produ same when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater it's a major produ same when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater it's a major produ same when
+you go to the movies what television is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the movies what television is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go to the movies what television is
+there and in fact once they begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and in fact once they begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and in fact once they begin to
+proliferate when they're when they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferate when they're when they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferate when they're when they have
+television when televisions become less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television when televisions become less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television when televisions become less
+expensive and they be and we begin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and they be and we begin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive and they be and we begin to
+have televisions in the living room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have televisions in the living room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have televisions in the living room and
+in the kitchen and in the bedroom uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kitchen and in the bedroom uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the kitchen and in the bedroom uh
+other things begin to happen as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things begin to happen as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things begin to happen as well so
+that the earliest televisions were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the earliest televisions were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the earliest televisions were
+situated like radios in the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated like radios in the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situated like radios in the family
+living room and they were watched by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room and they were watched by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+living room and they were watched by the
+whole family right well that environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole family right well that environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole family right well that environment
+constrained but it constrained it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained but it constrained it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrained but it constrained it in
+certain ways and we and as televisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways and we and as televisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain ways and we and as televisions
+begin to to proliferate into other rooms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to to proliferate into other rooms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to to proliferate into other rooms
+and as we become multi- television homes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we become multi- television homes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we become multi- television homes
+that's that that changes the nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that changes the nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that that changes the nature of
+Television you can you can think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television you can you can think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television you can you can think about
+what what happens at that moment it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens at that moment it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what what happens at that moment it's
+fairly obvious what begins to happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly obvious what begins to happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly obvious what begins to happen is
+you begin to get what after the Advent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin to get what after the Advent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you begin to get what after the Advent
+of cable and satellite broadcasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cable and satellite broadcasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cable and satellite broadcasting
+becomes an obvious Norm but actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an obvious Norm but actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes an obvious Norm but actually
+begins to occur much earlier television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to occur much earlier television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begins to occur much earlier television
+programs begin to Target specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs begin to Target specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs begin to Target specific
+audiences children women adult men that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences children women adult men that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences children women adult men that
+kind of thing whereas in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing whereas in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing whereas in the beginning
+they have to go to the whole family but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to go to the whole family but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to go to the whole family but
+even more than that I what the even more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more than that I what the even more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more than that I what the even more
+fundamental than that is the is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental than that is the is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental than that is the is the
+ubiquity of Television the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquity of Television the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ubiquity of Television the fact that
+it's in your house that you can watch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in your house that you can watch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in your house that you can watch it
+while you're making dinner if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're making dinner if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while you're making dinner if you want
+that you can eat your dinner while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can eat your dinner while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can eat your dinner while
+you're watching it that you can watch it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching it that you can watch it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're watching it that you can watch it
+uh uh in a in a way that it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in a in a way that it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh in a in a way that it's a it's a
+much less demanding and even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less demanding and even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much less demanding and even though it's
+in your house it's a much less demanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your house it's a much less demanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your house it's a much less demanding
+and Imperial experience than going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Imperial experience than going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Imperial experience than going to
+the theater or going to the movies right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater or going to the movies right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the theater or going to the movies right
+in the early days of Television one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of Television one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early days of Television one of
+the things we constantly heard from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we constantly heard from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the things we constantly heard from the
+naysayers was how contemptible it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naysayers was how contemptible it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naysayers was how contemptible it was
+and some of this contempt spilled over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of this contempt spilled over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some of this contempt spilled over
+to the stupid audience that was so dumb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stupid audience that was so dumb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the stupid audience that was so dumb
+it didn't know any better that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't know any better that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it didn't know any better that that that
+television began to create variations on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television began to create variations on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television began to create variations on
+I Love Lucy and the cop show draget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Love Lucy and the cop show draget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I Love Lucy and the cop show draget
+instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of
+Shakespeare right and this was thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare right and this was thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare right and this was thought
+well this was proof that television was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was proof that television was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this was proof that television was
+an incredibly debased medium what was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly debased medium what was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an incredibly debased medium what was it
+really proof of that the mass audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really proof of that the mass audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really proof of that the mass audience
+the so-called Mass audience actually was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Mass audience actually was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the so-called Mass audience actually was
+responding to elements that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to elements that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responding to elements that were
+intrinsic to television If instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic to television If instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic to television If instead of
+being a blockbuster one ex unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a blockbuster one ex unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a blockbuster one ex unique
+experience that you have to that has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that you have to that has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience that you have to that has to
+be memorable for the rest of your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be memorable for the rest of your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be memorable for the rest of your life
+what happens when you go to the theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you go to the theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you go to the theater
+television presents you with a daily a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television presents you with a daily a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television presents you with a daily a
+continual connection to it and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual connection to it and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continual connection to it and what
+follows from that are smallen down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from that are smallen down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follows from that are smallen down
+domestic stories ordinary life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic stories ordinary life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domestic stories ordinary life and
+especially serialization of course I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially serialization of course I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially serialization of course I
+Love Lucy was more popular than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love Lucy was more popular than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Love Lucy was more popular than the
+forms of televised theater that belong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of televised theater that belong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of televised theater that belong
+to what is wrongly called the so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is wrongly called the so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what is wrongly called the so-called
+golden age of live television it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden age of live television it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+golden age of live television it wasn't
+a golden age at all it was a it was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a golden age at all it was a it was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a golden age at all it was a it was a
+stupid misdirection the Golden Age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid misdirection the Golden Age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stupid misdirection the Golden Age of
+live television was a version of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live television was a version of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+live television was a version of that
+damn family right movies as a form of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn family right movies as a form of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damn family right movies as a form of
+visual art movies as a form of painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual art movies as a form of painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visual art movies as a form of painting
+now I don't mean to make fun of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't mean to make fun of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I don't mean to make fun of it
+because remember every medium has to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember every medium has to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember every medium has to go
+through a process of self-discovery when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a process of self-discovery when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a process of self-discovery when
+it at first imitates and tries out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at first imitates and tries out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at first imitates and tries out the
+apparatuses and perspectives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatuses and perspectives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apparatuses and perspectives and
+formations of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formations of its
+ancestors and that process we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors and that process we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestors and that process we're going
+to be talking about in much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about in much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be talking about in much more
+systematic ways as we go on in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic ways as we go on in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic ways as we go on in the
+course and uh if I have time as I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh if I have time as I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course and uh if I have time as I think
+I will uh I'm going to show you a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will uh I'm going to show you a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will uh I'm going to show you a very
+dramatic example of this in the history
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic example of this in the history
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic example of this in the history
+of Television moment let's say one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Television moment let's say one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Television moment let's say one more
+thing about that damn family which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about that damn family which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about that damn family which I
+only came across the other day but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only came across the other day but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only came across the other day but it
+illustrates the argument so wonderfully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the argument so wonderfully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrates the argument so wonderfully
+well even better than Fred does what I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well even better than Fred does what I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well even better than Fred does what I I
+think I think tell me your name what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think tell me your name what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I think tell me your name what
+the sorry Robin uh what Robin said a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorry Robin uh what Robin said a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sorry Robin uh what Robin said a
+minute ago was the most crucial thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago was the most crucial thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago was the most crucial thing
+that that that what's what what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that what's what what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that what's what what's
+decisive about that damn family is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive about that damn family is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisive about that damn family is the
+way in which it understands itself as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which it understands itself as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in which it understands itself as a
+form of painting and accepts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of painting and accepts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of painting and accepts the
+restrictions of painting in a way that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions of painting in a way that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restrictions of painting in a way that's
+not intrinsic to the nature of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not intrinsic to the nature of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not intrinsic to the nature of the
+medium and it's that's proof that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and it's that's proof that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium and it's that's proof that it's a
+very early film but there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early film but there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very early film but there's something
+else about it that's almost equally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else about it that's almost equally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else about it that's almost equally
+revealing I mean there's a kind of joke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing I mean there's a kind of joke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revealing I mean there's a kind of joke
+in it what does I mean it's so obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it what does I mean it's so obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it what does I mean it's so obvious
+that I mean it's not a very visually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean it's not a very visually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean it's not a very visually
+interesting experience although from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experience although from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting experience although from
+this distance in time there is a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance in time there is a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance in time there is a new
+kind of historical interest well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of historical interest well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of historical interest well they
+wore funny hats look at the funny hair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wore funny hats look at the funny hair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wore funny hats look at the funny hair
+does they had so that it becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does they had so that it becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does they had so that it becomes a
+historical in another sense as time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical in another sense as time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historical in another sense as time
+passes but what about the pun in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes but what about the pun in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passes but what about the pun in the in
+the in the uh in the title of it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh in the title of it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh in the title of it that
+Dam it's a family named Dam d right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dam it's a family named Dam d right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dam it's a family named Dam d right but
+of course it's a late remember movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's a late remember movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course it's a late remember movies
+emerg in the late Victorian period when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerg in the late Victorian period when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerg in the late Victorian period when
+any kind of risque language was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of risque language was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any kind of risque language was very
+shocking right so the the appeal of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking right so the the appeal of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shocking right so the the appeal of the
+text in part depends on on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text in part depends on on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text in part depends on on something
+that's verbal right it's dependent on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's verbal right it's dependent on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's verbal right it's dependent on a
+verbal medium right it's the pun on Dam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal medium right it's the pun on Dam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+verbal medium right it's the pun on Dam
+that really explains part of the appeal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really explains part of the appeal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really explains part of the appeal
+of this thing and again that has nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing and again that has nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this thing and again that has nothing
+to do with movies it's in fact you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with movies it's in fact you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do with movies it's in fact you could
+close your eyes it doesn't have there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close your eyes it doesn't have there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close your eyes it doesn't have there's
+no visual aspect what's creative about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no visual aspect what's creative about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no visual aspect what's creative about
+that damn family has almost nothing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that damn family has almost nothing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that damn family has almost nothing to
+do with the visual character of movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the visual character of movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with the visual character of movies
+it's connected to ideas about painting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected to ideas about painting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's connected to ideas about painting
+connected to ideas about family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to ideas about family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected to ideas about family
+portraiture and connected to ideas about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portraiture and connected to ideas about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portraiture and connected to ideas about
+language it depends on a kind of pun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it depends on a kind of pun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language it depends on a kind of pun
+here's that damn cook here's that damn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that damn cook here's that damn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's that damn cook here's that damn
+dog right uh and it's harder for us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog right uh and it's harder for us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dog right uh and it's harder for us to
+recover because we we live in such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover because we we live in such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover because we we live in such a
+debased age that people people saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debased age that people people saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+debased age that people people saying
+dam is no longer shocking doesn't send a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dam is no longer shocking doesn't send a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dam is no longer shocking doesn't send a
+quiver through everyone but in uh 1897
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiver through everyone but in uh 1897
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quiver through everyone but in uh 1897
+or or 1902 when this movie was made to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or 1902 when this movie was made to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or 1902 when this movie was made to
+say damn in public was was to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say damn in public was was to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say damn in public was was to say
+something kind of shocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+yes although Ville was Mor rockus but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes although Ville was Mor rockus but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes although Ville was Mor rockus but
+yes yes you're right of course of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes you're right of course of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes yes you're right of course of course
+and again it's drawing on an older form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's drawing on an older form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again it's drawing on an older form
+of entertainment for for its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entertainment for for its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entertainment for for its
+understanding of what it is now now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what it is now now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding of what it is now now it's
+very obvious to us when we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very obvious to us when we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very obvious to us when we look at
+something like that damn family or Fred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that damn family or Fred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that damn family or Fred
+atne that the that the uh uh inherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atne that the that the uh uh inherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atne that the that the uh uh inherent
+qualities of of of the visual medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of of of the visual medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualities of of of the visual medium
+that is about to be born are not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is about to be born are not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is about to be born are not yet
+understood uh but it's important to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood uh but it's important to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood uh but it's important to
+recognize that it's a process that every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that it's a process that every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize that it's a process that every
+medium goes through and when we talk and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium goes through and when we talk and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium goes through and when we talk and
+and in much subtler and more systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in much subtler and more systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in much subtler and more systematic
+and concrete ways these are the kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concrete ways these are the kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and concrete ways these are the kinds of
+questions I want us to be asking in part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I want us to be asking in part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I want us to be asking in part
+in part about the the emergent medium of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part about the the emergent medium of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in part about the the emergent medium of
+Television I'm going to show you a a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television I'm going to show you a a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television I'm going to show you a a a
+version of that in a moment that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that in a moment that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of that in a moment that had
+that will have very great resonance I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have very great resonance I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will have very great resonance I
+think and will also illustrate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and will also illustrate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and will also illustrate the
+profound political or ideological import
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound political or ideological import
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profound political or ideological import
+of of of uh some of these questions but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of uh some of these questions but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of of uh some of these questions but
+before I do that I want to show you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do that I want to show you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before I do that I want to show you just
+to maybe doing too much in one day but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe doing too much in one day but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to maybe doing too much in one day but I
+but I I want to show you how deep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I want to show you how deep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I I want to show you how deep this
+process is how far back this process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is how far back this process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process is how far back this process of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+imitation of ancestor worship by a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation of ancestor worship by a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imitation of ancestor worship by a new
+medium goes and and and how we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium goes and and and how we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium goes and and and how we can see
+it and you'll just as a a way of just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you'll just as a a way of just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and you'll just as a a way of just as
+a way of illustrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um now can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um now can you
+see I don't remember where I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here that's probably a little too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's probably a little too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that's probably a little too much
+let's let's um let's zoom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's um let's zoom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's um let's zoom
+out how do can you see what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how do can you see what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out how do can you see what this
+is It's a page from an illustrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is It's a page from an illustrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is It's a page from an illustrated
+manuscript from the late middle ages uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript from the late middle ages uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscript from the late middle ages uh
+a very and it was a very highly evolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very and it was a very highly evolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very and it was a very highly evolved
+art form in the late Middle Ages it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art form in the late Middle Ages it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+art form in the late Middle Ages it's a
+page from a manuscript from a manuscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page from a manuscript from a manuscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page from a manuscript from a manuscript
+of Cher's Canterbury Tales in fact this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cher's Canterbury Tales in fact this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Cher's Canterbury Tales in fact this
+is some people take this to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some people take this to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some people take this to be a
+representation this is a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation this is a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation this is a representation
+of one of the pilgrims in the Canterbury
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the pilgrims in the Canterbury
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of one of the pilgrims in the Canterbury
+Tales and these illuminated manuscripts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tales and these illuminated manuscripts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tales and these illuminated manuscripts
+were among the great uh and most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were among the great uh and most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were among the great uh and most
+astonishing artistic achievements of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing artistic achievements of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing artistic achievements of the
+late Middle Ages this was all done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late Middle Ages this was all done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late Middle Ages this was all done by
+hand and all of this is is is handdrawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and all of this is is is handdrawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and all of this is is is handdrawn
+uh this is an illustration taken from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is an illustration taken from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this is an illustration taken from a
+brochure published by the hunting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brochure published by the hunting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brochure published by the hunting
+Library uh in other words so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library uh in other words so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Library uh in other words so we're
+talking about a manuscript culture in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a manuscript culture in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about a manuscript culture in
+which the illustrations in the books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the illustrations in the books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the illustrations in the books
+were all done by by hand illustrators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all done by by hand illustrators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were all done by by hand illustrators
+who were very highly regarded artists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were very highly regarded artists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who were very highly regarded artists
+and in fact in the late Middle Ages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in the late Middle Ages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in the late Middle Ages
+there was an elaborate was most mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an elaborate was most mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an elaborate was most mostly
+belonged to the high culture there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged to the high culture there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belonged to the high culture there was
+an elaborate uh uh system where uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elaborate uh uh system where uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an elaborate uh uh system where uh
+whereby books which were very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby books which were very expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereby books which were very expensive
+were sold to the wealthiest to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sold to the wealthiest to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sold to the wealthiest to the
+aristocrats to royalty uh done by the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocrats to royalty uh done by the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aristocrats to royalty uh done by the by
+people who were regarded as among the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were regarded as among the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who were regarded as among the
+the most most uh uh revered artists of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most most uh uh revered artists of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most most uh uh revered artists of
+the of of the time these these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of the time these these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of of the time these these these
+illustrators now of course this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrators now of course this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrators now of course this is the
+moment uh in which the printing press is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh in which the printing press is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment uh in which the printing press is
+born and I'm now going to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born and I'm now going to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+born and I'm now going to show
+you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a
+page from the Gutenberg Bible the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page from the Gutenberg Bible the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page from the Gutenberg Bible the very
+first printed book published around 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first printed book published around 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first printed book published around 15
+1455 simultaneous with the chorer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1455 simultaneous with the chorer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1455 simultaneous with the chorer and
+now and what what's astounding about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and what what's astounding about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now and what what's astounding about it
+I mean there are many things that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there are many things that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean there are many things that are
+astounding about it but what's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding about it but what's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astounding about it but what's really
+interesting about that page is if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about that page is if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting about that page is if you
+look at the bottom of the page you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the bottom of the page you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the bottom of the page you can't
+see it very well in this reproduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it very well in this reproduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it very well in this reproduction
+but you can you can see it well enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can you can see it well enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can you can see it well enough
+to get an idea of what it was like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an idea of what it was like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get an idea of what it was like that
+illustration in the left on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration in the left on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustration in the left on the right
+hand folio even though the book was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand folio even though the book was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand folio even though the book was
+printed on a printing press was done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed on a printing press was done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed on a printing press was done by
+a hand illustrator they hired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hand illustrator they hired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hand illustrator they hired
+illustrators who did the illuminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrators who did the illuminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrators who did the illuminated
+manuscripts of the time to come in after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscripts of the time to come in after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manuscripts of the time to come in after
+the book was printed on gutenberg's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book was printed on gutenberg's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the book was printed on gutenberg's
+press to do these hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press to do these hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+press to do these hand
+illustrations and in fact for uh an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations and in fact for uh an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrations and in fact for uh an
+extended period more than 100 odd years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended period more than 100 odd years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended period more than 100 odd years
+after the Advent of the printing press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Advent of the printing press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after the Advent of the printing press
+the illuminated manuscript the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illuminated manuscript the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the illuminated manuscript the
+illuminated book re retained its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminated book re retained its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminated book re retained its
+cultural Prestige continued to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural Prestige continued to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural Prestige continued to be
+continued to be produced uh by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to be produced uh by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to be produced uh by the
+society but for our purposes the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society but for our purposes the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+society but for our purposes the most
+astonishing thing about from a technical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing thing about from a technical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing thing about from a technical
+standpoint technological standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint technological standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standpoint technological standpoint
+about this hand illustration is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this hand illustration is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this hand illustration is how
+counterproductive it is from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterproductive it is from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterproductive it is from a
+technological standpoint what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological standpoint what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological standpoint what is the
+point of having a printing press if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of having a printing press if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of having a printing press if
+every if every single book you print on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every if every single book you print on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every if every single book you print on
+the printing press has to be taken over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the printing press has to be taken over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the printing press has to be taken over
+to a hand illustrator and and illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a hand illustrator and and illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a hand illustrator and and illustrate
+on the other hand and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand and you could
+understand why this was true the culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why this was true the culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand why this was true the culture
+understood books in a particular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood books in a particular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understood books in a particular way
+they were individuated objects even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were individuated objects even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were individuated objects even
+though there was a new way of producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there was a new way of producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though there was a new way of producing
+the lettering it didn't occur to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lettering it didn't occur to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lettering it didn't occur to them
+that wait a minute there might be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wait a minute there might be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wait a minute there might be the
+the longer term implications of this are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer term implications of this are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the longer term implications of this are
+we really don't want hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't want hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really don't want hand
+Artisans we don't want the book to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artisans we don't want the book to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Artisans we don't want the book to be an
+artisanal object because that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artisanal object because that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artisanal object because that will
+undermine one of the most fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermine one of the most fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undermine one of the most fundamental
+features one of the most powerful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features one of the most powerful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features one of the most powerful and
+Central features of this new technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central features of this new technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Central features of this new technology
+and in fact of course as we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact of course as we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact of course as we know the
+history of the of O of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the of O of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of the of O of the uh
+Reformation the history of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reformation the history of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Reformation the history of the
+Renaissance is intimately connected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance is intimately connected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Renaissance is intimately connected to
+the fact that they as they began to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they as they began to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that they as they began to
+discover the the the the the power that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover the the the the the power that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover the the the the the power that
+came from the fact that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the fact that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from the fact that you could
+distribute books widely and that uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute books widely and that uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute books widely and that uh you
+you what occurred was a cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what occurred was a cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what occurred was a cultural
+transformation really the birth of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation really the birth of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation really the birth of what
+many people would call our modern our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people would call our modern our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people would call our modern our
+modern world uh comes from that but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern world uh comes from that but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern world uh comes from that but it's
+it strikes me as an enormously poignant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it strikes me as an enormously poignant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it strikes me as an enormously poignant
+and revealing fact that the very first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revealing fact that the very first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and revealing fact that the very first
+printed book was was uh so deeply rooted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed book was was uh so deeply rooted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+printed book was was uh so deeply rooted
+in an artisanal illuminated manuscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an artisanal illuminated manuscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in an artisanal illuminated manuscript
+culture that even though the technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture that even though the technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture that even though the technology
+of the printing press is available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the printing press is available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the printing press is available
+they're not re really ready to exploit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not re really ready to exploit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not re really ready to exploit
+it in anything like its actual potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in anything like its actual potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in anything like its actual potential
+and let me show you the final most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me show you the final most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let me show you the final most
+dramatic example why I call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic example why I call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic example why I call this
+principle more than any other the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle more than any other the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle more than any other the
+Horseless buggy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horseless buggy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Horseless buggy
+principle there's nothing inherent in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle there's nothing inherent in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle there's nothing inherent in
+the nature of the internal combustion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the internal combustion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of the internal combustion
+engine to require that the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine to require that the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine to require that the first
+automobiles should resemble Horseless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles should resemble Horseless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automobiles should resemble Horseless
+carriages that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriages that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriages that
+fact owes its life to our inherited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact owes its life to our inherited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact owes its life to our inherited
+Notions of transportation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of transportation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions of transportation to the
+metaphors and and models through which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors and and models through which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphors and and models through which
+we understood transportation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understood transportation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we understood transportation to
+centuries of wagons and horsedrawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of wagons and horsedrawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of wagons and horsedrawn
+Buggies and palanquins right to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buggies and palanquins right to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Buggies and palanquins right to to
+centuries of of of of forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of of of of forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centuries of of of of forms of
+transportation that uh precede the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation that uh precede the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transportation that uh precede the
+internal combustion engine and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+internal combustion engine and in fact
+I'll move it up a little bit you can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move it up a little bit you can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll move it up a little bit you can you
+can see you can see a kind of evolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you can see a kind of evolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see you can see a kind of evolution
+I'll show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll show you a
+more a more you you can you can see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a more you you can you can see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more a more you you can you can see how
+the evolution occurs this used to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution occurs this used to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the evolution occurs this used to be a
+favorite kind of um strategy in books
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite kind of um strategy in books
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite kind of um strategy in books
+extoling the powers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extoling the powers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extoling the powers of
+Technology was to was to juxtapose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology was to was to juxtapose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology was to was to juxtapose you
+know in the way that in the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the way that in the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know in the way that in the way that
+Neanderthal man evolves into modern man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neanderthal man evolves into modern man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neanderthal man evolves into modern man
+so the so the Horseless buggy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the Horseless buggy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the so the Horseless buggy
+inevitably transmogrifies itself into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably transmogrifies itself into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inevitably transmogrifies itself into
+into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+remarkable into this into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable into this into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable into this into this
+remarkable modern engine well well all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable modern engine well well all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable modern engine well well all
+of these are are are are illustrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are are are are illustrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these are are are are illustrations
+of the same basic Point uh and uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same basic Point uh and uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the same basic Point uh and uh we can
+call it the Horseless buggy principle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the Horseless buggy principle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it the Horseless buggy principle or
+we might want to call it the Fredo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to call it the Fredo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to call it the Fredo
+principle which is another term I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which is another term I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle which is another term I like
+to use for it partly because if we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for it partly because if we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for it partly because if we talk
+about the Fred art principle that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Fred art principle that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the Fred art principle that can
+remind us of the of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us of the of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind us of the of the of the
+astonishing of the astonishing distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing of the astonishing distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astonishing of the astonishing distance
+between Fred otne on the one hand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Fred otne on the one hand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between Fred otne on the one hand and
+something less than a quarter of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something less than a quarter of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something less than a quarter of a
+century later or about a quarter of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century later or about a quarter of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century later or about a quarter of a
+century later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century later
+chaplain's the gold rush or Buster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's the gold rush or Buster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chaplain's the gold rush or Buster
+Keaton's the general highly complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton's the general highly complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keaton's the general highly complex
+elaborated narrative art in less than in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated narrative art in less than in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaborated narrative art in less than in
+less than 30 years from something as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 30 years from something as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than 30 years from something as
+simple as that damn family or Fred o
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as that damn family or Fred o
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as that damn family or Fred o
+sneeze well let let's now turn in a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneeze well let let's now turn in a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sneeze well let let's now turn in a more
+specific way in the 20 minutes I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way in the 20 minutes I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific way in the 20 minutes I have
+left to a to a to a television version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to a to a to a television version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left to a to a to a television version
+of this and we'll I want to show you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and we'll I want to show you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this and we'll I want to show you a
+fragment of a very uh influential and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment of a very uh influential and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fragment of a very uh influential and
+well-known television program and have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known television program and have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-known television program and have a
+discussion with you to conclude the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with you to conclude the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion with you to conclude the rest
+of our to conclude our class today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why is this working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here oh here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here oh here we
+go but now I can't um how do I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but now I can't um how do I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go but now I can't um how do I get this
+back oh there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beginning l a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+video come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on uh be be patient folks I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh be be patient folks I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh be be patient folks I don't think
+this is my fault but it could be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my fault but it could be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is my fault but it could be that
+I've been pressing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been pressing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've been pressing the
+wrong I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so I didn't mean to let the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't mean to let the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I didn't mean to let the whole thing
+run but I was thinking about what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run but I was thinking about what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run but I was thinking about what I
+wanted to say and I lost I lost track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say and I lost I lost track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to say and I lost I lost track of
+what I promised talk to me about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I promised talk to me about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I promised talk to me about what
+you saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you saw
+there just that opening what does what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just that opening what does what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there just that opening what does what
+does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that
+introduction signify yes who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction signify yes who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction signify yes who are
+you say again Lily Lily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right now why is that that's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now why is that that's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now why is that that's exactly
+right that's that's one of the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's one of the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that's that's one of the most
+important things about why would they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things about why would they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important things about why would they do
+that what what what is signifi what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what what what is signifi what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that what what what is signifi what what
+are some of the implications of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the implications of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some of the implications of that
+yes well yes you're right but elaborate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well yes you're right but elaborate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes well yes you're right but elaborate
+that I think that's exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+disrespect right all right so it's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrespect right all right so it's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disrespect right all right so it's right
+Ian so the point would be that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian so the point would be that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ian so the point would be that it's a
+cultural form the the older cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural form the the older cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural form the the older cultural
+form which has much more Prestige and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which has much more Prestige and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form which has much more Prestige and
+respect in the society is invoked to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect in the society is invoked to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect in the society is invoked to try
+to by association create a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to by association create a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to by association create a kind of
+respect for the new form that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for the new form that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect for the new form that's right
+that's that's a part of it yes what else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes so so so there's there's an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so so so there's there's an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes so so so there's there's an element
+of trying to give you a kind of familiar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to give you a kind of familiar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of trying to give you a kind of familiar
+there's a new Med here's a new medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new Med here's a new medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a new Med here's a new medium
+but let's surround the new medium with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's surround the new medium with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's surround the new medium with
+all kinds of signals of comfort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of signals of comfort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of signals of comfort of
+familiarity uh uh so that so that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity uh uh so that so that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiarity uh uh so that so that maybe
+its newness will seem less disturbing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its newness will seem less disturbing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its newness will seem less disturbing
+but there's also a uh an ideological or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also a uh an ideological or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's also a uh an ideological or
+or even what we might think of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even what we might think of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even what we might think of an
+ideologically or morally dubious aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideologically or morally dubious aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideologically or morally dubious aspect
+to this Association isn't there w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but but it's not but they're not trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's not but they're not trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it's not but they're not trying
+to denigrate it though I think you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to denigrate it though I think you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to denigrate it though I think you're
+right that there's a special character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that there's a special character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that there's a special character
+to the text they choose and they are I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the text they choose and they are I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the text they choose and they are I
+think Associated they're supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Associated they're supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think Associated they're supposed to
+associated with some something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with some something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with some something like
+folklore right with with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folklore right with with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folklore right with with the with the
+storytelling and historical traditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling and historical traditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storytelling and historical traditions
+of America and why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of America and why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of America and why is
+that why should that make us nervous I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why should that make us nervous I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that why should that make us nervous I
+mean what's what I mean why is that not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what's what I mean why is that not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean what's what I mean why is that not
+simply a benign gesture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a benign gesture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply a benign gesture to
+make why is that not simply something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make why is that not simply something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make why is that not simply something we
+would say okay well they're just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say okay well they're just trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say okay well they're just trying
+to sort of reassure the audience and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of reassure the audience and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of reassure the audience and
+there's no no problems follow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that maybe that's right but but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe that's right but but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe that's right but but it's
+associating The Amos and Andy story with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associating The Amos and Andy story with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associating The Amos and Andy story with
+these other I don't think they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other I don't think they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other I don't think they're
+denigrated W but I think the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denigrated W but I think the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denigrated W but I think the idea is
+that they're that they're thought to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're that they're thought to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're that they're thought to be
+deeply embedded in the warp and wolf of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply embedded in the warp and wolf of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply embedded in the warp and wolf of
+American culture they're part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture they're part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American culture they're part of the
+they're part of the root system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're part of the root system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're part of the root system of
+American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American
+culture now maybe it's maybe you're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture now maybe it's maybe you're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+culture now maybe it's maybe you're not
+picking up on this because many of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up on this because many of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking up on this because many of you
+don't know about Amos and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about Amos and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know about Amos and
+Andy but but what's the story about Amos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andy but but what's the story about Amos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Andy but but what's the story about Amos
+and Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right right right here there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right here there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right right here there's no
+recognition that there might be racist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that there might be racist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition that there might be racist
+questions about hu Finn in this they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about hu Finn in this they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about hu Finn in this they're
+assuming huckin is a but your point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming huckin is a but your point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming huckin is a but your point is
+exactly right the fact is as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right the fact is as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right the fact is as you'll see
+in a moment Amos and Andy relies upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment Amos and Andy relies upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a moment Amos and Andy relies upon
+the most shocking kinds of racial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most shocking kinds of racial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most shocking kinds of racial
+stereotypes uh uh that and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes uh uh that and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes uh uh that and in fact
+because of protest from the NAACP the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of protest from the NAACP the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of protest from the NAACP the
+show was knocked off the air after two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show was knocked off the air after two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show was knocked off the air after two
+years and one of the great ironies is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and one of the great ironies is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and one of the great ironies is it
+now is shown on the Black Entertainment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is shown on the Black Entertainment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is shown on the Black Entertainment
+Television Network but in the early days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television Network but in the early days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Television Network but in the early days
+of Television quite rightly there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Television quite rightly there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Television quite rightly there were
+out there was outrage about the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there was outrage about the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there was outrage about the fact
+that Amos and Andy was going to be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Amos and Andy was going to be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Amos and Andy was going to be on
+tele and um uh as you'll see in a moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tele and um uh as you'll see in a moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tele and um uh as you'll see in a moment
+the reason has to do with the fact that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason has to do with the fact that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason has to do with the fact that
+the characters in Amos and Andy are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters in Amos and Andy are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters in Amos and Andy are
+stereotypes of uh of of uh of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes of uh of of uh of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotypes of uh of of uh of of of
+African-Americans that go back to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-Americans that go back to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+African-Americans that go back to the
+Prem minstral days to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prem minstral days to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prem minstral days to the to the
+minstral shows and before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minstral shows and before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minstral shows and before the
+caricatures of blacks that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caricatures of blacks that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caricatures of blacks that that
+developed from the days of slavery and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed from the days of slavery and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed from the days of slavery and
+in fact there something there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there something there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact there something there's very
+important fact about American Media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact about American Media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important fact about American Media
+embedded in this in this detail because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in this in this detail because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedded in this in this detail because
+Amos and Andy was not a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amos and Andy was not a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amos and Andy was not a very important
+television program it only appeared for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television program it only appeared for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television program it only appeared for
+a couple of years and it disappeared why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years and it disappeared why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of years and it disappeared why
+was it on television at all does anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it on television at all does anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it on television at all does anyone
+know where it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know where it comes
+from it was not only a radio program it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it was not only a radio program it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it was not only a radio program it
+was one of the most popular and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the most popular and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the most popular and and
+defining radio programs of its day it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining radio programs of its day it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining radio programs of its day it
+was created by white men who's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created by white men who's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was created by white men who's right
+they couldn't they couldn't be on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't they couldn't be on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't they couldn't be on
+television because you could see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television because you could see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television because you could see that
+they were white but they did the they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were white but they did the they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were white but they did the they
+did these black these black voices these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these black these black voices these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did these black these black voices these
+dialect voices and one of the important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect voices and one of the important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialect voices and one of the important
+things about Amos and Andy was that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about Amos and Andy was that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things about Amos and Andy was that it
+was one of the very first fiction radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the very first fiction radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the very first fiction radio
+programs and it became a beloved program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and it became a beloved program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs and it became a beloved program
+both blacks and whites listened to it it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both blacks and whites listened to it it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both blacks and whites listened to it it
+was one of the most popular shows in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the most popular shows in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was one of the most popular shows in the
+history of radio uh uh it was possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of radio uh uh it was possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history of radio uh uh it was possible
+to walk down the streets of American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to walk down the streets of American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to walk down the streets of American
+cities in the 30s and 40s during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in the 30s and 40s during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities in the 30s and 40s during the
+summer when their windows were open and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer when their windows were open and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summer when their windows were open and
+you could hear Amos and Andy coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hear Amos and Andy coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could hear Amos and Andy coming
+through the windows on every block uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the windows on every block uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the windows on every block uh it
+was a cultural phenomenon akin to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cultural phenomenon akin to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a cultural phenomenon akin to
+the most the most popular television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the most popular television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most the most popular television
+programs of today uh and uh um and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs of today uh and uh um and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs of today uh and uh um and one
+of the ironies is it was a program as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ironies is it was a program as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ironies is it was a program as
+popular with African-American audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular with African-American audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular with African-American audiences
+as it was with white audiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it was with white audiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as it was with white audiences
+sociologists used to be surprised by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologists used to be surprised by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sociologists used to be surprised by
+that but of course the explanation was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but of course the explanation was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but of course the explanation was
+it was the only they were the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the only they were the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the only they were the only
+blacks on on the radio so blacks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks on on the radio so blacks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blacks on on the radio so blacks
+listened to them even though they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to them even though they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listened to them even though they were
+also at some level aware of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at some level aware of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also at some level aware of the
+stereotype and car The Stereotype and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype and car The Stereotype and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stereotype and car The Stereotype and
+caricatured qualities in the program uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caricatured qualities in the program uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caricatured qualities in the program uh
+it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a
+as a cultural phenomenon Amos and Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cultural phenomenon Amos and Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a cultural phenomenon Amos and Andy
+is a very interesting thing because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very interesting thing because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very interesting thing because uh
+like birth of the nation Birth of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like birth of the nation Birth of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like birth of the nation Birth of a
+Nation the founding movie of uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation the founding movie of uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nation the founding movie of uh the the
+first feature film in American society
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first feature film in American society
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first feature film in American society
+Amos and Andy could be understood to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amos and Andy could be understood to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amos and Andy could be understood to be
+the first situation comedy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first situation comedy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first situation comedy it
+establishes the basic formats that later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes the basic formats that later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishes the basic formats that later
+become the organiz the organizing uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the organiz the organizing uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the organiz the organizing uh uh
+expectations the organizing conventions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations the organizing conventions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations the organizing conventions
+of American television situation comedy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of American television situation comedy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of American television situation comedy
+and one could say in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could say in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one could say in a way that
+situation comedy originates in radio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation comedy originates in radio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation comedy originates in radio and
+the originating text for situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the originating text for situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the originating text for situation
+comedy one of the dominant forms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy one of the dominant forms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy one of the dominant forms of
+popular entertainment in the second half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular entertainment in the second half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+popular entertainment in the second half
+of the 20th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the 20th
+century one of one could say that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century one of one could say that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+century one of one could say that the
+one of the originating texts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the originating texts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the originating texts of
+situation comedy is this deeply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation comedy is this deeply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation comedy is this deeply
+racist article this deeply racist object
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist article this deeply racist object
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist article this deeply racist object
+why is this important well it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important well it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this important well it's a
+reminder to us that culture is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to us that culture is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminder to us that culture is not
+benign and the story forms of a culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign and the story forms of a culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+benign and the story forms of a culture
+can carry ideological messages that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can carry ideological messages that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can carry ideological messages that we
+might find deeply offensive that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find deeply offensive that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might find deeply offensive that doesn't
+mean that doesn't lessen their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that doesn't lessen their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that doesn't lessen their
+importance to us as artifacts for study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance to us as artifacts for study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance to us as artifacts for study
+perhaps it even increases them but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps it even increases them but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps it even increases them but it's
+a way of reminding us that when we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of reminding us that when we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of reminding us that when we look
+at the story forms especially the story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the story forms especially the story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the story forms especially the story
+forms of a popular medium like radio or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of a popular medium like radio or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms of a popular medium like radio or
+like television we're looking at story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like television we're looking at story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like television we're looking at story
+forms that that are going to carry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that that are going to carry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms that that are going to carry the
+sicknesses the prejudices the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh moral and cultural and racial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moral and cultural and racial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh moral and cultural and racial and
+gender stereotypes of a culture even as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender stereotypes of a culture even as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender stereotypes of a culture even as
+they will also carry the virtues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will also carry the virtues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they will also carry the virtues and
+values of the of the culture that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the of the culture that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of the of the culture that we
+might not think of as so as so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not think of as so as so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not think of as so as so
+potentially negative and Amos and Andy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially negative and Amos and Andy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially negative and Amos and Andy
+carries all of those elements for us now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries all of those elements for us now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries all of those elements for us now
+I'd like to I only have a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to I only have a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd like to I only have a couple of
+minutes left but I'd like to at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left but I'd like to at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes left but I'd like to at least
+begin to show you some of the some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to show you some of the some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin to show you some of the some of
+the episode we what we will do we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the episode we what we will do we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the episode we what we will do we will
+continue this discussion next time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this discussion next time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue this discussion next time and
+I'll continue showing you this uh as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll continue showing you this uh as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll continue showing you this uh as as
+our way into larger questions having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way into larger questions having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our way into larger questions having to
+do with with with with our with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with with with with our with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with with with with our with our
+project I'd like to show you a little of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I'd like to show you a little of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project I'd like to show you a little of
+the program itself and and and and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program itself and and and and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the program itself and and and and you
+can see how how this how this process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how how this how this process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see how how this how this process of
+what we might think of we might think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might think of we might think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we might think of we might think of
+it as a process of of of almost as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a process of of of almost as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a process of of of almost as a
+process of propaganda wherein certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of propaganda wherein certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of propaganda wherein certain
+assumptions about American Life are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about American Life are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions about American Life are are
+being suggested to us by The Narrative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being suggested to us by The Narrative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being suggested to us by The Narrative
+conventions of the program so I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions of the program so I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions of the program so I don't
+want to give a false picture I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give a false picture I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to give a false picture I don't
+think that every program is quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that every program is quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that every program is quite so
+disturbing and in some ways morally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing and in some ways morally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disturbing and in some ways morally
+pricious as a as amandy but very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricious as a as amandy but very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pricious as a as amandy but very
+important to recognize that the founding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to recognize that the founding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to recognize that the founding
+texts the originating texts in America's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts the originating texts in America's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+texts the originating texts in America's
+technological media the technological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological media the technological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technological media the technological
+media of the 20th century the movies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media of the 20th century the movies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media of the 20th century the movies
+Birth of a Nation the radio and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth of a Nation the radio and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Birth of a Nation the radio and
+television Amos and Andy are at this at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television Amos and Andy are at this at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+television Amos and Andy are at this at
+the are are so re revelatory about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are are so re revelatory about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the are are so re revelatory about the
+racist and in some degree as you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist and in some degree as you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+racist and in some degree as you'll see
+in other ways patriarchal underpinnings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other ways patriarchal underpinnings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other ways patriarchal underpinnings
+of the of the culture out of which they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the culture out of which they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the of the culture out of which they
+come this is I I I want to be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come this is I I I want to be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come this is I I I want to be careful
+about this because I I am not myself uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because I I am not myself uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this because I I am not myself uh
+so obsessed by these ideological or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obsessed by these ideological or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so obsessed by these ideological or
+political questions that I want to Blind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political questions that I want to Blind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+political questions that I want to Blind
+us to other equally interesting partly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to other equally interesting partly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to other equally interesting partly
+aesthetic and and and humanistic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic and and and humanistic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aesthetic and and and humanistic and
+moral questions but I don't want us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral questions but I don't want us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moral questions but I don't want us to
+avoid these issues too so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid these issues too so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid these issues too so one of the
+things we'll be doing as we as we go on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we'll be doing as we as we go on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we'll be doing as we as we go on
+to read American television is we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read American television is we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to read American television is we'll be
+reading the ideological structures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the ideological structures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading the ideological structures that
+are carried by American television that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are carried by American television that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are carried by American television that
+are embedded in its story forms and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are embedded in its story forms and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are embedded in its story forms and if
+you think now on the basis of what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think now on the basis of what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think now on the basis of what I've
+already said about what situ ituation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said about what situ ituation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already said about what situ ituation
+comedy is it will begin to be clear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy is it will begin to be clear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comedy is it will begin to be clear to
+you what some of you surely already know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what some of you surely already know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what some of you surely already know
+that situation comedy is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation comedy is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation comedy is one of the
+central uh uh U systems for reminding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central uh uh U systems for reminding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+central uh uh U systems for reminding
+Americans about what role what roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans about what role what roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans about what role what roles
+belong to women what roles belong to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to women what roles belong to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+belong to women what roles belong to
+Children what the function of the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Children what the function of the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Children what the function of the family
+is it's an ideological machine right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's an ideological machine right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's an ideological machine right and
+therefore the transformations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the transformations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the transformations of
+situation comedy become culturally and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation comedy become culturally and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation comedy become culturally and
+anthropologically profoundly important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropologically profoundly important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropologically profoundly important
+because they mirror not not exactly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they mirror not not exactly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they mirror not not exactly in a
+onetoone way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onetoone way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onetoone way
+social reality is often far ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social reality is often far ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+social reality is often far ahead of
+what is reflected on a conservative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is reflected on a conservative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is reflected on a conservative
+medium like television but nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium like television but nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium like television but nonetheless
+what the changes in the way the family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the changes in the way the family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the changes in the way the family
+or the way the RAC races are represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the way the RAC races are represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the way the RAC races are represented
+on American television can have profound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on American television can have profound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on American television can have profound
+importance to us
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/iaCZK8a_VMo.txt b/iaCZK8a_VMo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..50d9cfac375bb32a0c7f4a7e535df056f55a2b1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/iaCZK8a_VMo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11787 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we're going to um begin uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to um begin uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we're going to um begin uh
+this lecture um on handout number 14 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture um on handout number 14 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lecture um on handout number 14 we
+be be uh moving now to chapter 7 this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be uh moving now to chapter 7 this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be be uh moving now to chapter 7 this
+will be our first lecture on chapter 7
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our first lecture on chapter 7
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our first lecture on chapter 7
+uh on the topic of dope and confusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the topic of dope and confusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the topic of dope and confusion
+and profile measurement so far we've uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and profile measurement so far we've uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and profile measurement so far we've uh
+discussed a number of major topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a number of major topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussed a number of major topics
+including the fabrication of Wafers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the fabrication of Wafers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the fabrication of Wafers
+themselves and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and
+cleaning Point defects in Silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning Point defects in Silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaning Point defects in Silicon and
+the last couple of lectures we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of lectures we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last couple of lectures we've been
+talking about the details of silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the details of silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the details of silicon
+thermal oxidation including uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal oxidation including uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal oxidation including uh
+two-dimensional and stress effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and stress effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and stress effects
+during the next uh few lectures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the next uh few lectures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during the next uh few lectures
+including this one we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this one we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including this one we're going to
+discuss the accurate control and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the accurate control and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss the accurate control and
+placement of active doping regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of active doping regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of active doping regions
+through a process called uh dope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a process called uh dope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a process called uh dope and
+diffusion today I'm going to give an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion today I'm going to give an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion today I'm going to give an
+introduction overall introduction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction overall introduction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction overall introduction to
+diffusion silicon uh from chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion silicon uh from chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion silicon uh from chapter
+seven so let's go on to slide uh number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so let's go on to slide uh number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven so let's go on to slide uh number
+two and uh here I'd like to uh kind kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and uh here I'd like to uh kind kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and uh here I'd like to uh kind kind
+of give an introduction to the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give an introduction to the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of give an introduction to the basic
+concepts of why we care uh about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of why we care uh about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts of why we care uh about the
+details of the fusion in Silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the fusion in Silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of the fusion in Silicon and
+what's being shown here is obviously um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being shown here is obviously um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's being shown here is obviously um
+a silicon mosfit we see the source Crane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silicon mosfit we see the source Crane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a silicon mosfit we see the source Crane
+and gate regions and um each one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gate regions and um each one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gate regions and um each one of
+these regions has a certain uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions has a certain uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these regions has a certain uh
+resistance associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance associated with
+it uh and that resistance turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and that resistance turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it uh and that resistance turns out to
+be um dramatically dependent on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um dramatically dependent on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be um dramatically dependent on the
+placement of the atoms themselves and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of the atoms themselves and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of the atoms themselves and of
+the dope regions and not only that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dope regions and not only that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dope regions and not only that but
+but the uh placement of those regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the uh placement of those regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the uh placement of those regions
+determines many of the so-called short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines many of the so-called short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines many of the so-called short
+Channel characteristics of mosfets that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel characteristics of mosfets that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel characteristics of mosfets that
+we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk
+about so um as the device shrinks by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so um as the device shrinks by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so um as the device shrinks by
+some scale factors say k we make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scale factors say k we make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some scale factors say k we make some
+Dimensions smaller The Junction depths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions smaller The Junction depths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions smaller The Junction depths
+uh should also scale by K to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should also scale by K to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should also scale by K to maintain
+the same electric field uh patterns in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same electric field uh patterns in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same electric field uh patterns in
+the lateral and vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral and vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral and vertical
+Dimensions um so and so that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions um so and so that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions um so and so that's an
+important region reason we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important region reason we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important region reason we need to
+control the doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the doping
+profiles and and finally the doping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles and and finally the doping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles and and finally the doping of
+other materials not just the Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials not just the Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other materials not just the Silicon
+itself but of the polysilicon gate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but of the polysilicon gate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself but of the polysilicon gate
+affects things like gate depletion and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects things like gate depletion and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects things like gate depletion and
+limits how well the gate voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits how well the gate voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits how well the gate voltage
+controls uh the channel uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls uh the channel uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls uh the channel uh
+potential so I really need to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so I really need to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential so I really need to understand
+the placement uh of these atoms let's go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the placement uh of these atoms let's go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the placement uh of these atoms let's go
+on to um slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to um slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to um slide
+three since we just talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three since we just talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three since we just talked about the
+idea of the resistance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the resistance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of the resistance of these
+different regions I just want to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions I just want to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different regions I just want to remind
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+uh what the um general form for uh how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the um general form for uh how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what the um general form for uh how
+one calculates the resistance of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one calculates the resistance of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one calculates the resistance of uh
+either a bar or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a bar or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either a bar or a
+sheet we know that the resistance in OHS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet we know that the resistance in OHS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sheet we know that the resistance in OHS
+can be calculated by the product of row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be calculated by the product of row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be calculated by the product of row
+the resistivity of the material which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistivity of the material which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistivity of the material which
+has the units of mm centimeters times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the units of mm centimeters times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has the units of mm centimeters times
+the length of the of the resistor bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the of the resistor bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of the of the resistor bar
+divided by the cross-sectional area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the cross-sectional area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divided by the cross-sectional area
+through which the current uh flows so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which the current uh flows so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which the current uh flows so
+the resistance in r l over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance in r l over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the resistance in r l over
+a shown on the left is is um the uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shown on the left is is um the uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shown on the left is is um the uh a
+picture of a cube so let's say we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a cube so let's say we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of a cube so let's say we have a
+cube we can uh calculate its resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube we can uh calculate its resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cube we can uh calculate its resistance
+as just being the resistivity times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just being the resistivity times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as just being the resistivity times the
+length of the cube uh divided by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the cube uh divided by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the cube uh divided by its
+cross-sectional area now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sectional area now this
+resistivity um where the resistivity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity um where the resistivity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistivity um where the resistivity of
+the cube is given by essentially um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube is given by essentially um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube is given by essentially um the
+electric field uh divided by the current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field uh divided by the current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field uh divided by the current
+density so now if we if we look on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so now if we if we look on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density so now if we if we look on the
+right and instead of having a cube in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and instead of having a cube in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and instead of having a cube in
+semic inductors uh or in in Silicon we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semic inductors uh or in in Silicon we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semic inductors uh or in in Silicon we
+typically don't have a cube or a chunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically don't have a cube or a chunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically don't have a cube or a chunk
+of material we're usually measuring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material we're usually measuring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of material we're usually measuring the
+resistance of a thin sheet uh in a near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of a thin sheet uh in a near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of a thin sheet uh in a near
+surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface
+region and that sheet generally has um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and that sheet generally has um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and that sheet generally has um
+dimensions of L uh length and width that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of L uh length and width that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of L uh length and width that
+are much larger than its thickness so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much larger than its thickness so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are much larger than its thickness so if
+we have a shallow Junction as pictured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a shallow Junction as pictured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a shallow Junction as pictured
+on the right um we can calculate its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right um we can calculate its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right um we can calculate its
+resistance uh as follows again using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh as follows again using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh as follows again using the
+same formula at the top of the page it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula at the top of the page it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same formula at the top of the page it's
+uh the resistivity in ohm centimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the resistivity in ohm centimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the resistivity in ohm centimeters
+times the length now divided by the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length now divided by the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the length now divided by the area
+but now we're assuming here that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're assuming here that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're assuming here that we have
+a square uh sheet so that the length um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square uh sheet so that the length um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a square uh sheet so that the length um
+and the width of the square are equal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the width of the square are equal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the width of the square are equal in
+this case equal to W so uh in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case equal to W so uh in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case equal to W so uh in that case
+the um the W's cancel out because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the W's cancel out because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the um the W's cancel out because we
+have the length equal to W and when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the length equal to W and when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the length equal to W and when we
+divide by the uh cross-sectional area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the uh cross-sectional area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide by the uh cross-sectional area
+through which the current flows it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which the current flows it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through which the current flows it's
+equal to W * XJ w cancel out so we end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to W * XJ w cancel out so we end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to W * XJ w cancel out so we end
+up that the resistance uh the sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that the resistance uh the sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up that the resistance uh the sheet
+resistance is just given by uh uh row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance is just given by uh uh row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance is just given by uh uh row
+over um the resistivity over XJ so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um the resistivity over XJ so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over um the resistivity over XJ so it's
+a um simple way of and a convenient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um simple way of and a convenient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um simple way of and a convenient way
+of cating resistance of various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cating resistance of various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cating resistance of various
+structures in the semiconductor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the semiconductor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in the semiconductor
+devices so let's go on to slide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so let's go on to slide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices so let's go on to slide uh
+number four okay um what we just talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four okay um what we just talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number four okay um what we just talked
+about was for a sheet that was uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was for a sheet that was uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was for a sheet that was uniformly
+doped to given dope in concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped to given dope in concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped to given dope in concentration
+if the uh doping concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the uh doping concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the uh doping concentration
+throughout the sheet is nonuniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the sheet is nonuniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the sheet is nonuniformly
+doped in depth um then we can still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped in depth um then we can still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doped in depth um then we can still
+calculate the sheet resistance but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the sheet resistance but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the sheet resistance but we
+need to do an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to do an
+integral um it's equal to the sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral um it's equal to the sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral um it's equal to the sheet
+resistance is just bro over XJ but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance is just bro over XJ but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance is just bro over XJ but it's
+this at this point um we need to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at this point um we need to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this at this point um we need to to
+integrate so we integrate one over um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so we integrate one over um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so we integrate one over um
+the uh the resistivity so it's um it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the resistivity so it's um it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the resistivity so it's um it's
+one over the integral of the uh carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the integral of the uh carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over the integral of the uh carrier
+concent n minus the background dopin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concent n minus the background dopin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concent n minus the background dopin
+concentration NB so that's just the NIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration NB so that's just the NIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration NB so that's just the NIT
+uh dopen concentration times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dopen concentration times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dopen concentration times the
+mobility which is generally a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility which is generally a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobility which is generally a function
+of the doping concentration DX you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the doping concentration DX you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the doping concentration DX you
+integrate that over from0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that over from0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate that over from0 to
+XJ um you can do that numerically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ um you can do that numerically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ um you can do that numerically uh
+essentially for an arbitrary uh doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for an arbitrary uh doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially for an arbitrary uh doping
+profile um the equation has actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile um the equation has actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile um the equation has actually
+already been integrated numerically uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been integrated numerically uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already been integrated numerically uh
+for certain uh special analytic profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain uh special analytic profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for certain uh special analytic profiles
+and we'll talk about those uh those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about those uh those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll talk about those uh those
+results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results
+later so that's uh basically uh how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so that's uh basically uh how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later so that's uh basically uh how we
+get from the doping profile to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the doping profile to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get from the doping profile to the
+electrical properties such as the sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical properties such as the sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrical properties such as the sheet
+resistance or the resistance of a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance or the resistance of a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance or the resistance of a region
+experimentally we measure the sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally we measure the sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally we measure the sheet
+resistance uh using the fourpoint probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh using the fourpoint probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh using the fourpoint probe
+setup I think we discussed this a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup I think we discussed this a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup I think we discussed this a couple
+of lectures ago uh or a Vanda uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures ago uh or a Vanda uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures ago uh or a Vanda uh
+structure as discussed in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as discussed in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure as discussed in your
+text let's go on to slide number five um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text let's go on to slide number five um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text let's go on to slide number five um
+here again I'm picturing that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again I'm picturing that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here again I'm picturing that same
+mosfet structure uh with a different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet structure uh with a different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet structure uh with a different the
+resistance of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of the different
+regions and um in general as a rule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and um in general as a rule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions and um in general as a rule of
+thumb of course um we'd like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb of course um we'd like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thumb of course um we'd like the
+resistance of the regions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of the regions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of the regions that are
+extrinsic to the device uh such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrinsic to the device uh such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrinsic to the device uh such as the
+contact resistance the source and drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact resistance the source and drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact resistance the source and drain
+resistance and the resistance of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and the resistance of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance and the resistance of these
+extension regions hopefully should be no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension regions hopefully should be no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension regions hopefully should be no
+more than about 10% of the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than about 10% of the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than about 10% of the channel
+resistance that if we'd like to have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance that if we'd like to have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance that if we'd like to have the
+intrinsic resistance of the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic resistance of the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic resistance of the channel
+dominate the overall resistance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the overall resistance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate the overall resistance of the
+device because that's what the gate has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device because that's what the gate has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device because that's what the gate has
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+over so if we apply this 10% Criterion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so if we apply this 10% Criterion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so if we apply this 10% Criterion
+you can write the equation that's shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write the equation that's shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can write the equation that's shown
+on this uh on side five uh as follows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh on side five uh as follows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this uh on side five uh as follows
+that uh two times the contact resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh two times the contact resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh two times the contact resistance
+so that's the resistance uh of the metal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the resistance uh of the metal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the resistance uh of the metal
+contact plus the resistance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact plus the resistance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact plus the resistance of the
+source region as shown here uh plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source region as shown here uh plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source region as shown here uh plus the
+resistance of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance of the
+drain plus two times the resistance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain plus two times the resistance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain plus two times the resistance of
+the source drain extensions remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source drain extensions remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source drain extensions remember
+these these shallow extensions are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these shallow extensions are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these shallow extensions are the
+uh uh shallow XJ uh regions that attach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh shallow XJ uh regions that attach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh shallow XJ uh regions that attach
+the stion drains essentially to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stion drains essentially to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stion drains essentially to the
+channel region you like the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel region you like the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel region you like the sum of those
+terms to be less than or equal to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to be less than or equal to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms to be less than or equal to uh
+1/10th of the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th of the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/10th of the channel
+resistance so in general as we scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so in general as we scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance so in general as we scale
+devices uh the CH the channel length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices uh the CH the channel length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices uh the CH the channel length
+becomes shorter and the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes shorter and the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes shorter and the channel
+resistance goes down so we similarly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance goes down so we similarly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance goes down so we similarly
+need to scale down these extrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to scale down these extrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to scale down these extrinsic
+resistances of the sore strain and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistances of the sore strain and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistances of the sore strain and the
+extension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension
+regions um so to reduce those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions um so to reduce those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions um so to reduce those
+resistances of those parasitic regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistances of those parasitic regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistances of those parasitic regions
+we would like to increase um in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to increase um in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like to increase um in general
+The Junction depths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Junction depths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The Junction depths
+XJ however there's a problem if we make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ however there's a problem if we make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XJ however there's a problem if we make
+the Junctions deeper uh it'll make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Junctions deeper uh it'll make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Junctions deeper uh it'll make it
+easier for voltages at the drain to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for voltages at the drain to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for voltages at the drain to
+affect the current flow in the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the current flow in the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect the current flow in the channel
+uh because of the way that the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of the way that the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because of the way that the field
+patterns are established so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns are established so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns are established so this
+two-dimensional spreading of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional spreading of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional spreading of the
+electric field from the drain um can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field from the drain um can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electric field from the drain um can
+attract Carriage from The Source even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract Carriage from The Source even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attract Carriage from The Source even
+when the dev Isis supposedly in the off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the dev Isis supposedly in the off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the dev Isis supposedly in the off
+State so we end up with something cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State so we end up with something cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State so we end up with something cold
+train induced barrier lowering if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train induced barrier lowering if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train induced barrier lowering if the
+the channel if the um Junctions are too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel if the um Junctions are too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the channel if the um Junctions are too
+are too deep so this results in for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too deep so this results in for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are too deep so this results in for
+device designers kind of a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device designers kind of a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device designers kind of a fundamental
+design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design
+tradeoff for moits that is uh a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff for moits that is uh a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tradeoff for moits that is uh a design
+trade-off between the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between the series
+resistance uh versus the uh Dibble or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh versus the uh Dibble or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance uh versus the uh Dibble or
+the ability of the gate uh to control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of the gate uh to control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ability of the gate uh to control
+the current and turn the device on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current and turn the device on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current and turn the device on and
+off so if we go go on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so if we go go on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off so if we go go on to slide number
+six um essentially what we're saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six um essentially what we're saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six um essentially what we're saying
+here is that there is a major challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that there is a major challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that there is a major challenge
+is that we need to keep the Junctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we need to keep the Junctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we need to keep the Junctions
+shallow so that double uh and short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow so that double uh and short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallow so that double uh and short
+Channel effects are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effects are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel effects are
+reduced uh as we scale but at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced uh as we scale but at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced uh as we scale but at the same
+time we need to keep the resistance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we need to keep the resistance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we need to keep the resistance of
+the source drain region small so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source drain region small so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source drain region small so that we
+can maximize the current Drive get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maximize the current Drive get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can maximize the current Drive get the
+maximum amount of current out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of current out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum amount of current out of the
+device and these are conflicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and these are conflicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and these are conflicting
+requirements and you can see the effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and you can see the effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements and you can see the effect
+of these conflicting requirements to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these conflicting requirements to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these conflicting requirements to a
+certain extent by examining this um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent by examining this um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain extent by examining this um this
+chart this is a chart that I I took out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart this is a chart that I I took out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chart this is a chart that I I took out
+of the text it's a little bit dated in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the text it's a little bit dated in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the text it's a little bit dated in
+the sense it's from the 1997 um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense it's from the 1997 um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sense it's from the 1997 um uh
+technology road map for semiconductors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology road map for semiconductors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technology road map for semiconductors
+but since it's consistent with what's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since it's consistent with what's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but since it's consistent with what's in
+your text we go ahead and look at it if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your text we go ahead and look at it if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your text we go ahead and look at it if
+you look at the um say the last three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the um say the last three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at the um say the last three
+rows in the chart um you'll see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows in the chart um you'll see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rows in the chart um you'll see the
+contact uh um region Junction depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact uh um region Junction depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact uh um region Junction depth
+contact XJ from uh say the year 2000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact XJ from uh say the year 2000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact XJ from uh say the year 2000
+being in the range of 5050 to 100 nanm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the range of 5050 to 100 nanm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being in the range of 5050 to 100 nanm
+and as we go uh smaller and smaller chn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we go uh smaller and smaller chn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as we go uh smaller and smaller chn
+lengths out further in time that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths out further in time that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths out further in time that's
+scaling down to uh to um shallower and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling down to uh to um shallower and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scaling down to uh to um shallower and
+shallower Junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallower Junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shallower Junction
+depths at the channel so right uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths at the channel so right uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depths at the channel so right uh right
+near the channel or in the uh Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the channel or in the uh Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near the channel or in the uh Source
+drain extension regions you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain extension regions you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain extension regions you can see
+that's even uh much thinner and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even uh much thinner and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's even uh much thinner and that
+also scales down with time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also scales down with time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also scales down with time to
+thicknesses by 2009 on the order of 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicknesses by 2009 on the order of 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thicknesses by 2009 on the order of 15
+to to 30 NMM quite shall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to 30 NMM quite shall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to 30 NMM quite shall
+at the same time as we're scaling these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time as we're scaling these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time as we're scaling these
+Junctions to maintain the uh the good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions to maintain the uh the good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junctions to maintain the uh the good
+electrostatic control um the drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic control um the drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrostatic control um the drain
+extension concentration so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension concentration so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension concentration so that's the
+doping concentration in the in the in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping concentration in the in the in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping concentration in the in the in
+the extension regions is going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extension regions is going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the extension regions is going up
+dramatically say from 10 of the 19th up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically say from 10 of the 19th up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatically say from 10 of the 19th up
+to 10 of the 20 or perhaps even higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 of the 20 or perhaps even higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 10 of the 20 or perhaps even higher
+and that higher doping um requirement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that higher doping um requirement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that higher doping um requirement is
+arising from the fact that we we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising from the fact that we we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arising from the fact that we we're
+making the the sheet uh shallower The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the the sheet uh shallower The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the the sheet uh shallower The
+Junction depth is smaller um so so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction depth is smaller um so so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction depth is smaller um so so to
+compensate for that and uh and have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for that and uh and have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate for that and uh and have the
+resistance go down we really need to up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance go down we really need to up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance go down we really need to up
+the uh the doping concentration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the doping concentration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the doping concentration and
+there's a fundamental physical limit on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fundamental physical limit on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a fundamental physical limit on
+how much doping uh how much how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much doping uh how much how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much doping uh how much how much
+doping to we can put in the silicon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping to we can put in the silicon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping to we can put in the silicon and
+how much it will be electrically active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it will be electrically active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much it will be electrically active
+so this is becoming um a real problem we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is becoming um a real problem we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is becoming um a real problem we
+need to find new ways to activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find new ways to activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to find new ways to activate
+dopings to higher levels if we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopings to higher levels if we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopings to higher levels if we're going
+to be able to uh manage this design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to uh manage this design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able to uh manage this design
+trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off
+uh so let's go on to uh slide seven uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's go on to uh slide seven uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's go on to uh slide seven uh
+again which is that same picture to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which is that same picture to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again which is that same picture to
+remind you so basically the the itrs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you so basically the the itrs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you so basically the the itrs
+requirements in the future um really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements in the future um really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements in the future um really uh
+require or dictate that we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require or dictate that we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+require or dictate that we know the
+dopent positions in the device with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent positions in the device with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent positions in the device with
+almost atomic scale accuracy uh in both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost atomic scale accuracy uh in both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost atomic scale accuracy uh in both
+two-dimensional and threedimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and threedimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional and threedimensional
+profiles so um being able to scale the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles so um being able to scale the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles so um being able to scale the
+device really amounts to in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device really amounts to in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device really amounts to in the
+front-end processing uh to a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front-end processing uh to a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front-end processing uh to a large
+extent to being able to control very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent to being able to control very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent to being able to control very
+precisely the shape of the doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the shape of the doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precisely the shape of the doping
+profiles where the dopings end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles where the dopings end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles where the dopings end
+up and uh what I'm going to spend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and uh what I'm going to spend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and uh what I'm going to spend uh
+some time in the next PE slides is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time in the next PE slides is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some time in the next PE slides is
+giving you examples uh from the present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you examples uh from the present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you examples uh from the present
+literature on device scaling which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on device scaling which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on device scaling which
+emphasize or give you uh some sense of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize or give you uh some sense of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize or give you uh some sense of
+of how these uh doping profiles need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how these uh doping profiles need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how these uh doping profiles need to
+be controlled and what their impact is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be controlled and what their impact is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be controlled and what their impact is
+on device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on device
+performance so uh again here I mean May
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so uh again here I mean May
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance so uh again here I mean May
+perhaps you won't understand the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you won't understand the detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps you won't understand the detail
+device physics but it's just to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device physics but it's just to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device physics but it's just to give you
+a flavor for why uh studying dopent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flavor for why uh studying dopent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a flavor for why uh studying dopent
+diffusion and um is such an important uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and um is such an important uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and um is such an important uh
+such an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an important
+topic so let's go on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so let's go on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic so let's go on to slide number
+eight and talk about something uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and talk about something uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight and talk about something uh a
+topic called the short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic called the short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic called the short Channel
+effect and uh this basically takes place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and uh this basically takes place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and uh this basically takes place
+when the uh distance print source and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the uh distance print source and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the uh distance print source and
+drain or that is the channel uh length L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain or that is the channel uh length L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain or that is the channel uh length L
+becomes uh comparable to the uh MOS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh comparable to the uh MOS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh comparable to the uh MOS
+depletion with in the vertical direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion with in the vertical direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depletion with in the vertical direction
+direction and then that the source drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then that the source drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction and then that the source drain
+potentials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentials
+themselves uh from the source and drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh from the source and drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves uh from the source and drain
+regions end up having a strong effect on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions end up having a strong effect on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions end up having a strong effect on
+the control of the current in the device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control of the current in the device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the control of the current in the device
+so that in words that's a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in words that's a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that in words that's a way of
+expressing uh the short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing uh the short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressing uh the short Channel
+effect and what I'm showing uh the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and what I'm showing uh the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect and what I'm showing uh the top
+equation on uh slide number eight is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on uh slide number eight is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation on uh slide number eight is
+equation we we've looked at briefly we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we we've looked at briefly we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation we we've looked at briefly we
+didn't derive we just wrote it down uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't derive we just wrote it down uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't derive we just wrote it down uh
+in in class several lectures ago for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in class several lectures ago for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in class several lectures ago for the
+threshold voltage um and this is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage um and this is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage um and this is for the
+threshold voltage in uh a mosfet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage in uh a mosfet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage in uh a mosfet that
+has constant doping in the channel very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has constant doping in the channel very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has constant doping in the channel very
+simple profile just constant it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple profile just constant it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple profile just constant it's a
+relatively long Channel device so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively long Channel device so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively long Channel device so you
+will not see this short Channel effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not see this short Channel effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will not see this short Channel effect
+the gate length L is much much longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate length L is much much longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate length L is much much longer
+than the depletion widths and we we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the depletion widths and we we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the depletion widths and we we said
+we could write down these three terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write down these three terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could write down these three terms
+roughly to calculate the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly to calculate the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly to calculate the threshold
+voltage and remember the fesal voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and remember the fesal voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage and remember the fesal voltage
+is an important parameter as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important parameter as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an important parameter as far as the
+device and circuit designers are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and circuit designers are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device and circuit designers are
+concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned
+Leed now uh when we get to the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leed now uh when we get to the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Leed now uh when we get to the short
+chel short Channel case which is I shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chel short Channel case which is I shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chel short Channel case which is I shown
+below that threshold voltage equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that threshold voltage equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below that threshold voltage equation
+has to be modified uh to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be modified uh to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be modified uh to a certain
+extent and in fact the third term uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and in fact the third term uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extent and in fact the third term uh
+which uh is represented uh on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh is represented uh on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which uh is represented uh on the second
+equation by the bulk charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by the bulk charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by the bulk charge
+QB Prime over WL cax that term uh ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QB Prime over WL cax that term uh ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+QB Prime over WL cax that term uh ends
+up being smaller than it would be in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being smaller than it would be in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up being smaller than it would be in in
+in uh in the long Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in the long Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh in the long Channel
+case um and this QB Prime is smaller and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um and this QB Prime is smaller and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case um and this QB Prime is smaller and
+that ends up affecting that third term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up affecting that third term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that ends up affecting that third term
+being smaller affects the VT that the VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being smaller affects the VT that the VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being smaller affects the VT that the VT
+the threshold voltage actually goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold voltage actually goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold voltage actually goes
+down and um this diagram on the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and um this diagram on the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and um this diagram on the lower
+left is uh sort of an um an explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is uh sort of an um an explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left is uh sort of an um an explanation
+that people have proposed to uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have proposed to uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people have proposed to uh to
+explain this and it's essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this and it's essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain this and it's essentially
+because of charge sharing that some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of charge sharing that some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of charge sharing that some of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+charge under the gate is balanced by um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge under the gate is balanced by um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge under the gate is balanced by um
+the charge from The Source drain regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge from The Source drain regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge from The Source drain regions
+so that effectively um gives you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that effectively um gives you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that effectively um gives you an
+effective Channel length the sort of L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Channel length the sort of L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective Channel length the sort of L
+Prime that's actually shorter um than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's actually shorter um than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime that's actually shorter um than
+the actual gate length so there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual gate length so there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual gate length so there's this
+um tendency uh as we scale devices for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tendency uh as we scale devices for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um tendency uh as we scale devices for
+the threshold Vol itself to drop uh or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold Vol itself to drop uh or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the threshold Vol itself to drop uh or
+to roll off and if you want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll off and if you want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to roll off and if you want to learn
+more about this I've got a reference on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this I've got a reference on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about this I've got a reference on
+the bottom uh there are a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom uh there are a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom uh there are a number of
+books but this is one by Tower and Ming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books but this is one by Tower and Ming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books but this is one by Tower and Ming
+uh you can look at the this so-called uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can look at the this so-called uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can look at the this so-called uh
+BT rolloff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT rolloff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BT rolloff
+effect just go on to slide number nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect just go on to slide number nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect just go on to slide number nine
+you can actually see some data on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see some data on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see some data on uh
+threshold voltage rolloff the eff plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage rolloff the eff plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage rolloff the eff plot
+is for in mosfets and you can see in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for in mosfets and you can see in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is for in mosfets and you can see in the
+vertical AIS axis is the threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical AIS axis is the threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertical AIS axis is the threshold
+voltage VT as a function of Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage VT as a function of Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage VT as a function of Channel
+length and uh these curves one is for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and uh these curves one is for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length and uh these curves one is for um
+in the linear regime uh with a low drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the linear regime uh with a low drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the linear regime uh with a low drain
+of source bias the um the triangles for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of source bias the um the triangles for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of source bias the um the triangles for
+the saturation regime uh with a source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saturation regime uh with a source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the saturation regime uh with a source
+drain bias at three volts and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain bias at three volts and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drain bias at three volts and you can
+see indeed the threshold voltage is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see indeed the threshold voltage is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see indeed the threshold voltage is
+dropping or rolling off going towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping or rolling off going towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropping or rolling off going towards
+zero as we decrease the channel length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as we decrease the channel length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero as we decrease the channel length
+same trend for the poos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trend for the poos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same trend for the poos
+fit and that's an effect that that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and that's an effect that that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit and that's an effect that that uh
+needs to be controlled as we scale the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be controlled as we scale the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be controlled as we scale the
+devices and the way we partly we control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and the way we partly we control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices and the way we partly we control
+that uh is by um controlling the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is by um controlling the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh is by um controlling the uh the
+doping profiles underneath the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping profiles underneath the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping profiles underneath the
+gate so if we go on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate so if we go on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate so if we go on to slide number
+10 uh it's discussing something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 uh it's discussing something called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 uh it's discussing something called
+Channel doping profile engineering uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel doping profile engineering uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel doping profile engineering uh
+essentially this refers to optimizing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this refers to optimizing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially this refers to optimizing
+the final doping profiles in the uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final doping profiles in the uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final doping profiles in the uh in
+the ptype of the ptype regions in the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ptype of the ptype regions in the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ptype of the ptype regions in the N
+loss that is on the gate or of the N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss that is on the gate or of the N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss that is on the gate or of the N
+type regions under the gate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type regions under the gate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type regions under the gate in the
+pimos um uh in the channel region so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pimos um uh in the channel region so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pimos um uh in the channel region so um
+this is a just a schematic uh cartoon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a just a schematic uh cartoon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a just a schematic uh cartoon
+picture uh of cross-section of a mosfet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh of cross-section of a mosfet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture uh of cross-section of a mosfet
+and this Channel doping profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Channel doping profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this Channel doping profile
+engineering is referring to uh these red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is referring to uh these red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering is referring to uh these red
+regions uh both these red dark red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions uh both these red dark red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions uh both these red dark red
+so-called Halo regions that are marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Halo regions that are marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called Halo regions that are marked
+here uh that uh go around the perimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh that uh go around the perimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh that uh go around the perimeter
+of the source brand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source brand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source brand
+extensions and this lighter red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions and this lighter red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensions and this lighter red
+retrograde well regions these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde well regions these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde well regions these
+two-dimensional dopen profiles are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional dopen profiles are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional dopen profiles are
+engineered or designed um to minimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered or designed um to minimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineered or designed um to minimize
+these short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these short Channel
+effects let's go on to page uh 11 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects let's go on to page uh 11 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects let's go on to page uh 11 and
+give you um an example on page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you um an example on page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you um an example on page
+11 um taken uh in depth going right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 um taken uh in depth going right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 um taken uh in depth going right
+through the center of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the center of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the center of the
+channel um the profile uh concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel um the profile uh concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel um the profile uh concentration
+of the channel of the doping as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel of the doping as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the channel of the doping as a
+function of depth and there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of depth and there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of depth and there are two
+different uh dopin profile profiles that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh dopin profile profiles that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh dopin profile profiles that
+are shown here one is for um a uniform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shown here one is for um a uniform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are shown here one is for um a uniform
+well uniformally dop phosphorus it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uniformally dop phosphorus it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well uniformally dop phosphorus it's
+reasonably constant dping around the 27
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably constant dping around the 27
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonably constant dping around the 27
+at the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the surface
+and the other is um the the the blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is um the the the blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other is um the the the blue
+line is the uh so-called super steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is the uh so-called super steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line is the uh so-called super steep
+retrograde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde
+well where you have uh certain well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where you have uh certain well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well where you have uh certain well
+doping and then near the surface it fall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping and then near the surface it fall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping and then near the surface it fall
+the profile falls off uh in doping very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile falls off uh in doping very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile falls off uh in doping very
+rapidly um these two profiles as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly um these two profiles as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly um these two profiles as it
+turns out uh in the channel region give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out uh in the channel region give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out uh in the channel region give
+very closely the same threshold voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely the same threshold voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very closely the same threshold voltage
+for a given Dev device um but you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given Dev device um but you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a given Dev device um but you get
+better leakage current control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better leakage current control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better leakage current control
+so you can scale the device to a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can scale the device to a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can scale the device to a smaller
+uh L effective um so again this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh L effective um so again this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh L effective um so again this is an
+example of how you need to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how you need to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of how you need to control the
+doping profiles um in order to um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping profiles um in order to um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping profiles um in order to um in
+order to optimize the uh device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to optimize the uh device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to optimize the uh device
+design um let's go on down to uh slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um let's go on down to uh slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design um let's go on down to uh slide
+number 12 and um this is sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 12 and um this is sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 12 and um this is sort of an
+extreme case of scaling uh where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case of scaling uh where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme case of scaling uh where we're
+trying to scale the MOs gate length down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to scale the MOs gate length down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to scale the MOs gate length down
+to 25 mm uh dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 25 mm uh dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 25 mm uh dimension
+ions and in order to do this um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and in order to do this um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ions and in order to do this um if you
+look back in the literature there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back in the literature there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look back in the literature there's a
+paper uh by Tower Juan and Frank 1998 of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh by Tower Juan and Frank 1998 of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper uh by Tower Juan and Frank 1998 of
+a so-called super Halo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so-called super Halo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a so-called super Halo
+profile and what the super Halo profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and what the super Halo profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and what the super Halo profile
+is is a fairly sophisticated um Iron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a fairly sophisticated um Iron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a fairly sophisticated um Iron
+implanted and then diffused uh profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted and then diffused uh profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implanted and then diffused uh profile
+say for an N mosfet of boron doping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for an N mosfet of boron doping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for an N mosfet of boron doping that
+creates uh a fairly complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates uh a fairly complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates uh a fairly complicated
+two-dimensional uh Boron doping profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional uh Boron doping profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-dimensional uh Boron doping profile
+and what you're looking at here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're looking at here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you're looking at here is the
+mosfet and in the central region uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet and in the central region uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet and in the central region uh here
+underneath the channel you see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the channel you see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath the channel you see these
+ptype doping Contours uh look sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype doping Contours uh look sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ptype doping Contours uh look sort of
+like butterfly shaped um there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like butterfly shaped um there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like butterfly shaped um there's one
+contour here shown at around a doping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour here shown at around a doping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contour here shown at around a doping of
+10 to 19th and another Contour shown at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 19th and another Contour shown at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to 19th and another Contour shown at
+about 510 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 510 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 510 to the
+18th and you can see um this is designed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th and you can see um this is designed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th and you can see um this is designed
+to put um risibly High Boron doping uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put um risibly High Boron doping uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put um risibly High Boron doping uh
+sort of against the um the source Trin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of against the um the source Trin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of against the um the source Trin
+uh regions to help stand off um those uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regions to help stand off um those uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh regions to help stand off um those uh
+the source the field in in this from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source the field in in this from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source the field in in this from the
+sourc Trin uh uh srain regions and so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sourc Trin uh uh srain regions and so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sourc Trin uh uh srain regions and so um
+that sort of refers to this Halo uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of refers to this Halo uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of refers to this Halo uh
+design uh very sophisticated and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh very sophisticated and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design uh very sophisticated and there
+also the doping of the source and drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the doping of the source and drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the doping of the source and drain
+regions themselves designed to be uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions themselves designed to be uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions themselves designed to be uh
+quite abrupt in both the vertical and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite abrupt in both the vertical and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite abrupt in both the vertical and
+the lateral uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral uh
+Dimensions so uh what what exactly are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so uh what what exactly are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Dimensions so uh what what exactly are
+the effect of these dopin profiles um on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of these dopin profiles um on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect of these dopin profiles um on
+on electrical performance let's go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on electrical performance let's go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on electrical performance let's go on to
+slide number um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number um
+13 which shows um uh the short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 which shows um uh the short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13 which shows um uh the short Channel
+threshold voltage rollof and how it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage rollof and how it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage rollof and how it uh
+basically how the VT barriers will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how the VT barriers will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically how the VT barriers will
+Channel length so on the y- axis is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel length so on the y- axis is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel length so on the y- axis is the
+threshold voltage on the device the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage on the device the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage on the device the
+x-axis is uh the channel length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis is uh the channel length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis is uh the channel length and
+nanometers and there's a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and there's a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers and there's a couple
+different U designs here that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different U designs here that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different U designs here that are
+shown the dash line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown the dash line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown the dash line
+um with the open squares refers to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the open squares refers to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with the open squares refers to the
+retrograde so that's not the Super Halo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde so that's not the Super Halo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograde so that's not the Super Halo
+but a more classical sort of super steep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a more classical sort of super steep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but a more classical sort of super steep
+retrograded profile you can see it its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograded profile you can see it its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retrograded profile you can see it its
+threshold voltage rolls off um uh quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage rolls off um uh quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threshold voltage rolls off um uh quite
+rapidly as we shrink the channel length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly as we shrink the channel length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly as we shrink the channel length
+below 30 nmet so that's not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 30 nmet so that's not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 30 nmet so that's not going to
+work uh but the superh Halo profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh but the superh Halo profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work uh but the superh Halo profile
+shown by the the diamonds and the stars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown by the the diamonds and the stars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown by the the diamonds and the stars
+have uh a much flatter uh nearly flat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a much flatter uh nearly flat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have uh a much flatter uh nearly flat
+short channel will the T rollof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short channel will the T rollof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short channel will the T rollof
+characteristics and furthermore the BT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and furthermore the BT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and furthermore the BT
+is not that sensitive to the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not that sensitive to the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not that sensitive to the vertical
+Junction depth as you can see by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction depth as you can see by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction depth as you can see by
+comparing the diamonds to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the diamonds to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing the diamonds to the
+Stars so this lower variation of the VT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars so this lower variation of the VT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stars so this lower variation of the VT
+with L effective or with Channel length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with L effective or with Channel length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with L effective or with Channel length
+allows a larger design window which um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows a larger design window which um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows a larger design window which um
+you need because there's always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need because there's always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need because there's always going to
+be some process variations in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some process variations in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some process variations in in the
+channel length uh across the wafer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel length uh across the wafer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel length uh across the wafer uh
+and this enables the technologists to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this enables the technologists to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this enables the technologists to to
+push the channel link down to smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the channel link down to smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push the channel link down to smaller
+dimensions so it's not so much a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so it's not so much a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions so it's not so much a
+fundamental Improvement in the like dve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Improvement in the like dve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental Improvement in the like dve
+performance but it really enables you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but it really enables you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance but it really enables you to
+manufacture circuits um at these uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture circuits um at these uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacture circuits um at these uh with
+these shorter Channel devices and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shorter Channel devices and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these shorter Channel devices and again
+it a lot of it boils down to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot of it boils down to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a lot of it boils down to um
+controlling detailed uh doping profiles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling detailed uh doping profiles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlling detailed uh doping profiles
+um in the source Trin and under the and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the source Trin and under the and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the source Trin and under the and
+in the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the channel
+region look let's take a look at slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region look let's take a look at slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region look let's take a look at slide
+14 again is another example of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 again is another example of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14 again is another example of the fact
+that not only do we care about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not only do we care about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that not only do we care about uh the
+doping in the vertical direction of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping in the vertical direction of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doping in the vertical direction of of
+course but the doping profiles um for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but the doping profiles um for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course but the doping profiles um for
+the source drain doping themselves in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source drain doping themselves in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source drain doping themselves in
+the lateral direction are are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral direction are are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lateral direction are are very
+important so it's not just the junction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so it's not just the junction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so it's not just the junction
+depth but it's the lateral um gradient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth but it's the lateral um gradient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depth but it's the lateral um gradient
+of the source Trin doping so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source Trin doping so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the source Trin doping so this is a
+plot of the thresh voltage versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the thresh voltage versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot of the thresh voltage versus
+Channel length again but this time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel length again but this time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Channel length again but this time the
+different curves refer to um different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves refer to um different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different curves refer to um different
+lateral Source drain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral Source drain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lateral Source drain
+gradients so um you've got the top curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients so um you've got the top curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients so um you've got the top curve
+refers to a lateral gradient so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to a lateral gradient so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refers to a lateral gradient so how
+quickly the Arsenic uh doping uh profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the Arsenic uh doping uh profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly the Arsenic uh doping uh profile
+rolls off about 2 nanometers per decade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls off about 2 nanometers per decade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rolls off about 2 nanometers per decade
+we've got a curve at 48 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a curve at 48 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got a curve at 48 and
+16 and you can see that for um lateral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 and you can see that for um lateral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 and you can see that for um lateral
+gradients larger than about uh 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients larger than about uh 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradients larger than about uh 4
+nanometers per decade the um BT rollof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers per decade the um BT rollof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers per decade the um BT rollof
+is just too large the fresh Bol is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just too large the fresh Bol is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just too large the fresh Bol is is
+approaching approaching zero uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching approaching zero uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching approaching zero uh you
+wouldn't be able to make a 25 nmet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to make a 25 nmet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be able to make a 25 nmet uh
+mosfet uh so again illustrates the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet uh so again illustrates the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfet uh so again illustrates the
+importance of controlling the lateral uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of controlling the lateral uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of controlling the lateral uh
+dop profile and of controlling diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop profile and of controlling diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop profile and of controlling diffusion
+processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+themselves so given uh that uh brief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so given uh that uh brief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves so given uh that uh brief
+introduction to the electrical effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the electrical effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction to the electrical effects
+let me go on now on on uh slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go on now on on uh slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go on now on on uh slide number
+15 uh and uh talk about dope and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 uh and uh talk about dope and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 uh and uh talk about dope and
+diffusion fundamentals so I've tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion fundamentals so I've tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion fundamentals so I've tried to
+make the point that understanding these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the point that understanding these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the point that understanding these
+profiles in detail is is important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles in detail is is important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles in detail is is important and
+that's what we're going to do in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we're going to do in the
+next several lectures so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next several lectures so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next several lectures so what is
+diffusion diffusion is really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion diffusion is really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion diffusion is really the
+redistribution of atoms from regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution of atoms from regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistribution of atoms from regions
+where they exist in high concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they exist in high concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they exist in high concentration
+to regions of low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regions of low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regions of low
+concentration diffusion occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration diffusion occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration diffusion occurs
+essentially at all temperatures but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially at all temperatures but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially at all temperatures but the
+the diffusivity of the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity of the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diffusivity of the diffusion
+coefficient has an exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient has an exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient has an exponential
+dependence on temperature so above a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on temperature so above a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence on temperature so above a
+certain temperature is when diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain temperature is when diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain temperature is when diffusion
+rates uh really uh become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates uh really uh become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates uh really uh become
+large um in silic and IC processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um in silic and IC processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large um in silic and IC processing
+there are um kind of two different steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are um kind of two different steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are um kind of two different steps
+that we refer to in diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we refer to in diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we refer to in diffusion
+historically the first step was called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically the first step was called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically the first step was called a
+So-Cal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+predeposition um and what this refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predeposition um and what this refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predeposition um and what this refers to
+is that you had an initial step in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you had an initial step in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you had an initial step in which
+the dopant were introduced into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopant were introduced into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopant were introduced into the
+Silicon wafer with a required um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon wafer with a required um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon wafer with a required um
+integrated dose into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated dose into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated dose into the
+substrate um originally in the early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate um originally in the early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate um originally in the early
+days this pre predeposition step to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days this pre predeposition step to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days this pre predeposition step to
+introduce the dopin was done by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the dopin was done by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the dopin was done by
+diffusion uh of AD dopin into the wafer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh of AD dopin into the wafer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh of AD dopin into the wafer
+from a doped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a doped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a doped
+glass um or by introducing into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass um or by introducing into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass um or by introducing into the
+Silicon by Heating in a doped gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon by Heating in a doped gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon by Heating in a doped gas
+ambient that's the prep is is rarely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient that's the prep is is rarely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambient that's the prep is is rarely
+done these days in that particular way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these days in that particular way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done these days in that particular way
+in the more modern technology it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the more modern technology it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the more modern technology it's it's
+usually done by Iron imp Plantation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually done by Iron imp Plantation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually done by Iron imp Plantation
+which is a process that is we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a process that is we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a process that is we're going
+to discuss later um and covered in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss later um and covered in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to discuss later um and covered in
+detail in chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detail in chapter
+8 let's go on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 let's go on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 let's go on to slide number
+16 um and which sort of very pictorially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 um and which sort of very pictorially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+16 um and which sort of very pictorially
+um illustrates the the prep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um illustrates the the prep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um illustrates the the prep
+predeposition and the drive-in process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predeposition and the drive-in process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predeposition and the drive-in process
+the second process in creating a region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second process in creating a region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second process in creating a region
+of the wafer with a certain doping is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer with a certain doping is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wafer with a certain doping is is
+typically referred to as the drive-in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically referred to as the drive-in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically referred to as the drive-in
+this is a subsequent anal after the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subsequent anal after the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a subsequent anal after the the
+predip that then diffuses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predip that then diffuses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predip that then diffuses and
+redistributes the doping giving uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributes the doping giving uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistributes the doping giving uh the
+required Junction depth that you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required Junction depth that you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required Junction depth that you need to
+get the right resistance and giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the right resistance and giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the right resistance and giving you
+the right uh profile or Surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right uh profile or Surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right uh profile or Surface
+concentration hopefully so um again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration hopefully so um again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration hopefully so um again
+schematically we have two processes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically we have two processes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematically we have two processes
+going on here the first one would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here the first one would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here the first one would be the
+iron implant step uh or the prep which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron implant step uh or the prep which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iron implant step uh or the prep which
+would result in the uh the bright orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result in the uh the bright orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result in the uh the bright orange
+or sort of the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or sort of the red
+region and that has introduces a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and that has introduces a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region and that has introduces a
+controlled integrated dose of atoms into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled integrated dose of atoms into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled integrated dose of atoms into
+the per square centimeter into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the per square centimeter into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the per square centimeter into the
+silicon and then without introducing any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and then without introducing any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon and then without introducing any
+additional atoms but keeping the dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional atoms but keeping the dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional atoms but keeping the dose
+constant we then diffuse in or drive in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we then diffuse in or drive in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant we then diffuse in or drive in
+um that profile and that's would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that profile and that's would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that profile and that's would then
+give us the final Junction depth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the final Junction depth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give us the final Junction depth
+represented by the uh the orange lighter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the uh the orange lighter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the uh the orange lighter
+orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange
+region so let's uh go on now to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so let's uh go on now to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region so let's uh go on now to slide
+number 17 and here I'm comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 17 and here I'm comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 17 and here I'm comparing
+um somewhat qualitatively uh these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somewhat qualitatively uh these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um somewhat qualitatively uh these two
+different methods of doing pre
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods of doing pre
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods of doing pre
+predeposition uh on the left-and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predeposition uh on the left-and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predeposition uh on the left-and column
+we're talking about some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about some of the
+characteristics of uh doing iron imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of uh doing iron imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of uh doing iron imp
+Plantation uh of the atoms and uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plantation uh of the atoms and uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Plantation uh of the atoms and uh on the
+rightand column we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightand column we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rightand column we're talking about
+doing this more old fashioned solid or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this more old fashioned solid or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this more old fashioned solid or
+gas phase uh in diffusion in order to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase uh in diffusion in order to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas phase uh in diffusion in order to a
+prep now so on implantation uh what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prep now so on implantation uh what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prep now so on implantation uh what are
+some of its advantages well it's um as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its advantages well it's um as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of its advantages well it's um as
+we'll see we talk about in chapter 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see we talk about in chapter 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see we talk about in chapter 8
+it's uh uh you can uh it's done at room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh uh you can uh it's done at room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh uh you can uh it's done at room
+temperature essentially so you can mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature essentially so you can mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature essentially so you can mask
+it with simple materials like Photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with simple materials like Photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it with simple materials like Photo
+resist it gives you uh probably most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist it gives you uh probably most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resist it gives you uh probably most
+importantly a very precise control of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly a very precise control of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importantly a very precise control of
+the number of atoms that are introduced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of atoms that are introduced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of atoms that are introduced
+per square cimeter into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per square cimeter into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per square cimeter into the
+substrate it also gives you very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate it also gives you very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substrate it also gives you very
+accurate depth control so those are key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate depth control so those are key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate depth control so those are key
+advantages um the uh problems with it of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages um the uh problems with it of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages um the uh problems with it of
+course the implant process occurs at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the implant process occurs at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the implant process occurs at
+high energies it actually damages um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energies it actually damages um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high energies it actually damages um the
+the the crystal to a certain extent and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the crystal to a certain extent and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the crystal to a certain extent and
+we have to heal this by analing process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to heal this by analing process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to heal this by analing process
+but unfortunately the damage itself can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unfortunately the damage itself can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but unfortunately the damage itself can
+enhance the diffusion rate and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the diffusion rate and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enhance the diffusion rate and we're
+going to spend some time in this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend some time in this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to spend some time in this course
+talking about the the transing enhanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the the transing enhanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the the transing enhanced
+diffusion um the dislocations or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion um the dislocations or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion um the dislocations or
+extended defects caused by the damage uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended defects caused by the damage uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended defects caused by the damage uh
+associated with the damage can lead to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the damage can lead to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the damage can lead to
+Junction leakage um which is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction leakage um which is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Junction leakage um which is not
+desirable and you may have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable and you may have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+desirable and you may have some
+channeling of the implant we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeling of the implant we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channeling of the implant we'll talk
+about how that affects the profile in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how that affects the profile in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how that affects the profile in
+chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chapter
+8 the uh the issues um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 the uh the issues um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 the uh the issues um the the
+advantages of the uh prep by gas phases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of the uh prep by gas phases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of the uh prep by gas phases
+uh there's no damage created by the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's no damage created by the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh there's no damage created by the this
+process and it can be done in batches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it can be done in batches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and it can be done in batches
+but it has some serious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has some serious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it has some serious
+limitations usually more limited to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations usually more limited to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations usually more limited to
+introducing the dopent at the surface at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the dopent at the surface at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing the dopent at the surface at
+at a high concentration of the solute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high concentration of the solute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a high concentration of the solute
+solubility it's very hard to re achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility it's very hard to re achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility it's very hard to re achieve
+low surface concentrations without a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low surface concentrations without a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low surface concentrations without a
+long Drive-In step and so it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Drive-In step and so it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long Drive-In step and so it's hard to
+control the shape of the profile to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the shape of the profile to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the shape of the profile to
+certain types of shapes and lowd do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of shapes and lowd do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain types of shapes and lowd do
+prepositions are very difficult uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions are very difficult uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepositions are very difficult uh and
+that's a major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a major
+limiter so as I said uh except in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter so as I said uh except in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limiter so as I said uh except in very
+special cases um people typically design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases um people typically design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases um people typically design
+implantation for the predeposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation for the predeposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implantation for the predeposition
+step let's go on to slide number 18
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step let's go on to slide number 18
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step let's go on to slide number 18
+again if we are talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we are talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if we are talking about
+predeposition um in that case the dopant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predeposition um in that case the dopant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predeposition um in that case the dopant
+um are typically introduced at their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are typically introduced at their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um are typically introduced at their
+solid solubility limit so you have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solubility limit so you have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solubility limit so you have some
+atmosphere of of gas say that you um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere of of gas say that you um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atmosphere of of gas say that you um
+introduce the Wafers at high temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the Wafers at high temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce the Wafers at high temperature
+into this uh into this gas atmosphere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this uh into this gas atmosphere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this uh into this gas atmosphere
+and at the surface you would end up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the surface you would end up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at the surface you would end up with
+the solid solubility of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid solubility of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solid solubility of that
+dopin and just to give you an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin and just to give you an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin and just to give you an example
+here of what some of the solubilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of what some of the solubilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here of what some of the solubilities
+are showing in this plant solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are showing in this plant solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are showing in this plant solubility
+solid solubility as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solubility as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solubility as a function of
+temperature and say if you are doping uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and say if you are doping uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and say if you are doping uh
+something with a boron for example and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a boron for example and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something with a boron for example and
+you're heating the away for up to 1,000°
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're heating the away for up to 1,000°
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're heating the away for up to 1,000°
+the solute solubility is somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solute solubility is somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solute solubility is somewhere in
+the range of 2 3 * 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of 2 3 * 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the range of 2 3 * 10
+20 so they're soluble and bulk silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so they're soluble and bulk silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 so they're soluble and bulk silicon
+up to that up to that value and above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that up to that value and above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to that up to that value and above
+that presumably the um they start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that presumably the um they start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that presumably the um they start to
+precipitate out into another uh solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate out into another uh solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitate out into another uh solid
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another
+phase um so it gives you an idea the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase um so it gives you an idea the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase um so it gives you an idea the
+surface concentration you might get uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface concentration you might get uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface concentration you might get uh
+of these dopant if you did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these dopant if you did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these dopant if you did a
+predeposition at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predeposition at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predeposition at that
+temperature now if you go on the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now if you go on the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature now if you go on the slide
+uh um 19 it turns out there's a subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um 19 it turns out there's a subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um 19 it turns out there's a subtle
+difference that a point we want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that a point we want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference that a point we want to make
+in this course is that dopin also have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course is that dopin also have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this course is that dopin also have
+what's called a sort of an electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a sort of an electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called a sort of an electrical
+solubility that is different from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility that is different from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility that is different from the
+solute solubility that we defined uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute solubility that we defined uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solute solubility that we defined uh
+according to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to
+precipitation the electrical solubility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation the electrical solubility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precipitation the electrical solubility
+uh refers to the maximum doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refers to the maximum doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh refers to the maximum doping
+concentration in terms of electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in terms of electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in terms of electron
+density per cubic cmet that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density per cubic cmet that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+density per cubic cmet that you can
+achieve uh with that dopent um and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve uh with that dopent um and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve uh with that dopent um and that
+generally varies with the temperature as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally varies with the temperature as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally varies with the temperature as
+we see here this is a plot for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here this is a plot for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we see here this is a plot for the
+maximum electron concentration uh doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum electron concentration uh doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximum electron concentration uh doping
+you can achieve using arsenic in Silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve using arsenic in Silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can achieve using arsenic in Silicon
+uh as a function of temperature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a function of temperature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as a function of temperature and
+there's a lot of different uh points uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different uh points uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of different uh points uh
+on this curve uh from different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this curve uh from different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this curve uh from different
+measurements in the literature but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in the literature but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements in the literature but they
+generally uh follow this roughly this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally uh follow this roughly this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally uh follow this roughly this
+straight line and so again what this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and so again what this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight line and so again what this is
+saying is that at a th000 degrees um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that at a th000 degrees um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that at a th000 degrees um you
+look at the curve you can get something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the curve you can get something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the curve you can get something
+like 3 to four * 10 20 um electrons per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 3 to four * 10 20 um electrons per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 3 to four * 10 20 um electrons per
+per cubic centimeter by doing um by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cubic centimeter by doing um by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cubic centimeter by doing um by
+introducing arsenic into the lattice if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing arsenic into the lattice if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introducing arsenic into the lattice if
+you introduce more arsenic than that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you introduce more arsenic than that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you introduce more arsenic than that um
+it may still be above um below the solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may still be above um below the solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may still be above um below the solid
+solubility but you won't get any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility but you won't get any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility but you won't get any more
+electrons it's not electrically active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it's not electrically active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons it's not electrically active
+um it may not precipitate till you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may not precipitate till you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it may not precipitate till you get
+up in the 10 to 21 range but so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the 10 to 21 range but so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the 10 to 21 range but so there's
+this intermediate range say at a,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate range say at a,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this intermediate range say at a,
+degrees between 310 to the 20 and 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees between 310 to the 20 and 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees between 310 to the 20 and 10 to
+21 in which um you may not see arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 in which um you may not see arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 in which um you may not see arsenic
+silicon arsenic precipitates but you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon arsenic precipitates but you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silicon arsenic precipitates but you do
+not have any higher electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have any higher electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have any higher electron
+concentration that turned out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration that turned out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration that turned out to be a
+bit of a mystery to people for a number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a mystery to people for a number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a mystery to people for a number
+of years they couldn't see ppat but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years they couldn't see ppat but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of years they couldn't see ppat but they
+knew they wouldn't weren't getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they wouldn't weren't getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew they wouldn't weren't getting the
+electron concentration above a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concentration above a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron concentration above a certain
+number um and it was subject to a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um and it was subject to a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um and it was subject to a lot of
+uh discussions some literature uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussions some literature uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh discussions some literature uh in
+fact if you go on to um slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you go on to um slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact if you go on to um slide number
+20 this is I took this from your text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 this is I took this from your text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 this is I took this from your text
+that people uh eventually came up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people uh eventually came up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people uh eventually came up with a
+number of um models to try to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of um models to try to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of um models to try to explain
+why how it is you can get more arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how it is you can get more arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why how it is you can get more arsenic
+in the lattice it does not precipitate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lattice it does not precipitate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lattice it does not precipitate
+and yet um it doesn't contribute to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet um it doesn't contribute to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yet um it doesn't contribute to
+electrons um to the doping in this range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons um to the doping in this range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons um to the doping in this range
+and here on the left I'm picturing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here on the left I'm picturing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here on the left I'm picturing a
+matching arsenic in the lce uh the pink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching arsenic in the lce uh the pink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matching arsenic in the lce uh the pink
+atom in the Silicon l a relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in the Silicon l a relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in the Silicon l a relatively
+lightly doed sample say in the 10 of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly doed sample say in the 10 of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lightly doed sample say in the 10 of the
+20 uh range or so heavily doed but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh range or so heavily doed but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 uh range or so heavily doed but not
+not too high and what you see is arsenic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too high and what you see is arsenic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too high and what you see is arsenic
+generally surrounded by four silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally surrounded by four silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally surrounded by four silicon
+atoms uh and it donates extra uh fifth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms uh and it donates extra uh fifth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms uh and it donates extra uh fifth
+electron that that is not covalently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that that is not covalently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that that is not covalently
+bonded to the conduction band you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to the conduction band you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonded to the conduction band you get a
+free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free
+electron now on the right side is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now on the right side is shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron now on the right side is shown
+a hypothetical case where you have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothetical case where you have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hypothetical case where you have uh
+say a lot of arsenic on the lattice so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a lot of arsenic on the lattice so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a lot of arsenic on the lattice so
+that you might have um 8 * 10 20 or 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have um 8 * 10 20 or 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you might have um 8 * 10 20 or 10
+21 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+21 or
+something um in in which people still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um in in which people still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something um in in which people still
+didn't see a second phase they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see a second phase they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't see a second phase they didn't
+see precipitation happening but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see precipitation happening but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see precipitation happening but you
+might have uh say four arsenic atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have uh say four arsenic atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have uh say four arsenic atoms
+near each other uh surrounded of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near each other uh surrounded of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near each other uh surrounded of these
+four aric atoms surrounding uh say a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four aric atoms surrounding uh say a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four aric atoms surrounding uh say a
+vacancy a silicon vacancy so this as4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy a silicon vacancy so this as4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacancy a silicon vacancy so this as4
+and Fe is a complex that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fe is a complex that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Fe is a complex that people have
+hypothesized which um would uh enable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized which um would uh enable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesized which um would uh enable
+you to introduce four arsenic atoms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to introduce four arsenic atoms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to introduce four arsenic atoms in
+the vicinity of the vacancy and yet no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vicinity of the vacancy and yet no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vicinity of the vacancy and yet no
+um electrons will be donated uh no no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um electrons will be donated uh no no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um electrons will be donated uh no no
+free electrons so these four oric atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electrons so these four oric atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free electrons so these four oric atoms
+would be uh essentially electrically um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh essentially electrically um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be uh essentially electrically um
+inactive and yet the essentially on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive and yet the essentially on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inactive and yet the essentially on
+substitutional ltic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional ltic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitutional ltic
+sites uh at high ARS the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites uh at high ARS the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites uh at high ARS the concentration
+so this might be one way of accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this might be one way of accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this might be one way of accounting
+for uh the fact the electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the fact the electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for uh the fact the electrical
+solubility is a little lower than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility is a little lower than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solubility is a little lower than the
+solid solubility so again we just point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solubility so again we just point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid solubility so again we just point
+this out uh for a couple of reasons U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out uh for a couple of reasons U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this out uh for a couple of reasons U
+mainly because uh it points to the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly because uh it points to the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly because uh it points to the fact
+that um as we increase dopin we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um as we increase dopin we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um as we increase dopin we don't
+always get uh an increase in electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get uh an increase in electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always get uh an increase in electron
+concentration and therefore um decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and therefore um decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration and therefore um decrease
+in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in
+resistance okay so let's go on to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance okay so let's go on to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resistance okay so let's go on to slide
+number um 21 and we're going to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um 21 and we're going to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number um 21 and we're going to consider
+uh macroscopic first macroscopic models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh macroscopic first macroscopic models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh macroscopic first macroscopic models
+for diffusion later on we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diffusion later on we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for diffusion later on we'll talk about
+the more atomistic diffusion mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more atomistic diffusion mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more atomistic diffusion mechanisms
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+effects and hopefully you've read part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and hopefully you've read part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects and hopefully you've read part
+of chapter 7 and you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chapter 7 and you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of chapter 7 and you know that
+macroscopic dop and diffusion is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic dop and diffusion is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+macroscopic dop and diffusion is
+described by fix first law which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by fix first law which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described by fix first law which
+describes how the flux or the flow of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how the flux or the flow of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describes how the flux or the flow of
+dopent depends upon the dopent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent depends upon the dopent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent depends upon the dopent
+gradient and showing here um uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and showing here um uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient and showing here um uh a
+schematic sketch of concentration as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic sketch of concentration as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic sketch of concentration as a
+function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of
+distance and one of these curves the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and one of these curves the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance and one of these curves the one
+with a higher Peak concentration occurs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher Peak concentration occurs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a higher Peak concentration occurs
+at some time called T1 an earlier time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some time called T1 an earlier time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some time called T1 an earlier time
+and in the second curve that has moved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the second curve that has moved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the second curve that has moved
+out uh a further distance corresponds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh a further distance corresponds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out uh a further distance corresponds to
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+T2 and essentially what we see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 and essentially what we see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T2 and essentially what we see is that
+the flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flux
+f um moving in this case to the right is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um moving in this case to the right is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f um moving in this case to the right is
+equal to uh minus a constant called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh minus a constant called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to uh minus a constant called the
+diffusion constant times the gradient DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant times the gradient DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion constant times the gradient DC
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+DX so as you take the slope along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so as you take the slope along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DX so as you take the slope along that
+um that curve wherever the slope is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that curve wherever the slope is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that curve wherever the slope is very
+steep you get a large flux and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep you get a large flux and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep you get a large flux and therefore
+a large movement in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large movement in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large movement in the
+profile uh as you get near the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile uh as you get near the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile uh as you get near the top of
+the profile the concentration getting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile the concentration getting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the profile the concentration getting is
+getting smaller or small and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller or small and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting smaller or small and then the
+flux is a little bit lower but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux is a little bit lower but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux is a little bit lower but at the
+flux at any given point can be given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux at any given point can be given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux at any given point can be given by
+uh this equation when the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this equation when the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this equation when the concentration
+gradient goes to zero uh essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient goes to zero uh essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient goes to zero uh essentially the
+uh dopent or the um atoms are uniformly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dopent or the um atoms are uniformly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh dopent or the um atoms are uniformly
+distributed say in the solid and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed say in the solid and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributed say in the solid and the
+flow would stop according to fixed first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow would stop according to fixed first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow would stop according to fixed first
+law uh so let's go on to slide number 22
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh so let's go on to slide number 22
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law uh so let's go on to slide number 22
+again this fals minus D partial C by DX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this fals minus D partial C by DX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this fals minus D partial C by DX
+um this is um a general sort of flux law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is um a general sort of flux law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is um a general sort of flux law
+which hopefully may be familiar to me to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully may be familiar to me to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which hopefully may be familiar to me to
+you it's similar to for law or analogous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's similar to for law or analogous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you it's similar to for law or analogous
+for law of heat conduction or to Ms law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for law of heat conduction or to Ms law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for law of heat conduction or to Ms law
+for current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for current
+flow uh in this case the proportionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh in this case the proportionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow uh in this case the proportionality
+constant is cimity D it has units of C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is cimity D it has units of C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant is cimity D it has units of C
+length squared per time or c squared per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length squared per time or c squared per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length squared per time or c squared per
+second and as it turns out we'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and as it turns out we'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and as it turns out we'll see
+that D is related to the atomic hop rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D is related to the atomic hop rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that D is related to the atomic hop rate
+or the jump frequency um over some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the jump frequency um over some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the jump frequency um over some kind
+of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy
+barrier uh and this energy barrier is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier uh and this energy barrier is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barrier uh and this energy barrier is
+associated with the formation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the formation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the formation and
+migration energies of mobile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration energies of mobile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+migration energies of mobile
+species D is generally exponentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species D is generally exponentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species D is generally exponentially
+activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activated
+so it's dependent on temperature in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's dependent on temperature in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's dependent on temperature in
+exponential fashion and in the Silicon L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential fashion and in the Silicon L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential fashion and in the Silicon L
+by symmetry D is isotropic so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry D is isotropic so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by symmetry D is isotropic so it doesn't
+depend on which direction you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on which direction you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on which direction you're
+diffusing and of course the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing and of course the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing and of course the negative
+sign in this fixed first law uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in this fixed first law uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign in this fixed first law uh
+indicates that the flow is down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that the flow is down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicates that the flow is down the
+concentration gradient uh so uh just by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient uh so uh just by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration gradient uh so uh just by
+you're drawing yourself a profile uh you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawing yourself a profile uh you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're drawing yourself a profile uh you
+see um that dcx is negative um so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um that dcx is negative um so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see um that dcx is negative um so in
+order to get flux to the right you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get flux to the right you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to get flux to the right you need
+to have the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have the negative
+sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign
+let's go on to slide number 23 this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on to slide number 23 this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's go on to slide number 23 this is
+um illustrates the sort of a derivation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um illustrates the sort of a derivation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um illustrates the sort of a derivation
+of fixed Second Law which describes how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fixed Second Law which describes how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fixed Second Law which describes how
+the change in concentration in a in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in concentration in a in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in concentration in a in a
+small volume element is determined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small volume element is determined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small volume element is determined by
+the change in the fluxes into and out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the fluxes into and out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the change in the fluxes into and out of
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+volume um so if you take a look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um so if you take a look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volume um so if you take a look at this
+um this volume element and which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this volume element and which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this volume element and which has a
+certain uh length to it this Delta X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh length to it this Delta X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh length to it this Delta X and
+there's a certain uh concentration uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain uh concentration uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a certain uh concentration uh
+change in in a certain time period Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in a certain time period Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in in a certain time period Delta
+t uh in that volume element which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh in that volume element which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh in that volume element which we're
+call in Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call in Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call in Delta
+C there's a flux in coming from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C there's a flux in coming from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C there's a flux in coming from the left
+face and there is a flux out going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and there is a flux out going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and there is a flux out going out
+the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right
+face and uh just by Bookkeeping on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and uh just by Bookkeeping on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+face and uh just by Bookkeeping on the
+upper left we can write a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left we can write a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper left we can write a simple
+equation that says the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that says the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation that says the change in the
+concentration Delta C in the time period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration Delta C in the time period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration Delta C in the time period
+delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta
+T is just equal to the difference in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is just equal to the difference in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is just equal to the difference in the
+these two fluxes the ingoing coming flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two fluxes the ingoing coming flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two fluxes the ingoing coming flux
+minus the outgoing flux divided by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the outgoing flux divided by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the outgoing flux divided by the
+distance Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X um mathematically instead of writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um mathematically instead of writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X um mathematically instead of writing
+it in terms of um uh these differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of um uh these differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in terms of um uh these differences
+we can write it mathematically as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write it mathematically as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write it mathematically as as
+derivatives partial derivatives um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives partial derivatives um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivatives partial derivatives um we
+can write um Delta C by delta T as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write um Delta C by delta T as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can write um Delta C by delta T as as
+partial C by partial T so the time rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial C by partial T so the time rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial C by partial T so the time rate
+of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of the
+concentration is equal to um the partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is equal to um the partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is equal to um the partial
+of the flux divided by X so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the flux divided by X so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the flux divided by X so it's
+degrading to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrading to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrading to the
+flux that's what we're saying with fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that's what we're saying with fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux that's what we're saying with fix
+Second Law and now for the flux F we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law and now for the flux F we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Law and now for the flux F we can
+substitute in fixed first law it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in fixed first law it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute in fixed first law it's just
+the f is equal to D partial C by partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f is equal to D partial C by partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f is equal to D partial C by partial
+X so we can substitute that in and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we can substitute that in and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so we can substitute that in and we
+get this equation in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this equation in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get this equation in the middle of the
+slide which essentially is uh fix the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide which essentially is uh fix the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide which essentially is uh fix the
+differential form of uh fixed Second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form of uh fixed Second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential form of uh fixed Second
+Law now what we do is we make the assump
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law now what we do is we make the assump
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Law now what we do is we make the assump
+ition at this point uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ition at this point uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ition at this point uh that the
+diffusivity is constant so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is constant so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is constant so it doesn't
+depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on
+X in that case and only in that case and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in that case and only in that case and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X in that case and only in that case and
+we can pull the D out of the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can pull the D out of the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can pull the D out of the derivative
+doesn't the partial by by DX is is uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the partial by by DX is is uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't the partial by by DX is is uh to
+the chain rule is is zero so and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule is is zero so and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chain rule is is zero so and then we
+can get the equation at the bottom of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the equation at the bottom of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get the equation at the bottom of
+the page which says that the time rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page which says that the time rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the page which says that the time rate
+of change of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of change of the
+concentration at any given point is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at any given point is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration at any given point is a
+constant D times the uh second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant D times the uh second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant D times the uh second
+derivative of the concent with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the concent with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the concent with respect
+to x uh and that is um fixed Second Law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x uh and that is um fixed Second Law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to x uh and that is um fixed Second Law
+and again that this this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that this this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again that this this particular
+formulation only applies if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation only applies if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulation only applies if the
+diffusion uh diffusivity is a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh diffusivity is a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh diffusivity is a constant
+doesn't depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X so let's um go on to slide 24 now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so let's um go on to slide 24 now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X so let's um go on to slide 24 now and
+there are a handful of cases maybe three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a handful of cases maybe three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a handful of cases maybe three
+or so or four in which it's possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so or four in which it's possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so or four in which it's possible to
+uh write down or to derive uh relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write down or to derive uh relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh write down or to derive uh relatively
+simple analytic solution soltions to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple analytic solution soltions to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple analytic solution soltions to the
+diffusion equation in all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion equation in all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion equation in all the other
+cases we'll uh in most of the cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we'll uh in most of the cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases we'll uh in most of the cases
+we'll end up using in this course we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up using in this course we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up using in this course we'll
+have to do numerical Solutions and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do numerical Solutions and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do numerical Solutions and we'll
+talk um next time about how numeric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk um next time about how numeric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk um next time about how numeric
+Solutions work but for now let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions work but for now let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions work but for now let's look at
+a couple of special cases where we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of special cases where we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a couple of special cases where we can
+solve this equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this equation by
+hand the first case is pictured on on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the first case is pictured on on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand the first case is pictured on on uh
+slide 24 which is called the steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 24 which is called the steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide 24 which is called the steady
+state and what that refers to is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and what that refers to is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and what that refers to is that in
+fact you have a profile that is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you have a profile that is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact you have a profile that is not
+varying uh in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying uh in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varying uh in time
+in which case we write partial C partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we write partial C partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which case we write partial C partial
+T equals z um and so then we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals z um and so then we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T equals z um and so then we have a
+relatively simple equation that D is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple equation that D is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple equation that D is
+equal to the second Dera of C with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the second Dera of C with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the second Dera of C with
+respect to xal 0 D * that is equal Z so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to xal 0 D * that is equal Z so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respect to xal 0 D * that is equal Z so
+we can just simply integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just simply integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can just simply integrate this
+equation uh twice and we end up with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh twice and we end up with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation uh twice and we end up with a
+linear profile over distance so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear profile over distance so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear profile over distance so if you
+just take the equation that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the equation that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take the equation that the
+concentration C equals a plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration C equals a plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration C equals a plus
+BX and you differentiate that twice inde
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX and you differentiate that twice inde
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BX and you differentiate that twice inde
+indeed you get um we get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you get um we get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed you get um we get zero
+so this says that in a steadying state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says that in a steadying state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this says that in a steadying state
+solution to the diffusion equation is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the diffusion equation is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the diffusion equation is a
+linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear
+equation in fact when we did the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in fact when we did the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation in fact when we did the
+solution of diffusion of the oxidant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of diffusion of the oxidant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution of diffusion of the oxidant
+through the oxide D during thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the oxide D during thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the oxide D during thermal
+oxidation this is the equation that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation this is the equation that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation this is the equation that we
+actually use this is uh implicitly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use this is uh implicitly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually use this is uh implicitly the
+uh uh solution that we were assuming and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh solution that we were assuming and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh solution that we were assuming and
+I think you'll recognize from the last Q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'll recognize from the last Q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you'll recognize from the last Q
+lectures you'll recognize on the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures you'll recognize on the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures you'll recognize on the lower
+um the um lower pictures this um steady
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um lower pictures this um steady
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the um lower pictures this um steady
+state solution is either in the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state solution is either in the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state solution is either in the left
+side being in the um thin oxide regime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side being in the um thin oxide regime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side being in the um thin oxide regime
+we get a straight line that's just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a straight line that's just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get a straight line that's just a
+constant number uh of the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number uh of the diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant number uh of the diffusion
+through the oxide or on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the oxide or on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the oxide or on the right hand
+side we get again a linear profile of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we get again a linear profile of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we get again a linear profile of
+the oxygen um through the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen um through the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the oxygen um through the thermal
+through the the oxide during thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the oxide during thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the the oxide during thermal
+oxidation again in that case it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation again in that case it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oxidation again in that case it's a
+concentration profile that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration profile that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration profile that's not
+changing Li
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t uh so let's go on to slide number 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh so let's go on to slide number 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t uh so let's go on to slide number 25
+five and do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and do
+um the first uh solution that of a case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first uh solution that of a case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the first uh solution that of a case
+it's a little more complicated than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more complicated than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little more complicated than that
+which is called The Limited Source case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called The Limited Source case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is called The Limited Source case
+so we um consider that we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we um consider that we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we um consider that we have the
+dopent in in uh in this uh region and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent in in uh in this uh region and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent in in uh in this uh region and it
+has a fixed dose Q so a fixed number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a fixed dose Q so a fixed number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a fixed dose Q so a fixed number of
+atoms per square centimeter and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms per square centimeter and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms per square centimeter and we're
+going to introduce it as a Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce it as a Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce it as a Delta
+function at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function at the
+origin and then we're going to let it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and then we're going to let it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin and then we're going to let it
+diffuse and uh diffuse out and as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse and uh diffuse out and as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffuse and uh diffuse out and as it
+turns out we'll see if a diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we'll see if a diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out we'll see if a diffusion
+diffusivity is a constant it diffuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is a constant it diffuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity is a constant it diffuses
+into the shape of a gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the shape of a gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the shape of a gan
+profile and so the um basically the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and so the um basically the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and so the um basically the
+boundary conditions are that uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions are that uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boundary conditions are that uh we have
+essentially a Delta function at time T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a Delta function at time T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a Delta function at time T
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+z um and that the dose the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z um and that the dose the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z um and that the dose the integral of
+this Delta function um is uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta function um is uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Delta function um is uh a
+constant let's go on to slide number 26
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant let's go on to slide number 26
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant let's go on to slide number 26
+and we find that the solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that the solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we find that the solution that
+satisfies fixed Second Law is uh written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies fixed Second Law is uh written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies fixed Second Law is uh written
+down by this equation and in fact it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by this equation and in fact it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down by this equation and in fact it's a
+gaussian uh distribution the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian uh distribution the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gaussian uh distribution the
+concentration is a function of X and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is a function of X and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is a function of X and
+time can be given by that constant dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can be given by that constant dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time can be given by that constant dose
+Q / tomb * the < TK of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q / tomb * the < TK of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q / tomb * the < TK of Pi
+DT times the exponential of - x^2 4 DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT times the exponential of - x^2 4 DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT times the exponential of - x^2 4 DT
+so that's uh what's known as a gine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh what's known as a gine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's uh what's known as a gine
+profile the important consequences of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile the important consequences of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile the important consequences of
+this are that one uh of course the dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are that one uh of course the dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this are that one uh of course the dose
+Q remains constant that means then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q remains constant that means then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q remains constant that means then the
+peak concentration so the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak concentration so the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peak concentration so the concentration
+at the origin is going to decrease uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin is going to decrease uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the origin is going to decrease uh
+according to the square root of dink te
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the square root of dink te
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+according to the square root of dink te
+uh over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over
+time so the con P concentration goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the con P concentration goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so the con P concentration goes
+down and the width of the profile or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the width of the profile or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and the width of the profile or the
+diffusion distance from the origin uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion distance from the origin uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion distance from the origin uh is
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+increase uh according to um 2 * theun of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh according to um 2 * theun of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase uh according to um 2 * theun of
+DT you see that just by sort of looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT you see that just by sort of looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT you see that just by sort of looking
+at the um argument of the exponential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the um argument of the exponential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the um argument of the exponential
+there so at this distance this distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so at this distance this distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so at this distance this distance
+equal to 2 * DT the dopen concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 * DT the dopen concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2 * DT the dopen concentration
+will fall off by a 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fall off by a 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will fall off by a 1 over
+e um and in fact what we do is we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e um and in fact what we do is we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e um and in fact what we do is we often
+call this distance we give it a special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this distance we give it a special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this distance we give it a special
+name call the diffusion length L uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name call the diffusion length L uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name call the diffusion length L uh we
+we typically write it as twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically write it as twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we typically write it as twice the
+square of DT or sometimes just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of DT or sometimes just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of DT or sometimes just the
+square of DT it gives us an idea of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of DT it gives us an idea of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square of DT it gives us an idea of uh
+the width or the broadening uh of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profile so let's go on to slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so let's go on to slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile so let's go on to slide number
+27 which shows pictorially the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 which shows pictorially the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+27 which shows pictorially the time
+evolution of a gan profile um the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of a gan profile um the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolution of a gan profile um the left
+hand um plot is on linear axis linear y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um plot is on linear axis linear y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand um plot is on linear axis linear y
+axis and the right hand plot is on a la
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the right hand plot is on a la
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis and the right hand plot is on a la
+rmic scale give you uh a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmic scale give you uh a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rmic scale give you uh a little better
+view so uh first let look at the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so uh first let look at the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view so uh first let look at the left
+and we U there three curv shown here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we U there three curv shown here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we U there three curv shown here the
+red is for uh time T equals some some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is for uh time T equals some some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red is for uh time T equals some some
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+t0 and the y axis is applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 and the y axis is applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 and the y axis is applying the
+concentration in a normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in a normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in a normalized
+fashion and the x axis is in units of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and the x axis is in units of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion and the x axis is in units of
+diffusion distance so it's units are um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion distance so it's units are um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion distance so it's units are um
+uh units of 2 * square of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh units of 2 * square of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh units of 2 * square of
+dt0 and you can see in going from um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt0 and you can see in going from um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dt0 and you can see in going from um the
+red to the blue curve indeed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red to the blue curve indeed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red to the blue curve indeed the
+concentration has dropped by uh 1 over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration has dropped by uh 1 over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration has dropped by uh 1 over
+the square of T because basically um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of T because basically um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square of T because basically um the
+blue curve is for time four * t0 so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue curve is for time four * t0 so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue curve is for time four * t0 so it's
+dropped by Factor 2 and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped by Factor 2 and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dropped by Factor 2 and it's
+broaden um and same thing by looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broaden um and same thing by looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broaden um and same thing by looking at
+the uh the green green curve you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the green green curve you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the green green curve you see the
+same type of um of phenomena and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of um of phenomena and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same type of um of phenomena and on the
+right on the uh semilog plot you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the uh semilog plot you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on the uh semilog plot you just
+get to see a little bit more uh detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see a little bit more uh detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to see a little bit more uh detail
+get your eye calibrated for what a gal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your eye calibrated for what a gal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your eye calibrated for what a gal
+looks like on a logarithmic scale so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like on a logarithmic scale so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like on a logarithmic scale so you
+can see many ERS of magnitude down below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see many ERS of magnitude down below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see many ERS of magnitude down below
+the peak um what the broadening um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak um what the broadening um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the peak um what the broadening um
+actually looks like because in in semic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like because in in semic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looks like because in in semic
+processing linear scales for dopings are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing linear scales for dopings are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing linear scales for dopings are
+are not all that useful because in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not all that useful because in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not all that useful because in fact
+we often care about how the dopent falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often care about how the dopent falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we often care about how the dopent falls
+off uh over many many orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh over many many orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh over many many orders of
+magnitude of concentration so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of concentration so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of concentration so we
+typically like to use a semi- long type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plot okay so we have one solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot okay so we have one solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot okay so we have one solution for
+one case let's go on to uh slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case let's go on to uh slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one case let's go on to uh slide number
+28 and um talk about the second C case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 and um talk about the second C case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+28 and um talk about the second C case
+which is um uh a fixed dose Cube just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um uh a fixed dose Cube just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is um uh a fixed dose Cube just
+like we talked about constant in time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we talked about constant in time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we talked about constant in time
+but now that we we're diffusing mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that we we're diffusing mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now that we we're diffusing mirror
+surface before we haded the origin and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface before we haded the origin and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface before we haded the origin and
+we assume the Silicon was semi- infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume the Silicon was semi- infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume the Silicon was semi- infinite
+in both directions let's say we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both directions let's say we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in both directions let's say we had the
+Delta function of dose Q as initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function of dose Q as initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta function of dose Q as initial
+profile but we're right near the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile but we're right near the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile but we're right near the surface
+uh of the Silicon uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the Silicon uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of the Silicon uh
+wafer well we there's a um a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer well we there's a um a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wafer well we there's a um a a
+relatively simple trick for solving this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple trick for solving this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively simple trick for solving this
+um if we can assume that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we can assume that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we can assume that there's no
+dopent lost through evaporation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent lost through evaporation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent lost through evaporation or
+segregation at the surface that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation at the surface that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation at the surface that the
+dopent is contained in the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent is contained in the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent is contained in the surface
+there's evaporation uh all bets are off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evaporation uh all bets are off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's evaporation uh all bets are off
+and we have to solve it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to solve it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have to solve it
+differently um so we assume that there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently um so we assume that there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently um so we assume that there's
+no segregation or evaporation we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no segregation or evaporation we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no segregation or evaporation we also
+assume that the analing takes place over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the analing takes place over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that the analing takes place over
+a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long
+time so that the initial profile is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that the initial profile is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time so that the initial profile is
+reason can be reasonably approximated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason can be reasonably approximated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason can be reasonably approximated by
+a Delta function compared to the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta function compared to the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Delta function compared to the final
+profile in those if those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile in those if those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile in those if those two
+assumptions are hold then we can uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are hold then we can uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions are hold then we can uh we
+can essentially um solve it by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can essentially um solve it by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can essentially um solve it by a
+assuming that we have virtual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we have virtual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assuming that we have virtual
+diffusion uh that we have a symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh that we have a symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh that we have a symmetric
+diffusion uh with an imaginary uh Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh with an imaginary uh Delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh with an imaginary uh Delta
+function of of equal dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of equal dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of of equal dose
+Q on the left hand side um so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q on the left hand side um so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q on the left hand side um so we can
+solve it by using the prior uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it by using the prior uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve it by using the prior uh
+essentially the prior solution uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the prior solution uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the prior solution uh
+pretending that the uh medium uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending that the uh medium uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretending that the uh medium uh is
+semi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-
+infinite so in fact if you go on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so in fact if you go on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite so in fact if you go on to
+slide number 27 that see the graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number 27 that see the graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number 27 that see the graph is
+shown at the top effectively what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown at the top effectively what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown at the top effectively what this
+means is that we have a dose of 2q
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that we have a dose of 2q
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is that we have a dose of 2q
+introduced into a virtual infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced into a virtual infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced into a virtual infinite
+medium by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medium by
+symmetry um so that the concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry um so that the concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry um so that the concentration
+profile is given again just by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is given again just by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile is given again just by the same
+gine we had last time uh but instead in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gine we had last time uh but instead in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gine we had last time uh but instead in
+that formula wherever we had Q we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula wherever we had Q we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that formula wherever we had Q we
+replace it with 2 Q from the prior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with 2 Q from the prior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace it with 2 Q from the prior
+solution so the surface concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the surface concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the surface concentration
+now goes like Q over theare root of Pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now goes like Q over theare root of Pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now goes like Q over theare root of Pi
+uh DT but it's very similar to what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh DT but it's very similar to what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh DT but it's very similar to what we
+had um uh last time and so this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um uh last time and so this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had um uh last time and so this is what
+the uh the equation looks like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the equation looks like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the equation looks like for
+diffusing uh with a fixed dose um into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing uh with a fixed dose um into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusing uh with a fixed dose um into a
+surface where we have no loss from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface where we have no loss from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface where we have no loss from the
+surface again it's a c Gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface again it's a c Gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface again it's a c Gan
+profile okay so let's go on to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile okay so let's go on to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile okay so let's go on to slide
+number 30 and um the third case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 30 and um the third case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 30 and um the third case
+essentially that we can solve uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that we can solve uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially that we can solve uh
+analytically is called the case of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically is called the case of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically is called the case of an
+Infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinite
+Source and what this is is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source and what this is is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source and what this is is essentially
+an infinite source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an infinite source of
+dopen um which is uh made up of small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopen um which is uh made up of small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopen um which is uh made up of small
+slices essentially each diffusing uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices essentially each diffusing uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slices essentially each diffusing uh as
+a Galaxy and so uh what we look at uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Galaxy and so uh what we look at uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Galaxy and so uh what we look at uh in
+this plot looking at the black line we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot looking at the black line we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plot looking at the black line we
+have a concentration C being constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a concentration C being constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a concentration C being constant
+everywhere x uh less than the origin uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere x uh less than the origin uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere x uh less than the origin uh
+and then there's a step function at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a step function at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there's a step function at the
+origin um and then it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin um and then it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin um and then it's
+zero everywhere uh greater than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero everywhere uh greater than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero everywhere uh greater than the
+origin so we have the step function at x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so we have the step function at x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin so we have the step function at x
+equals z and that's the initial profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and that's the initial profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals z and that's the initial profile
+in black and what we're going to find is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in black and what we're going to find is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in black and what we're going to find is
+that the uh defus profile looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh defus profile looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the uh defus profile looks like the
+red the step function sort of gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red the step function sort of gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red the step function sort of gets
+rounded uh to the left of zero and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded uh to the left of zero and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rounded uh to the left of zero and some
+of that dop and then has diffused into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that dop and then has diffused into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that dop and then has diffused into
+uh the right hand side at X greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the right hand side at X greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the right hand side at X greater than
+zero and it gives us that diffused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it gives us that diffused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it gives us that diffused
+profile um so how are we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile um so how are we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile um so how are we're going to
+solve for this well actually we do it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this well actually we do it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for this well actually we do it by
+using the solution we had obtained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the solution we had obtained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the solution we had obtained
+previously uh um and essentially by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously uh um and essentially by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously uh um and essentially by a
+linear superos of solutions for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear superos of solutions for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear superos of solutions for each of
+these thin slices so we break up this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thin slices so we break up this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these thin slices so we break up this
+Infinite Source on on the leftand uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinite Source on on the leftand uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinite Source on on the leftand uh
+half plane into a series of very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane into a series of very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half plane into a series of very very
+small um um fin slices Each of which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um um fin slices Each of which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small um um fin slices Each of which has
+a certain dose and its dose by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain dose and its dose by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain dose and its dose by
+definition is just the concentration C *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is just the concentration C *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition is just the concentration C *
+Delta X the width of that little um thin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X the width of that little um thin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta X the width of that little um thin
+slice and in fact we know after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice and in fact we know after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slice and in fact we know after some
+time T we know how to write down for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T we know how to write down for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time T we know how to write down for
+that little slice what the profile looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little slice what the profile looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little slice what the profile looks
+like in fact it's a it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in fact it's a it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in fact it's a it's a it's a
+gussian um so now if each slice then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussian um so now if each slice then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gussian um so now if each slice then um
+of all these slices can be added up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these slices can be added up uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these slices can be added up uh
+their gaussians associated with dat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their gaussians associated with dat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their gaussians associated with dat
+diffusion we can have we can we can then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion we can have we can we can then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion we can have we can we can then
+find the uh the diffuse profile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the uh the diffuse profile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the uh the diffuse profile and
+that's exactly what we're doing here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we're doing here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's exactly what we're doing here um
+so that equation at the bottom of slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that equation at the bottom of slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that equation at the bottom of slide
+30 shows that the concentration uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 shows that the concentration uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 shows that the concentration uh in
+this Infinite Source case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Infinite Source case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Infinite Source case
+uh can be given by the sum of all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be given by the sum of all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh can be given by the sum of all those
+gasant so we go the sum from IAL 1 to n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasant so we go the sum from IAL 1 to n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gasant so we go the sum from IAL 1 to n
+and some large number of this um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some large number of this um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and some large number of this um uh
+Delta XI comes from the the dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta XI comes from the the dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta XI comes from the the dose
+remember there was a q in in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was a q in in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember there was a q in in front of
+the gine times this exponential of x - x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gine times this exponential of x - x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gine times this exponential of x - x
+i because we're just we have a we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i because we're just we have a we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i because we're just we have a we're
+sliding this the position of this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding this the position of this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sliding this the position of this uh
+particular uh thin slice along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh thin slice along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh thin slice along the
+x-axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis
+that exponential Square over 4dt so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential Square over 4dt so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that exponential Square over 4dt so
+we're summing up all these gaussians at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're summing up all these gaussians at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're summing up all these gaussians at
+the bottom of of slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+30 um so in fact um analytically um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 um so in fact um analytically um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30 um so in fact um analytically um or
+in exact sense the solution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exact sense the solution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in exact sense the solution which
+satisfies fix Second Law is written down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies fix Second Law is written down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies fix Second Law is written down
+at the top of slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of slide
+31 the concentration is actually equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 the concentration is actually equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+31 the concentration is actually equal
+to um concentration um C Prime over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um concentration um C Prime over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um concentration um C Prime over two
+um times the the quantity in square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times the the quantity in square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um times the the quantity in square
+brackets one minus the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets one minus the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets one minus the error
+function of um the argument X over 2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of um the argument X over 2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of um the argument X over 2 *
+the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square
+DT um and we can write this as um C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT um and we can write this as um C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT um and we can write this as um C
+Subs uh times the complimentary error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs uh times the complimentary error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Subs uh times the complimentary error
+function of X over 2 * the S of DT where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X over 2 * the S of DT where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of X over 2 * the S of DT where
+um the second equation gives you the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second equation gives you the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the second equation gives you the uh
+and third gives you the definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third gives you the definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and third gives you the definition of
+what we mean by the error function error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by the error function error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we mean by the error function error
+function of Z is just equal to 2 over s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z is just equal to 2 over s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of Z is just equal to 2 over s
+of Pi times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Pi times the
+integral um from 0 to Z of um the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral um from 0 to Z of um the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral um from 0 to Z of um the this
+exponential integral of a gaan basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential integral of a gaan basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential integral of a gaan basically
+so the error function is the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the error function is the integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the error function is the integral of
+the gum the compl complimentary error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gum the compl complimentary error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gum the compl complimentary error
+function is one minus that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is one minus that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is one minus that and then
+these error functions and complimentary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these error functions and complimentary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these error functions and complimentary
+error functions have been tabulated so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error functions have been tabulated so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error functions have been tabulated so
+in that sense it analytic uh it can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense it analytic uh it can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that sense it analytic uh it can be
+calculated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated
+analytically so we know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically so we know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytically so we know that the
+componential error function is what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+componential error function is what uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+componential error function is what uh
+the the shape of this profile can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shape of this profile can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the shape of this profile can be
+calculated according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to so let's uh look at slide number 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so let's uh look at slide number 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so let's uh look at slide number 20
+uh at 32 which um again the error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at 32 which um again the error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at 32 which um again the error
+function Solutions is made up of a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Solutions is made up of a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function Solutions is made up of a sum
+of gy and Delta function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gy and Delta function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of gy and Delta function
+Solutions and what you see is that um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and what you see is that um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Solutions and what you see is that um uh
+here in this plot the initial profile is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this plot the initial profile is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here in this plot the initial profile is
+shown in the dash line in green and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the dash line in green and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown in the dash line in green and that
+uh you have the um the um subsequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have the um the um subsequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you have the um the um subsequent
+profiles uh uh R time tal t0 in Black 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles uh uh R time tal t0 in Black 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profiles uh uh R time tal t0 in Black 4
+t0 in blue and 9 t0 in red and that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 in blue and 9 t0 in red and that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t0 in blue and 9 t0 in red and that the
+dose beyond x equals z um continues to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose beyond x equals z um continues to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose beyond x equals z um continues to
+increase with the kneeling ton uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase with the kneeling ton uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase with the kneeling ton uh in in
+this uh Infinite Source um sorting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution so um let's go on to slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so um let's go on to slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so um let's go on to slide um
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+33 um we can uh take this uh as another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 um we can uh take this uh as another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+33 um we can uh take this uh as another
+special case um in fact by just looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case um in fact by just looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special case um in fact by just looking
+at the plot the the plot in the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the plot the the plot in the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the plot the the plot in the upper
+part of slide 33 um what we see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of slide 33 um what we see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of slide 33 um what we see is that
+at x equals 0 the concentration is being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals 0 the concentration is being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at x equals 0 the concentration is being
+is actually held
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually held
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually held
+fixed um so if we have a a situation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed um so if we have a a situation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed um so if we have a a situation
+where we're we have a constant surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're we have a constant surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're we have a constant surface
+concentration then in fact we um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration then in fact we um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration then in fact we um the
+solution to the diffusion equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the diffusion equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution to the diffusion equation is
+just the right hand side of the above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the right hand side of the above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the right hand side of the above
+figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure
+and an example of this might be uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an example of this might be uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and an example of this might be uh the
+case where we're doing diffusion from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we're doing diffusion from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case where we're doing diffusion from a
+gas ambient into the solid uh where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas ambient into the solid uh where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas ambient into the solid uh where the
+gas concentration above the solute solu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas concentration above the solute solu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas concentration above the solute solu
+the dopin then in that case at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopin then in that case at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dopin then in that case at the
+surface of the Silicon wafer the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the Silicon wafer the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface of the Silicon wafer the um
+concentration in the dopin is fixed at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the dopin is fixed at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration in the dopin is fixed at
+the solute solubility so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solute solubility so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solute solubility so it's
+constant so just if we take just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so just if we take just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant so just if we take just that
+right hand solution in the above fingure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand solution in the above fingure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand solution in the above fingure
+we can write it down from the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write it down from the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can write it down from the the
+previous um solution concentration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous um solution concentration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous um solution concentration is
+just C Subs which is the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just C Subs which is the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just C Subs which is the surface
+concentration which is a constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration which is a constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration which is a constant times
+the complimentary error
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complimentary error
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the complimentary error
+function and in fact um you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and in fact um you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and in fact um you can
+integrate this equation to find the dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this equation to find the dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate this equation to find the dose
+on the on the right hand side and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the right hand side and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the on the right hand side and the
+dose is given by this integral uh which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose is given by this integral uh which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dose is given by this integral uh which
+can be done integrating from zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done integrating from zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be done integrating from zero to
+Infinity um and you can do that uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity um and you can do that uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity um and you can do that uh and
+it turns out that dose Q is equal to 2 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that dose Q is equal to 2 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that dose Q is equal to 2 C
+of s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of s
+thek of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thek of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thek of
+DT so again now we see that this or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so again now we see that this or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DT so again now we see that this or the
+number of the integral of these curves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the integral of these curves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of the integral of these curves
+on the right hand side is increasing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side is increasing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side is increasing uh
+with time according to the square DT so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time according to the square DT so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with time according to the square DT so
+we're getting higher and higher dose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting higher and higher dose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting higher and higher dose
+into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the
+sample so let's go on uh onto slide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so let's go on uh onto slide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample so let's go on uh onto slide uh
+number 34 and here we are um graphically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 34 and here we are um graphically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number 34 and here we are um graphically
+comparing on the left and the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing on the left and the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparing on the left and the right hand
+side the two different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the two different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side the two different types of
+classical processes that we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical processes that we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical processes that we talked about
+um in terms of their diffusion profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of their diffusion profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in terms of their diffusion profile
+shapes on the left is the predeposition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes on the left is the predeposition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shapes on the left is the predeposition
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+uh where we have say a constant surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we have say a constant surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh where we have say a constant surface
+concentration assuming the prep was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration assuming the prep was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration assuming the prep was
+being done by a gas phase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done by a gas phase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being done by a gas phase in
+diffusion and um there are two plots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and um there are two plots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion and um there are two plots
+shown on the left and the upper left is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the left and the upper left is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown on the left and the upper left is
+a plot on a linear scale the lower left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot on a linear scale the lower left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a plot on a linear scale the lower left
+is a plot on um a log semi log plot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plot on um a log semi log plot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a plot on um a log semi log plot but
+what in either case what you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in either case what you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in either case what you're looking
+at is a complimentary error function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is a complimentary error function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is a complimentary error function and
+you can see that the surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that the surface
+concentration is a constant normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is a constant normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is a constant normalized
+at C over csal 1 and that uh at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at C over csal 1 and that uh at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at C over csal 1 and that uh at the
+different times um you can see the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times um you can see the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different times um you can see the um
+the the twice square of DT is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the twice square of DT is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the twice square of DT is
+0.1.5 and and one micron the area under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1.5 and and one micron the area under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.1.5 and and one micron the area under
+these curves is increasing and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves is increasing and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these curves is increasing and in fact
+it's increasing uh by this Factor squ DT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's increasing uh by this Factor squ DT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's increasing uh by this Factor squ DT
+so the longer you would do the prep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the longer you would do the prep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the longer you would do the prep the
+more dose you would deposit uh into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dose you would deposit uh into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more dose you would deposit uh into this
+um silan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um silan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um silan
+surface on the right hand side we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on the right hand side we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surface on the right hand side we see
+instead there gaussian profiles this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there gaussian profiles this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead there gaussian profiles this
+would be the case for a driving in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the case for a driving in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the case for a driving in which
+has a constant dose and so you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a constant dose and so you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a constant dose and so you see
+what's happening over time at the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening over time at the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's happening over time at the uh
+shorter time uh we have a certain Peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter time uh we have a certain Peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter time uh we have a certain Peak
+concentration that Peak concentration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration that Peak concentration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration that Peak concentration is
+then falling or dropping for the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then falling or dropping for the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then falling or dropping for the second
+profile and the profile is broadening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and the profile is broadening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile and the profile is broadening
+then it falls again and the profile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it falls again and the profile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it falls again and the profile
+broadens further so that's for Q equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadens further so that's for Q equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadens further so that's for Q equals
+a constant integral is constant and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant integral is constant and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant integral is constant and the
+left hand side is for the um surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side is for the um surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side is for the um surface
+concentration is a constant it's a just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is a constant it's a just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration is a constant it's a just
+to get your eyes calibrated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your eyes calibrated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get your eyes calibrated for
+complimentary error fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary error fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complimentary error fun
+versus a gan type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+solution uh let's go on to slide uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh let's go on to slide uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution uh let's go on to slide uh
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number
+35 and um talk a little bit about uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 and um talk a little bit about uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 and um talk a little bit about uh the
+diffusion uh dope and diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh dope and diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion uh dope and diffusion
+coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients
+themselves and uh we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and uh we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and uh we're just going to
+talk first about what we call intrinsic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk first about what we call intrinsic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk first about what we call intrinsic
+dopa diffusion uh which happens uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopa diffusion uh which happens uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopa diffusion uh which happens uh in
+when the case in the case of when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the case in the case of when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the case in the case of when the
+dopent concentration is less than inabi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent concentration is less than inabi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopent concentration is less than inabi
+um so the semiconductor is considered to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the semiconductor is considered to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so the semiconductor is considered to
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+intrinsic and generally we can write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic and generally we can write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intrinsic and generally we can write
+these intrinsic diffusion coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intrinsic diffusion coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intrinsic diffusion coefficients
+uh in an arous type relationship for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in an arous type relationship for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in an arous type relationship for the
+diffusion coefficient is just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient is just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient is just some
+constant D KN written here times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant D KN written here times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant D KN written here times
+exponential or minus EA over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential or minus EA over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential or minus EA over
+KT and this chart which is taken from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and this chart which is taken from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KT and this chart which is taken from
+your textbook shows some uh rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook shows some uh rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your textbook shows some uh rough
+numbers for what d looks like in units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for what d looks like in units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for what d looks like in units
+of centimet squ per second and what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of centimet squ per second and what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of centimet squ per second and what the
+activation energy looks like for uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy looks like for uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activation energy looks like for uh a
+couple of different species and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different species and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of different species and some of
+the pot that are dopants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot that are dopants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pot that are dopants in
+Silicon so example for example if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon so example for example if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Silicon so example for example if you
+look at Boron it has an activation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Boron it has an activation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at Boron it has an activation
+energy here of 3.5 electron volts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here of 3.5 electron volts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here of 3.5 electron volts and
+the preactor is is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preactor is is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the preactor is is about
+one um one thing to note is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um one thing to note is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one um one thing to note is that uh
+insabi the intrinsic car concentration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insabi the intrinsic car concentration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insabi the intrinsic car concentration
+is very large at processed temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large at processed temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very large at processed temperatures
+so actually intrinsic diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually intrinsic diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually intrinsic diffusion
+conditions apply under many uh many uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions apply under many uh many uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions apply under many uh many uh
+different conditions or cases so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions or cases so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions or cases so for
+example at a th deg C uh Ani is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at a th deg C uh Ani is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example at a th deg C uh Ani is roughly
+equal to about 7 * 10 18th so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to about 7 * 10 18th so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to about 7 * 10 18th so this
+diffusion coefficient written here in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient written here in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient written here in
+this simple chart would apply anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple chart would apply anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this simple chart would apply anytime
+the concentration of that dopant is at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of that dopant is at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of that dopant is at a
+th000 degrees is less than about 710
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 degrees is less than about 710
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+th000 degrees is less than about 710
+18th you can use this constant sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th you can use this constant sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18th you can use this constant sort of
+definition coefficient when we get above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition coefficient when we get above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition coefficient when we get above
+that when the dopen concentration is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the dopen concentration is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when the dopen concentration is
+larger than anabi we'll talk about next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than anabi we'll talk about next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger than anabi we'll talk about next
+time there are some interesting fir
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there are some interesting fir
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there are some interesting fir
+level effects that that come into play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level effects that that come into play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level effects that that come into play
+as the point defect concentrations uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the point defect concentrations uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the point defect concentrations uh
+become modulated by the um by the carer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become modulated by the um by the carer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become modulated by the um by the carer
+concentrations themselves of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations themselves of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrations themselves of the of the
+diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+species so we go on to um slide number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so we go on to um slide number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species so we go on to um slide number
+36 this is just uh a graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 this is just uh a graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+36 this is just uh a graphical
+representation it's a plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's a plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation it's a plot of the
+diffusivity and centimet squ per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and centimet squ per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusivity and centimet squ per second
+as a function of uh 1,00 over T so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of uh 1,00 over T so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of uh 1,00 over T so it's
+a renous type plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a renous type plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a renous type plot
+um you can read in the upper Y axis you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can read in the upper Y axis you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can read in the upper Y axis you
+can read the temperature if you prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read the temperature if you prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can read the temperature if you prefer
+that and what you can see uh for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what you can see uh for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and what you can see uh for these
+dopin right off the bat looking at them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin right off the bat looking at them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopin right off the bat looking at them
+is that they're um there's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're um there's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they're um there's a pretty
+large difference or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large difference or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large difference or
+discrepancy between so-called fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between so-called fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrepancy between so-called fast
+diffusers and silicon and the slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusers and silicon and the slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusers and silicon and the slower
+ones um say the fast diffusers being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um say the fast diffusers being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones um say the fast diffusers being
+Boron and phosphorus uh I'm on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and phosphorus uh I'm on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Boron and phosphorus uh I'm on the
+common uh dopant uh B again the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh dopant uh B again the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common uh dopant uh B again the only
+really available ptype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really available ptype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really available ptype
+dopant um is uh relatively fast can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant um is uh relatively fast can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dopant um is uh relatively fast can be
+up to a factor of 10 or 20 30 uh faster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a factor of 10 or 20 30 uh faster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to a factor of 10 or 20 30 uh faster
+diffusion coefficient then the slower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient then the slower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion coefficient then the slower
+diffusers such as arsenic or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusers such as arsenic or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusers such as arsenic or
+animon um so this gives you a rough idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animon um so this gives you a rough idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animon um so this gives you a rough idea
+of when we talk about dope and diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when we talk about dope and diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of when we talk about dope and diffusion
+uh what we're going to have to worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we're going to have to worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we're going to have to worry
+about a little bit more would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit more would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a little bit more would be the
+fast fuser St
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on uh the other thing I want to point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh the other thing I want to point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh the other thing I want to point
+out with respect to this plot on on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with respect to this plot on on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with respect to this plot on on
+slide number 36 is that um earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number 36 is that um earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slide number 36 is that um earlier
+versions of the text had um an error in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the text had um an error in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the text had um an error in
+this uh this corresponding figure and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this corresponding figure and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this corresponding figure and so
+um on the website we have posted the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the website we have posted the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um on the website we have posted the
+Arata and you'll be able to see that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arata and you'll be able to see that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arata and you'll be able to see that to
+make sure that you're using the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you're using the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you're using the if
+you're reading curbs off the plot uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading curbs off the plot uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're reading curbs off the plot uh
+reading values off the the plot uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading values off the the plot uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading values off the the plot uh that
+you have the right values one way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the right values one way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have the right values one way to
+check that of course is go back to slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that of course is go back to slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that of course is go back to slide
+35 and actually compute directly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 and actually compute directly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+35 and actually compute directly with
+the calculator um the diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+coefficients so let's go on to slide um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so let's go on to slide um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients so let's go on to slide um
+37 and uh kind of I'd like to summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 and uh kind of I'd like to summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+37 and uh kind of I'd like to summarize
+this introduction to dopa
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introduction to dopa
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this introduction to dopa
+diffusion we've talked about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion we've talked about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion we've talked about the
+placement of dope regions uh is critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of dope regions uh is critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placement of dope regions uh is critical
+because it determines many of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it determines many of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it determines many of the
+characteristics of short Channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of short Channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics of short Channel
+mosfets um that's why we spend so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfets um that's why we spend so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfets um that's why we spend so much
+time uh calculating in great detail uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh calculating in great detail uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time uh calculating in great detail uh
+dop and diffusion as we'll do over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop and diffusion as we'll do over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dop and diffusion as we'll do over the
+next three or four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next three or four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next three or four
+lectures turns out there's a design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures turns out there's a design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures turns out there's a design
+trade-off between the series resistance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between the series resistance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off between the series resistance
+and the mosfet which means uh you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mosfet which means uh you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the mosfet which means uh you would
+like to have deeper Source drains uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have deeper Source drains uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have deeper Source drains uh to
+minimize the merer resistance and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the merer resistance and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize the merer resistance and the
+short Channel effects such as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Channel effects such as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short Channel effects such as the
+control of VT which would dictate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of VT which would dictate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control of VT which would dictate that
+you have a shallower source train um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a shallower source train um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a shallower source train um so
+this is a kind of a fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of a fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a kind of a fundamental
+trade-off and it um there therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off and it um there therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade-off and it um there therefore the
+channel doping profile engineering is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel doping profile engineering is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel doping profile engineering is a
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+compromising that design trade-off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromising that design trade-off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromising that design trade-off and
+so Channel dopin profiles need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Channel dopin profiles need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Channel dopin profiles need to be
+controlled very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controlled very
+accurately um beyond that motivation we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately um beyond that motivation we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurately um beyond that motivation we
+talked about some simple IC Solutions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some simple IC Solutions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about some simple IC Solutions uh
+that the um time evolution of a doping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um time evolution of a doping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the um time evolution of a doping
+profile if the case is simple is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile if the case is simple is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile if the case is simple is
+governed by fixed uh laws the so-call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by fixed uh laws the so-call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+governed by fixed uh laws the so-call
+diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion
+equation there are a couple of cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there are a couple of cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation there are a couple of cases
+where there are analytic Solutions uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are analytic Solutions uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are analytic Solutions uh we
+talked about the diffusion of a gan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the diffusion of a gan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the diffusion of a gan
+profile with the fixed do or diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile with the fixed do or diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profile with the fixed do or diffusion
+of a complimentary error function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complimentary error function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a complimentary error function which
+we apply for a constant surface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply for a constant surface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we apply for a constant surface
+concentration and uh finally
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/icqwK_WyoII.txt b/icqwK_WyoII.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c5682e9610e82c6a0820f4573bdee02cadaac7ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/icqwK_WyoII.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1307 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+welcome back to h20 special relativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to h20 special relativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome back to h20 special relativity
+we want to continue our discussion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to continue our discussion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to continue our discussion of
+galactic space travel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactic space travel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+galactic space travel
+here the situation is slightly modified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the situation is slightly modified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the situation is slightly modified
+from the previous one we still have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous one we still have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the previous one we still have at
+least being our ground control and bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least being our ground control and bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least being our ground control and bob
+riding on a spacecraft in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding on a spacecraft in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riding on a spacecraft in order to
+explore planetary systems and solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore planetary systems and solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explore planetary systems and solar
+systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems
+this situation is different in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation is different in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this situation is different in the sense
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+the spacecraft has an escape rod so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacecraft has an escape rod so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spacecraft has an escape rod so it's
+able to you know send probes to planets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know send probes to planets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know send probes to planets
+in order to study there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to study there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to study there
+and so in this specific case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this specific case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in this specific case the
+velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity
+of this escape rod is uv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this escape rod is uv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this escape rod is uv
+delta xb over delta pb as measured in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta xb over delta pb as measured in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta xb over delta pb as measured in
+bob's reference plane the direction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob's reference plane the direction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob's reference plane the direction of
+this velocity is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this velocity is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this velocity is the same as the
+direct at the direction of bob's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct at the direction of bob's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direct at the direction of bob's
+spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spacecraft
+we're looking in longitudinal direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking in longitudinal direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking in longitudinal direction
+again as a reminder velocity is distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a reminder velocity is distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as a reminder velocity is distance
+over time or delta x over delta t so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time or delta x over delta t so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time or delta x over delta t so the
+question now is what else are this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now is what else are this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question now is what else are this
+observed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed
+this is an activity you should try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an activity you should try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an activity you should try to
+work out yourself i stopped the video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out yourself i stopped the video
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out yourself i stopped the video
+i'll just continue here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just continue here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just continue here
+so if you calculate now the velocity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you calculate now the velocity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you calculate now the velocity as
+seen by alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+delta x a over delta t a that's given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x a over delta t a that's given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta x a over delta t a that's given by
+gamma times delta we just used lawrence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times delta we just used lawrence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma times delta we just used lawrence
+transformation gamma times delta xb plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation gamma times delta xb plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation gamma times delta xb plus
+v times delta tb over gamma times delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times delta tb over gamma times delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v times delta tb over gamma times delta
+tb plus v over c squared delta xb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tb plus v over c squared delta xb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tb plus v over c squared delta xb
+we can cancel the gammas and take out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can cancel the gammas and take out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can cancel the gammas and take out
+delta tb out of the brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta tb out of the brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta tb out of the brackets
+and then we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we find
+u b plus v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u b plus v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u b plus v
+over one plus v c square over c square u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one plus v c square over c square u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one plus v c square over c square u
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+so this looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this looks like
+an addition of velocities with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an addition of velocities with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an addition of velocities with a
+correction factor one plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction factor one plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correction factor one plus
+v over c square u b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v over c square u b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v over c square u b
+good so does this make sense so whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so does this make sense so whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so does this make sense so whenever
+we have a calculation like this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a calculation like this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a calculation like this we
+should check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should check that
+it it actually works out that extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it actually works out that extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it actually works out that extreme
+cases are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases are
+preserved and that units work out so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved and that units work out so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved and that units work out so
+again the units work out here on both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the units work out here on both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again the units work out here on both
+sides we find meter per second the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides we find meter per second the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides we find meter per second the unit
+of velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity
+if you check now what happens if you set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you check now what happens if you set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you check now what happens if you set
+u b equal to zero meaning that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u b equal to zero meaning that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u b equal to zero meaning that
+the escape rod is at rest with no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the escape rod is at rest with no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the escape rod is at rest with no
+velocity with respect to bob's reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with respect to bob's reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity with respect to bob's reference
+frame
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame
+in that case we find that ua is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we find that ua is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case we find that ua is equal to
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+exactly the velocity difference the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the velocity difference the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the velocity difference the
+relative velocity between those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity between those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative velocity between those two
+reference strings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference strings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference strings
+if that velocity is zero we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that velocity is zero we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that velocity is zero we find
+ua equal to ub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ua equal to ub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ua equal to ub
+again that's expected if bob and ellis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's expected if bob and ellis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again that's expected if bob and ellis
+are in the same reference frame and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the same reference frame and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in the same reference frame and they
+observe the same escape rod they better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the same escape rod they better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observe the same escape rod they better
+measure the same velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the same velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure the same velocity
+and lastly if you know instead of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly if you know instead of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lastly if you know instead of having
+an escape rod we send the beam of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an escape rod we send the beam of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an escape rod we send the beam of light
+out which has a speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which has a speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out which has a speed
+beam of light has a speed of light ub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of light has a speed of light ub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of light has a speed of light ub
+equal to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to c
+we find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we find
+that the velocity by observed by alice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the velocity by observed by alice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the velocity by observed by alice
+is also c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also c
+which brings us to an interesting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings us to an interesting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which brings us to an interesting point
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh yes we still add velocities with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes we still add velocities with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh yes we still add velocities with a
+little bit of a relativistic correction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a relativistic correction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a relativistic correction
+but we will never get larger velocities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will never get larger velocities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we will never get larger velocities
+of the speed of light so the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speed of light so the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the speed of light so the speed of
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+absolute speed limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute speed limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute speed limit
+let's analyze this a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze this a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's analyze this a little bit more
+in the context of our light clocks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of our light clocks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of our light clocks
+so what now happens if the velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what now happens if the velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what now happens if the velocity is
+equal to c is that gamma goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to c is that gamma goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to c is that gamma goes to
+infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+in the in the context of the light clock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the context of the light clock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the context of the light clock
+you can notice that you know the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can notice that you know the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can notice that you know the upper
+mirror
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror
+is can never be reached it's moving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can never be reached it's moving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is can never be reached it's moving with
+the speed of light the same velocity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light the same velocity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the speed of light the same velocity as
+the light itself but light is never able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light itself but light is never able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light itself but light is never able
+to reach this the clock will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so there's an absolute limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's an absolute limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there's an absolute limit
+of velocity is the speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity is the speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of velocity is the speed of light
+okay so now so far we discussed only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so far we discussed only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now so far we discussed only
+velocities in the direction in which the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in the direction in which the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocities in the direction in which the
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+reference frame uh move or the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame uh move or the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference frame uh move or the second
+reference that moves respect to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that moves respect to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that moves respect to the
+first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one
+what now happens if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now happens if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what now happens if
+we consider perpendicular velocities so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider perpendicular velocities so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we consider perpendicular velocities so
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+bob spacecraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob spacecraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bob spacecraft
+um this escape rod goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this escape rod goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this escape rod goes up
+you know maybe it's just you know you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe it's just you know you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know maybe it's just you know you're
+circling the planet or you're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circling the planet or you're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circling the planet or you're just
+approaching the planet and you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the planet and you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaching the planet and you've got
+first one gonna pop that that planet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one gonna pop that that planet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one gonna pop that that planet
+specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically
+so here we want to work out the example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we want to work out the example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we want to work out the example
+in which the perpendicular velocity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the perpendicular velocity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which the perpendicular velocity is
+not zero but the longitudinal velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero but the longitudinal velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not zero but the longitudinal velocity
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+so what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what does
+alice observe so we do this as a concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice observe so we do this as a concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice observe so we do this as a concept
+question which of the four answers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which of the four answers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question which of the four answers is
+correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct
+is the velocity unchanged because we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the velocity unchanged because we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the velocity unchanged because we are
+studying perpendicular velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying perpendicular velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying perpendicular velocity
+uh is the velocity smaller larger or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the velocity smaller larger or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is the velocity smaller larger or you
+don't know because we actually have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know because we actually have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know because we actually have to
+figure it out work it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so the velocity as observed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the velocity as observed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so the velocity as observed by
+alice is actually the absolute value is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice is actually the absolute value is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alice is actually the absolute value is
+smaller than the one observed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the one observed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the one observed by
+by bob we can do the very same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bob we can do the very same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by bob we can do the very same
+calculation so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation so we have
+u b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u b
+y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y
+is delta y b over delta t b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delta y b over delta t b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is delta y b over delta t b
+and then for alice this is u a y delta y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for alice this is u a y delta y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then for alice this is u a y delta y
+a over delta t b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over delta t b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a over delta t b
+so the y component the length measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the y component the length measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the y component the length measured
+in y direction between bob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y direction between bob
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in y direction between bob
+and others is invariant as we saw in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others is invariant as we saw in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and others is invariant as we saw in the
+previous section but the time is not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous section but the time is not so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous section but the time is not so
+we do have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do have to
+do the learned transformation of delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the learned transformation of delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the learned transformation of delta
+ta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ta
+and find that in the case where the u b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find that in the case where the u b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and find that in the case where the u b
+x is equal to zero that we just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is equal to zero that we just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is equal to zero that we just have to
+divide u b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide u b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide u b
+y over gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y over gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y over gamma
+situation is a little bit more involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is a little bit more involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation is a little bit more involved
+and there's also a longitudinal velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a longitudinal velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's also a longitudinal velocity
+but you see here how this would unfold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see here how this would unfold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you see here how this would unfold
+so 2 was the correct answer here so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 was the correct answer here so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 2 was the correct answer here so
+while the length in longitudinal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the length in longitudinal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the length in longitudinal
+directions are invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directions are invariant
+the velocities are not and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities are not and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocities are not and that's
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+time suspect time needs to be corrected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time suspect time needs to be corrected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time suspect time needs to be corrected
+and the two reference things
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jJSwWRaU9rA.txt b/jJSwWRaU9rA.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab6cd9bc9cdb088eeaa3644be3aeb91dc45450bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jJSwWRaU9rA.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8840 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of MIT courses
+visit MIT opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you guys asked to do some numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys asked to do some numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you guys asked to do some numerical
+examples of the stuff that we've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the stuff that we've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of the stuff that we've been
+learning today and I've got a fun one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning today and I've got a fun one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning today and I've got a fun one
+for you a very real one because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you a very real one because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you a very real one because it
+happens all the time in reactors all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time in reactors all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time in reactors all
+over the world so to set the stage for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world so to set the stage for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world so to set the stage for
+this they suppose I had a you know just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they suppose I had a you know just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they suppose I had a you know just
+suppose I had a radioactive cobalt-60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I had a radioactive cobalt-60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I had a radioactive cobalt-60
+source that was calibrated in March 2011
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that was calibrated in March 2011
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source that was calibrated in March 2011
+to be approximately 1 micro curie and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be approximately 1 micro curie and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be approximately 1 micro curie and
+it's now October 2016 so let's start off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now October 2016 so let's start off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's now October 2016 so let's start off
+with the easy part let's say I posed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the easy part let's say I posed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the easy part let's say I posed the
+question how active was this source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how active was this source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how active was this source
+actually when it was made because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when it was made because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when it was made because it
+just says what does it say 1 micro Curie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says what does it say 1 micro Curie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just says what does it say 1 micro Curie
+and supposedly it was one micro Curie on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supposedly it was one micro Curie on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and supposedly it was one micro Curie on
+March 2011 what does that mean the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March 2011 what does that mean the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+March 2011 what does that mean the
+actual activity could be there's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual activity could be there's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual activity could be there's not a
+lot of confidence in that number who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of confidence in that number who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of confidence in that number who
+remembers significant figures from high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers significant figures from high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembers significant figures from high
+school chemistry and physics this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school chemistry and physics this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school chemistry and physics this is
+when they're important because you got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're important because you got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when they're important because you got
+to know what you're buying so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what you're buying so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what you're buying so what is
+the actual activity of this source when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual activity of this source when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual activity of this source when
+it was calibrated what is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was calibrated what is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was calibrated what is our
+uncertainty on this anyone remember this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty on this anyone remember this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty on this anyone remember this
+from sig figs I hope so not I'll refresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sig figs I hope so not I'll refresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from sig figs I hope so not I'll refresh
+your memory it's plus or minus the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory it's plus or minus the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your memory it's plus or minus the next
+decimal point so really this was 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal point so really this was 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimal point so really this was 1 plus
+or minus 0.5 micro Kure so you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus 0.5 micro Kure so you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or minus 0.5 micro Kure so you might
+have 1/2 micro Curie source you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1/2 micro Curie source you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 1/2 micro Curie source you might
+have a 1 and 1/2 micro Curie source they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 1 and 1/2 micro Curie source they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a 1 and 1/2 micro Curie source they
+specifically decided to leave out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically decided to leave out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically decided to leave out the
+second decimal point so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second decimal point so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second decimal point so they're not
+liable for a source that's out of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liable for a source that's out of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liable for a source that's out of that
+calibration level so we supposedly have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration level so we supposedly have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration level so we supposedly have
+a 1 micro Curie source and I've measured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 micro Curie source and I've measured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 1 micro Curie source and I've measured
+it on let's say it's now October 2016
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on let's say it's now October 2016
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it on let's say it's now October 2016
+suppose I went and made a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I went and made a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I went and made a measurement
+and it was point 5 2 micro Curie's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was point 5 2 micro Curie's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it was point 5 2 micro Curie's and
+we want to know how active was this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know how active was this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to know how active was this
+source actually when we got it where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source actually when we got it where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source actually when we got it where
+would I begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay yeah that's why I've got the table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that's why I've got the table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah that's why I've got the table
+of nuclides right here so let's look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclides right here so let's look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nuclides right here so let's look up
+the half-life of cobalt-60 and there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life of cobalt-60 and there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life of cobalt-60 and there it
+is right there 1925 days so we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right there 1925 days so we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is right there 1925 days so we know that
+the half-life for cobalt 60 is nineteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life for cobalt 60 is nineteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the half-life for cobalt 60 is nineteen
+twenty five point four days which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty five point four days which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twenty five point four days which equals
+and I pre did the math out that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I pre did the math out that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I pre did the math out that I
+wouldn't spend lots of time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't spend lots of time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't spend lots of time on the
+calculator activity how many seconds is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator activity how many seconds is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculator activity how many seconds is
+that one point six six times ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one point six six times ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one point six six times ten to the
+eighth seconds and we also remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth seconds and we also remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth seconds and we also remember that
+activity equation where the activity as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity equation where the activity as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity equation where the activity as
+a function of time equals the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time equals the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of time equals the original
+activity times e to the minus lambda T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity times e to the minus lambda T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity times e to the minus lambda T
+the only thing missing here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing missing here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only thing missing here is the
+initial activity in lambda so how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial activity in lambda so how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial activity in lambda so how do we
+find lambda and remember remember that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find lambda and remember remember that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find lambda and remember remember that
+expression yep and we know that lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression yep and we know that lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression yep and we know that lambda
+equals log of two over the half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals log of two over the half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals log of two over the half-life
+which in this case is about 0.693 nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case is about 0.693 nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which in this case is about 0.693 nine
+over one point six six times ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one point six six times ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one point six six times ten to the
+eighth which equals four point one seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth which equals four point one seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eighth which equals four point one seven
+times ten to the minus nine per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ten to the minus nine per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ten to the minus nine per second
+and so now it's pretty easy we know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now it's pretty easy we know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now it's pretty easy we know what
+lambda is we know what our current a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is we know what our current a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda is we know what our current a is
+so we can say that our original activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say that our original activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can say that our original activity
+is simply our current activity divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply our current activity divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply our current activity divided
+by e to the minus lambda T what's T well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by e to the minus lambda T what's T well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by e to the minus lambda T what's T well
+I made an approximation here it's been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made an approximation here it's been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I made an approximation here it's been
+about five years and seven months I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five years and seven months I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about five years and seven months I
+assumed that a month has 30 days on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that a month has 30 days on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumed that a month has 30 days on
+average which comes out to T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average which comes out to T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average which comes out to T
+I remember calculating this already one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember calculating this already one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I remember calculating this already one
+point seven four times ten to the eighth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven four times ten to the eighth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point seven four times ten to the eighth
+a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a second
+so we plug in that T right here plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we plug in that T right here plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we plug in that T right here plug in
+that lambda right there and we get our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda right there and we get our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that lambda right there and we get our
+initial activity what did I get was 1.07
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial activity what did I get was 1.07
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial activity what did I get was 1.07
+micro Curie's now hopefully this result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro Curie's now hopefully this result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micro Curie's now hopefully this result
+is fairly intuitive because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly intuitive because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is fairly intuitive because the
+half-life of cobalt 57 is 1925 days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life of cobalt 57 is 1925 days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life of cobalt 57 is 1925 days
+which is about five and a quarter years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about five and a quarter years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about five and a quarter years
+and it's just over five and a quarter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just over five and a quarter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's just over five and a quarter
+years since this source was calibrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years since this source was calibrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years since this source was calibrated
+and we have just under half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have just under half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have just under half of the
+original activity so hopefully that's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original activity so hopefully that's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original activity so hopefully that's an
+intuitive numerical example now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive numerical example now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive numerical example now let's
+say how many atoms of cobalt 60 did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how many atoms of cobalt 60 did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say how many atoms of cobalt 60 did we
+have or better yet what was the mass of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or better yet what was the mass of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have or better yet what was the mass of
+cobalt 60 where would I go for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+give you a hint it's on the screen yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a hint it's on the screen yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a hint it's on the screen yeah
+so for this plastic check source right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this plastic check source right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for this plastic check source right
+here what's the actual mass of cobalt-60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's the actual mass of cobalt-60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what's the actual mass of cobalt-60
+that we put in in the beginning again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we put in in the beginning again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we put in in the beginning again
+supposing I had one of these right in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I had one of these right in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposing I had one of these right in
+front of you you could look at binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you you could look at binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of you you could look at binding
+energy which is a form of mass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is a form of mass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy which is a form of mass or
+luckily we've got the atomic mass right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we've got the atomic mass right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we've got the atomic mass right
+up there in AMU so again this is a quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there in AMU so again this is a quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up there in AMU so again this is a quick
+review of high school chemistry we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of high school chemistry we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review of high school chemistry we need
+to find out how many atoms we have in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out how many atoms we have in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find out how many atoms we have in
+this pellet and once we know the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pellet and once we know the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this pellet and once we know the number
+of atoms and we have the molar mass up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms and we have the molar mass up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms and we have the molar mass up
+there and either amu per atom or same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and either amu per atom or same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and either amu per atom or same
+thing as moles per gram pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as moles per gram pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing as moles per gram pretty much
+we'll know what the mass of cobalt-60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll know what the mass of cobalt-60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll know what the mass of cobalt-60
+was so one important conversion factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so one important conversion factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was so one important conversion factor
+to note is that one curie of radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note is that one curie of radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to note is that one curie of radiation
+is three point seven times ten to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three point seven times ten to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is three point seven times ten to the
+ten Beca rel and remember that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten Beca rel and remember that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten Beca rel and remember that one
+becker l is one disintegration per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becker l is one disintegration per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becker l is one disintegration per
+second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we know the initial activity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we know the initial activity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we know the initial activity of
+our material using our decay constant we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our material using our decay constant we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our material using our decay constant we
+should know the number of atoms that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know the number of atoms that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should know the number of atoms that we
+had right there so we know our initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had right there so we know our initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had right there so we know our initial
+activity a naught is 1.07 micro curie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity a naught is 1.07 micro curie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity a naught is 1.07 micro curie
+and anyone remember what's the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyone remember what's the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and anyone remember what's the relation
+between the activity and the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the activity and the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the activity and the number of
+atoms present just yell it out hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms present just yell it out hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms present just yell it out hope
+you'd know that by now this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd know that by now this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd know that by now this look
+familiar to anyone where the activity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to anyone where the activity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to anyone where the activity is
+directly proportional to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly proportional to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly proportional to the number of
+atoms there times its decay constant so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms there times its decay constant so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms there times its decay constant so
+since we now know a naught we can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we now know a naught we can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we now know a naught we can find
+n-not because now we know lambda as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-not because now we know lambda as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n-not because now we know lambda as well
+so the number of atoms we had at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of atoms we had at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the number of atoms we had at the
+beginning is just our activity over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is just our activity over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning is just our activity over
+lambda and our activity is 1.07 micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and our activity is 1.07 micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and our activity is 1.07 micro
+Curie's let's convert up to Curie's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie's let's convert up to Curie's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie's let's convert up to Curie's so
+we know that there is one Curie in 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that there is one Curie in 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that there is one Curie in 10 to
+the 6 micro Curie's and we'll use that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6 micro Curie's and we'll use that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 6 micro Curie's and we'll use that
+conversion factor right there times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion factor right there times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversion factor right there times
+three point seven times ten to the ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point seven times ten to the ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three point seven times ten to the ten
+becquerels per one Curie divided by our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becquerels per one Curie divided by our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becquerels per one Curie divided by our
+decay constant four point one seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay constant four point one seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay constant four point one seven
+times ten to the minus nine for a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ten to the minus nine for a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ten to the minus nine for a second
+let's check our units to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check our units to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's check our units to make sure
+everything comes out we have a micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything comes out we have a micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything comes out we have a micro
+curious on the that's right I brought a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious on the that's right I brought a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious on the that's right I brought a
+canceling color we have micro Curie's on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling color we have micro Curie's on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+canceling color we have micro Curie's on
+the top micro Curie's on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top micro Curie's on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the top micro Curie's on the bottom
+Curie's on the top Curie's on the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie's on the top Curie's on the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie's on the top Curie's on the bottom
+and we have a becker ELLs which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a becker ELLs which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a becker ELLs which is a
+disintegrations per second and we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second and we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second and we have a
+per second down on the bottom so the per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second down on the bottom so the per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second down on the bottom so the per
+second goes away and the becquerels just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second goes away and the becquerels just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second goes away and the becquerels just
+becomes atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes atoms
+and so we actually get and not is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we actually get and not is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we actually get and not is I
+think we say something times 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we say something times 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we say something times 10 to the
+12th yeah nine point five times ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th yeah nine point five times ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12th yeah nine point five times ten to
+the twelfth Adams that's the way it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twelfth Adams that's the way it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twelfth Adams that's the way it was
+so the final step how do we go for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final step how do we go for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the final step how do we go for a
+number of atoms to mass anyone tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep so the last thing we'll do is we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so the last thing we'll do is we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep so the last thing we'll do is we'll
+say we have nine point five times ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have nine point five times ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say we have nine point five times ten to
+the twelfth atoms times Avogadro's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twelfth atoms times Avogadro's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the twelfth atoms times Avogadro's
+number which is one mole in every six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is one mole in every six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number which is one mole in every six
+times 10 to the 23rd atoms and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 23rd atoms and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the 23rd atoms and then we
+go to the table of nuclides to get its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the table of nuclides to get its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the table of nuclides to get its
+atomic mass this is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass this is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atomic mass this is one of those
+situations where you don't need to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you don't need to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations where you don't need to take
+the eighth decimal place because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth decimal place because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth decimal place because you're
+not calculating you're not converting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not calculating you're not converting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not calculating you're not converting
+from mass to energy you're just getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mass to energy you're just getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from mass to energy you're just getting
+mass so if you might wonder where did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so if you might wonder where did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass so if you might wonder where did
+all the decimal points go think of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the decimal points go think of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the decimal points go think of what
+type of calculation we're doing if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of calculation we're doing if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of calculation we're doing if we
+started off with a one significant digit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off with a one significant digit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started off with a one significant digit
+number do we really care about keeping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number do we really care about keeping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number do we really care about keeping
+the eighth decimal place and the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth decimal place and the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the eighth decimal place and the rest of
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+no definitely not we're not turning a mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no definitely not we're not turning a mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no definitely not we're not turning a mu
+into MeV in which case the sixth decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into MeV in which case the sixth decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into MeV in which case the sixth decimal
+point could put you off by half an MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point could put you off by half an MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point could put you off by half an MeV
+or like the rest mass of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the rest mass of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or like the rest mass of the electron
+we're just getting masses here so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just getting masses here so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just getting masses here so let's
+just call that fifty nine point nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call that fifty nine point nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just call that fifty nine point nine
+that's enough for me fifty nine point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough for me fifty nine point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's enough for me fifty nine point
+nine grams in one mole of cobalt 60 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine grams in one mole of cobalt 60 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine grams in one mole of cobalt 60 and
+just to confirm we have atoms here atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to confirm we have atoms here atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to confirm we have atoms here atoms
+there moles there holes there and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there moles there holes there and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there moles there holes there and we
+should get a mass in grams and this came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a mass in grams and this came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get a mass in grams and this came
+out to 0.95 nano grams of cobalt 60 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to 0.95 nano grams of cobalt 60 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to 0.95 nano grams of cobalt 60 not
+a lot of cobalt 60 can pack quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cobalt 60 can pack quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of cobalt 60 can pack quite a
+wallop in terms of activity so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallop in terms of activity so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wallop in terms of activity so even
+though this has a pretty long half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this has a pretty long half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though this has a pretty long half-life
+as far as isotopes go it takes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as isotopes go it takes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as isotopes go it takes very
+little of it to have quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of it to have quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little of it to have quite a bit of
+activity certainly enough for our fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity certainly enough for our fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity certainly enough for our fairly
+inefficient handmade Geiger counter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient handmade Geiger counter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inefficient handmade Geiger counter to
+what's going on pretty neat huh cool now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on pretty neat huh cool now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on pretty neat huh cool now
+let's say I ask you another question a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I ask you another question a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I ask you another question a
+simpler question how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler question how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler question how many
+disintegrations per second are coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second are coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second are coming
+out of that cobalt-60 source let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that cobalt-60 source let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that cobalt-60 source let's say
+we wanted to find the efficiency of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to find the efficiency of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to find the efficiency of our
+Geiger counter you'd have to know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger counter you'd have to know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geiger counter you'd have to know how
+many counts you measure you'd have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many counts you measure you'd have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many counts you measure you'd have to
+know how far away your source is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how far away your source is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how far away your source is and
+you'd have to know how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to know how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd have to know how many
+disintegrations per second are happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second are happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second are happening
+so how do I get to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I get to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how do I get to the number of
+disintegrations per second that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations per second that's right
+well just take our current activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just take our current activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well just take our current activity
+which is 0.5 to micro Curie's and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0.5 to micro Curie's and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 0.5 to micro Curie's and so
+we'll say point 0.5 2 times 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say point 0.5 2 times 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll say point 0.5 2 times 10 to the
+minus 6 Curie's times three point seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 Curie's times three point seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 6 Curie's times three point seven
+times ten to the ten Becquerel in 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ten to the ten Becquerel in 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times ten to the ten Becquerel in 1
+Curie is well we have curious here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie is well we have curious here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Curie is well we have curious here we
+have Curie's there and this comes out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Curie's there and this comes out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have Curie's there and this comes out to
+what was our current activity was in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was our current activity was in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was our current activity was in the
+tens of thousands but 19,000 barrels so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of thousands but 19,000 barrels so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of thousands but 19,000 barrels so
+we know that right now this source is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that right now this source is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that right now this source is
+giving off about 19,000 disintegrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving off about 19,000 disintegrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving off about 19,000 disintegrations
+per second is that how many gamma rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second is that how many gamma rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per second is that how many gamma rays
+it's giving off do we know that yet why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving off do we know that yet why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's giving off do we know that yet why
+not I heard a lot of knows what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I heard a lot of knows what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not I heard a lot of knows what other
+information do we need to know sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information do we need to know sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information do we need to know sure
+luckily we've got that right here so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we've got that right here so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luckily we've got that right here so if
+you look here the mode of decay is beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look here the mode of decay is beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look here the mode of decay is beta
+decay to nickel 60 so cobalt 60 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay to nickel 60 so cobalt 60 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay to nickel 60 so cobalt 60 is
+actually primarily a beta source however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually primarily a beta source however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually primarily a beta source however
+it's used for its characteristic gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used for its characteristic gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's used for its characteristic gamma
+rays so let's take a quick look if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays so let's take a quick look if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays so let's take a quick look if we
+look at its decay diagram it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its decay diagram it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at its decay diagram it's pretty
+simple and let's just say somewhere near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and let's just say somewhere near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and let's just say somewhere near
+a hundred percent of the time it beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred percent of the time it beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hundred percent of the time it beta
+decays upto this energy level and can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays upto this energy level and can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays upto this energy level and can
+undergo any number of transitions like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo any number of transitions like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergo any number of transitions like
+this the only two we really tend to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the only two we really tend to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the only two we really tend to see
+is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like
+that one and that one are the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and that one are the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one and that one are the most
+likely ones so on average each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely ones so on average each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely ones so on average each
+disintegration of a cobalt-60 atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration of a cobalt-60 atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration of a cobalt-60 atom is
+going to produce two highly energetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce two highly energetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to produce two highly energetic
+gamma rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays
+so actually what you'd have to know for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually what you'd have to know for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so actually what you'd have to know for
+this source is despite it being nineteen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this source is despite it being nineteen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this source is despite it being nineteen
+thousand Becker ELLs of cobalt-60 it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand Becker ELLs of cobalt-60 it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand Becker ELLs of cobalt-60 it's
+giving off 38,000 gamma rays per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving off 38,000 gamma rays per second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving off 38,000 gamma rays per second
+so that way your source calculations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that way your source calculations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that way your source calculations
+wouldn't be off by a factor of two then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be off by a factor of two then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be off by a factor of two then
+if you know the distance between your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the distance between your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you know the distance between your
+source and your detector and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and your detector and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source and your detector and you know
+how many of those gamma rays are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those gamma rays are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of those gamma rays are going
+through the detector itself which we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the detector itself which we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the detector itself which we can
+count calculate with a solid angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count calculate with a solid angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count calculate with a solid angle
+formula which I'll give you a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which I'll give you a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula which I'll give you a little
+later you'll know how many of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you'll know how many of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later you'll know how many of them
+should interact in here once you learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should interact in here once you learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should interact in here once you learn
+photon nuclear interactions and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon nuclear interactions and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photon nuclear interactions and you'll
+know how many of them actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many of them actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many of them actually get
+captured and that's how you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured and that's how you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured and that's how you can get the
+efficiency of the detector so we've kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the detector so we've kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiency of the detector so we've kind
+of filled in half the puzzle you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filled in half the puzzle you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of filled in half the puzzle you now
+know for a fixed source how many atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a fixed source how many atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for a fixed source how many atoms
+there are how many disintegrations there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are how many disintegrations there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are how many disintegrations there
+are and how many gamma rays you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and how many gamma rays you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and how many gamma rays you expect
+it to give off and then later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to give off and then later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to give off and then later in the
+course we'll tell you how to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we'll tell you how to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we'll tell you how to figure out
+how many of them make it into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them make it into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many of them make it into the
+detector and how many of those should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and how many of those should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector and how many of those should
+interact in the detector does everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in the detector does everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact in the detector does everyone
+clear on what we talked about here yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear on what we talked about here yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear on what we talked about here yep
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+double the number of cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the number of cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the number of cobalt
+disintegrations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegrations
+so yep so I'm I'm ignoring the point O
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yep so I'm I'm ignoring the point O
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yep so I'm I'm ignoring the point O
+two and point O six percent decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and point O six percent decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and point O six percent decays
+because they're extremely unlikely and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're extremely unlikely and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're extremely unlikely and
+having looked this up ahead of time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having looked this up ahead of time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having looked this up ahead of time I
+know that this transition and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this transition and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that this transition and that
+transition are by far the most likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition are by far the most likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition are by far the most likely
+ones and if you don't know that sure do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and if you don't know that sure do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and if you don't know that sure do
+those right there the 99.9 something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right there the 99.9 something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those right there the 99.9 something
+intensity ones it's all there so I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity ones it's all there so I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity ones it's all there so I had
+some questions on Piazza what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions on Piazza what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some questions on Piazza what happens
+when we can't read the pixilated decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can't read the pixilated decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we can't read the pixilated decay
+diagram that's just there for fun the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that's just there for fun the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram that's just there for fun the
+actual table that will tell you all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual table that will tell you all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual table that will tell you all the
+information you need to know is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need to know is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you need to know is right
+below and I just decided all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and I just decided all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below and I just decided all right
+forget the ones that are to e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the ones that are to e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the ones that are to e to the
+minus six likely or 0.007 whatever too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus six likely or 0.007 whatever too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus six likely or 0.007 whatever too
+many zeros so you can say that on air
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many zeros so you can say that on air
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many zeros so you can say that on air
+- probably two or three significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- probably two or three significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- probably two or three significant
+digits that gamma ray and that gamma ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits that gamma ray and that gamma ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digits that gamma ray and that gamma ray
+are the only ones you tend to see is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only ones you tend to see is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the only ones you tend to see is
+everyone clear on how I made that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone clear on how I made that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone clear on how I made that
+determination cool yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and each one of those that's right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of those that's right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and each one of those that's right the
+number of disintegrations is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of disintegrations is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of disintegrations is the number
+of atoms that leave this position so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms that leave this position so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms that leave this position so
+let's take a crazier example but I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a crazier example but I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take a crazier example but I've
+already had you look at americium-241
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had you look at americium-241
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already had you look at americium-241
+sort of bring home the message that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring home the message that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of bring home the message that the
+number of americium disintegrations does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of americium disintegrations does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of americium disintegrations does
+not necessarily equal the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily equal the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessarily equal the number of
+gamma rays that you will expect to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays that you will expect to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays that you will expect to see
+because any one of these is possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any one of these is possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because any one of these is possible
+there's an 84% likely one that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an 84% likely one that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an 84% likely one that looks
+like it goes to the third level from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it goes to the third level from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it goes to the third level from the
+bottom because it's just a third number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom because it's just a third number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom because it's just a third number
+I'm seeing here if you don't believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing here if you don't believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm seeing here if you don't believe
+that then check how much you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then check how much you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then check how much you have to
+zoom out to see what's going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom out to see what's going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom out to see what's going on here
+right let's see intensity yep the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's see intensity yep the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right let's see intensity yep the third
+most energetic alpha ray so the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most energetic alpha ray so the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most energetic alpha ray so the third
+from the bottom is indeed the 84% likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom is indeed the 84% likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the bottom is indeed the 84% likely
+one then there's another one that's 13%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then there's another one that's 13%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one then there's another one that's 13%
+likely so we can't discount that either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely so we can't discount that either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely so we can't discount that either
+so you're gonna hit anything from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna hit anything from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're gonna hit anything from like
+the second to the fourth energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second to the fourth energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second to the fourth energy level
+and any number of those gamma cascades
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any number of those gamma cascades
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and any number of those gamma cascades
+that come off there so the intensity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come off there so the intensity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that come off there so the intensity of
+your source in Becker ELLs or Curie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your source in Becker ELLs or Curie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your source in Becker ELLs or Curie's
+does not immediately tell you how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not immediately tell you how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not immediately tell you how many
+gamma rays or other disintegration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays or other disintegration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamma rays or other disintegration
+products you should expect there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you should expect there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products you should expect there are
+some pretty simple ones like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty simple ones like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pretty simple ones like the
+dysprosium one that we saw was it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysprosium one that we saw was it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dysprosium one that we saw was it like
+150 one I've been here before it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 one I've been here before it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 one I've been here before it's not
+purple no that's a complicated one all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple no that's a complicated one all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purple no that's a complicated one all
+right don't remember which dysprosium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right don't remember which dysprosium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right don't remember which dysprosium
+isotope just had a single decay but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope just had a single decay but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope just had a single decay but the
+only time that you would get one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time that you would get one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only time that you would get one
+particle per disintegration is if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle per disintegration is if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle per disintegration is if your
+decay diagram looked like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay diagram looked like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay diagram looked like this
+that's your parent and that's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your parent and that's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's your parent and that's your
+daughter that's the only time you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter that's the only time you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter that's the only time you can
+expect one thing if you have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect one thing if you have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect one thing if you have a more
+complex two K diagram than that you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex two K diagram than that you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex two K diagram than that you'll
+be looking at more than one quantum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at more than one quantum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be looking at more than one quantum of
+radiation of some form per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation of some form per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radiation of some form per
+disintegration so is that unclear to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration so is that unclear to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disintegration so is that unclear to
+anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool now let's get into a more fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now let's get into a more fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool now let's get into a more fun
+problem and I'll leave this up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'll leave this up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and I'll leave this up here
+since we're gonna refer to it a fair bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're gonna refer to it a fair bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since we're gonna refer to it a fair bit
+so this is a good example of activity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a good example of activity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a good example of activity
+half-life mass number of atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life mass number of atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-life mass number of atom
+calculations we're gonna use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're gonna use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculations we're gonna use this
+information to answer a more interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to answer a more interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information to answer a more interesting
+question how is this made anyone have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how is this made anyone have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question how is this made anyone have
+any idea what sort of intentional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea what sort of intentional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any idea what sort of intentional
+nuclear reaction could have produced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reaction could have produced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear reaction could have produced
+cobalt-60 and I'll go back to cobalt 60s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 and I'll go back to cobalt 60s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 and I'll go back to cobalt 60s
+we can get its proton number all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get its proton number all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can get its proton number all right
+you say a little louder sure you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say a little louder sure you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say a little louder sure you can
+have a neutron bombardment so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neutron bombardment so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a neutron bombardment so you can
+have cobalt 59 absorbs a neutron becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cobalt 59 absorbs a neutron becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have cobalt 59 absorbs a neutron becomes
+cobalt 60 with some half-life and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 60 with some half-life and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 60 with some half-life and then
+will decay with some decay constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decay with some decay constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will decay with some decay constant
+lambda and become in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and become in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda and become in this case it
+undergoes beta decay to nickel 60 let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes beta decay to nickel 60 let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes beta decay to nickel 60 let me
+make sure I got the proton number right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I got the proton number right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure I got the proton number right
+going from memory here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from memory here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from memory here
+hooray okay how do we set up the series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooray okay how do we set up the series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hooray okay how do we set up the series
+radioactive decay and production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay and production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive decay and production
+equations to describe this phenomenon so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to describe this phenomenon so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations to describe this phenomenon so
+we have a physical picture of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a physical picture of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a physical picture of what's
+going on here how do we construct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here how do we construct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on here how do we construct the
+differential equation model the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation model the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equation model the same way
+we've been doing it Friday and Tuesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing it Friday and Tuesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been doing it Friday and Tuesday
+so someone kicked me off what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so someone kicked me off what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so someone kicked me off what do we
+start with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay destruction times flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay destruction times flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay destruction times flux
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+okay let's make a couple of designations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's make a couple of designations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's make a couple of designations
+let's call cobalt 59 I'll use another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call cobalt 59 I'll use another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call cobalt 59 I'll use another
+color for this just so it's clear we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color for this just so it's clear we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color for this just so it's clear we'll
+call cobalt 59 and one we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call cobalt 59 and one we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call cobalt 59 and one we'll call it
+cobalt 60 and to coal nickel 60 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 60 and to coal nickel 60 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 60 and to coal nickel 60 and
+three just to keep our notation straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three just to keep our notation straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three just to keep our notation straight
+and then continuing our notation pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then continuing our notation pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then continuing our notation pile
+here you mentioned that there's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you mentioned that there's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you mentioned that there's going to
+be some Sigma some microscopic cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some Sigma some microscopic cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some Sigma some microscopic cross
+section times some flux the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section times some flux the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section times some flux the number of
+neutrons whizzing about the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons whizzing about the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons whizzing about the reactor
+times the amount of cobalt 60 so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the amount of cobalt 60 so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the amount of cobalt 60 so let's
+stick our DN 1 DT equals no production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick our DN 1 DT equals no production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick our DN 1 DT equals no production
+minus some destruction does this look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some destruction does this look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus some destruction does this look
+eerily familiar to any of you forget the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eerily familiar to any of you forget the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eerily familiar to any of you forget the
+fact that it's a sigma and a flux just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's a sigma and a flux just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that it's a sigma and a flux just
+treat those as constants what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat those as constants what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat those as constants what does this
+look exactly like exactly it looks just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look exactly like exactly it looks just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look exactly like exactly it looks just
+like DN 1 DT equals minus lambda and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like DN 1 DT equals minus lambda and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like DN 1 DT equals minus lambda and 1
+right yeah that's exactly it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah that's exactly it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah that's exactly it
+this in effect is like your artificially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in effect is like your artificially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in effect is like your artificially
+induced decay so the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced decay so the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induced decay so the probability that
+one atom of N 1 absorbs a neutron times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atom of N 1 absorbs a neutron times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atom of N 1 absorbs a neutron times
+the number of neutrons are there gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of neutrons are there gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of neutrons are there gives
+you some rate at which these atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some rate at which these atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you some rate at which these atoms are
+destroyed just like a lambda gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed just like a lambda gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destroyed just like a lambda gives you
+the rate at which those atoms naturally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which those atoms naturally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate at which those atoms naturally
+self-destruct so you can think of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-destruct so you can think of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self-destruct so you can think of this
+Sigma times flux like a lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma times flux like a lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma times flux like a lambda
+mathematically they're treated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically they're treated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically they're treated
+identically the only difference is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically the only difference is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identically the only difference is we're
+imposing this Neutron flux so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing this Neutron flux so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imposing this Neutron flux so it's like
+an artificial lambda which means solving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artificial lambda which means solving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an artificial lambda which means solving
+the equations and setting them up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations and setting them up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equations and setting them up is
+exactly the same so how about n 2 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same so how about n 2 what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the same so how about n 2 what's
+the production and destruction rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production and destruction rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the production and destruction rate of
+12 volt 60 first of all someone yell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 volt 60 first of all someone yell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 volt 60 first of all someone yell it
+out what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's the
+creation rate which lambda so what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation rate which lambda so what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creation rate which lambda so what is
+lambda 1 this one yeah okay so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 this one yeah okay so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 1 this one yeah okay so let's
+keep with these these notations will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep with these these notations will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep with these these notations will say
+I'm gonna say this is like a lamb to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say this is like a lamb to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say this is like a lamb to
+artificial biome to keep with Sigma flux
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial biome to keep with Sigma flux
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial biome to keep with Sigma flux
+and 1 and just so we keep our notations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 and just so we keep our notations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 and just so we keep our notations
+straight I want to be able to cleanly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight I want to be able to cleanly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straight I want to be able to cleanly
+separate the natural and the artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the natural and the artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the natural and the artificial
+production and destruction and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and destruction and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production and destruction and what's
+the destruction rate they said Sigma Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destruction rate they said Sigma Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the destruction rate they said Sigma Phi
+n 2 is that the physical picture we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 is that the physical picture we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 is that the physical picture we have
+up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not quite because like we can see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite because like we can see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite because like we can see here
+cobalt-60 self-destructs on its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 self-destructs on its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 self-destructs on its own
+right yeah so however that actually is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so however that actually is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah so however that actually is a
+correct term to put in the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct term to put in the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct term to put in the other one
+that we're missing would be minus lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're missing would be minus lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're missing would be minus lambda
+n - okay so you know what let's let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n - okay so you know what let's let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n - okay so you know what let's let's
+escalate this a bit into reality and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalate this a bit into reality and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escalate this a bit into reality and say
+we're going to we're gonna do this it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're gonna do this it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to we're gonna do this it's
+the actual equation is not gonna be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual equation is not gonna be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual equation is not gonna be that
+much harder so thanks Sean but let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder so thanks Sean but let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much harder so thanks Sean but let's do
+this yeah yes good question that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah yes good question that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this yeah yes good question that's what
+I was getting to so there is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was getting to so there is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was getting to so there is an
+absorption cross-section for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption cross-section for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption cross-section for every
+reaction for every isotope and now I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction for every isotope and now I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction for every isotope and now I'd
+like to show you guys where to find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to show you guys where to find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to show you guys where to find them
+on the 2201 site there is a link to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the 2201 site there is a link to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the 2201 site there is a link to
+what's called the Janus database which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the Janus database which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called the Janus database which
+is tabulated and plottable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tabulated and plottable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is tabulated and plottable
+cross-sections of all kinds so every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections of all kinds so every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections of all kinds so every
+single database that we know of it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single database that we know of it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single database that we know of it's
+updated continuously by the OECD so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated continuously by the OECD so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated continuously by the OECD so you
+can trust that the data is updated I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trust that the data is updated I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can trust that the data is updated I
+won't say accurate because some of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't say accurate because some of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't say accurate because some of these
+cross-sections are not very well known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections are not very well known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections are not very well known
+so I've already started it up in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've already started it up in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've already started it up in this
+case we don't have Neutron capture data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we don't have Neutron capture data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we don't have Neutron capture data
+for cobalt-60 let's keep it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cobalt-60 let's keep it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cobalt-60 let's keep it in the
+symbols for now and then later on we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols for now and then later on we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols for now and then later on we're
+just going to say it's probably zero but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say it's probably zero but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to say it's probably zero but
+let's keep it together so for cobalt 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep it together so for cobalt 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's keep it together so for cobalt 59
+let's double click on that and you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's double click on that and you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's double click on that and you are
+presented with an enormous host of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with an enormous host of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented with an enormous host of
+possible reactions like right here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible reactions like right here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible reactions like right here you
+have n comma total which is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n comma total which is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have n comma total which is the total
+cross-section for all interactions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section for all interactions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section for all interactions of
+neutrons with cobalt 59 and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons with cobalt 59 and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons with cobalt 59 and you can see
+that this varies with the same sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this varies with the same sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this varies with the same sort of
+shape that I was haphazardly drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that I was haphazardly drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shape that I was haphazardly drawing
+it's low there are some resonances and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's low there are some resonances and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's low there are some resonances and
+then it continuously increases at lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it continuously increases at lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it continuously increases at lower
+energies is this the right cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies is this the right cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies is this the right cross-section
+to use if it accounts for every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use if it accounts for every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use if it accounts for every possible
+interaction of a neutron with cobalt 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of a neutron with cobalt 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of a neutron with cobalt 59
+no so what other reactions besides the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so what other reactions besides the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no so what other reactions besides the
+one that we want which is capture could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we want which is capture could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one that we want which is capture could
+this account for yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this account for yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this account for yep
+scattering vision end-to-end production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering vision end-to-end production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattering vision end-to-end production
+sometimes one Neutron goes in and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes one Neutron goes in and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes one Neutron goes in and to
+come out like for beryllium like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out like for beryllium like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come out like for beryllium like we
+talked about the beginning of class so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the beginning of class so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about the beginning of class so
+you've got to know to choose the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to know to choose the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got to know to choose the right
+cross-section and in nuclear reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and in nuclear reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and in nuclear reaction
+parlance that shorthand right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parlance that shorthand right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parlance that shorthand right there
+that's n comma total that accounts for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n comma total that accounts for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's n comma total that accounts for
+elastic scattering inelastic scattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering inelastic scattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic scattering inelastic scattering
+to any energy level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any energy level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to any energy level
+capture fission end-to-end reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture fission end-to-end reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture fission end-to-end reactions
+sometimes proton release sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes proton release sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes proton release sometimes
+exploding whatever nuclei do so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding whatever nuclei do so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploding whatever nuclei do so let's
+look at our other choices shrink that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our other choices shrink that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our other choices shrink that we
+have the elastic cross-section compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the elastic cross-section compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the elastic cross-section compare
+that with a total and you get a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with a total and you get a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with a total and you get a general
+idea of how much the total and elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how much the total and elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of how much the total and elastic
+cross-sections actually matter so a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections actually matter so a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections actually matter so a lot
+of those resonances are elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those resonances are elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those resonances are elastic
+cross-section residences but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section residences but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section residences but there are
+other reactions that are responsible for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reactions that are responsible for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other reactions that are responsible for
+a lot of the other craziness going on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the other craziness going on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of the other craziness going on so
+let's unselect that oh I'm sorry I'm an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's unselect that oh I'm sorry I'm an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's unselect that oh I'm sorry I'm an
+empty one let's compare mt1 and mt2 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty one let's compare mt1 and mt2 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+empty one let's compare mt1 and mt2 so
+mt2 elastic ah there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mt2 elastic ah there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mt2 elastic ah there we go
+okay that's what I was hoping for so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what I was hoping for so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what I was hoping for so
+right now the red one is the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the red one is the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now the red one is the total
+cross-section and the green one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and the green one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section and the green one is the
+elastic cross section and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic cross section and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elastic cross section and you can see
+that at high energies the total cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at high energies the total cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at high energies the total cross
+section is mostly the elastic cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is mostly the elastic cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section is mostly the elastic cross
+section but at low energies especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section but at low energies especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section but at low energies especially
+right around here at the thermal energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around here at the thermal energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right around here at the thermal energy
+of neutrons and a reactor there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neutrons and a reactor there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of neutrons and a reactor there's
+something else responsible that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else responsible that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something else responsible that's
+probably what we're going after so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what we're going after so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably what we're going after so let's
+keep looking through this janice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep looking through this janice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep looking through this janice
+database hey there's the end-to-end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database hey there's the end-to-end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database hey there's the end-to-end
+reaction if you guys want to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction if you guys want to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction if you guys want to see how
+likely this is it's another one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely this is it's another one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely this is it's another one of those
+reactions that look at that it's zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that look at that it's zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactions that look at that it's zero
+until you get to eleven MeV so what do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to eleven MeV so what do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you get to eleven MeV so what do
+you guys think the Q value for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys think the Q value for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys think the Q value for
+end-to-end production of cobalt 59 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+very how negative it's on the graph yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very how negative it's on the graph yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very how negative it's on the graph yeah
+negative looks like 10 or maybe ten and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative looks like 10 or maybe ten and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative looks like 10 or maybe ten and
+a half MeV oh hey awesome so there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half MeV oh hey awesome so there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a half MeV oh hey awesome so there you
+go yeah indeed it's very energetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah indeed it's very energetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go yeah indeed it's very energetically
+unlikely to produce to fire in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to produce to fire in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlikely to produce to fire in one
+neutrons and get to but if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and get to but if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons and get to but if you have a
+ten point four five four MeV Neutron you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten point four five four MeV Neutron you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ten point four five four MeV Neutron you
+can make it happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make it happen
+pretty cool huh that's not the reaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool huh that's not the reaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool huh that's not the reaction
+we're going for what we want let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going for what we want let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going for what we want let's see
+if I can find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can find it
+proton plus Neutron Neutron plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton plus Neutron Neutron plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proton plus Neutron Neutron plus
+deuteron all the in elastic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuteron all the in elastic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deuteron all the in elastic energy
+levels there it is capture the gamma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels there it is capture the gamma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels there it is capture the gamma
+reaction here is what's referred to as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here is what's referred to as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction here is what's referred to as
+capture and there we go a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and there we go a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture and there we go a nice
+normal-looking cross-section so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal-looking cross-section so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal-looking cross-section so for
+cobalt 59 if we go down to about 0.025
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 59 if we go down to about 0.025
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 59 if we go down to about 0.025
+evie here read it off it's about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evie here read it off it's about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evie here read it off it's about 20
+barns because you guys asked for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barns because you guys asked for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barns because you guys asked for a
+numerical example so let's say that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical example so let's say that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical example so let's say that our
+capture cross section for cobalt 59 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture cross section for cobalt 59 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture cross section for cobalt 59 is
+about 20 barns which is to say 20 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 barns which is to say 20 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 barns which is to say 20 times
+10 to the minus 24 centimeters squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 24 centimeters squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the minus 24 centimeters squared
+let's also put up our capture one for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also put up our capture one for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's also put up our capture one for
+cobalt 60 so let's go back to our table
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 60 so let's go back to our table
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 60 so let's go back to our table
+take a look at cobalt 60 I think I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at cobalt 60 I think I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at cobalt 60 I think I know
+what the answer is going to be which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer is going to be which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the answer is going to be which is
+we don't know not in this database
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know not in this database
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know not in this database
+unfortunately so for symbolism let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so for symbolism let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately so for symbolism let's
+keep it there but we're gonna say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it there but we're gonna say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it there but we're gonna say well
+we don't know yeah so let's designate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know yeah so let's designate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't know yeah so let's designate
+these different cross sections let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different cross sections let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these different cross sections let's
+call it Sigma 59 Sigma 59 and Sigma 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Sigma 59 Sigma 59 and Sigma 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it Sigma 59 Sigma 59 and Sigma 60
+so those will be our two cross sections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those will be our two cross sections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so those will be our two cross sections
+we'll just call this one Sigma 59 we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just call this one Sigma 59 we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just call this one Sigma 59 we
+call this one Sigma 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this one Sigma 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this one Sigma 60
+and we already know the lambda for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already know the lambda for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we already know the lambda for
+cobalt-60 so let's say the lambda for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 so let's say the lambda for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 so let's say the lambda for a
+60 cobalt from this stuff up here four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 cobalt from this stuff up here four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 cobalt from this stuff up here four
+point one seven times ten to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one seven times ten to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point one seven times ten to the minus
+nine per second let's just refer to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine per second let's just refer to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine per second let's just refer to that
+as lambda for ease of writing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lambda for ease of writing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as lambda for ease of writing things
+down so we've got a complete set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we've got a complete set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down so we've got a complete set of
+reactions for a DN 2 DT what about DN 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the production rate of n 3 yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the production rate of n 3 yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the production rate of n 3 yep
+lambda n 2 anything else what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda n 2 anything else what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda n 2 anything else what about the
+destruction rate is what it's a stable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction rate is what it's a stable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+destruction rate is what it's a stable
+isotope but you're on to it Shawn so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope but you're on to it Shawn so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope but you're on to it Shawn so
+what would you add based on what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you add based on what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you add based on what you
+added to end to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah there's gonna be some new Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's gonna be some new Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's gonna be some new Sigma
+let's call it Sigma nickel 65 and 3 find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it Sigma nickel 65 and 3 find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it Sigma nickel 65 and 3 find
+out let's go to our tables there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out let's go to our tables there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out let's go to our tables there there's
+data for nickel 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for nickel 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data for nickel 60
+let's look up its absorption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look up its absorption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look up its absorption
+cross-section so we'll scroll down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section so we'll scroll down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section so we'll scroll down to
+our Z gamma our capture cross-section
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Z gamma our capture cross-section
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our Z gamma our capture cross-section
+plot it take a look at around 1 minus 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it take a look at around 1 minus 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot it take a look at around 1 minus 8
+and it's like two barns not negligible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so our capture cross-section for nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our capture cross-section for nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so our capture cross-section for nickel
+60 keep overriding myself and then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 keep overriding myself and then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 keep overriding myself and then I
+remember it's a blackboard two barns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's a blackboard two barns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it's a blackboard two barns
+which is tell you 2 times 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is tell you 2 times 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is tell you 2 times 10 to the
+minus 24 cm squared so we can just refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 24 cm squared so we can just refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 24 cm squared so we can just refer
+to that as Sigma nickel for the purposes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that as Sigma nickel for the purposes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that as Sigma nickel for the purposes
+of this problem we don't particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem we don't particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this problem we don't particularly
+care how much nickel 60 we're making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care how much nickel 60 we're making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+care how much nickel 60 we're making
+nickel 60 is a stable isotope of nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel 60 is a stable isotope of nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nickel 60 is a stable isotope of nickel
+yeah forget it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah forget it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah forget it
+so for the purposes of this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the purposes of this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for the purposes of this problem
+forget the N 3 equation we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the N 3 equation we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the N 3 equation we don't care
+how much stable nickel 60 they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stable nickel 60 they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much stable nickel 60 they were
+making because it's a lot cheaper to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making because it's a lot cheaper to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making because it's a lot cheaper to get
+it out of the ground
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of the ground
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out of the ground
+probably something like 10 orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something like 10 orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably something like 10 orders of
+magnitude cheaper yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even one okay yep so the incident energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even one okay yep so the incident energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even one okay yep so the incident energy
+I picked because one thing we had gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked because one thing we had gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I picked because one thing we had gone
+over is that the thermal energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over is that the thermal energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over is that the thermal energy of the
+neutron is around 0.025 evie which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron is around 0.025 evie which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron is around 0.025 evie which is
+equal to 2.5 times 10 to the minus 8 MeV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2.5 times 10 to the minus 8 MeV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 2.5 times 10 to the minus 8 MeV
+so I took that value about 2.5 times 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I took that value about 2.5 times 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I took that value about 2.5 times 10
+to the minus 8 MeV so around here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 8 MeV so around here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 8 MeV so around here and
+just went up and on a log scale it looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went up and on a log scale it looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just went up and on a log scale it looks
+to be closest to two barns you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be closest to two barns you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be closest to two barns you can
+always like get the actual value so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like get the actual value so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always like get the actual value so if
+you want to zoom right in I'm gonna keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to zoom right in I'm gonna keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to zoom right in I'm gonna keep
+zooming in to the 10 to the minus 8 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in to the 10 to the minus 8 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zooming in to the 10 to the minus 8 3
+giin maybe not now you can set your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giin maybe not now you can set your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giin maybe not now you can set your
+bounds accordingly so o 0 or negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds accordingly so o 0 or negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds accordingly so o 0 or negative
+values yeah okay whatever let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values yeah okay whatever let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values yeah okay whatever let's just
+read off the graph for now you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off the graph for now you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read off the graph for now you can use
+this tool to get the actual value but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tool to get the actual value but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tool to get the actual value but
+for problems like this I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problems like this I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for problems like this I think
+estimating it from the graph is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating it from the graph is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating it from the graph is gonna be
+fine when you get into 2205 and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine when you get into 2205 and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine when you get into 2205 and you're
+like what's the actual flux in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's the actual flux in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like what's the actual flux in the
+reactor to within 1% or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor to within 1% or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor to within 1% or something
+estimating from the graph is no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating from the graph is no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating from the graph is no longer
+allowable there are tabulated values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable there are tabulated values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowable there are tabulated values of
+these things oh yeah so you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things oh yeah so you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things oh yeah so you can actually
+set the plot settings get the tables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the plot settings get the tables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the plot settings get the tables
+cool Oh tabulated there we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool Oh tabulated there we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool Oh tabulated there we go
+so you can read off values of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can read off values of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can read off values of the
+cross-sections from a table like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections from a table like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections from a table like that
+but for now since we want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now since we want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now since we want to make sure
+to get this problem done let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this problem done let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get this problem done let's just
+stick with the graph so we don't care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with the graph so we don't care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stick with the graph so we don't care
+about the end 3 equation we're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the end 3 equation we're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the end 3 equation we're also
+going to say well let's not ignore Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well let's not ignore Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to say well let's not ignore Sigma
+60 yet so how do we solve this set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 yet so how do we solve this set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 yet so how do we solve this set of
+equations let's make a little separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations let's make a little separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations let's make a little separation
+here first of all the easy one what's N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first of all the easy one what's N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here first of all the easy one what's N
+1 is a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+59 5 and what else and there's an n1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+59 5 and what else and there's an n1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+59 5 and what else and there's an n1
+naught and there's a T because as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and there's a T because as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught and there's a T because as you're
+burning it out it matters how much time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning it out it matters how much time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burning it out it matters how much time
+you have doesn't this look eerily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have doesn't this look eerily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have doesn't this look eerily
+similar to an N equals n naught e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to an N equals n naught e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to an N equals n naught e to the
+minus lambda T again it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda T again it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda T again it's like
+exponential artificial decay because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential artificial decay because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponential artificial decay because
+we're burning those things out for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're burning those things out for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're burning those things out for a
+fixed amount of neutrons going in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed amount of neutrons going in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed amount of neutrons going in the
+amount that we burn is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that we burn is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount that we burn is proportional to
+the amount that is there so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that is there so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount that is there so that's the
+burn rate that's the amount that's there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn rate that's the amount that's there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+burn rate that's the amount that's there
+this is our artificial lambda so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our artificial lambda so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our artificial lambda so that
+equations easy what we really want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations easy what we really want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations easy what we really want to
+know is what is n2 as a function of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is what is n2 as a function of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is what is n2 as a function of time
+that's the 60 million dollar question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the 60 million dollar question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the 60 million dollar question
+and I'm not exaggerating there because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not exaggerating there because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not exaggerating there because
+cobalt-60 is expensive so the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 is expensive so the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 is expensive so the question
+I'm posing to you guys on the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm posing to you guys on the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm posing to you guys on the homework
+so for those of you who've started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those of you who've started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for those of you who've started
+problems at 4 I'm gonna be swapping out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems at 4 I'm gonna be swapping out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems at 4 I'm gonna be swapping out
+the noodle scratcher problem to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noodle scratcher problem to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the noodle scratcher problem to this
+problem that we're going to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we're going to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we're going to begin
+together in class and you guys are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in class and you guys are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together in class and you guys are going
+to finish on the homework so I'm kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish on the homework so I'm kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish on the homework so I'm kind of
+giving you a help on the homework what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a help on the homework what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you a help on the homework what
+is n 2 the amount of cobalt-60 in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n 2 the amount of cobalt-60 in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n 2 the amount of cobalt-60 in your
+reactor as a function of time and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor as a function of time and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor as a function of time and what
+is your profit for running the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your profit for running the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your profit for running the reactor
+as a function of time assuming a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time assuming a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a function of time assuming a few
+things so let's set up some parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so let's set up some parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things so let's set up some parameters
+I'm gonna say that the Neutron flux is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say that the Neutron flux is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna say that the Neutron flux is
+the same as that in the MIT reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as that in the MIT reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as that in the MIT reactor
+which is about 10 to the 14th neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about 10 to the 14th neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is about 10 to the 14th neutrons
+per centimeter squared per second we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter squared per second we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per centimeter squared per second we
+already have all of our lambdas we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have all of our lambdas we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have all of our lambdas we have
+all of our Sigma's I'm going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our Sigma's I'm going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of our Sigma's I'm going to say that
+the cost of running the reactor is and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of running the reactor is and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cost of running the reactor is and I
+have a quote on this $1,000 per day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quote on this $1,000 per day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a quote on this $1,000 per day
+which is the same as 1 cent per second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not a bad rate to stick something in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bad rate to stick something in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a bad rate to stick something in the
+reactor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor right
+it's not bad at all if you had to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not bad at all if you had to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not bad at all if you had to build
+your own reactor your daily operating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own reactor your daily operating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own reactor your daily operating
+costs would actually be a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs would actually be a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs would actually be a million
+dollars a day who are a commercial power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a day who are a commercial power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars a day who are a commercial power
+plant so every time a plant goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant so every time a plant goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant so every time a plant goes down
+you lose a million dollars a day plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose a million dollars a day plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you lose a million dollars a day plus
+the lost electricity or whatever that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lost electricity or whatever that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lost electricity or whatever that
+you have to buy so let's put that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to buy so let's put that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to buy so let's put that in
+there and from the cost of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and from the cost of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and from the cost of this
+hypothetical cobalt-60 source we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical cobalt-60 source we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetical cobalt-60 source we know
+that cobalt-60 runs about $100 per micro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cobalt-60 runs about $100 per micro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cobalt-60 runs about $100 per micro
+Kure because these sources run for about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kure because these sources run for about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kure because these sources run for about
+$100 and so the eventual problem that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 and so the eventual problem that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 and so the eventual problem that
+we're going to set up here and you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set up here and you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to set up here and you guys
+are gonna solve on the homework and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna solve on the homework and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are gonna solve on the homework and we
+can keep going a little bit on Friday if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep going a little bit on Friday if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can keep going a little bit on Friday if
+you want is at what point at what tea do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want is at what point at what tea do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want is at what point at what tea do
+you shut off your reactor and extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shut off your reactor and extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you shut off your reactor and extract
+your cobalt 60 to maximize your profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cobalt 60 to maximize your profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your cobalt 60 to maximize your profit
+and this is an actual value judgment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an actual value judgment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is an actual value judgment
+that folks that make cobalt 60 have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that folks that make cobalt 60 have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that folks that make cobalt 60 have to
+make how long do you keep your nickel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make how long do you keep your nickel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make how long do you keep your nickel
+target in there and not hit diminishing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target in there and not hit diminishing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target in there and not hit diminishing
+returns because you're always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns because you're always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns because you're always going to
+be lets say increasing the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lets say increasing the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be lets say increasing the amount of
+cobalt 60 yeah increasing the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 60 yeah increasing the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 60 yeah increasing the amount of
+cobalt 60 that you make if your source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 60 that you make if your source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt 60 that you make if your source
+is basically undeletable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically undeletable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is basically undeletable
+until you reach some certain half-life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach some certain half-life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you reach some certain half-life
+criterion but it might not make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion but it might not make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+criterion but it might not make
+financial sense to do so so let's start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sense to do so so let's start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial sense to do so so let's start
+getting the solution to end to let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the solution to end to let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the solution to end to let's see
+so I'm going to rewrite our end to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to rewrite our end to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to rewrite our end to
+equation and we can start solving it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we can start solving it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and we can start solving it I'm
+sorry that's adn to DT equals Sigma 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's adn to DT equals Sigma 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry that's adn to DT equals Sigma 59
+flux and 1 minus lambda n 2 minus Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and 1 minus lambda n 2 minus Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux and 1 minus lambda n 2 minus Sigma
+60 flux and 2 so how do we go about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 flux and 2 so how do we go about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 flux and 2 so how do we go about
+solving this differential equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yep the old integrating factor first we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep the old integrating factor first we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep the old integrating factor first we
+want to get rid of the n1 because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of the n1 because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get rid of the n1 because that's
+another variable and we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another variable and we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another variable and we've already
+decided right here that N 1 is N 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided right here that N 1 is N 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided right here that N 1 is N 1
+naught times e to the minus Sigma 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught times e to the minus Sigma 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+naught times e to the minus Sigma 59
+flux t and we haven't specified what's N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux t and we haven't specified what's N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux t and we haven't specified what's N
+1 naught
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 naught
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 naught
+let's do that now last number we'll put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that now last number we'll put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do that now last number we'll put
+in is we started with a 100 gram source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is we started with a 100 gram source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is we started with a 100 gram source
+of cobalt 59 that when we write it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cobalt 59 that when we write it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cobalt 59 that when we write it in
+isotope parlance it sounds exotic but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope parlance it sounds exotic but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isotope parlance it sounds exotic but
+that's actually the only stable isotope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the only stable isotope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's actually the only stable isotope
+of cobalt so that's just a lump of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cobalt so that's just a lump of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cobalt so that's just a lump of
+cobalt from the ground that we stick in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we know what N 1 naught is so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know what N 1 naught is so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know what N 1 naught is so we can
+now rewrite this equation as let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rewrite this equation as let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now rewrite this equation as let's just
+go with n2 prime for shorthand and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with n2 prime for shorthand and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go with n2 prime for shorthand and we'll
+put everything on one side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put everything on one side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put everything on one side of the
+equation so we'll have plus lambda plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we'll have plus lambda plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so we'll have plus lambda plus
+Sigma 65 and 2 minus Sigma 59 Phi times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 65 and 2 minus Sigma 59 Phi times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 65 and 2 minus Sigma 59 Phi times
+e to the minus Sigma 59 Phi T equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus Sigma 59 Phi T equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the minus Sigma 59 Phi T equals
+zero so what is our integrating factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what is our integrating factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so what is our integrating factor
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+e to the lambda yep so it is e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the lambda yep so it is e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the lambda yep so it is e to the
+integral of whatever's in front of our n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of whatever's in front of our n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of whatever's in front of our n
+to lambda plus Sigma 60 Phi DT which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lambda plus Sigma 60 Phi DT which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lambda plus Sigma 60 Phi DT which
+equals e to the lambda plus Sigma 60 Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e to the lambda plus Sigma 60 Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals e to the lambda plus Sigma 60 Phi
+T so we now multiply every term in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so we now multiply every term in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T so we now multiply every term in this
+equation by RM you are integrating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by RM you are integrating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation by RM you are integrating
+factor so let's say we have an to prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so let's say we have an to prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor so let's say we have an to prime
+times I'm just gonna use mu for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I'm just gonna use mu for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times I'm just gonna use mu for
+shorthand so it's gonna take a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand so it's gonna take a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorthand so it's gonna take a long time
+to write plus let's see that right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write plus let's see that right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write plus let's see that right there
+is like mu prime because we have if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like mu prime because we have if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like mu prime because we have if we
+take the integral of mu times and let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the integral of mu times and let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the integral of mu times and let's
+see yeah oh yeah this is right so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah oh yeah this is right so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see yeah oh yeah this is right so we
+have lambda plus Sigma 60 and 2 times mu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lambda plus Sigma 60 and 2 times mu
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have lambda plus Sigma 60 and 2 times mu
+minus mu times Sigma 59 Phi e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu times Sigma 59 Phi e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus mu times Sigma 59 Phi e to the
+minus Sigma 59 by T equals 0 this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Sigma 59 by T equals 0 this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus Sigma 59 by T equals 0 this stuff
+right here is like the expanded product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is like the expanded product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here is like the expanded product
+rule so we can write it more simply so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so we can write it more simply so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule so we can write it more simply so
+we can say n 2 times mu prime let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say n 2 times mu prime let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can say n 2 times mu prime let's see
+equals mu sigma 59 phi e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu sigma 59 phi e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals mu sigma 59 phi e to the minus
+sigma 59 Phi times T so next we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 59 Phi times T so next we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sigma 59 Phi times T so next we
+integrate both sides and we get n 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides and we get n 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate both sides and we get n 2
+times mu equals let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times mu equals let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times mu equals let's see
+let's expand everything out now so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's expand everything out now so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's expand everything out now so that
+stuff would be Sigma 59 phi e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff would be Sigma 59 phi e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff would be Sigma 59 phi e to the
+lambda plus sigma 60 Phi minus Sigma 59
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda plus sigma 60 Phi minus Sigma 59
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda plus sigma 60 Phi minus Sigma 59
+Phi times T so if we integrate all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi times T so if we integrate all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi times T so if we integrate all of
+that we're going to get Sigma 59 Phi I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to get Sigma 59 Phi I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're going to get Sigma 59 Phi I
+think there's an end not missing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's an end not missing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's an end not missing here
+isn't there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't there
+let's see there should be an n1 not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there should be an n1 not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see there should be an n1 not
+missing here yep there's an n1 not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing here yep there's an n1 not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing here yep there's an n1 not that
+I dropped for some reason let's stick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dropped for some reason let's stick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I dropped for some reason let's stick
+that back in and one nut and and one not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and one nut over that stuff lambda plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one nut over that stuff lambda plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one nut over that stuff lambda plus
+Sigma 60 Phi minus Sigma 59 Phi times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 60 Phi minus Sigma 59 Phi times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 60 Phi minus Sigma 59 Phi times
+whatever is left e to the lambda plus 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is left e to the lambda plus 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever is left e to the lambda plus 6
+Sigma 60 Phi minus Sigma 59 Phi T plus C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 60 Phi minus Sigma 59 Phi T plus C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sigma 60 Phi minus Sigma 59 Phi T plus C
+so now we can say what's our integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can say what's our integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we can say what's our integration
+constant C the last thing we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C the last thing we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C the last thing we haven't
+specified is our initial condition so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified is our initial condition so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specified is our initial condition so
+let's assume that when we started our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that when we started our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's assume that when we started our
+reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there was no cobalt-60 that makes for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no cobalt-60 that makes for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was no cobalt-60 that makes for
+the simplest initial condition so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest initial condition so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest initial condition so we can
+substitute that in here so at T equals 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that in here so at T equals 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute that in here so at T equals 0
+n equals 0 so we would get 0 equals if T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 0 so we would get 0 equals if T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 0 so we would get 0 equals if T
+is 0 then that just becomes Sigma 59 Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 then that just becomes Sigma 59 Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 0 then that just becomes Sigma 59 Phi
+and 1 naught over lambda plus Sigma 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 naught over lambda plus Sigma 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 1 naught over lambda plus Sigma 60
+Phi minus Sigma 59 Phi plus C and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi minus Sigma 59 Phi plus C and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phi minus Sigma 59 Phi plus C and so
+that makes things pretty easy because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes things pretty easy because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that makes things pretty easy because we
+now see equals minus Sigma 59 Phi and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now see equals minus Sigma 59 Phi and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now see equals minus Sigma 59 Phi and 1
+not over that stuff that I keep saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not over that stuff that I keep saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not over that stuff that I keep saying
+over and over again and then we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and then we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and over again and then we've
+pretty much solved the equation the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much solved the equation the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much solved the equation the last
+thing we have to do is divide by mu and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have to do is divide by mu and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing we have to do is divide by mu and
+we'll end up with the same solution that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up with the same solution that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll end up with the same solution that
+we got on Friday and the same solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got on Friday and the same solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got on Friday and the same solution
+that we got on Tuesday so I realized the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got on Tuesday so I realized the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we got on Tuesday so I realized the
+second after I said it last time that oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second after I said it last time that oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second after I said it last time that oh
+we can't just absorb some eetu the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't just absorb some eetu the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can't just absorb some eetu the
+something T into our integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something T into our integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something T into our integration
+constant C because there's a variable T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C because there's a variable T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant C because there's a variable T
+in it so I would say look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so I would say look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it so I would say look at this
+derivation to know the whole solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation to know the whole solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivation to know the whole solution
+and so finally we end up with anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so finally we end up with anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so finally we end up with anyone
+mind if I erase a little bit of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind if I erase a little bit of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind if I erase a little bit of this
+stuff up top okay all erase the decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff up top okay all erase the decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff up top okay all erase the decay
+diagram because we're not using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram because we're not using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram because we're not using that
+anymore and hopefully everybody knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and hopefully everybody knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore and hopefully everybody knows
+our conversion factor so the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conversion factor so the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our conversion factor so the end
+solution and two of t would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and two of t would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution and two of t would look like
+let's see Sigma 59 Phi and one not over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see Sigma 59 Phi and one not over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see Sigma 59 Phi and one not over
+lambda plus Sigma 65 minus Sigma 59 Phi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda plus Sigma 65 minus Sigma 59 Phi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda plus Sigma 65 minus Sigma 59 Phi
+e let's see times e to the - what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e let's see times e to the - what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e let's see times e to the - what's
+lambda 2 in this case lambda plus Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 in this case lambda plus Sigma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda 2 in this case lambda plus Sigma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t minus e to the minus sigma 59 5t and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t minus e to the minus sigma 59 5t and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t minus e to the minus sigma 59 5t and
+that right there is our full equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there is our full equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right there is our full equation
+for n2 now you guys said let's make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n2 now you guys said let's make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for n2 now you guys said let's make this
+numerical okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical okay
+we have every numerical value already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have every numerical value already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have every numerical value already
+chosen i've already plugged these into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen i've already plugged these into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen i've already plugged these into
+the desmos thing so you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desmos thing so you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the desmos thing so you can see
+generally how this goes so we've solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally how this goes so we've solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally how this goes so we've solved
+it theoretically so now let's make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it theoretically so now let's make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it theoretically so now let's make this
+numerical and make some sort of a value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical and make some sort of a value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical and make some sort of a value
+judgment right we know Sigma 59 because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment right we know Sigma 59 because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment right we know Sigma 59 because
+we just looked that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just looked that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just looked that up
+we know Phi we impose that as 10 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know Phi we impose that as 10 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know Phi we impose that as 10 to the
+14th neutrons per second thing there it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th neutrons per second thing there it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14th neutrons per second thing there it
+is we know our lambda we know our we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we know our lambda we know our we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we know our lambda we know our we
+don't know our Sigma 60 so we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know our Sigma 60 so we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know our Sigma 60 so we're just
+going to forget that for now but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to forget that for now but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to forget that for now but the
+point is for everything except time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is for everything except time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is for everything except time and
+n 2 we have numerical constants for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 we have numerical constants for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n 2 we have numerical constants for this
+so once we plug it all in I modified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we plug it all in I modified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so once we plug it all in I modified the
+decimals example from last time to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimals example from last time to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decimals example from last time to have
+the actual unit so you can see that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual unit so you can see that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual unit so you can see that our
+fake l1 our lambda I'll call it lambda 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake l1 our lambda I'll call it lambda 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fake l1 our lambda I'll call it lambda 1
+equals Sigma 59 times Phi which is 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Sigma 59 times Phi which is 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals Sigma 59 times Phi which is 20
+Barnes 20 times 10 to the minus 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barnes 20 times 10 to the minus 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Barnes 20 times 10 to the minus 24
+centimeters squared times 10 to the 14th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared times 10 to the 14th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centimeters squared times 10 to the 14th
+neutrons per centimeter squared per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons per centimeter squared per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutrons per centimeter squared per
+second and the centimeter squares cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and the centimeter squares cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and the centimeter squares cancel
+that becomes to the minus 10 and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes to the minus 10 and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes to the minus 10 and we get
+that our lambda 1 is like 2 times 10 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our lambda 1 is like 2 times 10 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our lambda 1 is like 2 times 10 to
+the minus 9 per second okay our lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 9 per second okay our lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the minus 9 per second okay our lambda 2
+well we already have that 4.1 seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already have that 4.1 seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we already have that 4.1 seven
+times 10 to the minus 9 per second so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 9 per second so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times 10 to the minus 9 per second so
+this is one of those cases where lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of those cases where lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of those cases where lambda
+1 approximately equals lambda 2 so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 approximately equals lambda 2 so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 approximately equals lambda 2 so just
+like you see in the book when you plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see in the book when you plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you see in the book when you plug
+in all the numbers you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the numbers you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all the numbers you get
+very similar equation which is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar equation which is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar equation which is to say
+there's going to be some maximum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some maximum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be some maximum of
+cobalt-60 produced and in this case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 produced and in this case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 produced and in this case the
+x-axis I have in seconds because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis I have in seconds because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-axis I have in seconds because that's
+the units we're using for everything the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units we're using for everything the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the units we're using for everything the
+y-axis is number of atoms so right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis is number of atoms so right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y-axis is number of atoms so right there
+6 times 10 to the 23rd that's 1 mole so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 times 10 to the 23rd that's 1 mole so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 times 10 to the 23rd that's 1 mole so
+at most you can make about a third of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most you can make about a third of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at most you can make about a third of a
+mole of cobalt-60 out of a hundred moles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole of cobalt-60 out of a hundred moles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole of cobalt-60 out of a hundred moles
+of cobalt 59 which means you're never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cobalt 59 which means you're never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cobalt 59 which means you're never
+actually going to have 1 mole of cobalt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to have 1 mole of cobalt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to have 1 mole of cobalt
+60 because of the way that our natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 because of the way that our natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 because of the way that our natural
+and our artificial decay constants work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our artificial decay constants work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and our artificial decay constants work
+out because they're fairly equal you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because they're fairly equal you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out because they're fairly equal you're
+never going to be able to convert and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be able to convert and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never going to be able to convert and
+harvest at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harvest at all
+that's the numerical output of this now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the numerical output of this now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the numerical output of this now
+I have another question for you is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have another question for you is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have another question for you is the
+top of this curve necessarily the profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this curve necessarily the profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this curve necessarily the profit
+point for this reactor no good answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for this reactor no good answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point for this reactor no good answer
+why do you say no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you say no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why do you say no
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exactly that's what you guys are gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's what you guys are gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly that's what you guys are gonna
+do on the homework I think I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on the homework I think I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on the homework I think I've done
+we've done the hard part together here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done the hard part together here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done the hard part together here
+and so now I want you guys to decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I want you guys to decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so now I want you guys to decide
+given those profit parameters and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given those profit parameters and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given those profit parameters and I will
+write them down on the pset how long do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down on the pset how long do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them down on the pset how long do
+you run your reactor to maximize your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run your reactor to maximize your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you run your reactor to maximize your
+cobalt-60 profit so this is one of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 profit so this is one of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 profit so this is one of those
+examples where we did the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where we did the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where we did the whole
+theoretical derivation we decided yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical derivation we decided yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical derivation we decided yes
+let's escalate the situation for reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's escalate the situation for reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's escalate the situation for reality
+everything works out just fine the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works out just fine the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works out just fine the final
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+well you just tack on this extra like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you just tack on this extra like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you just tack on this extra like
+artificial bit of decay from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial bit of decay from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artificial bit of decay from the
+cobalt-60 being in the reactor but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 being in the reactor but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cobalt-60 being in the reactor but the
+form of the equation is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the equation is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of the equation is exactly the same
+there's just a couple other constants in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a couple other constants in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's just a couple other constants in
+it for reality then you plug in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for reality then you plug in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it for reality then you plug in all the
+numbers for the constants so you pretend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for the constants so you pretend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers for the constants so you pretend
+like that stuff is lambda2 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that stuff is lambda2 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that stuff is lambda2 and that
+stuff is lambda 1 there's lambda 1 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is lambda 1 there's lambda 1 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff is lambda 1 there's lambda 1 again
+there's lambda 2 there's lambda 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lambda 2 there's lambda 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lambda 2 there's lambda 1 and
+it's exactly the same equation will form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same equation will form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's exactly the same equation will form
+as the original solution that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the original solution that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the original solution that we had
+when you plug in all the numbers you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plug in all the numbers you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you plug in all the numbers you get
+something remarkably similar to what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something remarkably similar to what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something remarkably similar to what's
+in the book just scaled for actual units
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book just scaled for actual units
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the book just scaled for actual units
+of atoms and seconds is there a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms and seconds is there a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of atoms and seconds is there a question
+yeah sure if you can find it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure if you can find it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah sure if you can find it that's
+great but I couldn't find it that easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but I couldn't find it that easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great but I couldn't find it that easily
+you can hunt through the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hunt through the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hunt through the different
+databases and Janus to try to find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and Janus to try to find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+databases and Janus to try to find it
+but I'm not going to penalize it if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not going to penalize it if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm not going to penalize it if you
+can't find it if I couldn't find it so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find it if I couldn't find it so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't find it if I couldn't find it so
+yeah a lot of the homework is gonna be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a lot of the homework is gonna be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah a lot of the homework is gonna be
+redoing this derivation for yourself so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing this derivation for yourself so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redoing this derivation for yourself so
+I want to make sure that you can go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure that you can go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to make sure that you can go from
+a set of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set of equations
+that models 8th actual physical solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that models 8th actual physical solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that models 8th actual physical solution
+and I guarantee you you'll have another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guarantee you you'll have another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I guarantee you you'll have another
+physical solution on the exam solve them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical solution on the exam solve them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical solution on the exam solve them
+using your knowledge of 1803 get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your knowledge of 1803 get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using your knowledge of 1803 get some
+sort of a solution which looks crazy but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a solution which looks crazy but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a solution which looks crazy but
+it comes from straightforward math then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from straightforward math then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it comes from straightforward math then
+plug in some realistic numbers an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in some realistic numbers an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in some realistic numbers an answer
+an actual question how long should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual question how long should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an actual question how long should you
+run your reactor to maximize your profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run your reactor to maximize your profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run your reactor to maximize your profit
+so it's kind of neat we've had we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of neat we've had we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's kind of neat we've had we've
+been here one month together you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been here one month together you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been here one month together you can
+already start answering these value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already start answering these value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already start answering these value
+judgment questions about running a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment questions about running a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment questions about running a
+reactor and so again I don't know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and so again I don't know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor and so again I don't know I
+don't know who did but I'm glad you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who did but I'm glad you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who did but I'm glad you
+asked is this filled mostly simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked is this filled mostly simulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked is this filled mostly simulation
+and the answer is no you actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is no you actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the answer is no you actually have
+to use math to make value judgments if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use math to make value judgments if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use math to make value judgments if
+you want to go and make isotopes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go and make isotopes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to go and make isotopes and
+then you go and make the isotopes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go and make the isotopes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go and make the isotopes and
+you sell them to people like me so I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell them to people like me so I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you sell them to people like me so I can
+bring them into class and scare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them into class and scare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring them into class and scare
+unwitting members of the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwitting members of the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unwitting members of the public
+theoretically yeah hypothetical source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically yeah hypothetical source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically yeah hypothetical source
+indeed so any questions on what we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed so any questions on what we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed so any questions on what we did
+here from start to finish yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the equation right in the middle there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation right in the middle there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equation right in the middle there
+yeah yeah yeah was like oh yeah that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah was like oh yeah that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah yeah was like oh yeah that was
+a mistake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mistake
+thank you yep it probably means I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yep it probably means I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you yep it probably means I was
+talking and thinking at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking and thinking at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking and thinking at the same time
+and forgot to write that but indeed it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forgot to write that but indeed it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and forgot to write that but indeed it's
+back everywhere else thank you yep this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back everywhere else thank you yep this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back everywhere else thank you yep this
+lambda right here is the actual lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda right here is the actual lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda right here is the actual lambda
+for cobalt-60 yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cobalt-60 yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for cobalt-60 yep
+this right here is just an analogy I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here is just an analogy I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right here is just an analogy I'm
+drawing to say that it's almost like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing to say that it's almost like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing to say that it's almost like
+that stuff is lambda 1 that's our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff is lambda 1 that's our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that stuff is lambda 1 that's our
+original artificial decay constant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original artificial decay constant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original artificial decay constant and
+this stuff here is like our lambda 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff here is like our lambda 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stuff here is like our lambda 2
+because there's natural decay and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's natural decay and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's natural decay and then
+there's reactor induced destruction yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that comes from this solution right here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from this solution right here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from this solution right here
+there's another interesting bit too did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another interesting bit too did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another interesting bit too did
+we necessarily save let's see did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we necessarily save let's see did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we necessarily save let's see did we
+necessarily say the no never mind that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily say the no never mind that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily say the no never mind that's
+fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine
+that comes from let's trace it through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from let's trace it through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from let's trace it through
+so mu contains no yeah it comes from C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mu contains no yeah it comes from C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so mu contains no yeah it comes from C
+that's right so we had it over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so we had it over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right so we had it over here
+because that's part of our solution for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's part of our solution for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that's part of our solution for
+let's see where we trace it back to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where we trace it back to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see where we trace it back to it
+starts off here in the differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off here in the differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts off here in the differential
+equation starts off here as well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation starts off here as well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation starts off here as well so
+that's part of what's inside mu okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of what's inside mu okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of what's inside mu okay
+that's where it came from so mu contains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it came from so mu contains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's where it came from so mu contains
+this stuff yep then once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it doesn't actually become land it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't actually become land it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't actually become land it
+becomes e to the lambda plus 65 times G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes e to the lambda plus 65 times G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes e to the lambda plus 65 times G
+yeah but when we when we do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but when we when we do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but when we when we do the
+integration of that we don't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of that we don't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration of that we don't get any
+factors around oh yeah we do actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors around oh yeah we do actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors around oh yeah we do actually
+there's a Mew stuck in right here and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Mew stuck in right here and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a Mew stuck in right here and so
+I just wanted to say that expanding this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to say that expanding this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just wanted to say that expanding this
+term comes out to lambda plus Sigma 65
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term comes out to lambda plus Sigma 65
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term comes out to lambda plus Sigma 65
+minus lambda of Sigma 59 Phi times T so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda of Sigma 59 Phi times T so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus lambda of Sigma 59 Phi times T so
+when you integrate this whole term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you integrate this whole term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you integrate this whole term and
+again there's an N naught that should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's an N naught that should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again there's an N naught that should be
+there you do bring this whole pile in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you do bring this whole pile in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you do bring this whole pile in
+front of the T down on the bottom of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the T down on the bottom of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front of the T down on the bottom of the
+equation so that's where it comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that's where it comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation so that's where it comes from
+yeah cool I don't think there's any more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cool I don't think there's any more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah cool I don't think there's any more
+missing terms okay maybe time for a last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing terms okay maybe time for a last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing terms okay maybe time for a last
+question because it is 10 o'clock yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the crop the cross-section is almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the crop the cross-section is almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the crop the cross-section is almost
+like if you fire a neutron at an atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you fire a neutron at an atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if you fire a neutron at an atom
+the bigger the atom appears to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the atom appears to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the atom appears to the
+neutron the more likely it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron the more likely it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neutron the more likely it's going to
+hit it so it's kind of a theoretical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit it so it's kind of a theoretical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit it so it's kind of a theoretical
+construct to say if something has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct to say if something has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct to say if something has an
+enormous cross-section it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous cross-section it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous cross-section it's like
+shooting a bullet at a gigantic target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting a bullet at a gigantic target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting a bullet at a gigantic target
+with a high probability of impact or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a high probability of impact or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a high probability of impact or
+interaction something with a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction something with a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction something with a small
+cross-section there's still only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section there's still only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-section there's still only one
+atom in the way but it's like you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in the way but it's like you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom in the way but it's like you're
+shooting a bullet at a tiny target and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting a bullet at a tiny target and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shooting a bullet at a tiny target and
+have less of a chance of hitting it does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less of a chance of hitting it does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have less of a chance of hitting it does
+that make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that make sense
+cool they can can't relate it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool they can can't relate it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool they can can't relate it to a
+physical cross-sectional area as far as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical cross-sectional area as far as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical cross-sectional area as far as
+I know it's not like a certain nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's not like a certain nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know it's not like a certain nucleus
+has a larger cross-sectional area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a larger cross-sectional area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a larger cross-sectional area
+otherwise things like gadolinium which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise things like gadolinium which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise things like gadolinium which
+has a cross-section of a hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cross-section of a hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a cross-section of a hundred
+thousand barns would just be a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand barns would just be a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand barns would just be a larger
+atom and it's not in yeah Sean good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and it's not in yeah Sean good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom and it's not in yeah Sean good
+question they can be theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question they can be theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question they can be theoretically
+calculated in some cases in the Yip Book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in some cases in the Yip Book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated in some cases in the Yip Book
+nuclear radiation interactions he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear radiation interactions he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear radiation interactions he does
+go over how to calculate those from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over how to calculate those from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go over how to calculate those from
+quantum stuff and so you'll get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum stuff and so you'll get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum stuff and so you'll get a little
+bit of that in 22:02 in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of that in 22:02 in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of that in 22:02 in terms of
+predicting the cross section for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the cross section for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the cross section for
+hydrogen and the cross section for water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and the cross section for water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and the cross section for water
+and molecular water is not just the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and molecular water is not just the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and molecular water is not just the sum
+of its parts that's the kind of crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its parts that's the kind of crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of its parts that's the kind of crazy
+part cross sections do change when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part cross sections do change when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part cross sections do change when you
+put atoms and molecules together just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put atoms and molecules together just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put atoms and molecules together just
+tend to tend to be at lower energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to tend to be at lower energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to tend to be at lower energies
+around thermal energies and such some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around thermal energies and such some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around thermal energies and such some
+can be let's say all of them probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be let's say all of them probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be let's say all of them probably
+can be theoretically calculated just not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be theoretically calculated just not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be theoretically calculated just not
+that easily but the really simple ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easily but the really simple ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easily but the really simple ones
+you can predict titties theoretically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can predict titties theoretically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can predict titties theoretically
+predicting the resonances in those cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the resonances in those cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting the resonances in those cross
+sections that's tough let's look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that's tough let's look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sections that's tough let's look at a
+simple cross section like hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes if you like if you know let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you like if you know let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you like if you know let's say
+the full wavefunction for a given atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full wavefunction for a given atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full wavefunction for a given atom
+or for all the electrons on an atom you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for all the electrons on an atom you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for all the electrons on an atom you
+should be able to so let's do n total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to so let's do n total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to so let's do n total
+for hydrogen much simpler this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hydrogen much simpler this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for hydrogen much simpler this is the
+kind of thing that can be predicted from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that can be predicted from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of thing that can be predicted from
+Theory quite easily in fact you will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory quite easily in fact you will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Theory quite easily in fact you will be
+doing this in 22:02
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the other one where was it the other one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one where was it the other one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other one where was it the other one
+no I don't expect you to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't expect you to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no I don't expect you to be able to
+predict this but you will learn why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict this but you will learn why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict this but you will learn why the
+resonances are there and why they take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances are there and why they take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonances are there and why they take
+the shape that they do so if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape that they do so if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shape that they do so if we want
+last thing for a juco like three minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing for a juco like three minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing for a juco like three minutes
+late but everyone's still here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late but everyone's still here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late but everyone's still here you can
+go if you have to by the way I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go if you have to by the way I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go if you have to by the way I can't
+keep you here if you want to know if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you here if you want to know if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep you here if you want to know if you
+want to make this equation more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make this equation more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make this equation more
+realistic and account for every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and account for every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realistic and account for every possible
+energy in the reactor you can make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the reactor you can make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in the reactor you can make these
+cross-sections a function of energy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections a function of energy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-sections a function of energy and
+integrate over the full energy range and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over the full energy range and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate over the full energy range and
+this is actually how it's done and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually how it's done and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually how it's done and you
+will do this in 2205 where you'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do this in 2205 where you'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will do this in 2205 where you'll be
+able to take the energy dependent cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take the energy dependent cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to take the energy dependent cross
+section in tabulated or theoretical form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section in tabulated or theoretical form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section in tabulated or theoretical form
+and then integrate this whole equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate this whole equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then integrate this whole equation
+and also account for the fact that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also account for the fact that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and also account for the fact that the
+flux as an energy component usually it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux as an energy component usually it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux as an energy component usually it
+looks something like analyte water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like analyte water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like analyte water
+reactor if this is energy and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor if this is energy and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor if this is energy and this is
+flux there'll be a bit of a thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux there'll be a bit of a thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flux there'll be a bit of a thermal
+spike there won't be much going on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike there won't be much going on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spike there won't be much going on in
+the middle I'm sorry a fast spike and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle I'm sorry a fast spike and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle I'm sorry a fast spike and
+there'll be a thermal spike and knowing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a thermal spike and knowing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be a thermal spike and knowing
+how many neutrons are at every energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many neutrons are at every energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many neutrons are at every energy
+level what's the probability of every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what's the probability of every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level what's the probability of every
+Neutron at energy level interacting and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron at energy level interacting and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Neutron at energy level interacting and
+what are the cross-sections at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the cross-sections at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the cross-sections at every
+energy level integrated over the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level integrated over the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy level integrated over the full
+energy range is what gets you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy range is what gets you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy range is what gets you the
+accurate correct solution what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate correct solution what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accurate correct solution what we've
+done here is called the one group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is called the one group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done here is called the one group
+approximation where we've assumed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation where we've assumed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximation where we've assumed that
+all the neutrons have the same energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the neutrons have the same energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the neutrons have the same energy
+thermal energy which is a okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy which is a okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal energy which is a okay
+assumption for thermal light water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption for thermal light water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption for thermal light water
+reactors and it'll get you a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and it'll get you a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactors and it'll get you a good
+estimate the more neutrons you have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the more neutrons you have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the more neutrons you have at
+different energies the less good that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies the less good that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different energies the less good that
+estimate becomes yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's that's the energy of a neutron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the energy of a neutron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the energy of a neutron
+let's say you have a neutron at about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a neutron at about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you have a neutron at about
+298 Kelvin from the maxwell-boltzmann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298 Kelvin from the maxwell-boltzmann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+298 Kelvin from the maxwell-boltzmann
+temperature distribution you can turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature distribution you can turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature distribution you can turn
+that temperature into an average kinetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that temperature into an average kinetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that temperature into an average kinetic
+energy and that average kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that average kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and that average kinetic energy
+will give you a velocity and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a velocity and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a velocity and that
+velocity is around 2200 meters per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is around 2200 meters per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity is around 2200 meters per
+second and that average kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that average kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second and that average kinetic energy
+happens to be about 0.025 evie so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be about 0.025 evie so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be about 0.025 evie so
+thermalized neutrons like the ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalized neutrons like the ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermalized neutrons like the ones
+flying about in the reactor are moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying about in the reactor are moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flying about in the reactor are moving
+quite slowly at just 2200 meters a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite slowly at just 2200 meters a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite slowly at just 2200 meters a
+second compared to the fast neutrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second compared to the fast neutrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second compared to the fast neutrons
+which can be moving closer to the speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be moving closer to the speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can be moving closer to the speed
+of light not that close but much much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light not that close but much much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light not that close but much much
+much closer cool I'll take it as a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer cool I'll take it as a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much closer cool I'll take it as a good
+sign that you all voluntarily stayed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that you all voluntarily stayed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign that you all voluntarily stayed a
+little late so did you guys find this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little late so did you guys find this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little late so did you guys find this
+example useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jny_9JMBynU.txt b/jny_9JMBynU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ebea5517f9525f3902d8a6766604e15fb39b33a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/jny_9JMBynU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu as we have already learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu as we have already learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu as we have already learned
+the most important component in a laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important component in a laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most important component in a laser
+or the heart of the laser is the gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the heart of the laser is the gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the heart of the laser is the gain
+Med medum or the optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Med medum or the optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Med medum or the optical
+amplifier this is no ordinary amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier this is no ordinary amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier this is no ordinary amplifier
+this is an amplifier for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an amplifier for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an amplifier for
+light and in this demonstration we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and in this demonstration we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light and in this demonstration we're
+going to show you and hopefully convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you and hopefully convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show you and hopefully convince
+you that indeed light can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that indeed light can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that indeed light can be
+Amplified the amount of amplification is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified the amount of amplification is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified the amount of amplification is
+not so huge but I'm sure we'll make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so huge but I'm sure we'll make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so huge but I'm sure we'll make it
+convincing enough so that you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing enough so that you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convincing enough so that you get the
+feel that indeed that light can be can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that indeed that light can be can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel that indeed that light can be can
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+Amplified the setup we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified the setup we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amplified the setup we're going to use
+is is here going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is here going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is here going to have
+a a laser which is going to be our light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a laser which is going to be our light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a laser which is going to be our light
+source here's the here's the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source here's the here's the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source here's the here's the output of
+the of the laser we're going to reflect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the laser we're going to reflect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the laser we're going to reflect
+it by this mirror here and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by this mirror here and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it by this mirror here and then this
+mirror over here now the laser beam then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror over here now the laser beam then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mirror over here now the laser beam then
+enters this this Optical amplifier now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters this this Optical amplifier now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enters this this Optical amplifier now
+this Optical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Optical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this Optical
+amplifier is is essentially this a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is is essentially this a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is is essentially this a is a
+discharge tube helium Neon gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge tube helium Neon gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discharge tube helium Neon gas
+mixture uh that will give gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture uh that will give gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture uh that will give gain
+amplification or gain at 6328 angstroms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification or gain at 6328 angstroms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification or gain at 6328 angstroms
+in fact the light enters this window
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the light enters this window
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the light enters this window
+here and then comes out at the other end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then comes out at the other end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and then comes out at the other end
+and that's what we have essentially uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we have essentially uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we have essentially uh
+uh mounted here right below okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mounted here right below okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mounted here right below okay
+so the then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the then the
+output uh through the through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh through the through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output uh through the through this
+amplifier and the amplifier right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and the amplifier right now is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and the amplifier right now is
+turned off then goes onto onto a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off then goes onto onto a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned off then goes onto onto a
+detector over here and then the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector over here and then the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector over here and then the output
+of the detector then goes onto a scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the detector then goes onto a scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the detector then goes onto a scope
+onto oscilloscope over here and and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto oscilloscope over here and and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto oscilloscope over here and and also
+uh we look at the output on a on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we look at the output on a on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we look at the output on a on a
+digital uh on a digit digital meter all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital uh on a digit digital meter all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital uh on a digit digital meter all
+right so we have two ways of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have two ways of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we have two ways of looking at
+the same at the same uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at the same uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same at the same uh
+output all right now we're ready to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output all right now we're ready to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output all right now we're ready to to
+set to set zero right so first what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to set zero right so first what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to set zero right so first what I'm
+going to do is then block block the beam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is then block block the beam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is then block block the beam
+of light over here and let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light over here and let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light over here and let's look at the
+zero on the scope and the zero on the on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on the scope and the zero on the on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on the scope and the zero on the on
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+meter now the meter says uh 08 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter now the meter says uh 08 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter now the meter says uh 08 which is
+not quite zero and the reason for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite zero and the reason for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite zero and the reason for that
+is because we have room light uh hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because we have room light uh hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because we have room light uh hitting
+the detector so what I'm going to do to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detector so what I'm going to do to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detector so what I'm going to do to
+get rid of that I'm going to put this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that I'm going to put this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of that I'm going to put this
+little Hood over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Hood over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little Hood over the
+detector now we see that the output of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector now we see that the output of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detector now we see that the output of
+the of the meter now is indeed is indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the meter now is indeed is indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the of the meter now is indeed is indeed
+zero and also hopefully then the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and also hopefully then the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and also hopefully then the output
+of the scope here this is will be our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scope here this is will be our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the scope here this is will be our
+zero on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero on the on the
+oscilloscope now if I take this card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope now if I take this card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oscilloscope now if I take this card
+away let the light go through you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away let the light go through you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away let the light go through you can
+see that now the output on the scope has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that now the output on the scope has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that now the output on the scope has
+changed and the meter reads around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and the meter reads around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed and the meter reads around
+364 or 63 or or very thereabout which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+364 or 63 or or very thereabout which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+364 or 63 or or very thereabout which is
+the output of the laser now all I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the laser now all I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output of the laser now all I have
+to do is block block the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is block block the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is block block the laser
+beam and we go back to zero on the meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and we go back to zero on the meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and we go back to zero on the meter
+as well as zero on the scope here we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as zero on the scope here we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well as zero on the scope here we are
+laser beams back again and then we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser beams back again and then we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser beams back again and then we get
+that same value again now we're all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same value again now we're all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that same value again now we're all
+familiar with absorption of light and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with absorption of light and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar with absorption of light and uh
+I just want to just demonstrate it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to just demonstrate it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just want to just demonstrate it just
+for reference I'm going to put a piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reference I'm going to put a piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for reference I'm going to put a piece
+of glass in front of the of the laser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass in front of the of the laser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of glass in front of the of the laser
+beam and we know that glass at normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and we know that glass at normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam and we know that glass at normal
+incidents has uh reflectivity of about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents has uh reflectivity of about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incidents has uh reflectivity of about
+4% per surface so I should get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% per surface so I should get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4% per surface so I should get an
+attenuation of about 8% or so uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation of about 8% or so uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation of about 8% or so uh when I
+put this piece of glass in in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this piece of glass in in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put this piece of glass in in the in the
+beam of light now you can see the meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of light now you can see the meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beam of light now you can see the meter
+has dropped now to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has dropped now to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has dropped now to
+330 uh 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+330 uh 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+330 uh 3
+and well if I can keep it still 320
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well if I can keep it still 320
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and well if I can keep it still 320
+something now if I take the piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now if I take the piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something now if I take the piece of
+glass away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass away
+you know we go up to the previous number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we go up to the previous number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we go up to the previous number
+of 360 something so you can see we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 360 something so you can see we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 360 something so you can see we have
+about an attenuation of about uh eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an attenuation of about uh eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about an attenuation of about uh eight
+or so uh percent now what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so uh percent now what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or so uh percent now what I'm going to
+do now is put this piece of glass uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is put this piece of glass uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is put this piece of glass uh
+before the detector also and indeed I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the detector also and indeed I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the detector also and indeed I'm
+going to hold it against the uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hold it against the uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hold it against the uh the the
+uh tube here so that I don't shake too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tube here so that I don't shake too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh tube here so that I don't shake too
+much and again you can see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and again you can see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much and again you can see that the
+attenuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation
+is is also about uh about 8% or so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is also about uh about 8% or so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is also about uh about 8% or so here
+let me put it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+front and and also then I'll put it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and and also then I'll put it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front and and also then I'll put it in
+the back again and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back again and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back again and
+hopefully I'll put it in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I'll put it in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully I'll put it in the same
+position you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position you can see this
+o I hold it still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+away and then roughly we get this 8%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and then roughly we get this 8%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away and then roughly we get this 8%
+attenuation so now we've demonstrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation so now we've demonstrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attenuation so now we've demonstrated
+that indeed light can be can be easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed light can be can be easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indeed light can be can be easily
+uh easily attenuated now we come to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easily attenuated now we come to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easily attenuated now we come to this
+crucial uh demonstration of game so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial uh demonstration of game so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial uh demonstration of game so now
+I want you to then watch the both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to then watch the both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want you to then watch the both the
+scope and uh and the meter as I turn on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and uh and the meter as I turn on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope and uh and the meter as I turn on
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+amplifier so here I'm going to now turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier so here I'm going to now turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier so here I'm going to now turn
+on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the
+amplifier and remember this number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and remember this number is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier and remember this number is
+around 363 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 363 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around 363 or so
+364 now you can see on the scope we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+364 now you can see on the scope we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+364 now you can see on the scope we
+jumped a little bit and and the meter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped a little bit and and the meter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jumped a little bit and and the meter
+has gone up to 380 something which is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gone up to 380 something which is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has gone up to 380 something which is an
+increase of about 5% let me turn it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of about 5% let me turn it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase of about 5% let me turn it
+off again you can see on the scope went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off again you can see on the scope went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off again you can see on the scope went
+down in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down in
+fact just watch the scope for a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact just watch the scope for a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact just watch the scope for a little
+while I'm going to turn it on and off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm going to turn it on and off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while I'm going to turn it on and off
+very fast so that you get a feel that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so that you get a feel that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fast so that you get a feel that
+here goes up a little bit and down a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here goes up a little bit and down a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here goes up a little bit and down a
+little bit since it's only few percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit since it's only few percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit since it's only few percent
+it's difficult to see it on the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to see it on the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's difficult to see it on the scope
+the way I have it set it up I have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I have it set it up I have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way I have it set it up I have it
+set up but it's much easier to see it on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up but it's much easier to see it on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up but it's much easier to see it on
+the meter so you can see that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meter so you can see that with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meter so you can see that with
+amplification we have 380 something with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification we have 380 something with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification we have 380 something with
+no amplification then we're back to 360
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no amplification then we're back to 360
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no amplification then we're back to 360
+something again roughly it's about 5% uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something again roughly it's about 5% uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something again roughly it's about 5% uh
+amplification now you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification now you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification now you may
+wonder that uh maybe what we're getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder that uh maybe what we're getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonder that uh maybe what we're getting
+is when I turn on the amplifier that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I turn on the amplifier that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when I turn on the amplifier that
+we're getting light from the amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting light from the amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're getting light from the amplifier
+that hits here to detect it's not really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hits here to detect it's not really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that hits here to detect it's not really
+amplification so to prove this what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification so to prove this what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification so to prove this what I'm
+going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is
+block the beam of light going into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the beam of light going into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block the beam of light going into the
+amplifier so that there's no light going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier so that there's no light going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier so that there's no light going
+onto the detector we back to our zero on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the detector we back to our zero on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the detector we back to our zero on
+the meter and now what I'm going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meter and now what I'm going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the meter and now what I'm going to do
+I'm going to turn on the the amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to turn on the the amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to turn on the the amplifier
+just by itself just to see if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by itself just to see if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just by itself just to see if there's
+any light from the amplifiers falling on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any light from the amplifiers falling on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any light from the amplifiers falling on
+the detector so here we go watch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detector so here we go watch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detector so here we go watch the
+meter and the scope then here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and the scope then here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meter and the scope then here is the
+amplifier on again you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier on again you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier on again you can see that
+there's no ch change on the meter or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ch change on the meter or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no ch change on the meter or the
+scope here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scope here's
+off and do it again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and do it again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and do it again
+on and and off so indeed we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and and off so indeed we've shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and and off so indeed we've shown
+that light from the amplifier or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light from the amplifier or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that light from the amplifier or
+spontaneous emission from the amplifier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission from the amplifier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission from the amplifier
+is not hitting the detector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not hitting the detector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not hitting the detector and
+increasing uh the output so again let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing uh the output so again let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing uh the output so again let me
+just redo it again for you here is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just redo it again for you here is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just redo it again for you here is here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the light falling on the detector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light falling on the detector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light falling on the detector
+without amplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without amplification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without amplification
+again 360 something and here comes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 360 something and here comes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again 360 something and here comes the
+amplification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again yeah it's close to 380 little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah it's close to 380 little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again yeah it's close to 380 little bit
+less than we had before maybe the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than we had before maybe the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than we had before maybe the
+amplifier is getting a little old here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is getting a little old here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier is getting a little old here
+we are without amplification we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are without amplification we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are without amplification we have
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+value so in summary we've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so in summary we've shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value so in summary we've shown that
+light can be indeed Amplified in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light can be indeed Amplified in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light can be indeed Amplified in this
+case we used a helium neon amplifier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we used a helium neon amplifier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we used a helium neon amplifier to
+amplify light from a helium neon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify light from a helium neon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify light from a helium neon
+laser we showed you a gain or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser we showed you a gain or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser we showed you a gain or
+amplification of 5% per pass now you may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification of 5% per pass now you may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplification of 5% per pass now you may
+think that's a small amount of gain but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a small amount of gain but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's a small amount of gain but
+a lot of helium neon lasers use gain of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of helium neon lasers use gain of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of helium neon lasers use gain of
+even less than 5% and they have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less than 5% and they have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even less than 5% and they have many
+many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many
+applications of course if you have even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of course if you have even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of course if you have even
+more gain then you can get more powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gain then you can get more powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more gain then you can get more powerful
+laser outputs with even greater number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser outputs with even greater number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laser outputs with even greater number
+number of applications
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/l1hzzufdfCo.txt b/l1hzzufdfCo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2ebce0b2d0a74c27429cd51f61dc8cff32fbf95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/l1hzzufdfCo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11203 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by mit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by mit
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opencourseware under a creative commons
+license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license
+additional information about our license
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional information about our license
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mit opencourseware in general is
+available at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's just uh use this this this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just uh use this this this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just uh use this this this slide
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+review how far the nc2 might go and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review how far the nc2 might go and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review how far the nc2 might go and what
+its current limitations might be and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its current limitations might be and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its current limitations might be and
+then we'll move on to uh arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll move on to uh arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll move on to uh arrays
+uh one potential advantage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one potential advantage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh one potential advantage to
+these sort of microscopic and c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of microscopic and c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sort of microscopic and c2
+analysis is that if you use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is that if you use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis is that if you use a
+non-destructive visualization rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-destructive visualization rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-destructive visualization rather
+than fixing the cells you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than fixing the cells you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than fixing the cells you actually
+monitor them real time you can sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor them real time you can sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor them real time you can sample
+this basically as quickly as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically as quickly as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this basically as quickly as a
+modern microscopic camera system can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern microscopic camera system can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern microscopic camera system can
+monitor on the order of a millisecond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor on the order of a millisecond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor on the order of a millisecond
+you can obtain a sensitivity on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can obtain a sensitivity on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can obtain a sensitivity on the
+order of a single molecule of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a single molecule of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of a single molecule of
+fluorescence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescence
+this is very challenging it requires
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very challenging it requires
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very challenging it requires
+very small pixel sizes uh but it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small pixel sizes uh but it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small pixel sizes uh but it is
+possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and it's the basis of some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the basis of some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's the basis of some of the
+sequencing methods that we discussed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing methods that we discussed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequencing methods that we discussed a
+couple of classes ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of classes ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of classes ago
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+so that resolution itself is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that resolution itself is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that resolution itself is typically
+on the order of a micron or a quarter of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of a micron or a quarter of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the order of a micron or a quarter of
+a micron sort of set by the limit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micron sort of set by the limit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a micron sort of set by the limit of the
+optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optics
+in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of uh
+of the diffraction that can typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diffraction that can typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the diffraction that can typically
+occur but you can get below that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur but you can get below that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur but you can get below that
+diffraction limit of 250 nanometers down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction limit of 250 nanometers down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction limit of 250 nanometers down
+as low as 10 nanometers by using tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as low as 10 nanometers by using tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as low as 10 nanometers by using tricks
+such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as
+uh near field optics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh near field optics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh near field optics
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various
+deconvolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods
+multiplicity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity
+we is really the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is really the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is really the the
+greatest limitation of the nc2 method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest limitation of the nc2 method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest limitation of the nc2 method
+right now and it's certainly an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and it's certainly an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now and it's certainly an
+opportunity for the creative ones in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for the creative ones in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for the creative ones in
+this group to address how can we get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group to address how can we get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this group to address how can we get the
+multiplicity looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity looking at
+all of the rna simultaneously as we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the rna simultaneously as we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the rna simultaneously as we can
+do in in microarrays which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in in microarrays which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in in microarrays which is
+essentially a microscopic method as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a microscopic method as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially a microscopic method as well
+still have the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have the spatial
+advantages of an nc2 this is an unsolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of an nc2 this is an unsolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages of an nc2 this is an unsolved
+problem multiplicity now is typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem multiplicity now is typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem multiplicity now is typically
+around one two or three colors the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one two or three colors the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around one two or three colors the
+colors can be deconvolved by using uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors can be deconvolved by using uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colors can be deconvolved by using uh
+band half filters if you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band half filters if you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band half filters if you use
+combinations of colors you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of colors you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of colors you can
+conveniently discriminate the 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently discriminate the 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conveniently discriminate the 24
+different types of human metaphase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of human metaphase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of human metaphase
+chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes
+however this depends you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this depends you should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however this depends you should know
+don't get fooled but into thinking you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get fooled but into thinking you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't get fooled but into thinking you
+actually have 24 colors which these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have 24 colors which these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have 24 colors which these are
+combinations of ratios of colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of ratios of colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combinations of ratios of colors
+continuing to be false colored by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to be false colored by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuing to be false colored by the
+computer algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer algorithms
+but they depend on non-overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they depend on non-overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they depend on non-overlap
+or of being able to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+objects uh in the visual field and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects uh in the visual field and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objects uh in the visual field and
+extend them where they overlap you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend them where they overlap you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extend them where they overlap you now
+have mixtures of mixtures and this no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mixtures of mixtures and this no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have mixtures of mixtures and this no
+longer is is uh simply deconvolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer is is uh simply deconvolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer is is uh simply deconvolved
+so for all practical purposes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all practical purposes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for all practical purposes we're
+limited to around four or five colors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to around four or five colors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited to around four or five colors
+so now let's so those so in t2 i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's so those so in t2 i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's so those so in t2 i would
+not call uh you know immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not call uh you know immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not call uh you know immediately
+genomics compatible the systems biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomics compatible the systems biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomics compatible the systems biology
+it takes a vast number of in c2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a vast number of in c2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it takes a vast number of in c2
+experiments to get the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to get the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments to get the kind of
+comprehensive data you can get out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive data you can get out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comprehensive data you can get out of
+microarray experiments so let's focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiments so let's focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray experiments so let's focus on
+the kind of experiments like microarrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of experiments like microarrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of experiments like microarrays
+that can get us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can get us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can get us
+full genome scale information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full genome scale information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full genome scale information
+and what are the what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the what are the
+limitations in quality and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations in quality and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitations in quality and
+for these sort of things now we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these sort of things now we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these sort of things now we can
+either lump or split various ways of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either lump or split various ways of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either lump or split various ways of
+measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring
+arrays themselves the top two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays themselves the top two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays themselves the top two
+items on uh slide 28
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items on uh slide 28
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+items on uh slide 28
+are either law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are either law
+can be characterized microarrays might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be characterized microarrays might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be characterized microarrays might
+be associated with uh you know sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be associated with uh you know sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be associated with uh you know sort of
+for historical reasons with longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for historical reasons with longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for historical reasons with longer
+uh probes maybe the length of an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probes maybe the length of an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probes maybe the length of an entire
+gene or entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene or entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene or entire
+cdna messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cdna messenger rna
+and asymmetrics and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asymmetrics and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asymmetrics and other
+oligonucleotide-based methods typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotide-based methods typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotide-based methods typically
+use 25 nucleotide long oligar oligomers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 25 nucleotide long oligar oligomers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use 25 nucleotide long oligar oligomers
+typically the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+microarray probes um are used as single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray probes um are used as single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray probes um are used as single
+probes one probe per gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes one probe per gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes one probe per gene
+while the short ones typically have 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the short ones typically have 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the short ones typically have 20
+pros per gene these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros per gene these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pros per gene these are
+not necessary differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not necessary differences
+you can imagine various combinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine various combinations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine various combinations
+another difference is uh in the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another difference is uh in the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another difference is uh in the long
+codes typically you'll do an experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes typically you'll do an experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes typically you'll do an experiment
+and control with different colors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control with different colors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and control with different colors and
+they're mixed together to control for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mixed together to control for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're mixed together to control for
+some of the variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the variation
+in uh that might occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh that might occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh that might occur
+in the spotting of the long probes these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spotting of the long probes these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the spotting of the long probes these
+are typically spotted mechanically while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically spotted mechanically while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are typically spotted mechanically while
+the short probes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short probes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the short probes are
+developed by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed by a
+photochemical method in which 100 mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photochemical method in which 100 mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photochemical method in which 100 mass
+of sort of black and white mass such as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of black and white mass such as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of black and white mass such as
+you use in um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use in um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use in um
+in the silicon valley for making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the silicon valley for making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the silicon valley for making
+computer chips which we introduced in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer chips which we introduced in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer chips which we introduced in
+the in the sequencing technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the sequencing technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the sequencing technology
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+these kind of 100 photo maps will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of 100 photo maps will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these kind of 100 photo maps will allow
+you to make a 25 mirror four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make a 25 mirror four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to make a 25 mirror four
+possibilities per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities per
+per base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per base
+and you'll make say 20 of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll make say 20 of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you'll make say 20 of these
+scattered along the gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered along the gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered along the gene
+and a mismatch control for each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a mismatch control for each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a mismatch control for each of those
+20 perfect matches pm and mm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 perfect matches pm and mm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 perfect matches pm and mm
+abbreviations those mismatched controls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations those mismatched controls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abbreviations those mismatched controls
+help you get at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you get at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you get at the
+the possible cross hybridization by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible cross hybridization by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible cross hybridization by
+related sequences or even distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related sequences or even distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related sequences or even distance
+related sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related sequences
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and what i typically do is subtract the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i typically do is subtract the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i typically do is subtract the
+mismatch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch
+controls from the perfect masses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls from the perfect masses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls from the perfect masses and
+then average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then average
+across all 20 of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all 20 of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across all 20 of them
+or some statistically good sampling of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some statistically good sampling of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or some statistically good sampling of
+those 20.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so you typically do ratios for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you typically do ratios for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you typically do ratios for the
+for the long probes and you try to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the long probes and you try to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the long probes and you try to get
+absolute amounts from the short probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute amounts from the short probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute amounts from the short probes
+and then there are two wildly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are two wildly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there are two wildly different
+methods in the bottom of the slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in the bottom of the slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in the bottom of the slide
+these are called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called
+sage standing for serial analysis of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sage standing for serial analysis of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sage standing for serial analysis of
+gene expression and mpss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression and mpss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene expression and mpss
+an acronym for a highly parallel bead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acronym for a highly parallel bead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acronym for a highly parallel bead
+based method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based method
+both of them essentially sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them essentially sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them essentially sequence
+determine the sequence of somewhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the sequence of somewhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine the sequence of somewhere
+between 14 and 22 nucleotides this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 14 and 22 nucleotides this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between 14 and 22 nucleotides this is
+the sort of the minimum length sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the minimum length sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sort of the minimum length sequence
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+that's uh often but not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh often but not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uh often but not always
+sufficient to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to identify
+an rna molecule these are looking you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an rna molecule these are looking you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an rna molecule these are looking you're
+basically counting individual rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically counting individual rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically counting individual rna
+molecules with a tag that's just long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules with a tag that's just long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules with a tag that's just long
+enough to be able to recognize it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be able to recognize it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to be able to recognize it in a
+database at a 14 mer you can recognize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database at a 14 mer you can recognize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database at a 14 mer you can recognize
+it in say a human cdna database but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in say a human cdna database but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in say a human cdna database but it's
+not unique enough to identify it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique enough to identify it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not unique enough to identify it in a
+human genomic database the 20 tumor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genomic database the 20 tumor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+human genomic database the 20 tumor is
+large enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large enough
+to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get
+an acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an acceptable
+rate of false positive false negatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of false positive false negatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate of false positive false negatives
+in a human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a human
+genomic library that's kind of the range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic library that's kind of the range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic library that's kind of the range
+which you can do this and it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can do this and it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you can do this and it's just
+you need to you people tend to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to you people tend to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to you people tend to take
+shorter tags because the cost goes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter tags because the cost goes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter tags because the cost goes up
+with the length of the tag and so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the length of the tag and so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the length of the tag and so these
+were conveniently shorthand so the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were conveniently shorthand so the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were conveniently shorthand so the top
+top ones you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top ones you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top ones you get
+uh quantitation by integration of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quantitation by integration of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quantitation by integration of this
+of the fluorescent signals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fluorescent signals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fluorescent signals
+and the bottom two you get quantitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom two you get quantitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the bottom two you get quantitation
+by counting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by counting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by counting
+individual tags the bottom two methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual tags the bottom two methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual tags the bottom two methods
+have the opportunity for discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opportunity for discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the opportunity for discovery
+while the top two you basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the top two you basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the top two you basically
+can quantitate any gene or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantitate any gene or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can quantitate any gene or
+or segment of the of the genome that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or segment of the of the genome that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or segment of the of the genome that you
+uh care to put on the array but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh care to put on the array but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh care to put on the array but you
+won't necessarily discover anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't necessarily discover anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't necessarily discover anything
+outside of those features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so these are these are four of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are these are four of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these are these are four of the of
+the key methods that are used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key methods that are used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key methods that are used for
+quantitative rnas right now on a genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative rnas right now on a genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative rnas right now on a genome
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+where you'll do hopefully multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll do hopefully multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll do hopefully multiple
+experiments for each type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments for each type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments for each type
+now let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's just
+zoom in a little bit more so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in a little bit more so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zoom in a little bit more so you can
+have appreciation for where some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have appreciation for where some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have appreciation for where some of the
+systematic and random errors might creep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic and random errors might creep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic and random errors might creep
+in for these kind of experiments and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for these kind of experiments and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in for these kind of experiments and
+i'll just arbitrarily use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just arbitrarily use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll just arbitrarily use the
+25-mer olympic nucleotide probe arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25-mer olympic nucleotide probe arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+25-mer olympic nucleotide probe arrays
+as an example for the long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example for the long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example for the long
+long arrays of microarrays you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long arrays of microarrays you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long arrays of microarrays you might
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+say a thousand nucleotide long probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a thousand nucleotide long probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a thousand nucleotide long probes
+you might have ten thousand of them on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have ten thousand of them on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might have ten thousand of them on a
+class slide about this big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with the photolithography you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the photolithography you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the photolithography you could
+have a more like a closer to a million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more like a closer to a million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a more like a closer to a million
+features in a square centimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in a square centimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features in a square centimeter
+and in each of those features each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each of those features each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in each of those features each of
+those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those
+million positions on the array in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million positions on the array in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million positions on the array in the
+square array you you will have maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square array you you will have maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square array you you will have maybe a
+10 to the fifth and 10 to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the fifth and 10 to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the fifth and 10 to the sixth
+molecules all identical in position one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules all identical in position one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules all identical in position one
+and then a new set of ten to the sixth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a new set of ten to the sixth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a new set of ten to the sixth
+molecules in position two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in position two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecules in position two
+uh all aimed at a different arm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all aimed at a different arm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh all aimed at a different arm a
+different rna or different part of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rna or different part of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different rna or different part of an
+argument each of those probe cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument each of those probe cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument each of those probe cells
+it um is ready to accept fluorescently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um is ready to accept fluorescently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um is ready to accept fluorescently
+labeled or biotinyly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled or biotinyly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled or biotinyly
+of are using biofilm as an intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are using biofilm as an intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of are using biofilm as an intermediate
+in order to get fluorescence so you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get fluorescence so you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to get fluorescence so you take
+your rna and you directly biasylate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rna and you directly biasylate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your rna and you directly biasylate
+biasylated or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasylated or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biasylated or you
+make a cdna copy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cdna copy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a cdna copy or
+in one way or another you introduce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one way or another you introduce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in one way or another you introduce a
+fluorescent or a biotin molecule into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent or a biotin molecule into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluorescent or a biotin molecule into a
+copy of your rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of your rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy of your rna
+and then you apply that to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you apply that to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you apply that to this
+chip and they will bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and they will bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip and they will bind
+kinetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinetically
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the more
+the the mass action that you get from uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mass action that you get from uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the mass action that you get from uh
+from the original rna than the the rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original rna than the the rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the original rna than the the rnas
+that are most abundant will give will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are most abundant will give will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are most abundant will give will
+result in the largest number of biotins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in the largest number of biotins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result in the largest number of biotins
+or fluoresce fluorescent molecules on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fluoresce fluorescent molecules on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or fluoresce fluorescent molecules on
+the array in a given element here an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array in a given element here an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the array in a given element here an
+indirect conjugate with a fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect conjugate with a fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect conjugate with a fluorescent
+out and uh streptavid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and uh streptavid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out and uh streptavid
+the bias and fight for rhythm is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias and fight for rhythm is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bias and fight for rhythm is
+covalently attached straight down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently attached straight down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covalently attached straight down and
+you get a fluorescent signal which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a fluorescent signal which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a fluorescent signal which you
+quantitate which tells you the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate which tells you the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitate which tells you the amount of
+original messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original messenger rna
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+if you have 20 different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 20 different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have 20 different
+oligonucleotides per gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotides per gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotides per gene
+you can scatter those about the array or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can scatter those about the array or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can scatter those about the array or
+you can have them in lines this tends to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have them in lines this tends to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can have them in lines this tends to
+be what back from when they had them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what back from when they had them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be what back from when they had them in
+in line so you get the streakiness there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line so you get the streakiness there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line so you get the streakiness there
+now one of the first things you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the first things you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now one of the first things you want to
+do much of the software from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much of the software from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do much of the software from the
+companies is set up to on the assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies is set up to on the assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies is set up to on the assumption
+that you will only do the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will only do the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you will only do the experiment
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+now this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this is not
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this may have been appealing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may have been appealing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this may have been appealing in the
+early days from a cost standpoint but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days from a cost standpoint but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early days from a cost standpoint but
+it's not really cost effective and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really cost effective and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not really cost effective and that
+you will make mistakes and you will draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will make mistakes and you will draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will make mistakes and you will draw
+incorrect conclusions or prior you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect conclusions or prior you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect conclusions or prior you go
+back but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back but this is a
+example of an early experiment to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an early experiment to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of an early experiment to
+establish the reproducibility from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the reproducibility from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establish the reproducibility from one
+experiment to another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to another
+possibly to reassure people that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly to reassure people that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly to reassure people that they
+didn't need to repeat the experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need to repeat the experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't need to repeat the experiment
+but in any case this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any case this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in any case this is the sort of
+thing that is now commonly done in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is now commonly done in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that is now commonly done in order
+to assess that your experiments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assess that your experiments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to assess that your experiments are
+indeed reproducible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed reproducible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed reproducible
+and what you expect from this as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you expect from this as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you expect from this as you go
+along the horizontal axis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the horizontal axis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the horizontal axis
+towards higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards higher and higher
+copies per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies per cell
+going off to the right or going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off to the right or going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going off to the right or going up
+on the vertical axis then you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vertical axis then you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the vertical axis then you when you
+get high copies per cell then you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get high copies per cell then you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get high copies per cell then you expect
+there to be very close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be very close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be very close
+similarity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarity
+uh in the two measures from two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the two measures from two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the two measures from two
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+the experiments done at two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments done at two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experiments done at two different
+days and as you get to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and as you get to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days and as you get to very
+rare transcripts you expect that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare transcripts you expect that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rare transcripts you expect that the
+various sources of noise in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sources of noise in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various sources of noise in the
+experiment to start to dominate this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to start to dominate this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment to start to dominate this the
+light scattering in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light scattering in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light scattering in the
+array the background fluorescence of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array the background fluorescence of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array the background fluorescence of the
+glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+non-specific cross hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-specific cross hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-specific cross hybridization
+between different rnas start to dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different rnas start to dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between different rnas start to dominate
+over the true signal because true signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the true signal because true signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the true signal because true signal
+is going down all those background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going down all those background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going down all those background
+signals are staying constant so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are staying constant so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signals are staying constant so you
+start to get spread at low number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get spread at low number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to get spread at low number of
+copy numbers per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy numbers per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy numbers per cell
+you can see a huge fraction of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a huge fraction of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see a huge fraction of the of
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+rnas in the yeast cells are present a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas in the yeast cells are present a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas in the yeast cells are present a
+single copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single copy
+has say one less one or less fewer rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has say one less one or less fewer rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has say one less one or less fewer rnas
+per cell now this can either indicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cell now this can either indicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cell now this can either indicate
+that uh that most of the rnas in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that most of the rnas in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh that most of the rnas in the
+cell are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell are
+are not physiologically significant or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not physiologically significant or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not physiologically significant or
+it could indicate that all it takes is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could indicate that all it takes is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could indicate that all it takes is a
+small burst of one or a few molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small burst of one or a few molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small burst of one or a few molecules of
+rna to produce an even larger burst of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna to produce an even larger burst of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna to produce an even larger burst of
+proteins and even larger bursts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and even larger bursts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins and even larger bursts of
+activities of those proteins so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities of those proteins so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities of those proteins so you have
+this amplification and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amplification and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this amplification and so the
+stochastics we will study in the systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastics we will study in the systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stochastics we will study in the systems
+biology part of this becomes a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology part of this becomes a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology part of this becomes a more
+significant consideration so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant consideration so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant consideration so
+looking at small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at small
+you know molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know molecule
+one molecule per cell its importance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule per cell its importance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one molecule per cell its importance is
+to start thinking about what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start thinking about what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start thinking about what the
+implications that might be for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications that might be for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications that might be for the
+systems biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems biology
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and asking you know can we accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking you know can we accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and asking you know can we accurately
+measure it down there and do we believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it down there and do we believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it down there and do we believe
+that it's biologically significant now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's biologically significant now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's biologically significant now
+there's a whole variety of microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole variety of microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a whole variety of microarray
+data analyses ranging from the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hardware oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware oriented
+first data acquisition modules all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first data acquisition modules all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first data acquisition modules all the
+way up through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way up through
+analyzing single array data at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing single array data at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing single array data at a
+statistic you know statistical level to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic you know statistical level to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistic you know statistical level to
+multiple uh related experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple uh related experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple uh related experiments
+such as the one we showed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the one we showed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the one we showed in the
+previous slide all the way up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide all the way up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide all the way up to
+clustering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering
+ex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex
+multiple examples from multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple examples from multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple examples from multiple
+different conditions to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions to see
+to start asking the biological questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start asking the biological questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start asking the biological questions
+about why rnas go up and down together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why rnas go up and down together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about why rnas go up and down together
+for the for the sort of intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the sort of intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the for the sort of intermediate
+analysis where we'll be talking today is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis where we'll be talking today is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis where we'll be talking today is
+introductory uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introductory uh
+issues of the you know data analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of the you know data analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues of the you know data analysis
+will i'll illustrate d chip um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will i'll illustrate d chip um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will i'll illustrate d chip um
+and another a couple of other tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another a couple of other tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another a couple of other tools that
+indicate how reproducible uh experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how reproducible uh experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicate how reproducible uh experiments
+can be and the kind of systematic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be and the kind of systematic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be and the kind of systematic
+errors it can creep in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors it can creep in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors it can creep in the
+reproducibility helps you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility helps you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducibility helps you
+by repeating helps you reduce the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by repeating helps you reduce the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by repeating helps you reduce the random
+errors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors
+and uh here are four papers recently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here are four papers recently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh here are four papers recently
+that talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that talk about
+measurements from multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements from multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements from multiple
+measures from the same experiment or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures from the same experiment or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures from the same experiment or
+multiple measures by using two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple measures by using two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple measures by using two
+completely different microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely different microarray
+technologies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies and
+i urge you to take a look at these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when we compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we compare
+two distributions from microarray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distributions from microarray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two distributions from microarray
+experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments
+you can think of these these are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of these these are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of these these are going
+to be even if they're not perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even if they're not perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be even if they're not perfectly
+normal distributions they're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distributions they're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distributions they're going to be
+roughly bell shaped first so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly bell shaped first so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly bell shaped first so let's say
+that this is experiment one and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is experiment one and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is experiment one and this is
+experiment two you say oh they look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment two you say oh they look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment two you say oh they look the
+same this is experiment one under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this is experiment one under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same this is experiment one under
+condition one this is under condition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition one this is under condition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condition one this is under condition
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+okay now they look different but how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now they look different but how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now they look different but how do
+you quantitate that and the way you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quantitate that and the way you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you quantitate that and the way you ask
+that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is
+the means of those two roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the means of those two roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the means of those two roughly
+bell-shaped distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell-shaped distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bell-shaped distributions
+are far apart from another how far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are far apart from another how far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are far apart from another how far apart
+well they're more they're farther apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're more they're farther apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're more they're farther apart
+from one another than the width of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one another than the width of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from one another than the width of the
+distributions individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions individually
+that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now
+the distance between them you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between them you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance between them you can think
+of is the mean of the difference of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is the mean of the difference of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of is the mean of the difference of the
+distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+um and then the the width is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the the width is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then the the width is a is a
+measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the
+root mean square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root mean square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+root mean square
+standard deviation so which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation so which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard deviation so which is the
+combined width of the two if one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined width of the two if one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined width of the two if one of them
+is wide and the other one is narrow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wide and the other one is narrow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wide and the other one is narrow you
+have to have some way of combining those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some way of combining those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have some way of combining those
+so that's what that's sometimes called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what that's sometimes called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's what that's sometimes called
+the student t test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student t test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the student t test
+and the t statistic itself is simply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the t statistic itself is simply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the t statistic itself is simply the
+mean over the standard deviation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean over the standard deviation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean over the standard deviation
+in other words how many standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words how many standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words how many standard
+deviation widths apart are these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation widths apart are these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation widths apart are these two
+means or if you take the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means or if you take the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means or if you take the mean of the
+difference take the distribution of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference take the distribution of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference take the distribution of the
+difference then you want that your null
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference then you want that your null
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference then you want that your null
+hypothesis h0 here on slide 33 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis h0 here on slide 33 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothesis h0 here on slide 33 is the
+null hypothesis is the mean value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null hypothesis is the mean value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null hypothesis is the mean value of the
+difference is zero there's no difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is zero there's no difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is zero there's no difference
+between the two distributions if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two distributions if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two distributions if you can
+rule that out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then that would be the point of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that would be the point of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then that would be the point of this
+test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test
+so you can think how many widths apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think how many widths apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can think how many widths apart
+are these two the means of these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two the means of these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these two the means of these two
+distributions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions
+now that's this requires that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's this requires that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that's this requires that they
+actually the distribution would be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the distribution would be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the distribution would be very
+close to normal not distinguishable from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to normal not distinguishable from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to normal not distinguishable from
+normal distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normal distribution
+with all his properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all his properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with all his properties
+if you are in serious doubt or can prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are in serious doubt or can prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you are in serious doubt or can prove
+that they're not normal then you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not normal then you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're not normal then you should
+go to a non-parametric normal means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a non-parametric normal means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to a non-parametric normal means it's
+parametric it has a mean and standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric it has a mean and standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parametric it has a mean and standard
+deviation that that characterize it well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation that that characterize it well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviation that that characterize it well
+then you can use a non-parametric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can use a non-parametric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can use a non-parametric
+whenever you see the word ranks that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see the word ranks that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you see the word ranks that's a
+tip-off that you're going into something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip-off that you're going into something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tip-off that you're going into something
+where you're making fewer assumptions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're making fewer assumptions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're making fewer assumptions
+this has lower power that means you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has lower power that means you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has lower power that means you
+might miss some significant differences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might miss some significant differences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might miss some significant differences
+but on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but on the other hand
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+if you can convince yourself with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can convince yourself with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can convince yourself with the
+wilcoxon match pairs sign ranks test um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilcoxon match pairs sign ranks test um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wilcoxon match pairs sign ranks test um
+then you don't need to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't need to worry about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you don't need to worry about
+whether it's normally distributed in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's normally distributed in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether it's normally distributed in any
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+we're going to look at some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at some uh
+distributions not not uh and and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions not not uh and and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distributions not not uh and and ask
+informally whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally whether
+these are the same distribution or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same distribution or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are the same distribution or
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is uh
+how how do you deal with the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do you deal with the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how how do you deal with the the
+multiple hypothesis testing and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypothesis testing and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypothesis testing and this
+basically is exactly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is exactly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically is exactly the same
+answer that we would have given in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we would have given in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that we would have given in
+last uh lecture on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh lecture on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh lecture on
+multiple hypothetical testing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypothetical testing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple hypothetical testing and
+genotyping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you apply exactly the same it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply exactly the same it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you apply exactly the same it's a very
+good question very appropriate here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just as before where you would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as before where you would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as before where you would have
+multiple different uh pheno phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different uh pheno phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple different uh pheno phenotype
+genotype combinations that you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype combinations that you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype combinations that you might
+want to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to test
+essentially testing every possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially testing every possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially testing every possible
+single nucleotide polymorphism or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single nucleotide polymorphism or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single nucleotide polymorphism or
+combination in the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to a first approximation whatever your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a first approximation whatever your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a first approximation whatever your
+whatever your significance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your significance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever your significance is
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+it needs to be that much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be that much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be that much more
+significant if you have that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant if you have that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant if you have that many
+hypotheses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then then you're only if you either have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you're only if you either have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then then you're only if you either have
+to improve your data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve your data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to improve your data
+that that that makes allows you to test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that makes allows you to test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that that makes allows you to test
+more hypotheses or you need to reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more hypotheses or you need to reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more hypotheses or you need to reduce
+the hypothesis uh the number at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis uh the number at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hypothesis uh the number at the
+outset by having a a sharp biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset by having a a sharp biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outset by having a a sharp biological
+question at the beginning it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question at the beginning it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question at the beginning it's an
+excellent question but there's no magic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question but there's no magic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question but there's no magic
+wand that we accept those two that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wand that we accept those two that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wand that we accept those two that i
+know of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know of
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so here's some examples of independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's some examples of independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's some examples of independent
+experiments now when someone says an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments now when someone says an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments now when someone says an
+independent experiment you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent experiment you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent experiment you have to be
+clear about is it was it uh that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about is it was it uh that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear about is it was it uh that the
+same rna sample
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rna sample
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same rna sample
+uh split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh split
+in uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh
+and then labeled independently that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then labeled independently that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then labeled independently that's
+really not an independent experiment on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not an independent experiment on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not an independent experiment on
+the other hand you could take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you could take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand you could take
+two completely where you repeated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two completely where you repeated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two completely where you repeated the
+best of an independent experiment uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of an independent experiment uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best of an independent experiment uh if
+if your objective is to ask how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your objective is to ask how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your objective is to ask how
+reproducible is the entire biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible is the entire biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproducible is the entire biological
+phenomenon you should go back as early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon you should go back as early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenomenon you should go back as early
+in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the
+as possible make a a new cell line uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible make a a new cell line uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as possible make a a new cell line uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+try to get the conditions exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get the conditions exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to get the conditions exactly the
+same but completely independently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but completely independently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same but completely independently
+executed possibly by different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed possibly by different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executed possibly by different
+researchers in different laboratories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers in different laboratories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researchers in different laboratories
+in that in that extreme you expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that extreme you expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that extreme you expect to
+have more scatter here these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more scatter here these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have more scatter here these are the
+regression lines the r squared is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression lines the r squared is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regression lines the r squared is the
+the number that pops out uh as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number that pops out uh as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number that pops out uh as an
+indication of deviation from the linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of deviation from the linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indication of deviation from the linear
+just like the linear correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the linear correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the linear correlation
+coefficient which is basically a squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is basically a squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient which is basically a squared
+term and uh and you can see that as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and uh and you can see that as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term and uh and you can see that as you
+instead of splitting one sample and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of splitting one sample and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of splitting one sample and
+doing kind of the trivial differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing kind of the trivial differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing kind of the trivial differential
+labeling if you have more independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling if you have more independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeling if you have more independent
+samples you get more scatter and a lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples you get more scatter and a lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples you get more scatter and a lower
+figure of merit for the regression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of merit for the regression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure of merit for the regression
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+what are the guidelines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the guidelines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the guidelines
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+what are some of the considerations in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the considerations in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are some of the considerations in
+rna quantitation i think we've touched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna quantitation i think we've touched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna quantitation i think we've touched
+upon this before but i just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this before but i just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this before but i just want to
+drive it home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive it home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drive it home
+that some people will say i'm only going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people will say i'm only going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that some people will say i'm only going
+to look at things that are uh more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at things that are uh more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at things that are uh more
+more than a three-fold effect this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a three-fold effect this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than a three-fold effect this is
+sort of the ratio uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the ratio uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the ratio uh
+limits that you might perceive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that you might perceive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits that you might perceive
+in the early rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the early rna
+chip experiments but i think we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip experiments but i think we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chip experiments but i think we're
+getting better at it and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better at it and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting better at it and the the
+biological motivation is high we've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological motivation is high we've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological motivation is high we've seen
+that human trisomy where you just have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human trisomy where you just have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that human trisomy where you just have a
+1.5 fold uh increase in dosage every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 fold uh increase in dosage every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1.5 fold uh increase in dosage every
+single one of them has a huge phenotypic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of them has a huge phenotypic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of them has a huge phenotypic
+consequence many of them result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence many of them result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence many of them result in
+lethality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lethality
+it's very imp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very imp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very imp
+we should set as a goal to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should set as a goal to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should set as a goal to be able to
+monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitor
+most of the rnas uh of biological
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the rnas uh of biological
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the rnas uh of biological
+significance down to this sort of 1.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance down to this sort of 1.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significance down to this sort of 1.5
+fold effect which can have these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold effect which can have these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold effect which can have these
+dramatic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dramatic
+implications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications
+we mentioned that olympic nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+might be able to get more of them per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to get more of them per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be able to get more of them per
+gene how can we how can we utilize this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene how can we how can we utilize this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene how can we how can we utilize this
+not only the number that we can get but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the number that we can get but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not only the number that we can get but
+the specificity if you have a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specificity if you have a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the specificity if you have a gene
+length uh oligonucleotide or or cdna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh oligonucleotide or or cdna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length uh oligonucleotide or or cdna
+then you're going to pick up not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to pick up not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're going to pick up not only
+that the gene of interest but every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gene of interest but every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the gene of interest but every
+related gene all the alternative splice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related gene all the alternative splice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related gene all the alternative splice
+forms all the very very close family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms all the very very close family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms all the very very close family
+members so with the oligonucleotides you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members so with the oligonucleotides you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+members so with the oligonucleotides you
+can then go and target individual splice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then go and target individual splice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then go and target individual splice
+forms but then when you when you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms but then when you when you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms but then when you when you apply
+your your algorithms you have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your algorithms you have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your algorithms you have to be
+careful not to lump them all together as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful not to lump them all together as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful not to lump them all together as
+if it's one gene you have to say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's one gene you have to say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's one gene you have to say okay
+this is splice form number one number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is splice form number one number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is splice form number one number
+two and just having oligonucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and just having oligonucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and just having oligonucleotides
+aimed at particular exons is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at particular exons is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aimed at particular exons is not
+sufficient to tell you which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to tell you which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to tell you which
+exons are in cis in particular rnas you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons are in cis in particular rnas you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons are in cis in particular rnas you
+could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have
+present in the population exons 1 2 4 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the population exons 1 2 4 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in the population exons 1 2 4 6
+12 and so forth but you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and so forth but you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 and so forth but you don't know
+whether one and 12 are on the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one and 12 are on the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether one and 12 are on the same
+molecule ever that requires a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule ever that requires a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule ever that requires a more
+specialized method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specialized method
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+possibly high throughput method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly high throughput method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly high throughput method
+if you there is another set of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you there is another set of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you there is another set of economic
+forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces
+pushing towards just doing a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing towards just doing a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pushing towards just doing a subset of
+the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome
+just like doing a uh not repeating the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like doing a uh not repeating the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like doing a uh not repeating the
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+you probably don't want to get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't want to get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably don't want to get into
+these economic forces unless you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these economic forces unless you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these economic forces unless you
+absolutely have to because if one person
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely have to because if one person
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely have to because if one person
+studies uh uh you know cancer subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies uh uh you know cancer subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies uh uh you know cancer subset
+another studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another studies
+uh blood related subset and another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh blood related subset and another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh blood related subset and another one
+studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies
+you know these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these these
+little pieces of the genome then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces of the genome then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little pieces of the genome then when
+they want to pool their data in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to pool their data in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to pool their data in order to
+ask questions about what genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions about what genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask questions about what genes are
+clustered together because they're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered together because they're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustered together because they're in
+their proliferative cells and which ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their proliferative cells and which ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their proliferative cells and which ones
+cluster together because they're in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster together because they're in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster together because they're in this
+developmental stage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental stage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developmental stage
+or another they can't do it because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another they can't do it because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another they can't do it because they
+don't share enough genes on their arrays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't share enough genes on their arrays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't share enough genes on their arrays
+to to do this meta-analysis so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do this meta-analysis so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to do this meta-analysis so that's a
+that's a consideration when you're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a consideration when you're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a consideration when you're in
+the experimental design phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental design phase and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the experimental design phase and
+hopefully computational biologists are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully computational biologists are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully computational biologists are
+involved not only in the interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved not only in the interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved not only in the interpretation
+of the data but in the design of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data but in the design of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the data but in the design of
+experiments as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments as well
+here's yet another way of looking at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's yet another way of looking at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's yet another way of looking at the
+variation that you have in experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that you have in experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation that you have in experiment
+we're introducing i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're introducing i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're introducing i think the
+coefficient of variation here which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of variation here which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of variation here which is
+simply the standard deviation normalized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the standard deviation normalized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply the standard deviation normalized
+to the mean so you can you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mean so you can you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the mean so you can you can just
+phrase it you can just a way of sharing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it you can just a way of sharing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase it you can just a way of sharing
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in a generic sense how much variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a generic sense how much variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a generic sense how much variation
+you have so you can say it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so you can say it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have so you can say it's the
+coefficient of variation is say 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of variation is say 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of variation is say 10
+and that that's independent whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's independent whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that that's independent whether
+you're measuring uh what your units are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring uh what your units are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring uh what your units are
+measuring you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measuring you know
+and so we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we have is
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+on the horizontal axis the x-axis here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the horizontal axis the x-axis here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the horizontal axis the x-axis here
+number of metronome rnas per cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of metronome rnas per cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of metronome rnas per cell
+and the vertical axis the coefficient of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vertical axis the coefficient of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the vertical axis the coefficient of
+variation and you can see that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and you can see that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation and you can see that when you
+uh when you get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you get up
+above say 20 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above say 20 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above say 20 percent
+coefficient variation you start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient variation you start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient variation you start getting
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+less trustworthy because here we've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less trustworthy because here we've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less trustworthy because here we've used
+the algorithms that are built into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithms that are built into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the algorithms that are built into the
+anthropometric software for asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropometric software for asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anthropometric software for asking
+whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether
+it thinks an rna is present or not if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thinks an rna is present or not if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it thinks an rna is present or not if
+the intensity is very low and a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity is very low and a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intensity is very low and a very
+variety of other criterion for a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of other criterion for a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of other criterion for a single
+experiment you can add it it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can add it it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment you can add it it will
+classify whether it thinks the rna is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify whether it thinks the rna is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify whether it thinks the rna is
+present or not but if you use a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or not but if you use a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present or not but if you use a large
+number of different experiments each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different experiments each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of different experiments each of
+these dots being a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dots being a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these dots being a different
+rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna
+you use a large number of experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a large number of experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use a large number of experiments
+you can now beat the the you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now beat the the you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can now beat the the you know
+company software because it's made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company software because it's made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company software because it's made the
+assumption you're just doing one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption you're just doing one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption you're just doing one
+experiment and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and so here
+in the dark blue are examples where in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark blue are examples where in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the dark blue are examples where in
+three experiments all three experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three experiments all three experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three experiments all three experiments
+was called present one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called present one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was called present one by one
+but uh you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh you can see that
+even with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even with
+cases where it's not called present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where it's not called present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases where it's not called present in
+any of the three experiments these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the three experiments these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of the three experiments these
+magenta ones you just you can still find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta ones you just you can still find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magenta ones you just you can still find
+very uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very uh
+high reproducibility that is a very low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high reproducibility that is a very low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high reproducibility that is a very low
+coefficient of variation down around 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of variation down around 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of variation down around 10
+percent there's the pink dots all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent there's the pink dots all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent there's the pink dots all in
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+region around 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region around 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region around 10
+and these are just as reliable as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are just as reliable as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these are just as reliable as the
+blue dots even though they're not called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dots even though they're not called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blue dots even though they're not called
+present by the software collectively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present by the software collectively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present by the software collectively
+they're they're very reproducible and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're very reproducible and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're they're very reproducible and
+therefore they're trustworthy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they're trustworthy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore they're trustworthy so
+actually uh reproducing your experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh reproducing your experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually uh reproducing your experiment
+is not just something you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just something you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just something you do
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know to
+to appease uh nature and and lower your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appease uh nature and and lower your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appease uh nature and and lower your
+statistical noise it actually allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical noise it actually allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical noise it actually allows you
+to get data for rnas that otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get data for rnas that otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get data for rnas that otherwise
+might be inaccessible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be inaccessible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be inaccessible
+so there's a there's immediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's immediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a there's immediate
+gratification there even at the slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratification there even at the slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gratification there even at the slight
+expense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now let's broaden uh back out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's broaden uh back out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now let's broaden uh back out a
+little bit on the under a number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on the under a number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit on the under a number of
+different methods and their their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods and their their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different methods and their their
+advantages and disadvantages each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and disadvantages each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantages and disadvantages each one
+has a set of advantages we've already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a set of advantages we've already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a set of advantages we've already
+talked about two of them which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about two of them which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about two of them which is the
+immobilized genes labeled rna scenario
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilized genes labeled rna scenario
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilized genes labeled rna scenario
+that's basically the microarrays or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the microarrays or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's basically the microarrays or
+chips
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chips
+and the advantage here is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the advantage here is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the advantage here is that you can
+very in a very high throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very in a very high throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very in a very high throughput
+manufacturer you can manufacture large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer you can manufacture large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manufacturer you can manufacture large
+numbers of these and you can get high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of these and you can get high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers of these and you can get high
+multiplicity all the gene all the rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity all the gene all the rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity all the gene all the rnas
+that we know of monitored simultaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know of monitored simultaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we know of monitored simultaneously
+in c2 we've also talked about the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c2 we've also talked about the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in c2 we've also talked about the the
+major advantages retaining the spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major advantages retaining the spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major advantages retaining the spatial
+relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of these other
+methods uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods uh
+if you instead of immobilizing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you instead of immobilizing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you instead of immobilizing the
+probes on the on a solid surface you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes on the on a solid surface you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes on the on a solid surface you
+immobilize the rnas and then one by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilize the rnas and then one by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immobilize the rnas and then one by one
+you label the probes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you label the probes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you label the probes
+this will allow you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will allow you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will allow you
+to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to first
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+separate the entire transcriptome versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the entire transcriptome versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the entire transcriptome versus
+rnas in electrophoretic separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas in electrophoretic separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas in electrophoretic separation
+and so in a highly parallel method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in a highly parallel method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in a highly parallel method
+you've now immobilized them after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now immobilized them after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now immobilized them after
+they've been separated by size so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been separated by size so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've been separated by size so if you
+want to know the size of the rna which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the size of the rna which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know the size of the rna which
+is a big hint as to uh you know it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big hint as to uh you know it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a big hint as to uh you know it's
+exon composition and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exon composition and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exon composition and it's
+and so on uh measuring the size of rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on uh measuring the size of rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on uh measuring the size of rna
+is this is one of the few ways to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is one of the few ways to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is one of the few ways to do it
+it's really very hard to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really very hard to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really very hard to deal with
+arrays or in sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays or in sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrays or in sequence
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+if another hand you want you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if another hand you want you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if another hand you want you want
+sensitivity where you want to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity where you want to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitivity where you want to really
+detect at the noise level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect at the noise level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detect at the noise level
+which say for mammalian vertebrate rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which say for mammalian vertebrate rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which say for mammalian vertebrate rnas
+it's around 10 to the minus 4 copies per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around 10 to the minus 4 copies per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around 10 to the minus 4 copies per
+cell that's the level at which if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that's the level at which if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that's the level at which if you
+look for almost any kind of any part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for almost any kind of any part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for almost any kind of any part of
+the genome any kind of rna even things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome any kind of rna even things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the genome any kind of rna even things
+that shouldn't be expressed you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shouldn't be expressed you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that shouldn't be expressed you will
+find them down at 10 and minus forces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them down at 10 and minus forces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find them down at 10 and minus forces
+itself that probably is not biologically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that probably is not biologically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself that probably is not biologically
+significant but it's a biological fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant but it's a biological fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant but it's a biological fact
+oh getting down to that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh getting down to that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh getting down to that level
+or if you have a mixed tissue and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have a mixed tissue and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if you have a mixed tissue and you
+want to detect uh one part and ten to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to detect uh one part and ten to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to detect uh one part and ten to
+the tenth you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenth you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tenth you might have
+five times ten to the fifth message rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times ten to the fifth message rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five times ten to the fifth message rnas
+per cell but if you have tens of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cell but if you have tens of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per cell but if you have tens of the
+cells and then uh you know a single copy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and then uh you know a single copy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and then uh you know a single copy
+messenger rna would be down to minus 10.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger rna would be down to minus 10.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messenger rna would be down to minus 10.
+anyway that's feasible with a reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's feasible with a reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway that's feasible with a reverse
+transfer case quantitative reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer case quantitative reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer case quantitative reverse
+interface pcr and it is it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface pcr and it is it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface pcr and it is it is the
+standard by which all the others have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard by which all the others have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard by which all the others have uh
+can barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can barely
+match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+reporter constructs are something we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter constructs are something we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reporter constructs are something we did
+not consider generally a high-throughput
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not consider generally a high-throughput
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not consider generally a high-throughput
+method although there are genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method although there are genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method although there are genomic
+constructs of reporter contrast for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs of reporter contrast for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructs of reporter contrast for
+entire genome like yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire genome like yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire genome like yeast
+but here the real advantage of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the real advantage of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but here the real advantage of that
+method is there's no worry of cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is there's no worry of cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+method is there's no worry of cross
+hybridization within c2s with northerns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization within c2s with northerns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization within c2s with northerns
+with with arrays there is a chance that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with arrays there is a chance that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with with arrays there is a chance that
+if you if you probe for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you probe for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you if you probe for
+rnax it will happen to hybrid if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnax it will happen to hybrid if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnax it will happen to hybrid if it
+especially if it's present in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's present in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially if it's present in high
+abundance it will happen to hybridize to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance it will happen to hybridize to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance it will happen to hybridize to
+one of the other ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the other ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the other ones
+but with a reporter construct we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a reporter construct we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but with a reporter construct we will
+take a fluorescent protein or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a fluorescent protein or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a fluorescent protein or a
+luminescent protein and hook it up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminescent protein and hook it up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luminescent protein and hook it up the
+gene and insist with the gene you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and insist with the gene you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and insist with the gene you're
+interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in
+and that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that will
+directly or indirectly monitor the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or indirectly monitor the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly or indirectly monitor the
+expression of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of your
+favorite gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite gene
+that has no possibility for cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no possibility for cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has no possibility for cross
+hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization
+we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talked about
+the advantages of counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages of counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the advantages of counting the
+disadvantages of course cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages of course cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disadvantages of course cost
+it allows you to do gene discovery it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to do gene discovery it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it allows you to do gene discovery it
+doesn't address
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't address
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't address
+alternative splicing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here's an example of comparing two of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of comparing two of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's an example of comparing two of
+those methods as microarrays were are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those methods as microarrays were are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those methods as microarrays were are
+being introduced one needs to validate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being introduced one needs to validate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being introduced one needs to validate
+them to ask whether you have whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to ask whether you have whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to ask whether you have whether
+you're measuring one rna or multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring one rna or multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're measuring one rna or multiple
+rnas of different sizes to ask whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas of different sizes to ask whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas of different sizes to ask whether
+quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative
+a northern blot correlates with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a northern blot correlates with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a northern blot correlates with
+quantitative array and here you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative array and here you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative array and here you can see
+a fairly acceptable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly acceptable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly acceptable
+linear relationship between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relationship between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear relationship between the two
+quantitative measures and this has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measures and this has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitative measures and this has been
+played out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played out
+many times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quick the opportunity that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick the opportunity that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick the opportunity that you have
+when you make an array we said that sage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make an array we said that sage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you make an array we said that sage
+and mpss allow you to do discovery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mpss allow you to do discovery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mpss allow you to do discovery
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+another uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh
+way of doing it is putting down lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it is putting down lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of doing it is putting down lots of
+oligonucleotides even oligonucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotides even oligonucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligonucleotides even oligonucleotides
+in regions where your genome annotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in regions where your genome annotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in regions where your genome annotation
+may not have indicated that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have indicated that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may not have indicated that there's a
+gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene
+so you can see here the bottom 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see here the bottom 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can see here the bottom 60
+of this array was in so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this array was in so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this array was in so-called
+non-protein coding regions and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-protein coding regions and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-protein coding regions and you can
+just see what you get when you when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see what you get when you when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see what you get when you when you
+do that it doesn't cost that much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it doesn't cost that much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that it doesn't cost that much more
+to put down um some of these on coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put down um some of these on coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put down um some of these on coding
+regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regions
+and you can ask um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can ask um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can ask um
+in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these
+untranslated regions whether there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untranslated regions whether there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+untranslated regions whether there are
+maybe anti-sense rnas that that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe anti-sense rnas that that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe anti-sense rnas that that will
+overlap in the translated regions or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in the translated regions or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap in the translated regions or you
+can look for dna protein interactions in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look for dna protein interactions in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look for dna protein interactions in
+certain kinds of experiments and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of experiments and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain kinds of experiments and you can
+look for rna fine structure where does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for rna fine structure where does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for rna fine structure where does
+the gene actually end you may annotate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene actually end you may annotate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene actually end you may annotate
+that the rna ends here but you need ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rna ends here but you need ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the rna ends here but you need ways
+of actually measuring that so there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually measuring that so there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of actually measuring that so there's a
+lot of uses for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uses for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of uses for
+nucleic acid probes in so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid probes in so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid probes in so-called
+non-protein coding regions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-protein coding regions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-protein coding regions
+which can range from 12 percent of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can range from 12 percent of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which can range from 12 percent of the
+genome and simple prokaryotes to up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and simple prokaryotes to up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and simple prokaryotes to up to
+98 of the genome in humans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what are the sources of random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sources of random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the sources of random
+systematic errors we have secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic errors we have secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic errors we have secondary
+structure that we talked we've talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we talked we've talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that we talked we've talked
+about at the beginning of this lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the beginning of this lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about at the beginning of this lecture
+can cause different parts of the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause different parts of the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can cause different parts of the array
+to have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have different
+hybridization efficiencies the position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization efficiencies the position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization efficiencies the position
+on an array can have an effect for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an array can have an effect for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an array can have an effect for
+example poor mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example poor mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example poor mixing
+if you're making your array by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're making your array by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're making your array by a
+non-reproducible method the amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reproducible method the amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-reproducible method the amount of
+target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target
+nucleic acid immobilized on the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid immobilized on the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleic acid immobilized on the array
+can vary you need to control for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary you need to control for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can vary you need to control for that
+for example by having an internal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example by having an internal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example by having an internal
+standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard
+you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have
+cross hybridization we've talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross hybridization we've talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross hybridization we've talked about
+the unanticipated transcripts you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unanticipated transcripts you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unanticipated transcripts you can
+handle by tiling by basically putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle by tiling by basically putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handle by tiling by basically putting
+oligarchical genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligarchical genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligarchical genome
+so here's an example of spatial effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of spatial effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's an example of spatial effects
+what you do is you spike in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you spike in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do is you spike in
+known amounts of known rnas which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known amounts of known rnas which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known amounts of known rnas which are
+present throughout the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present throughout the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present throughout the array
+and so these are internally spiked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are internally spiked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so these are internally spiked
+in addition to your unknown fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to your unknown fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in addition to your unknown fluorescent
+labeled arm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled arm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled arm
+probes and you can ask whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes and you can ask whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probes and you can ask whether you're
+getting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a
+perfectly uniform uh edge to edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly uniform uh edge to edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly uniform uh edge to edge
+uh hybridization with the with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hybridization with the with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh hybridization with the with the
+knowns where you know the answer and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowns where you know the answer and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowns where you know the answer and if
+you're not you're getting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not you're getting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not you're getting uh
+you know peaks and troughs then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know peaks and troughs then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know peaks and troughs then you can
+use these internal standards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these internal standards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these internal standards to
+calibrate that particular hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate that particular hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate that particular hybridization
+experiment and correct uh for this kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and correct uh for this kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and correct uh for this kind
+of systematic error this could occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systematic error this could occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of systematic error this could occur
+again and again here's two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again here's two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again and again here's two different
+experiments giving roughly similar edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments giving roughly similar edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiments giving roughly similar edge
+effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects
+you need to account for these things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to account for these things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need to account for these things to
+avoid that particular source of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that particular source of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid that particular source of
+systematic errors especially if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic errors especially if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematic errors especially if you
+put all of your oligonucleotides for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all of your oligonucleotides for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put all of your oligonucleotides for a
+particular gene near one another a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene near one another a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular gene near one another a
+better strategy statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better strategy statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better strategy statistical
+experimental design is to put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design is to put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimental design is to put your
+oligos randomly throughout the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligos randomly throughout the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligos randomly throughout the array
+here's another one unanticipated rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one unanticipated rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another one unanticipated rnas
+two examples one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two examples one
+an open reading frame of unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open reading frame of unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an open reading frame of unknown
+function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function
+you can sometimes mis-annotate if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sometimes mis-annotate if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can sometimes mis-annotate if you
+have two open reading frames on opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two open reading frames on opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two open reading frames on opposite
+strands it could be one is used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands it could be one is used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strands it could be one is used
+generally speaking one is used and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking one is used and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally speaking one is used and one
+isn't and you could pick the wrong one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't and you could pick the wrong one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't and you could pick the wrong one
+you might pick the big one and it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might pick the big one and it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might pick the big one and it could
+be that little one is the one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that little one is the one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that little one is the one that's
+actually used and that's what happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used and that's what happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually used and that's what happened
+in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case
+and another one is is a so that was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another one is is a so that was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and another one is is a so that was a
+translated rna just happened to pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated rna just happened to pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translated rna just happened to pick the
+wrong strand here is an untranslated rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong strand here is an untranslated rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong strand here is an untranslated rna
+such as the snow rna as we saw before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the snow rna as we saw before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such as the snow rna as we saw before
+this one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is a
+untranslated rna of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was discovered in a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was discovered in a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was discovered in a so-called
+intergenic region where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you have a statistical test for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a statistical test for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a statistical test for the
+goodness the quality of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness the quality of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goodness the quality of a
+of a individual oligonucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a individual oligonucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a individual oligonucleotide
+hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization
+based on say its reproducibility or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on say its reproducibility or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on say its reproducibility or or
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+relative intensity you expect if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative intensity you expect if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative intensity you expect if you
+have 20 different oligonucleotides all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 20 different oligonucleotides all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 20 different oligonucleotides all
+for one gene and you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one gene and you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one gene and you expect
+number one typically is stronger than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one typically is stronger than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number one typically is stronger than
+number two and then you find the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two and then you find the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number two and then you find the case
+for number one is weaker than number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for number one is weaker than number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for number one is weaker than number two
+then you you can flag that you can say i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you can flag that you can say i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you you can flag that you can say i
+don't believe that particular spot and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe that particular spot and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't believe that particular spot and
+if you color code them all see is see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you color code them all see is see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you color code them all see is see
+here is white spots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is white spots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is white spots
+uh things that don't fit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things that don't fit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things that don't fit your
+statistical model for the array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model for the array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical model for the array
+hybridization it's the advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization it's the advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization it's the advantage of
+having a statistical model for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a statistical model for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a statistical model for the
+entire process then you can mark those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire process then you can mark those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire process then you can mark those
+as a white and you can look to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a white and you can look to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a white and you can look to see
+whether they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether they have a
+statistical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistical
+significant spatial distribution which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant spatial distribution which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant spatial distribution which
+they do in this case they all seem to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do in this case they all seem to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do in this case they all seem to be
+pumping at this corner now what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping at this corner now what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping at this corner now what could
+cause that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause that well
+you know we've already illustrated the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've already illustrated the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we've already illustrated the
+ways that you can have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can have uh
+you could cal use internal standards to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could cal use internal standards to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could cal use internal standards to
+calibrate this was not a case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate this was not a case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibrate this was not a case where we
+had uh poor hybridization efficiency or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh poor hybridization efficiency or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh poor hybridization efficiency or
+or strong hybridization efficiency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or strong hybridization efficiency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or strong hybridization efficiency
+around the edges this was something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the edges this was something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the edges this was something
+where the alignment of the grid is done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the alignment of the grid is done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the alignment of the grid is done
+by these little uh squares along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these little uh squares along the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these little uh squares along the
+edge and the computer algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and the computer algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge and the computer algorithm that
+finds these spots was was distracted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds these spots was was distracted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finds these spots was was distracted by
+this little uh spot off the side which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little uh spot off the side which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little uh spot off the side which
+is not part of the checkerboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not part of the checkerboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not part of the checkerboard
+and uh once you manually correct that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh once you manually correct that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh once you manually correct that uh
+error now you snap in the on the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error now you snap in the on the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error now you snap in the on the right
+hand side of slide 43
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of slide 43
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side of slide 43
+is uh is now the statistical model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is now the statistical model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh is now the statistical model of
+this after getting the alignment right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this after getting the alignment right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this after getting the alignment right
+you had here you had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had here you had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had here you had
+been associating the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been associating the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been associating the wrong
+a legos with with a particular signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legos with with a particular signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a legos with with a particular signal
+and didn't fit the model now it fits the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't fit the model now it fits the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't fit the model now it fits the
+model and you see little scattered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you see little scattered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model and you see little scattered
+strips of gray where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips of gray where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strips of gray where you have
+individual genes that you're misbehaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual genes that you're misbehaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual genes that you're misbehaving
+rather than the entire corner of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the entire corner of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than the entire corner of the
+array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array
+okay so now we get very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we get very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we get very interesting
+interpretation issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+where we're using the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're using the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're using the same kind of
+information what you have a a model a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what you have a a model a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information what you have a a model a
+very sophisticated model of how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated model of how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very sophisticated model of how the
+individual oligos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual oligos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual oligos
+in the array behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the array behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the array behave
+here what we do is we take genomic dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we do is we take genomic dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we do is we take genomic dna
+as an example of a fairly equimolar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example of a fairly equimolar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an example of a fairly equimolar
+calibration standard if you take genomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standard if you take genomic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration standard if you take genomic
+dna and label it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna and label it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dna and label it
+you expect every segment in the genome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect every segment in the genome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you expect every segment in the genome
+would be to be present at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to be present at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be to be present at the same
+molarity with the exception of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity with the exception of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molarity with the exception of
+repetitive elements which we'll uh put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive elements which we'll uh put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repetitive elements which we'll uh put
+aside for the moment and so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside for the moment and so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aside for the moment and so that means
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+any place that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any place that is
+any uh oligonucleotide that does not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh oligonucleotide that does not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any uh oligonucleotide that does not
+hybridize with genomic dna such as these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize with genomic dna such as these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize with genomic dna such as these
+ones that go close to the baseline here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that go close to the baseline here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that go close to the baseline here
+at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at zero
+uh remember this is perfect mass mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember this is perfect mass mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh remember this is perfect mass mass
+versus mismatch that we're plotting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus mismatch that we're plotting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus mismatch that we're plotting on
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+when you get close to zero for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get close to zero for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get close to zero for the
+genomic dna in black
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic dna in black
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genomic dna in black
+that means that that really doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that that really doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that that really doesn't
+hybridize well it's not that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize well it's not that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridize well it's not that it's
+missing from the genome it's that it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing from the genome it's that it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing from the genome it's that it has
+some secondary structure and so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some secondary structure and so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some secondary structure and so this is
+secondary structure that's been a theme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structure that's been a theme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structure that's been a theme
+through this talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this talk
+and then if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then if we
+and and you can those that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can those that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you can those that sort of
+secondary structure is actually some a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structure is actually some a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structure is actually some a
+piece of data that you can do data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data that you can do data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of data that you can do data
+mining on you can go through the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining on you can go through the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mining on you can go through the entire
+genome and you can look for secondary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and you can look for secondary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and you can look for secondary
+structures and you can ask for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and you can ask for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and you can ask for those
+secondary structures depend on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structures depend on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondary structures depend on
+what part of the genome is transcribed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what part of the genome is transcribed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what part of the genome is transcribed
+now here is a messenger rna this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here is a messenger rna this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here is a messenger rna this is one
+of the few messenger rnas for which you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few messenger rnas for which you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the few messenger rnas for which you
+have a plausible secondary structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plausible secondary structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a plausible secondary structure
+most secondary structures are on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most secondary structures are on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most secondary structures are on
+structural rnas or enzyme-related rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural rnas or enzyme-related rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structural rnas or enzyme-related rnas
+like ribosomal rnas transformation this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ribosomal rnas transformation this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ribosomal rnas transformation this
+is a messenger rna for this gene product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a messenger rna for this gene product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a messenger rna for this gene product
+ltp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ltp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ltp
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+if you look where this black arrow is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look where this black arrow is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look where this black arrow is
+coming from the right hand side you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the right hand side you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from the right hand side you'll
+see a long helix and that helix is at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a long helix and that helix is at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see a long helix and that helix is at
+the three prime end of the messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime end of the messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three prime end of the messenger rna
+it's very well characterized both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very well characterized both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's very well characterized both uh
+structurally and functionally and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally and functionally and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structurally and functionally and it's
+it's known to be evolved in at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's known to be evolved in at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's known to be evolved in at least
+one important biological process which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important biological process which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one important biological process which
+is the termination of transcription when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the termination of transcription when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the termination of transcription when
+you get close to the end of the rna that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get close to the end of the rna that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get close to the end of the rna that
+hair can will form and it sends a signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair can will form and it sends a signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair can will form and it sends a signal
+to the transcription apparatus to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the transcription apparatus to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the transcription apparatus to stop
+so that is a believable hairpin of known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a believable hairpin of known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that is a believable hairpin of known
+function and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and
+the interesting feature of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting feature of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interesting feature of this
+microarray is that's one of the places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray is that's one of the places
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microarray is that's one of the places
+where both the genomic dna and black and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both the genomic dna and black and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where both the genomic dna and black and
+two completely different rna samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two completely different rna samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two completely different rna samples
+fail to hybridize consistent with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail to hybridize consistent with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail to hybridize consistent with it
+being a very strong hairpin with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a very strong hairpin with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a very strong hairpin with you
+know a dozen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a dozen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a dozen
+gcna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gcna
+base pairs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+base pairs
+another thing you could draw from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you could draw from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing you could draw from this
+detailed model of the array here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed model of the array here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detailed model of the array here you
+have 60 different oligonucleotides along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 60 different oligonucleotides along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have 60 different oligonucleotides along
+the gene and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gene and
+adjacent energetic regions question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent energetic regions question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent energetic regions question is
+where does the where does the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the where does the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where does the where does the rna
+transcription stop well if you look if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription stop well if you look if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription stop well if you look if
+you look um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look um
+in the places where the dna control is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the places where the dna control is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the places where the dna control is
+high you'll find the rna is high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high you'll find the rna is high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high you'll find the rna is high
+going from right to left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from right to left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from right to left
+the rna tracts the dna the red and blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rna tracts the dna the red and blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rna tracts the dna the red and blue
+attracted black until you get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted black until you get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attracted black until you get to
+position -33
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position -33
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position -33
+and there the red and blue drop to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there the red and blue drop to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there the red and blue drop to
+baseline and the black stays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline and the black stays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baseline and the black stays
+going up and down at a higher level and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and down at a higher level and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up and down at a higher level and
+that is that happens to coincide with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that happens to coincide with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is that happens to coincide with
+the known transcriptional start because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the known transcriptional start because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the known transcriptional start because
+that would be another way of mapping the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be another way of mapping the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be another way of mapping the
+transitional star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitional star
+you'll notice that some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice that some of the
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+hybridization intensities drop below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization intensities drop below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization intensities drop below
+zero this is just an artifact of having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is just an artifact of having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero this is just an artifact of having
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+perfect match minus the mismatch if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect match minus the mismatch if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect match minus the mismatch if it
+happens to be the case of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the case of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens to be the case of your
+mismatched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatched
+control is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control is
+cross-reacting with some other dna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-reacting with some other dna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross-reacting with some other dna
+say repetitive dna in the genome or rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say repetitive dna in the genome or rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say repetitive dna in the genome or rna
+then it then it can it can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it then it can it can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it then it can it can get
+actually more intense than the perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more intense than the perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually more intense than the perfect
+match and so you can get a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match and so you can get a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match and so you can get a negative
+value but otherwise the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but otherwise the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value but otherwise the negative
+intensity would be meaningless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity would be meaningless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intensity would be meaningless
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+splice junctions in principle you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice junctions in principle you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice junctions in principle you can
+you can go through the whole human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go through the whole human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can go through the whole human
+genome and you can predict where all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and you can predict where all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and you can predict where all the
+exons are where all the splice junctions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons are where all the splice junctions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons are where all the splice junctions
+are and in principle even all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and in principle even all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and in principle even all the
+alternative splicing in practice is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative splicing in practice is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative splicing in practice is not
+that easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that easy
+and uh you're gonna be used you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you're gonna be used you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh you're gonna be used you can use
+all the hidden markov models and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the hidden markov models and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the hidden markov models and so
+forth we've been developing you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth we've been developing you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth we've been developing you can do
+uh multi-sequence alignments to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multi-sequence alignments to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh multi-sequence alignments to get
+these motifs here for you know two bits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these motifs here for you know two bits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these motifs here for you know two bits
+is a full scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a full scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a full scale
+and you can find donors and acceptors in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find donors and acceptors in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can find donors and acceptors in
+this kind of pattern gt donor a g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of pattern gt donor a g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of pattern gt donor a g
+acceptor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+when you come right down to it you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come right down to it you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you come right down to it you want
+to have some way of uh going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some way of uh going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have some way of uh going through
+this empirically as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this empirically as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this empirically as well
+and so so what you can do is you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so what you can do is you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so so what you can do is you can
+basically ignore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ignore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically ignore
+the the or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the or
+look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look
+sort of independently do a tiling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of independently do a tiling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of independently do a tiling of the
+genome with oligonucleotides as was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome with oligonucleotides as was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome with oligonucleotides as was done
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+by shoemaker at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by shoemaker at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by shoemaker at all
+and this was i think one of the nicer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was i think one of the nicer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this was i think one of the nicer
+papers that came out in the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nature issue on the human genome graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature issue on the human genome graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature issue on the human genome graph
+sequence here they as the sequence was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here they as the sequence was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence here they as the sequence was
+coming out chromosome 22 was one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out chromosome 22 was one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out chromosome 22 was one of the
+first chromosomes nearly completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first chromosomes nearly completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first chromosomes nearly completed
+um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if you
+at the top of slide 47 you see the how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of slide 47 you see the how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the top of slide 47 you see the how
+the metaphase chromosome is is banded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metaphase chromosome is is banded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metaphase chromosome is is banded
+and labeled if you take a little 113
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and labeled if you take a little 113
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and labeled if you take a little 113
+kilobase chunk of that the next line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobase chunk of that the next line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilobase chunk of that the next line
+down then you blow that up further and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then you blow that up further and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down then you blow that up further and
+all the way down to oligonucleotide 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to oligonucleotide 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way down to oligonucleotide 60
+mers tiled every 10 base pairs as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mers tiled every 10 base pairs as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mers tiled every 10 base pairs as a
+starting point all the way along this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point all the way along this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting point all the way along this uh
+100 kilobase chunk of chromosome 22.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 kilobase chunk of chromosome 22.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 kilobase chunk of chromosome 22.
+then you hybridize it with rna from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you hybridize it with rna from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you hybridize it with rna from a
+variety of different human tissues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different human tissues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variety of different human tissues and
+you ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask
+in the vertical axis what is the log of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vertical axis what is the log of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the vertical axis what is the log of
+the normalized signal intensity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalized signal intensity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normalized signal intensity for
+these various rnas and you'll get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various rnas and you'll get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these various rnas and you'll get a
+little histogram here where purple spike
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little histogram here where purple spike
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little histogram here where purple spike
+means there's a lot of hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's a lot of hybridization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's a lot of hybridization
+under at least some of the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under at least some of the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under at least some of the conditions
+and then there'll be a zone where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there'll be a zone where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then there'll be a zone where
+there's almost no hybridization and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost no hybridization and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's almost no hybridization and
+that's because those introns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because those introns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because those introns
+that we had that we showed in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had that we showed in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had that we showed in the
+previous slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous slide
+are uh spliced out and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh spliced out and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uh spliced out and they're
+in low abundance that displace that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in low abundance that displace that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in low abundance that displace that in
+the nucleus before the the rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus before the the rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus before the the rnas
+accumulate so they tend to be in low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate so they tend to be in low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accumulate so they tend to be in low
+abundance and they're not find found in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance and they're not find found in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abundance and they're not find found in
+the mature messenger rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mature messenger rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mature messenger rna
+and so you when you label these up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you when you label these up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so you when you label these up
+you're selectively labeling the exons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selectively labeling the exons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selectively labeling the exons in
+the in cdna and if you can see these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in cdna and if you can see these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in cdna and if you can see these
+they coincide well with the little green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they coincide well with the little green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they coincide well with the little green
+exons in the annotation except every now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons in the annotation except every now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exons in the annotation except every now
+and then you'll find uh something here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll find uh something here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you'll find uh something here's
+a case for exon 3 where the green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case for exon 3 where the green
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case for exon 3 where the green
+annotation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annotation in the
+original sequence is too short and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sequence is too short and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original sequence is too short and
+here's a blow up near the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a blow up near the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a blow up near the bottom
+where the purple region clearly extends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the purple region clearly extends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the purple region clearly extends
+beyond the green annotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the green annotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond the green annotation
+in the came from sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the came from sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the came from sequence
+algorithms sequence analysis algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms sequence analysis algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms sequence analysis algorithm
+where 102 base pairs should be extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 102 base pairs should be extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where 102 base pairs should be extended
+5 prime to that exon to make it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 prime to that exon to make it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 prime to that exon to make it a
+slightly larger exon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger exon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly larger exon
+and uh but when you extend it by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but when you extend it by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh but when you extend it by that
+you ask well does it still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask well does it still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask well does it still have the
+splice site or does it have a new splice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice site or does it have a new splice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splice site or does it have a new splice
+site that we can recognize and sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site that we can recognize and sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site that we can recognize and sure
+enough it does it has an ag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it does it has an ag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it does it has an ag
+um and a fairly good match the motif we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a fairly good match the motif we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and a fairly good match the motif we
+had in the previous slide so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the previous slide so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had in the previous slide so this is a
+way where you and you can see it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where you and you can see it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way where you and you can see it that
+the the purple intensity drops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the purple intensity drops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the purple intensity drops
+close to zero here as soon as you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero here as soon as you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to zero here as soon as you get
+out of the exon uh as now properly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the exon uh as now properly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the exon uh as now properly
+defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined
+so this is a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a way of
+of including additional c uh data in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of including additional c uh data in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of including additional c uh data in
+addition to the sequence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the sequence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to the sequence
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+by tiling and by quantitative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tiling and by quantitative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by tiling and by quantitative
+hybridization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the last topic today is time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last topic today is time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the last topic today is time series
+this connects the quantitative data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connects the quantitative data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this connects the quantitative data that
+we're collecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're collecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're collecting
+it where you're not just collecting an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where you're not just collecting an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it where you're not just collecting an
+isolated condition and ask and comparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated condition and ask and comparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated condition and ask and comparing
+it some other condition you're actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some other condition you're actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it some other condition you're actually
+uh it actually matters the order of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it actually matters the order of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it actually matters the order of the
+different conditions that you have and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions that you have and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different conditions that you have and
+this is a great advantage in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great advantage in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a great advantage in in
+analyzing causality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing causality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzing causality
+and we'll illustrate it in the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll illustrate it in the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll illustrate it in the context
+of messenger rna decay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of messenger rna decay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of messenger rna decay
+now in order to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now in order to to
+and and finally in in ways of aligning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and finally in in ways of aligning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and finally in in ways of aligning
+different time series data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time series data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different time series data
+now why do we want time courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why do we want time courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why do we want time courses
+if we do a gene knockout where do a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do a gene knockout where do a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we do a gene knockout where do a gene
+deletion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion
+by the time you uh you isolate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you uh you isolate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the time you uh you isolate that
+mutant and characterize and do the rna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant and characterize and do the rna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutant and characterize and do the rna
+you've now got not just the primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now got not just the primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've now got not just the primary
+effects but all the downstream effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects but all the downstream effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects but all the downstream effects
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+knockout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knockout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knockout
+so the best would be to have some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best would be to have some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the best would be to have some kind
+of conditional control over the trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional control over the trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of conditional control over the trans
+transcription so that when you first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription so that when you first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription so that when you first
+either turn it on or turn it off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either turn it on or turn it off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either turn it on or turn it off that
+the first events that occur are likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first events that occur are likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first events that occur are likely
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+primary events
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary events
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary events
+now the way that you control that needs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way that you control that needs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the way that you control that needs
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+not have too many perturbing force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have too many perturbing force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not have too many perturbing force
+forces on the whole system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the whole system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces on the whole system so
+temperature shift is very it's an easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature shift is very it's an easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature shift is very it's an easy
+class of mutation to get but it is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of mutation to get but it is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of mutation to get but it is it's
+not suitable uh because there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not suitable uh because there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not suitable uh because there's a huge
+temperature effect on the entire system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature effect on the entire system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature effect on the entire system
+chemical knockouts can be more specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical knockouts can be more specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical knockouts can be more specific
+but you need to be you need to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be you need to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you need to be you need to prove
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+an example of a fairly time honored uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a fairly time honored uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example of a fairly time honored uh
+chemical knockout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical knockout
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical knockout
+is rifampicin which affects this fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rifampicin which affects this fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is rifampicin which affects this fairly
+specifically affects just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically affects just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically affects just the
+rna polymerase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna polymerase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna polymerase
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+this is an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an interesting
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the effect is to to stop initiation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect is to to stop initiation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effect is to to stop initiation of
+transcription and so then as we do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription and so then as we do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription and so then as we do our
+time series what we see is the our rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series what we see is the our rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series what we see is the our rnas
+for lpp which we showed a few slides ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lpp which we showed a few slides ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for lpp which we showed a few slides ago
+is very stable it basically lasts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very stable it basically lasts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is very stable it basically lasts
+longer than the lifetime uh the doubling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the lifetime uh the doubling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than the lifetime uh the doubling
+time of the cell possibly many cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the cell possibly many cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time of the cell possibly many cell
+generations and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generations and other
+rnas such as cspe have extremely short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas such as cspe have extremely short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rnas such as cspe have extremely short
+half-lives in the order of two and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-lives in the order of two and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half-lives in the order of two and a
+half minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half minutes
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+you can compare various methods for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare various methods for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can compare various methods for
+quantitation and you come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation and you come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantitation and you come up with
+different half-lives here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's an example of a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an example of a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an example of a very
+significant class of chemically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant class of chemically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant class of chemically
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+manipulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulated
+knockouts so you can precisely phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knockouts so you can precisely phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knockouts so you can precisely phase
+them you have very few other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you have very few other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them you have very few other
+consequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences
+and then you can measure time series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can measure time series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you can measure time series
+it'd be nice to be able to do that for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be nice to be able to do that for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be nice to be able to do that for
+any particular rna and see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular rna and see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular rna and see what the
+downstream consequences are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream consequences are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downstream consequences are
+now whenever you do a perturbation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now whenever you do a perturbation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now whenever you do a perturbation where
+you have two time series you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two time series you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two time series you want to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+all the rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the rnas
+occur during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur during
+heat shock or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat shock or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat shock or some other
+pulse of some chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of some chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse of some chemical
+relative to pulse of a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to pulse of a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to pulse of a different
+chemical or the time series as it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical or the time series as it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical or the time series as it would
+have occurred without any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have occurred without any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have occurred without any
+you can see how it this they won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how it this they won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see how it this they won't
+necessarily line up point by point you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily line up point by point you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily line up point by point you
+can't just start them at time zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just start them at time zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't just start them at time zero and
+expect them all to line up in fact you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them all to line up in fact you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect them all to line up in fact you
+can't even expect them necessarily line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even expect them necessarily line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even expect them necessarily line
+up where you have a uniform stretch you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up where you have a uniform stretch you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up where you have a uniform stretch you
+might have to have piecewise stretch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to have piecewise stretch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have to have piecewise stretch
+where certain parts go faster than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where certain parts go faster than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where certain parts go faster than
+others now this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others now this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others now this may
+hopefully click in your mind a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully click in your mind a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully click in your mind a
+connection to the dynamic programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to the dynamic programming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection to the dynamic programming
+where we had two sequences of bases or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had two sequences of bases or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had two sequences of bases or
+amino acids and you wanted to expand or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and you wanted to expand or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amino acids and you wanted to expand or
+contract different sections of those by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract different sections of those by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract different sections of those by
+inserting uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserting uh
+a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh
+a a placeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a placeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a a placeholder
+well it doesn't make quite as much sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it doesn't make quite as much sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it doesn't make quite as much sense
+here with a time series to insert a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a time series to insert a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with a time series to insert a
+placeholder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+placeholder
+so you you can do that you can have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you can do that you can have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you you can do that you can have a
+discrete uh block diagram just as here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete uh block diagram just as here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete uh block diagram just as here's
+series a and b in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series a and b in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series a and b in the
+middle upper diagram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle upper diagram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle upper diagram
+or even or you can have a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even or you can have a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or even or you can have a more
+continuous function where you've tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function where you've tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous function where you've tried
+to uh more smoothly warp both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh more smoothly warp both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh more smoothly warp both of these
+are dynamic programming algorithms the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dynamic programming algorithms the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are dynamic programming algorithms the
+smooth warping is slightly more a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth warping is slightly more a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smooth warping is slightly more a little
+more complicated the the insertion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated the the insertion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated the the insertion
+deletion one is exactly the same three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion one is exactly the same three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deletion one is exactly the same three
+conditions that we went through for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we went through for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions that we went through for
+pairwise alignments and dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise alignments and dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise alignments and dynamic
+programming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but this is this is partly to drive home
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is this is partly to drive home
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this is this is partly to drive home
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how
+many different ways you can use dynamic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways you can use dynamic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many different ways you can use dynamic
+programming we use it as hmms we've used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming we use it as hmms we've used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming we use it as hmms we've used
+the multi-sequence alignment and now for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi-sequence alignment and now for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the multi-sequence alignment and now for
+time series in gene expression and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series in gene expression and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time series in gene expression and you
+can see here's you know from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here's you know from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see here's you know from the
+literature on cell cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on cell cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature on cell cycle
+almost all of the data time series that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the data time series that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost all of the data time series that
+we have so far actually don't align
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so far actually don't align
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have so far actually don't align
+perfectly point by point because use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly point by point because use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly point by point because use
+wildly physiologically different uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly physiologically different uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wildly physiologically different uh
+conditions to get cells to synchronize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to get cells to synchronize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions to get cells to synchronize
+say for cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say for cell division
+or to to start an event here using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to to start an event here using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to to start an event here using a
+mating pheromone a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mating pheromone a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mating pheromone a small
+peptide that's released into the media
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide that's released into the media
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peptide that's released into the media
+that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of
+controls the cell cycle and allows you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the cell cycle and allows you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls the cell cycle and allows you
+to arrest and then release from a rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrest and then release from a rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arrest and then release from a rest
+or a temperature sensitive mutant even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a temperature sensitive mutant even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a temperature sensitive mutant even
+though i'm aligned temperature sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though i'm aligned temperature sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though i'm aligned temperature sensitive
+just a moment it is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment it is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a moment it is one of the
+most precise ways of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most precise ways of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most precise ways of getting
+synchrony of cell division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrony of cell division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchrony of cell division
+division is a particularly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division is a particularly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division is a particularly good
+illustrative uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrative uh
+notion partly that we've mentioned it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion partly that we've mentioned it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion partly that we've mentioned it
+earlier in the course but also if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the course but also if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier in the course but also if you
+think of any dividing set of cells many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any dividing set of cells many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of any dividing set of cells many
+of the cell types that you'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell types that you'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cell types that you'd be
+interested are dividing stem cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested are dividing stem cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested are dividing stem cells
+microbial cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microbial cells
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+that automatically is a mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automatically is a mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that automatically is a mixed
+mixture of cells if you mush them up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of cells if you mush them up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of cells if you mush them up and
+extract rna you're kidding yourself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract rna you're kidding yourself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extract rna you're kidding yourself and
+thinking this was a homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this was a homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking this was a homogeneous
+population if you if on the other hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population if you if on the other hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population if you if on the other hand
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+synchronize the cells then you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize the cells then you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synchronize the cells then you've
+removed one major variable that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed one major variable that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removed one major variable that could
+confound that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confound that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confound that
+now they are much more homogeneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they are much more homogeneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now they are much more homogeneous
+cells that are in the same state in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are in the same state in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are in the same state in the
+cell cycle can be uh synchronously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle can be uh synchronously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell cycle can be uh synchronously
+isolated as a population there may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated as a population there may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated as a population there may be
+other sources of heterogeneity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sources of heterogeneity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other sources of heterogeneity but
+you've eliminated a big one any case you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've eliminated a big one any case you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've eliminated a big one any case you
+take these two data series they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two data series they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take these two data series they have
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+time constants different lengths and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constants different lengths and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time constants different lengths and
+even different warps now you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even different warps now you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even different warps now you want to
+take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+x's and superimpose them on the o's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and superimpose them on the o's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's and superimpose them on the o's
+and here's an example of that now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's an example of that now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's an example of that now
+they're both put together and it's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both put together and it's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're both put together and it's and
+even though maybe little deviations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though maybe little deviations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though maybe little deviations for
+any particular gene when you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular gene when you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any particular gene when you talk about
+the thousands of different genes very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousands of different genes very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thousands of different genes very
+rich pattern lots of information plenty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich pattern lots of information plenty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rich pattern lots of information plenty
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+opportunity for for smoothing out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for for smoothing out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity for for smoothing out
+individual variations but here you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual variations but here you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual variations but here you get
+superimposed patterns and here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed patterns and here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+superimposed patterns and here's the
+trace back that tells you exactly where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace back that tells you exactly where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace back that tells you exactly where
+the insertions and deletions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insertions and deletions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the insertions and deletions
+uh or s or smooth warping might occur to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or s or smooth warping might occur to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh or s or smooth warping might occur to
+align these two different cell cycles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align these two different cell cycles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+align these two different cell cycles
+data sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data sets
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+in summary we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in summary we
+connected the multi-sequence alignments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected the multi-sequence alignments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected the multi-sequence alignments
+from last class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from last class
+to uh allow you to model rna structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh allow you to model rna structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh allow you to model rna structure
+our rna structure helps you model an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rna structure helps you model an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our rna structure helps you model an
+interesting class of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting class of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting class of uh
+rna guide sequences involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna guide sequences involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rna guide sequences involved in
+methylation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methylation
+as an illustration of finding genes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an illustration of finding genes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an illustration of finding genes that
+don't include proteins then we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't include proteins then we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't include proteins then we talk
+about various quantitation methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about various quantitation methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about various quantitation methods
+errors that creep in and solutions those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that creep in and solutions those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors that creep in and solutions those
+errors statistical methods for asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors statistical methods for asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors statistical methods for asking
+whether two distributions are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether two distributions are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether two distributions are related
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+have no difference in their means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+interpretation errors about where rnas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation errors about where rnas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation errors about where rnas
+start and stop how you get alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and stop how you get alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start and stop how you get alternative
+splicing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splicing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+splicing
+and finally time series data which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally time series data which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally time series data which we
+will find the useful uh very useful for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find the useful uh very useful for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find the useful uh very useful for
+for connecting rna and protein measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for connecting rna and protein measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for connecting rna and protein measures
+uh over time series for analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over time series for analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh over time series for analyzing
+uh causality and systems violence okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh causality and systems violence okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh causality and systems violence okay
+thank you very much see you next time be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much see you next time be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thank you very much see you next time be
+sure to get your palm sets into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to get your palm sets into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure to get your palm sets into your
+teaching fellows
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lE3V1pFB1D4.txt b/lE3V1pFB1D4.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fbf2c30fa228626df450890f38e0137cda01064c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lE3V1pFB1D4.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well hello my name is Brenda mathys I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hello my name is Brenda mathys I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well hello my name is Brenda mathys I'm
+an assistant professor at Leslie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assistant professor at Leslie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an assistant professor at Leslie
+University in the school of education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in the school of education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University in the school of education in
+the technology and education division
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology and education division
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the technology and education division
+and I'm also president of Mathis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm also president of Mathis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm also president of Mathis
+Brothers software pathology and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers software pathology and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brothers software pathology and we
+examine websites and software for unfair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine websites and software for unfair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examine websites and software for unfair
+outcomes and the lecture that I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and the lecture that I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcomes and the lecture that I'll be
+giving is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving is
+about biases in software and websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biases in software and websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about biases in software and websites
+really looking at what I call the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at what I call the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking at what I call the the
+other side of the screen you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the screen you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other side of the screen you know what's
+on the other side of this screen with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of this screen with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other side of this screen with
+who are the people who make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the people who make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are the people who make the
+decisions and what are decisions are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and what are decisions are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and what are decisions are
+made about the design and how it affects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made about the design and how it affects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made about the design and how it affects
+us as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us as
+users there are about three key points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users there are about three key points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users there are about three key points
+I'm going to bring up in the lecture the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to bring up in the lecture the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to bring up in the lecture the
+first one talks about text and Graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one talks about text and Graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one talks about text and Graphics
+Now text and Graphics is a very very big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now text and Graphics is a very very big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now text and Graphics is a very very big
+issue because it affects most everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue because it affects most everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue because it affects most everyone
+who uses software and websites what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uses software and websites what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who uses software and websites what I'm
+talking about is basically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is basically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about is basically about
+accessibility for those who need to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility for those who need to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility for those who need to have
+bigger text those who have low vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger text those who have low vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger text those who have low vision
+and those who are blind uh one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those who are blind uh one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those who are blind uh one of the
+major issues about websites is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major issues about websites is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+major issues about websites is that um
+they're be they become more more graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're be they become more more graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're be they become more more graphic
+oriented so there's more pictures and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented so there's more pictures and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented so there's more pictures and
+that's very wonderful except if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very wonderful except if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very wonderful except if you
+can't see them or if you just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see them or if you just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't see them or if you just can't
+navigate through them and many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate through them and many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+navigate through them and many many
+people not only in the United States but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not only in the United States but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people not only in the United States but
+in other countries use text to speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other countries use text to speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other countries use text to speech
+readers when you have a text to speech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers when you have a text to speech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readers when you have a text to speech
+reader and it comes across a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader and it comes across a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader and it comes across a website
+that has Graphics most likely it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has Graphics most likely it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has Graphics most likely it's not
+going to be able to read those Graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to read those Graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be able to read those Graphics
+it'll just say Graphics so you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just say Graphics so you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll just say Graphics so you really
+don't know what's going on but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's going on but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know what's going on but if you
+have a website that has a picture with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a website that has a picture with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a website that has a picture with
+graphics and then there's text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics and then there's text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphics and then there's text
+information hidden behind the graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information hidden behind the graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information hidden behind the graphics
+so that the text reader speech to text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the text reader speech to text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the text reader speech to text
+reader knows and says to you oh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader knows and says to you oh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reader knows and says to you oh this is
+a beautiful pict it won't say oh but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful pict it won't say oh but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a beautiful pict it won't say oh but it
+say it's a picture of the the temps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a picture of the the temps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a picture of the the temps in
+London then that really helps that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London then that really helps that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+London then that really helps that
+person understand what's going on and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person understand what's going on and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person understand what's going on and
+also the person who has Vision can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the person who has Vision can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also the person who has Vision can see
+what's going on another alternative to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on another alternative to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on another alternative to
+that issue is having two versions a text
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue is having two versions a text
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that issue is having two versions a text
+version and a graphics version Let Me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and a graphics version Let Me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and a graphics version Let Me
+Show an example of that one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show an example of that one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Show an example of that one of the
+people who have done a good job about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have done a good job about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who have done a good job about
+that is Stephen Hawking the famous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is Stephen Hawking the famous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is Stephen Hawking the famous
+scientist now before you go to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist now before you go to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scientist now before you go to his
+website he has this page that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website he has this page that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website he has this page that says
+welcome to Professor Steven W Hawkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to Professor Steven W Hawkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welcome to Professor Steven W Hawkins
+web pages and these Pages have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web pages and these Pages have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web pages and these Pages have been
+designed to make access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to make access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designed to make access to the
+information as straightforward as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as straightforward as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as straightforward as
+possible this is a very key statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this is a very key statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible this is a very key statement
+because he's actually saying to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's actually saying to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he's actually saying to you
+explicitly we know what the issues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly we know what the issues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly we know what the issues are
+and we want to make sure that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to make sure that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we want to make sure that you get
+the information that's best for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that's best for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the information that's best for you
+partly because Stephen Hawking um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because Stephen Hawking um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partly because Stephen Hawking um is
+disabled himself and has a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled himself and has a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disabled himself and has a lot of
+accessible tools to help him I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible tools to help him I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible tools to help him I think
+he's also thinking about that audience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also thinking about that audience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also thinking about that audience
+but many other people are also thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many other people are also thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many other people are also thinking
+in the same way so let's look what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way so let's look what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same way so let's look what
+happens when you go to the graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you go to the graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when you go to the graphic
+version you have the graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you have the graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version you have the graphic
+version and you have all the pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and you have all the pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version and you have all the pictures
+and all the beautiful graphics and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the beautiful graphics and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all the beautiful graphics and
+hyperlinks which you probably would not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperlinks which you probably would not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperlinks which you probably would not
+be able to use if you um have a vision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to use if you um have a vision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to use if you um have a vision
+impairment or a blind or um and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impairment or a blind or um and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impairment or a blind or um and actually
+the text is very small too I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text is very small too I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text is very small too I have to
+write to them about that however if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to them about that however if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write to them about that however if you
+go to the text only version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the text only version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the text only version
+here and you see it's all in text and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you see it's all in text and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and you see it's all in text and I
+apologize to you my text of speech uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize to you my text of speech uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apologize to you my text of speech uh
+software is not working today but I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is not working today but I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is not working today but I'll
+show you in uh an example of this uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in uh an example of this uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you in uh an example of this uh in
+the lecture itself but what'll happen is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture itself but what'll happen is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture itself but what'll happen is
+that the text of speech reader will read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the text of speech reader will read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the text of speech reader will read
+each of these lines and read it out loud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these lines and read it out loud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these lines and read it out loud
+and the person will be able to see and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person will be able to see and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the person will be able to see and
+hear everything that's on the graphic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear everything that's on the graphic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear everything that's on the graphic
+part of that page so that's a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that page so that's a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of that page so that's a wonderful
+thing another important issue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing another important issue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing another important issue is
+language and there are two issues about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and there are two issues about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language and there are two issues about
+language one in terms of software one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language one in terms of software one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language one in terms of software one in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+websites in terms of websites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites in terms of websites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites in terms of websites
+most websites are in English because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most websites are in English because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most websites are in English because
+most of the websites are based in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the websites are based in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the websites are based in the
+United States but there are many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States but there are many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United States but there are many many
+more websites coming up in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more websites coming up in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more websites coming up in different
+parts of the world and they want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world and they want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the world and they want to make
+sure that they address English uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they address English uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they address English uh
+speaking audiences as well as their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking audiences as well as their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking audiences as well as their own
+audiences so many websites are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences so many websites are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audiences so many websites are now
+becoming bilingual trilingual multiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming bilingual trilingual multiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming bilingual trilingual multiable
+you'll find many websites that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find many websites that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll find many websites that have
+different languages most of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages most of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages most of those
+websites are not based in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites are not based in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+websites are not based in the United
+States
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States
+so the point is is that if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is is that if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the point is is that if you have a
+website remember that many many of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website remember that many many of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website remember that many many of your
+audience members are not in the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience members are not in the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience members are not in the United
+States there are many people surfing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States there are many people surfing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States there are many people surfing
+that are not in the US and also many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not in the US and also many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are not in the US and also many
+people in the US who actually have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the US who actually have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in the US who actually have
+different languages that as their mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages that as their mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different languages that as their mother
+languages and would be greatly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and would be greatly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages and would be greatly
+appreciative of having a website that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciative of having a website that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciative of having a website that
+has information in different languages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has information in different languages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has information in different languages
+for them this is a very key issue it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them this is a very key issue it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for them this is a very key issue it
+also talks about a digital divide and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talks about a digital divide and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also talks about a digital divide and
+accessibility which we'll talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility which we'll talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility which we'll talk about a
+little bit in the class as well another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in the class as well another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit in the class as well another
+issue about language is software now let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue about language is software now let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue about language is software now let
+me give you a specific example in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you a specific example in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me give you a specific example in in the
+recent uh recent years I've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent uh recent years I've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recent uh recent years I've been
+researching educational software for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching educational software for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+researching educational software for
+children and several years ago I did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and several years ago I did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children and several years ago I did a
+small study about educational software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small study about educational software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small study about educational software
+for children the top 10 selling software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for children the top 10 selling software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for children the top 10 selling software
+in school in the math category of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school in the math category of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in school in the math category of those
+top 10 software titles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um most all of them didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most all of them didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um most all of them didn't have
+English and another language they only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and another language they only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English and another language they only
+have one language and then if they did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one language and then if they did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one language and then if they did
+have another language it was not totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another language it was not totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another language it was not totally
+in that second language it'll be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that second language it'll be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that second language it'll be in
+Spanish and it U maybe will have French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish and it U maybe will have French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish and it U maybe will have French
+but it will have English for navigation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will have English for navigation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it will have English for navigation
+so that sent the message that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sent the message that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that sent the message that you know
+it's not fully bilingual and maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not fully bilingual and maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not fully bilingual and maybe you
+really don't need to have everything in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't need to have everything in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't need to have everything in
+Spanish or English or maybe it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish or English or maybe it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Spanish or English or maybe it was
+perhaps an oversight but it happens all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps an oversight but it happens all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps an oversight but it happens all
+the time so it's sort of a key issue for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so it's sort of a key issue for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time so it's sort of a key issue for
+children to make sure and for adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children to make sure and for adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children to make sure and for adults
+actually to make sure that when you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to make sure that when you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually to make sure that when you use
+a software that has more than one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a software that has more than one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a software that has more than one
+language that it has to be completely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that it has to be completely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language that it has to be completely in
+each language another issue about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each language another issue about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each language another issue about
+software is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software is about
+gender uh and specifically about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender uh and specifically about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gender uh and specifically about
+educational software uh gender is a is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational software uh gender is a is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational software uh gender is a is a
+big issue in the same study I looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue in the same study I looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big issue in the same study I looked at
+uh the top 10 selling math software and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the top 10 selling math software and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the top 10 selling math software and
+found that most of the titles did not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that most of the titles did not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found that most of the titles did not
+have girls represented or girls were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have girls represented or girls were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have girls represented or girls were
+represented in an ancillary way they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in an ancillary way they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in an ancillary way they
+were in the background but they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the background but they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were in the background but they were not
+part of the action they were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the action they were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the action they were not
+speaking they were just really graphics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking they were just really graphics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking they were just really graphics
+and so this sent a message to young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this sent a message to young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this sent a message to young
+girls especially in in such a crucial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls especially in in such a crucial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls especially in in such a crucial
+situation where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation where
+children uh going into sixth grade are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children uh going into sixth grade are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children uh going into sixth grade are
+starting to have more interest in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to have more interest in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starting to have more interest in
+different top topics and girls generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different top topics and girls generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different top topics and girls generally
+check out of math but here you have math
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out of math but here you have math
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check out of math but here you have math
+software that does not show girls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that does not show girls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software that does not show girls
+participating in math and that sends a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in math and that sends a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+participating in math and that sends a
+message so there's a bias there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so there's a bias there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message so there's a bias there there's
+a bias toward boys or a bias against
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bias toward boys or a bias against
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bias toward boys or a bias against
+girls there and so you have to look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls there and so you have to look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+girls there and so you have to look at a
+lot of different things for websites and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different things for websites and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of different things for websites and
+software you have to look at gender you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you have to look at gender you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software you have to look at gender you
+have to look at nationality language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at nationality language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to look at nationality language
+accessibility so many different issues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility so many different issues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessibility so many different issues
+so the question becomes how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question becomes how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question becomes how do you
+address all of these issues how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address all of these issues how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address all of these issues how do you
+know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+them one of the exciting things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one of the exciting things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them one of the exciting things about
+the answer to that question is that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that question is that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer to that question is that many
+software designers software developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software designers software developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software designers software developers
+web designers are now being specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web designers are now being specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web designers are now being specifically
+trained either in the workplace or in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained either in the workplace or in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained either in the workplace or in
+educational institutions on how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational institutions on how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational institutions on how to
+support different types of users by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support different types of users by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support different types of users by
+Design and also to look at the ethics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design and also to look at the ethics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design and also to look at the ethics
+behind the design not only the graphical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the design not only the graphical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind the design not only the graphical
+interface but also what is the logic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface but also what is the logic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface but also what is the logic in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+software the other issue the other um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software the other issue the other um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software the other issue the other um
+big important change that's happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big important change that's happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big important change that's happening is
+the consumers are starting to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers are starting to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the consumers are starting to become
+more aware parents and teachers and just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aware parents and teachers and just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more aware parents and teachers and just
+general consumers are looking at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general consumers are looking at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general consumers are looking at what
+does this software offer me if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this software offer me if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this software offer me if I'm
+speaking Spanish and English is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Spanish and English is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking Spanish and English is the
+software in Spanish and English if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software in Spanish and English if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software in Spanish and English if I'm
+going to use this from my child are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this from my child are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use this from my child are
+there different types of children being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there different types of children being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there different types of children being
+represented I have uh several parents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented I have uh several parents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented I have uh several parents
+who come to me on a regular basis asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who come to me on a regular basis asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who come to me on a regular basis asking
+me what software is out there that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what software is out there that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me what software is out there that um
+will be fun for my child but also it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be fun for my child but also it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be fun for my child but also it's
+not biased toward just having you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not biased toward just having you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not biased toward just having you know
+just kids of one nationality represented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kids of one nationality represented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kids of one nationality represented
+I want my child to be of the world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want my child to be of the world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want my child to be of the world in
+real life and I wanted them to be of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life and I wanted them to be of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real life and I wanted them to be of the
+World when they use their software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World when they use their software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World when they use their software
+what's out there so people are becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's out there so people are becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's out there so people are becoming
+more and more aware of this and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more aware of this and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more aware of this and we're
+going to talk about this and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about this and other
+issues in the class and I look forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the class and I look forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in the class and I look forward
+to having a conversation with you I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having a conversation with you I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to having a conversation with you I'll
+see see you there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/lkO2ocJBsmI.txt b/lkO2ocJBsmI.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..18fff431a0e0dff6515efb386d35a0745d2856fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lkO2ocJBsmI.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12827 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright let's get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright let's get started
+good afternoon so last time I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon so last time I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good afternoon so last time I started
+talking about the use of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the use of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about the use of natural
+language processing to process clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing to process clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing to process clinical
+data and things went a little bit slowly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and things went a little bit slowly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data and things went a little bit slowly
+and so we didn't get through a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we didn't get through a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we didn't get through a lot of
+the material I'm gonna try to rush a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material I'm gonna try to rush a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the material I'm gonna try to rush a bit
+more today and as a result I have a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more today and as a result I have a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more today and as a result I have a lot
+of stuff to cover so if you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff to cover so if you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff to cover so if you remember
+last time I started by saying that a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I started by saying that a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time I started by saying that a lot
+of the NLP work involves coming up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the NLP work involves coming up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the NLP work involves coming up with
+phrases that one might be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases that one might be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrases that one might be interested in
+to help identify the kinds of data that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help identify the kinds of data that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to help identify the kinds of data that
+you want and then just looking for those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want and then just looking for those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want and then just looking for those
+in text so that's a very simple method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in text so that's a very simple method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in text so that's a very simple method
+but it's one that works reasonably well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's one that works reasonably well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's one that works reasonably well
+and then Cattleya was here to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Cattleya was here to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then Cattleya was here to talk about
+some of the applications of that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the applications of that kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the applications of that kind of
+work in in what she's been doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in in what she's been doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work in in what she's been doing in
+cohort selection so what I want to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort selection so what I want to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort selection so what I want to talk
+about today is more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about today is more sophisticated
+versions of that and then move on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that and then move on to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that and then move on to
+more contemporary approaches to natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more contemporary approaches to natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more contemporary approaches to natural
+language processing so this is a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing so this is a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing so this is a paper
+that was given to you as one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was given to you as one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was given to you as one of the
+optional readings last time and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional readings last time and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optional readings last time and it's
+worked from David's on tags lab where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked from David's on tags lab where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked from David's on tags lab where
+they said well how do we make this more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said well how do we make this more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said well how do we make this more
+sophisticated so they start the same way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated so they start the same way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated so they start the same way
+they say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they say okay
+dr. Leal let's say give me terms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr. Leal let's say give me terms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dr. Leal let's say give me terms that
+are very good indicators that I have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very good indicators that I have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very good indicators that I have the
+right kind of of patient if I find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of of patient if I find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right kind of of patient if I find them
+in the patient's notes so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the patient's notes so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the patient's notes so these are
+things with high predictive value so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with high predictive value so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with high predictive value so you
+don't want to use you know a term like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use you know a term like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to use you know a term like
+sick because that's gonna find way too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick because that's gonna find way too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick because that's gonna find way too
+many people but you want to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people but you want to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many people but you want to find
+something that is very specific but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is very specific but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that is very specific but that
+has a high predictive value that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a high predictive value that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a high predictive value that you're
+going to find the right person and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the right person and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to find the right person and then
+what they did is they built a a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they built a a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they did is they built a a model
+that tries to predict the presence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tries to predict the presence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tries to predict the presence of
+that word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word
+in the text from everything else in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the text from everything else in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the text from everything else in the
+medical record so now this is an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical record so now this is an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical record so now this is an example
+of sort of a silver standard way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of a silver standard way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sort of a silver standard way of
+training a model that says well I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training a model that says well I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training a model that says well I I
+don't have the energy or the time to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the energy or the time to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have the energy or the time to get
+doctors to look through thousands and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors to look through thousands and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors to look through thousands and
+thousands of records but if I select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of records but if I select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of records but if I select
+these anchors well enough then I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anchors well enough then I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these anchors well enough then I'm going
+to get a high yield of correct responses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a high yield of correct responses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a high yield of correct responses
+from those and then I train a machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those and then I train a machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from those and then I train a machine
+learning model that learns to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning model that learns to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learning model that learns to identify
+those same eye those same terms or those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same eye those same terms or those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those same eye those same terms or those
+same records that have those terms in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same records that have those terms in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same records that have those terms in
+them and by the way from that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and by the way from that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and by the way from that we're
+going to learn a whole bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn a whole bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to learn a whole bunch of other
+terms that are proxies for the one that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are proxies for the one that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms that are proxies for the one that
+the ones that we started with so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that we started with so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that we started with so this is
+a way of enlarging that set of terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of enlarging that set of terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way of enlarging that set of terms
+automatically and so there are a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and so there are a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatically and so there are a bunch
+of technical details that you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technical details that you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of technical details that you can find
+out about by reading the paper they used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about by reading the paper they used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out about by reading the paper they used
+a relatively simple representation which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively simple representation which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a relatively simple representation which
+is essentially a bag of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a bag of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is essentially a bag of words
+representation they then sort of masked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation they then sort of masked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation they then sort of masked
+the three words around the word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three words around the word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three words around the word that
+actually is the one they're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the one they're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the one they're trying to
+predict just to get rid of sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict just to get rid of sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict just to get rid of sort of
+short-term syntactic correlations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term syntactic correlations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term syntactic correlations and
+then they built a an L to regularize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they built a an L to regularize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they built a an L to regularize
+logistic regression model that said what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression model that said what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logistic regression model that said what
+are the features that predict the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the features that predict the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the features that predict the
+occurrence of this word and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of this word and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence of this word and then they
+expanded the search vocabulary to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the search vocabulary to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expanded the search vocabulary to
+include those features as well and again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include those features as well and again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include those features as well and again
+there are tons of details about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tons of details about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tons of details about how to
+how to discretize continuous values and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to discretize continuous values and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to discretize continuous values and
+things like that that you can find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that that you can find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that that you can find out
+about so you build a phenotype estimator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so you build a phenotype estimator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so you build a phenotype estimator
+from the anchors and the chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the anchors and the chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the anchors and the chosen
+predictors they calculated a calibration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictors they calculated a calibration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictors they calculated a calibration
+score for each of these other predictors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score for each of these other predictors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score for each of these other predictors
+that told you sort of how well it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that told you sort of how well it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that told you sort of how well it
+predicted and then you can build a joint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted and then you can build a joint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicted and then you can build a joint
+estimator that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimator that you
+uses all of these and the bottom line is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses all of these and the bottom line is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses all of these and the bottom line is
+that they did very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they did very well
+so they looked at in order to evaluate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they looked at in order to evaluate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they looked at in order to evaluate
+this they looked at eight different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they looked at eight different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this they looked at eight different
+phenotypes for which they had human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes for which they had human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes for which they had human
+judgment data and so this tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment data and so this tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+judgment data and so this tells you that
+they're getting a you sees of between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting a you sees of between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're getting a you sees of between
+point eighty three and point ninety five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eighty three and point ninety five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point eighty three and point ninety five
+for these different different phenotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these different different phenotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these different different phenotypes
+so that's quite good they in fact were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's quite good they in fact were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's quite good they in fact were
+estimating not only these eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating not only these eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimating not only these eight
+phenotypes but forty something I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes but forty something I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotypes but forty something I don't
+remember the exact number much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the exact number much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the exact number much larger
+number but they they didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but they they didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number but they they didn't have
+validated data against which to test the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated data against which to test the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validated data against which to test the
+others but the expectation is that if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but the expectation is that if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others but the expectation is that if it
+does well on these it probably does well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does well on these it probably does well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does well on these it probably does well
+on the others as well so this was a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the others as well so this was a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the others as well so this was a very
+nice idea and just to illustrate if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice idea and just to illustrate if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice idea and just to illustrate if you
+start with something like diabetes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with something like diabetes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with something like diabetes as a
+phenotype and you say well I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype and you say well I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype and you say well I'm gonna
+look for anchors that are a code to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for anchors that are a code to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for anchors that are a code to 50
+diabetes mellitus or I'm going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes mellitus or I'm going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diabetes mellitus or I'm going to look
+at medication history for diabetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at medication history for diabetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at medication history for diabetic
+therapy so those are the initial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy so those are the initial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therapy so those are the initial the
+silver standard goals that I'm looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver standard goals that I'm looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+silver standard goals that I'm looking
+at and those in fact have a high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and those in fact have a high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at and those in fact have a high
+predictive value for somebody being in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value for somebody being in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictive value for somebody being in
+the cohort and then they identify all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohort and then they identify all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cohort and then they identify all
+these other features that predict those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other features that predict those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these other features that predict those
+and therefore in turn predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore in turn predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore in turn predict
+appropriate selectors for the phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate selectors for the phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate selectors for the phenotype
+that they're interested in and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're interested in and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're interested in and if you
+look at the paper again you what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the paper again you what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the paper again you what you see
+is that this outperforms over time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this outperforms over time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this outperforms over time the
+standard sort of supervised baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard sort of supervised baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard sort of supervised baseline
+that they're comparing against where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're comparing against where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they're comparing against where
+you're getting much higher accuracy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting much higher accuracy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting much higher accuracy
+early in in a patient's visit to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in in a patient's visit to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in in a patient's visit to be able
+to identify them as belonging to this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify them as belonging to this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to identify them as belonging to this to
+this cohort I'm gonna come back later to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cohort I'm gonna come back later to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cohort I'm gonna come back later to
+look at a another similar attempt to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a another similar attempt to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at a another similar attempt to
+generalize from a core using a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize from a core using a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize from a core using a different
+set of techniques so you should see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of techniques so you should see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of techniques so you should see that
+in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in about
+45 minutes I hope okay well context is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 minutes I hope okay well context is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45 minutes I hope okay well context is
+important so if you look at a sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so if you look at a sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so if you look at a sentence
+like mr. Huntington was treated for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mr. Huntington was treated for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like mr. Huntington was treated for
+Huntington's disease at Huntington
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington's disease at Huntington
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington's disease at Huntington
+Hospital located on Huntington Avenue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital located on Huntington Avenue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hospital located on Huntington Avenue
+each of those mentions of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those mentions of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of those mentions of the word
+Huntington is different and for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington is different and for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington is different and for example
+if you're interested in eliminating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in eliminating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're interested in eliminating
+personally identifiable health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally identifiable health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally identifiable health
+information from a record like this then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from a record like this then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information from a record like this then
+certainly you want to get rid of the mr.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you want to get rid of the mr.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly you want to get rid of the mr.
+Huntington part you don't want to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington part you don't want to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington part you don't want to get
+rid of Huntington's disease because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of Huntington's disease because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of Huntington's disease because
+that's a medically relevant fact and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a medically relevant fact and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a medically relevant fact and you
+probably do want to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do want to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably do want to get rid of
+Huntington hospital and its location on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington hospital and its location on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington hospital and its location on
+Huntington Avenue although those are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington Avenue although those are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huntington Avenue although those are not
+necessarily something that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily something that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily something that you're
+prohibited from retaining so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibited from retaining so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibited from retaining so for example
+if you're trying to do quality studies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to do quality studies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're trying to do quality studies
+among different hospitals then it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among different hospitals then it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among different hospitals then it would
+make sense to retain the name of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to retain the name of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense to retain the name of the
+hospital which is not considered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital which is not considered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital which is not considered
+identifying of the individual so we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying of the individual so we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying of the individual so we in
+fact did a study back in the mid 2000s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact did a study back in the mid 2000s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact did a study back in the mid 2000s
+where we were trying to build and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were trying to build and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we were trying to build and
+improved the identifier and and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved the identifier and and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improved the identifier and and and
+here's the way we went about it this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the way we went about it this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's the way we went about it this is
+a kind of kitchen sink approach that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of kitchen sink approach that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of kitchen sink approach that
+says okay take the text tokenize it look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay take the text tokenize it look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says okay take the text tokenize it look
+at every single token and derive things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every single token and derive things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at every single token and derive things
+from it so the words that make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it so the words that make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from it so the words that make up the
+token the part of speech how it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token the part of speech how it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token the part of speech how it's
+capitalized whether there's punctuation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalized whether there's punctuation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capitalized whether there's punctuation
+around it which documents section is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it which documents section is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it which documents section is it
+in you know many databases have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know many databases have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you know many databases have sort of
+conventional document structure if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional document structure if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventional document structure if
+you've looked at the mimic discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've looked at the mimic discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've looked at the mimic discharge
+summaries for example there's a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries for example there's a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summaries for example there's a kind of
+prototypical way in which that flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical way in which that flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypical way in which that flows
+from beginning to end and you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beginning to end and you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from beginning to end and you can use
+that structural information we then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structural information we then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that structural information we then
+identified a bunch of patterns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a bunch of patterns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified a bunch of patterns and
+thesaurus terms so we looked up in the U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesaurus terms so we looked up in the U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thesaurus terms so we looked up in the U
+MLS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MLS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MLS
+words and phrases to see if they match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and phrases to see if they match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words and phrases to see if they match
+some clinically meaningful term we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clinically meaningful term we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some clinically meaningful term we had
+patterns that identified things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that identified things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns that identified things like
+phone numbers and social security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone numbers and social security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone numbers and social security
+numbers and addresses and so on and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and addresses and so on and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers and addresses and so on and then
+we did parsing of the text so in those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did parsing of the text so in those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did parsing of the text so in those
+days we use something called the link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days we use something called the link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+days we use something called the link
+grammar parser which doesn't make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar parser which doesn't make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grammar parser which doesn't make a
+whole lot of difference what parser but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of difference what parser but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole lot of difference what parser but
+you get either a constituent or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get either a constituent or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get either a constituent or a
+constituency or a dependency parse which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituency or a dependency parse which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constituency or a dependency parse which
+gives you relationships among the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you relationships among the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you relationships among the words
+and so it allows you to include as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it allows you to include as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it allows you to include as
+features the way in which a word that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features the way in which a word that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features the way in which a word that
+you're looking at relates to other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at relates to other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're looking at relates to other words
+around it and so what we did is we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it and so what we did is we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it and so what we did is we said
+okay the lexical context includes all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the lexical context includes all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the lexical context includes all of
+the above kind of information for all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the above kind of information for all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the above kind of information for all of
+the words that are either literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words that are either literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words that are either literally
+adjacent or within an words of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent or within an words of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent or within an words of the
+original word that you're focusing on or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original word that you're focusing on or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original word that you're focusing on or
+that are linked by within Kay links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are linked by within Kay links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are linked by within Kay links
+through the parse to that word so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the parse to that word so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the parse to that word so this
+gives you a very large set of features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a very large set of features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a very large set of features
+and of course parsing is not a solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course parsing is not a solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course parsing is not a solved
+problem and so this is an example from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so this is an example from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and so this is an example from
+that that story that I showed you last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that story that I showed you last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that story that I showed you last
+time and if you see it comes up with 24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and if you see it comes up with 24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and if you see it comes up with 24
+ambiguous parses of this sentence right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous parses of this sentence right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous parses of this sentence right
+so there are technical problems about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are technical problems about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there are technical problems about
+how to deal with that today you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with that today you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to deal with that today you could
+use a different parser the Stanford
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different parser the Stanford
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use a different parser the Stanford
+parser for example probably does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser for example probably does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parser for example probably does a
+better job than the one we were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job than the one we were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better job than the one we were using
+fourteen years ago and and gives you at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen years ago and and gives you at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourteen years ago and and gives you at
+least more definitive answers and so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least more definitive answers and so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least more definitive answers and so you
+could use that instead and so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that instead and so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could use that instead and so if you
+look at what we did we said well here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we did we said well here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at what we did we said well here is
+the text mister and here are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text mister and here are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text mister and here are all the
+ways that you can look it up in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can look it up in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways that you can look it up in in the
+UML s and it turns out to be very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UML s and it turns out to be very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UML s and it turns out to be very
+ambiguous so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguous so
+Mr Stan's not only for mister but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Stan's not only for mister but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mr Stan's not only for mister but it
+also stands for magnetic resonance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also stands for magnetic resonance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also stands for magnetic resonance and
+it stands for a whole bunch of other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands for a whole bunch of other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it stands for a whole bunch of other
+things and so you get huge amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so you get huge amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and so you get huge amounts of
+ambiguity blind turns out also to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity blind turns out also to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ambiguity blind turns out also to give
+you various ambiguity so it Maps here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you various ambiguity so it Maps here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you various ambiguity so it Maps here to
+four different concept unique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different concept unique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four different concept unique
+identifiers is is okay 79 year old is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers is is okay 79 year old is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiers is is okay 79 year old is
+okay and then mail again maps to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then mail again maps to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then mail again maps to four
+different concept unique identifiers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concept unique identifiers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different concept unique identifiers so
+there are all these problems of over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these problems of over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these problems of over
+generation from this database and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation from this database and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation from this database and here's
+some more but I'm going to skip over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more but I'm going to skip over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some more but I'm going to skip over
+that and then the learning model in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then the learning model in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and then the learning model in our
+case was a support vector machine for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case was a support vector machine for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case was a support vector machine for
+this project in which we just said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project in which we just said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project in which we just said well
+throw in all the you know it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in all the you know it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throw in all the you know it's the
+kilomole and God will sort them out kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilomole and God will sort them out kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kilomole and God will sort them out kind
+of approach so we just threw in all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approach so we just threw in all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of approach so we just threw in all
+these features and said Oh support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features and said Oh support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these features and said Oh support
+vector machines are really good at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector machines are really good at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector machines are really good at
+picking out exactly what are the best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out exactly what are the best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picking out exactly what are the best
+features and so we just relied on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and so we just relied on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features and so we just relied on that
+and sure enough so you wind up with with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough so you wind up with with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and sure enough so you wind up with with
+literally millions of features but sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally millions of features but sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally millions of features but sure
+enough it worked pretty well and so stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it worked pretty well and so stat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough it worked pretty well and so stat
+the ID was our program and you see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID was our program and you see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ID was our program and you see that
+on real discharge summaries were getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on real discharge summaries were getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on real discharge summaries were getting
+precision and recall up on pH I up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision and recall up on pH I up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision and recall up on pH I up
+around ninety eight and a half ninety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around ninety eight and a half ninety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around ninety eight and a half ninety
+five and a quarter percent which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and a quarter percent which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five and a quarter percent which was
+much better than the previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than the previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much better than the previous
+state-of-the-art which had been based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art which had been based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art which had been based on
+rules and and dictionaries as a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and and dictionaries as a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules and and dictionaries as a way of
+the identifying things so this was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identifying things so this was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identifying things so this was a
+successful example of that approach and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful example of that approach and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful example of that approach and
+of course this is usable not only for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is usable not only for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course this is usable not only for
+the identification but it's also usable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identification but it's also usable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identification but it's also usable
+for entity recognition because instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entity recognition because instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for entity recognition because instead
+of selecting entities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selecting entities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of selecting entities that are
+personally identifiable health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally identifiable health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally identifiable health
+information you could train it to select
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you could train it to select
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information you could train it to select
+entities that are diseases or that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities that are diseases or that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities that are diseases or that are
+medications or that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications or that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medications or that are
+various other things and so this was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other things and so this was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various other things and so this was in
+the 2000s a pretty typical way for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2000s a pretty typical way for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 2000s a pretty typical way for
+people to approach these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to approach these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to approach these kinds of
+problems and it's still used today I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and it's still used today I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems and it's still used today I
+mean there are tools around that let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there are tools around that let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean there are tools around that let you
+do this and they work reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and they work reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this and they work reasonably
+effectively they're not state-of-the-art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively they're not state-of-the-art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectively they're not state-of-the-art
+at the moment but they're simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment but they're simpler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the moment but they're simpler than
+many of today's state-of-the-art methods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of today's state-of-the-art methods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of today's state-of-the-art methods
+so here's another approach this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another approach this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's another approach this was
+something we published a few years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we published a few years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we published a few years ago
+where we started working with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we started working with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we started working with some
+psychiatrists and said could we predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrists and said could we predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychiatrists and said could we predict
+30-day readmission for a psychiatric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30-day readmission for a psychiatric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+30-day readmission for a psychiatric
+patient with any degree of reliability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient with any degree of reliability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient with any degree of reliability
+that's a hard prediction Willie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hard prediction Willie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a hard prediction Willie is
+currently running an experiment where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently running an experiment where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+currently running an experiment where
+we're asking psychiatrists to predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking psychiatrists to predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're asking psychiatrists to predict
+that and it turns out they're barely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it turns out they're barely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it turns out they're barely
+better than chance at that prediction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than chance at that prediction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than chance at that prediction so
+it's not an easy task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an easy task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not an easy task
+and what we did is we said well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we did is we said well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we did is we said well let's
+use topic modeling and so we had this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use topic modeling and so we had this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use topic modeling and so we had this
+cohort of patients about five and close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort of patients about five and close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort of patients about five and close
+to 5,000 patients about 10% of them were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5,000 patients about 10% of them were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 5,000 patients about 10% of them were
+readmitted with a psych diagnosis and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmitted with a psych diagnosis and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmitted with a psych diagnosis and
+almost 3,000 of them were readmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 3,000 of them were readmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost 3,000 of them were readmitted
+with other diagnoses so what one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other diagnoses so what one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with other diagnoses so what one thing
+this tells you right away is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you right away is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this tells you right away is that if
+you're dealing with psychiatric patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with psychiatric patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're dealing with psychiatric patients
+they come and go to the hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come and go to the hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they come and go to the hospital
+frequently and this is not good for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently and this is not good for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequently and this is not good for the
+hospital's bottom line because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital's bottom line because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospital's bottom line because of
+reimbursement policies of insurance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement policies of insurance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reimbursement policies of insurance
+companies and so on so only of the 4700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and so on so only of the 4700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies and so on so only of the 4700
+only 1200 and 40 were not readmitted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 1200 and 40 were not readmitted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only 1200 and 40 were not readmitted
+within 30 days so there's very frequent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 30 days so there's very frequent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within 30 days so there's very frequent
+bounce back so we said well let's try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back so we said well let's try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounce back so we said well let's try
+building a baseline model using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a baseline model using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a baseline model using a
+support vector machine from baseline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support vector machine from baseline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support vector machine from baseline
+clinical features like age gender public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical features like age gender public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinical features like age gender public
+health insurances of proxy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurances of proxy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health insurances of proxy for
+socioeconomic status so if if you're on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic status so if if you're on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socioeconomic status so if if you're on
+Medicaid you're probably poor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicaid you're probably poor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medicaid you're probably poor
+and if you're if you have private
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're if you have private
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you're if you have private
+insurance then you're probably an MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance then you're probably an MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance then you're probably an MIT
+employee and are better off so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee and are better off so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employee and are better off so that
+that's a frequently used proxy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a frequently used proxy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a frequently used proxy a
+comorbidity index that tells you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comorbidity index that tells you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comorbidity index that tells you sort of
+how sick you are from things other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sick you are from things other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how sick you are from things other than
+your psychiatric problems and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your psychiatric problems and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your psychiatric problems and then we
+said well what if we add to that model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well what if we add to that model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said well what if we add to that model
+common words from notes so we said let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common words from notes so we said let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common words from notes so we said let's
+do a tf-idf calculation so this is term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a tf-idf calculation so this is term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a tf-idf calculation so this is term
+frequency divided by log of the document
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency divided by log of the document
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency divided by log of the document
+frequency so it's sort of how specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so it's sort of how specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so it's sort of how specific
+is a term to identify a particular kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a term to identify a particular kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a term to identify a particular kind
+of condition and we take the thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of condition and we take the thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of condition and we take the thousand
+most informative words and so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most informative words and so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most informative words and so there are
+a lot of these so if you use a thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these so if you use a thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of these so if you use a thousand
+most informative words from these nearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most informative words from these nearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most informative words from these nearly
+five thousand patients you wind up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand patients you wind up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five thousand patients you wind up with
+something like sixty six thousand words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sixty six thousand words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like sixty six thousand words
+unique words that are informative for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique words that are informative for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique words that are informative for
+some some patient but if you limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some patient but if you limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some patient but if you limit
+yourself to the top ten then it only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to the top ten then it only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to the top ten then it only
+uses 18,000 words and if you limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses 18,000 words and if you limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses 18,000 words and if you limit
+yourself to the top one then it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to the top one then it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to the top one then it uses
+about 3,000 words and then we said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3,000 words and then we said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 3,000 words and then we said well
+instead of doing individual words let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of doing individual words let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of doing individual words let's
+do latent the earthly allocation so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do latent the earthly allocation so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do latent the earthly allocation so
+topic modeling on all of the words as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic modeling on all of the words as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic modeling on all of the words as a
+bag of words so no sequence information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of words so no sequence information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag of words so no sequence information
+just the collection of words and so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the collection of words and so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the collection of words and so we
+calculated 75 topics from using LD a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated 75 topics from using LD a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated 75 topics from using LD a on
+all these notes so just to remind you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these notes so just to remind you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these notes so just to remind you
+the LD a process is a model that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LD a process is a model that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the LD a process is a model that says
+every document consists of a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every document consists of a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every document consists of a certain
+mixture of topics and each of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of topics and each of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixture of topics and each of those
+topics probabilistically generates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics probabilistically generates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topics probabilistically generates
+certain words and so you can build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain words and so you can build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain words and so you can build a
+model like this and then solve it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like this and then solve it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model like this and then solve it using
+complicated techniques and you wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated techniques and you wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated techniques and you wind up
+with topics in this study as follows I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with topics in this study as follows I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with topics in this study as follows I
+don't know can you read these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know can you read these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know can you read these
+maybe too small but so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe too small but so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe too small but so these are
+unsupervised topics and if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised topics and if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised topics and if you look at
+the first one it says patient alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one it says patient alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one it says patient alcohol
+withdrawal depression drinking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal depression drinking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawal depression drinking and
+ativan EtOH drinks medications clinic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ativan EtOH drinks medications clinic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ativan EtOH drinks medications clinic in
+patient diagnosis days hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient diagnosis days hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient diagnosis days hospital
+substance use treatment program name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance use treatment program name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substance use treatment program name
+that's a the identified use abuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a the identified use abuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a the identified use abuse
+problem number and we had our experts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem number and we had our experts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem number and we had our experts
+look at these topics and they said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these topics and they said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at these topics and they said oh
+well that topic is related to alcohol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that topic is related to alcohol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that topic is related to alcohol
+abuse which seems reasonable and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse which seems reasonable and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abuse which seems reasonable and then
+you see you know on the bottom psychosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you know on the bottom psychosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see you know on the bottom psychosis
+thought features paranoid psychosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought features paranoid psychosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought features paranoid psychosis
+paranoia symptoms psychiatric etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paranoia symptoms psychiatric etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paranoia symptoms psychiatric etc and
+they said okay that's a psychosis topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said okay that's a psychosis topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said okay that's a psychosis topic
+so in in retrospect you can assign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in retrospect you can assign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in in retrospect you can assign
+meaning to these topics but in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to these topics but in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning to these topics but in fact
+they're generated without any a priori
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're generated without any a priori
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're generated without any a priori
+notion of what they ought to be they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of what they ought to be they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of what they ought to be they're
+just a statistical summarization of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a statistical summarization of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a statistical summarization of the
+common co-occurrences of words in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common co-occurrences of words in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common co-occurrences of words in these
+documents but what you find is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents but what you find is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documents but what you find is that if
+you use the baseline model which used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the baseline model which used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use the baseline model which used
+just the socio demographic and clinical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the socio demographic and clinical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the socio demographic and clinical
+variables and you say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables and you say what's the
+difference in in survival in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in in survival in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in in survival in this case
+in time to readmission between one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time to readmission between one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time to readmission between one one
+set and another in this cohort and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and another in this cohort and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and another in this cohort and the
+answer is they're pretty similar whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is they're pretty similar whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer is they're pretty similar whereas
+if you use a model that predicts based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use a model that predicts based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you use a model that predicts based
+on the baseline and seventy five topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the baseline and seventy five topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the baseline and seventy five topics
+the 75 topics that we identified you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 75 topics that we identified you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 75 topics that we identified you get
+a much bigger separation and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much bigger separation and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a much bigger separation and of course
+this is statistically significant and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is statistically significant and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is statistically significant and it
+tells you that this technique is useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that this technique is useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells you that this technique is useful
+for being able to improve the prediction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being able to improve the prediction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for being able to improve the prediction
+of a cohort that's more likely to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cohort that's more likely to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a cohort that's more likely to be
+readmitted from a cohort that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmitted from a cohort that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readmitted from a cohort that's less
+likely to be readmitted it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be readmitted it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to be readmitted it's not a
+terrific prediction so the AUC for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific prediction so the AUC for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terrific prediction so the AUC for this
+model was only on the order of 0.7 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was only on the order of 0.7 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model was only on the order of 0.7 so
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's not like 0.99 but nevertheless it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like 0.99 but nevertheless it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like 0.99 but nevertheless it
+it provides useful information the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it provides useful information the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it provides useful information the same
+group of psychiatrists that we worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of psychiatrists that we worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group of psychiatrists that we worked
+with did also did a study with a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with did also did a study with a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with did also did a study with a much
+larger cohort but much less rich data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger cohort but much less rich data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger cohort but much less rich data so
+they got the all of the discharges from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got the all of the discharges from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they got the all of the discharges from
+two Medical Center's over a period of 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Medical Center's over a period of 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two Medical Center's over a period of 12
+years so they had 845,000 discharges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so they had 845,000 discharges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years so they had 845,000 discharges
+from four hundred fifty-eight thousand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from four hundred fifty-eight thousand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from four hundred fifty-eight thousand
+unique individuals and they were looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique individuals and they were looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unique individuals and they were looking
+for suicide or or other causes of death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for suicide or or other causes of death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for suicide or or other causes of death
+in these patients to see if they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these patients to see if they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these patients to see if they could
+predict whether somebody is likely to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict whether somebody is likely to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict whether somebody is likely to
+try to harm themselves or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to harm themselves or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to harm themselves or whether
+they're likely to die accidentally which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're likely to die accidentally which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're likely to die accidentally which
+sometimes can't be distinguished from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes can't be distinguished from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes can't be distinguished from
+suicide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide
+so the censoring problems that David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the censoring problems that David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the censoring problems that David
+talked about are very much present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about are very much present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about are very much present in
+this because you lose track of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because you lose track of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this because you lose track of people
+it's highly imbalanced data set because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly imbalanced data set because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's highly imbalanced data set because
+out of the eight hundred forty five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the eight hundred forty five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the eight hundred forty five
+thousand patients only 235 committed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand patients only 235 committed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand patients only 235 committed
+suicide which is of course the probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide which is of course the probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide which is of course the probably
+a good thing from a societal point of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing from a societal point of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good thing from a societal point of
+view but makes the data analysis hard on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view but makes the data analysis hard on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view but makes the data analysis hard on
+the other hand all cause mortality was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand all cause mortality was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand all cause mortality was
+about eighteen percent during nine years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eighteen percent during nine years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about eighteen percent during nine years
+of follow-up so that's not so imbalanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of follow-up so that's not so imbalanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of follow-up so that's not so imbalanced
+and then what they did is they curated a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they did is they curated a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then what they did is they curated a
+list of 3,000 terms that correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of 3,000 terms that correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list of 3,000 terms that correspond to
+what in the psychiatric literature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in the psychiatric literature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what in the psychiatric literature is
+called positive valence so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called positive valence so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called positive valence so this is
+concepts like joy and happiness and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts like joy and happiness and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts like joy and happiness and good
+stuff as opposed to negative valence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff as opposed to negative valence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff as opposed to negative valence
+like depression and sorrow and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like depression and sorrow and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like depression and sorrow and all that
+stuff and they said well can can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and they said well can can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff and they said well can can we can
+use these types of terms in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these types of terms in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use these types of terms in order to
+help distinguish among these patients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help distinguish among these patients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help distinguish among these patients
+and what they found is that if you plot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they found is that if you plot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what they found is that if you plot
+the kaplan-meier curve for different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kaplan-meier curve for different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kaplan-meier curve for different
+quartiles of of risk by for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartiles of of risk by for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quartiles of of risk by for these
+patients you see that there's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients you see that there's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patients you see that there's a pretty
+big difference between the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference between the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big difference between the different
+quartiles and you can certainly identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the people who are more likely to commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are more likely to commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the people who are more likely to commit
+suicide from the people who are less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide from the people who are less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide from the people who are less
+likely to do so this curve is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to do so this curve is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to do so this curve is for
+suicide or accidental death so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide or accidental death so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suicide or accidental death so this is a
+much larger data set and therefore the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger data set and therefore the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger data set and therefore the
+error bars are smaller but you see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error bars are smaller but you see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error bars are smaller but you see the
+same kind of separation here so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of separation here so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same kind of separation here so these
+are all useful techniques now switch to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all useful techniques now switch to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all useful techniques now switch to
+another approach this was work by one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another approach this was work by one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another approach this was work by one of
+my students you on wall who was working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my students you on wall who was working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my students you on wall who was working
+with some lymphoma pathologists at Mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some lymphoma pathologists at Mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with some lymphoma pathologists at Mass
+General and so the approach they took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and so the approach they took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General and so the approach they took
+was to say well if you read a pathology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to say well if you read a pathology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to say well if you read a pathology
+report about somebody with lymphoma can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report about somebody with lymphoma can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report about somebody with lymphoma can
+we tell what type of lymphoma they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tell what type of lymphoma they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tell what type of lymphoma they had
+from the pathology report if we blank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pathology report if we blank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the pathology report if we blank
+out the part of the pathology report
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the part of the pathology report
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the part of the pathology report
+that says either pathologists think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says either pathologists think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says either pathologists think this
+person has you know non-hodgkins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has you know non-hodgkins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has you know non-hodgkins
+lymphoma or something so from the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoma or something so from the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoma or something so from the rest
+of the context can we make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the context can we make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the context can we make that
+prediction now you want took a kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction now you want took a kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prediction now you want took a kind of
+interesting slightly odd approach to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting slightly odd approach to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting slightly odd approach to it
+which is to treat this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to treat this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is to treat this as an
+unsupervised learning problem rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning problem rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unsupervised learning problem rather
+than as a supervised learning problem so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as a supervised learning problem so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than as a supervised learning problem so
+he literally masked the real answer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he literally masked the real answer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he literally masked the real answer and
+said if we just treat everything except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if we just treat everything except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said if we just treat everything except
+what gives away the answer as just data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives away the answer as just data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what gives away the answer as just data
+can we essentially cluster that data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we essentially cluster that data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we essentially cluster that data and
+some interesting way so that we re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting way so that we re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some interesting way so that we re
+identify the type the different types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the type the different types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the type the different types of
+lymphoma now the reason this turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoma now the reason this turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphoma now the reason this turns out
+to be important is because lymphoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be important is because lymphoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be important is because lymphoma
+pathologists keep arguing about how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologists keep arguing about how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologists keep arguing about how to
+classify lymphomas and every few years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify lymphomas and every few years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classify lymphomas and every few years
+they revise the classification rules and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they revise the classification rules and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they revise the classification rules and
+so part of his objective was to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part of his objective was to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so part of his objective was to say
+let's try to provide a an unbiased
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to provide a an unbiased
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's try to provide a an unbiased
+data-driven method that may help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data-driven method that may help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data-driven method that may help
+identify appropriate characteristics by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify appropriate characteristics by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify appropriate characteristics by
+which to classify these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to classify these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which to classify these different
+lymphomas so his approach was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphomas so his approach was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lymphomas so his approach was
+was a tensor factorization approach so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a tensor factorization approach so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a tensor factorization approach so
+this is you know you often see datasets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know you often see datasets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is you know you often see datasets
+like this that say you know patient by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that say you know patient by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this that say you know patient by
+characteristic so in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic so in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic so in this case
+laboratory measurements systolic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory measurements systolic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laboratory measurements systolic
+diastolic blood pressure sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastolic blood pressure sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diastolic blood pressure sodium
+potassium etc that's a very vanilla
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium etc that's a very vanilla
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potassium etc that's a very vanilla
+matrix encoding of data and then if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix encoding of data and then if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix encoding of data and then if you
+add a third dimension to it like this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a third dimension to it like this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add a third dimension to it like this is
+at the time of admission 30 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time of admission 30 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the time of admission 30 minutes
+later 60 minutes later or 90 minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later 60 minutes later or 90 minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later 60 minutes later or 90 minutes
+later now you have a three dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now you have a three dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now you have a three dimensional
+tensor and so just like you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and so just like you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor and so just like you can do
+matrix factorization as in the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix factorization as in the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix factorization as in the picture
+above where we say my matrix of data I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above where we say my matrix of data I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above where we say my matrix of data I'm
+going to assume is generated by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume is generated by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to assume is generated by a
+product of two matrices which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two matrices which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product of two matrices which are
+smaller in dimension and you can train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller in dimension and you can train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller in dimension and you can train
+this by saying I want entries in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by saying I want entries in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this by saying I want entries in these
+two matrices that minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices that minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two matrices that minimize the
+reconstruction error so if I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction error so if I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction error so if I multiply
+these matrices together then I get back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices together then I get back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these matrices together then I get back
+my original matrix plus error and I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original matrix plus error and I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my original matrix plus error and I want
+to minimize that error usually root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize that error usually root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minimize that error usually root
+means square or mean square or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means square or mean square or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means square or mean square or something
+like that well you can play the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that well you can play the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that well you can play the same
+game for a tensor by having a so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for a tensor by having a so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for a tensor by having a so-called
+core tensor which identifies the subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core tensor which identifies the subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core tensor which identifies the subset
+of of characteristics that subdivide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of characteristics that subdivide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of of characteristics that subdivide
+that that dimension of your data and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that dimension of your data and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that dimension of your data and
+then what you do is the same game you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do is the same game you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what you do is the same game you
+have matrices corresponding to each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have matrices corresponding to each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have matrices corresponding to each of
+the dimensions and if you multiply this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions and if you multiply this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dimensions and if you multiply this
+core tensor by each of these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core tensor by each of these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core tensor by each of these matrices
+you reconstruct the original tensor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reconstruct the original tensor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reconstruct the original tensor and
+you can train it again to minimize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can train it again to minimize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can train it again to minimize the
+reconstruction loss so there are again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction loss so there are again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruction loss so there are again a
+few more tricks because this is dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more tricks because this is dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few more tricks because this is dealing
+with language and so this is a typical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with language and so this is a typical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with language and so this is a typical
+report from one of these lymphoma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report from one of these lymphoma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+report from one of these lymphoma
+pathologists that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologists that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathologists that says
+immunohistochemical stains show that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunohistochemical stains show that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunohistochemical stains show that the
+follicles blah-blah-blah-blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follicles blah-blah-blah-blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follicles blah-blah-blah-blah
+right so lots and lots of details and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so lots and lots of details and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so lots and lots of details and so
+he needed a representation that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needed a representation that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needed a representation that could be
+put into this matrix tensor this tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into this matrix tensor this tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into this matrix tensor this tensor
+tensor factorization form and what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor factorization form and what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor factorization form and what he
+did is to say well let's see if we look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is to say well let's see if we look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did is to say well let's see if we look
+at a statement like this the immuno stat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a statement like this the immuno stat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a statement like this the immuno stat
+stains show that large atypical cells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains show that large atypical cells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stains show that large atypical cells
+are strongly positive for CD 30 negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strongly positive for CD 30 negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are strongly positive for CD 30 negative
+for these other surface expressions so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these other surface expressions so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these other surface expressions so
+the sentence tells us relationships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence tells us relationships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence tells us relationships
+among procedures types of cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among procedures types of cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+among procedures types of cells and
+immunologic factors and for feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunologic factors and for feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immunologic factors and for feature
+choice we can use words or we can use um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice we can use words or we can use um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice we can use words or we can use um
+LS concepts where we can find various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS concepts where we can find various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LS concepts where we can find various
+kinds of mappings but he decided that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of mappings but he decided that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of mappings but he decided that in
+order to retain the the the syntactic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to retain the the the syntactic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to retain the the the syntactic
+relationships here what he would do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships here what he would do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships here what he would do is
+to use a graphical representation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a graphical representation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use a graphical representation that
+came out of again parsing all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of again parsing all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out of again parsing all of these
+sentences and so what you get is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and so what you get is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentences and so what you get is that
+this creates one graph that talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this creates one graph that talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this creates one graph that talks about
+the you know strongly positive for CD 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know strongly positive for CD 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the you know strongly positive for CD 30
+large atypical cells etc and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large atypical cells etc and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large atypical cells etc and then you
+can factor this into sub graphs and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can factor this into sub graphs and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can factor this into sub graphs and then
+you also have to identify frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to identify frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you also have to identify frequently
+occurring sub graphs so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring sub graphs so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurring sub graphs so for example
+large atypical cells appears here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large atypical cells appears here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large atypical cells appears here and
+also appears there and of course will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also appears there and of course will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also appears there and of course will
+appear in many other places yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in this particular study he was using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular study he was using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this particular study he was using
+the Stanford parser with some tricks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stanford parser with some tricks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stanford parser with some tricks so
+the Stanford parser doesn't know a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stanford parser doesn't know a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Stanford parser doesn't know a lot
+of the medical words and so he basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the medical words and so he basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the medical words and so he basically
+marked these things as noun phrases and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked these things as noun phrases and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked these things as noun phrases and
+then the stanford parser also doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the stanford parser also doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the stanford parser also doesn't do
+well with long lists like the the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with long lists like the the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well with long lists like the the set of
+immune features and so he would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune features and so he would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immune features and so he would
+recognize those as a pattern substitute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize those as a pattern substitute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize those as a pattern substitute
+a single made-up word for them and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single made-up word for them and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single made-up word for them and that
+made the parser work much better on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the parser work much better on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made the parser work much better on it
+so there were a whole bunch of little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were a whole bunch of little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there were a whole bunch of little
+tricks like that in order to adapt it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks like that in order to adapt it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricks like that in order to adapt it
+but it was not a model train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was not a model train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it was not a model train
+specifically on this I think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on this I think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically on this I think it's
+trained on Wall Street Journal corpus or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on Wall Street Journal corpus or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trained on Wall Street Journal corpus or
+something like that so it's general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so it's general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that so it's general
+English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no he did he did it algorithmically but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he did he did it algorithmically but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no he did he did it algorithmically but
+he didn't learn which algorithms to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't learn which algorithms to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he didn't learn which algorithms to use
+he made them up by hand but then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made them up by hand but then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he made them up by hand but then of
+course it's a big corpus and and he ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's a big corpus and and he ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course it's a big corpus and and he ran
+these programs over it that did those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs over it that did those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these programs over it that did those
+transformations so he calls it two-faced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations so he calls it two-faced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformations so he calls it two-faced
+parsing there's a reference to to his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsing there's a reference to to his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parsing there's a reference to to his
+paper it on the first slide in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it on the first slide in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper it on the first slide in the
+section if you're interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section if you're interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section if you're interested in the
+details it's it's described there okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details it's it's described there okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details it's it's described there okay
+so what he wound up with is a tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he wound up with is a tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what he wound up with is a tensor
+that has patients on one axis the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has patients on one axis the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has patients on one axis the words
+appearing in the text on another axis so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in the text on another axis so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing in the text on another axis so
+he's still using a bag of words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's still using a bag of words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's still using a bag of words
+representation but the third axis is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but the third axis is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation but the third axis is
+these language concept sub graphs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these language concept sub graphs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these language concept sub graphs that
+we were talking about and then he does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about and then he does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were talking about and then he does
+tensor factorization on this and what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor factorization on this and what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tensor factorization on this and what's
+interesting is that it works much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that it works much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is that it works much better
+than I expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than I expected
+so if you look at his technique which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at his technique which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at his technique which is
+called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called
+sa NT F the precision and recall are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa NT F the precision and recall are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sa NT F the precision and recall are
+about 0.72 and 0.85 for macro average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.72 and 0.85 for macro average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 0.72 and 0.85 for macro average
+and 0.75 for micro average which is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0.75 for micro average which is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0.75 for micro average which is much
+better than the non-negative matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the non-negative matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than the non-negative matrix
+factorization results which only use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization results which only use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization results which only use
+patient by word or patient by subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient by word or patient by subgraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient by word or patient by subgraph
+or in fact one where you simply do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in fact one where you simply do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or in fact one where you simply do
+patient and concatenate the sub graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and concatenate the sub graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and concatenate the sub graphs
+on the words in one dimension so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the words in one dimension so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the words in one dimension so that
+means that this is actually taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this is actually taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that this is actually taking
+advantage of the three-way relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the three-way relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the three-way relationship
+if you read papers from about 15-20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read papers from about 15-20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you read papers from about 15-20
+years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago
+people got very excited about the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got very excited about the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people got very excited about the idea
+of by clustering which is the in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by clustering which is the in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of by clustering which is the in modern
+terms the equivalent of matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the equivalent of matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms the equivalent of matrix
+factorization so it says given two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization so it says given two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization so it says given two
+dimensions of data and I want to cluster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of data and I want to cluster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions of data and I want to cluster
+things but I want to cluster them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I want to cluster them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things but I want to cluster them in
+such a way that the clustering of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that the clustering of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a way that the clustering of one
+dimension helps the clustering of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension helps the clustering of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimension helps the clustering of the
+other dimension
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dimension
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other dimension
+so this is a formal way of doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a formal way of doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a formal way of doing that
+relatively efficiently and tensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively efficiently and tensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively efficiently and tensor
+factorization is essentially try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization is essentially try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization is essentially try
+clustering okay so now I'm going to turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering okay so now I'm going to turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clustering okay so now I'm going to turn
+to the last of today's big topics which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the last of today's big topics which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the last of today's big topics which
+is language modeling and this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is language modeling and this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is language modeling and this is really
+where the action is nowadays in natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the action is nowadays in natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the action is nowadays in natural
+language processing in general I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing in general I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing in general I would
+say that the natural language processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the natural language processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that the natural language processing
+on clinical data is somewhat behind the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on clinical data is somewhat behind the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on clinical data is somewhat behind the
+state-of-the-art in natural language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art in natural language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art in natural language
+processing overall there are fewer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing overall there are fewer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing overall there are fewer
+corpora that are available there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpora that are available there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpora that are available there are
+fewer people working on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer people working on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer people working on it
+and so we're catching up but I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're catching up but I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so we're catching up but I'm going
+to lead into this somewhat gently so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead into this somewhat gently so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to lead into this somewhat gently so
+what does it mean to model a language I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to model a language I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it mean to model a language I
+mean you could imagine saying it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could imagine saying it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you could imagine saying it's
+coming up with a set of parsing rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with a set of parsing rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with a set of parsing rules
+that that define the syntactic structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that define the syntactic structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that define the syntactic structure
+of the language or you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the language or you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the language or you could imagine
+saying as we suggested last time coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying as we suggested last time coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying as we suggested last time coming
+up with a corresponding set of semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a corresponding set of semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a corresponding set of semantic
+rules that say concept or terms in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that say concept or terms in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules that say concept or terms in the
+language correspond to certain concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language correspond to certain concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language correspond to certain concepts
+and that they are combinatorially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they are combinatorially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that they are combinatorially
+functionally combined as the syntax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally combined as the syntax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionally combined as the syntax
+directs in order to give us a semantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directs in order to give us a semantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directs in order to give us a semantic
+representation so we don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation so we don't know how to
+do either of those very well and so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do either of those very well and so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do either of those very well and so the
+current the contemporary idea about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the contemporary idea about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current the contemporary idea about
+language modeling is to say given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language modeling is to say given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language modeling is to say given a
+sequence of tokens predict the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of tokens predict the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of tokens predict the next
+token okay if you could do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token okay if you could do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+token okay if you could do that
+perfectly presumably you would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly presumably you would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly presumably you would have a
+good language model so obviously you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good language model so obviously you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good language model so obviously you
+can't do it perfectly because we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it perfectly because we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do it perfectly because we don't
+always say the same word after some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say the same word after some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always say the same word after some
+sequence of previous words when we speak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of previous words when we speak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of previous words when we speak
+but probabilistically you can get close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probabilistically you can get close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but probabilistically you can get close
+to that and there's usually some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and there's usually some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that and there's usually some kind of
+Markov assumption that says that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov assumption that says that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov assumption that says that the
+probability of emitting a token given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of emitting a token given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of emitting a token given
+the stuff that came before it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that came before it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that came before it is
+ordinarily dependent only on on n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily dependent only on on n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ordinarily dependent only on on n
+previous words rather than on all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous words rather than on all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous words rather than on all of
+history you know on everything you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history you know on everything you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+history you know on everything you've
+ever said before in your life and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever said before in your life and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever said before in your life and
+there's a there's a meta there's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a meta there's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a there's a meta there's a a
+measure called perplexity which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure called perplexity which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure called perplexity which is the
+entropy of the probability distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the probability distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entropy of the probability distribution
+over the predicted words and roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the predicted words and roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the predicted words and roughly
+speaking it's the number of likely ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it's the number of likely ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking it's the number of likely ways
+that you could continue the text if all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could continue the text if all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could continue the text if all
+of the all of the possibilities were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the all of the possibilities were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the all of the possibilities were
+were equally likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equally likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were equally likely
+okay so perplexity is is often used for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so perplexity is is often used for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so perplexity is is often used for
+example in speech processing we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in speech processing we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example in speech processing we did a
+study where we were trying to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where we were trying to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study where we were trying to build a
+speech system that understood a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech system that understood a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speech system that understood a
+conversation between a doctor and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation between a doctor and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation between a doctor and a
+patient and we ran into real problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and we ran into real problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patient and we ran into real problems
+because we were using software that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were using software that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we were using software that had
+been developed to interpret dictation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed to interpret dictation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been developed to interpret dictation by
+doctors and that was very well trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors and that was very well trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors and that was very well trained
+but it turned out we didn't know this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turned out we didn't know this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it turned out we didn't know this
+when we started that the language that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we started that the language that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we started that the language that
+doctors use in dictating that medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors use in dictating that medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctors use in dictating that medical
+notes is pretty straightforward pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes is pretty straightforward pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes is pretty straightforward pretty
+simple and so it's perplexity is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and so it's perplexity is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and so it's perplexity is about
+nine whereas conversations are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine whereas conversations are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine whereas conversations are much more
+free-flowing and cover many more topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-flowing and cover many more topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free-flowing and cover many more topics
+and so it's perplexity is about 73 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's perplexity is about 73 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it's perplexity is about 73 and
+so the model that works well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the model that works well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the model that works well for
+perplexity 9 doesn't work as well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexity 9 doesn't work as well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexity 9 doesn't work as well for
+perplexity 73 and so what this tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexity 73 and so what this tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perplexity 73 and so what this tells you
+about the difficulty of accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difficulty of accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the difficulty of accurately
+transcribing speech is that it's hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribing speech is that it's hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcribing speech is that it's hard
+it's much harder and that's still not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much harder and that's still not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much harder and that's still not a
+solved problem now you probably all know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved problem now you probably all know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solved problem now you probably all know
+about Zipf's law so if you empirically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Zipf's law so if you empirically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Zipf's law so if you empirically
+just take all the words and all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take all the words and all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just take all the words and all the
+literature of let's say English what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature of let's say English what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literature of let's say English what you
+discover is that the the enth word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that the the enth word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover is that the the enth word is
+about 1 over and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 over and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1 over and
+as probable as the first word okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as probable as the first word okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as probable as the first word okay so
+there's a long tailed distribution one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a long tailed distribution one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a long tailed distribution one
+thing you should realize of course is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should realize of course is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you should realize of course is if
+you integrate 1 over n from 0 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate 1 over n from 0 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you integrate 1 over n from 0 to
+infinity it's infinite ok and that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity it's infinite ok and that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity it's infinite ok and that may
+not be an inaccurate representation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be an inaccurate representation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be an inaccurate representation of
+language because languages is productive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language because languages is productive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language because languages is productive
+and changes and people make up new words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changes and people make up new words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and changes and people make up new words
+all the time and so on so it may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and so on so it may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time and so on so it may
+actually be infinite but roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be infinite but roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually be infinite but roughly
+speaking there's a kind of decline like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking there's a kind of decline like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking there's a kind of decline like
+this and interestingly and the brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and interestingly and the brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and interestingly and the brown
+corpus the top 10 words make up almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus the top 10 words make up almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus the top 10 words make up almost
+1/4 of the size of the corpus so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 of the size of the corpus so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1/4 of the size of the corpus so you
+write a lot of those of Zan's A's - Zins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a lot of those of Zan's A's - Zins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a lot of those of Zan's A's - Zins
+etc and much less hematemesis right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and much less hematemesis right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc and much less hematemesis right
+obviously okay so what about Engram
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously okay so what about Engram
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously okay so what about Engram
+models well remember if we make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models well remember if we make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models well remember if we make this
+Markov assumption then all we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov assumption then all we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Markov assumption then all we have to do
+is pay attention to the last end tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pay attention to the last end tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pay attention to the last end tokens
+before the one that we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the one that we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the one that we're interested in
+predicting and so people have generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting and so people have generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting and so people have generated
+these large corpora of engrams so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these large corpora of engrams so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these large corpora of engrams so for
+example somebody a couple of decades ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example somebody a couple of decades ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example somebody a couple of decades ago
+took all of shakespeare's writings I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all of shakespeare's writings I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took all of shakespeare's writings I
+think they were trying to decide whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were trying to decide whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think they were trying to decide whether
+he had written all his works or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had written all his works or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he had written all his works or whether
+the earl of somebody or other was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earl of somebody or other was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earl of somebody or other was
+actually the guy who wrote Shakespeare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the guy who wrote Shakespeare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the guy who wrote Shakespeare
+you know about this controversy yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about this controversy yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know about this controversy yeah so
+that that's why they were doing it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's why they were doing it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's why they were doing it but
+anyway they created this corpus and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they created this corpus and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway they created this corpus and they
+said so Shakespeare had a vocabulary of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so Shakespeare had a vocabulary of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said so Shakespeare had a vocabulary of
+about 30,000 words and about 300,000 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30,000 words and about 300,000 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30,000 words and about 300,000 by
+grams and out of 844 million possible by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams and out of 844 million possible by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams and out of 844 million possible by
+grams so ninety nine point ninety six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams so ninety nine point ninety six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grams so ninety nine point ninety six
+percent of by grams were never seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of by grams were never seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of by grams were never seen
+right so there's a certain regularity to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a certain regularity to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's a certain regularity to
+his production of language now Google of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his production of language now Google of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his production of language now Google of
+course did Shakespeare went better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course did Shakespeare went better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course did Shakespeare went better and
+they said hmm we can take a terabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said hmm we can take a terabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said hmm we can take a terabyte
+corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus
+this was in 2006 I wouldn't be surprised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in 2006 I wouldn't be surprised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was in 2006 I wouldn't be surprised
+if it's a petabyte corpus today and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a petabyte corpus today and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's a petabyte corpus today and they
+published this they just made it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this they just made it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published this they just made it
+available so there were thirteen point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so there were thirteen point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available so there were thirteen point
+six million unique words that occurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six million unique words that occurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six million unique words that occurred
+at least two hundred times in this Tara
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two hundred times in this Tara
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least two hundred times in this Tara
+Tara word corpus and there were 1.2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tara word corpus and there were 1.2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tara word corpus and there were 1.2
+billion five word sequences that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion five word sequences that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion five word sequences that
+occurred at least 40 times so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred at least 40 times so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred at least 40 times so these are
+the statistics and if you're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics and if you're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the statistics and if you're interested
+there's a URL and here's a very tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a URL and here's a very tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a URL and here's a very tiny
+part of their database so ceramics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their database so ceramics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their database so ceramics
+collectibles collectibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectibles collectibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collectibles collectibles
+I don't know occurred 55 times in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know occurred 55 times in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know occurred 55 times in a
+terabyte of text ceramics collectibles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabyte of text ceramics collectibles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terabyte of text ceramics collectibles
+fine ceramics collectibles by pottery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine ceramics collectibles by pottery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine ceramics collectibles by pottery
+cooking comma period end of sentence and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking comma period end of sentence and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooking comma period end of sentence and
+at is etcetera different number of times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is etcetera different number of times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at is etcetera different number of times
+ceramics comes from occurred 660 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramics comes from occurred 660 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ceramics comes from occurred 660 times
+which is reasonably large number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is reasonably large number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is reasonably large number
+compared to some of its competitors here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to some of its competitors here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to some of its competitors here
+if you look at four grams you see things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at four grams you see things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at four grams you see things
+like serve as the incoming blah blah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like serve as the incoming blah blah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like serve as the incoming blah blah
+blah 92 times serve as the index 223
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah 92 times serve as the index 223
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blah 92 times serve as the index 223
+times serve as the initial 5300 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times serve as the initial 5300 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times serve as the initial 5300 times
+okay so you've got all these statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got all these statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got all these statistics
+and now given those statistics we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now given those statistics we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now given those statistics we can
+then build a generator so we can say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then build a generator so we can say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then build a generator so we can say
+alright suppose I start with the token
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright suppose I start with the token
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright suppose I start with the token
+which is the beginning of a sentence or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the beginning of a sentence or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the beginning of a sentence or
+the separator between sentences and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separator between sentences and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separator between sentences and I
+say sample a random by grams starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sample a random by grams starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say sample a random by grams starting
+with the beginning of a sentence and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the beginning of a sentence and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the beginning of a sentence and a
+word according to its probability and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word according to its probability and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word according to its probability and
+then sample the next diagram from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sample the next diagram from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then sample the next diagram from that
+word and all the other words according
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and all the other words according
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word and all the other words according
+to its probability and keep doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its probability and keep doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to its probability and keep doing that
+until you hit the end of sentence marker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you hit the end of sentence marker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until you hit the end of sentence marker
+okay so for example here I'm generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example here I'm generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so for example here I'm generating
+the sentence I starts with I then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence I starts with I then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence I starts with I then
+followed by want followed by - followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by want followed by - followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by want followed by - followed
+by get followed by China
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by get followed by China
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by get followed by China
+followed by food followed by end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by food followed by end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+followed by food followed by end of
+sentence so I've just generated I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so I've just generated I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence so I've just generated I want
+to get Chinese food which sounds like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get Chinese food which sounds like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get Chinese food which sounds like a
+perfectly good sentence so here's what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good sentence so here's what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly good sentence so here's what's
+interesting if you look back again at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you look back again at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting if you look back again at
+the Shakespeare corpus and saying if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shakespeare corpus and saying if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Shakespeare corpus and saying if we
+generate a Shakespeare from yoona grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a Shakespeare from yoona grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate a Shakespeare from yoona grams
+you get stuff like at the top to him
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get stuff like at the top to him
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get stuff like at the top to him
+swallowed confess here both which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowed confess here both which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swallowed confess here both which of
+savon trail for our I device and wrote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savon trail for our I device and wrote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+savon trail for our I device and wrote
+life have doesn't sound terribly good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life have doesn't sound terribly good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life have doesn't sound terribly good
+right it's not very grammatical it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not very grammatical it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it's not very grammatical it
+doesn't have that sort of English you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that sort of English you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have that sort of English you
+know a Shakespearean English flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a Shakespearean English flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a Shakespearean English flavor
+although you do have words like knave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you do have words like knave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although you do have words like knave
+and and I and so on that are vaguely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I and so on that are vaguely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and I and so on that are vaguely
+reminiscent now if you go to buy grams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent now if you go to buy grams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reminiscent now if you go to buy grams
+it starts to sound a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to sound a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts to sound a little better
+what means sir I confess she then all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what means sir I confess she then all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what means sir I confess she then all
+sorts he is trim captain right it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts he is trim captain right it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorts he is trim captain right it
+doesn't make any sense but it starts the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense but it starts the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't make any sense but it starts the
+sound a little better and with trigrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound a little better and with trigrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sound a little better and with trigrams
+we get sweet prince Falstaff shall die
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get sweet prince Falstaff shall die
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get sweet prince Falstaff shall die
+Harry of Monmouth's grave etc okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry of Monmouth's grave etc okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harry of Monmouth's grave etc okay so
+this is beginning to sound a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is beginning to sound a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is beginning to sound a little
+Shakespearean and if you go to Quadra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespearean and if you go to Quadra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespearean and if you go to Quadra
+gram so you get King Henry what I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram so you get King Henry what I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gram so you get King Henry what I will
+go seek the trader Gloucester exempt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go seek the trader Gloucester exempt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go seek the trader Gloucester exempt
+some of the watch a great banquet served
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the watch a great banquet served
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the watch a great banquet served
+in etc you know I mean when I first saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in etc you know I mean when I first saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in etc you know I mean when I first saw
+this like 20 years ago or something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like 20 years ago or something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this like 20 years ago or something I
+was stunned this is actually generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stunned this is actually generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was stunned this is actually generating
+stuff that sounds vaguely Shakespearean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that sounds vaguely Shakespearean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff that sounds vaguely Shakespearean
+and vaguely English like here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vaguely English like here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vaguely English like here's an
+example of generating The Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of generating The Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of generating The Wall Street
+Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal
+so from you know grams months the my and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from you know grams months the my and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so from you know grams months the my and
+issue of year foreign new exchanges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of year foreign new exchanges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue of year foreign new exchanges
+September were recession its word salad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September were recession its word salad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+September were recession its word salad
+but if you go to trigrams they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go to trigrams they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you go to trigrams they also
+point to ninety-nine point six billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to ninety-nine point six billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point to ninety-nine point six billion
+dollars from two hundred 406 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars from two hundred 406 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dollars from two hundred 406 three
+percent of the rates of interest stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the rates of interest stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent of the rates of interest stores
+as Mexico and Brazil so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Mexico and Brazil so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as Mexico and Brazil so you
+imagine that this is some Wall Street
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this is some Wall Street
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that this is some Wall Street
+Journal writer on acid right writing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal writer on acid right writing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journal writer on acid right writing
+writing this text because it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this text because it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing this text because it has a
+little bit of the right kind of flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the right kind of flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of the right kind of flavor
+okay so more recently people said well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so more recently people said well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so more recently people said well
+we ought to be able to make use of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to be able to make use of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to be able to make use of this
+in some systematic way to help us with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some systematic way to help us with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some systematic way to help us with
+our language analysis tasks so to me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our language analysis tasks so to me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our language analysis tasks so to me the
+first effort in this direction was work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first effort in this direction was work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first effort in this direction was work
+to vac which was Nick loves approach to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vac which was Nick loves approach to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vac which was Nick loves approach to
+doing this and he developed two models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and he developed two models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and he developed two models
+he said let's build a continuous bag of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said let's build a continuous bag of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he said let's build a continuous bag of
+words model that says what we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words model that says what we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words model that says what we're going
+to use is co-occurrence data on a series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is co-occurrence data on a series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use is co-occurrence data on a series
+of tokens in the text that we're trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tokens in the text that we're trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of tokens in the text that we're trying
+to model and we're going to use a neural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model and we're going to use a neural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model and we're going to use a neural
+network model to predict the word from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network model to predict the word from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network model to predict the word from
+the words around it and in that process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words around it and in that process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words around it and in that process
+we're going to use the parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to use the parameters of
+that neural network model as a vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neural network model as a vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that neural network model as a vector
+and that vector will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that vector will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that vector will be the
+representation of that word and we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of that word and we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation of that word and we do
+and so what we're going to find is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're going to find is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what we're going to find is that
+words that tend to appear in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that tend to appear in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words that tend to appear in the same
+context will have similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context will have similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context will have similar
+representations in this high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in this high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations in this high dimensional
+vector and by the way high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and by the way high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector and by the way high dimensional
+people typically use like 300 or 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people typically use like 300 or 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people typically use like 300 or 500
+dimensional vectors so there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vectors so there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vectors so there's a lot of
+it's a big space and the words are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big space and the words are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a big space and the words are
+scattered throughout this but you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered throughout this but you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scattered throughout this but you get
+this kind of cohesion where words that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of cohesion where words that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of cohesion where words that
+are used in the same context appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used in the same context appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used in the same context appear
+close to each other and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to each other and the
+extrapolation of that is that if words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation of that is that if words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extrapolation of that is that if words
+are used in the same context maybe they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used in the same context maybe they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are used in the same context maybe they
+share something about meaning so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share something about meaning so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share something about meaning so the
+other model is a skip gram model where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other model is a skip gram model where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other model is a skip gram model where
+you're doing the prediction in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the prediction in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing the prediction in the other
+direction from a word you're predicting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction from a word you're predicting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction from a word you're predicting
+the words that are around it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words that are around it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the words that are around it and
+again you're using a neural network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're using a neural network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you're using a neural network
+model to do that and you use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to do that and you use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to do that and you use the
+parameters of that model in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of that model in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters of that model in order to
+represent the word that you're focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the word that you're focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the word that you're focused
+on so what came as a surprise to me is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so what came as a surprise to me is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so what came as a surprise to me is
+this claim that that's in in his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this claim that that's in in his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this claim that that's in in his
+original paper which is that not only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper which is that not only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original paper which is that not only do
+you get this effect of locality as as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this effect of locality as as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get this effect of locality as as
+corresponding meaning but that you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding meaning but that you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding meaning but that you get
+relationships that are geometrically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that are geometrically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships that are geometrically
+represented in the space of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the space of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented in the space of these
+embeddings and so what you see is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeddings and so what you see is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embeddings and so what you see is that
+if you take the encoding of the word man
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the encoding of the word man
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the encoding of the word man
+and the word woman and look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the word woman and look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the word woman and look at the
+vector difference between them and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector difference between them and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector difference between them and then
+apply that same vector difference to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that same vector difference to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply that same vector difference to
+King you get close to Queen and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King you get close to Queen and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+King you get close to Queen and if you
+apply it to uncle you get close to aunt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to uncle you get close to aunt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply it to uncle you get close to aunt
+and so they showed a number of examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they showed a number of examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they showed a number of examples
+and then people have studied this it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people have studied this it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then people have studied this it
+doesn't hold up perfectly well I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hold up perfectly well I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't hold up perfectly well I mean
+it's not like we've solved the semantics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like we've solved the semantics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not like we've solved the semantics
+problem but it is a genuine relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it is a genuine relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem but it is a genuine relationship
+the place where it doesn't work well is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where it doesn't work well is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the place where it doesn't work well is
+when some of these things are much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some of these things are much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when some of these things are much more
+frequent than others and so one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent than others and so one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequent than others and so one of the
+examples that's often cited is if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that's often cited is if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples that's often cited is if you go
+you know London is to England as Paris
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know London is to England as Paris
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know London is to England as Paris
+is to France and that one works but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to France and that one works but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to France and that one works but then
+you say as Kuala Lumpur is to Malaysia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say as Kuala Lumpur is to Malaysia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say as Kuala Lumpur is to Malaysia
+and that one doesn't work so well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one doesn't work so well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that one doesn't work so well and
+then you go as you know oh good Judah or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go as you know oh good Judah or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you go as you know oh good Judah or
+something is - whatever country it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is - whatever country it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is - whatever country it's the
+capital of and since we don't write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of and since we don't write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital of and since we don't write
+about Africa our newspapers there's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Africa our newspapers there's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about Africa our newspapers there's very
+little data on that and so that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little data on that and so that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little data on that and so that doesn't
+work so well so there was this other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so well so there was this other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work so well so there was this other
+paper later from Van der Martin and Jeff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper later from Van der Martin and Jeff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper later from Van der Martin and Jeff
+Hinton where they came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hinton where they came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hinton where they came up with the
+visualization method to take these high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization method to take these high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visualization method to take these high
+dimensional vectors and visualize them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vectors and visualize them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vectors and visualize them
+in two dimensions and what you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensions and what you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in two dimensions and what you see
+is that if you take a bunch of concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you take a bunch of concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if you take a bunch of concepts
+that are account concepts so one half 30
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are account concepts so one half 30
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are account concepts so one half 30
+15 five four to three several some many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 five four to three several some many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15 five four to three several some many
+etc there is a geometric relationship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc there is a geometric relationship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc there is a geometric relationship
+between them so they in fact do map to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so they in fact do map to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between them so they in fact do map to
+the same part of the space similarly you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same part of the space similarly you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same part of the space similarly you
+know Minister leader president chairman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Minister leader president chairman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Minister leader president chairman
+director spokesman chief had etcetera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director spokesman chief had etcetera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+director spokesman chief had etcetera
+form a kind of cluster in this space so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a kind of cluster in this space so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form a kind of cluster in this space so
+so there's there's definitely something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's definitely something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's there's definitely something
+to this okay I promised you that I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this okay I promised you that I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this okay I promised you that I would
+get back to a different attempt to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to a different attempt to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get back to a different attempt to try
+to take a core of concepts that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a core of concepts that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take a core of concepts that you want
+to use for term spotting and develop an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for term spotting and develop an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use for term spotting and develop an
+automated way of enlarging that set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated way of enlarging that set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated way of enlarging that set of
+concepts in order to give you a richer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts in order to give you a richer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts in order to give you a richer
+vocabulary by which to try to identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary by which to try to identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vocabulary by which to try to identify
+cases that you're interested in so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that you're interested in so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases that you're interested in so this
+was by some of my colleagues including
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by some of my colleagues including
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was by some of my colleagues including
+cat who you saw on Tuesday and they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat who you saw on Tuesday and they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat who you saw on Tuesday and they said
+well what we'd like is the fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we'd like is the fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what we'd like is the fully
+automated and robust unsupervised
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated and robust unsupervised
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automated and robust unsupervised
+feature selection method that leverages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature selection method that leverages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature selection method that leverages
+only publicly available medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only publicly available medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only publicly available medical
+knowledge sources instead of EHR data so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge sources instead of EHR data so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knowledge sources instead of EHR data so
+the the method that David's group had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the method that David's group had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the method that David's group had
+developed which we talked about earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed which we talked about earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developed which we talked about earlier
+uses data from electronic health records
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses data from electronic health records
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses data from electronic health records
+which means that you move to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you move to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that you move to different
+hospitals and there may be different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and there may be different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hospitals and there may be different
+conventions and you might imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions and you might imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conventions and you might imagine that
+you have to retrain that sort of method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to retrain that sort of method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to retrain that sort of method
+whereas here the idea is to derive these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here the idea is to derive these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas here the idea is to derive these
+surrogate features from knowledge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrogate features from knowledge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surrogate features from knowledge
+sources so unlike that earlier model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources so unlike that earlier model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources so unlike that earlier model
+here they built a word to vex Kip Graham
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they built a word to vex Kip Graham
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they built a word to vex Kip Graham
+model from about five million
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from about five million
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model from about five million
+springer articles so these are published
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springer articles so these are published
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+springer articles so these are published
+medical articles to yield five hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical articles to yield five hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical articles to yield five hundred
+dimensional vectors for each word and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vectors for each word and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional vectors for each word and
+then what they did is they took the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they did is they took the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what they did is they took the
+concept names that they were interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept names that they were interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept names that they were interested
+in and their definitions from the UML s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and their definitions from the UML s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and their definitions from the UML s
+and then they summed the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they summed the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they summed the
+word vectors for each of these words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word vectors for each of these words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word vectors for each of these words
+weighted by inverse document frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted by inverse document frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weighted by inverse document frequency
+so it's sort of a tf-idf like approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of a tf-idf like approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's sort of a tf-idf like approach
+to to wait different words and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to wait different words and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to wait different words and then they
+went out and they said okay for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out and they said okay for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went out and they said okay for every
+disease that's mentioned in Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that's mentioned in Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease that's mentioned in Wikipedia
+Netscape emedicine the merck manuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netscape emedicine the merck manuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Netscape emedicine the merck manuals
+professional Edition the Mayo Clinic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional Edition the Mayo Clinic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional Edition the Mayo Clinic
+diseases and conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diseases and conditions
+MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia they
+used named entity recognition techniques
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used named entity recognition techniques
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used named entity recognition techniques
+to find all the concepts that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find all the concepts that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find all the concepts that are
+related to this phenotype okay so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this phenotype okay so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to this phenotype okay so then
+they said well there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said well there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they said well there's a lot of
+randomness in these sources and maybe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness in these sources and maybe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomness in these sources and maybe in
+our extraction techniques but if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our extraction techniques but if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our extraction techniques but if we
+insist that some concept appear and at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist that some concept appear and at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insist that some concept appear and at
+least three of these five sources then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three of these five sources then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least three of these five sources then
+we can be pretty confident that it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be pretty confident that it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be pretty confident that it's a
+relevant concept and so they said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant concept and so they said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant concept and so they said okay
+we'll do that then they chose the top k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that then they chose the top k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do that then they chose the top k
+concepts whose embedding vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts whose embedding vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts whose embedding vectors are
+closest by cosine distance to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest by cosine distance to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closest by cosine distance to the
+embedding of this phenotype that they've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding of this phenotype that they've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding of this phenotype that they've
+calculated and they say okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and they say okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculated and they say okay the
+phenotype is going to be a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype is going to be a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype is going to be a linear
+combination of all these related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all these related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of all these related
+concepts so again this is a bit similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts so again this is a bit similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts so again this is a bit similar
+to what we saw before but here instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we saw before but here instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what we saw before but here instead
+of extracting the data from electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extracting the data from electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extracting the data from electronic
+medical records they're extract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records they're extract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical records they're extract
+extracting it from published literature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting it from published literature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extracting it from published literature
+and and these web sources and again what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and these web sources and again what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and these web sources and again what
+you see is that the expert curated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that the expert curated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see is that the expert curated
+features for these five phenotypes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features for these five phenotypes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+features for these five phenotypes which
+are coronary artery disease rheumatoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coronary artery disease rheumatoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are coronary artery disease rheumatoid
+arthritis Crohn's disease ulcerative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis Crohn's disease ulcerative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis Crohn's disease ulcerative
+colitis and pediatric pulmonary arterial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colitis and pediatric pulmonary arterial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colitis and pediatric pulmonary arterial
+hypertension they started with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension they started with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypertension they started with you know
+20 to 50 curated features so these were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 50 curated features so these were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+20 to 50 curated features so these were
+the ones that the doctor said okay these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that the doctor said okay these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ones that the doctor said okay these
+are the the anchors in in David's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the anchors in in David's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the the anchors in in David's
+terminology and then they expanded these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and then they expanded these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology and then they expanded these
+to a larger set using the tech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a larger set using the tech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a larger set using the tech
+that I just described and then selected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just described and then selected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I just described and then selected
+down to the top and that were effective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the top and that were effective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to the top and that were effective
+in finding relevant relevant phenotypes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finding relevant relevant phenotypes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in finding relevant relevant phenotypes
+and this is a terrible graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a terrible graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is a terrible graph that
+summarizes the the results but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes the the results but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarizes the the results but what
+you're seeing is that the orange lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing is that the orange lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing is that the orange lines
+are based on the expert curated features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on the expert curated features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are based on the expert curated features
+these this is based on sort of the an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is based on sort of the an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these this is based on sort of the an
+earlier version of trying to do this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier version of trying to do this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier version of trying to do this and
+said feh is the technique that I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said feh is the technique that I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said feh is the technique that I've just
+described and what you see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described and what you see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described and what you see is that the
+the automatic techniques for many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the automatic techniques for many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the automatic techniques for many of
+these phenotypes are just about as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phenotypes are just about as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these phenotypes are just about as good
+as the manually curated ones and of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the manually curated ones and of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the manually curated ones and of
+course they require much less manual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they require much less manual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course they require much less manual
+curation because they're using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curation because they're using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curation because they're using this
+automatic learning approach another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic learning approach another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automatic learning approach another
+interesting example to return to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example to return to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting example to return to the
+theme of the identification is a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of the identification is a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theme of the identification is a couple
+of my students a few years ago built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my students a few years ago built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my students a few years ago built a
+new the identifier that has this rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new the identifier that has this rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new the identifier that has this rather
+complicated architecture so it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated architecture so it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated architecture so it starts
+with a recursive neuro a bi-directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a recursive neuro a bi-directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a recursive neuro a bi-directional
+recursive neural network model that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive neural network model that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive neural network model that is
+implemented over the character sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented over the character sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented over the character sequences
+of words in the medical text so why why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words in the medical text so why why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of words in the medical text so why why
+character sequences why might those be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character sequences why might those be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character sequences why might those be
+important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well consider a misspelled word for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well consider a misspelled word for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well consider a misspelled word for
+example right most of the character
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right most of the character
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example right most of the character
+sequence is correct there will be a bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is correct there will be a bug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence is correct there will be a bug
+in it we're at the misspelling or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it we're at the misspelling or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in it we're at the misspelling or
+consider that a lot of medical terms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that a lot of medical terms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider that a lot of medical terms are
+these compound terms where they're made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compound terms where they're made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these compound terms where they're made
+up of lots of pieces that correspond to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of lots of pieces that correspond to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up of lots of pieces that correspond to
+Greek or Latin roots right so learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek or Latin roots right so learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Greek or Latin roots right so learning
+those can actually be very helpful so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can actually be very helpful so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those can actually be very helpful so
+you start with that model you then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with that model you then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you start with that model you then
+concatenate the results from both the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate the results from both the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concatenate the results from both the
+left running and the right running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left running and the right running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left running and the right running
+recursive neural network and concatenate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive neural network and concatenate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive neural network and concatenate
+that with the word Tyvek embedding of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the word Tyvek embedding of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that with the word Tyvek embedding of of
+the whole word and you feed that into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole word and you feed that into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole word and you feed that into
+another bi-directional RNN layer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bi-directional RNN layer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another bi-directional RNN layer and
+then for each word you take the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each word you take the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for each word you take the output
+of those RN ends run them through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those RN ends run them through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those RN ends run them through a
+feed-forward neural network in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward neural network in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward neural network in order to
+estimate the problem it's like a soft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the problem it's like a soft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate the problem it's like a soft
+Max and you estimate the probability of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max and you estimate the probability of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Max and you estimate the probability of
+this word belonging to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word belonging to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this word belonging to a particular
+category of personally identifiable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of personally identifiable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of personally identifiable
+health information so is it a name is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information so is it a name is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+health information so is it a name is it
+an address is it a phone number is it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an address is it a phone number is it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an address is it a phone number is it or
+whatever okay and then the top layer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay and then the top layer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever okay and then the top layer is
+a kind of conditional random field like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of conditional random field like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a kind of conditional random field like
+layer that imposes a sequential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that imposes a sequential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+layer that imposes a sequential
+probability distribution that says okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution that says okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability distribution that says okay
+if you've seen a name then what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've seen a name then what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've seen a name then what's the
+next most likely thing that you're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next most likely thing that you're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next most likely thing that you're going
+to see and so you combine that with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and so you combine that with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see and so you combine that with the
+with the probability distributions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the probability distributions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the probability distributions for
+each word in order to identify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each word in order to identify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each word in order to identify the
+category of pH I or non pH I work for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of pH I or non pH I work for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+category of pH I or non pH I work for
+that word and this did insanely well so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word and this did insanely well so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that word and this did insanely well so
+optimized by f1 score were up at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized by f1 score were up at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized by f1 score were up at
+precision of 99.2% recall of 99.3%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision of 99.2% recall of 99.3%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision of 99.2% recall of 99.3%
+optimized by recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized by recall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimized by recall
+were up at about 98% 99% for for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were up at about 98% 99% for for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were up at about 98% 99% for for each of
+them so this is doing quite well now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this is doing quite well now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so this is doing quite well now
+there is a non machine learning can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a non machine learning can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a non machine learning can't
+comment to make which is that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment to make which is that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment to make which is that if you
+read the HIPAA law the HIPPA regulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the HIPAA law the HIPPA regulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the HIPAA law the HIPPA regulations
+they don't say that you must get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't say that you must get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't say that you must get rid of
+99% of the personally identifying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% of the personally identifying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99% of the personally identifying
+information in order to be able to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in order to be able to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in order to be able to share
+this data for research it says you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data for research it says you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this data for research it says you have
+to get rid of all of it so no technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of all of it so no technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get rid of all of it so no technique
+we know is a hundred percent perfect and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is a hundred percent perfect and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know is a hundred percent perfect and
+so there's a kind of practical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a kind of practical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a kind of practical
+understanding among people who work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding among people who work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understanding among people who work on
+the stuff that nothing's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that nothing's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stuff that nothing's going to be
+perfect and therefore that you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and therefore that you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect and therefore that you can get
+away with a little bit but legally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with a little bit but legally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away with a little bit but legally
+you're on thin ice so I remember many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on thin ice so I remember many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're on thin ice so I remember many
+years ago my wife was in law school and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago my wife was in law school and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago my wife was in law school and
+I asked her at one point so what can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked her at one point so what can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I asked her at one point so what can
+people sue you for and she said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sue you for and she said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people sue you for and she said
+absolutely anything right that they may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely anything right that they may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely anything right that they may
+not win but they can be a real pain if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not win but they can be a real pain if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not win but they can be a real pain if
+you have to go defend yourself in court
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go defend yourself in court
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to go defend yourself in court
+and so this hasn't played out yet we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this hasn't played out yet we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this hasn't played out yet we
+don't know if a the identifier that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if a the identifier that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know if a the identifier that is
+99 percent sensitive and 99 percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 percent sensitive and 99 percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+99 percent sensitive and 99 percent
+specific will pass muster with people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific will pass muster with people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific will pass muster with people
+who agree to release datasets because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who agree to release datasets because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who agree to release datasets because
+they're worried too about winding up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worried too about winding up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're worried too about winding up in
+the newspaper or winding up getting sued
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper or winding up getting sued
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the newspaper or winding up getting sued
+okay last topic for today so if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last topic for today so if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay last topic for today so if you read
+this this interesting blog which by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this interesting blog which by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this interesting blog which by the
+way has a very good tutorial on on Bert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way has a very good tutorial on on Bert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way has a very good tutorial on on Bert
+he says the year 2018 has been an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says the year 2018 has been an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he says the year 2018 has been an
+inflection point for machine learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection point for machine learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflection point for machine learning
+models handling text or more accurately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models handling text or more accurately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models handling text or more accurately
+NLP our conceptual understanding of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NLP our conceptual understanding of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NLP our conceptual understanding of how
+best to represent words and sentences in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to represent words and sentences in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best to represent words and sentences in
+a way that best captures underlying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that best captures underlying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a way that best captures underlying
+meanings and relationships is rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings and relationships is rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meanings and relationships is rapidly
+evolving and so there are a whole bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving and so there are a whole bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolving and so there are a whole bunch
+of new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of new
+ideas that have come about in about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that have come about in about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that have come about in about the
+last year or two years including Elmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year or two years including Elmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year or two years including Elmo
+which learns context-specific embeddings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which learns context-specific embeddings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which learns context-specific embeddings
+the transformer architecture this Burt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformer architecture this Burt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the transformer architecture this Burt
+approach and then I'll end with just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and then I'll end with just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach and then I'll end with just
+showing you this gigantic GPT model that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you this gigantic GPT model that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing you this gigantic GPT model that
+was developed by the open AI people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed by the open AI people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was developed by the open AI people
+which does remarkably better than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does remarkably better than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which does remarkably better than the
+stuff I showed you before in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I showed you before in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff I showed you before in in
+generating language alright if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating language alright if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating language alright if you look
+inside Google Translate at least as of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside Google Translate at least as of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside Google Translate at least as of
+not long ago what you find is a model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not long ago what you find is a model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not long ago what you find is a model
+like this so it's essentially an LS TM
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so it's essentially an LS TM
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this so it's essentially an LS TM
+model that takes input words and lunges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that takes input words and lunges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that takes input words and lunges
+them together into some representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together into some representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together into some representation
+high dimensional vector representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional vector representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional vector representation
+that summarizes everything that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that summarizes everything that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that summarizes everything that the
+model knows about that sentence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model knows about that sentence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model knows about that sentence that
+you've just fed it okay obviously it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just fed it okay obviously it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've just fed it okay obviously it has
+to be a pretty high dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a pretty high dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a pretty high dimensional
+representation because your sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation because your sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representation because your sentence
+could be about almost anything and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be about almost anything and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be about almost anything and so
+it's important to be able to capture all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to be able to capture all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's important to be able to capture all
+that in this representation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this representation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in this representation but
+basically at this point you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at this point you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically at this point you start
+generating the output so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the output so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the output so if you're
+translating English to French these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating English to French these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating English to French these are
+English words coming in and these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words coming in and these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English words coming in and these are
+French words going out in sort of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French words going out in sort of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+French words going out in sort of the
+way I showed you where we're generating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I showed you where we're generating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way I showed you where we're generating
+Shakespeare or we're generating Wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare or we're generating Wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shakespeare or we're generating Wall
+Street Journal text but the critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal text but the critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Street Journal text but the critical
+feature here is that in in the initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature here is that in in the initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature here is that in in the initial
+version of this everything that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this everything that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this everything that you
+learned about this English sentence had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about this English sentence had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned about this English sentence had
+to be encoded in this one vector that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be encoded in this one vector that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be encoded in this one vector that
+got passed from the decoder from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got passed from the decoder from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got passed from the decoder from the
+encoder into the decoder from the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoder into the decoder from the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoder into the decoder from the source
+language into the target language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language into the target language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language into the target language
+generator so then someone came along and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator so then someone came along and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator so then someone came along and
+said hmm someone namely these guys came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hmm someone namely these guys came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said hmm someone namely these guys came
+along and said wouldn't it be nice if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and said wouldn't it be nice if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along and said wouldn't it be nice if we
+could prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prove
+find some auxiliary information to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some auxiliary information to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find some auxiliary information to the
+generator that said hey which part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator that said hey which part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator that said hey which part of
+the input sentence should you pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input sentence should you pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input sentence should you pay
+attention to and of course there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to and of course there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to and of course there's no
+fixed answer to that I mean if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed answer to that I mean if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed answer to that I mean if I'm
+translating an arbitrary English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating an arbitrary English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translating an arbitrary English
+sentence into an arbitrary French
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence into an arbitrary French
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence into an arbitrary French
+sentence I can't say in general look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I can't say in general look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence I can't say in general look at
+the third word in the English sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third word in the English sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third word in the English sentence
+when you're generating the third word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're generating the third word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're generating the third word
+and the French sentence because that may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the French sentence because that may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the French sentence because that may
+or may not be true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or may not be true
+depending on the particular sentence but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the particular sentence but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the particular sentence but
+on the other hand the intuition is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the intuition is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand the intuition is that
+there is such a positional dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is such a positional dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is such a positional dependence
+and the dependence on what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dependence on what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dependence on what the
+particular English sentence was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular English sentence was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular English sentence was a
+English word was that is an important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word was that is an important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English word was that is an important
+component of generating the French word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of generating the French word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of generating the French word
+and so they created this idea that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they created this idea that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so they created this idea that in
+addition to passing along the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to passing along the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition to passing along the this
+vector that that encodes the meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that that encodes the meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector that that encodes the meaning of
+the entire input and the previous word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire input and the previous word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire input and the previous word
+that you had generated in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had generated in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had generated in the in the
+output in addition we pass along this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in addition we pass along this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output in addition we pass along this
+other information that says which of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information that says which of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information that says which of the
+input words should we pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input words should we pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input words should we pay attention to
+and how much attention should we pay to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much attention should we pay to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much attention should we pay to
+them and of course in the style of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and of course in the style of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and of course in the style of this
+of these embeddings these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these embeddings these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these embeddings these are all
+represented by high dimensional vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by high dimensional vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by high dimensional vectors
+high dimensional real number vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional real number vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high dimensional real number vectors
+that get combined with the other vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get combined with the other vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that get combined with the other vectors
+in order to produce the output now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to produce the output now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to produce the output now a
+classical linguist would look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical linguist would look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical linguist would look at this
+and and and wretch right because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and wretch right because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and wretch right because this
+looks nothing like classical linguistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks nothing like classical linguistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks nothing like classical linguistics
+it's just numerology that gets trained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just numerology that gets trained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just numerology that gets trained
+by by stochastic gradient descent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by stochastic gradient descent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by stochastic gradient descent
+methods in order to optimize the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in order to optimize the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods in order to optimize the output
+but from an engineering point of view it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from an engineering point of view it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but from an engineering point of view it
+works quite well so then for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works quite well so then for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works quite well so then for a while
+that was the state of the art and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the state of the art and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the state of the art and then
+last year these guys of asrani at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year these guys of asrani at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last year these guys of asrani at all
+came along and said you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came along and said you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came along and said you know
+we now have this complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have this complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we now have this complicated
+architecture where we are doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture where we are doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture where we are doing the
+old-style translation where we summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-style translation where we summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+old-style translation where we summarize
+everything into one vector and then use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into one vector and then use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything into one vector and then use
+that to generate a sequence of outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to generate a sequence of outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to generate a sequence of outputs
+and we have this attention mechanism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this attention mechanism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this attention mechanism
+that tells us how much of various inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us how much of various inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells us how much of various inputs
+to use in generating each element of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in generating each element of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use in generating each element of the
+output is the first of those actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is the first of those actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is the first of those actually
+necessary and so they published this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and so they published this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary and so they published this
+lovely paper saying attention is all you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely paper saying attention is all you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lovely paper saying attention is all you
+need that says hey you know that thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that says hey you know that thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need that says hey you know that thing
+that you guys added to this translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys added to this translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you guys added to this translation
+model not only is it a useful addition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model not only is it a useful addition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model not only is it a useful addition
+but in fact it can take the place of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it can take the place of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in fact it can take the place of the
+original model and so the transformer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original model and so the transformer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original model and so the transformer is
+an architecture that is the hottest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architecture that is the hottest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an architecture that is the hottest
+thing and since sliced bread at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and since sliced bread at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and since sliced bread at the
+moment that says okay here's what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that says okay here's what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moment that says okay here's what we do
+we take the inputs we calculate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the inputs we calculate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we take the inputs we calculate some
+embedding for them we then want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding for them we then want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding for them we then want to
+retain the position because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain the position because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+retain the position because of course
+the sequence in which the words appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence in which the words appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sequence in which the words appear
+it matters and the positional encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters and the positional encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it matters and the positional encoding
+is this weird thing word it encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this weird thing word it encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this weird thing word it encodes
+using sine waves so that it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sine waves so that it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using sine waves so that it's an
+orthogonal basis and so it has nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis and so it has nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal basis and so it has nice
+characteristics and then we run it into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and then we run it into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and then we run it into
+an attention model that is essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attention model that is essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attention model that is essentially
+computing self attention so it's saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing self attention so it's saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing self attention so it's saying
+what it's like word to vac except in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's like word to vac except in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it's like word to vac except in a
+more in a more sophisticated way so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in a more sophisticated way so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in a more sophisticated way so it's
+looking at all the words in the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all the words in the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at all the words in the sentence
+and saying which words is this word most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying which words is this word most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying which words is this word most
+related to and then in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to and then in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to and then in order to
+complicate it some more they say well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate it some more they say well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicate it some more they say well we
+don't want just a single notion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want just a single notion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want just a single notion of
+attention we want multiple notions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention we want multiple notions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention we want multiple notions of
+attention so what does that sound like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so what does that sound like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention so what does that sound like
+well to me it sounds a bit like what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to me it sounds a bit like what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well to me it sounds a bit like what you
+see in convolutional neural networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in convolutional neural networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in convolutional neural networks
+where often when you're processing an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where often when you're processing an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where often when you're processing an
+image with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image with
+and you're not only applying one filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not only applying one filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're not only applying one filter
+to the image but you're applying a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the image but you're applying a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the image but you're applying a whole
+bunch of different filters and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different filters and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of different filters and because
+you initialized them randomly you hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you initialized them randomly you hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you initialized them randomly you hope
+that they will converge to things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will converge to things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they will converge to things that
+actually detect different interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually detect different interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually detect different interesting
+properties of the of the image so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the of the image so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the of the image so the
+same idea here that what they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea here that what they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same idea here that what they're doing
+is they're starting with a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're starting with a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they're starting with a bunch of
+these attention matrices and saying we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these attention matrices and saying we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these attention matrices and saying we
+initialized them randomly they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialized them randomly they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initialized them randomly they will
+evolve into something that is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve into something that is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evolve into something that is most
+useful for helping us deal with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for helping us deal with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful for helping us deal with the
+overall problem so then they run this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall problem so then they run this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall problem so then they run this
+through a series of I think in Bonnie's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a series of I think in Bonnie's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a series of I think in Bonnie's
+paper something like six layers that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper something like six layers that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper something like six layers that are
+just replicated and there are additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replicated and there are additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replicated and there are additional
+things like feeding forward the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like feeding forward the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like feeding forward the the
+input signal in order to add it to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal in order to add it to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input signal in order to add it to the
+to the output signal of this stage and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output signal of this stage and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output signal of this stage and
+then normalizing and then re running it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then normalizing and then re running it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then normalizing and then re running it
+and then running it through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then running it through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then running it through a
+feed-forward network that also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward network that also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed-forward network that also has a
+bypass that combines the input with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass that combines the input with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bypass that combines the input with the
+output of the feed-forward Network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the feed-forward Network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output of the feed-forward Network and
+then you do this six times or n times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do this six times or n times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you do this six times or n times
+and that then feeds into the generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then feeds into the generator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that then feeds into the generator
+and the generator then uses a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the generator then uses a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the generator then uses a very
+similar architecture to calculate output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar architecture to calculate output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar architecture to calculate output
+probabilities and then it samples from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and then it samples from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probabilities and then it samples from
+those in order to generate the text so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in order to generate the text so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those in order to generate the text so
+this is sort of the contemporary way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the contemporary way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of the contemporary way
+that one can do translation using this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can do translation using this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one can do translation using this
+approach obviously I don't have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach obviously I don't have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach obviously I don't have time to
+go into all the details of how all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into all the details of how all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into all the details of how all this
+is done and I'd probably do it wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done and I'd probably do it wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is done and I'd probably do it wrong
+anyway but you can look at the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but you can look at the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway but you can look at the paper
+which gives a good explanation and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives a good explanation and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which gives a good explanation and that
+blog that I pointed to also has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog that I pointed to also has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog that I pointed to also has a
+pointer to another blog post by the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to another blog post by the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointer to another blog post by the same
+guy that does a pretty good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that does a pretty good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that does a pretty good job of
+explaining the the transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the the transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the the transformer
+architecture it's complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture it's complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture it's complicated
+so what you get out of the multi hat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you get out of the multi hat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you get out of the multi hat
+attention mechanism is that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention mechanism is that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention mechanism is that here
+is one one attention machine and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one one attention machine and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one one attention machine and for
+example the colors here indicate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the colors here indicate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the colors here indicate the
+degree to which the encoding of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to which the encoding of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree to which the encoding of the word
+it depends on the other words in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the other words in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the other words in the
+sentence and you see that it's focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and you see that it's focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence and you see that it's focused
+on the animal which makes sense because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the animal which makes sense because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the animal which makes sense because
+it in fact is referring to the animal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in fact is referring to the animal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in fact is referring to the animal in
+the sentence here they introduce another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence here they introduce another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sentence here they introduce another
+encoding and this one focuses on was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding and this one focuses on was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding and this one focuses on was too
+tired which is also good because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired which is also good because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired which is also good because it
+again refers to the thing that was too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again refers to the thing that was too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again refers to the thing that was too
+tired
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tired
+and of course by multi-headed they mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course by multi-headed they mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course by multi-headed they mean
+that it's doing this many times and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's doing this many times and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's doing this many times and so
+you're identifying all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're identifying all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're identifying all kinds of
+different relationships in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different relationships in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different relationships in the in the
+input sentence well along the same lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input sentence well along the same lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input sentence well along the same lines
+is this encoding called Elmo people seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this encoding called Elmo people seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this encoding called Elmo people seem
+to like Sesame Street characters so Elmo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like Sesame Street characters so Elmo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to like Sesame Street characters so Elmo
+is based on a bi-directional lsdm so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on a bi-directional lsdm so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is based on a bi-directional lsdm so
+it's an older technology but what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an older technology but what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an older technology but what it
+does is unlike word Tyvek which built an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is unlike word Tyvek which built an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is unlike word Tyvek which built an
+encoding an embedding for each type so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding an embedding for each type so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding an embedding for each type so
+every time the word junk appears it gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time the word junk appears it gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time the word junk appears it gets
+the same embedding here what they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same embedding here what they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same embedding here what they're
+saying is hey take contact seriously and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is hey take contact seriously and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is hey take contact seriously and
+we're going to calculate a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calculate a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to calculate a different
+embedding for each occurrence in context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding for each occurrence in context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embedding for each occurrence in context
+of a token right and this turns out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a token right and this turns out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a token right and this turns out to
+be very good because it goes part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very good because it goes part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be very good because it goes part of the
+way to solving the word sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solving the word sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to solving the word sense
+disambiguation problem so this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguation problem so this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disambiguation problem so this is just
+an example if you look at the word play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example if you look at the word play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example if you look at the word play
+in glove which is a slightly more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glove which is a slightly more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in glove which is a slightly more
+sophisticated variant of the word Tyvek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated variant of the word Tyvek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated variant of the word Tyvek
+approach you get playing game games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you get playing game games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach you get playing game games
+played players plays player play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played players plays player play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played players plays player play
+football multiplayer this all seems to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football multiplayer this all seems to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football multiplayer this all seems to
+be about games because probably from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about games because probably from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be about games because probably from the
+literary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literary
+sure that they got this from that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they got this from that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that they got this from that's the
+most common usage of the word play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common usage of the word play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most common usage of the word play
+whereas using this bi-directional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas using this bi-directional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas using this bi-directional
+language model they can separate out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language model they can separate out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language model they can separate out
+something like kefir the only jr. and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like kefir the only jr. and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like kefir the only jr. and
+the group was commended for his ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group was commended for his ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group was commended for his ability
+to hit in the clutch as well as his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit in the clutch as well as his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hit in the clutch as well as his
+all-around excellent play so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-around excellent play so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all-around excellent play so this is
+presumably the baseball player and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the baseball player and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably the baseball player and here
+is they were actors who had been at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they were actors who had been at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they were actors who had been at
+handed fat rolls in a successful play so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed fat rolls in a successful play so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handed fat rolls in a successful play so
+this is a different meaning of the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different meaning of the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a different meaning of the word
+play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play
+and so this embedding also has made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this embedding also has made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this embedding also has made
+really important contributions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important contributions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really important contributions to
+improving the quality of natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the quality of natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improving the quality of natural
+language processing by being able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing by being able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language processing by being able to
+deal with the fact that single words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the fact that single words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with the fact that single words
+have multiple meanings not only in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple meanings not only in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have multiple meanings not only in
+English but in other languages so after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English but in other languages so after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English but in other languages so after
+Elmo comes Bert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elmo comes Bert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Elmo comes Bert
+which is this bi-directional encoder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this bi-directional encoder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this bi-directional encoder
+representations from transformers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations from transformers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+representations from transformers so
+rather than using the lsdm kind of model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than using the lsdm kind of model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than using the lsdm kind of model
+that Elmo used these guys say well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Elmo used these guys say well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Elmo used these guys say well let's
+hop on the bandwagon use the transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop on the bandwagon use the transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hop on the bandwagon use the transformer
+based architecture and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based architecture and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based architecture and then they
+introduced some interesting tricks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced some interesting tricks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced some interesting tricks so
+one of the problems with transformers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems with transformers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the problems with transformers is
+if you stack them on top of each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stack them on top of each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you stack them on top of each other
+there are many paths from any of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many paths from any of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many paths from any of the
+inputs to any of the intermediate nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to any of the intermediate nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs to any of the intermediate nodes
+and the outputs and so if you're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outputs and so if you're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outputs and so if you're doing
+self attention you're trying to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self attention you're trying to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+self attention you're trying to figure
+out where the output should pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the output should pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where the output should pay
+attention to the input the answer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the input the answer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to the input the answer of
+course is like if you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is like if you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is like if you're trying to
+reconstruct the input if the input is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the input if the input is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reconstruct the input if the input is
+present in your model what you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in your model what you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present in your model what you will
+learn is that the corresponding word is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn is that the corresponding word is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn is that the corresponding word is
+the right word for your output so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right word for your output so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right word for your output so they
+have to prevent that from happening and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prevent that from happening and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to prevent that from happening and
+so the way they do it is by masking off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way they do it is by masking off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the way they do it is by masking off
+at each level some fraction of the words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each level some fraction of the words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at each level some fraction of the words
+or of the inputs at that level so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of the inputs at that level so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or of the inputs at that level so what
+this is doing is it's a little bit like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is doing is it's a little bit like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is doing is it's a little bit like
+the Skip Gramm model in word to vac
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Skip Gramm model in word to vac
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Skip Gramm model in word to vac
+it's trying to predict the likelihood of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to predict the likelihood of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's trying to predict the likelihood of
+some word except it doesn't know what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some word except it doesn't know what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some word except it doesn't know what a
+significant fraction of the words are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the words are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant fraction of the words are
+and so it can't over fit in the way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it can't over fit in the way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so it can't over fit in the way that
+I was just suggesting so this turned out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just suggesting so this turned out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was just suggesting so this turned out
+to be a good idea it's more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a good idea it's more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be a good idea it's more complicated
+again for the details you have to read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the details you have to read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again for the details you have to read
+the paper I gave both the Transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper I gave both the Transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper I gave both the Transformer
+paper and the Berg paper as optional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and the Berg paper as optional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper and the Berg paper as optional
+readings for today I meant to give them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings for today I meant to give them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+readings for today I meant to give them
+as required readings but I didn't do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as required readings but I didn't do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as required readings but I didn't do it
+in time so they're optional but there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time so they're optional but there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time so they're optional but there
+are a whole bunch of other tricks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a whole bunch of other tricks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a whole bunch of other tricks so
+instead of using words they actually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using words they actually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of using words they actually use
+word pieces so think about syllables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word pieces so think about syllables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word pieces so think about syllables and
+and you know dolt becomes do and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know dolt becomes do and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know dolt becomes do and and
+apostrophe T and so on and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostrophe T and so on and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apostrophe T and so on and then they
+discovered that about 15% of the tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that about 15% of the tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered that about 15% of the tokens
+to be masked seems to work better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be masked seems to work better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be masked seems to work better than
+other percentages so that's those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other percentages so that's those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other percentages so that's those are
+the hidden tokens that that prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hidden tokens that that prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hidden tokens that that prevent
+over-fitting and then they do some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-fitting and then they do some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over-fitting and then they do some other
+weird stuff like they instead of masking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff like they instead of masking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weird stuff like they instead of masking
+a token they will inject random other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a token they will inject random other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a token they will inject random other
+words from the vocabulary into its place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words from the vocabulary into its place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words from the vocabulary into its place
+again to prevent overfitting and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to prevent overfitting and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again to prevent overfitting and then
+they look at different tasks like can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at different tasks like can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they look at different tasks like can I
+predict the next sentence in a corpus so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the next sentence in a corpus so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predict the next sentence in a corpus so
+I read a sentence and the translation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read a sentence and the translation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I read a sentence and the translation is
+not into another language but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not into another language but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not into another language but it's
+predicting what the next sentence is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting what the next sentence is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predicting what the next sentence is
+going to be so they trained it on 800
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so they trained it on 800
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be so they trained it on 800
+million words from something called the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million words from something called the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million words from something called the
+books tokus token books corpus and about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books tokus token books corpus and about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+books tokus token books corpus and about
+two and a half million word Wikipedia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half million word Wikipedia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two and a half million word Wikipedia
+corpus and what they found was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus and what they found was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corpus and what they found was that
+there is an enormous improvement on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an enormous improvement on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is an enormous improvement on a
+lot of classical tasks so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of classical tasks so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of classical tasks so this is a
+listing of some of the standard tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing of some of the standard tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listing of some of the standard tasks
+for natural language processing mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for natural language processing mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for natural language processing mostly
+not in the medical world but in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the medical world but in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not in the medical world but in in the
+general NLP domain and you see that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general NLP domain and you see that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general NLP domain and you see that you
+get things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get things like
+an improvement from you know 80% or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an improvement from you know 80% or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an improvement from you know 80% or even
+the GPT model that I'll talk about in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPT model that I'll talk about in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the GPT model that I'll talk about in a
+minute does at 86 any 2% they're up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute does at 86 any 2% they're up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute does at 86 any 2% they're up to
+about 86 percent so four percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 86 percent so four percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 86 percent so four percent
+improvement in this domain is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement in this domain is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvement in this domain is really
+huge I mean very often people publish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge I mean very often people publish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge I mean very often people publish
+papers showing you know 1% improvement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers showing you know 1% improvement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+papers showing you know 1% improvement
+and if their corpus is big enough then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if their corpus is big enough then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if their corpus is big enough then
+it's statistically significant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's statistically significant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's statistically significant and
+therefore publishable but it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore publishable but it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore publishable but it's not
+significant in the ordinary meaning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant in the ordinary meaning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significant in the ordinary meaning of
+the term significant if you're doing 1%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term significant if you're doing 1%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the term significant if you're doing 1%
+better but doing 4 percent better is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but doing 4 percent better is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better but doing 4 percent better is
+pretty good here we're going you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good here we're going you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty good here we're going you know
+from like 66 percent to 72 percent from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like 66 percent to 72 percent from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like 66 percent to 72 percent from
+the earlier state-of-the-art 82 to 91 93
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier state-of-the-art 82 to 91 93
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the earlier state-of-the-art 82 to 91 93
+to 94 35 to 60 in the cola task corpus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 94 35 to 60 in the cola task corpus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 94 35 to 60 in the cola task corpus
+of linguistic acceptability so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linguistic acceptability so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of linguistic acceptability so this is
+asking I think Mechanical Turk people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking I think Mechanical Turk people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking I think Mechanical Turk people
+for generated sentences is the sentence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for generated sentences is the sentence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for generated sentences is the sentence
+a valid sentence of English and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid sentence of English and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a valid sentence of English and so it's
+it's a an interesting benchmark so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a an interesting benchmark so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a an interesting benchmark so it's
+it's producing really significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's producing really significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's producing really significant
+improvements all over the place they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements all over the place they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements all over the place they
+train two models of it the base model is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train two models of it the base model is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+train two models of it the base model is
+a smaller one the large model is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller one the large model is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a smaller one the large model is just
+strained on larger data sets enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strained on larger data sets enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strained on larger data sets enormous
+amount of computation in doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of computation in doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of computation in doing this
+training so you know I've forgotten it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training so you know I've forgotten it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training so you know I've forgotten it
+took them like a month on some gigantic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took them like a month on some gigantic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took them like a month on some gigantic
+cluster of GPU machines and so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of GPU machines and so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cluster of GPU machines and so it's
+daunting because you can't just crank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting because you can't just crank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daunting because you can't just crank
+this up on your laptop and expect it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up on your laptop and expect it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this up on your laptop and expect it to
+finish in your lifetime so okay the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish in your lifetime so okay the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish in your lifetime so okay the last
+thing I want to tell you about is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to tell you about is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I want to tell you about is this
+GPT - so this is from the open AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPT - so this is from the open AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GPT - so this is from the open AI
+Institute which is one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute which is one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institute which is one of these
+philanthropically funded I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philanthropically funded I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+philanthropically funded I think this
+one by Elon Musk Research Institute -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by Elon Musk Research Institute -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one by Elon Musk Research Institute -
+advanced AI and what they said is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced AI and what they said is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advanced AI and what they said is well
+this is all cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is all cool
+but so that they were not using Burt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that they were not using Burt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but so that they were not using Burt
+they were using the transformer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using the transformer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were using the transformer
+architecture but without the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture but without the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+architecture but without the same
+training style as Burt and they said the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training style as Burt and they said the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+training style as Burt and they said the
+secret is going to be that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret is going to be that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret is going to be that we're going
+to apply this not only to one problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply this not only to one problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to apply this not only to one problem
+but to a whole bunch of problems so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to a whole bunch of problems so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but to a whole bunch of problems so it's
+a multi task learning approach that says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi task learning approach that says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a multi task learning approach that says
+we're gonna build a better model by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna build a better model by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna build a better model by
+trying to solve a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to solve a bunch of different
+tasks simultaneously and so they built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks simultaneously and so they built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasks simultaneously and so they built
+enormous models by the way the task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous models by the way the task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous models by the way the task
+itself is given as a sequence of tokens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is given as a sequence of tokens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is given as a sequence of tokens
+so for example they might have a task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example they might have a task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example they might have a task
+that says translate to French English
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says translate to French English
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says translate to French English
+text French text okay or answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text French text okay or answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text French text okay or answer the
+question document question answer and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question document question answer and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question document question answer and so
+the system not only learns how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system not only learns how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system not only learns how to do
+whatever it's supposed to do but it even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's supposed to do but it even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever it's supposed to do but it even
+learned something about the tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned something about the tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned something about the tasks that
+it's being asked to work on by encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being asked to work on by encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's being asked to work on by encoding
+these and using them as part of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and using them as part of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these and using them as part of its
+model so they built four different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so they built four different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so they built four different
+models take a look at the bottom 11.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models take a look at the bottom 11.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models take a look at the bottom 11.5
+million 1.5 billion parameters okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million 1.5 billion parameters okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million 1.5 billion parameters okay
+this is a large model this is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a large model this is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a large model this is a very
+large model and so it's a byte level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large model and so it's a byte level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large model and so it's a byte level
+model so they they just said forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so they they just said forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model so they they just said forget
+words because we're trying to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words because we're trying to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words because we're trying to do this
+multilingual e and so for Chinese you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multilingual e and so for Chinese you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multilingual e and so for Chinese you
+want characters and for English you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want characters and for English you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want characters and for English you you
+might as well take characters also and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well take characters also and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might as well take characters also and
+the system will in its 1.5 billion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will in its 1.5 billion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system will in its 1.5 billion
+parameters learn all about the sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters learn all about the sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters learn all about the sequences
+of characters that make up words and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of characters that make up words and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of characters that make up words and
+it'll be cool and so then they look at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be cool and so then they look at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be cool and so then they look at a
+whole bunch of different challenges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of different challenges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole bunch of different challenges and
+what you see is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you see is that the
+state-of-the-art before they did this on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art before they did this on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state-of-the-art before they did this on
+for example the Lambada dataset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the Lambada dataset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example the Lambada dataset
+was that the perplexity of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the perplexity of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the perplexity of its
+predictions was about a hundred and with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions was about a hundred and with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions was about a hundred and with
+this large model the perplexity of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large model the perplexity of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this large model the perplexity of its
+predictions is about nine so that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions is about nine so that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predictions is about nine so that means
+that it's reduced the uncertainty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's reduced the uncertainty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's reduced the uncertainty of
+what to predict next ridiculously much I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to predict next ridiculously much I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to predict next ridiculously much I
+mean by more than an order of magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by more than an order of magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean by more than an order of magnitude
+and you get similar gains accuracy going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get similar gains accuracy going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you get similar gains accuracy going
+from fifty nine percent to 64 three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fifty nine percent to 64 three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from fifty nine percent to 64 three
+percent accuracy on a this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent accuracy on a this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent accuracy on a this is the
+children's something-or-other challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's something-or-other challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children's something-or-other challenge
+from eighty five to ninety three percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from eighty five to ninety three percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from eighty five to ninety three percent
+so dramatic improvements almost across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dramatic improvements almost across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so dramatic improvements almost across
+the board in except for this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board in except for this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the board in except for this particular
+data set where they did not do well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set where they did not do well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data set where they did not do well and
+what really blew me away is here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really blew me away is here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what really blew me away is here's an
+application of this 1.5 billion word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of this 1.5 billion word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application of this 1.5 billion word
+model that they built so they said okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that they built so they said okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model that they built so they said okay
+I give you a prompt like the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a prompt like the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I give you a prompt like the opening
+paragraph of a Wall Street Journal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph of a Wall Street Journal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paragraph of a Wall Street Journal
+article or a Wikipedia article and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article or a Wikipedia article and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+article or a Wikipedia article and you
+complete the article by using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the article by using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete the article by using that
+generator idea that I showed you before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator idea that I showed you before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generator idea that I showed you before
+that just uses the language model and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just uses the language model and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just uses the language model and
+picks the most likely word to come next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks the most likely word to come next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picks the most likely word to come next
+and emits that as the next word so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emits that as the next word so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and emits that as the next word so
+here's a prompt that says a train
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a prompt that says a train
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a prompt that says a train
+carriage containing controlled nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage containing controlled nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carriage containing controlled nuclear
+materials was stolen in Cincinnati today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials was stolen in Cincinnati today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials was stolen in Cincinnati today
+its whereabouts are unknown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its whereabouts are unknown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its whereabouts are unknown
+by the way this is made up I mean this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is made up I mean this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way this is made up I mean this
+is not a real news article and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a real news article and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not a real news article and the
+system comes back with the completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system comes back with the completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system comes back with the completion
+that says the incident occurred on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says the incident occurred on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that says the incident occurred on the
+downtown train line which runs from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown train line which runs from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downtown train line which runs from
+Covington and Ashland stations in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Covington and Ashland stations in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Covington and Ashland stations in an
+email to Ohio news outlets the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email to Ohio news outlets the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+email to Ohio news outlets the US
+Department of Energy said it's working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Energy said it's working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Department of Energy said it's working
+with the Federal Railroad Administration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Federal Railroad Administration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the Federal Railroad Administration
+to find the thief etc okay this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the thief etc okay this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the thief etc okay this looks
+astoundingly good now the paper from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoundingly good now the paper from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astoundingly good now the paper from
+which this comes this is actually from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this comes this is actually from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which this comes this is actually from a
+blog but they've also published a paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog but they've also published a paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blog but they've also published a paper
+about it claims that these examples are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it claims that these examples are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it claims that these examples are
+not even cherry-picked if you go to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even cherry-picked if you go to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not even cherry-picked if you go to that
+page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page
+and pick sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 etc you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 etc you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pick sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 etc you get
+different examples that they claim are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples that they claim are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different examples that they claim are
+not cherry picked and every one of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cherry picked and every one of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not cherry picked and every one of them
+is really good I mean you could imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really good I mean you could imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really good I mean you could imagine
+this being an actual article about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being an actual article about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this being an actual article about this
+actual event so somehow or other in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual event so somehow or other in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual event so somehow or other in this
+enormous model and with the this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous model and with the this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous model and with the this
+transformer technology and with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer technology and with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformer technology and with the
+multitask training that they've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitask training that they've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multitask training that they've done
+they have managed to capture so much of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have managed to capture so much of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have managed to capture so much of
+the regularity of the English language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity of the English language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the regularity of the English language
+that they can generate these fake news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can generate these fake news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they can generate these fake news
+articles based on a prompt and make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles based on a prompt and make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles based on a prompt and make them
+look unbelievably realistic now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look unbelievably realistic now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look unbelievably realistic now
+interestingly they have chosen not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly they have chosen not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interestingly they have chosen not to
+release that train model because they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release that train model because they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+release that train model because they're
+worried that people will in fact do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that people will in fact do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried that people will in fact do this
+F that they will generate fake news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that they will generate fake news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F that they will generate fake news
+articles all the time they've released a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles all the time they've released a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+articles all the time they've released a
+much smaller model that is not nearly as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller model that is not nearly as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much smaller model that is not nearly as
+good in terms of its of its realism so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in terms of its of its realism so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good in terms of its of its realism so
+that's the state of the art in language
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the state of the art in language
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the state of the art in language
+modeling at the moment and as I say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling at the moment and as I say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modeling at the moment and as I say the
+the general domain is ahead of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general domain is ahead of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general domain is ahead of the
+medical domain but you can bet that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical domain but you can bet that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+medical domain but you can bet that
+there are tons of people who are sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tons of people who are sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tons of people who are sitting
+around looking at exactly these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around looking at exactly these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around looking at exactly these results
+and saying well we ought to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying well we ought to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and saying well we ought to be able to
+take advantage of this to build much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of this to build much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of this to build much
+better language models for the medical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better language models for the medical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better language models for the medical
+domain and to exploit them in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and to exploit them in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain and to exploit them in order to
+do phenotyping in order to do entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do phenotyping in order to do entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do phenotyping in order to do entity
+recognition in order to do inference in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in order to do inference in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognition in order to do inference in
+order to do question answering in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do question answering in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to do question answering in order
+to do any of these these kinds of topics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do any of these these kinds of topics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do any of these these kinds of topics
+now I was talking to Patrick Winston who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I was talking to Patrick Winston who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I was talking to Patrick Winston who
+is one of the good old-fashioned AI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the good old-fashioned AI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the good old-fashioned AI
+people as he characterizes himself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as he characterizes himself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people as he characterizes himself and
+the thing that's a little troublesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's a little troublesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that's a little troublesome
+about this is that this technology has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that this technology has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is that this technology has
+virtually nothing to do with anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually nothing to do with anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+virtually nothing to do with anything
+that we understand about language or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand about language or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we understand about language or
+about inference or about question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inference or about question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about inference or about question
+answering or about anything and so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering or about anything and so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering or about anything and so one
+is left with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is left with this
+queasy feeling that here is a wonderful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queasy feeling that here is a wonderful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+queasy feeling that here is a wonderful
+engineering solution to a whole set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering solution to a whole set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering solution to a whole set of
+problems but it's unclear how it relates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but it's unclear how it relates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems but it's unclear how it relates
+to the original goal of artificial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original goal of artificial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the original goal of artificial
+intelligence which is to understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence which is to understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligence which is to understand
+something about human intelligence by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about human intelligence by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about human intelligence by
+simulating it in a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating it in a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulating it in a computer
+maybe our bcs friends will discover that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe our bcs friends will discover that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe our bcs friends will discover that
+there are in fact transformer mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in fact transformer mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are in fact transformer mechanisms
+deeply buried in our brain but I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply buried in our brain but I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deeply buried in our brain but I would
+be surprised if that turned out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surprised if that turned out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be surprised if that turned out to be
+exactly the case but perhaps there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the case but perhaps there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the case but perhaps there is
+something like that going on and so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that going on and so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that going on and so this
+leaves an interesting scientific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves an interesting scientific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaves an interesting scientific
+conundrum of exactly what have we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum of exactly what have we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conundrum of exactly what have we
+learned from this type of very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from this type of very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned from this type of very very
+successful model building okay thank you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful model building okay thank you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successful model building okay thank you
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/m07lrb7m0D0.txt b/m07lrb7m0D0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6b33da6eb0ce948046f70ff793c058599656700
--- /dev/null
+++ b/m07lrb7m0D0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1635 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the simplest bound that a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest bound that a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest bound that a random
+variable differs by much from its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable differs by much from its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable differs by much from its
+expectation is due to a guy named
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is due to a guy named
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation is due to a guy named
+markover Russian probability theorist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markover Russian probability theorist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markover Russian probability theorist
+and this is markov's band that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is markov's band that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is markov's band that we're
+going to talk about let's illustrate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about let's illustrate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about let's illustrate it
+with a memorable example of IQ uh in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a memorable example of IQ uh in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a memorable example of IQ uh in the
+MIT context we may it may be a radical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT context we may it may be a radical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT context we may it may be a radical
+idea but IQ was this uh thing that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but IQ was this uh thing that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea but IQ was this uh thing that was
+invented uh for intelligence quotient in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented uh for intelligence quotient in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invented uh for intelligence quotient in
+the uh late 19th century I believe might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh late 19th century I believe might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh late 19th century I believe might
+have been early 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been early 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been early 20
+uh it was meant as a an effort to break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was meant as a an effort to break
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it was meant as a an effort to break
+the mold at Harvard of hiring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mold at Harvard of hiring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mold at Harvard of hiring the
+children of wealthy alumni and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children of wealthy alumni and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children of wealthy alumni and the idea
+was to have merit-based Admissions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have merit-based Admissions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was to have merit-based Admissions and
+there was going to be some objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was going to be some objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was going to be some objective
+measure that did not depend on social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that did not depend on social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure that did not depend on social
+class of the ability that people had and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of the ability that people had and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of the ability that people had and
+Harvard was going to admit students
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard was going to admit students
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Harvard was going to admit students
+based on Merit and their intelligence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on Merit and their intelligence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on Merit and their intelligence
+quotient so the original design of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient so the original design of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quotient so the original design of the
+intelligent quoti by a bunch of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent quoti by a bunch of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intelligent quoti by a bunch of uh
+psychologists was that the average was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists was that the average was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+psychologists was that the average was
+was supposed to be 100 uh over the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be 100 uh over the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be 100 uh over the whole
+population which of course is uh around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population which of course is uh around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population which of course is uh around
+here they're just aren't very many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're just aren't very many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here they're just aren't very many
+people with an IQ of just 100 um anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with an IQ of just 100 um anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people with an IQ of just 100 um anyway
+uh let's ask this extreme question yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's ask this extreme question yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh let's ask this extreme question yes
+there's uh around the elite universities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh around the elite universities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's uh around the elite universities
+there are a lot of people with IQ is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of people with IQ is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are a lot of people with IQ is
+much higher than than 100 but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than than 100 but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much higher than than 100 but what
+fraction of the population could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the population could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of the population could
+possibly have an IQ as high as 300 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have an IQ as high as 300 now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly have an IQ as high as 300 now
+I'm not sure that an IQ of as high as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that an IQ of as high as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure that an IQ of as high as
+300 has ever been recorded but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 has ever been recorded but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+300 has ever been recorded but we're
+talking logically here is it possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking logically here is it possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking logically here is it possible
+for a a lot of people to have an IQ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a a lot of people to have an IQ of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a a lot of people to have an IQ of
+greater than equal to 100 and the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than equal to 100 and the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than equal to 100 and the answer
+is no uh you can't possibly have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no uh you can't possibly have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no uh you can't possibly have more
+than a third of the population have aund
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a third of the population have aund
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a third of the population have aund
+have an IQ of 300 because if more than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an IQ of 300 because if more than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an IQ of 300 because if more than a
+third had an IQ of 300 then that third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third had an IQ of 300 then that third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third had an IQ of 300 then that third
+alone would contribute onethird of 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone would contribute onethird of 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alone would contribute onethird of 300
+to the average which would be greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the average which would be greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the average which would be greater
+than 100 so you can't have more than a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 100 so you can't have more than a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 100 so you can't have more than a a
+third of the popul population have an IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the popul population have an IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third of the popul population have an IQ
+of triple the uh expected value of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triple the uh expected value of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of triple the uh expected value of the
+IQ so that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ so that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ so that's the basic
+bound so we can restate it this way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so we can restate it this way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound so we can restate it this way that
+the probability that a a randomly chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a a randomly chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that a a randomly chosen
+person has an IQ greater than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has an IQ greater than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person has an IQ greater than equal to
+100 we can say is absolutely less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 we can say is absolutely less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 we can say is absolutely less than
+or equal to the uh expected value of IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the uh expected value of IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to the uh expected value of IQ
+namely 100 divided 300 and uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely 100 divided 300 and uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely 100 divided 300 and uh just
+parameterizing it um if we ask what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing it um if we ask what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing it um if we ask what's
+the probability that the IQ is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the IQ is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that the IQ is greater
+than equal to some amount x uh it's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to some amount x uh it's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to some amount x uh it's less
+than or equal to 100x by exactly that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 100x by exactly that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to 100x by exactly that
+reasoning uh and this is basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning uh and this is basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning uh and this is basically
+markov's bound except there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov's bound except there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markov's bound except there's one
+implicit fact that we're using in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit fact that we're using in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implicit fact that we're using in
+deriving the previous uh Identity or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving the previous uh Identity or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deriving the previous uh Identity or
+inequality uh that IQ is bounded by 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality uh that IQ is bounded by 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality uh that IQ is bounded by 100
+our logic was that you can't have more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our logic was that you can't have more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our logic was that you can't have more
+than population x with an IQ of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than population x with an IQ of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than population x with an IQ of more
+than 100 x because that would contribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 100 x because that would contribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than 100 x because that would contribute
+x * 100 overx or more than 100 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x * 100 overx or more than 100 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x * 100 overx or more than 100 to the
+the average and the average is only 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average and the average is only 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the average and the average is only 100
+that's only a problem if there are uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only a problem if there are uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's only a problem if there are uh uh
+if if there are no negative terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there are no negative terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there are no negative terms
+negative IQs to offset the excess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative IQs to offset the excess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative IQs to offset the excess
+contribution of the fraction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the fraction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution of the fraction of the
+population that has this high IQ but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that has this high IQ but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that has this high IQ but
+we're implicitly using the fact that IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're implicitly using the fact that IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're implicitly using the fact that IQ
+is never negative IQ runs from zero up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never negative IQ runs from zero up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never negative IQ runs from zero up
+to unlimited amount but it's never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unlimited amount but it's never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to unlimited amount but it's never
+negative and that means that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and that means that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and that means that that
+contribution from the uh onethird of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the uh onethird of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribution from the uh onethird of the
+population that has an IQ of over 300
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that has an IQ of over 300
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population that has an IQ of over 300
+can't be offset by negative values it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be offset by negative values it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be offset by negative values it's
+there and it messes up the average it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it messes up the average it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and it messes up the average it
+forces the average up so we were using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the average up so we were using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces the average up so we were using
+the fact that IQ is always non negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that IQ is always non negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that IQ is always non negative
+and by this very same reasoning I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by this very same reasoning I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by this very same reasoning I'm not
+going to belabor you with a uh a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to belabor you with a uh a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to belabor you with a uh a more
+formal proof there's a trivial one in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal proof there's a trivial one in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal proof there's a trivial one in
+the text it's easy the theorems Markov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text it's easy the theorems Markov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the text it's easy the theorems Markov
+bound says that if R is non- negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound says that if R is non- negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound says that if R is non- negative
+then the probability that R is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the probability that R is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the probability that R is greater
+than or equal to X is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to X is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to X is less than or equal
+to the expectation of r divided by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expectation of r divided by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the expectation of r divided by
+x uh and this holds for any X greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh and this holds for any X greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x uh and this holds for any X greater
+than zero of course it's silly to State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero of course it's silly to State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than zero of course it's silly to State
+uh if this bound is uh is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this bound is uh is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if this bound is uh is greater than
+equal to one it's not an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one it's not an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one it's not an interesting
+bound since probability is never greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound since probability is never greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound since probability is never greater
+than equal to one so we might as well uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to one so we might as well uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than equal to one so we might as well uh
+just uh restrict ourselves to X's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh restrict ourselves to X's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh restrict ourselves to X's that
+are greater than the expectation of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than the expectation of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are greater than the expectation of R
+because those are the only X's that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the only X's that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because those are the only X's that are
+going to give us a non-trivial bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us a non-trivial bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to give us a non-trivial bound
+that's less than one again if R is non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than one again if R is non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less than one again if R is non-
+negative then the probability that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then the probability that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative then the probability that R
+exceeds an amount X um is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds an amount X um is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exceeds an amount X um is less than or
+equal to the expectation of r overx and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expectation of r overx and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the expectation of r overx and
+that's the Markov bound um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Markov bound um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the Markov bound um if you
+restate it in terms of deviation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restate it in terms of deviation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restate it in terms of deviation from
+the mean you could formulate it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean you could formulate it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mean you could formulate it this way
+the probability that R is greater than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that R is greater than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that R is greater than
+equal to a constant times its mean mu is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant times its mean mu is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant times its mean mu is
+an abbreviation for the expectation of R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abbreviation for the expectation of R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an abbreviation for the expectation of R
+is less than or equal to 1 / C so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to 1 / C so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to 1 / C so and
+now we can understand that as a bound on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can understand that as a bound on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can understand that as a bound on
+the deviation from the mean above the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deviation from the mean above the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the deviation from the mean above the
+mean in this case that R uh as the as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in this case that R uh as the as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in this case that R uh as the as
+the factor of the expectation increas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor of the expectation increas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the factor of the expectation increas
+increases the probability decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the probability decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increases the probability decreases
+proportionally so the probability that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally so the probability that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportionally so the probability that R
+is greater than equal to three times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than equal to three times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than equal to three times the
+expected amount is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected amount is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected amount is less than or equal to
+a third which was what we saw with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third which was what we saw with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a third which was what we saw with the
+IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ
+example so look this marov Bound in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so look this marov Bound in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example so look this marov Bound in
+general is very weak uh as I said I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is very weak uh as I said I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general is very weak uh as I said I
+don't think there's ever been an IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's ever been an IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think there's ever been an IQ
+recorded that was uh as high as 300 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded that was uh as high as 300 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recorded that was uh as high as 300 uh
+and uh in almost all the examples that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in almost all the examples that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh in almost all the examples that
+you come across uh you're there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come across uh you're there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you come across uh you're there'll be
+other information that allows you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information that allows you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other information that allows you to
+deduce tighter bounds on the probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce tighter bounds on the probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deduce tighter bounds on the probability
+that a random variable is significantly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random variable is significantly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a random variable is significantly
+bigger than its expectation but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than its expectation but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than its expectation but if you
+don't have any information about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any information about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any information about the
+random variable other than that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable other than that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random variable other than that it's
+non- negative then as a matter of effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative then as a matter of effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- negative then as a matter of effect
+C bound is tight you can't possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C bound is tight you can't possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C bound is tight you can't possibly
+reach a stronger contribution because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a stronger contribution because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a stronger contribution because
+there are non- negative random variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are non- negative random variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are non- negative random variables
+where the probability uh that they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the probability uh that they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the probability uh that they are
+greater than or equal to a given amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to a given amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than or equal to a given amount
+X is is in fact equal to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is is in fact equal to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X is is in fact equal to their
+expectation divided by X so the marov
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation divided by X so the marov
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation divided by X so the marov
+bound is weak in in application but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is weak in in application but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bound is weak in in application but uh
+it it's the strongest condition you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's the strongest condition you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's the strongest condition you can
+make on the very limited hypotheses that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make on the very limited hypotheses that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make on the very limited hypotheses that
+it makes about properties of the random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes about properties of the random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes about properties of the random
+variable uh and it's also pretty obvious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable uh and it's also pretty obvious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable uh and it's also pretty obvious
+I hope from this examples that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope from this examples that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope from this examples that we've
+talked about but the amazing thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about but the amazing thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about but the amazing thing is
+how useful it is we will get mileage out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how useful it is we will get mileage out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how useful it is we will get mileage out
+of it by using it in clever ways so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it by using it in clever ways so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it by using it in clever ways so
+let's talk about the first clever way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the first clever way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's talk about the first clever way
+and suppose that we're thinking about IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that we're thinking about IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and suppose that we're thinking about IQ
+is greater than equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than equal to
+but I bring into into the story another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I bring into into the story another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I bring into into the story another
+fact that we haven't mentioned before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we haven't mentioned before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that we haven't mentioned before
+which is let's suppose that as a matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is let's suppose that as a matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is let's suppose that as a matter
+of fact IQs uh of less than 50 just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact IQs uh of less than 50 just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fact IQs uh of less than 50 just
+don't occur I think they might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't occur I think they might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't occur I think they might actually
+but but there's a certain point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but there's a certain point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but there's a certain point where
+you just are not functioning at all and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just are not functioning at all and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just are not functioning at all and
+it's not clear that it makes sense to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that it makes sense to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not clear that it makes sense to
+ever talk about somebody who's in a coma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever talk about somebody who's in a coma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever talk about somebody who's in a coma
+as having an IQ maybe they have an IQ of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having an IQ maybe they have an IQ of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as having an IQ maybe they have an IQ of
+zero but let's assume that pragmatically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but let's assume that pragmatically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero but let's assume that pragmatically
+uh IQ is never less than or equal to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh IQ is never less than or equal to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh IQ is never less than or equal to 50
+okay now if I'm if I tell you that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if I'm if I tell you that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now if I'm if I tell you that I
+know that IQ is greater than equal to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that IQ is greater than equal to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that IQ is greater than equal to 50
+then I can actually get a better bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can actually get a better bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I can actually get a better bound
+out of Markov because now knowing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Markov because now knowing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of Markov because now knowing that
+IQ is greater than equal to 50 IQ minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ is greater than equal to 50 IQ minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ is greater than equal to 50 IQ minus
+50 is becomes a non- negative random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 is becomes a non- negative random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 is becomes a non- negative random
+variable which I couldn't be sure it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which I couldn't be sure it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable which I couldn't be sure it was
+before uh because IQ might have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh because IQ might have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before uh because IQ might have gone
+below 50 now that I know that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 50 now that I know that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below 50 now that I know that it's
+always above 50 IQ minus 50 is non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always above 50 IQ minus 50 is non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always above 50 IQ minus 50 is non-
+negative and marops bound will apply to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and marops bound will apply to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative and marops bound will apply to
+IQ minus 50 and applying it to IQ - 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ minus 50 and applying it to IQ - 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+IQ minus 50 and applying it to IQ - 50
+will give you a better bound because now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a better bound because now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will give you a better bound because now
+looking at the probability that the IQ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probability that the IQ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the probability that the IQ
+is greater than equal to 100 of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than equal to 100 of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is greater than equal to 100 of course
+that's the same as saying that IQ minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as saying that IQ minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the same as saying that IQ minus
+50 is greater than equal to 300 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 is greater than equal to 300 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 is greater than equal to 300 -
+50 um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which 50 it the average expected value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which 50 it the average expected value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which 50 it the average expected value
+of IQ -50 is 100 - 50 so we're asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IQ -50 is 100 - 50 so we're asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of IQ -50 is 100 - 50 so we're asking
+whether this non- negative random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this non- negative random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether this non- negative random
+variable um is greater than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um is greater than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable um is greater than or equal to
+uh uh 250 and the answer is that's less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 250 and the answer is that's less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh 250 and the answer is that's less
+than or equal to its expectation over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to its expectation over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to its expectation over
+250 which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+250 which is
+1 50 over 250 and that's a tighter bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 50 over 250 and that's a tighter bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 50 over 250 and that's a tighter bound
+than the 1/3 we had previously this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the 1/3 we had previously this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the 1/3 we had previously this is a
+general phenomenon that you get in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomenon that you get in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general phenomenon that you get in that
+helps you get slightly stronger bounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you get slightly stronger bounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helps you get slightly stronger bounds
+out of markov's bound namely um if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of markov's bound namely um if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of markov's bound namely um if you
+have a non- negative uh variable you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a non- negative uh variable you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a non- negative uh variable you get
+a better B on it by shifting it so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better B on it by shifting it so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a better B on it by shifting it so that
+its mean is zero as a matter of fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean is zero as a matter of fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its mean is zero as a matter of fact
+even if it's goes negative if you shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's goes negative if you shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if it's goes negative if you shift
+it up you can for if you can force it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you can for if you can force it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up you can for if you can force it to
+be come uh uh above zero uh as a minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be come uh uh above zero uh as a minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be come uh uh above zero uh as a minimum
+then you can apply markov's bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can apply markov's bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can apply markov's bound to
+it
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/m0eRTYvmRDg.txt b/m0eRTYvmRDg.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3cd018bcac402cb98ffeb746828b5b7b2bd1c741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/m0eRTYvmRDg.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,12323 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a Creative Commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Commons license your support
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT open courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free to make a donation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free to make a donation or
+view additional materials from hundreds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view additional materials from hundreds
+of MIT courses visit mitop courseware at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu let me do a little bit of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let me do a little bit of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu let me do a little bit of uh
+where we've been and where we're going a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've been and where we're going a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we've been and where we're going a
+little wayfinding we did the last two SE
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wayfinding we did the last two SE
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little wayfinding we did the last two SE
+the last two sessions were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two sessions were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last two sessions were on
+individuals and households we did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and households we did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and households we did a
+rational actor model little derived
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational actor model little derived
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational actor model little derived
+demand maximize preferences and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand maximize preferences and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand maximize preferences and then we
+talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked
+about um preferences being learned we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um preferences being learned we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about um preferences being learned we
+talked about preferences depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about preferences depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about preferences depending on
+others and particularly in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and particularly in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others and particularly in the last
+session we talked about economic style
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session we talked about economic style
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session we talked about economic style
+if you will maximization as only one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will maximization as only one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you will maximization as only one
+form of cognition that sometimes we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of cognition that sometimes we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form of cognition that sometimes we all
+behave automatically ly rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave automatically ly rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behave automatically ly rather than
+thoughtfully I have a very large book to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtfully I have a very large book to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoughtfully I have a very large book to
+read over spring vacation by Conan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read over spring vacation by Conan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read over spring vacation by Conan
+called Thinking Fast and thinking slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Thinking Fast and thinking slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called Thinking Fast and thinking slow
+that's all about this good stuff and max
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all about this good stuff and max
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's all about this good stuff and max
+vaper's distinction between rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaper's distinction between rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vaper's distinction between rational
+pursuit of ANS rational pursuit of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of ANS rational pursuit of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pursuit of ANS rational pursuit of an
+ideal or value it feels good or we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal or value it feels good or we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideal or value it feels good or we just
+do it out of habit so we went from sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it out of habit so we went from sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it out of habit so we went from sort
+of a rational actor's story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rational actor's story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a rational actor's story about
+individuals and households to more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and households to more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals and households to more
+complicated view of behavior we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated view of behavior we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated view of behavior we're going
+to do the same thing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the same thing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do the same thing with
+firms so today is about a rational actor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms so today is about a rational actor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms so today is about a rational actor
+model about maximizing something we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model about maximizing something we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model about maximizing something we'll
+talk at the outset about what um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk at the outset about what um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk at the outset about what um and
+then we'll talk about behavioral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about behavioral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we'll talk about behavioral
+complications whatever it is we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications whatever it is we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complications whatever it is we think
+firms ought to maximize as demanders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms ought to maximize as demanders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms ought to maximize as demanders
+mainly of energy that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly of energy that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mainly of energy that's the
+focus before the before the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus before the before the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus before the before the
+break uh they don't necessarily maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break uh they don't necessarily maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+break uh they don't necessarily maximize
+anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything
+first they're full of people and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first they're full of people and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first they're full of people and people
+don't necessarily maximize anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily maximize anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't necessarily maximize anything and
+there's an additional layer of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an additional layer of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an additional layer of
+complication which is what we'll spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication which is what we'll spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complication which is what we'll spend
+most of our time on because people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our time on because people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of our time on because people in
+organizations are more complicated than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations are more complicated than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organizations are more complicated than
+people individually because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people individually because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people individually because of the
+structures and incentives and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and incentives and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures and incentives and
+relationships and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships and so
+forth after vacation we'll spend a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth after vacation we'll spend a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth after vacation we'll spend a
+little bit and these are normative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and these are normative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit and these are normative
+prescriptive sessions on supply side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptive sessions on supply side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prescriptive sessions on supply side
+strategy how might one do an energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy how might one do an energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy how might one do an energy
+business so that's where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so that's where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business so that's where we're
+going um it's it's worth spending some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going um it's it's worth spending some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going um it's it's worth spending some
+time though on is this reasonably clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time though on is this reasonably clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time though on is this reasonably clear
+are there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there
+questions let me before I pass on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me before I pass on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me before I pass on okay
+um if households maximize utility what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if households maximize utility what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if households maximize utility what
+should firms maximize if it's your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should firms maximize if it's your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should firms maximize if it's your own
+firm my Dad ran a garage my dad could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm my Dad ran a garage my dad could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm my Dad ran a garage my dad could do
+whatever he wanted maximize utility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever he wanted maximize utility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever he wanted maximize utility
+maximize profit who cares there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize profit who cares there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize profit who cares there's
+there's nobody to tell him what to do um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nobody to tell him what to do um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's nobody to tell him what to do um
+he aimed for profit actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he aimed for profit actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he aimed for profit actually
+um but for corporations it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for corporations it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but for corporations it's
+different because modern corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because modern corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different because modern corporations
+have diffuse ownership right the Exxon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diffuse ownership right the Exxon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have diffuse ownership right the Exxon
+Executives maybe own a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Executives maybe own a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Executives maybe own a reasonable
+fraction of Exxon but that reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of Exxon but that reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction of Exxon but that reasonable
+fraction might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction might be
+10% some other companies it's higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% some other companies it's higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10% some other companies it's higher
+some younger companies it's higher but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some younger companies it's higher but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some younger companies it's higher but
+but in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in a lot of
+companies the um executives are not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies the um executives are not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies the um executives are not the
+owners and the question is what should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners and the question is what should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners and the question is what should
+the executives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the executives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the executives
+maximize if they should maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize if they should maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize if they should maximize
+anything Milton fredman was writing when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything Milton fredman was writing when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything Milton fredman was writing when
+there were debates about imposing wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were debates about imposing wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were debates about imposing wage
+and price controls to deal with what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and price controls to deal with what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and price controls to deal with what
+seemed then like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed then like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed then like a lot of
+inflation uh we we had much more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation uh we we had much more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation uh we we had much more in
+later years but it seemed like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later years but it seemed like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later years but it seemed like a lot of
+inflation in 7071 when in 71 when Nixon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in 7071 when in 71 when Nixon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation in 7071 when in 71 when Nixon
+did impose price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did impose price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did impose price
+controls which mostly failed um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls which mostly failed um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controls which mostly failed um and
+Milton Friedman is has a distinct point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milton Friedman is has a distinct point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Milton Friedman is has a distinct point
+of view about what corporate Executives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view about what corporate Executives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view about what corporate Executives
+should be told to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be told to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be told to
+maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximize
+anybody Columbus what do you say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody Columbus what do you say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody Columbus what do you say what
+does Milton fredman say should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Milton fredman say should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Milton fredman say should be the
+instruction profit okay uh why not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction profit okay uh why not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction profit okay uh why not do
+some do some social good what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some do some social good what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some do some social good what's the
+argument against saying to Exxon oh come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument against saying to Exxon oh come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument against saying to Exxon oh come
+on you're a big rich company do some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you're a big rich company do some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you're a big rich company do some
+good there's a few different reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good there's a few different reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good there's a few different reasons
+why stockers they want do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that policy makers if they do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that policy makers if they do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that policy makers if they do that
+they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not
+spending their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending their own
+money well that's disappointing you gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money well that's disappointing you gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money well that's disappointing you gave
+a complete answer now who am I going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete answer now who am I going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete answer now who am I going to
+call on next uh does anybody want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on next uh does anybody want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call on next uh does anybody want to
+supplement that I mean that's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement that I mean that's the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supplement that I mean that's the basic
+answer it's tax without representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's tax without representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer it's tax without representation
+if the owners want to spend money on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the owners want to spend money on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the owners want to spend money on
+charity fine but and if they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charity fine but and if they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charity fine but and if they want to
+tell the executive to do that fine but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the executive to do that fine but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell the executive to do that fine but
+if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they
+don't why why should the executives of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't why why should the executives of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't why why should the executives of
+Exxon do social good so fredman says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exxon do social good so fredman says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exxon do social good so fredman says
+Nope their business is to make money the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nope their business is to make money the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nope their business is to make money the
+owners can contribute to charity we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners can contribute to charity we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners can contribute to charity we'll
+start the debate in a minute but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the debate in a minute but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the debate in a minute but let's
+clarify his his point of view did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify his his point of view did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clarify his his point of view did you
+want to add to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but really you're just trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to so you're
+saying that a a firm can do things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that a a firm can do things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that a a firm can do things that
+might not necessarily look to be profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not necessarily look to be profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not necessarily look to be profit
+maximization like giving to charity but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization like giving to charity but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization like giving to charity but
+might thought through correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might thought through correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might thought through correctly
+contribute to the their long run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the their long run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contribute to the their long run
+success so you wouldn't necessarily want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success so you wouldn't necessarily want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+success so you wouldn't necessarily want
+to squeeze every nickel out okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze every nickel out okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze every nickel out okay so
+Freeda would Freeda would let you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeda would Freeda would let you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Freeda would Freeda would let you do
+that but Freeda would say how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but Freeda would say how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but Freeda would say how do you
+choose what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose what
+charity who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charity who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charity who
+chooses the CEO's favorite charity maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses the CEO's favorite charity maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chooses the CEO's favorite charity maybe
+that's part of his comp his or her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of his comp his or her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's part of his comp his or her
+compensation anybody else on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation anybody else on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation anybody else on
+fredman okay what's handy yeah go ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman okay what's handy yeah go ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman okay what's handy yeah go ahead
+Maxwell I was just going to says as then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell I was just going to says as then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maxwell I was just going to says as then
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it becomes a political entity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it becomes a political entity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it becomes a political entity
+except that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except that there's no
+voting that it's it's making Collective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting that it's it's making Collective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting that it's it's making Collective
+decisions like a like a like a taxing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions like a like a like a taxing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions like a like a like a taxing
+Authority but it's basically taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority but it's basically taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Authority but it's basically taking
+money out of the owner's Pockets David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money out of the owner's Pockets David
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money out of the owner's Pockets David
+so basically Executives don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically Executives don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically Executives don't have any
+right to choose to and they don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to choose to and they don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right to choose to and they don't have
+that you should guess CE are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+policy Marie does make an interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Marie does make an interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy Marie does make an interesting
+point which is that um if I give it to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is that um if I give it to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point which is that um if I give it to
+you uh in the form of dividends uh it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in the form of dividends uh it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh in the form of dividends uh it
+gets taxed at the corporate level as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets taxed at the corporate level as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets taxed at the corporate level as
+well as at the personal level yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as at the personal level yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as at the personal level yeah you
+can get a tax deduction personally but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a tax deduction personally but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get a tax deduction personally but
+you get that corporate tax hit so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that corporate tax hit so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get that corporate tax hit so it's a
+little more efficient if the corporation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more efficient if the corporation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little more efficient if the corporation
+contributes but who's to let them decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes but who's to let them decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contributes but who's to let them decide
+what to contribute okay yes also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to contribute okay yes also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what to contribute okay yes also a
+corporation's main responsibility just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation's main responsibility just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corporation's main responsibility just
+to make profit for itself and for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make profit for itself and for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make profit for itself and for
+shareholders and so some corporations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and so some corporations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and so some corporations
+have it in their mission statement that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in their mission statement that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it in their mission statement that
+they do good like Good Will and good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do good like Good Will and good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do good like Good Will and good
+work and stuff like that and so then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and stuff like that and so then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work and stuff like that and so then I
+think it's more acceptable to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's more acceptable to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's more acceptable to have
+cherry part of the company because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry part of the company because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cherry part of the company because it's
+part of their mission statement but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their mission statement but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their mission statement but the
+majority of Corporations their mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of Corporations their mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+majority of Corporations their mission
+is to make a profit from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make a profit from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to make a profit from the
+shareholders and so well they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and so well they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and so well they will
+usually have a mission statement that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have a mission statement that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually have a mission statement that's
+a little more exalted than that if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more exalted than that if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little more exalted than that if they
+have a mission statement but unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mission statement but unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a mission statement but unless
+they're explicitly charitable and some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're explicitly charitable and some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're explicitly charitable and some
+are right there are these Cor operations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right there are these Cor operations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are right there are these Cor operations
+which are very interesting that treat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very interesting that treat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very interesting that treat
+profits as a constraint not an objective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits as a constraint not an objective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits as a constraint not an objective
+that are charitable um well Newman salad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are charitable um well Newman salad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are charitable um well Newman salad
+dressing for instance they maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressing for instance they maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dressing for instance they maximize
+profits to give to charity there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits to give to charity there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits to give to charity there are
+companies um what's the term social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies um what's the term social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies um what's the term social
+Enterprises that basically say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises that basically say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Enterprises that basically say we're
+going to make just enough money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make just enough money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make just enough money to
+survive and we're going to do good in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and we're going to do good in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+survive and we're going to do good in
+the following ways you can think about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following ways you can think about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following ways you can think about a
+number of things like that what's handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things like that what's handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of things like that what's handy
+say handy disagrees and's writing let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say handy disagrees and's writing let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say handy disagrees and's writing let me
+just see if we've got think we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see if we've got think we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just see if we've got think we've got
+the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main
+points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points
+yep Handy's writing after the.com bust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep Handy's writing after the.com bust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yep Handy's writing after the.com bust
+okay fredman's writing in a landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fredman's writing in a landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay fredman's writing in a landscape
+where uh the the issue and issue of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the the issue and issue of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where uh the the issue and issue of the
+day is should the government step in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day is should the government step in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day is should the government step in and
+control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control
+prices uh hand's writing after the.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh hand's writing after the.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices uh hand's writing after the.com
+bust when stocks went up stocks came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bust when stocks went up stocks came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bust when stocks went up stocks came
+down like a stone lots of companies went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down like a stone lots of companies went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down like a stone lots of companies went
+broke what's handy say the firm should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke what's handy say the firm should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke what's handy say the firm should
+be about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out beny you're writing down and I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out beny you're writing down and I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out beny you're writing down and I'm not
+saying anything so you must be preparing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying anything so you must be preparing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying anything so you must be preparing
+your answer to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your answer to this
+question so what's what does handy say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so what's what does handy say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so what's what does handy say
+that the firm should that firm should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about okay okay thank you for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay okay thank you for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about okay okay thank you for your
+honesty Matthew I have the same you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honesty Matthew I have the same you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+honesty Matthew I have the same you have
+the same somebody must have read it I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same somebody must have read it I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same somebody must have read it I'm
+sure there somebody in this group that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there somebody in this group that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure there somebody in this group that
+read the handy paper doesn't summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the handy paper doesn't summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the handy paper doesn't summarize
+easily Veronica fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily Veronica fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily Veronica fire
+away it wasn't on was it really not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on I got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it this morning no IED it out last week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this morning no IED it out last week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this morning no IED it out last week
+wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't
+up was it Mark was it Mark staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up was it Mark was it Mark staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up was it Mark was it Mark staff
+only did we screw it up in Market staff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only did we screw it up in Market staff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only did we screw it up in Market staff
+only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no no it was posted it was posted months
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it was posted it was posted months
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no it was posted it was posted months
+ago um the only thing I can think of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um the only thing I can think of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago um the only thing I can think of is
+it may have been inadvertently labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may have been inadvertently labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it may have been inadvertently labeled
+staff only well in which case because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff only well in which case because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staff only well in which case because I
+pulled it off to I mean here it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled it off to I mean here it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled it off to I mean here it is
+exactly from Stellar so uh I'll tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly from Stellar so uh I'll tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly from Stellar so uh I'll tell you
+what handy says and we can talk about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what handy says and we can talk about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what handy says and we can talk about it
+hand's a funny article right he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand's a funny article right he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand's a funny article right he's
+writing in the uh so you could have just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing in the uh so you could have just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing in the uh so you could have just
+said you couldn't get it then you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you couldn't get it then you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said you couldn't get it then you would
+have been would have been good um the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been would have been good um the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been would have been good um the uh
+um it's a lot of criticism ISM of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a lot of criticism ISM of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's a lot of criticism ISM of the
+short-term focus and stop stock options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term focus and stop stock options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short-term focus and stop stock options
+and all of that he says profits are a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that he says profits are a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all of that he says profits are a
+means not an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means not an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means not an
+end have completely different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end have completely different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end have completely different
+Vision that a good firm is a community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision that a good firm is a community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vision that a good firm is a community
+with a purpose that's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a purpose that's his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a purpose that's his
+phrase and you should treat employees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and you should treat employees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phrase and you should treat employees
+like as stakeholders he's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as stakeholders he's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like as stakeholders he's one of the
+coiners of the stakeholder view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coiners of the stakeholder view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coiners of the stakeholder view of the
+firm that a firm doesn't exist to serve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm that a firm doesn't exist to serve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm that a firm doesn't exist to serve
+just its owners it exists to serve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just its owners it exists to serve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just its owners it exists to serve the
+communities that operates in it exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that operates in it exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communities that operates in it exists
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+serve its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve its
+employees who've invested at least some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees who've invested at least some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees who've invested at least some
+made some Investments of time and energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some Investments of time and energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made some Investments of time and energy
+that will be lost if they leave the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be lost if they leave the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be lost if they leave the firm
+or if the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or if the firm
+fails uh so he would say you know a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails uh so he would say you know a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fails uh so he would say you know a good
+firm is about something not just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm is about something not just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm is about something not just about
+making money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money to
+shareholders and um a good firm will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and um a good firm will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shareholders and um a good firm will go
+beyond minimal legal requirements for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond minimal legal requirements for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beyond minimal legal requirements for
+something like things like environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like things like environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like things like environment
+and safety and so forth so you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and safety and so forth so you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and safety and so forth so you have two
+very different views you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different views you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very different views you have a
+classical economic view from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical economic view from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classical economic view from
+fredman you've been employed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman you've been employed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman you've been employed by the
+owners you have a fiduciary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners you have a fiduciary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owners you have a fiduciary
+responsibility for the owners don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for the owners don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility for the owners don't
+spend the owner money without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the owner money without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the owner money without
+authorization or instruction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization or instruction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorization or instruction and the
+handy view that says that's too simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy view that says that's too simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy view that says that's too simple
+lots of other people have a stake in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other people have a stake in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other people have a stake in the
+firm the community the employees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm the community the employees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm the community the employees the
+environment etc etc etc so you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment etc etc etc so you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment etc etc etc so you really
+need to take a broader view of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take a broader view of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to take a broader view of what
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about now that you've had a complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now that you've had a complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about now that you've had a complete
+clear exposition of what I must say is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear exposition of what I must say is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear exposition of what I must say is a
+bit of a murky article we'll make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a murky article we'll make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a murky article we'll make sure
+you can get it um this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it um this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get it um this
+afternoon what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+think where do you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think where do you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think where do you come
+down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down
+Sam Andy's view it's a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam Andy's view it's a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sam Andy's view it's a little more
+Humane isn't it yeah I think also like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humane isn't it yeah I think also like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Humane isn't it yeah I think also like
+if you have a kind of a firm which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a kind of a firm which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a kind of a firm which
+Community the purose I think your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community the purose I think your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community the purose I think your
+employees would be more happy and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees would be more happy and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employees would be more happy and
+that'll just make it a better place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll just make it a better place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll just make it a better place to
+work which will in turn be make the firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work which will in turn be make the firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work which will in turn be make the firm
+more productive where you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive where you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more productive where you're trying to
+just have like a roofless cost cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have like a roofless cost cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just have like a roofless cost cutting
+machine type thing it's going to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine type thing it's going to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine type thing it's going to be a
+visible place to work and it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible place to work and it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visible place to work and it's not going
+to be just a flourishing environment oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just a flourishing environment oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be just a flourishing environment oh
+fredman says okay I'll take that I love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman says okay I'll take that I love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman says okay I'll take that I love
+that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um
+uh we will be about something because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will be about something because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we will be about something because
+that'll motivate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll motivate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll motivate
+people because that'll that's profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because that'll that's profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people because that'll that's profit
+maximization you've just given me profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization you've just given me profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization you've just given me profit
+maximization I've I've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization I've I've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximization I've I've given
+you uh uh a great example I I'll mention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh uh a great example I I'll mention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh uh a great example I I'll mention
+two firms that I served on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two firms that I served on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two firms that I served on the on the
+boards of the one was a startup became
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards of the one was a startup became
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boards of the one was a startup became
+the international Securities Exchange it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international Securities Exchange it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international Securities Exchange it
+was the first all electronic options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first all electronic options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first all electronic options
+Exchange in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exchange in the
+country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country
+and everybody made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and everybody made
+money but the mission not quite chiseled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but the mission not quite chiseled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money but the mission not quite chiseled
+in stone but the mission that everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stone but the mission that everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in stone but the mission that everybody
+talked about was because we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was because we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about was because we're going to
+upset this market trading is slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset this market trading is slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upset this market trading is slow
+commissions are ridiculously high we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissions are ridiculously high we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+commissions are ridiculously high we can
+offer a much better product to the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer a much better product to the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer a much better product to the world
+well you can go to work you can get up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can go to work you can get up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can go to work you can get up
+and go to work for that uh the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to work for that uh the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and go to work for that uh the other is
+the international data Group which has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international data Group which has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the international data Group which has a
+clear mission statement it's to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear mission statement it's to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear mission statement it's to provide
+information about information technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about information technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about information technology
+so that technology can have more impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that technology can have more impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that technology can have more impact
+well you can kind of go to work for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can kind of go to work for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can kind of go to work for that
+too the notion that we exist to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too the notion that we exist to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too the notion that we exist to make
+money for our owners a little hard to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for our owners a little hard to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for our owners a little hard to go
+to get up and get excited about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get up and get excited about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get up and get excited about so
+fredman said Freedman will will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman said Freedman will will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman said Freedman will will come
+along with you and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with you and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along with you and say
+Yes um and there's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes um and there's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes um and there's a nice
+example uh handy mentions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh handy mentions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh handy mentions
+MC um beginning in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC um beginning in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MC um beginning in
+1988 they had invented this uh drug that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 they had invented this uh drug that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1988 they had invented this uh drug that
+cures river blindness which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cures river blindness which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cures river blindness which is a very
+nasty disease that infects people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty disease that infects people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nasty disease that infects people in
+Africa I mean young people go blind from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa I mean young people go blind from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Africa I mean young people go blind from
+swimming basically getting in the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming basically getting in the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+swimming basically getting in the water
+uh and the stuff is reasonably expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the stuff is reasonably expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and the stuff is reasonably expensive
+to make they couldn't actually sell it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make they couldn't actually sell it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make they couldn't actually sell it
+into Africa so they give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Africa so they give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into Africa so they give it
+away they give it away it's free they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away they give it away it's free they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away they give it away it's free they
+make it available free and you say how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it available free and you say how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it available free and you say how
+can that be profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that be profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can that be profit
+maximizing well if you walk into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing well if you walk into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing well if you walk into the
+Merc headquarters there's a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merc headquarters there's a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Merc headquarters there's a large
+statue of a young
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statue of a young
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statue of a young
+boy with as I remember it somebody in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy with as I remember it somebody in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy with as I remember it somebody in a
+white coat with his hand on the boy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white coat with his hand on the boy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white coat with his hand on the boy's
+shoulder and and you say to somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder and and you say to somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shoulder and and you say to somebody
+anybody at MK what's that about they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody at MK what's that about they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody at MK what's that about they
+tell you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you this
+story well you can get up and go to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story well you can get up and go to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story well you can get up and go to work
+for a company that says yeah we're about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a company that says yeah we're about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a company that says yeah we're about
+more than making money we saw something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than making money we saw something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than making money we saw something
+that we could uniquely do for the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could uniquely do for the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we could uniquely do for the world
+and we did it we're not just about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did it we're not just about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we did it we're not just about
+making money so fredman fredman loves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money so fredman fredman loves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making money so fredman fredman loves
+this anything would you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+farther Julian we've got your name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther Julian we've got your name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farther Julian we've got your name
+correct that's fabulous good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that's fabulous good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct that's fabulous good
+wonderful good but I mean I I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful good but I mean I I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wonderful good but I mean I I would
+disagree with G because he may be right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with G because he may be right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagree with G because he may be right
+in some cases that perhaps some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases that perhaps some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some cases that perhaps some
+companies would find it in their best
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies would find it in their best
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies would find it in their best
+interest to do social good um however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to do social good um however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest to do social good um however
+let's say let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say let's take a look at
+McDonald's I'm sure their workers aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's I'm sure their workers aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's I'm sure their workers aren't
+happy about their wages I'm pretty sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about their wages I'm pretty sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy about their wages I'm pretty sure
+McDonald's could pay them a bit more but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's could pay them a bit more but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+McDonald's could pay them a bit more but
+I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean
+that might be seen as a social good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be seen as a social good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that might be seen as a social good to
+earn more than minimum wage for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn more than minimum wage for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earn more than minimum wage for your
+workers or pay them more than minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers or pay them more than minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers or pay them more than minimum
+wage and I'm sure McDonald's could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and I'm sure McDonald's could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wage and I'm sure McDonald's could
+properly afford it um but seeing as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly afford it um but seeing as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properly afford it um but seeing as they
+generally don't pay that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally don't pay that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally don't pay that
+much it's not really in their interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it's not really in their interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much it's not really in their interest
+for social good so it's generally about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for social good so it's generally about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for social good so it's generally about
+profit I would say and so fredman I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit I would say and so fredman I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profit I would say and so fredman I
+would say it's incorrect in that firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's incorrect in that firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say it's incorrect in that firms
+don't always do like social good for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always do like social good for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't always do like social good for
+sometimes they do social good for social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they do social good for social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they do social good for social
+good and by the way I think it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and by the way I think it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and by the way I think it's the
+local franchisee who makes the wage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local franchisee who makes the wage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+local franchisee who makes the wage
+decisions and whether that person can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and whether that person can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and whether that person can
+afford it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afford it or
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not
+depends okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends okay
+example uh let's say coal mines back in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh let's say coal mines back in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh let's say coal mines back in
+the day um or like during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day um or like during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day um or like during
+industrialization clothing factories
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization clothing factories
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industrialization clothing factories
+they were people so they were they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were people so they were they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were people so they were they were
+people in horrible conditions and P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in horrible conditions and P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people in horrible conditions and P
+horrible wages but remember we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible wages but remember we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+horrible wages but remember we're
+talking prescription not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking prescription not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking prescription not
+description fredman says that's okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description fredman says that's okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description fredman says that's okay
+handy says that's not okay what do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy says that's not okay what do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handy says that's not okay what do you
+say you say it's not okay or do you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you say it's not okay or do you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you say it's not okay or do you say
+it's okay what would you tell the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay what would you tell the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's okay what would you tell the
+executives to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executives to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+executives to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+working okay do coal mines ever fail go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working okay do coal mines ever fail go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working okay do coal mines ever fail go
+out of business go broke yeah even pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of business go broke yeah even pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of business go broke yeah even pay
+even with those lousy working conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it no no it's not it's not but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it no no it's not it's not but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it no no it's not it's not but if you
+raise costs you raise the probability so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise costs you raise the probability so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise costs you raise the probability so
+here's another here's another Merk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another here's another Merk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another here's another Merk
+example from oh that needs a pen from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from oh that needs a pen from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example from oh that needs a pen from
+1999 to 2004 closed pen MK had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 to 2004 closed pen MK had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1999 to 2004 closed pen MK had
+information about the adverse health
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the adverse health
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about the adverse health
+effects of a popular drug prescribed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of a popular drug prescribed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of a popular drug prescribed for
+arthritis a friend of mine took it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis a friend of mine took it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arthritis a friend of mine took it
+regularly uh and it had very it had bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly uh and it had very it had bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regularly uh and it had very it had bad
+side effects they had information on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side effects they had information on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side effects they had information on the
+bad side effects they hid it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad side effects they hid it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad side effects they hid it
+they hid the information and during that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hid the information and during that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they hid the information and during that
+period they sold a lot of Vio and made a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period they sold a lot of Vio and made a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period they sold a lot of Vio and made a
+lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of
+money was that profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+maximizing handy would would oppose it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing handy would would oppose it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing handy would would oppose it
+would fredman oppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fredman oppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would fredman oppose
+it Charlotte but isn't that one illegal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Charlotte but isn't that one illegal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it Charlotte but isn't that one illegal
+like are we talking but are we talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are we talking but are we talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like are we talking but are we talking
+about things that are illegal or are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things that are illegal or are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about things that are illegal or are we
+just talking about things that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about things that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just talking about things that could be
+or could it be like depending on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could it be like depending on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or could it be like depending on a
+decision by the owners and it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision by the owners and it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision by the owners and it like
+legality of it would be I actually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legality of it would be I actually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legality of it would be I actually don't
+know if it was illegal they certainly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it was illegal they certainly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if it was illegal they certainly
+were sued I'm not sure of the legality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sued I'm not sure of the legality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were sued I'm not sure of the legality
+suppose it was legal would always be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it was legal would always be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose it was legal would always be
+responsibility to meet their legal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to meet their legal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility to meet their legal
+requirements suppose it suppose it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements suppose it suppose it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements suppose it suppose it was
+legal requ suppose it was legal bad law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal requ suppose it was legal bad law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal requ suppose it was legal bad law
+the law didn't actually say you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law didn't actually say you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the law didn't actually say you got to
+disclose bad effects the law was badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose bad effects the law was badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disclose bad effects the law was badly
+written and it let them get away with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and it let them get away with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written and it let them get away with it
+I mean then should they have I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean then should they have I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean then should they have I think
+they would both disagree with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would both disagree with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would both disagree with that
+because personally if I were working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because personally if I were working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because personally if I were working for
+a firm that was hiding the adverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firm that was hiding the adverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a firm that was hiding the adverse
+effects of a drug that someone I knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of a drug that someone I knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects of a drug that someone I knew
+might be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be taking
+that wouldn't be a reason for me to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be a reason for me to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that wouldn't be a reason for me to go
+to work every day that would be hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work every day that would be hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work every day that would be hard
+Rachel I feel like in both cases it just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel I feel like in both cases it just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rachel I feel like in both cases it just
+kind of depends for individual companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of depends for individual companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of depends for individual companies
+how much they value or like how much um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they value or like how much um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much they value or like how much um
+consumer opinion of them matters their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer opinion of them matters their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer opinion of them matters their
+business I mean in this case like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I mean in this case like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business I mean in this case like it
+might not be profit maximizing if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be profit maximizing if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might not be profit maximizing if it's
+really really important that the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really important that the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really really important that the public
+have a good view of them in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good view of them in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a good view of them in the first
+case you know it might be that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know it might be that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you know it might be that the
+amount of money that they're losing by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money that they're losing by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of money that they're losing by
+giving away the drug is you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving away the drug is you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving away the drug is you know
+overcome by the amount of Goodwill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome by the amount of Goodwill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome by the amount of Goodwill
+they're earning so it just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're earning so it just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're earning so it just kind of
+depends for the firm what one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends for the firm what one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends for the firm what one thing
+that's it' be interesting to know there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it' be interesting to know there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it' be interesting to know there
+and I don't know the details is at what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know the details is at what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I don't know the details is at what
+level of the firm was the decision made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the firm was the decision made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of the firm was the decision made
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+conceal it could be the the person whose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceal it could be the the person whose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceal it could be the the person whose
+bonus depended on sales as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus depended on sales as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonus depended on sales as opposed to
+the CEO Samantha I was just going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO Samantha I was just going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CEO Samantha I was just going to say
+that I think um I'm more on the handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think um I'm more on the handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I think um I'm more on the handy
+side of things that firms have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of things that firms have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of things that firms have an
+obligation a moral obligation as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation a moral obligation as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obligation a moral obligation as well as
+an obligation to maximize profit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obligation to maximize profit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an obligation to maximize profit and
+something like hiding at this effect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like hiding at this effect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like hiding at this effect of
+a drug is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a drug is
+in my opinion morally wrong and it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion morally wrong and it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my opinion morally wrong and it's not
+something that airm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that airm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that airm I
+mean I would think that Freeman would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I would think that Freeman would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean I would think that Freeman would be
+okay with something like that correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with something like that correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay with something like that correct
+that companies do balance like PR and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that companies do balance like PR and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that companies do balance like PR and
+public opinion of them with profit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public opinion of them with profit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public opinion of them with profit
+maximizing because public opinion of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing because public opinion of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maximizing because public opinion of
+that and it's nice to have a mission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's nice to have a mission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and it's nice to have a mission
+when you can have a mission but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can have a mission but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you can have a mission but
+Wednesday we're going to talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we're going to talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday we're going to talk about a
+firm in Upstate New York that makes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm in Upstate New York that makes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm in Upstate New York that makes from
+Malahide and I just don't know how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malahide and I just don't know how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Malahide and I just don't know how you
+know it may be technically interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may be technically interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it may be technically interesting
+to run the firm run the plant but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run the firm run the plant but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to run the firm run the plant but I
+don't see how you get socially charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see how you get socially charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see how you get socially charged
+by that one uh just one one last then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that one uh just one one last then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that one uh just one one last then I
+do want to get on to Capital budgeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to get on to Capital budgeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to get on to Capital budgeting
+uh and let's just think about this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let's just think about this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and let's just think about this one
+because think about how much of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because think about how much of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because think about how much of an
+issue uh Romney's Venture Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue uh Romney's Venture Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue uh Romney's Venture Capital
+experience actually uh a private Equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience actually uh a private Equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience actually uh a private Equity
+experience has been in this campaign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience has been in this campaign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience has been in this campaign
+where you know they closed plants they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know they closed plants they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you know they closed plants they
+closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed
+firms and it's portrayed as the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and it's portrayed as the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms and it's portrayed as the wrong
+thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to
+do sometimes there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sometimes there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do sometimes there's no
+choice sometimes there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice sometimes there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice sometimes there is a
+choice is there a moral issue involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is there a moral issue involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is there a moral issue involved
+here is there not a moral issue you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is there not a moral issue you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is there not a moral issue you you
+I'm a McDonald's franchisee just to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a McDonald's franchisee just to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm a McDonald's franchisee just to go
+to to Julian's favorite dining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Julian's favorite dining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to Julian's favorite dining
+establishment and I've got six stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment and I've got six stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+establishment and I've got six stores
+and I'm losing money on one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm losing money on one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm losing money on one of
+them do I have a moral obligation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do I have a moral obligation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them do I have a moral obligation to
+keep it open because of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it open because of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep it open because of the people
+or can I shut it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+down or suppose in fact I'm not losing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or suppose in fact I'm not losing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down or suppose in fact I'm not losing
+money on it uh it's reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on it uh it's reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on it uh it's reasonably
+profitable but I get a really good offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable but I get a really good offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profitable but I get a really good offer
+from somebody who wants to make at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody who wants to make at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from somebody who wants to make at a
+parking lot and I can take that money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot and I can take that money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parking lot and I can take that money
+open another restaurant in a better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open another restaurant in a better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open another restaurant in a better
+location across town where yeah I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location across town where yeah I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location across town where yeah I could
+employ those people but they won't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ those people but they won't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+employ those people but they won't be
+able to get there so I'll I'll take it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get there so I'll I'll take it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get there so I'll I'll take it
+you had a reaction yeah I mean there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a reaction yeah I mean there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you had a reaction yeah I mean there
+could be another company that could come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be another company that could come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be another company that could come
+in and do more the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and do more the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and do more the
+community parking lot maybe maybe maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community parking lot maybe maybe maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+community parking lot maybe maybe maybe
+the community is desperate for parking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community is desperate for parking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the community is desperate for parking
+let me go to Capital budgeting because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go to Capital budgeting because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me go to Capital budgeting because I
+think this will this will take us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this will this will take us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this will this will take us a
+little while um what about firms for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while um what about firms for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while um what about firms for the
+next several sessions and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next several sessions and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next several sessions and you know the
+diagram my favorite diagram that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram my favorite diagram that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagram my favorite diagram that we
+started with firms supply energy Supply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with firms supply energy Supply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with firms supply energy Supply
+Energy Services firms use energy that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services firms use energy that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy Services firms use energy that's
+where we're going to focus for a while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to focus for a while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going to focus for a while
+firms supply products that use energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms supply products that use energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms supply products that use energy
+and firms supply products that help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and firms supply products that help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and firms supply products that help
+supply energy in all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cases the firms make decisions involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the firms make decisions involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases the firms make decisions involving
+costs and benefits phased out over uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits phased out over uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and benefits phased out over uh
+spread out over many years with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uncertainty I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty I'm going to
+assume some version of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume some version of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume some version of
+fredman because I don't know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman because I don't know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fredman because I don't know how to
+model handy other than as you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model handy other than as you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model handy other than as you have to
+think carefully about the long term and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think carefully about the long term and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think carefully about the long term and
+if I have a moral obligation I'll add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a moral obligation I'll add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a moral obligation I'll add
+that on top of this so the basic uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on top of this so the basic uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on top of this so the basic uh
+basic story is we're going to maximize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic story is we're going to maximize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic story is we're going to maximize
+value that's not maximizing today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's not maximizing today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that's not maximizing today's
+share price there's a nice phrase in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share price there's a nice phrase in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share price there's a nice phrase in
+Brey Meers and Allen that talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brey Meers and Allen that talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brey Meers and Allen that talks about
+the honest share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honest share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honest share
+price uh they don't mean by that in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh they don't mean by that in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price uh they don't mean by that in the
+absence of fraud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of fraud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of fraud
+they mean in the presence of very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean in the presence of very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they mean in the presence of very good
+information so you want to maximize how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so you want to maximize how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information so you want to maximize how
+much the firm is worth if everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the firm is worth if everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the firm is worth if everybody
+knows as much as you do and indeed knows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows as much as you do and indeed knows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knows as much as you do and indeed knows
+that much about other firms so in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much about other firms so in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much about other firms so in the
+case of MC you'd want to assume they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of MC you'd want to assume they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case of MC you'd want to assume they
+know about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know about
+Vio if I can go to the capital markets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vio if I can go to the capital markets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vio if I can go to the capital markets
+and I can invest and I can borrow and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can invest and I can borrow and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can invest and I can borrow and I
+can raise stock and it's a simple world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can raise stock and it's a simple world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can raise stock and it's a simple world
+isn't that a lovely picture uh the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that a lovely picture uh the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't that a lovely picture uh the the
+rule to do this is straightforward again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to do this is straightforward again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule to do this is straightforward again
+we're going to talk about Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about Investments
+not operating decisions but investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not operating decisions but investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not operating decisions but investment
+decisions you make all all Investments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you make all all Investments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions you make all all Investments
+that have a positive Net Present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a positive Net Present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have a positive Net Present
+Value this is net present value in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value this is net present value in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value this is net present value in
+discret not continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret not continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discret not continuous
+terms and we do this because you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and we do this because you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms and we do this because you know
+continuous compounding doesn't simplify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous compounding doesn't simplify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous compounding doesn't simplify
+particularly when you've got uh flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you've got uh flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly when you've got uh flows
+That Vary over time it's nice in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That Vary over time it's nice in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That Vary over time it's nice in very
+simple cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple cases
+I love the Elegance but if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love the Elegance but if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I love the Elegance but if you want to
+work out the net present value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the net present value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work out the net present value of
+something like this this is a this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this this is a this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this this is a this is an
+oil lease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil lease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil lease
+hypothetically so capex Capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically so capex Capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hypothetically so capex Capital
+expenditures are incurred early on oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures are incurred early on oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expenditures are incurred early on oil
+production ramps levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production ramps levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production ramps levels
+declines and to Value this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines and to Value this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+declines and to Value this
+opportunity you got to figure what am I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you got to figure what am I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity you got to figure what am I
+going to get from selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get from selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get from selling
+oil what are the operating expenses Opex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil what are the operating expenses Opex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil what are the operating expenses Opex
+associated with getting that oil out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with getting that oil out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with getting that oil out
+what are the royalties I'm going to owe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the royalties I'm going to owe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the royalties I'm going to owe
+and what are the taxes I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the taxes I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are the taxes I'm going to have
+to pay I take the net and I discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay I take the net and I discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay I take the net and I discount
+it and the opportunity cost of capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the opportunity cost of capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and the opportunity cost of capital
+we spent quite a while on is what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent quite a while on is what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent quite a while on is what I
+could make on an investment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make on an investment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could make on an investment of
+comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable
+riskiness what's that mean I'll come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness what's that mean I'll come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness what's that mean I'll come
+back to it but if I can do better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it but if I can do better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to it but if I can do better
+investing in this oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in this oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investing in this oil
+lease than anything else that's handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease than anything else that's handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lease than anything else that's handy
+that's of comparable riskiness I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of comparable riskiness I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's of comparable riskiness I should
+make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make this
+investment if I should if I can make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment if I should if I can make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment if I should if I can make
+we'll see next time there's a the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see next time there's a the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see next time there's a the the
+the calculations for Wednesday have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations for Wednesday have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the calculations for Wednesday have to
+do with an investment in energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with an investment in energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do with an investment in energy
+conservation so it's the same thing if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation so it's the same thing if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conservation so it's the same thing if I
+can I can invest in lots of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can invest in lots of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I can invest in lots of things but
+if I can invest in energy conservation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can invest in energy conservation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I can invest in energy conservation
+and it gives me a better return than an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives me a better return than an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it gives me a better return than an
+investment of comparable riskiness I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment of comparable riskiness I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment of comparable riskiness I
+ought to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ought to do
+it now that's a pretty simple form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now that's a pretty simple form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it now that's a pretty simple form
+formula right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula right you
+just dis something that cash flows that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dis something that cash flows that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just dis something that cash flows that
+occur in Period J take a discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in Period J take a discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur in Period J take a discount rate
+discounted back to the presentent at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted back to the presentent at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted back to the presentent at
+interest rate R and you know you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate R and you know you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate R and you know you do this
+on a spreadsheet and you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a spreadsheet and you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a spreadsheet and you'll see a
+spreadsheet uh Wednesday so a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet uh Wednesday so a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet uh Wednesday so a couple
+couple simple Basics here the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple simple Basics here the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple simple Basics here the first
+is Cash matters profits don't matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Cash matters profits don't matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is Cash matters profits don't matter
+except in so far as they affect taxes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in so far as they affect taxes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except in so far as they affect taxes so
+this is when you do present value for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when you do present value for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is when you do present value for a
+firm the question is what are my actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm the question is what are my actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm the question is what are my actual
+returns not what the does the accountant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns not what the does the accountant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns not what the does the accountant
+put on the bottom of the paper uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the bottom of the paper uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put on the bottom of the paper uh and
+the the main example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the main example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the main example is
+depreciation depreciation is not a cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation depreciation is not a cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depreciation depreciation is not a cash
+expense it affects your taxes and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense it affects your taxes and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expense it affects your taxes and you'll
+see for Wednesday you have to consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for Wednesday you have to consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see for Wednesday you have to consider
+that but but it it doesn't directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but it it doesn't directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that but but it it doesn't directly
+impact the cash in the bank it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the cash in the bank it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impact the cash in the bank it's
+something the accountant writes down so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the accountant writes down so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something the accountant writes down so
+you you use cash flows relentless l ly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you use cash flows relentless l ly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you use cash flows relentless l ly
+focus on cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on cash
+flows there are a couple of simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows there are a couple of simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows there are a couple of simple
+formulas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formulas
+um uh that's the formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's the formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um uh that's the formula for
+perpetuity something that starts with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity something that starts with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity something that starts with a
+constant payment one year out goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant payment one year out goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant payment one year out goes
+forever you'll see it's the same formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever you'll see it's the same formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever you'll see it's the same formula
+as for continuous compounding but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as for continuous compounding but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as for continuous compounding but you
+know obviously the interest rate's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously the interest rate's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know obviously the interest rate's
+different this is compounded once a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is compounded once a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different this is compounded once a
+period And this is nice in Brey Meers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period And this is nice in Brey Meers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period And this is nice in Brey Meers
+and Allen suppose it you have a bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Allen suppose it you have a bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Allen suppose it you have a bond
+that pays C per year for capital T years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pays C per year for capital T years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that pays C per year for capital T years
+what's it worth well if the interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it worth well if the interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's it worth well if the interest
+rates are that's equivalent to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are that's equivalent to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates are that's equivalent to a
+perpetuity starting today starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity starting today starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpetuity starting today starting in
+one year minus a perpetuity starting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year minus a perpetuity starting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one year minus a perpetuity starting in
+year t+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year t+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year t+
+one I subtract that and I get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I subtract that and I get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I subtract that and I get this
+simple little formula on the right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple little formula on the right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple little formula on the right I
+could also do a t period power series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also do a t period power series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could also do a t period power series
+but that's cleaner this is the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's cleaner this is the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's cleaner this is the formula
+you use that's the formula for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that's the formula for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you use that's the formula for a
+mortgage right except you use a monthly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage right except you use a monthly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortgage right except you use a monthly
+interest rate so if you know what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate so if you know what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate so if you know what the
+value of the mor of the mortgage is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the mor of the mortgage is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the mor of the mortgage is and
+you know the yield on the mortgage are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the yield on the mortgage are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the yield on the mortgage are
+you can solve for the monthly payment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve for the monthly payment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can solve for the monthly payment
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+a standard Bond or mortgage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard Bond or mortgage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a standard Bond or mortgage
+formula um the last point I want to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula um the last point I want to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula um the last point I want to make
+on this slide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this slide
+is are the is all list clear questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are the is all list clear questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is are the is all list clear questions
+or comments or reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+suppose prices are going up at 10% and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose prices are going up at 10% and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose prices are going up at 10% and
+the bank is pay 10% a year and the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank is pay 10% a year and the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bank is pay 10% a year and the bank
+is paying 5% a year you're not making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paying 5% a year you're not making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is paying 5% a year you're not making
+money on the investment in the bank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on the investment in the bank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money on the investment in the bank
+right you're losing purchasing power the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're losing purchasing power the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you're losing purchasing power the
+real interest rate whatever it is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate whatever it is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real interest rate whatever it is is
+negative you put $100 in the bank today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you put $100 in the bank today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative you put $100 in the bank today
+a year from now you get something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year from now you get something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a year from now you get something that's
+worth less because of inflation than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth less because of inflation than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth less because of inflation than
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+$100 even though it's 105 inflation's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 even though it's 105 inflation's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$100 even though it's 105 inflation's
+gone up well to figure out the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up well to figure out the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone up well to figure out the relation
+between the market or nominal interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the market or nominal interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the market or nominal interest
+rate capital r the inflation rate I and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate capital r the inflation rate I and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate capital r the inflation rate I and
+the real interest rate it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+straightforward I put the money in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward I put the money in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward I put the money in the
+bank at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank at
+5% uh I get a doll five I basically got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% uh I get a doll five I basically got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% uh I get a doll five I basically got
+to knock that down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to knock that down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to knock that down
+by the by the amount of inflation that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by the amount of inflation that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the by the amount of inflation that's
+occurred and this this gives me the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred and this this gives me the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurred and this this gives me the
+increase in purchasing power so another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in purchasing power so another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in purchasing power so another
+way to think about it or another example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about it or another example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think about it or another example
+suppose the bank's paying 5% inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the bank's paying 5% inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose the bank's paying 5% inflation
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+5% I get $105 which is worth exactly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% I get $105 which is worth exactly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5% I get $105 which is worth exactly in
+terms of what I can buy what $100 was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what I can buy what $100 was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what I can buy what $100 was
+today so the interest rates the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so the interest rates the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today so the interest rates the real
+interest rate the increase in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate the increase in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate the increase in the
+purchase power purchasing power is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase power purchasing power is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purchase power purchasing power is zero
+right if those two are equal this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if those two are equal this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right if those two are equal this is
+zero and that makes sense inflation has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that makes sense inflation has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and that makes sense inflation has
+wiped out the earnings if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiped out the earnings if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wiped out the earnings if you if you
+just multiply this through you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply this through you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiply this through you get this
+relationship normally the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship normally the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship normally the product of
+these two rates I and little r is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two rates I and little r is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two rates I and little r is
+negligible although I'm told in periods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible although I'm told in periods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negligible although I'm told in periods
+of high inflation in Israel people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high inflation in Israel people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high inflation in Israel people
+actually do carry this second term it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do carry this second term it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do carry this second term it's
+normally very small and you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally very small and you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally very small and you get the
+result that the real interest rate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that the real interest rate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result that the real interest rate in
+any sane circumstance is the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sane circumstance is the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any sane circumstance is the market
+interest rate minus the inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate minus the inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rate minus the inflation
+rate okay and that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay and that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate okay and that's that's the
+relationship every everybody uses it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship every everybody uses it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship every everybody uses it's
+important to understand which interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand which interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important to understand which interest
+rate you're using whether you're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you're using whether you're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate you're using whether you're using a
+real rate or a nominal rate but are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real rate or a nominal rate but are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real rate or a nominal rate but are we
+okay on this on this everybody nods
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on this on this everybody nods
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay on this on this everybody nods
+everybody's happy almost all interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's happy almost all interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's happy almost all interest
+rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+are nominal right you look at you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nominal right you look at you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are nominal right you look at you look
+up interest rates in the newspaper they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up interest rates in the newspaper they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up interest rates in the newspaper they
+are here's what we'll pay you in a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here's what we'll pay you in a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are here's what we'll pay you in a year
+they don't depend on the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't depend on the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't depend on the rate of
+inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation
+um all else equal of course they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all else equal of course they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um all else equal of course they're
+going to be higher the higher inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be higher the higher inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be higher the higher inflation
+is expected to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is expected to
+be we had breathtaking interest rates in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we had breathtaking interest rates in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be we had breathtaking interest rates in
+the late 70s early 80s when inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 70s early 80s when inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the late 70s early 80s when inflation
+was was running we had mortgage rates of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was running we had mortgage rates of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was was running we had mortgage rates of
+18% For Heaven's Sake um if you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18% For Heaven's Sake um if you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18% For Heaven's Sake um if you expect
+High inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+High inflation
+you're going to want to get more dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to get more dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to want to get more dollars
+back um now you can look at real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um now you can look at real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back um now you can look at real
+interest rates in the past of course you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates in the past of course you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest rates in the past of course you
+can look at what was the rate what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at what was the rate what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can look at what was the rate what was
+the one-year bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-year bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one-year bond
+rate uh on a1y year bond rate Government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh on a1y year bond rate Government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate uh on a1y year bond rate Government
+Bond rate let's say on January 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond rate let's say on January 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bond rate let's say on January 1
+1956 what was the inflation between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 what was the inflation between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1956 what was the inflation between
+January of 1956 in January of 1957 I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January of 1956 in January of 1957 I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+January of 1956 in January of 1957 I can
+subtract and get the real interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and get the real interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract and get the real interest rate
+what do I do going forward going forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do going forward going forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I do going forward going forward
+it's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a little
+trickier there there's a bond sold by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier there there's a bond sold by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier there there's a bond sold by
+the treasury you can buy them called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury you can buy them called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the treasury you can buy them called
+tips treasury information protected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips treasury information protected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tips treasury information protected
+securities they adjust so they pay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities they adjust so they pay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+securities they adjust so they pay you
+in real dollars so the interest rate is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real dollars so the interest rate is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real dollars so the interest rate is
+a real interest rate interest rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real interest rate interest rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real interest rate interest rate
+quoted is a real interest rate so last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted is a real interest rate so last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quoted is a real interest rate so last
+Friday when I was able to download handy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday when I was able to download handy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday when I was able to download handy
+last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last
+Friday uh I checked the 20 year uh rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday uh I checked the 20 year uh rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday uh I checked the 20 year uh rate
+on regular government bonds that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on regular government bonds that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on regular government bonds that was
+2.83% from the treasury's website and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.83% from the treasury's website and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.83% from the treasury's website and
+the rate on 10year tips was a half a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate on 10year tips was a half a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate on 10year tips was a half a
+percent these are breathtaking numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent these are breathtaking numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percent these are breathtaking numbers
+historically uh it's a half a percent so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically uh it's a half a percent so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically uh it's a half a percent so
+I'd say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd say the
+market in some sense has an inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in some sense has an inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in some sense has an inflation
+expectation over 10 years of just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation over 10 years of just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation over 10 years of just a
+little over 2% which is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over 2% which is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little over 2% which is sort of a
+reasonable number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable number
+historically so but but it's a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically so but but it's a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically so but but it's a bit of a
+thin market and tips have special
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin market and tips have special
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thin market and tips have special
+characteristics and not everybody buys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and not everybody buys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics and not everybody buys
+them so I wouldn't say you can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I wouldn't say you can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so I wouldn't say you can always
+look up the Market's inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the Market's inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look up the Market's inflation
+expectations this way but it gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations this way but it gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations this way but it gives you a
+sense it gives you a sense not a not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it gives you a sense not a not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense it gives you a sense not a not a
+sharp tool but a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp tool but a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp tool but a
+tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tool
+okay the biggest mistake people make in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the biggest mistake people make in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the biggest mistake people make in
+doing present value in almost any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing present value in almost any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing present value in almost any
+setting is to confuse which interest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting is to confuse which interest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting is to confuse which interest
+rate they're using are you using a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate they're using are you using a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate they're using are you using a real
+rate or a nominal rate now the normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or a nominal rate now the normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate or a nominal rate now the normal
+thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you
+do when you're doing a present value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you're doing a present value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do when you're doing a present value
+calculation you know and it involves so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you know and it involves so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation you know and it involves so
+many pounds of cement per year over 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pounds of cement per year over 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many pounds of cement per year over 10
+years you use today's pound of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you use today's pound of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years you use today's pound of today's
+price for cement that's the normal thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for cement that's the normal thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for cement that's the normal thing
+to do today's price for steel today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do today's price for steel today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do today's price for steel today's
+price for whatever figure out physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for whatever figure out physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price for whatever figure out physical
+quantities and get cash flows if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and get cash flows if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantities and get cash flows if you do
+that you need to use a real discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to use a real discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to use a real discount
+rate because you've assumed zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate because you've assumed zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate because you've assumed zero
+inflation by using days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+prices if you use a nominal rate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices if you use a nominal rate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices if you use a nominal rate from
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+market then you need to adjust then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market then you need to adjust then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market then you need to adjust then you
+need to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to say well
+I the the rates I use are 5% 10%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the the rates I use are 5% 10%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the the rates I use are 5% 10%
+whatever they are but I expect 2%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are but I expect 2%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever they are but I expect 2%
+inflation so I'll build in 2% inflation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so I'll build in 2% inflation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inflation so I'll build in 2% inflation
+I mean you could do it either way right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you could do it either way right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean you could do it either way right
+you can use today's prices take 2% off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use today's prices take 2% off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use today's prices take 2% off
+the market but but what you can't do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market but but what you can't do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market but but what you can't do is
+mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mix
+you can't take a rate from the capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take a rate from the capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't take a rate from the capital
+market like that 2.83 up there and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market like that 2.83 up there and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market like that 2.83 up there and then
+assume price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume price is
+constant because that 2.83 is based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because that 2.83 is based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant because that 2.83 is based on
+people's expectation that prices will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's expectation that prices will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people's expectation that prices will
+rise that prices will rise so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise that prices will rise so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise that prices will rise so it's a
+very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mistake um just don't do it and no to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake um just don't do it and no to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake um just don't do it and no to
+look for it when people show you as they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it when people show you as they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for it when people show you as they
+will in later life present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in later life present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will in later life present
+values because it's it's common it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because it's it's common it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values because it's it's common it's
+easy to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to make
+and it can certainly get you the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can certainly get you the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it can certainly get you the wrong
+answer if there's any inflation going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if there's any inflation going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer if there's any inflation going on
+or their time period is of any length at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or their time period is of any length at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or their time period is of any length at
+all okay that's issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay that's issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all okay that's issue
+one get the rates right the rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one get the rates right the rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one get the rates right the rates
+matter uh well let's let's do this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh well let's let's do this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter uh well let's let's do this one
+first the question is where does that R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the question is where does that R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first the question is where does that R
+come from and I said it's an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and I said it's an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come from and I said it's an opportunity
+cost of capital it's what you can get on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital it's what you can get on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost of capital it's what you can get on
+an investment of comparable riskiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment of comparable riskiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an investment of comparable riskiness
+well if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if there's no
+risk even though the US government was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk even though the US government was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk even though the US government was
+downrated uh it's normal to treat the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downrated uh it's normal to treat the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downrated uh it's normal to treat the a
+riskless rate as the government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskless rate as the government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskless rate as the government
+borrowing rate there's essentially no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing rate there's essentially no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+borrowing rate there's essentially no
+risk of repayment unless you're a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of repayment unless you're a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk of repayment unless you're a real
+pessimist um and again you use the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimist um and again you use the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pessimist um and again you use the US
+rate not NE necessarily the the Greek
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate not NE necessarily the the Greek
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate not NE necessarily the the Greek
+rate these days um after the write off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate these days um after the write off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate these days um after the write off
+um but Suppose there is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but Suppose there is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but Suppose there is some
+risk well as I say it's an opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk well as I say it's an opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk well as I say it's an opportunity
+cost so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so that
+says you would expect if you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you would expect if you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you would expect if you're going to
+Bear more risk your expectation of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bear more risk your expectation of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bear more risk your expectation of a
+return has to be higher to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return has to be higher to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return has to be higher to
+compensate so you would expect a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate so you would expect a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensate so you would expect a higher
+risk means a higher discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk means a higher discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk means a higher discount rate
+that sort of makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of makes sense
+so that's cute so you normally discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's cute so you normally discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's cute so you normally discount
+the expected cash flows at a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected cash flows at a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expected cash flows at a risk
+adjusted discount rate I'm going to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted discount rate I'm going to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted discount rate I'm going to come
+to what do I mean by risk because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what do I mean by risk because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to what do I mean by risk because that's
+The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The
+$64,000 Question here but so far I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$64,000 Question here but so far I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$64,000 Question here but so far I
+assume this is fairly intuitive and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this is fairly intuitive and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume this is fairly intuitive and if
+you know if a project has some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if a project has some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if a project has some things
+that are certain and some things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are certain and some things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are certain and some things that
+are uncertain you might want to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uncertain you might want to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are uncertain you might want to use
+different discount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different discount
+rates If part of what part of the cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates If part of what part of the cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates If part of what part of the cash
+flows are Returns on government bonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are Returns on government bonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flows are Returns on government bonds
+those are riskless and I ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are riskless and I ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are riskless and I ought to
+discount them using the government bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount them using the government bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discount them using the government bond
+rate part of it is uh sales of Teslas I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate part of it is uh sales of Teslas I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate part of it is uh sales of Teslas I
+might use a higher discount rate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use a higher discount rate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might use a higher discount rate for
+sales of Teslas or Chevy volts uh um or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales of Teslas or Chevy volts uh um or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sales of Teslas or Chevy volts uh um or
+tickets to John Carter or almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets to John Carter or almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tickets to John Carter or almost
+anything else i' I'd use a use a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else i' I'd use a use a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything else i' I'd use a use a higher
+rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate
+um but what do I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what do I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but what do I mean by
+that how do I think about risk okay two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do I think about risk okay two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that how do I think about risk okay two
+points to make one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to make one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points to make one it
+matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters
+um this is not particularly on point but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not particularly on point but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is not particularly on point but
+I like it it illustrates the importance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it it illustrates the importance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I like it it illustrates the importance
+of discount rate Choice as you go out in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discount rate Choice as you go out in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of discount rate Choice as you go out in
+time this equivalent cash flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this equivalent cash flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time this equivalent cash flow
+haircut says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haircut says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haircut says
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+um a dollar in one year at 71% at 7% is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a dollar in one year at 71% at 7% is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a dollar in one year at 71% at 7% is
+worth 71 cents at 10% it's worth 62
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth 71 cents at 10% it's worth 62
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth 71 cents at 10% it's worth 62
+cents that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cents that's
+equivalent to taking 133% off right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to taking 133% off right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to taking 133% off right
+raising the discount rate from 7 to 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the discount rate from 7 to 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising the discount rate from 7 to 10
+is equivalent to a 133% haircut on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to a 133% haircut on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equivalent to a 133% haircut on what
+you're going to get and 30 years out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get and 30 years out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to get and 30 years out
+it's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a huge
+haircut 30 years out it more than cuts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haircut 30 years out it more than cuts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haircut 30 years out it more than cuts
+it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in
+half so the discount rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so the discount rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half so the discount rate
+matters the choice again a nice picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters the choice again a nice picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters the choice again a nice picture
+is you got project a project B Project B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you got project a project B Project B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you got project a project B Project B
+looks very safe project a looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very safe project a looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very safe project a looks very
+risky but has a higher let's take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky but has a higher let's take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky but has a higher let's take that
+to be the expected value the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the expected value the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be the expected value the
+distribution's a little a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution's a little a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution's a little a little
+asymmetric which do you choose which do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric which do you choose which do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asymmetric which do you choose which do
+you choose how do you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose how do you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you choose how do you think about
+risk well it turns out the right answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk well it turns out the right answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk well it turns out the right answer
+isn't variance or anything quite like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't variance or anything quite like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't variance or anything quite like
+variance and I'm going to walk you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and I'm going to walk you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance and I'm going to walk you
+through a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through a bit of
+Finance much too quickly um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance much too quickly um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Finance much too quickly um
+so listen for the concepts don't listen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so listen for the concepts don't listen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so listen for the concepts don't listen
+for the details I just want you to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the details I just want you to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the details I just want you to get
+the basic notion here not the mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic notion here not the mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic notion here not the mechanics
+we're not going to do the mechanics the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to do the mechanics the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to do the mechanics the
+mechanics will not be on the quiz but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics will not be on the quiz but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanics will not be on the quiz but
+but the concept is important Jessica did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the concept is important Jessica did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the concept is important Jessica did
+you say was safer H which one these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say was safer H which one these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say was safer H which one these two
+you say was safer B is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say was safer B is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you say was safer B is
+safer sure much less spread in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer sure much less spread in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer sure much less spread in the
+possible outcomes a is got huge spreads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes a is got huge spreads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible outcomes a is got huge spreads
+in the possible outcomes and we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the possible outcomes and we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the possible outcomes and we don't
+even know where the uh uh uh zero point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know where the uh uh uh zero point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even know where the uh uh uh zero point
+is on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on that
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+U so just looking at it you say a is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so just looking at it you say a is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+U so just looking at it you say a is
+safer that says well a nice measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer that says well a nice measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+safer that says well a nice measure
+might be the dispersion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the dispersion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be the dispersion the
+variance the range whatever not quite so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the range whatever not quite so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance the range whatever not quite so
+here's here's the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+story I can't believe I set this to fly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I can't believe I set this to fly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story I can't believe I set this to fly
+in I hate that um the uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I hate that um the uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in I hate that um the uh it's
+distracting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distracting
+the it's easy to show that um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's easy to show that um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the it's easy to show that um in
+investors should always diversify if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors should always diversify if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investors should always diversify if you
+read anything about investment you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read anything about investment you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read anything about investment you can
+make it mathematical but if you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it mathematical but if you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it mathematical but if you read
+anything about investment it says you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about investment it says you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about investment it says you
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+diversify okay this was this was made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify okay this was this was made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify okay this was this was made
+very fancy in the ' 50s by Harry marwitz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fancy in the ' 50s by Harry marwitz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very fancy in the ' 50s by Harry marwitz
+Second Step was Tobin Jim Tobin James
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Step was Tobin Jim Tobin James
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Second Step was Tobin Jim Tobin James
+Tobin let's be fair in the 60s who said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tobin let's be fair in the 60s who said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tobin let's be fair in the 60s who said
+well if you have really well functioning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you have really well functioning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if you have really well functioning
+Capital markets then every investor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital markets then every investor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital markets then every investor
+should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should
+hold some of all risky Securities and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold some of all risky Securities and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold some of all risky Securities and
+then some safe security so let's suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some safe security so let's suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then some safe security so let's suppose
+I've got a bunch of risky stocks let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a bunch of risky stocks let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got a bunch of risky stocks let's
+say and US Government debt then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and US Government debt then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say and US Government debt then
+everybody's portfolio should be composed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's portfolio should be composed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody's portfolio should be composed
+of some of all the stocks that is to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of all the stocks that is to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some of all the stocks that is to say
+the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market
+portfolio and then some government debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and then some government debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio and then some government debt
+and how much of each you hold would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much of each you hold would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how much of each you hold would
+depend on your tolerance for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on your tolerance for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on your tolerance for
+risk all right so that's says you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk all right so that's says you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk all right so that's says you want
+to think about again everybody's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about again everybody's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about again everybody's
+efficient everybody's optimizing nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient everybody's optimizing nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient everybody's optimizing nobody
+listens to my broker everybody's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listens to my broker everybody's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listens to my broker everybody's very
+efficient and holds the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and holds the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient and holds the market
+portfolio right some shares of each one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio right some shares of each one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio right some shares of each one
+now you can sort of do that index funds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can sort of do that index funds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you can sort of do that index funds
+Come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Come
+Close uh but of course in theory the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Close uh but of course in theory the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Close uh but of course in theory the
+market portfolio isn't just the stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market portfolio isn't just the stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market portfolio isn't just the stock
+market it also would include real estate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market it also would include real estate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market it also would include real estate
+and gold and anything else you think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gold and anything else you think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and gold and anything else you think of
+as an asset you might hold in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an asset you might hold in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an asset you might hold in your
+portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio
+but if you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if you think
+about rational investors holding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rational investors holding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about rational investors holding
+Diversified portfolios and the risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified portfolios and the risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified portfolios and the risky
+part of the portfolio having the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the portfolio having the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the portfolio having the same
+composition for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+composition for
+everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you would expect
+again if you're dividing your Holdings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you're dividing your Holdings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again if you're dividing your Holdings
+between government securities that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between government securities that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between government securities that are
+riskless and a bunch of stocks and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskless and a bunch of stocks and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskless and a bunch of stocks and
+whatever else that's risky the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever else that's risky the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever else that's risky the more you
+tilt toward that risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilt toward that risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tilt toward that risky
+portfolio you better get a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio you better get a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio you better get a higher
+expected return you better have a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return you better have a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return you better have a higher
+average expected return to compensate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average expected return to compensate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average expected return to compensate
+for bearing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bearing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for bearing the
+risk so this was sharp and we'll jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so this was sharp and we'll jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk so this was sharp and we'll jump to
+his answer that's just a general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his answer that's just a general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his answer that's just a general
+statement of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement of the of the
+expectation that the market portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that the market portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation that the market portfolio
+all the risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the risky
+stuff should yield a better return inex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff should yield a better return inex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff should yield a better return inex
+expectation not every day as we know but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation not every day as we know but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectation not every day as we know but
+in expectation it better do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in expectation it better do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in expectation it better do better than
+government debt or why would you ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government debt or why would you ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government debt or why would you ever
+hold it it's risky so you would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it it's risky so you would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hold it it's risky so you would expect
+there to be a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there to be a risk
+premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what this goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this goes
+to if you think about this world in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if you think about this world in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to if you think about this world in
+which people are holding mixtures of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people are holding mixtures of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which people are holding mixtures of
+government securities and lots of risky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government securities and lots of risky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government securities and lots of risky
+stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff
+then comes another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then comes another
+asset is it risky or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset is it risky or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asset is it risky or
+not how do I think about its risk well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how do I think about its risk well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not how do I think about its risk well I
+think about its risk in terms of what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about its risk in terms of what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about its risk in terms of what it
+does to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does to my
+portfolio I don't care what it does by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio I don't care what it does by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio I don't care what it does by
+itself I'm holding all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I'm holding all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself I'm holding all these other
+assets because I'm a rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets because I'm a rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets because I'm a rational
+Diversified investor so what matters to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified investor so what matters to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified investor so what matters to
+me if I'm going to buy it is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I'm going to buy it is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me if I'm going to buy it is what
+difference does it make to my portfolio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference does it make to my portfolio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference does it make to my portfolio
+before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before and
+after that's not just a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that's not just a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that's not just a question of
+variance that's a question of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that's a question of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance that's a question of
+correlation and the example here is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and the example here is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation and the example here is a
+stock that moves against everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that moves against everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock that moves against everything
+else even if it moves a lot can be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else even if it moves a lot can be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else even if it moves a lot can be a
+great thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great thing to
+own because if I own some of this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own because if I own some of this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own because if I own some of this in
+something that moves in the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that moves in the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that moves in the opposite
+direction I can construct a risk-free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I can construct a risk-free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction I can construct a risk-free
+security that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security that's pretty
+good so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good so it doesn't
+matter that in this view of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that in this view of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter that in this view of the
+world what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world what
+matters is how the Returns on an asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is how the Returns on an asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is how the Returns on an asset
+Returns on a security relate to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns on a security relate to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns on a security relate to the
+Returns on everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns on everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Returns on everything
+else basically that two fund theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else basically that two fund theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else basically that two fund theorem
+says you're going to hold something of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you're going to hold something of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you're going to hold something of
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+else that's going to be the risky part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's going to be the risky part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's going to be the risky part
+of your portfolio that's going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your portfolio that's going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of your portfolio that's going to move
+and if I pick up another risky asset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I pick up another risky asset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I pick up another risky asset
+what matters is how does that affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters is how does that affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what matters is how does that affect the
+movement of that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement of that whole
+bundle which says that the picture I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle which says that the picture I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bundle which says that the picture I had
+before this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before this
+one asks the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one asks the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one asks the wrong
+question that just tells me maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that just tells me maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question that just tells me maybe
+something about variance it doesn't tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about variance it doesn't tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about variance it doesn't tell
+me anything about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anything about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me anything about
+correlation right if the only if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation right if the only if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlation right if the only if the
+world consists of Apple stock blast if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world consists of Apple stock blast if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world consists of Apple stock blast if
+the world consists of US Government debt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world consists of US Government debt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world consists of US Government debt
+and Apple stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Apple stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Apple stock
+then the question of whether an oil well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question of whether an oil well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the question of whether an oil well
+is risky or not is does it move with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is risky or not is does it move with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is risky or not is does it move with
+Apple stock does it move against Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple stock does it move against Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple stock does it move against Apple
+stock If It Moves against Apple stock I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock If It Moves against Apple stock I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock If It Moves against Apple stock I
+can reduce my risk If It Moves with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce my risk If It Moves with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can reduce my risk If It Moves with
+Apple stock I'll increase it by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple stock I'll increase it by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple stock I'll increase it by adding
+it to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to my
+portfolio so that's the that's the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so that's the that's the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio so that's the that's the sort
+of key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of key
+Insight that now I made a lot there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight that now I made a lot there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Insight that now I made a lot there are
+a lot of assumptions floating around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of assumptions floating around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of assumptions floating around
+here and I'm going to relax them orally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to relax them orally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I'm going to relax them orally
+in a little bit I can't relax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit I can't relax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a little bit I can't relax
+them uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them uh
+um mathematically and get done but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mathematically and get done but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um mathematically and get done but um
+but the Assumption here is we're dealing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Assumption here is we're dealing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the Assumption here is we're dealing
+with a world in which there are very few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a world in which there are very few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a world in which there are very few
+transactions costs investors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions costs investors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions costs investors are
+behaving rationally everything is smooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving rationally everything is smooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaving rationally everything is smooth
+it's a very competitive world in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very competitive world in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very competitive world in the
+financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial
+Market um that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market um that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market um that's probably
+wrong but it's not clear where you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but it's not clear where you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong but it's not clear where you would
+go from there is it to a better model so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from there is it to a better model so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from there is it to a better model so
+let me not defend this model as truth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me not defend this model as truth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me not defend this model as truth
+let me just defend this model as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just defend this model as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just defend this model as the
+best one we have at the moment it says
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best one we have at the moment it says
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best one we have at the moment it says
+to a reasonable approximation smart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a reasonable approximation smart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a reasonable approximation smart
+people diversify when smart people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people diversify when smart people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people diversify when smart people
+diversify what matters isn't just does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify what matters isn't just does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversify what matters isn't just does
+it move but what does it move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it move but what does it move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it move but what does it move
+with so the sharp model has this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so the sharp model has this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so the sharp model has this
+implication oh sorry I need to go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication oh sorry I need to go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implication oh sorry I need to go back
+to that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that last
+point this is a a very interesting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is a a very interesting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point this is a a very interesting point
+that comes out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes out of this
+model it says not only do I care if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it says not only do I care if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model it says not only do I care if if
+the world is a riskless asset and Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is a riskless asset and Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world is a riskless asset and Apple
+stock comes another investment that has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock comes another investment that has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stock comes another investment that has
+uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertain
+returns If It Moves with Apple stock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns If It Moves with Apple stock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+returns If It Moves with Apple stock
+getting it would increase my risk If It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it would increase my risk If It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting it would increase my risk If It
+Moves against Apple stock uh getting it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moves against Apple stock uh getting it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Moves against Apple stock uh getting it
+would decrease my risk what if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would decrease my risk what if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would decrease my risk what if it's
+uncorrelated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated
+what if it's uncorrelated with the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it's uncorrelated with the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if it's uncorrelated with the other
+risk in the economy in that case with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in the economy in that case with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk in the economy in that case with
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market
+well if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well if it's
+uncorrelated and it's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+market everybody holds a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market everybody holds a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market everybody holds a little bit of
+it it doesn't affect the movement of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't affect the movement of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it doesn't affect the movement of
+your portfolio much I'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your portfolio much I'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your portfolio much I'm just going to
+have to let you you have to take that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to let you you have to take that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to let you you have to take that
+one on faith but risk uncorrelated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on faith but risk uncorrelated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one on faith but risk uncorrelated with
+the market can be Diversified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market can be Diversified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market can be Diversified
+away it doesn't justify a risk premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it doesn't justify a risk premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it doesn't justify a risk premium
+in this world where what matters is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world where what matters is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this world where what matters is the
+portfolio holding it by itself would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio holding it by itself would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio holding it by itself would be
+risky holding a little piece of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky holding a little piece of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risky holding a little piece of it
+uncorrelated with anything else turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with anything else turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncorrelated with anything else turns
+out to have effectively zero impact on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have effectively zero impact on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to have effectively zero impact on
+portfolio risk so we talk about risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio risk so we talk about risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio risk so we talk about risk
+that's uncorrelated with the market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uncorrelated with the market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's uncorrelated with the market is
+diversifiable and it doesn't demand a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifiable and it doesn't demand a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifiable and it doesn't demand a
+risk premium in this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk premium in this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk premium in this world
+I'll give you a little bit about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a little bit about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll give you a little bit about another
+world in a minute but in this world it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in a minute but in this world it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world in a minute but in this world it
+doesn't demand a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't demand a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't demand a risk
+premium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium
+so we're flying along concept Concepts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're flying along concept Concepts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're flying along concept Concepts
+portfolio is what matters correlations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is what matters correlations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio is what matters correlations
+matter this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter this is this is
+Sharp's Sharp's model um that again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp's Sharp's model um that again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sharp's Sharp's model um that again
+under reasonable assumptions widely used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under reasonable assumptions widely used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under reasonable assumptions widely used
+um if something has a zero the the turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if something has a zero the the turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if something has a zero the the turns
+out the measure of risk now is beta the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the measure of risk now is beta the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the measure of risk now is beta the
+whole Market has a beta of one by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Market has a beta of one by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole Market has a beta of one by
+definition risk-free rate has a beta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition risk-free rate has a beta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition risk-free rate has a beta of
+zero because it doesn't move it has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it doesn't move it has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because it doesn't move it has no
+risk things that move against the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk things that move against the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk things that move against the market
+have negative betas things that move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have negative betas things that move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have negative betas things that move
+toward the market with the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the market with the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toward the market with the market
+depending on the correlation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the correlation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on the correlation and the
+movement will'll have a positive beta um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement will'll have a positive beta um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movement will'll have a positive beta um
+beta is the measure of covariance it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the measure of covariance it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta is the measure of covariance it's
+not a quite right of covariance with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a quite right of covariance with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a quite right of covariance with the
+market um and higher beta Securities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market um and higher beta Securities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market um and higher beta Securities
+have a higher required or expected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher required or expected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a higher required or expected
+return higher beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return higher beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return higher beta
+assets so an example this is the cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets so an example this is the cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets so an example this is the cost of
+equity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equity for
+BP um it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+estimate basically by definition there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate basically by definition there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate basically by definition there
+it got identically equal uh by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got identically equal uh by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it got identically equal uh by
+definition the beta on the market as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the beta on the market as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition the beta on the market as a
+whole is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole is one
+it turns out that BP and other major oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that BP and other major oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out that BP and other major oil
+producers are less risky in this regard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers are less risky in this regard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producers are less risky in this regard
+than the average stock beta is 08 for BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the average stock beta is 08 for BP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than the average stock beta is 08 for BP
+you can estimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can estimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can estimate
+it um and here would be an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and here would be an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it um and here would be an example of
+calculating the required or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the required or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating the required or the
+opportunity cost for Investments that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost for Investments that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity cost for Investments that
+look like BP's Investments so we look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like BP's Investments so we look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like BP's Investments so we look at
+what the market requires from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market requires from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the market requires from
+BP we know it's B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP we know it's B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BP we know it's B
+we can estimate that no point in going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can estimate that no point in going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can estimate that no point in going
+into it here suppose the risk-free rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it here suppose the risk-free rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into it here suppose the risk-free rate
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+3% the market as a whole has a risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% the market as a whole has a risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3% the market as a whole has a risk
+premium of 5.4% that again you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium of 5.4% that again you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+premium of 5.4% that again you can
+calculate that gives a cost of equity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that gives a cost of equity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate that gives a cost of equity
+for BP opportunity cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for BP opportunity cost of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for BP opportunity cost of
+7.3% that's what investors would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3% that's what investors would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7.3% that's what investors would
+take to own BP stock in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to own BP stock in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to own BP stock in terms of
+expected return or another investment of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return or another investment of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expected return or another investment of
+comparable riskiness comparable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable riskiness comparable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparable riskiness comparable
+riskiness beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riskiness beta
+point8 so the measure of riskiness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point8 so the measure of riskiness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point8 so the measure of riskiness
+becomes a simple number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a simple number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes a simple number
+beta now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's again it's a simple model I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again it's a simple model I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again it's a simple model I'm not
+expecting you to understand anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting you to understand anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting you to understand anything
+other than that beta involves not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that beta involves not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that beta involves not
+variance but co-variance and correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance but co-variance and correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variance but co-variance and correlation
+involves co-movements with other assets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves co-movements with other assets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves co-movements with other assets
+um as I say this is the opportunity cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as I say this is the opportunity cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um as I say this is the opportunity cost
+of investing in projects as risky as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing in projects as risky as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of investing in projects as risky as
+BP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you are we semi okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far the concept here we're in a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the concept here we're in a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far the concept here we're in a world
+where everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where everybody
+diversifies everybody diversifies as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifies everybody diversifies as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifies everybody diversifies as
+much as they can it turns out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as they can it turns out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as they can it turns out the
+rational way to do that is for everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational way to do that is for everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational way to do that is for everybody
+to hold the same proportion of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold the same proportion of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hold the same proportion of risk
+assets so if you have two shares of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets so if you have two shares of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assets so if you have two shares of
+apple and one share of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple and one share of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple and one share of
+GM uh I might have um four shares of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM uh I might have um four shares of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+GM uh I might have um four shares of
+apple and two shares of GM but I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple and two shares of GM but I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple and two shares of GM but I don't
+reverse the proportions because we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the proportions because we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reverse the proportions because we're
+both owning pieces of the market in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both owning pieces of the market in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both owning pieces of the market in the
+same percentage and in that world what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same percentage and in that world what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same percentage and in that world what
+matters is how things correlate with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is how things correlate with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters is how things correlate with the
+market and also how how big the moves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and also how how big the moves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market and also how how big the moves
+are and beta captures both of those as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and beta captures both of those as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and beta captures both of those as
+the early that earlier slide says it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early that earlier slide says it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the early that earlier slide says it
+captures both the correlation and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures both the correlation and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captures both the correlation and the
+volatility it captures the correlation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility it captures the correlation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volatility it captures the correlation
+and the standard deviation of its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard deviation of its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the standard deviation of its own
+movements so if we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements so if we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements so if we're going to do
+discounting figure out what the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting figure out what the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounting figure out what the what
+what the cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the cash flows
+are probably use the expected cash flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably use the expected cash flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are probably use the expected cash flows
+we might want to be conservative and use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to be conservative and use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we might want to be conservative and use
+lower bounds we might want to of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds we might want to of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower bounds we might want to of
+revenues and upper bounds of costs or be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues and upper bounds of costs or be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenues and upper bounds of costs or be
+optimistic figure out how risky the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic figure out how risky the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimistic figure out how risky the
+thing is and frankly this is very it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is and frankly this is very it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is and frankly this is very it's
+very easy for Common Stocks it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for Common Stocks it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy for Common Stocks it's a
+little harder for an investment project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder for an investment project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder for an investment project
+if I say well I think this project has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say well I think this project has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I say well I think this project has a
+beta of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta of
+08 um how do I get there um you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the key thing that people usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the key thing that people usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the key thing that people usually
+do so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do so this is
+a um the split of a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um the split of a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a um the split of a particular
+project the first thing you ask is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the first thing you ask is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project the first thing you ask is is
+the risk diversifiable or not is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk diversifiable or not is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the risk diversifiable or not is it
+correlated to a first approximation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated to a first approximation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated to a first approximation with
+movements in the rest of the economy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements in the rest of the economy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movements in the rest of the economy or
+not so there's some uncertainty we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so there's some uncertainty we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not so there's some uncertainty we're
+going to we're going to put in a let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to put in a let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to put in a let's
+say it's a wind farm we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a wind farm we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say it's a wind farm we're going to
+build a wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a wind
+farm there's some uncertainty we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm there's some uncertainty we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm there's some uncertainty we've got
+the we've got the equipment under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we've got the equipment under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we've got the equipment under
+contract there's uncertainty about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract there's uncertainty about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract there's uncertainty about how
+difficult it's going to be to put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it's going to be to put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult it's going to be to put the
+thing in place to do the installation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in place to do the installation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in place to do the installation to
+do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+construction that's not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that's not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construction that's not going to be
+correlated with the rest of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the rest of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the rest of the economy
+that's just local that's a local risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just local that's a local risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just local that's a local risk
+that's diversifiable if I can get enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's diversifiable if I can get enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's diversifiable if I can get enough
+people to hold that risk it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to hold that risk it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to hold that risk it's not going
+to matter to anybody because it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matter to anybody because it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matter to anybody because it's not
+going to move their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move their
+portfolio the wages I have to pay will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio the wages I have to pay will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio the wages I have to pay will
+be correlated with the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be correlated with the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be correlated with the rest of the
+economy so if I haven't fixed wages and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so if I haven't fixed wages and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economy so if I haven't fixed wages and
+I haven't fixed prices for materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't fixed prices for materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I haven't fixed prices for materials
+then maybe that does need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe that does need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then maybe that does need to be
+discounted because it is correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted because it is correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discounted because it is correlated
+again it's diversifiable versus non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's diversifiable versus non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again it's diversifiable versus non-
+diversifiable is it correlated with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifiable is it correlated with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifiable is it correlated with the
+market with the rest of the the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market with the rest of the the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market with the rest of the the rest of
+the economy or is it just something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy or is it just something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy or is it just something
+random that's going to happen to me uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random that's going to happen to me uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random that's going to happen to me uh I
+don't know the wind conditions very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the wind conditions very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know the wind conditions very well
+or the reservoir conditions or a variety
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the reservoir conditions or a variety
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the reservoir conditions or a variety
+of things like that is that going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like that is that going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things like that is that going to be
+correlated with the rest of the economy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the rest of the economy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlated with the rest of the economy
+probably not that's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not that's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably not that's probably
+diversifiable risk and I shouldn't worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifiable risk and I shouldn't worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifiable risk and I shouldn't worry
+about the beta because it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the beta because it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the beta because it's probably
+zero it's not correlated with other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's not correlated with other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero it's not correlated with other
+things oh how much am I going to get out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things oh how much am I going to get out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things oh how much am I going to get out
+in terms of kilowatt hours the wind is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of kilowatt hours the wind is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of kilowatt hours the wind is
+UNC certain I don't know what my annual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UNC certain I don't know what my annual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UNC certain I don't know what my annual
+production is going to be from the wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is going to be from the wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production is going to be from the wind
+farm that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+farm that's
+probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably
+diversifiable that is to say it whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifiable that is to say it whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifiable that is to say it whether
+the wind blows or doesn't blow isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind blows or doesn't blow isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wind blows or doesn't blow isn't
+going to be correlated with the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be correlated with the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be correlated with the rest of
+the economy probably unless I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy probably unless I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy probably unless I have a
+long-term contract the price at which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term contract the price at which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term contract the price at which I
+sell Power will for sure be correlated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell Power will for sure be correlated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell Power will for sure be correlated
+with everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with everything
+else that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else that's not
+diversifiable right the market moves up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifiable right the market moves up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversifiable right the market moves up
+the economy moves up the wholesale price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy moves up the wholesale price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the economy moves up the wholesale price
+of electricity goes up so that's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity goes up so that's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of electricity goes up so that's going
+to have a significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a significant
+beta this other stuff not so much so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta this other stuff not so much so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta this other stuff not so much so I'm
+not going to worry too much about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to worry too much about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to worry too much about the
+risk so I would treat the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differently okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far
+now let's do slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different they're different degrees when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're different degrees when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different they're different degrees when
+you're doing this exercise we will see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this exercise we will see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're doing this exercise we will see a
+cost saving project on Wednesday we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost saving project on Wednesday we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost saving project on Wednesday we'll
+do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the
+spreadsheet uh we won't come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet uh we won't come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet uh we won't come back to
+Beta again but you need to see it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta again but you need to see it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Beta again but you need to see it and
+hear it um we we won't come back for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it um we we won't come back for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear it um we we won't come back for a
+while at least um that exercise you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while at least um that exercise you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while at least um that exercise you will
+see it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it's
+done assuming there's a certain level of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done assuming there's a certain level of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done assuming there's a certain level of
+activity in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity in the
+plant well you know how else you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant well you know how else you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant well you know how else you going
+to do it uh really you could you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it uh really you could you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it uh really you could you could
+you could simulate other other levels of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could simulate other other levels of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could simulate other other levels of
+activity but it's done in a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity but it's done in a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activity but it's done in a pretty
+straightforward pretty standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward pretty standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward pretty standard
+fashion um if you have the wind F and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion um if you have the wind F and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fashion um if you have the wind F and
+you've pre-old the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've pre-old the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've pre-old the
+power then again the revenue revenue is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power then again the revenue revenue is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power then again the revenue revenue is
+fixed uh you don't need to Discount the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed uh you don't need to Discount the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed uh you don't need to Discount the
+revenue to allow for risk and the cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue to allow for risk and the cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revenue to allow for risk and the cost
+risks are probably diversifiable per the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks are probably diversifiable per the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks are probably diversifiable per the
+example I said and you probably don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I said and you probably don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example I said and you probably don't
+want to treat costs as a high beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+item suppose you don't know the revenues
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item suppose you don't know the revenues
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+item suppose you don't know the revenues
+suppose you're going to build a gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're going to build a gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you're going to build a gas
+fired power plant you're going to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired power plant you're going to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fired power plant you're going to sell
+into the New England wholesale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the New England wholesale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the New England wholesale
+Market oh well now your revenues are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market oh well now your revenues are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market oh well now your revenues are
+definitely uh correlated with the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely uh correlated with the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely uh correlated with the rest
+of the economy your revenues will have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy your revenues will have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the economy your revenues will have a
+significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beta now suppose you're developing a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta now suppose you're developing a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta now suppose you're developing a new
+widget well the game changes is now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widget well the game changes is now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+widget well the game changes is now
+completely right it's a new it's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely right it's a new it's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely right it's a new it's a new
+it's a new um it's a new toy it's a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new um it's a new toy it's a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a new um it's a new toy it's a new
+video game uh it is whatever it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game uh it is whatever it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game uh it is whatever it
+is you worry much less and we'll get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you worry much less and we'll get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you worry much less and we'll get to
+this after vacation you worry much less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this after vacation you worry much less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this after vacation you worry much less
+about the beta on the revenue from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the beta on the revenue from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the beta on the revenue from your
+video game than on whether you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game than on whether you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video game than on whether you're
+actually making something worth selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making something worth selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually making something worth selling
+and can you retain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can you retain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and can you retain the
+value lots of great ideas uh do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value lots of great ideas uh do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value lots of great ideas uh do not
+enrich their owners
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrich their owners
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrich their owners
+the the person who invented the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the person who invented the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the person who invented the uh the
+the I always pronounce it corg it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I always pronounce it corg it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I always pronounce it corg it's
+pronounced something differently the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced something differently the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pronounced something differently the
+little thing that you use to make bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing that you use to make bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little thing that you use to make bad
+coffee with the capsules um made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee with the capsules um made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffee with the capsules um made
+essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially
+nothing so created value didn't capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so created value didn't capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing so created value didn't capture
+value um the then you know all of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um the then you know all of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value um the then you know all of this
+stuff about beta and discounting and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about beta and discounting and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about beta and discounting and so
+on takes a backseat to strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on takes a backseat to strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on takes a backseat to strategic
+considerations about what how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations about what how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations about what how do I
+ensure I've been you know I how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure I've been you know I how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ensure I've been you know I how do I
+Ensure I sell something how do I ensure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensure I sell something how do I ensure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ensure I sell something how do I ensure
+I capture value how do I ensure that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I capture value how do I ensure that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I capture value how do I ensure that my
+strategy makes sense and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy makes sense and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy makes sense and
+finally suppose you're a small business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally suppose you're a small business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally suppose you're a small business
+with limited Capital Market access you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with limited Capital Market access you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with limited Capital Market access you
+can't do this borrowing and lending and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do this borrowing and lending and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't do this borrowing and lending and
+raising money and alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising money and alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raising money and alternative
+Investments um do you know that first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments um do you know that first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Investments um do you know that first
+acronym has anybody ever heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym has anybody ever heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acronym has anybody ever heard
+it this used to be the Mantra of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this used to be the Mantra of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this used to be the Mantra of the
+former head of the entrepreneurship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former head of the entrepreneurship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+former head of the entrepreneurship
+Center here and it's short for cash is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center here and it's short for cash is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Center here and it's short for cash is
+more important than your mother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than your mother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more important than your mother
+uh wh which for small businesses is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wh which for small businesses is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wh which for small businesses is is
+uh often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh often
+true right we didn't talk about cash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right we didn't talk about cash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true right we didn't talk about cash
+constraints and all this we didn't talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and all this we didn't talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraints and all this we didn't talk
+about project size and any of this stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about project size and any of this stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about project size and any of this stuff
+I did take positive Net Present Value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did take positive Net Present Value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did take positive Net Present Value
+projects it's all swell well that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects it's all swell well that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects it's all swell well that
+assumes you can basically uh diversify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes you can basically uh diversify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumes you can basically uh diversify
+risk it assumes you have access to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk it assumes you have access to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk it assumes you have access to the
+market it assumes you can borrow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market it assumes you can borrow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market it assumes you can borrow and
+lend it assumes if you have a bad day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend it assumes if you have a bad day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lend it assumes if you have a bad day
+you can get a loan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a loan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get a loan
+uh it assumes diversifiable zero beta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it assumes diversifiable zero beta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it assumes diversifiable zero beta
+risks don't matter really if you're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks don't matter really if you're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risks don't matter really if you're a
+small business however a zero beta risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business however a zero beta risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business however a zero beta risk
+can kill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kill
+you right I mean you're you're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right I mean you're you're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right I mean you're you're building
+this you're building this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're building this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you're building this
+plant uh the construction is uncertain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant uh the construction is uncertain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant uh the construction is uncertain
+you don't know whether you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know whether you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't know whether you're going to
+get it online that's uncorrelated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it online that's uncorrelated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get it online that's uncorrelated with
+the rest of the economy but if it fails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the economy but if it fails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the economy but if it fails
+you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're
+done so for small businesses with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so for small businesses with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done so for small businesses with
+limited Capital Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+access all of this beta stuff is lovely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access all of this beta stuff is lovely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access all of this beta stuff is lovely
+large corporations do it lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large corporations do it lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large corporations do it lots of
+companies do it Consultants do it uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do it Consultants do it uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies do it Consultants do it uh
+it's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a lot of
+fun if you're a small business however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun if you're a small business however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun if you're a small business however
+cash is more important well not more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash is more important well not more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash is more important well not more
+important than your mother but it's very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than your mother but it's very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important than your mother but it's very
+important uh and worrying about running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh and worrying about running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important uh and worrying about running
+out of it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of it will
+dominate and to say to a small business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate and to say to a small business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate and to say to a small business
+owner well it's true that you go broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner well it's true that you go broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner well it's true that you go broke
+if this thing fails fails but that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing fails fails but that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this thing fails fails but that's a
+zero beta risk it's not correlated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero beta risk it's not correlated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero beta risk it's not correlated with
+the rest of the economy you shouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the economy you shouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rest of the economy you shouldn't
+treat it as risky that's nuts right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it as risky that's nuts right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treat it as risky that's nuts right so
+the the story about beta and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the story about beta and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the story about beta and the
+appropriate measure of risk for which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate measure of risk for which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appropriate measure of risk for which we
+have good theory applies to large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good theory applies to large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have good theory applies to large
+applies to Ventures with Capital Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to Ventures with Capital Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies to Ventures with Capital Market
+access large or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access large or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access large or
+small how you think about risk for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small how you think about risk for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small how you think about risk for a
+small business with limited or no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business with limited or no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business with limited or no
+Capital Market access really depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Market access really depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Market access really depends on
+the exact circumstance of the small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact circumstance of the small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact circumstance of the small
+business if if you've raised $1,000 from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business if if you've raised $1,000 from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business if if you've raised $1,000 from
+venture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+venture
+capital and you think it's going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and you think it's going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital and you think it's going to take
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+$900 to bring the thing to Market you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$900 to bring the thing to Market you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$900 to bring the thing to Market you
+better get it to market for $900 or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get it to market for $900 or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better get it to market for $900 or you
+either go broke or give away a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either go broke or give away a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either go broke or give away a large
+part of your ownership to raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your ownership to raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of your ownership to raise
+additional money so I just want I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional money so I just want I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional money so I just want I I
+don't want anybody to dealing with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want anybody to dealing with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want anybody to dealing with a
+small business to say yes but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business to say yes but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small business to say yes but what
+really matters is diversifiable and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters is diversifiable and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really matters is diversifiable and
+non-diversifiable risk it does for a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-diversifiable risk it does for a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-diversifiable risk it does for a big
+company it does for a company with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company it does for a company with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company it does for a company with
+Capital Market access it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Market access it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Capital Market access it's not the
+dominant consideration for a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant consideration for a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominant consideration for a small
+business and it's not the dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and it's not the dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and it's not the dominant
+consideration in in evaluating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration in in evaluating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consideration in in evaluating a
+project uh that really is innovative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh that really is innovative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project uh that really is innovative
+because there the real question is can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there the real question is can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there the real question is can I
+capture value and that's that's a post
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture value and that's that's a post
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture value and that's that's a post
+vacation question so I I'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation question so I I'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vacation question so I I'll take
+questions let me say a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me say a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions let me say a little bit about
+Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday
+Wednesday Wednesday's a case we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday Wednesday's a case we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wednesday Wednesday's a case we're going
+to spend almost all the time on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend almost all the time on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to spend almost all the time on the
+case I hope you can get the spread sheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I hope you can get the spread sheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case I hope you can get the spread sheet
+down from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down from
+Stellar um it it involves an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar um it it involves an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Stellar um it it involves an actual
+decision uh an engineer a plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision uh an engineer a plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decision uh an engineer a plant
+manager finds a solution that will save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager finds a solution that will save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager finds a solution that will save
+energy he thinks well solution will save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy he thinks well solution will save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy he thinks well solution will save
+energy the question is is it a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the question is is it a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the question is is it a good
+investment you will see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you will see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investment you will see a
+spreadsheet that uh lays out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet that uh lays out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spreadsheet that uh lays out
+a Net Present Value analysis I invite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Net Present Value analysis I invite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Net Present Value analysis I invite
+you to look at that spreadsheet look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at that spreadsheet look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to look at that spreadsheet look
+closely at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely at the
+formulas is it right is the analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right then the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right then the question
+is you'll also see in the case a bunch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll also see in the case a bunch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you'll also see in the case a bunch
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+objections I think the spreadsheet has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections I think the spreadsheet has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections I think the spreadsheet has
+mistakes I think the spreadsheet fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes I think the spreadsheet fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes I think the spreadsheet fixed
+shows it to be a positive Net Present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows it to be a positive Net Present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows it to be a positive Net Present
+Value investment you will also see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value investment you will also see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value investment you will also see in
+the case so it's all a stuff we all like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case so it's all a stuff we all like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case so it's all a stuff we all like
+it's an investment that will save
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an investment that will save
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an investment that will save
+energy no animals will be harmed uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy no animals will be harmed uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy no animals will be harmed uh they
+won't be venting steam into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be venting steam into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be venting steam into the
+environment they won't have an icing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment they won't have an icing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment they won't have an icing
+problem life will be good but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem life will be good but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem life will be good but there are
+a long list of objectors a long list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long list of objectors a long list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a long list of objectors a long list of
+objections and probably a long list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections and probably a long list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objections and probably a long list of
+objectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectors
+also and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and
+read that and ask the answer the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that and ask the answer the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read that and ask the answer the
+question given those concerns what's he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question given those concerns what's he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question given those concerns what's he
+do I mean here's a positive Net Present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean here's a positive Net Present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I mean here's a positive Net Present
+Value investment in all probability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value investment in all probability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Value investment in all probability
+again we'll go through the spreadsheet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll go through the spreadsheet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again we'll go through the spreadsheet
+just to see how it's done is a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see how it's done is a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to see how it's done is a positive
+Net Present Value investment that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Net Present Value investment that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Net Present Value investment that will
+save energy be good for the environment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save energy be good for the environment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+save energy be good for the environment
+more Ducks whatever but he may not get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Ducks whatever but he may not get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Ducks whatever but he may not get
+to do it he may not and not because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it he may not and not because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it he may not and not because they
+don't have any capital in the bank any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any capital in the bank any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any capital in the bank any
+cash in the bank he may not get to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash in the bank he may not get to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cash in the bank he may not get to do it
+so think about what he should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about what he should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think about what he should
+say uh and think about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh and think about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say uh and think about how the
+firm from the top management might want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm from the top management might want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm from the top management might want
+to structure things so that projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to structure things so that projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to structure things so that projects
+like that don't get blocked so take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that don't get blocked so take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that don't get blocked so take a
+look at that let me take questions for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that let me take questions for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at that let me take questions for a
+few minutes and again I'll let you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes and again I'll let you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few minutes and again I'll let you go
+let you go early yes yeah um Rel to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you go early yes yeah um Rel to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you go early yes yeah um Rel to B
+when people talk about uh having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people talk about uh having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people talk about uh having
+compensation for executives and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation for executives and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensation for executives and and
+people on the board being based on like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the board being based on like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people on the board being based on like
+a risk adjusted uh income would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a risk adjusted uh income would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a risk adjusted uh income would that
+would that be based on no survivable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be based on no survivable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would that be based on no survivable
+risk as well or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk as well or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk as well or
+or I that's like well they don't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I that's like well they don't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I that's like well they don't they
+don't they don't do formal adjustments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they don't do formal adjustments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't they don't do formal adjustments
+when people talk about compensation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people talk about compensation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when people talk about compensation to
+try to avoid a focus on today's share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to avoid a focus on today's share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to avoid a focus on today's share
+price they usually do things like okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they usually do things like okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price they usually do things like okay
+we'll compensate you in stock options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll compensate you in stock options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll compensate you in stock options
+but you can't you can't cash the options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't you can't cash the options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you can't you can't cash the options
+until till 5 years after you've left the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until till 5 years after you've left the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until till 5 years after you've left the
+company things like that to say you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company things like that to say you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company things like that to say you know
+the stock price is $100 today that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price is $100 today that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stock price is $100 today that's
+great uh what we care about isn't what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh what we care about isn't what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great uh what we care about isn't what
+it is tomorrow we care about what it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is tomorrow we care about what it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is tomorrow we care about what it is
+in five years so we we want to take away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five years so we we want to take away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in five years so we we want to take away
+from you the incentive to boost profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you the incentive to boost profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from you the incentive to boost profits
+today if it's going to hurt profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if it's going to hurt profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today if it's going to hurt profits
+tomorrow so it's not a matter of risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so it's not a matter of risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomorrow so it's not a matter of risk
+adjusted compensation it's a matter from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted compensation it's a matter from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjusted compensation it's a matter from
+the point of view of the top Executives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of the top Executives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point of view of the top Executives
+to give them incentives not to add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them incentives not to add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give them incentives not to add to
+risk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+risk
+right I mean one of the issues with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean one of the issues with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I mean one of the issues with all
+the investment Banks was you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if if there is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if there is no
+downside right you take a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside right you take a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside right you take a huge
+position that position comes through you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that position comes through you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position that position comes through you
+make a lot of money you get a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of money you get a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a lot of money you get a lot of
+profits that position doesn't come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits that position doesn't come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits that position doesn't come
+through they fire you okay you go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through they fire you okay you go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through they fire you okay you go to
+another company well that's not a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another company well that's not a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another company well that's not a great
+that's not a great model uh the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a great model uh the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not a great model uh the idea is
+we ought to compensate you based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to compensate you based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we ought to compensate you based on
+performance over time not on performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance over time not on performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance over time not on performance
+last week because if the worst outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week because if the worst outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last week because if the worst outcome
+is you lose the company a billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you lose the company a billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you lose the company a billion dollar
+you get fired you go to another company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get fired you go to another company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get fired you go to another company
+where you do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you do it
+again so they want to you want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so they want to you want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so they want to you want to give
+people incentives not to not to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people incentives not to not to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people incentives not to not to put
+companies at risk you want to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies at risk you want to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies at risk you want to give
+Executives incentives not just to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Executives incentives not just to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Executives incentives not just to think
+about the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the short
+term it's a difficult matter we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it's a difficult matter we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term it's a difficult matter we will
+talk a little bit about compensation but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about compensation but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a little bit about compensation but
+I will say uh one of my favorite sayings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say uh one of my favorite sayings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will say uh one of my favorite sayings
+from Jack Welch when he taught here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Jack Welch when he taught here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Jack Welch when he taught here was
+any fool can manage for the short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fool can manage for the short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any fool can manage for the short
+term only and it's also true that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term only and it's also true that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term only and it's also true that any
+fool can manage for the long term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool can manage for the long term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool can manage for the long term
+only the difficulty is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the difficulty is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only the difficulty is
+balance anything else that's that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance anything else that's that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance anything else that's that's
+that's the wisdom for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wisdom for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the wisdom for
+today yeah Julian if there's like market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yeah Julian if there's like market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today yeah Julian if there's like market
+growth you so called like vad is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth you so called like vad is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth you so called like vad is for the
+entire market normalized for one yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire market normalized for one yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire market normalized for one yeah
+okay yeah um because remember in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah um because remember in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay yeah um because remember in a
+well Diversified Port if you well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Diversified Port if you well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well Diversified Port if you well
+Diversified you own a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified you own a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Diversified you own a piece of
+everything that's the best you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's the best you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything that's the best you can do
+you can hold less of that risky stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hold less of that risky stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can hold less of that risky stuff
+but but it but the best you can do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it but the best you can do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but but it but the best you can do in
+terms of holding risky stuff is to hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of holding risky stuff is to hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of holding risky stuff is to hold
+a little bit of everything and if you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of everything and if you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit of everything and if you do
+that then the risky part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then the risky part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that then the risky part of your
+portfolio moves up and down with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio moves up and down with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+portfolio moves up and down with the
+market by definition because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market by definition because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market by definition because you're
+holding it so you normalize that to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it so you normalize that to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+holding it so you normalize that to one
+and the riskless part doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the riskless part doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the riskless part doesn't
+move so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move so that's
+zero you could normalize it to 16.7 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you could normalize it to 16.7 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero you could normalize it to 16.7 if
+you wanted to but normalizing it to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to but normalizing it to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to but normalizing it to one
+is the simplest thing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simplest thing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the simplest thing and then
+intermediate then mixtures of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate then mixtures of the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intermediate then mixtures of the two
+will have values between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have values between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have values between zero and
+one yeah I mean one's one's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah I mean one's one's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one yeah I mean one's one's a
+normalization zero is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization zero is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normalization zero is
+natural anything else deep philosophical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural anything else deep philosophical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural anything else deep philosophical
+questions I will need to talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I will need to talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions I will need to talk more
+slowly in the future
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly in the future
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly in the future
+uh and I will do that but I'm done thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I will do that but I'm done thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and I will do that but I'm done thank
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/nj4Al7MVAO0.txt b/nj4Al7MVAO0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6e6949029dd8f4eed3c15776a6e8b7170d576736
--- /dev/null
+++ b/nj4Al7MVAO0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,10872 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+its implementation, its fast execution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its implementation, its fast execution,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its implementation, its fast execution,
+uh the FA the FFT, the fast 4A transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the FA the FFT, the fast 4A transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the FA the FFT, the fast 4A transform
+and if time permits, I'd make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if time permits, I'd make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if time permits, I'd make some
+comments on the discrete cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on the discrete cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comments on the discrete cosine
+transform and it's it also can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and it's it also can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and it's it also can be
+implemented by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implemented by the
+FFT. So, uh it's equally fast. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT. So, uh it's equally fast. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT. So, uh it's equally fast. Um so
+actually this is pretty much the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is pretty much the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is pretty much the final
+where we're at the transition now toward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're at the transition now toward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're at the transition now toward
+uh wavelets. So the previous lecture was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wavelets. So the previous lecture was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh wavelets. So the previous lecture was
+about uh forier transforms. This one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh forier transforms. This one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh forier transforms. This one
+focuses on the discrete case and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on the discrete case and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focuses on the discrete case and it's
+still in the applied math book. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the applied math book. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still in the applied math book. Uh
+section 55 is the FFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 55 is the FFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+section 55 is the FFT
+um solo and chapter 4 has the material
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um solo and chapter 4 has the material
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um solo and chapter 4 has the material
+on fora transforms in general.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fora transforms in general.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on fora transforms in general.
+Um and of course you know that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and of course you know that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and of course you know that I'm going
+to uh give a matrix in expression to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh give a matrix in expression to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh give a matrix in expression to to
+the main ideas. The main ideas being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main ideas. The main ideas being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main ideas. The main ideas being the
+transform, it's fast execution is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform, it's fast execution is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform, it's fast execution is a
+factorization and then convolution. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization and then convolution. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization and then convolution. The
+the central ideas of of the subject and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central ideas of of the subject and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the central ideas of of the subject and
+familiar to many of you. You you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to many of you. You you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar to many of you. You you
+probably could get the formulas right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could get the formulas right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably could get the formulas right
+more often than I.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often than I.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more often than I.
+Um so uh and then the second lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so uh and then the second lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so uh and then the second lecture
+today will really begin the move into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today will really begin the move into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today will really begin the move into
+the wavelet book uh discussing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelet book uh discussing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wavelet book uh discussing
+filtering uh actually in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering uh actually in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering uh actually in the same
+lecture I'm going to have filters in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to have filters in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture I'm going to have filters in the
+time domain in the frequency domain in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain in the frequency domain in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time domain in the frequency domain in
+the Z domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z domain
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so filter the basic tool of signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so filter the basic tool of signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so filter the basic tool of signal
+processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing
+Okay, so here is certainly a basic tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here is certainly a basic tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so here is certainly a basic tool
+and I've written up uh so we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've written up uh so we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I've written up uh so we have to
+decide how many samples we have capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how many samples we have capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how many samples we have capital
+n and sums will run from 0 to n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and sums will run from 0 to n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and sums will run from 0 to n minus
+one typically in indices will go from 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one typically in indices will go from 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one typically in indices will go from 0
+to n minus one. So we have n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus one. So we have n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to n minus one. So we have n
+samples and we want to find n foriera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and we want to find n foriera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+samples and we want to find n foriera
+coefficients discrete 4a coefficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients discrete 4a coefficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients discrete 4a coefficients
+that reproduce them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reproduce them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that reproduce them.
+So so the the number this complex number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so the the number this complex number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so the the number this complex number
+e to the 2 pi i / n comes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 2 pi i / n comes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 2 pi i / n comes into the
+everywhere here. So let's just be sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere here. So let's just be sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere here. So let's just be sure
+we've got that number pinned down. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got that number pinned down. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've got that number pinned down. Well,
+in the complex plane, let me draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complex plane, let me draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the complex plane, let me draw a
+circle of radius one, the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius one, the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle of radius one, the unit
+circle. So, of course, this is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So, of course, this is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. So, of course, this is the real
+axis. This is the imaginary axis. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis. This is the imaginary axis. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+axis. This is the imaginary axis. So,
+that that number right there would be I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that number right there would be I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that number right there would be I
+uh and now where is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now where is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and now where is the number
+w? Is it on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w? Is it on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w? Is it on the
+circle?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle?
+Yes. Everything of modulus one abs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Everything of modulus one abs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Everything of modulus one abs of
+magnitude one is on the circle. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one is on the circle. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude one is on the circle. This is
+an e to the i theta. So theta the angle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e to the i theta. So theta the angle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an e to the i theta. So theta the angle
+is 2 pi / n. So where does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi / n. So where does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 2 pi / n. So where does that
+go? Uh 1 nth I mean the whole angle is 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go? Uh 1 nth I mean the whole angle is 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go? Uh 1 nth I mean the whole angle is 2
+pi and we want theta to be 2 pi / n. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and we want theta to be 2 pi / n. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi and we want theta to be 2 pi / n. So
+we go let me take n to be 8 let's say.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go let me take n to be 8 let's say.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go let me take n to be 8 let's say.
+So that would be e to the 2 pi i over8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that would be e to the 2 pi i over8.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that would be e to the 2 pi i over8.
+So that's W. Maybe I should really call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's W. Maybe I should really call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's W. Maybe I should really call
+it W N to indicate that it's determined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it W N to indicate that it's determined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it W N to indicate that it's determined
+by that number n. Okay. And now you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that number n. Okay. And now you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that number n. Okay. And now you're
+going to see powers of W. So let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see powers of W. So let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see powers of W. So let's just
+be sure we've got those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure we've got those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sure we've got those
+down. Where where is W ^2 for example?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Where where is W ^2 for example?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Where where is W ^2 for example?
+You you notice I don't write the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you notice I don't write the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You you notice I don't write the uh
+rectangular the real and imaginary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular the real and imaginary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rectangular the real and imaginary
+parts. I could cosine and s of 2 pi over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. I could cosine and s of 2 pi over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. I could cosine and s of 2 pi over
+8 cuz when you're multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 cuz when you're multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 cuz when you're multiplying
+numbers the the this form is this polar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the the this form is this polar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers the the this form is this polar
+form is much much better and when those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is much much better and when those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+form is much much better and when those
+numbers are on the unit circle so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are on the unit circle so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are on the unit circle so that
+the polar r is one uh then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar r is one uh then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polar r is one uh then there's
+absolutely no question it's superior. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no question it's superior. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely no question it's superior. So
+r is one. We're just adding angles when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is one. We're just adding angles when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r is one. We're just adding angles when
+we multiply. So if I square that one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply. So if I square that one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we multiply. So if I square that one,
+what number do I get? I get I. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number do I get? I get I. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what number do I get? I get I. It
+doubles the angle. That angle was 2 pi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles the angle. That angle was 2 pi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doubles the angle. That angle was 2 pi
+over 8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 8.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 8.
+45° doubles to I. So then the cube of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° doubles to I. So then the cube of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+45° doubles to I. So then the cube of it
+would be here. Add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be here. Add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be here. Add
+another. When I take the cube, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. When I take the cube, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. When I take the cube, I
+multiply by another E 2 pi I over 8. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by another E 2 pi I over 8. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by another E 2 pi I over 8. I
+add that angle once more. Here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that angle once more. Here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that angle once more. Here's the
+fourth power. So this is W8.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power. So this is W8.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power. So this is W8.
+Then there is W8 squared which is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there is W8 squared which is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then there is W8 squared which is the
+same as W4. And that's the big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as W4. And that's the big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as W4. And that's the big deal
+actually the fact that W8 squared is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the fact that W8 squared is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the fact that W8 squared is the
+same as W4. And in this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as W4. And in this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same as W4. And in this example
+I so I'm eventually in the fast for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I'm eventually in the fast for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I so I'm eventually in the fast for a
+transform I'm going to be interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I'm going to be interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform I'm going to be interested in
+the in the uh in in the in the halfs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh in in the in the halfs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the in the uh in in the in the halfs
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+transform. So this is anticipating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. So this is anticipating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. So this is anticipating
+what's coming. uh that uh um here's n= 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming. uh that uh um here's n= 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's coming. uh that uh um here's n= 8
+here's m= 4 and the point is that w n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's m= 4 and the point is that w n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's m= 4 and the point is that w n
+squared is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared is
+wm and that's the trivial but all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wm and that's the trivial but all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wm and that's the trivial but all
+important link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important link
+between the transform the 8 by8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the transform the 8 by8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the transform the 8 by8
+transform and the 4x4 that we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and the 4x4 that we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform and the 4x4 that we can take
+great advantage of okay I better finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great advantage of okay I better finish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great advantage of okay I better finish
+the powers of. So there are eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powers of. So there are eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the powers of. So there are eight
+roots. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eight There are eight. This is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight There are eight. This is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight There are eight. This is like a
+tongue twister. There are eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue twister. There are eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue twister. There are eight
+eight. Do I spell that with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a Did I do that right? I'm too close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Did I do that right? I'm too close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Did I do that right? I'm too close to
+it. Okay. 8th roots of one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the equation is w to the eth minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the equation is w to the eth minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the equation is w to the eth minus
+one equals zero and like every polomial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equals zero and like every polomial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one equals zero and like every polomial
+of degree 8 that has eight roots and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree 8 that has eight roots and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of degree 8 that has eight roots and uh
+they're all very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all very
+nice and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice and
+uh so we have the we've identified those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have the we've identified those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so we have the we've identified those
+w's okay so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w's okay so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w's okay so now
+uh this may take a little looking but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this may take a little looking but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh this may take a little looking but
+it's completely analogous to uh say say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely analogous to uh say say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely analogous to uh say say
+this formula for the for the uh for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula for the for the uh for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this formula for the for the uh for the
+discrete for a coefficients would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete for a coefficients would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete for a coefficients would be
+completely analogous to the to the u to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely analogous to the to the u to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely analogous to the to the u to
+the say the the for a series case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say the the for a series case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the say the the for a series case where
+instead of our finite number of y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of our finite number of y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of our finite number of y's
+eight y's we would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight y's we would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight y's we would have a
+function and this d and well let's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this d and well let's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function and this d and well let's just
+write down what the for a1 is so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what the for a1 is so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down what the for a1 is so what's
+the k coefficient in of f ofx we take f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k coefficient in of f ofx we take f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the k coefficient in of f ofx we take f
+ofx * e the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx * e the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ofx * e the minus
+i kx right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kx right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i kx right
+dx and possibly we divide by a 2 pi and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx and possibly we divide by a 2 pi and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx and possibly we divide by a 2 pi and
+I I guess what I'm hoping is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I guess what I'm hoping is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I guess what I'm hoping is that you
+think that this is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that this is maybe
+somewhat even more than somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat even more than somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat even more than somewhat
+analogous to this one here's our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to this one here's our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analogous to this one here's our data
+Here's our if you think of what W really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's our if you think of what W really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Here's our if you think of what W really
+is and W bar of course makes it a minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and W bar of course makes it a minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is and W bar of course makes it a minus
+I. And I could even do better. Um and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. And I could even do better. Um and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I. And I could even do better. Um and uh
+Bob Nichols is contributing to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Nichols is contributing to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bob Nichols is contributing to the to
+the course web page a proof of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course web page a proof of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course web page a proof of the
+pluson formula and he puts a 2 pi up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluson formula and he puts a 2 pi up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pluson formula and he puts a 2 pi up
+there and cleans up this part. But let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and cleans up this part. But let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and cleans up this part. But let
+me stay stay there anyway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One
+can connect the discrete with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can connect the discrete with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can connect the discrete with the
+continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous
+but we don't really have to. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't really have to. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't really have to. The
+discrete stands by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete stands by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discrete stands by
+itself and I want to express it as in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and I want to express it as in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself and I want to express it as in
+matrix language. Let me express this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language. Let me express this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language. Let me express this
+one. So this is saying that the vector y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So this is saying that the vector y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So this is saying that the vector y
+y 0 down to y n minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 0 down to y n minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y 0 down to y n minus
+one is some matrix. This is the this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is some matrix. This is the this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is some matrix. This is the this is
+the reconstruction formula. This is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reconstruction formula. This is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reconstruction formula. This is the
+formula that gives the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that gives the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula that gives the
+coefficients also the two or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients also the two or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients also the two or so
+uh easily flipped that uh probably uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easily flipped that uh probably uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh easily flipped that uh probably uh
+you would see both interpreted as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see both interpreted as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would see both interpreted as
+analysis and synthesis but I'm thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and synthesis but I'm thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis and synthesis but I'm thinking
+of this as synthesis colle use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as synthesis colle use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this as synthesis colle use the
+coefficients to reconstruct the y's. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to reconstruct the y's. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients to reconstruct the y's. So
+somehow these there's some matrix there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow these there's some matrix there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow these there's some matrix there
+multiplying those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying those
+coefficients C kn1 2 C well let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients C kn1 2 C well let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients C kn1 2 C well let's call
+it eight well seven in this case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it eight well seven in this case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it eight well seven in this case.
+So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So
+right since n is 8 we have vectors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right since n is 8 we have vectors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right since n is 8 we have vectors of
+length 8 count numbering from 0 to 7 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 8 count numbering from 0 to 7 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length 8 count numbering from 0 to 7 and
+we have an 8 by8 matrix there it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an 8 by8 matrix there it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have an 8 by8 matrix there it's the
+forier I'll call it the forier matrix of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier I'll call it the forier matrix of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forier I'll call it the forier matrix of
+size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size
+8 and I just want to ask what it is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and I just want to ask what it is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and I just want to ask what it is what
+are its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are its
+entries and this equation is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and this equation is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and this equation is supposed to
+be a copy of this one I I don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a copy of this one I I don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a copy of this one I I don't know if
+you like to see sums and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to see sums and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to see sums and
+indices or if you like to see the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices or if you like to see the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices or if you like to see the matrix
+kind of well it's pretty equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of well it's pretty equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of well it's pretty equivalent
+because what's the what's the what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the what's the what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's the what's the what are
+the entries now of this forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries now of this forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entries now of this forier
+matrix they're the things that multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix they're the things that multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix they're the things that multiply
+this so this is row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so this is row
+j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplying ck K hits column K of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying ck K hits column K of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplying ck K hits column K of the
+matrix. So those are the entries of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So those are the entries of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So those are the entries of the
+matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix
+there. F. So let's let's write out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. F. So let's let's write out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. F. So let's let's write out a
+few. What's what's the first row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few. What's what's the first row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few. What's what's the first row of the
+of the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the forier
+matrix? All ones, right? All ones is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix? All ones, right? All ones is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix? All ones, right? All ones is
+exactly. Thanks. Because J is zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. Thanks. Because J is zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly. Thanks. Because J is zero in
+the first row. Okay. So it's all one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row. Okay. So it's all one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row. Okay. So it's all one.
+Eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ones. And the first column also. Why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. And the first column also. Why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones. And the first column also. Why is
+that? Because K is zero. Okay, I see I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Because K is zero. Okay, I see I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Because K is zero. Okay, I see I'm
+going to get crowded here to get an 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get crowded here to get an 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get crowded here to get an 8
+by8 matrix in. But let's get the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by8 matrix in. But let's get the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by8 matrix in. But let's get the second
+row and column in or the depending how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and column in or the depending how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row and column in or the depending how
+we want to count that. If we count that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to count that. If we count that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to count that. If we count that
+as the zeroth, maybe this would be row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the zeroth, maybe this would be row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the zeroth, maybe this would be row
+one. What are the entries along that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. What are the entries along that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. What are the entries along that
+row? So now J is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row? So now J is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row? So now J is
+one. So the entries are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So the entries are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So the entries are
+one, right? and omega or w^ squar cubed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? and omega or w^ squar cubed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? and omega or w^ squar cubed
+and finally 7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally 7th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally 7th
+right there are these numbers one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are these numbers one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there are these numbers one right
+sitting around the unit circle and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around the unit circle and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting around the unit circle and now
+to really pin it down what's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really pin it down what's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really pin it down what's the next
+row j is 2 now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've squaring them so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've squaring them so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've squaring them so we have
+w^2 w4th and it's symmetric Of course,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w^2 w4th and it's symmetric Of course,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w^2 w4th and it's symmetric Of course,
+actually. So, so this this is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. So, so this this is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. So, so this this is going to
+be down to W7th this way. W4th,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down to W7th this way. W4th,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be down to W7th this way. W4th,
+W6. Well, let's really pin it down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W6. Well, let's really pin it down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W6. Well, let's really pin it down and
+find the last the last what's the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the last the last what's the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the last the last what's the last
+number here. W to what power is sitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here. W to what power is sitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number here. W to what power is sitting
+in the in the lower corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the lower corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the lower corner
+there? 49. Yeah, seems right. We're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? 49. Yeah, seems right. We're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? 49. Yeah, seems right. We're in
+the 7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7th
+n - 1^ 2, right? 7 * 7. We're at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n - 1^ 2, right? 7 * 7. We're at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n - 1^ 2, right? 7 * 7. We're at the
+we're at the end of our rope here. W to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at the end of our rope here. W to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're at the end of our rope here. W to
+the 49th. But of course, w the 49th is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 49th. But of course, w the 49th is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 49th. But of course, w the 49th is
+an alias for for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alias for for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an alias for for some
+other smaller power of w. What would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other smaller power of w. What would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other smaller power of w. What would it
+what would it be in that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be in that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would it be in that particular
+case?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case?
+Just the first power. Is that right? W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just the first power. Is that right? W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just the first power. Is that right? W
+to the 49th is one. That's interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 49th is one. That's interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 49th is one. That's interesting.
+So w to the eth is 1. W Yeah. W to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So w to the eth is 1. W Yeah. W to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So w to the eth is 1. W Yeah. W to the
+eth power is 1. So w to the 48. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eth power is 1. So w to the 48. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eth power is 1. So w to the 48. Yes.
+Right. 48th power is one. And w to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. 48th power is one. And w to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. 48th power is one. And w to the
+49th. Yeah. It's just w. Good. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49th. Yeah. It's just w. Good. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+49th. Yeah. It's just w. Good. Okay. So
+anyway, w to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k. Those are the entries. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. Those are the entries. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. Those are the entries. All
+right. And what's the inverse?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And what's the inverse?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And what's the inverse?
+Well, you might say, "Wait a minute. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you might say, "Wait a minute. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you might say, "Wait a minute. Uh,
+this is a full matrix. No zeros at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a full matrix. No zeros at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a full matrix. No zeros at all.
+How do you expect to inver find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you expect to inver find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you expect to inver find the
+inverse of an 8 by8 full matrix?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of an 8 by8 full matrix?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of an 8 by8 full matrix?"
+Uh oh and a little thought is coming to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh oh and a little thought is coming to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh oh and a little thought is coming to
+my mind which we we will find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind which we we will find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mind which we we will find the
+inverse safely and of course it's got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse safely and of course it's got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse safely and of course it's got to
+be revealed by this formula because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be revealed by this formula because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be revealed by this formula because
+that's this is the formula that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is the formula that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this is the formula that goes
+back from the y's connects the y's back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the y's connects the y's back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the y's connects the y's back
+to the c's. Can I just throw in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the c's. Can I just throw in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the c's. Can I just throw in a
+comment here because I like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment here because I like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment here because I like to
+uh mention also some things that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mention also some things that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh mention also some things that I think
+are not as clear as you would think. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not as clear as you would think. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are not as clear as you would think. I
+mean the whole world has studied this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the whole world has studied this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean the whole world has studied this
+matrix and and you guys have seen it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and and you guys have seen it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and and you guys have seen it and
+so on. its igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh well I I know what its igen values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I I know what its igen values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh well I I know what its igen values
+are and and we could we can we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and and we could we can we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and and we could we can we can see
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+digression because the igen values of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression because the igen values of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digression because the igen values of
+the matrix don't don't play a big role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix don't don't play a big role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix don't don't play a big role
+uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in
+uh in the theory but they have a role
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the theory but they have a role
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the theory but they have a role
+they have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have
+So it turns out the igen values it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it turns out the igen values it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it turns out the igen values it turns
+out that the fourth power of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the fourth power of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that the fourth power of this
+matrix is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is the
+identity if I've normalized correctly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity if I've normalized correctly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity if I've normalized correctly.
+Actually a a better a sort of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually a a better a sort of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually a a better a sort of more
+symmetric normalization would put 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric normalization would put 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric normalization would put 1
+/<unk> of n there and 1 over<unk> of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/<unk> of n there and 1 over<unk> of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/<unk> of n there and 1 over<unk> of n
+there and then that would give us a 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then that would give us a 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then that would give us a 1
+over<unk> of n. I I I usually don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over<unk> of n. I I I usually don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over<unk> of n. I I I usually don't
+include that in the in defining the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that in the in defining the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include that in the in defining the fora
+matrix but we could. So if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but we could. So if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix but we could. So if we
+do then we've normalized this matrix so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then we've normalized this matrix so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do then we've normalized this matrix so
+that its fourth power turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its fourth power turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that its fourth power turns out to be
+the identity. So that's pretty nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity. So that's pretty nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity. So that's pretty nice.
+Now on the carrying on this digression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now on the carrying on this digression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now on the carrying on this digression
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just
+uh because some of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because some of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because some of you
+will know all too well the DFT formulas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know all too well the DFT formulas.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will know all too well the DFT formulas.
+Um what about the igen values of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what about the igen values of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um what about the igen values of this
+matrix? If if the fourth power of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix? If if the fourth power of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix? If if the fourth power of a
+matrix is the identity, what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is the identity, what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is the identity, what does that
+tell me about its igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about its igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell me about its igen
+values? What what are the possible igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values? What what are the possible igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values? What what are the possible igen
+values of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of a
+matrix F?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix F?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix F?
+It could be one. The possible values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It could be one. The possible values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It could be one. The possible values
+are one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are one and
+minus1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1
+and i and minus i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and minus i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i and minus i.
+True. And no others, right? No others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True. And no others, right? No others.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+True. And no others, right? No others.
+Why is that? Just let's just see why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is that? Just let's just see why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Why is that? Just let's just see why
+that is. Why? Suppose we had an igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is. Why? Suppose we had an igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is. Why? Suppose we had an igen
+value and an igen vector. I suppose uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and an igen vector. I suppose uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and an igen vector. I suppose uh
+so the re this is the reason then why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the re this is the reason then why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the re this is the reason then why
+why reason why if if fx= lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why reason why if if fx= lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why reason why if if fx= lambda
+x I'll apply f again I would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I'll apply f again I would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x I'll apply f again I would have
+f2x equals what do I what do I learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2x equals what do I what do I learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2x equals what do I what do I learn
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+f2x it would it would be lambda squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2x it would it would be lambda squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f2x it would it would be lambda squared
+right because it would be lambda fx but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it would be lambda fx but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because it would be lambda fx but
+the fx is another lambda So I'd get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fx is another lambda So I'd get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fx is another lambda So I'd get
+lambda^ 2 x and then let me jump to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda^ 2 x and then let me jump to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda^ 2 x and then let me jump to
+f4x I would learn that that was lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f4x I would learn that that was lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f4x I would learn that that was lambda
+to the 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4th
+x. But now if f if I have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. But now if f if I have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. But now if f if I have this
+incredibly special situation where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly special situation where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly special situation where the
+fourth power has come around to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power has come around to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth power has come around to the
+identity then this would be x. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity then this would be x. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity then this would be x. So I
+learned that lambda 4th so lambda the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that lambda 4th so lambda the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned that lambda 4th so lambda the
+4th is has to be one and if lambda 4th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th is has to be one and if lambda 4th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4th is has to be one and if lambda 4th
+is one those are the only four possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one those are the only four possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one those are the only four possible
+lambdas. Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas. Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas. Okay. And
+so first of all we have 8 by8 matrix or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all we have 8 by8 matrix or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so first of all we have 8 by8 matrix or
+actually we have a n byn matrix for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have a n byn matrix for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually we have a n byn matrix for
+every n the this is true. These are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every n the this is true. These are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every n the this is true. These are the
+four values. So what what puzzle could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four values. So what what puzzle could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four values. So what what puzzle could
+remain here that I'm going to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain here that I'm going to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remain here that I'm going to ask you
+about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+I for any it's true for any n any Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for any it's true for any n any Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I for any it's true for any n any Yeah.
+It's true for any n. Uh and that is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's true for any n. Uh and that is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's true for any n. Uh and that is I
+agree. Uh yeah. So that I you might try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree. Uh yeah. So that I you might try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree. Uh yeah. So that I you might try
+to prove that I guess maybe f 2 is - i.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that I guess maybe f 2 is - i.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prove that I guess maybe f 2 is - i.
+Is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is that
+right? Anybody remember? I I if f2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Anybody remember? I I if f2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Anybody remember? I I if f2 is
+minus i then then we're certainly got f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i then then we're certainly got f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus i then then we're certainly got f
+to the 4th nailed down. I think maybe f2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4th nailed down. I think maybe f2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the 4th nailed down. I think maybe f2
+is minus i and f4th is i. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus i and f4th is i. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus i and f4th is i. Yeah. Yeah.
+That that would be that should be fun to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That that would be that should be fun to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That that would be that should be fun to
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+prove. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove. But
+um but let's take that as something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's take that as something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but let's take that as something we
+can check and then that tells us what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check and then that tells us what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can check and then that tells us what
+the possible values are. So what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible values are. So what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the possible values are. So what other
+questions could I ask?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I could ask about the multiplicities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could ask about the multiplicities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could ask about the multiplicities.
+Exactly. And that's there's an answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. And that's there's an answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. And that's there's an answer
+for that. You know, let's see if in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. You know, let's see if in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that. You know, let's see if in the
+8 by8 case since four goes evenly into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 by8 case since four goes evenly into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 by8 case since four goes evenly into
+eight, I suspect that the that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight, I suspect that the that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight, I suspect that the that they're
+each multiplicity too, but my memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each multiplicity too, but my memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each multiplicity too, but my memory
+doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't
+uh you know I this isn't a problem I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I this isn't a problem I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know I this isn't a problem I
+really know about but I think and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know about but I think and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really know about but I think and then
+otherwise there's you know then then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there's you know then then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise there's you know then then the
+if it's n byn then and n and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's n byn then and n and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's n byn then and n and four
+doesn't go evenly into n then we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go evenly into n then we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't go evenly into n then we've got
+some you know we've got to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know we've got to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you know we've got to make the
+count right but it's known what isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count right but it's known what isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count right but it's known what isn't
+known in a satisfactory way at least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in a satisfactory way at least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known in a satisfactory way at least as
+far as I could tell and I had just had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I could tell and I had just had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as I could tell and I had just had
+occasion to look through various papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion to look through various papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occasion to look through various papers
+is what are the igen vectors we got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the igen vectors we got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what are the igen vectors we got the
+I mean this seems amazing to me we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this seems amazing to me we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean this seems amazing to me we've
+got the igen values we know their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the igen values we know their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the igen values we know their
+multiplicity I mean that is checked out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity I mean that is checked out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplicity I mean that is checked out
+but what are what's It's a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are what's It's a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what are what's It's a nice
+description but straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description but straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description but straightforward
+description of the igen vectors and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the igen vectors and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the igen vectors and uh
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+um of an independ you know the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of an independ you know the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um of an independ you know the right
+number of independent and poss and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent and poss and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of independent and poss and
+should be ortho or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be ortho or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be ortho or
+orthonormal vectors. So I'll just leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal vectors. So I'll just leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthonormal vectors. So I'll just leave
+that as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+puzzle and I cannot swear that in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle and I cannot swear that in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puzzle and I cannot swear that in some
+paper the answer doesn't appear but uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the answer doesn't appear but uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper the answer doesn't appear but uh I
+read through a whole series of papers on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read through a whole series of papers on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read through a whole series of papers on
+this topic and they all had a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic and they all had a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this topic and they all had a sort of
+shot at it but none of them were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot at it but none of them were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot at it but none of them were really
+satisfactory. So there you I mean if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory. So there you I mean if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfactory. So there you I mean if if
+legal lab comes up with a with a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal lab comes up with a with a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+legal lab comes up with a with a good
+description of the iggon vectors will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the iggon vectors will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+description of the iggon vectors will be
+or you will be uh deservedly famous I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you will be uh deservedly famous I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you will be uh deservedly famous I'd
+say. Okay. So that's a digression on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say. Okay. So that's a digression on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say. Okay. So that's a digression on
+this uh short bit there cuz it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh short bit there cuz it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh short bit there cuz it's not the
+igen vectors it's the inverse that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors it's the inverse that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vectors it's the inverse that we
+really want. Okay. So how could a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want. Okay. So how could a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want. Okay. So how could a matrix
+be easy to invert?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy to invert?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy to invert?
+Let let's put let's put this square root
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let let's put let's put this square root
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let let's put let's put this square root
+of n in for the for the present here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n in for the for the present here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of n in for the for the present here as
+as I've done now. Okay. So how could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've done now. Okay. So how could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I've done now. Okay. So how could it
+be easy to invert? Well actually one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy to invert? Well actually one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be easy to invert? Well actually one way
+here is to say well what does that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to say well what does that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is to say well what does that tell
+you about the inverse of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the inverse of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you about the inverse of
+f?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f?
+It's f cubed. Right? The inverse of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's f cubed. Right? The inverse of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's f cubed. Right? The inverse of f is
+f cubed. But we don't want to deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f cubed. But we don't want to deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f cubed. But we don't want to deal with
+the cube. We really want to see that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube. We really want to see that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cube. We really want to see that the
+inverse of f. So here's the main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of f. So here's the main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of f. So here's the main point
+that the inverse of f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inverse of f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the inverse of f is
+the conjugate complex conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate complex conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conjugate complex conjugate of
+course that so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course that so that
+symbol by that symbol I mean replace i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol by that symbol I mean replace i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbol by that symbol I mean replace i
+by minus i every time you see it. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus i every time you see it. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus i every time you see it. Okay.
+So that so that its entries the ent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that so that its entries the ent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that so that its entries the ent
+entries are the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conjugate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of
+these. So its entries and I'm putting in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. So its entries and I'm putting in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these. So its entries and I'm putting in
+the square root of n now are the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n now are the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the square root of n now are the complex
+conjugate of those which is war to the j
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+k. I just take conjugates. Now, can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. I just take conjugates. Now, can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k. I just take conjugates. Now, can I
+just be sure on this picture that I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be sure on this picture that I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just be sure on this picture that I know
+where W bar is? So, where is W bar? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where W bar is? So, where is W bar? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where W bar is? So, where is W bar? The
+conjugate of W and and its powers in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of W and and its powers in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate of W and and its powers in in
+the uh in the complex plane. Are they on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in the complex plane. Are they on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in the complex plane. Are they on
+the unit circle? For sure. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle? For sure. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the unit circle? For sure. They're
+reflected in the x-axis. Exactly. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in the x-axis. Exactly. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in the x-axis. Exactly. So,
+this will be w bar, right? It will be e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be w bar, right? It will be e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this will be w bar, right? It will be e
+to the minus 2 pi i over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 2 pi i over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus 2 pi i over
+8, right? So it'll be the same as w to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8, right? So it'll be the same as w to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8, right? So it'll be the same as w to
+the n minus one but w bar is much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n minus one but w bar is much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n minus one but w bar is much
+cleaner. Okay. All right. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner. Okay. All right. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaner. Okay. All right. Now,
+why why so so I'm claiming that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why so so I'm claiming that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why why so so I'm claiming that uh
+um really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+why the the point is that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the the point is that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why the the point is that f
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+well well so what I'm claiming is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well so what I'm claiming is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well well so what I'm claiming is that
+yeah I guess I'm just claiming that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess I'm just claiming that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah I guess I'm just claiming that f
+bar * f gives me the identity right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar * f gives me the identity right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar * f gives me the identity right
+That's that's it's just it's just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's it's just it's just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's that's it's just it's just as
+simple as that. I just have to check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as that. I just have to check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple as that. I just have to check
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+fbar if I take this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbar if I take this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbar if I take this matrix
+and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and
+uh it would be more familiar to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be more familiar to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh it would be more familiar to have
+fbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbar
+transpose and we and it's symmetric so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and we and it's symmetric so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transpose and we and it's symmetric so
+we really do have fbar transpose. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really do have fbar transpose. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really do have fbar transpose. Yeah.
+So, so I I'll put a transpose up here. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so I I'll put a transpose up here. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so I I'll put a transpose up here. I
+was going to say in light letters, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say in light letters, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to say in light letters, but
+if I do it in yellow, it'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it in yellow, it'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I do it in yellow, it'll be
+uh visible. Uh the transpose has no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh visible. Uh the transpose has no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh visible. Uh the transpose has no
+effect because the matrix is symmetric.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because the matrix is symmetric.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect because the matrix is symmetric.
+But but what kind of matrices have this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but what kind of matrices have this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But but what kind of matrices have this?
+We have a name for matrices like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a name for matrices like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We have a name for matrices like this.
+Well, you take a matrix F and you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you take a matrix F and you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, you take a matrix F and you take
+what's a matrix for which frose F is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a matrix for which frose F is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's a matrix for which frose F is is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+identity. Unitary is the word we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. Unitary is the word we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. Unitary is the word we
+use especially when the matrix is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use especially when the matrix is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use especially when the matrix is
+complex.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We use the word orthogonal matrix and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We use the word orthogonal matrix and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We use the word orthogonal matrix and
+certainly have in this course for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly have in this course for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly have in this course for the
+real case but and we could stretch that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real case but and we could stretch that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real case but and we could stretch that
+word but it's better to use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word but it's better to use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word but it's better to use the word
+unitary that's a sort of signal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary that's a sort of signal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unitary that's a sort of signal to the
+mind that complex numbers are in there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that complex numbers are in there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind that complex numbers are in there
+and and you not only it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you not only it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and you not only it's not it's not
+frppose f in the complex case as always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frppose f in the complex case as always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frppose f in the complex case as always
+you one of the factors should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of the factors should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one of the factors should be
+conjugated that's just a fact of life in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated that's just a fact of life in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugated that's just a fact of life in
+in a fact of complex life. It's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fact of complex life. It's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a fact of complex life. It's it's
+conjugate one of the factors to to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate one of the factors to to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate one of the factors to to have
+the proper analogy with the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper analogy with the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proper analogy with the real
+case. And uh now just just tell me what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. And uh now just just tell me what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case. And uh now just just tell me what
+identity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity so
+this what if I write that out what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what if I write that out what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this what if I write that out what what
+does that tell me? Let me multiply let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell me? Let me multiply let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that tell me? Let me multiply let's
+take a typical row. So I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a typical row. So I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a typical row. So I take
+row Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh to get the diagonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. But how why do I get zero off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. But how why do I get zero off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. But how why do I get zero off the
+diagonal? So the two questions why do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal? So the two questions why do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal? So the two questions why do I
+get one on the diagonal? And that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one on the diagonal? And that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get one on the diagonal? And that is
+should be not too hard. So like let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be not too hard. So like let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be not too hard. So like let's
+let's do on the diagonal. Suppose I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do on the diagonal. Suppose I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's do on the diagonal. Suppose I take
+this guy with this one. Oh, but one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with this one. Oh, but one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy with this one. Oh, but one of
+them is conjugated. So on the diagonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is conjugated. So on the diagonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is conjugated. So on the diagonal.
+So, so on the diagonal, let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so on the diagonal, let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so on the diagonal, let's take a
+typical case. 1 * 1 W * W bar and so on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical case. 1 * 1 W * W bar and so on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical case. 1 * 1 W * W bar and so on.
+W7th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W7th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W7th
+* W bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* W bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* W bar
+7th. What does that sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th. What does that sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th. What does that sum
+equal? Yeah, it's n, right? Every term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal? Yeah, it's n, right? Every term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal? Yeah, it's n, right? Every term
+is one. So it's 1 plus 1 + 1 n times and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one. So it's 1 plus 1 + 1 n times and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one. So it's 1 plus 1 + 1 n times and
+I divide by the square root of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide by the square root of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I divide by the square root of n
+twice and I get the one on the diagonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and I get the one on the diagonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice and I get the one on the diagonal.
+So that that part is good. Now what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that part is good. Now what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that that part is good. Now what
+about off the diagonal?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about off the diagonal?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about off the diagonal?
+Just just uh okay. So now what do if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just just uh okay. So now what do if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just just uh okay. So now what do if I'm
+off the diagonal? What am I looking at?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal? What am I looking at?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off the diagonal? What am I looking at?
+The diagonal you end up getting all sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The diagonal you end up getting all sums
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The diagonal you end up getting all sums
+of all the powers, don't you? Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the powers, don't you? Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the powers, don't you? Let's
+let's see what we get. Let me take an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we get. Let me take an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see what we get. Let me take an
+example. What what example shall I take?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. What what example shall I take?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. What what example shall I take?
+W shall I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W shall I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W shall I
+take the W ^2 times the W's? Just just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the W ^2 times the W's? Just just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the W ^2 times the W's? Just just
+for the heck of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the heck of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the heck of
+it. Yeah, let me do that one just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Yeah, let me do that one just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Yeah, let me do that one just for
+the heck of it. So I'll do I'd have 1 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck of it. So I'll do I'd have 1 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heck of it. So I'll do I'd have 1 *
+1 cuz they all all the rows starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 cuz they all all the rows starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 cuz they all all the rows starting
+with 1 and then say W^2 * W bar and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 and then say W^2 * W bar and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 1 and then say W^2 * W bar and then
+W4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4
+* W bar squared and finally I guess I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* W bar squared and finally I guess I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* W bar squared and finally I guess I
+when do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when do I
+quit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quit
+at see you see what I'm doing I'm taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at see you see what I'm doing I'm taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at see you see what I'm doing I'm taking
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+row times times this column conjugated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. 1 W ^2 W4 up to W to the 14th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. 1 W ^2 W4 up to W to the 14th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. 1 W ^2 W4 up to W to the 14th
+maybe times 1 W bar W bar 2 W bar to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe times 1 W bar W bar 2 W bar to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe times 1 W bar W bar 2 W bar to the
+7th. And what do we claim this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th. And what do we claim this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th. And what do we claim this is
+without without thinking why first?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without without thinking why first?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without without thinking why first?
+We're hoping for zero. The the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're hoping for zero. The the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're hoping for zero. The the the
+favorite right hand side of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite right hand side of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+favorite right hand side of all
+mathematicians, right, is zero. Yeah. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians, right, is zero. Yeah. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematicians, right, is zero. Yeah. Uh
+so why is that zero? It's the sum of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that zero? It's the sum of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why is that zero? It's the sum of of
+all the powers. You can sum ah yes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the powers. You can sum ah yes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the powers. You can sum ah yes okay
+now why is that a w one w will cancel a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is that a w one w will cancel a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why is that a w one w will cancel a
+w bar right and two w's will cancel two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w bar right and two w's will cancel two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w bar right and two w's will cancel two
+and seven w's will cancel seven. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven w's will cancel seven. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and seven w's will cancel seven. So it's
+this is in disguise as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in disguise as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in disguise as
+really 1 + w + so on + w to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really 1 + w + so on + w to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really 1 + w + so on + w to the
+7th in this particular row and column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th in this particular row and column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7th in this particular row and column
+that we chose. We got those numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we chose. We got those numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we chose. We got those numbers and
+why do they add to zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The picture is one way. Yeah. How do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The picture is one way. Yeah. How do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The picture is one way. Yeah. How do you
+take the equation w 8 -1 and factor out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the equation w 8 -1 and factor out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the equation w 8 -1 and factor out
+w -1 right? That's right. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w -1 right? That's right. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w -1 right? That's right. So this is
+this is really w 8 -1 / w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+-1 which we could see if I multiply up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 which we could see if I multiply up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1 which we could see if I multiply up
+by there I'll have the w 8th I'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by there I'll have the w 8th I'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by there I'll have the w 8th I'll have a
+w the 7th but then there'll be a minus w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w the 7th but then there'll be a minus w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+w the 7th but then there'll be a minus w
+the 7th which is like telescoping and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7th which is like telescoping and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 7th which is like telescoping and
+then finally the minus one with a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally the minus one with a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally the minus one with a one
+doesn't telescope and yeah so this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't telescope and yeah so this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't telescope and yeah so this would
+be I mean that's a formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I mean that's a formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be I mean that's a formula that
+one picks up and then drops in high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one picks up and then drops in high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one picks up and then drops in high
+school, right? Uh the sum of uh a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school, right? Uh the sum of uh a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school, right? Uh the sum of uh a
+geometric series. It's just a geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series. It's just a geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geometric series. It's just a geometric
+series. Um and uh and why is it zero?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. Um and uh and why is it zero?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series. Um and uh and why is it zero?
+Well, because w is one. So this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, because w is one. So this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, because w is one. So this is this
+is zero over wus one. And of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero over wus one. And of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero over wus one. And of course
+that's our big zero, right? Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our big zero, right? Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our big zero, right? Okay. And
+similarly if I had any of these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if I had any of these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly if I had any of these other
+product any of these other row times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product any of these other row times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product any of these other row times
+columns would give me zero in a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns would give me zero in a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns would give me zero in a similar
+way. Okay. Well so we have really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay. Well so we have really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Okay. Well so we have really I
+think that's really not bad idea to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's really not bad idea to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's really not bad idea to
+actually check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually check that
+this this is true. And then of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is true. And then of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this is true. And then of course
+we've identified and the transpose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've identified and the transpose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've identified and the transpose
+didn't matter. we've identified the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter. we've identified the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't matter. we've identified the
+inverse matrix and then that that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix and then that that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix and then that that's the
+we put it here in the formula. uh it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put it here in the formula. uh it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we put it here in the formula. uh it's
+the inverse is just the complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse is just the complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse is just the complex
+conjugate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate and
+that and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and that's
+uh what's the analogy in the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the analogy in the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what's the analogy in the fora
+transform case you remember there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform case you remember there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform case you remember there's a
+over an infinite interval you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an infinite interval you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over an infinite interval you remember
+there's a minus e to the i kx e minus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minus e to the i kx e minus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a minus e to the i kx e minus e
+to the minus i kx in one direction and e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i kx in one direction and e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the minus i kx in one direction and e
+to the plus i kx in the other it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plus i kx in the other it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the plus i kx in the other it's
+exactly like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly like this
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Okay. What about the fast for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What about the fast for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What about the fast for a
+transform? So, two steps are kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform? So, two steps are kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform? So, two steps are kind of
+remarkable for a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable for a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable for a full
+matrix. One is to be able to invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. One is to be able to invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. One is to be able to invert
+it to know right away that it's inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to know right away that it's inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to know right away that it's inverse
+is just its conjugate. That's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just its conjugate. That's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just its conjugate. That's pretty
+remarkable, but pretty old. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable, but pretty old. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remarkable, but pretty old. The
+other e highly important step was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other e highly important step was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other e highly important step was the
+fast 4 transform. So I'm ready for that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast 4 transform. So I'm ready for that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast 4 transform. So I'm ready for that.
+Now what's the fast 4 transform going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what's the fast 4 transform going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what's the fast 4 transform going to
+be? Okay, so the fast for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+transform. So we have this matrix fn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. So we have this matrix fn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform. So we have this matrix fn the
+n byn this is the n byn of course fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n byn this is the n byn of course fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n byn this is the n byn of course fora
+matrix and we it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and we it's
+full but it's possible to factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full but it's possible to factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full but it's possible to factor
+it into into matrices that have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into into matrices that have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into into matrices that have a lot of
+zeros and that's the key idea of the FFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and that's the key idea of the FFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros and that's the key idea of the FFT
+and the reason it's we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it's we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the reason it's we're going to
+relate fn to two copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate fn to two copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relate fn to two copies
+Let me leave enough space. So I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me leave enough space. So I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let me leave enough space. So I'm going
+to factor this matrix into three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor this matrix into three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to factor this matrix into three
+factors. One will be have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. One will be have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors. One will be have a lot of
+zeros. One will be half zero f two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. One will be half zero f two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros. One will be half zero f two
+copies of the halfsize transform and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the halfsize transform and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copies of the halfsize transform and one
+will be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be really
+simple just a reordering a permutation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple just a reordering a permutation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple just a reordering a permutation
+matrix. So before I write in those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So before I write in those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So before I write in those two
+pieces, let's see what the main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces, let's see what the main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pieces, let's see what the main point
+is. The main point is that I can connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. The main point is that I can connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. The main point is that I can connect
+the n byn for a matrix to two copies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n byn for a matrix to two copies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the n byn for a matrix to two copies of
+the m by m1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m by m1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the m by m1 and
+then half of that matrix is zero. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then half of that matrix is zero. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then half of that matrix is zero. I can
+do two m by m1's if I just do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two m by m1's if I just do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do two m by m1's if I just do the
+multiplication out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication out
+uh that way. Of course, I'm going to pay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that way. Of course, I'm going to pay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that way. Of course, I'm going to pay
+a price uh in whatever complexity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price uh in whatever complexity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a price uh in whatever complexity is
+involved in these pieces.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I might say that the uh 8 by8 is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might say that the uh 8 by8 is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I might say that the uh 8 by8 is a
+standard choice in signal in image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard choice in signal in image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standard choice in signal in image
+processing and 8 by8 is just about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and 8 by8 is just about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing and 8 by8 is just about the
+close to the borderline where depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the borderline where depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to the borderline where depending
+on what hardware you want to create what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what hardware you want to create what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on what hardware you want to create what
+the chip wants to do whether you use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip wants to do whether you use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chip wants to do whether you use
+this FFT idea and reduce to four by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this FFT idea and reduce to four by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this FFT idea and reduce to four by
+couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of
+4x4s or whether you just go with it you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4s or whether you just go with it you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x4s or whether you just go with it you
+say okay I can do 64 I can deal with 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I can do 64 I can deal with 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay I can do 64 I can deal with 64
+nonzero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nonzero
+But we're going to get down to well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we're going to get down to well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we're going to get down to well
+under 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 64
+uh numbers and of course for higher end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh numbers and of course for higher end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh numbers and of course for higher end
+it pays off tremendously. Okay. So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays off tremendously. Okay. So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it pays off tremendously. Okay. So what
+are these factors? Well, these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these factors? Well, these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these factors? Well, these are the
+identity. This is this is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. This is this is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity. This is this is the identity
+of size M is sitting here and here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size M is sitting here and here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of size M is sitting here and here and
+here is a diagonal matrix of size M and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a diagonal matrix of size M and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is a diagonal matrix of size M and
+here is its conjugate I think. Yeah. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is its conjugate I think. Yeah. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is its conjugate I think. Yeah. So,
+so I have to say what is this diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to say what is this diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I have to say what is this diagonal
+matrix? It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix? It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix? It's the
+matrix 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix 1
+W^2 to W to the MUS1. It's diagonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And uh well maybe it's just this maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh well maybe it's just this maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh well maybe it's just this maybe
+this isn't conjugate. It's just minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't conjugate. It's just minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this isn't conjugate. It's just minus
+the thing. Yeah, I think it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus. Okay. And I I'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. Okay. And I I'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus. Okay. And I I'll come back to
+that matrix. This matrix is the is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix. This matrix is the is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that matrix. This matrix is the is a
+permutation that puts all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation that puts all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation that puts all
+the even coefficients 0 to this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even coefficients 0 to this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the even coefficients 0 to this this
+permutation p here. P is P takes uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation p here. P is P takes uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation p here. P is P takes uh the
+numbers zero the the indices in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers zero the the indices in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers zero the the indices in the
+order that they come and and produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that they come and and produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order that they come and and produce
+puts them in the order evens first 02 46
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts them in the order evens first 02 46
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+puts them in the order evens first 02 46
+uh 1 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 1 3
+57. So it evens before odds. So in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57. So it evens before odds. So in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57. So it evens before odds. So in other
+words, this FM acts on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, this FM acts on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, this FM acts on the
+even indices and this FM this half-size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even indices and this FM this half-size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even indices and this FM this half-size
+transform acts on the odd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform acts on the odd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform acts on the odd
+indices. I really should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices. I really should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indices. I really should have
+uh I mean you know what I mean. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean you know what I mean. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh I mean you know what I mean. So this
+is P. So so the matrix has one in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P. So so the matrix has one in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is P. So so the matrix has one in that
+position, one in that, one in that, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position, one in that, one in that, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position, one in that, one in that, one
+in that. That's that's the zero, second,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that. That's that's the zero, second,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that. That's that's the zero, second,
+fourth, and sixth. Then one in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth, and sixth. Then one in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth, and sixth. Then one in the
+first, third, fifth, and 7th. That would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, third, fifth, and 7th. That would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first, third, fifth, and 7th. That would
+be the 8 by8 of although sorry I jumped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the 8 by8 of although sorry I jumped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the 8 by8 of although sorry I jumped
+ahead to 8 by8 here. Uh and but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to 8 by8 here. Uh and but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead to 8 by8 here. Uh and but that's
+it. And uh there's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And uh there's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And uh there's the
+uh why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't
+we just be because this is the key. Can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just be because this is the key. Can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just be because this is the key. Can
+you tell me what it will look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me what it will look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you tell me what it will look like
+breaking up? So, well, it's there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up? So, well, it's there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking up? So, well, it's there's one
+more key idea here. And what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more key idea here. And what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more key idea here. And what is
+it? If I have Yeah. So, if I have if n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? If I have Yeah. So, if I have if n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? If I have Yeah. So, if I have if n
+is a,024, let's say, let's let's take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a,024, let's say, let's let's take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a,024, let's say, let's let's take
+that as an example. 2 to the 10th. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an example. 2 to the 10th. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that as an example. 2 to the 10th. I'm
+I'm using I'm doing the FFT radics 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using I'm doing the FFT radics 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm using I'm doing the FFT radics 2.
+It's actually the only one I know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually the only one I know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's actually the only one I know.
+Um uh Schmool Winterrad created by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh Schmool Winterrad created by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um uh Schmool Winterrad created by
+number theoretic tricks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theoretic tricks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number theoretic tricks
+uh efficient FFTs of prime powers prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh efficient FFTs of prime powers prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh efficient FFTs of prime powers prime
+order. Mine are the these are the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. Mine are the these are the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order. Mine are the these are the very
+opposite of prime and these are probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of prime and these are probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite of prime and these are probably
+the most used. So suppose n is 2 to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most used. So suppose n is 2 to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most used. So suppose n is 2 to the
+10th. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10th. How
+many how many multiplications? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many multiplications? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many how many multiplications? So,
+so how many multiplications would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many multiplications would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how many multiplications would it
+take to multiply just flat out by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to multiply just flat out by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take to multiply just flat out by the
+matrix F of this order? So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix F of this order? So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix F of this order? So, the
+operation count would be what? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation count would be what? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operation count would be what? And
+what's the number that we're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the number that we're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the number that we're trying to
+trying to improve on?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve on?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to improve on?
+So if I just multiplied an n byn matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I just multiplied an n byn matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if I just multiplied an n byn matrix
+by a vector, if I just did this or did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a vector, if I just did this or did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by a vector, if I just did this or did
+this and I've got how many how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I've got how many how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and I've got how many how many
+terms have I got to n squ, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms have I got to n squ, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms have I got to n squ, right?
+Because I've got n terms in each sum,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I've got n terms in each sum,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because I've got n terms in each sum,
+but then I've got n of these there are n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I've got n of these there are n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then I've got n of these there are n
+squ entries in the matrix. Okay. So, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ entries in the matrix. Okay. So, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ entries in the matrix. Okay. So, so
+I'm trying to beat N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to beat N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm trying to beat N
+squ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ
+versus now and and what does the FFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus now and and what does the FFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus now and and what does the FFT
+lead me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead me
+to? I'll try to Okay, so this single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to? I'll try to Okay, so this single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to? I'll try to Okay, so this single
+step led me to half n^2. Cut it in half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step led me to half n^2. Cut it in half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step led me to half n^2. Cut it in half
+and I won't count that because those are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't count that because those are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I won't count that because those are
+just ads. Uh and here is just uh an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ads. Uh and here is just uh an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just ads. Uh and here is just uh an n
+/2. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+just multiplying by those both multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplying by those both multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just multiplying by those both multiply
+the same since they're in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same since they're in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same since they're in the same
+column. They both multiply the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. They both multiply the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column. They both multiply the same
+lower half of the vector that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower half of the vector that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower half of the vector that's coming
+out here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. So
+um so I just do one multiplication and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just do one multiplication and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um so I just do one multiplication and
+then reverse sign. So you see a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reverse sign. So you see a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then reverse sign. So you see a big
+saving. What's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving. What's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saving. What's the next
+idea? Do it again. I mean, if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea? Do it again. I mean, if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea? Do it again. I mean, if there's
+any message in modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any message in modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any message in modern
+uh uh algorithms, it's recursion. Just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh algorithms, it's recursion. Just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh algorithms, it's recursion. Just
+repeat the same idea. So that each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the same idea. So that each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repeat the same idea. So that each of
+these would then factor into an F into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would then factor into an F into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these would then factor into an F into a
+couple of F2s. If this is an F8, two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of F2s. If this is an F8, two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of F2s. If this is an F8, two
+F4s, then the next step we'll have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F4s, then the next step we'll have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F4s, then the next step we'll have four
+F2s. And if we really went crazy, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2s. And if we really went crazy, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F2s. And if we really went crazy, we
+could go down to eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go down to eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could go down to eight
+F1s. So that in the end, the this part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1s. So that in the end, the this part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F1s. So that in the end, the this part
+is not it's costing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not it's costing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not it's costing
+nothing. It's then the question is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. It's then the question is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. It's then the question is how
+much do these parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do these parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much do these parts
+cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and
+um how many of those parts are there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many of those parts are there?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um how many of those parts are there?
+So, so this is this is n^2 versus what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this is this is n^2 versus what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so this is this is n^2 versus what?
+Yeah. Can can you can you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Can can you can you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Can can you can you do the
+count for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count for the
+48 for the FFT? What is it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's see. We might I don't know if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. We might I don't know if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's see. We might I don't know if we
+Well, that would be fantastic because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that would be fantastic because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that would be fantastic because
+that would add up to n now I think.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would add up to n now I think.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would add up to n now I think.
+Yeah. And it's it looks deceptively that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And it's it looks deceptively that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And it's it looks deceptively that
+way. But I think we have each I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. But I think we have each I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. But I think we have each I think
+this n /2 shows up every time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n /2 shows up every time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n /2 shows up every time because
+even the next time uh these will be half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the next time uh these will be half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even the next time uh these will be half
+as big but there'll be you know so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big but there'll be you know so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as big but there'll be you know so I
+think we so it's n^2 versus n /2 and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we so it's n^2 versus n /2 and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we so it's n^2 versus n /2 and now
+how many how many factors of those?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many factors of those?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many how many factors of those?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is log
+in. So, so, so I'll put numbers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So, so, so I'll put numbers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. So, so, so I'll put numbers in a
+minute. Log to the base 2 of n. So, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Log to the base 2 of n. So, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. Log to the base 2 of n. So, it's
+n log n. That's the famous thing. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n. That's the famous thing. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n log n. That's the famous thing. It
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+a,024
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+squared versus so n is 10 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared versus so n is 10 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared versus so n is 10 5
+*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+*
+no versus Yeah. Well, n is a thou
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no versus Yeah. Well, n is a thou
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no versus Yeah. Well, n is a thou
+1,024 and then then the log is 10 as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 and then then the log is 10 as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 and then then the log is 10 as you
+said and we even get that times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and we even get that times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said and we even get that times
+five. Well, boy, that's pretty amazing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five. Well, boy, that's pretty amazing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five. Well, boy, that's pretty amazing.
+Uh, and it really is true. Not only you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and it really is true. Not only you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, and it really is true. Not only you
+know it's not it's not um a mirage that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not it's not um a mirage that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know it's not it's not um a mirage that
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh in place of 1,024 squared which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in place of 1,024 squared which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in place of 1,024 squared which is a
+million operations we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million operations we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million operations we got
+5,000 and uh that you know that's saving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 and uh that you know that's saving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 and uh that you know that's saving
+that's a factor of 200 saved right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a factor of 200 saved right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a factor of 200 saved right
+there and really truly saved because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and really truly saved because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and really truly saved because uh
+we get the exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we get the exact
+answer and uh it's stable And uh and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and uh it's stable And uh and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer and uh it's stable And uh and it
+gets hardwired and it's very efficient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hardwired and it's very efficient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets hardwired and it's very efficient.
+Very efficient. Yeah. So, and you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very efficient. Yeah. So, and you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Very efficient. Yeah. So, and you see
+how all that's you see where that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how all that's you see where that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how all that's you see where that's
+coming from then that that we you keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from then that that we you keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from then that that we you keep
+breaking this down. So, you keep having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this down. So, you keep having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this down. So, you keep having
+more and more of these factors and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more of these factors and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more and more of these factors and more
+and more permutations. So, if we put we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more permutations. So, if we put we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and more permutations. So, if we put we
+could put all the permutations together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put all the permutations together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could put all the permutations together
+into one single big permutation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one single big permutation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into one single big permutation which is
+called bit reversal. that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bit reversal. that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called bit reversal. that we can
+interpret the the 10 the product of 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the the 10 the product of 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpret the the 10 the product of 10
+permutations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations
+uh as as a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh as as a single
+permutation. Could could I just before I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation. Could could I just before I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation. Could could I just before I
+leave this let's see what does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this let's see what does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave this let's see what does this
+factorization precisely mean for n= 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization precisely mean for n= 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization precisely mean for n= 4
+and m equal 2. Can do you mind just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m equal 2. Can do you mind just uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m equal 2. Can do you mind just uh
+just uh if we I hope that hope the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh if we I hope that hope the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh if we I hope that hope the
+camera has got the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera has got the lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera has got the lecture
+um plan and I've reached this far and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plan and I've reached this far and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um plan and I've reached this far and
+I'm going to move now to these but let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to move now to these but let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to move now to these but let's
+just uh take the 4x4 one and uh factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh take the 4x4 one and uh factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just uh take the 4x4 one and uh factor
+it. So what's the 4x4 matrix n= 4? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So what's the 4x4 matrix n= 4? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So what's the 4x4 matrix n= 4? What
+is w?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is w?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is w?
+What's what's W for? So the 4x4 matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's what's W for? So the 4x4 matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's what's W for? So the 4x4 matrix
+is one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one one
+one. And what's W? I the fourth root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And what's W? I the fourth root of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. And what's W? I the fourth root of
+1. I 2 I cubed I squar I 4 I 6 I cub I 6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. I 2 I cubed I squar I 4 I 6 I cub I 6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1. I 2 I cubed I squar I 4 I 6 I cub I 6
+I 9. And the factorization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is what goes in the middle factor. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what goes in the middle factor. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what goes in the middle factor. Uh
+let me put in the that that that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put in the that that that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me put in the that that that and
+that. And what's goes in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And what's goes in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And what's goes in the middle
+factor 2 by two. Right? The two point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 2 by two. Right? The two point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor 2 by two. Right? The two point
+DFT twice. And what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that one? Yeah. The row of ones, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one? Yeah. The row of ones, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one? Yeah. The row of ones, the
+column of ones. and the and minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of ones. and the and minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column of ones. and the and minus one
+minus one right minus one and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one right minus one and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one right minus one and another
+copy. So that's a reduction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy. So that's a reduction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+copy. So that's a reduction of the
+fourpoint DFT to two copies of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourpoint DFT to two copies of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourpoint DFT to two copies of the
+twopoint DFT. So minus one is w M is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twopoint DFT. So minus one is w M is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twopoint DFT. So minus one is w M is the
+square root. Okay. And then here we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root. Okay. And then here we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root. Okay. And then here we have
+the identity the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity the
+identity 1 I and 1 minus I. So, I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity 1 I and 1 minus I. So, I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity 1 I and 1 minus I. So, I guess
+I I'm risking my I won't say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm risking my I won't say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'm risking my I won't say my
+reputation, my memory maybe on the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation, my memory maybe on the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reputation, my memory maybe on the fact
+that if you multiply those out, it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you multiply those out, it comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you multiply those out, it comes
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+right. Um, well, there could be a factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um, well, there could be a factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um, well, there could be a factor
+two in this uh for square root of four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in this uh for square root of four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in this uh for square root of four.
+I wouldn't be surprised.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, you're right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, you're right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, you're right.
+So that I think that is right. Yes. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that I think that is right. Yes. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that I think that is right. Yes. So I
+didn't risk my reputation on the on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't risk my reputation on the on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't risk my reputation on the on the
+other one. Now I'm now I'm uh ready. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one. Now I'm now I'm uh ready. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one. Now I'm now I'm uh ready. I
+think that's it. I think that's it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's it. I think that's it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's it. I think that's it.
+Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah.
+Yeah. Okay. Uh I I won't uh take lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Uh I I won't uh take lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. Uh I I won't uh take lecture
+time to multiply that out and find out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to multiply that out and find out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to multiply that out and find out
+what is there a factor two. But anyway,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is there a factor two. But anyway,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is there a factor two. But anyway,
+you you see the idea. And of course, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see the idea. And of course, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you see the idea. And of course, we
+we know we know that the DFT the the FFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we know that the DFT the the FFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know we know that the DFT the the FFT
+uh we can just call it. So, it's a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can just call it. So, it's a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we can just call it. So, it's a a
+little it took a little time to say what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little it took a little time to say what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little it took a little time to say what
+it does, but and and I could draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does, but and and I could draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does, but and and I could draw a
+flowchart instead of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowchart instead of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowchart instead of a matrix
+factorization, but anyway, there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization, but anyway, there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factorization, but anyway, there there
+it is. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is. All
+right. Now, convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cyclic convolution.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolution.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cyclic convolution.
+So cyclic convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So cyclic convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So cyclic convolution
+means in goes a vector of length n and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in goes a vector of length n and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in goes a vector of length n and
+another vector of length n and out comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vector of length n and out comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another vector of length n and out comes
+a vector of length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector of length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector of length
+n same output. If normally if I had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n same output. If normally if I had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n same output. If normally if I had a
+polomial with n coefficients so I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial with n coefficients so I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial with n coefficients so I guess
+its degree is n minus one and I multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its degree is n minus one and I multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its degree is n minus one and I multiply
+by another such thing what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another such thing what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by another such thing what do I get
+out some higher degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some higher degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out some higher degree
+right but now I don't want I want n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now I don't want I want n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but now I don't want I want n
+numbers in this cyclic convolution so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this cyclic convolution so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers in this cyclic convolution so so
+it is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is like
+multiplication but it's it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication but it's it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication but it's it's the
+polomial is a polomial in w maybe That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial is a polomial in w maybe That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial is a polomial in w maybe That's
+the good way to look at it. Uh so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good way to look at it. Uh so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good way to look at it. Uh so let
+let's let's see. So we we uh got this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see. So we we uh got this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's see. So we we uh got this
+inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse.
+Okay. So here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+convolution looked at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution looked at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution looked at one
+way. Well, it and of course there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Well, it and of course there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. Well, it and of course there's a
+convolution rule that connects it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution rule that connects it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution rule that connects it with
+multiplication. So, so if I multiply y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. So, so if I multiply y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplication. So, so if I multiply y's
+by z's or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+something, then I'm multiplying a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, then I'm multiplying a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, then I'm multiplying a
+polomial in with coefficients c times a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial in with coefficients c times a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial in with coefficients c times a
+pol polinomial with coefficients d. Let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pol polinomial with coefficients d. Let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pol polinomial with coefficients d. Let
+let me let me just think of multiplying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just think of multiplying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let me just think of multiplying
+polomials. So suppose I have a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials. So suppose I have a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials. So suppose I have a sum
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+C K W to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C K W to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C K W to the
+K and I want to multiply that by a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and I want to multiply that by a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and I want to multiply that by a sum
+of D uh better DL W to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D uh better DL W to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of D uh better DL W to the
+L
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L
+then I'm the these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm the these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'm the these
+polomials are of the degree that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials are of the degree that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomials are of the degree that we're
+always interested in here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, what's
+up? So, I'm multiplying a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh of polomials which we certainly know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of polomials which we certainly know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh of polomials which we certainly know
+how to do. But now W is not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do. But now W is not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to do. But now W is not just
+a you know a placeholding variable. W is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a placeholding variable. W is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you know a placeholding variable. W is
+this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular
+number. So that what happens when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So that what happens when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So that what happens when I
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+multiply say suppose let's take n to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply say suppose let's take n to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply say suppose let's take n to be
+three. Let's let's take n to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Let's let's take n to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. Let's let's take n to be
+three. So I'm multiplying c kn + c1 w +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So I'm multiplying c kn + c1 w +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. So I'm multiplying c kn + c1 w +
+c2 w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c2 w
+^2 times d + d1 w + d2 w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 times d + d1 w + d2 w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2 times d + d1 w + d2 w
+^2. And what what's the main fact about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. And what what's the main fact about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. And what what's the main fact about
+W? This particular number W, it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W? This particular number W, it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W? This particular number W, it's not
+just a symbol. It's a number. And what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a symbol. It's a number. And what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a symbol. It's a number. And what's
+the key fact about about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key fact about about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key fact about about
+it? It's a root of one. And I've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? It's a root of one. And I've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? It's a root of one. And I've chosen
+N to be three here. So it's W. It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N to be three here. So it's W. It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N to be three here. So it's W. It's a
+third root of So W cubed is one. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third root of So W cubed is one. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third root of So W cubed is one. Okay.
+What's the constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the constant
+term? What's the constant term in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term? What's the constant term in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term? What's the constant term in the
+answer? Well, you you would say C 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer? Well, you you would say C 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer? Well, you you would say C 0
+D0, but there's more to it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D0, but there's more to it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D0, but there's more to it.
+What what else is there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The subscripts add to three, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The subscripts add to three, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The subscripts add to three, right?
+We're working modulo three cuz why? If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're working modulo three cuz why? If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're working modulo three cuz why? If
+the subscripts add to three, then w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscripts add to three, then w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the subscripts add to three, then w
+cubed is just one and and we've got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is just one and and we've got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cubed is just one and and we've got a
+constant. So, it's c1 * w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. So, it's c1 * w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. So, it's c1 * w2
+d2, right? because that's and then C2 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2, right? because that's and then C2 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d2, right? because that's and then C2 *
+D1. So the it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again as with convolution in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as with convolution in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again as with convolution in the last
+lecture this the key is the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this the key is the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this the key is the sum of the
+but those all add to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those all add to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those all add to
+zero 2 + 1 is zero. Now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 2 + 1 is zero. Now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero 2 + 1 is zero. Now what's the
+coefficient now just to say what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient now just to say what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient now just to say what's the
+coefficient of the of the W term? Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the of the W term? Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient of the of the W term? Well,
+we could see zero C 0 D1 and those add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could see zero C 0 D1 and those add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could see zero C 0 D1 and those add
+to one. C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D0 and finally what's the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D0 and finally what's the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D0 and finally what's the other
+one? C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one? C2
+D2, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2, right?
+C2D2 because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+W4. But W4 is W because W cubed is one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4. But W4 is W because W cubed is one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W4. But W4 is W because W cubed is one.
+Let me put that in yellow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And finally, we've got another guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And finally, we've got another guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And finally, we've got another guy
+here. This is the W ^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is the W ^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This is the W ^2
+term. Uh C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kn0 is a W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn0 is a W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kn0 is a W
+^2. Good. Well, so what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. Good. Well, so what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. Good. Well, so what's the
+convolution then? It's these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution then? It's these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution then? It's these three
+coefficients in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients in
+yellow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yellow
+parentheses. Those three numbers are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses. Those three numbers are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses. Those three numbers are the
+outputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs
+from so so this is the convolution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so so this is the convolution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from so so this is the convolution of
+these three numbers C 0 C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three numbers C 0 C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three numbers C 0 C1
+C2 convolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 convolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 convolved
+with the three numbers D 0 D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D2 with n equ= 3 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 with n equ= 3 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2 with n equ= 3 as
+our as our count three three counts. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our as our count three three counts. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our as our count three three counts. So
+vectors two vectors go in and one vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors two vectors go in and one vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors two vectors go in and one vector
+comes out. This vector now I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out. This vector now I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes out. This vector now I'll just
+forget the the what they multiplied and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the the what they multiplied and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget the the what they multiplied and
+just say there's the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say there's the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say there's the first
+component, there's the second component,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component, there's the second component,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component, there's the second component,
+there's the third component. Don't need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the third component. Don't need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the third component. Don't need
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+comment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comment.
+Okay, it looks a pretty tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it looks a pretty tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, it looks a pretty tricky
+operation, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And actually how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And actually how
+many to to yeah let me ask that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many to to yeah let me ask that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many to to yeah let me ask that same
+question again. If I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question again. If I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question again. If I wanted to
+convolve a vector of length n with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve a vector of length n with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolve a vector of length n with a
+vector of length n as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of length n as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector of length n as
+here and get a result as here. How many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get a result as here. How many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and get a result as here. How many
+multiplications do I have to do? N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications do I have to do? N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications do I have to do? N
+squared nine in this case. Every C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared nine in this case. Every C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared nine in this case. Every C
+multiplies every D somewhere along the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line. But there's a smarter way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. But there's a smarter way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. But there's a smarter way to do
+it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it,
+right? Well, nine. We could deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Well, nine. We could deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Well, nine. We could deal with
+modern computers can do nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern computers can do nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern computers can do nine
+multiplications in a in a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications in a in a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications in a in a reasonable
+time. Let's go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Let's go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Let's go up
+to,024 at least.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to,024 at least.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to,024 at least.
+So again, we're in the same situation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again, we're in the same situation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So again, we're in the same situation.
+If this if our vectors are if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this if our vectors are if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If this if our vectors are if we have a
+if we're up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we're up to
+1,024 times 1,024, then if we did it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 times 1,024, then if we did it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,024 times 1,024, then if we did it
+this way, we'd have a 100,024 outputs,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, we'd have a 100,024 outputs,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, we'd have a 100,024 outputs,
+every one would involve,24
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one would involve,24
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one would involve,24
+multiplications and adds, and we're up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications and adds, and we're up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications and adds, and we're up
+to 1,024 squared right away. And that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1,024 squared right away. And that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 1,024 squared right away. And that's
+not the way to do it. So what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way to do it. So what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the way to do it. So what's the
+what's the good way to do what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the good way to do what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the good way to do what's the
+good way to convolve a vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to convolve a vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good way to convolve a vector of
+length,24 times another one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length,24 times another one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length,24 times another one?
+Use the FFT somewhere. Right? So what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Use the FFT somewhere. Right? So what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Use the FFT somewhere. Right? So what
+what's the idea then? We would use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the idea then? We would use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the idea then? We would use
+these we would use the convolution rule,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we would use the convolution rule,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these we would use the convolution rule,
+right? We we'd combine the so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We we'd combine the so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We we'd combine the so it's an
+end run.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end run.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end run.
+We would take those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We would take those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We would take those
+C's, put them in this formula, and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's, put them in this formula, and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C's, put them in this formula, and find
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+Y's. We would take the three D's, put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's. We would take the three D's, put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's. We would take the three D's, put
+them in the same formula, and find three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the same formula, and find three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them in the same formula, and find three
+Z's. So, so, right, this would lead us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to Are you with me?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Are you with me?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Are you with me?
+We're trying we're we're we're beating N
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're trying we're we're we're beating N
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're trying we're we're we're beating N
+squ again and we're going to do it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ again and we're going to do it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ again and we're going to do it the
+same way with the with the convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way with the with the convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way with the with the convolution
+uh the convolution rule and then letting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the convolution rule and then letting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the convolution rule and then letting
+the FFT take over. So this goes to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FFT take over. So this goes to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the FFT take over. So this goes to three
+Y's Y 0 Y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's Y 0 Y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's Y 0 Y1
+Y2 and these three go to Z0 Z1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 and these three go to Z0 Z1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2 and these three go to Z0 Z1 and
+Z2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z2
+by these this by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these this by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by these this by
+by the DFT. This this was a DFT. So how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the DFT. This this was a DFT. So how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the DFT. This this was a DFT. So how
+many operations does it take to do this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many operations does it take to do this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many operations does it take to do this?
+If I give you the C's and ask for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Y's, that's that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's, that's that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y's, that's that's the
+FFT. I'm asking you to multiply by the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT. I'm asking you to multiply by the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT. I'm asking you to multiply by the 4
+A matrix. And we know how to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A matrix. And we know how to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A matrix. And we know how to do that
+fast. And so we have to do that here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. And so we have to do that here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast. And so we have to do that here and
+we have to do it here. But now what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do it here. But now what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do it here. But now what do I
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+next? Now you see here's the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next? Now you see here's the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next? Now you see here's the beauty of
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+all. I'm in I'm in the transform space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. I'm in I'm in the transform space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. I'm in I'm in the transform space.
+So in that space this convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in that space this convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in that space this convolution
+becomes uh shall I use mat lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh shall I use mat lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes uh shall I use mat lab
+notation point in mat lab notation point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation point in mat lab notation point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation point in mat lab notation point
+star point sorry star point is it oh god
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star point sorry star point is it oh god
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star point sorry star point is it oh god
+I'm revealing is it point star or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm revealing is it point star or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm revealing is it point star or
+star point okay right so what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star point okay right so what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star point okay right so what does that
+mean that point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that point
+Do every element do it element wise. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do every element do it element wise. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do every element do it element wise. In
+other words, you get y 0 is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, you get y 0 is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, you get y 0 is the first
+component. Y1 z1 is the second and y 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. Y1 z1 is the second and y 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component. Y1 z1 is the second and y 2
+z2 is the third. Big difference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z2 is the third. Big difference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z2 is the third. Big difference from
+what we had to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we had to do the
+convolution. This is just element wise.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. This is just element wise.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution. This is just element wise.
+So no cost. I mean cost is is uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So no cost. I mean cost is is uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So no cost. I mean cost is is uh is
+n and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and then
+what then we have to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then we have to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what then we have to go
+back with one more fft to the answer we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with one more fft to the answer we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back with one more fft to the answer we
+want c star d c convolved with d and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want c star d c convolved with d and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want c star d c convolved with d and and
+yeah can you that's a d there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you that's a d there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah can you that's a d there
+okay so there were three ffts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there were three ffts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so there were three ffts
+transform transform inverse transform.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform transform inverse transform.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform transform inverse transform.
+three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of
+these n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these n
+login and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+login and one
+uh n but of course I mean we saved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n but of course I mean we saved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh n but of course I mean we saved
+enormous amount here if we saved if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount here if we saved if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enormous amount here if we saved if this
+was a factor 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a factor 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a factor 200
+quicker well we had to do three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker well we had to do three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker well we had to do three of
+them but we're way way way ahead okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but we're way way way ahead okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them but we're way way way ahead okay so
+that's convolution the convolution so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's convolution the convolution so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's convolution the convolution so
+actually this is how you could if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is how you could if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually this is how you could if I had
+two very very long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very very long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two very very long
+numbers or if the computer had suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or if the computer had suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers or if the computer had suppose
+we're suppose we're um not rounding off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suppose we're um not rounding off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're suppose we're um not rounding off
+at cutting off at 16 bits or even double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at cutting off at 16 bits or even double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at cutting off at 16 bits or even double
+precision suppose we're keeping full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision suppose we're keeping full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision suppose we're keeping full
+precision for for algebraic coding or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision for for algebraic coding or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precision for for algebraic coding or
+something then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and then we have to do these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we have to do these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we have to do these
+multiplications in full if I want if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications in full if I want if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplications in full if I want if I
+want to multiply a 128digit number by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply a 128digit number by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to multiply a 128digit number by
+another 128digit number well It's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 128digit number well It's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another 128digit number well It's a
+convolution and I could use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and I could use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution and I could use the
+convolution rule to to do it. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. What's remaining on my Hi. What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What's remaining on my Hi. What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What's remaining on my Hi. What's
+remaining on my uh um list for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining on my uh um list for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remaining on my uh um list for this
+lecture? Circulate matrices. I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture? Circulate matrices. I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture? Circulate matrices. I want to
+express this I I want to express that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this I I want to express that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express this I I want to express that
+convolution as a matrix. What what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution as a matrix. What what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution as a matrix. What what
+matrix is multiplying what vector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is multiplying what vector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is multiplying what vector to
+give that vector? Yeah, it's nice. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that vector? Yeah, it's nice. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give that vector? Yeah, it's nice. It's
+I'm happy that we see the three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy that we see the three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm happy that we see the three the
+three components of the answer. Now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components of the answer. Now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three components of the answer. Now I
+just want to see it as a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to see it as a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to see it as a matrix
+multiplication.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some
+matrix is multiplying some vector to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is multiplying some vector to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is multiplying some vector to
+give these three this this this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give these three this this this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give these three this this this vector
+of I'll use the this this this is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'll use the this this this is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of I'll use the this this this is this
+this is the the convolution three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the convolution three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the the convolution three
+components you could delete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you could delete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components you could delete the
+parentheses around them if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses around them if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parentheses around them if you like
+really it's just three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+components and I claim that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and I claim that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components and I claim that that
+is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is some
+matrix of C's multiplying some vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of C's multiplying some vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of C's multiplying some vector of
+D's D 0 D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+D2. What's the What's in the first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2. What's the What's in the first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2. What's the What's in the first row
+of the matrix? Well, it must be C 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix? Well, it must be C 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the matrix? Well, it must be C 0
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+Yeah. What's the first row of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. What's the first row of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. What's the first row of my
+matrix? C 0 should multiply D 0. C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix? C 0 should multiply D 0. C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix? C 0 should multiply D 0. C1
+should multiply D2. And C2 should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should multiply D2. And C2 should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should multiply D2. And C2 should
+multiply D1. So the row looks funny. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply D1. So the row looks funny. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply D1. So the row looks funny. I
+should have looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have looked at
+columns. D0 multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns. D0 multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns. D0 multiplies
+what? What? What's the column? What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? What? What's the column? What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? What? What's the column? What's
+the zeroth column here that D0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth column here that D0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the zeroth column here that D0
+multiplies? Well, D 0 multiplies C 0,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies? Well, D 0 multiplies C 0,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies? Well, D 0 multiplies C 0,
+C1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1,
+and where is it? C2. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And then in the second one, D1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in the second one, D1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then in the second one, D1
+multiplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies
+C2 C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 C
+0 and C1. And then the third one, D2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplies. D2 multiplies where's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies. D2 multiplies where's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplies. D2 multiplies where's
+D2? Uh D2 multiplies C1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2? Uh D2 multiplies C1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D2? Uh D2 multiplies C1,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+C2 and C 0. Oh well look the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is this is my circulent matrix. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is my circulent matrix. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is my circulent matrix. This is
+my circulent matrix times my vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my circulent matrix times my vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my circulent matrix times my vector
+gives the same result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the same result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives the same result
+as C convolved with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as C convolved with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as C convolved with
+D. That's that's my point that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. That's that's my point that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D. That's that's my point that these
+matrices a matrix of that time of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a matrix of that time of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices a matrix of that time of that
+type is a convolution matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is a convolution matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is a convolution matrix.
+And what do I mean of that type? I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what do I mean of that type? I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what do I mean of that type? I mean
+that down the di it's you remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down the di it's you remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that down the di it's you remember we
+use that word triplets for constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that word triplets for constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that word triplets for constant
+diagonals but this is constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals but this is constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals but this is constant
+diagonals modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonals modulo
+3. The first diagonal is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3. The first diagonal is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3. The first diagonal is the same as the
+minus2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus2
+diagonal and the second diagonal is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and the second diagonal is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and the second diagonal is the
+same as the minus1 diagonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is then this is a circulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix.
+Okay. It's a convolution. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a it's a it's a cyclic convolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a it's a cyclic convolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a it's a cyclic convolution
+matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix.
+convolution with wraparound whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution with wraparound whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution with wraparound whatever
+whatever adjective
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever adjective
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever adjective
+we is most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we is most
+expressive cyclic periodic wraparound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive cyclic periodic wraparound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressive cyclic periodic wraparound
+those are all telling us that it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all telling us that it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are all telling us that it's not
+five independent diagonals because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five independent diagonals because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five independent diagonals because we
+don't want five indep we don't have five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want five indep we don't have five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want five indep we don't have five
+independent things it's three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent things it's three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent things it's three
+independent numbers there the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent numbers there the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independent numbers there the three
+components C 0 C1 C2 do. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components C 0 C1 C2 do. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components C 0 C1 C2 do. Okay.
+I the it's it's really valuable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the it's it's really valuable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I the it's it's really valuable because
+filters in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filters in the next
+lecture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture this
+afternoon are going to be templates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon are going to be templates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+afternoon are going to be templates
+matrices and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices and you'll
+see well they could be infinite so no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well they could be infinite so no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see well they could be infinite so no
+wraparound so I could I'll start the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wraparound so I could I'll start the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wraparound so I could I'll start the
+lecture with n equal infinity so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with n equal infinity so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture with n equal infinity so you
+won't they I won't call them circulants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't they I won't call them circulants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't they I won't call them circulants
+anymore I'll Let's call them tuplets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I'll Let's call them tuplets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore I'll Let's call them tuplets
+because the diagonals will go forever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the diagonals will go forever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the diagonals will go forever.
+But if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But if we have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+finite image, which of course we do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite image, which of course we do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finite image, which of course we do,
+then there has to be some closure. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there has to be some closure. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there has to be some closure. And
+one way to close it, one way to close it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to close it, one way to close it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to close it, one way to close it
+is wraparound. Make it periodic. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wraparound. Make it periodic. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is wraparound. Make it periodic. So this
+is the period periodic version of of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the period periodic version of of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the period periodic version of of a
+of a filter. This is a filter with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a filter. This is a filter with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a filter. This is a filter with
+wraparound. Uh any points coming to mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wraparound. Uh any points coming to mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wraparound. Uh any points coming to mind
+about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that
+matrix? I guess I do want to ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix? I guess I do want to ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix? I guess I do want to ask you
+about one point even though it's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one point even though it's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about one point even though it's as
+usual my lecture is running a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual my lecture is running a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual my lecture is running a little
+over. That's a matrix whose igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. That's a matrix whose igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over. That's a matrix whose igen vectors
+I am interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in. That's a matrix whose igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. That's a matrix whose igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. That's a matrix whose igen vectors
+are very important.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very important.
+And the beauty is that the igen vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the beauty is that the igen vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the beauty is that the igen vectors
+are the same for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same for every
+circulent. So there's a little little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulent. So there's a little little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulent. So there's a little little
+world of circulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+matrices of of a given size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices of of a given size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices of of a given size
+n and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n and it's
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+are of everybody in the world has in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of everybody in the world has in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are of everybody in the world has in
+that little world has the same vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little world has the same vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little world has the same vectors.
+So that's what I so so what I I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what I so so what I I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's what I so so what I I want to
+say the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors of of C of of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circul we haven't really understood the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circul we haven't really understood the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circul we haven't really understood the
+the right now I I introduce circulants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right now I I introduce circulants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right now I I introduce circulants
+just as a matrix vector shorthand to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a matrix vector shorthand to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as a matrix vector shorthand to to
+produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+convolution but We see these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution but We see these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution but We see these matrices
+we've been the course has been actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been the course has been actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've been the course has been actually
+what so have we seen these matrices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so have we seen these matrices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so have we seen these matrices
+already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh almost right in our in those first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost right in our in those first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh almost right in our in those first
+lectures the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures the
+minus1's twos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1's twos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1's twos
+minus1's well but now did we see it with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1's well but now did we see it with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1's well but now did we see it with
+minus1's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+corners maybe uh in the notes we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners maybe uh in the notes we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corners maybe uh in the notes we
+the periodic version. Yeah. Uh okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic version. Yeah. Uh okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the periodic version. Yeah. Uh okay.
+What are the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vectors? 111 is an igen vector. Good,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors? 111 is an igen vector. Good,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors? 111 is an igen vector. Good,
+good, good. I mean, good. Uh all right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, good. I mean, good. Uh all right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good, good. I mean, good. Uh all right.
+So the igen vectors, I mean, let me make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the igen vectors, I mean, let me make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the igen vectors, I mean, let me make
+a list of them. There's an igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of them. There's an igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a list of them. There's an igen vector
+11 one. How does everybody What's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 one. How does everybody What's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 one. How does everybody What's the
+igen value if I multiply this matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value if I multiply this matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen value if I multiply this matrix by
+111?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+111?
+Let's just just see. Yeah, sure enough,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just just see. Yeah, sure enough,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's just just see. Yeah, sure enough,
+this is an igen vector. Multiply by 111
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an igen vector. Multiply by 111
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an igen vector. Multiply by 111
+and what do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what do I
+get? So, I'm really convolving you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get? So, I'm really convolving you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get? So, I'm really convolving you could
+say with the 111 vector and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with the 111 vector and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say with the 111 vector and what
+happens? Well, the igen value is C 0 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens? Well, the igen value is C 0 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens? Well, the igen value is C 0 +
+C2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C2 +
+C1*
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1*
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C1*
+111, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? Every row adds to this same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Every row adds to this same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Every row adds to this same
+number. Okay? And what is that number?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Okay? And what is that number?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. Okay? And what is that number?
+Well, so I just not want to ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so I just not want to ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, so I just not want to ask you to
+identify what we've what we've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what we've what we've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify what we've what we've just
+discovered. One of the igen vectors and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered. One of the igen vectors and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovered. One of the igen vectors and
+and its igen value are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its igen value are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and its igen value are
+what? This igen value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? This igen value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? This igen value
+is a column of my 4A matrix. It's the DC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a column of my 4A matrix. It's the DC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a column of my 4A matrix. It's the DC
+term. It's the 111 column of my F3 4A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. It's the 111 column of my F3 4A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term. It's the 111 column of my F3 4A
+matrix. And and so this is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And and so this is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And and so this is going to be
+the point. The igen vectors of C are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point. The igen vectors of C are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point. The igen vectors of C are the
+columns are are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+columns are are the
+are the columns of F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So f the matrix F contains the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So f the matrix F contains the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So f the matrix F contains the igen
+vectors of every circulent. It it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of every circulent. It it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors of every circulent. It it'll
+diagonalize the circulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize the circulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalize the circulent
+matrix. In other words, okay, so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. In other words, okay, so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. In other words, okay, so what's
+the Yeah, you have to let's just this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yeah, you have to let's just this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yeah, you have to let's just this is
+so wonderful. Take a circulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wonderful. Take a circulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so wonderful. Take a circulent
+matrix multiply by its igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiply by its igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix multiply by its igen
+vectors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors
+and do you remember this this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you remember this this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you remember this this process
+with igen values and igen vectors? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with igen values and igen vectors? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with igen values and igen vectors? You
+take your matrix you multiply by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your matrix you multiply by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take your matrix you multiply by the
+igen vector matrix. So that is nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector matrix. So that is nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen vector matrix. So that is nice
+because c multiplies the igen vectors.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because c multiplies the igen vectors.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because c multiplies the igen vectors.
+Then you multiply by the inverse. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you multiply by the inverse. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then you multiply by the inverse. And
+anybody remember what comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember what comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody remember what comes
+out of that process? This is for any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that process? This is for any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of that process? This is for any
+matrix now with its igen vectors there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix now with its igen vectors there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix now with its igen vectors there
+and the inverse of the igen vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inverse of the igen vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the inverse of the igen vector
+matrix. It's what is it? It's diagonal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. It's what is it? It's diagonal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. It's what is it? It's diagonal.
+Yeah, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, this is
+diagonalization. And what do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization. And what do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization. And what do we
+some values that sit on that diagonal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values that sit on that diagonal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some values that sit on that diagonal
+and and those are since those are little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those are since those are little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and those are since those are little
+lambdas we use capital lambda for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas we use capital lambda for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambdas we use capital lambda for the
+matrix. So this is diagonalization.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So this is diagonalization.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. So this is diagonalization.
+So another way to say this is the forier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another way to say this is the forier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another way to say this is the forier
+matrix diagonalizes every circulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix diagonalizes every circulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix diagonalizes every circulate
+matrix. Different circular matrices will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Different circular matrices will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. Different circular matrices will
+have different values but the igen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different values but the igen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different values but the igen
+vectors are always those same guys. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are always those same guys. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors are always those same guys. So
+if I multiply one circular matrix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I multiply one circular matrix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I multiply one circular matrix by
+another one I just get a third one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one I just get a third one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one I just get a third one and
+the igen vectors don't change and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vectors don't change and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the igen vectors don't change and the
+igen values just multiply. All right we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values just multiply. All right we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values just multiply. All right we
+we got the igen vectors. Have we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got the igen vectors. Have we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got the igen vectors. Have we got
+like one minute here? What are the en
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one minute here? What are the en
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like one minute here? What are the en
+values?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values?
+Hm. Okay, that's I don't know if I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hm. Okay, that's I don't know if I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hm. Okay, that's I don't know if I've
+given you enough to go on. Oh, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you enough to go on. Oh, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given you enough to go on. Oh, well,
+let's find the second one. We got the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find the second one. We got the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's find the second one. We got the
+first. Yeah. Well, tell me what was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. Yeah. Well, tell me what was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. Yeah. Well, tell me what was that
+first?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first?
+Yeah. So, right. CN plus C1 plus C2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, right. CN plus C1 plus C2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, right. CN plus C1 plus C2.
+What is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What is that
+actually? That's over here, isn't it? in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually? That's over here, isn't it? in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually? That's over here, isn't it? in
+some way where would I get C kn plus C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way where would I get C kn plus C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way where would I get C kn plus C1
++ C2 out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ C2 out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ C2 out of this
+when when when J is zero yeah so so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when when J is zero yeah so so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when when when J is zero yeah so so the
+so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this
+is I guess I'm saying this is the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I guess I'm saying this is the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I guess I'm saying this is the first
+component of the of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+DFT we ought to we ought to multiply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT we ought to we ought to multiply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT we ought to we ought to multiply
+what's the second IGEN vector or do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the second IGEN vector or do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the second IGEN vector or do we
+take this risk the second igon vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this risk the second igon vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take this risk the second igon vector
+vector or another igon vector. Let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or another igon vector. Let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector or another igon vector. Let's say
+another igon vector will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another igon vector will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another igon vector will be
+what? One. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? One. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? One. Yeah.
+W^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. And if I do that multiplication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And if I do that multiplication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And if I do that multiplication
+out, I hope I'm going to get a multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, I hope I'm going to get a multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, I hope I'm going to get a multiple
+of 1 w^2. I guess I said I would. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 w^2. I guess I said I would. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 w^2. I guess I said I would. So,
+what's the multiple?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the multiple?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the multiple?
+Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well,
+maybe maybe I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe maybe I just
+uh Yeah. Do you see what that multiplier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Yeah. Do you see what that multiplier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Yeah. Do you see what that multiplier
+would be? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be? So,
+yeah, it'll be some Y. Somebody's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, it'll be some Y. Somebody's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, it'll be some Y. Somebody's going
+to say Y too. And that's probably right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say Y too. And that's probably right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say Y too. And that's probably right.
+Yeah, it's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, that's okay. Sorry, I'm I'm I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's okay. Sorry, I'm I'm I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's okay. Sorry, I'm I'm I've
+gone blank here. What what number do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone blank here. What what number do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone blank here. What what number do I
+put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in? If this is true,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's something like is it something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something like is it something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's something like is it something like
+C 0 plus C?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 0 plus C?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C 0 plus C?
+It's the first the first row of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the first the first row of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's the first the first row of the
+matrix times the column has Oh, yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times the column has Oh, yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times the column has Oh, yeah.
+Well, I knew there had to be a good way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I knew there had to be a good way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I knew there had to be a good way
+to look at it, right? Since we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at it, right? Since we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at it, right? Since we're
+getting a one here, if I multiply that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a one here, if I multiply that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a one here, if I multiply that
+by this, I should get Yeah, that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this, I should get Yeah, that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by this, I should get Yeah, that is what
+I have to put in here. So, it's C1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to put in here. So, it's C1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have to put in here. So, it's C1.
+Yeah. So, it's C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, it's C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, it's C2
+W C2 W and C1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W C2 W and C1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W C2 W and C1
+W^2. Okay, we're getting Yeah. Uh, can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W^2. Okay, we're getting Yeah. Uh, can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+W^2. Okay, we're getting Yeah. Uh, can I
+call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+guy W ^2? You don't mind if I give that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy W ^2? You don't mind if I give that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy W ^2? You don't mind if I give that
+a new name?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switch the powers on your W's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the powers on your W's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch the powers on your W's.
+Yeah, I've got them right here. And it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I've got them right here. And it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I've got them right here. And it's
+just it it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just it it's just
+now let me write this in terms of W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bar. Uh let's see. Did I multiply C 0 C2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar. Uh let's see. Did I multiply C 0 C2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar. Uh let's see. Did I multiply C 0 C2
+W and C1 W ^2?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry, I'm not surprised that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, I'm not surprised that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry, I'm not surprised that this is
+coming out a little funny because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out a little funny because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out a little funny because it's
+it's the this is this is really C 0.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the this is this is really C 0.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the this is this is really C 0.
+This is C2 W bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is C2 W bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is C2 W bar
+2, right? W is the same as W bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2, right? W is the same as W bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2, right? W is the same as W bar
+2 and W ^2 is the same as W bar. So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and W ^2 is the same as W bar. So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and W ^2 is the same as W bar. So it's
+coming out with the with the there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out with the with the there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out with the with the there's a
+little switch between there's a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little switch between there's a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little switch between there's a little
+conjugation happens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation happens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugation happens in
+this don't let that spoil the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't let that spoil the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this don't let that spoil the end of the
+lecture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture.
+Uh what's the main point? The main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what's the main point? The main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh what's the main point? The main point
+is the igen vectors are the fora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the igen vectors are the fora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the igen vectors are the fora
+matrices are are the fora matrix and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are are the fora matrix and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrices are are the fora matrix and the
+igen values are what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+igen values are what?
+are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the
+DFT of C, but it might be the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT of C, but it might be the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT of C, but it might be the inverse
+DFT. We we might be doing the W bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT. We we might be doing the W bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DFT. We we might be doing the W bar
+instead and I think we are doing the W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead and I think we are doing the W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead and I think we are doing the W
+bar instead of the W. The textbook I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar instead of the W. The textbook I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar instead of the W. The textbook I
+think gets it right. But the main point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think gets it right. But the main point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think gets it right. But the main point
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+and do you see that this was this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you see that this was this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do you see that this was this was
+our this was our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our this was our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our this was our
+trick here. This was our trick. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick here. This was our trick. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick here. This was our trick. You
+remember our trick here that involved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our trick here that involved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember our trick here that involved
+three applications of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+FFT. Well, I've got three here to do. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT. Well, I've got three here to do. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT. Well, I've got three here to do. If
+I want to if I want to operate with C,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to if I want to operate with C,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to if I want to operate with C,
+let let me just finish this thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me just finish this thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let let me just finish this thought
+here. This this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. This this matrix
+C put I'll put the rest over on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C put I'll put the rest over on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C put I'll put the rest over on this
+side is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side is
+F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+F
+lambda F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda F
+inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+somehow. So if I want to do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow. So if I want to do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow. So if I want to do a
+convolution that means I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution that means I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution that means I want to
+multiply by C.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by C.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply by C.
+Instead of doing it n squ straight out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead of doing it n squ straight out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead of doing it n squ straight out,
+I do what? I take 4 a trans. I take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do what? I take 4 a trans. I take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do what? I take 4 a trans. I take a
+for a transform one way or the other. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transform one way or the other. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a transform one way or the other. I
+need lambdas. That's a 4 a transform. Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need lambdas. That's a 4 a transform. Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need lambdas. That's a 4 a transform. Do
+you see that? Each of these three I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that? Each of these three I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see that? Each of these three I
+could do with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do with an
+FFT. So there's three FFTs in is an FFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT. So there's three FFTs in is an FFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT. So there's three FFTs in is an FFT
+in in each of those factors. That that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in each of those factors. That that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in each of those factors. That that's
+an FFT to multiply by F inverse and FFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an FFT to multiply by F inverse and FFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an FFT to multiply by F inverse and FFT
+to multiply by F. And where does the FFT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by F. And where does the FFT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to multiply by F. And where does the FFT
+where is the FFT needed in that factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the FFT needed in that factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the FFT needed in that factor
+which is a diagonal matrix?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a diagonal matrix?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a diagonal matrix?
+It's to get the lambda to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's to get the lambda to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's to get the lambda to figure out
+what that diagonal is. I have to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that diagonal is. I have to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that diagonal is. I have to do the
+FFT. So anyway, this is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT. So anyway, this is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFT. So anyway, this is like a
+matrix fanatics's way of seeing that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix fanatics's way of seeing that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix fanatics's way of seeing that a
+convolution which looks like an n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution which looks like an n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convolution which looks like an n
+squared operation can be done with three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared operation can be done with three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared operation can be done with three
+FFTs. So three of these three of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFTs. So three of these three of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FFTs. So three of these three of these
+plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one
+uh simple step. So really fast. Okay, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simple step. So really fast. Okay, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh simple step. So really fast. Okay, I
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+uh quite a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh quite a lot of
+symbols, quite a lot as I look at it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols, quite a lot as I look at it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symbols, quite a lot as I look at it,
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh probably quasi familiar already. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably quasi familiar already. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh probably quasi familiar already. And
+I hope that these sections of the book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that these sections of the book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope that these sections of the book
+5.5 and 4.2 two would uh uh give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.5 and 4.2 two would uh uh give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5.5 and 4.2 two would uh uh give you a
+reference to to sort of check it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to to sort of check it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference to to sort of check it out
+because we certainly did get a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we certainly did get a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we certainly did get a little
+twist here between W and W bar. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist here between W and W bar. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist here between W and W bar. Yeah.
+Yeah. Okay. So let's break there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So let's break there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Okay. So let's break there and
+then start uh pretty directly with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then start uh pretty directly with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then start uh pretty directly with
+filters at uh
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/oFVYVzlvk9c.txt b/oFVYVzlvk9c.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..495a70ac54d06861021db1a6710f6c3ea9890504
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oFVYVzlvk9c.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay team Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay team Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay team Let's
+uh get started for the day uh it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get started for the day uh it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get started for the day uh it's a
+pleasure to see all of you guys uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to see all of you guys uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pleasure to see all of you guys uh in
+case you don't remember I'm Justin I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you don't remember I'm Justin I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you don't remember I'm Justin I'm
+the third instructor of6 that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third instructor of6 that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third instructor of6 that you
+probably forgot about uh but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably forgot about uh but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably forgot about uh but you're
+going to see a lot more of me in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a lot more of me in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to see a lot more of me in the
+graph theory part of our course because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory part of our course because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph theory part of our course because
+that's the part of algorithms that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part of algorithms that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the part of algorithms that I
+like if I were reincarnated as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I were reincarnated as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if I were reincarnated as a
+theoretical computer scientist I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical computer scientist I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretical computer scientist I would
+probably go into this area hey guys okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably go into this area hey guys okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably go into this area hey guys okay
+uh you know we have our our PhD admit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we have our our PhD admit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know we have our our PhD admit
+visit days coming up for the next uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit days coming up for the next uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit days coming up for the next uh
+couple days so I'm working on my like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple days so I'm working on my like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple days so I'm working on my like
+Camp counseler cheerleader voice so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camp counseler cheerleader voice so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Camp counseler cheerleader voice so you
+know don't make me uh wake all of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't make me uh wake all of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know don't make me uh wake all of you
+guys up for the day you're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys up for the day you're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys up for the day you're not going to
+like it uh but in any event uh right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it uh but in any event uh right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it uh but in any event uh right so
+in in 66 if you look back at the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 66 if you look back at the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 66 if you look back at the course
+outline we're officially starting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline we're officially starting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outline we're officially starting part
+two of this class uh there are a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of this class uh there are a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of this class uh there are a few
+corollaries uh to that fact uh so unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollaries uh to that fact uh so unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corollaries uh to that fact uh so unless
+there any questions about that we'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions about that we'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there any questions about that we'll get
+started with our our new unit in 66
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with our our new unit in 66
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with our our new unit in 66
+which is a graph theory if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a graph theory if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a graph theory if you're
+wondering there's a graph on the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering there's a graph on the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering there's a graph on the the the
+screen here uh but of course we'll fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen here uh but of course we'll fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen here uh but of course we'll fill
+in uh a little bit more information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh a little bit more information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in uh a little bit more information
+today uh throughout our lecture when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh throughout our lecture when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh throughout our lecture when I
+was learning how to teach which I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was learning how to teach which I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was learning how to teach which I'm
+still doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still doing
+um one of uh actually my PhD adviser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of uh actually my PhD adviser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one of uh actually my PhD adviser
+told me like if you want somebody to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me like if you want somebody to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+told me like if you want somebody to
+learn something you have to write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something you have to write it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn something you have to write it as
+big as possible and so I'm I'm really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as possible and so I'm I'm really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big as possible and so I'm I'm really
+leaning into that that approach today uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaning into that that approach today uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaning into that that approach today uh
+in our our slides so in any event uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our our slides so in any event uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in our our slides so in any event uh
+right so today we're going to have our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so today we're going to have our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so today we're going to have our
+first lecture on on graphs which I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture on on graphs which I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first lecture on on graphs which I think
+will somewhat be a review for many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will somewhat be a review for many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will somewhat be a review for many of
+you guys and if it's not that's cool too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys and if it's not that's cool too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys and if it's not that's cool too
+uh because we'll start from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we'll start from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh because we'll start from the
+beginning and kind of build up all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and kind of build up all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning and kind of build up all the
+Notions that we need to understand and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions that we need to understand and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notions that we need to understand and
+process graphs and hopefully by the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process graphs and hopefully by the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process graphs and hopefully by the end
+of lecture have some style of algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lecture have some style of algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lecture have some style of algorithm
+for computing the shortest path from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computing the shortest path from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for computing the shortest path from one
+vertex to all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex to all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex to all the other
+ones so in case we forgot a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so in case we forgot a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones so in case we forgot a little bit
+terminology a graph some people call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology a graph some people call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminology a graph some people call
+this a network but sometimes that term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a network but sometimes that term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a network but sometimes that term
+is overloaded with a few different kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is overloaded with a few different kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is overloaded with a few different kind
+of variations on the theme uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variations on the theme uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of variations on the theme uh is a
+collection of two things right that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of two things right that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of two things right that's
+what this this parenthesis notation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this this parenthesis notation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this this parenthesis notation
+means there's a set of vertices and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's a set of vertices and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's a set of vertices and a
+set of edges right and the edges uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of edges right and the edges uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of edges right and the edges uh like
+you can see in the sort of third point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in the sort of third point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see in the sort of third point
+on our screen here are a subset of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our screen here are a subset of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our screen here are a subset of V
+cross V now this is fancy notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V now this is fancy notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross V now this is fancy notation for
+something really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something really really
+simple right because what is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right because what is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple right because what is this
+telling me this is telling me that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me this is telling me that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling me this is telling me that an
+like in the picture that we see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the picture that we see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the picture that we see on the
+screen here it's just something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen here it's just something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen here it's just something that
+connects two vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects two vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connects two vertices
+together right so if I think of there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right so if I think of there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together right so if I think of there
+being a pair of vertices like the from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a pair of vertices like the from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a pair of vertices like the from
+and the to right then that is a subset
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the to right then that is a subset
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the to right then that is a subset
+of the cross product of v in itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cross product of v in itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the cross product of v in itself
+right so hopefully the notation in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so hopefully the notation in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so hopefully the notation in that
+third line on the screen makes some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third line on the screen makes some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third line on the screen makes some
+sense this is just fancy notation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is just fancy notation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense this is just fancy notation for
+edges or pairs of vertices but of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges or pairs of vertices but of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges or pairs of vertices but of course
+inside of that notation there are two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of that notation there are two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of that notation there are two
+special cases that we care about uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases that we care about uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special cases that we care about uh in
+this this class uh one is is when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this class uh one is is when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this class uh one is is when you
+have a directed graph and one is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a directed graph and one is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a directed graph and one is when
+you you have an undirected graph gu I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have an undirected graph gu I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you have an undirected graph gu I
+said them in opposite order from what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said them in opposite order from what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said them in opposite order from what's
+on the screen right so in an undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen right so in an undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the screen right so in an undirected
+graph I guess we still think of an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I guess we still think of an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph I guess we still think of an edge
+like a pair of vertices but really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pair of vertices but really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a pair of vertices but really I
+should have notated this slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have notated this slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have notated this slightly
+differently in fact maybe I'll I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in fact maybe I'll I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently in fact maybe I'll I'll
+revise it in the slides before uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise it in the slides before uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revise it in the slides before uh they
+go into ocw where instead of writing E
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into ocw where instead of writing E
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go into ocw where instead of writing E
+equals uh W comma V I should write in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh W comma V I should write in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals uh W comma V I should write in
+fact equals V comma W and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact equals V comma W and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact equals V comma W and notice that
+there's a slight difference between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slight difference between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a slight difference between the
+notation on the slide and what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation on the slide and what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation on the slide and what I've
+written on the board which is this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the board which is this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written on the board which is this set
+notation here what's the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here what's the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation here what's the difference
+between parentheses and squiggly lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parentheses and squiggly lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between parentheses and squiggly lines
+is that this guy is unordered this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this guy is unordered this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this guy is unordered this is a
+set of things and what's on the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things and what's on the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things and what's on the board
+it's ordered right or or what's on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ordered right or or what's on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's ordered right or or what's on the
+screen rather and of course in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen rather and of course in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen rather and of course in an
+undirected edge there's no such thing as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected edge there's no such thing as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected edge there's no such thing as
+an edge from W to V being distinct from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge from W to V being distinct from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge from W to V being distinct from
+an edge from V to W those are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge from V to W those are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge from V to W those are the same
+thing right they're undirected it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right they're undirected it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing right they're undirected it's just
+is a notion of connectivity whereas in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a notion of connectivity whereas in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a notion of connectivity whereas in a
+directed graph now we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph now we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed graph now we're going to use
+that parenthetical notation to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parenthetical notation to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parenthetical notation to say that
+the Edge from W to V is different than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Edge from W to V is different than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Edge from W to V is different than
+the Edge from V to W that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Edge from V to W that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Edge from V to W that's going to
+make a big difference so for example uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a big difference so for example uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a big difference so for example uh
+in the graph on the right let's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph on the right let's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the graph on the right let's maybe
+redraw it uh on the board here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redraw it uh on the board here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redraw it uh on the board here so we
+have four vertices I drew this last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four vertices I drew this last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have four vertices I drew this last
+night and I'm hoping that this example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and I'm hoping that this example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night and I'm hoping that this example
+actually works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh uh like
+that can I get from the upper right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can I get from the upper right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can I get from the upper right
+vertex to the lower left vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex to the lower left vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex to the lower left vertex
+following edges in this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following edges in this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following edges in this graph
+I heard one person everybody on three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard one person everybody on three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I heard one person everybody on three
+one two three no right because if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three no right because if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two three no right because if I
+wanted to I mean maybe I think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to I mean maybe I think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to I mean maybe I think of
+drawing this path here but of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this path here but of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing this path here but of course if
+I go from the upper right to the lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go from the upper right to the lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I go from the upper right to the lower
+left this is like the ugliest thing I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this is like the ugliest thing I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left this is like the ugliest thing I've
+ever drawn I'm so sorry uh you notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever drawn I'm so sorry uh you notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever drawn I'm so sorry uh you notice
+that the edges are pointing in the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edges are pointing in the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the edges are pointing in the up
+Direction here so I'd have to go kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction here so I'd have to go kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Direction here so I'd have to go kind of
+against the stream of the water but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the stream of the water but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against the stream of the water but
+that's not allowable in the directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not allowable in the directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not allowable in the directed
+graph case of course I'm already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph case of course I'm already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph case of course I'm already
+anticipating the notion of a path which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating the notion of a path which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anticipating the notion of a path which
+we haven't really defined yet but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really defined yet but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we haven't really defined yet but I
+think intuitively that's sort of the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think intuitively that's sort of the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think intuitively that's sort of the the
+the big difference between a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big difference between a directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the big difference between a directed
+and undirected graph does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and undirected graph does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and undirected graph does that
+distinction make sense to all of yall or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction make sense to all of yall or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinction make sense to all of yall or
+have I managed to lose you in in in four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I managed to lose you in in in four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have I managed to lose you in in in four
+minutes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes or
+less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less
+excellent so I flipped things a tiny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so I flipped things a tiny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent so I flipped things a tiny
+tiny bit from the course notes because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit from the course notes because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit from the course notes because I
+figured we'd Define what a graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured we'd Define what a graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured we'd Define what a graph is
+first before telling you what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first before telling you what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first before telling you what the
+applications are uh but in in in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are uh but in in in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications are uh but in in in any
+event I think it's really not a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event I think it's really not a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event I think it's really not a big
+stretch of the imagination to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch of the imagination to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stretch of the imagination to say that
+grass are like literally everywhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass are like literally everywhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grass are like literally everywhere in
+our our everyday life right anytime that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our everyday life right anytime that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our everyday life right anytime that
+we come up with a network of stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come up with a network of stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we come up with a network of stuff
+connected together implicitly the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together implicitly the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected together implicitly the right
+abstraction often in in the back of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction often in in the back of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstraction often in in the back of our
+heads uh is to think about a graph right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads uh is to think about a graph right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads uh is to think about a graph right
+so some simple examples that I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some simple examples that I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so some simple examples that I think
+would all come to mind for us would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all come to mind for us would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would all come to mind for us would be
+like computer networks right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like computer networks right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like computer networks right so the
+nodes or the vertices of your graph uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes or the vertices of your graph uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes or the vertices of your graph uh
+in that case maybe are computers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case maybe are computers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case maybe are computers and
+then the edges are roughly the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the edges are roughly the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the edges are roughly the the
+cables connecting them together in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables connecting them together in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cables connecting them together in my
+very coarse understanding of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very coarse understanding of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very coarse understanding of how
+networks work uh or or maybe in a social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks work uh or or maybe in a social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks work uh or or maybe in a social
+network you know the nodes are uh people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you know the nodes are uh people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you know the nodes are uh people
+in your social network and the edges are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your social network and the edges are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your social network and the edges are
+like friend relationships or like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like friend relationships or like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like friend relationships or like you
+know friendy relationships or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know friendy relationships or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know friendy relationships or or or
+whatever uh in fact I think you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh in fact I think you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever uh in fact I think you could
+think of both directed and undirected uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of both directed and undirected uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of both directed and undirected uh
+versions of that particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of that particular uh
+network uh you know in Road networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh you know in Road networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh you know in Road networks
+maybe you know I'm I'm working for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know I'm I'm working for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you know I'm I'm working for
+Google and I want to tell you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google and I want to tell you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google and I want to tell you the
+shortest path between your house and MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path between your house and MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path between your house and MIT
+of course uh in order to do that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh in order to do that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course uh in order to do that and
+essentially behind the scenes we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially behind the scenes we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially behind the scenes we're
+solving some version of computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving some version of computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving some version of computing the
+shortest path between two vertices in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path between two vertices in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path between two vertices in a
+graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph
+that's a tiny bit of a lie in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tiny bit of a lie in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a tiny bit of a lie in the sense
+that there's a lot of structure in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of structure in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's a lot of structure in that
+problem that we're not going to leverage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we're not going to leverage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem that we're not going to leverage
+uh in this course right a road network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this course right a road network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in this course right a road network
+is a very special type of graph uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very special type of graph uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a very special type of graph uh and
+if you take an advanced course maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take an advanced course maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take an advanced course maybe
+you'll say like well if I know a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say like well if I know a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll say like well if I know a little
+more about my graph I can do better than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about my graph I can do better than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more about my graph I can do better than
+the general case we'll talk about here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general case we'll talk about here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the general case we'll talk about here
+uh but the basic algorithms that we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the basic algorithms that we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but the basic algorithms that we'll
+talk about in 66 are certainly relevant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in 66 are certainly relevant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about in 66 are certainly relevant
+in that case and are really the building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case and are really the building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that case and are really the building
+blocks for what goes on and in in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks for what goes on and in in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks for what goes on and in in the
+tools that are used every day on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that are used every day on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that are used every day on your
+phone when you open Google Maps or ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone when you open Google Maps or ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phone when you open Google Maps or ways
+or or whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or whatever
+and of course there's there's many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's there's many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course there's there's many
+others right so for instance an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others right so for instance an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+others right so for instance an example
+uh that maybe is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that maybe is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that maybe is a little bit more
+subtle would be the set of states and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle would be the set of states and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle would be the set of states and
+transitions of of a discrete thing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions of of a discrete thing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transitions of of a discrete thing so
+think about like a Rubik's cube right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like a Rubik's cube right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like a Rubik's cube right so
+I could make a graph where the node is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could make a graph where the node is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could make a graph where the node is
+every configuration of my Rubik's cube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every configuration of my Rubik's cube
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every configuration of my Rubik's cube
+right like every rotation and then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like every rotation and then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right like every rotation and then the
+edges are like can I get from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are like can I get from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges are like can I get from this
+configuration to that one by making one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration to that one by making one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration to that one by making one
+simple transition like one F flip I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple transition like one F flip I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple transition like one F flip I
+don't actually know the terminology in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know the terminology in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually know the terminology in
+Rubik's Cube I have a feeling you do uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubik's Cube I have a feeling you do uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rubik's Cube I have a feeling you do uh
+for one rotation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one rotation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one rotation
+twist thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twist thank
+you and of course there are many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and of course there are many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and of course there are many other
+places so for instance uh you know my in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so for instance uh you know my in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+places so for instance uh you know my in
+my my day job here at MIT I typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my day job here at MIT I typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my my day job here at MIT I typically
+teach computer Graphics courses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach computer Graphics courses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach computer Graphics courses and
+actually graph Theory although we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually graph Theory although we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually graph Theory although we talk
+about it very differently appears in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it very differently appears in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it very differently appears in
+that world constantly uh because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world constantly uh because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that world constantly uh because of
+course what's sitting behind any 3D
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what's sitting behind any 3D
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course what's sitting behind any 3D
+model on your computer is a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model on your computer is a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model on your computer is a giant
+network of of triangles this is called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of of triangles this is called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network of of triangles this is called a
+triangulated surface like this Taurus we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulated surface like this Taurus we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangulated surface like this Taurus we
+see here uh and this is nothing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here uh and this is nothing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see here uh and this is nothing more
+than a graph and in fact if you squint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a graph and in fact if you squint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than a graph and in fact if you squint
+at the algorithm that we cover in 6838
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the algorithm that we cover in 6838
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the algorithm that we cover in 6838
+you'll see that they're roughly just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that they're roughly just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see that they're roughly just
+graph algorithms in Disguise uh in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithms in Disguise uh in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithms in Disguise uh in fact
+if you take my graduate course one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take my graduate course one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take my graduate course one thing
+we'll do we'll spend a lot of time doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do we'll spend a lot of time doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll do we'll spend a lot of time doing
+differential geometry and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential geometry and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential geometry and then we'll
+step back 10 feet and notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back 10 feet and notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step back 10 feet and notice that
+exactly the algorithms we were using for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the algorithms we were using for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the algorithms we were using for
+like Computing all you know curvature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Computing all you know curvature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like Computing all you know curvature
+and bendiness on on triangle meshes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bendiness on on triangle meshes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bendiness on on triangle meshes just
+looks like a graph algorithm and can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a graph algorithm and can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a graph algorithm and can be
+applied to to networks in exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to to networks in exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied to to networks in exactly the
+same way so it'll be a nice kind of fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way so it'll be a nice kind of fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same way so it'll be a nice kind of fun
+reveal uh there and of course as one uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal uh there and of course as one uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reveal uh there and of course as one uh
+last kind of fun application um I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last kind of fun application um I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last kind of fun application um I
+actually was gone the last couple days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was gone the last couple days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually was gone the last couple days
+at a conference on political
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a conference on political
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a conference on political
+redistricting and the funny thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistricting and the funny thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redistricting and the funny thing is
+most of the discussion at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the discussion at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most of the discussion at that
+conference was about graph Theory uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference was about graph Theory uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference was about graph Theory uh and
+and and the reason for that uh is sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the reason for that uh is sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and the reason for that uh is sort
+of a theme that shows up a lot in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a theme that shows up a lot in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a theme that shows up a lot in
+Geometry World which is if I take my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geometry World which is if I take my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Geometry World which is if I take my
+state in this case I think these are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in this case I think these are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in this case I think these are the
+voting precincts in some state or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting precincts in some state or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voting precincts in some state or
+another uh and I look at adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh and I look at adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another uh and I look at adjacency
+relationships then maybe I put a node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships then maybe I put a node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationships then maybe I put a node
+for every Precinct and an edge anytime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every Precinct and an edge anytime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for every Precinct and an edge anytime
+that they share a boundary with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they share a boundary with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they share a boundary with one
+another well now I have a network and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another well now I have a network and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another well now I have a network and
+and maybe a region on my graph is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe a region on my graph is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe a region on my graph is like a
+connected piece of of of this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected piece of of of this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connected piece of of of this this
+network uh and so anyway this is one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh and so anyway this is one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh and so anyway this is one of
+these examples where graphs and networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples where graphs and networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples where graphs and networks
+and connectivity and so on just show up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connectivity and so on just show up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and connectivity and so on just show up
+literally no matter where you go they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally no matter where you go they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally no matter where you go they're
+totally unavoidable uh and and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally unavoidable uh and and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally unavoidable uh and and so that's
+what we'll be spending quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll be spending quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we'll be spending quite a bit of
+time on uh in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on uh in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on uh in this class
+here now you could easily take I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now you could easily take I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here now you could easily take I would
+argue at least three entire courses on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue at least three entire courses on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue at least three entire courses on
+graph Theory uh here at MIT uh and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph Theory uh here at MIT uh and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph Theory uh here at MIT uh and you
+could easily build a PhD uh a doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily build a PhD uh a doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could easily build a PhD uh a doing
+nothing more than really simple problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than really simple problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than really simple problems
+on graphs uh of course in this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on graphs uh of course in this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on graphs uh of course in this class
+we're we're we're limited to you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we're limited to you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're we're we're limited to you know
+some some just a few lectures out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some just a few lectures out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some just a few lectures out of
+many uh so we're going to make a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh so we're going to make a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many uh so we're going to make a couple
+assumptions both on the problems we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions both on the problems we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumptions both on the problems we want
+to solve uh as well as on the graphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve uh as well as on the graphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve uh as well as on the graphs
+that that we care about uh so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we care about uh so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we care about uh so in
+particular uh one simplifying assumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh one simplifying assumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular uh one simplifying assumption
+which actually really doesn't affect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually really doesn't affect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which actually really doesn't affect
+many of the algorithms we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the algorithms we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many of the algorithms we'll talk about
+here but is worth noting uh explicitly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but is worth noting uh explicitly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here but is worth noting uh explicitly
+is that we'll mostly be thinking about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we'll mostly be thinking about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we'll mostly be thinking about a
+particular type of graph which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of graph which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular type of graph which is a
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple
+graph uh and in fact often depending on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh and in fact often depending on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh and in fact often depending on
+how you define your graph you kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you define your graph you kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you define your graph you kind of
+accidentally made your graph simple uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally made your graph simple uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally made your graph simple uh
+even if you didn't intend to so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you didn't intend to so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you didn't intend to so for
+example uh we wrote that our edges were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh we wrote that our edges were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example uh we wrote that our edges were
+a subset of V cross V uh which maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of V cross V uh which maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subset of V cross V uh which maybe
+means that I can't have uh multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I can't have uh multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that I can't have uh multiple
+edges that uh you know sort of trans
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that uh you know sort of trans
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges that uh you know sort of trans
+Traverse the same pair of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse the same pair of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Traverse the same pair of vertices
+so let's see an example of a graph that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see an example of a graph that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's see an example of a graph that
+is not simple so sorry I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not simple so sorry I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not simple so sorry I haven't
+actually defined it a simple graph is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined it a simple graph is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually defined it a simple graph is a
+a graph that has no self Loops so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph that has no self Loops so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph that has no self Loops so I
+can't go from a Vertex to itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go from a Vertex to itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go from a Vertex to itself
+and every Edge is distinct so let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every Edge is distinct so let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every Edge is distinct so let's uh
+make the most nonsimple graph we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the most nonsimple graph we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the most nonsimple graph we can
+think of like let's say I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of like let's say I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of like let's say I have two
+vertices uh so maybe uh if I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh so maybe uh if I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices uh so maybe uh if I want to
+make my so there's a graph right two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my so there's a graph right two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make my so there's a graph right two
+vertices in one Edge this is simple if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in one Edge this is simple if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in one Edge this is simple if I
+wanted to be annoying and make it not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be annoying and make it not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be annoying and make it not
+simple maybe I'd take this Edge and I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple maybe I'd take this Edge and I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple maybe I'd take this Edge and I'd
+like duplicate it three times just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like duplicate it three times just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like duplicate it three times just for
+for fun uh that violates the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun uh that violates the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for fun uh that violates the second
+assumption and now to make it even worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and now to make it even worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assumption and now to make it even worse
+I could violate the first one by adding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could violate the first one by adding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could violate the first one by adding
+an edge that goes from this vertex to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge that goes from this vertex to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge that goes from this vertex to
+itself this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself this is
+not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+simple I don't know what you would call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I don't know what you would call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple I don't know what you would call
+it actually General graph I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually General graph I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually General graph I guess
+complicated because it's not simple I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's not simple I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated because it's not simple I
+don't I don't know uh yeah a multi-graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know uh yeah a multi-graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't I don't know uh yeah a multi-graph
+I always thought of that as something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always thought of that as something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I always thought of that as something
+anyway it doesn't matter uh but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it doesn't matter uh but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway it doesn't matter uh but in any
+event in this class we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event in this class we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event in this class we're not going to
+worry about this particular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about this particular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about this particular uh
+circumstance and of course in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance and of course in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circumstance and of course in many
+applications of graph Theory that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of graph Theory that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications of graph Theory that's
+totally reasonable assumption to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally reasonable assumption to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally reasonable assumption to make
+any questions about definition of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about definition of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any questions about definition of a
+simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph okay so from now on whenever we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay so from now on whenever we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay so from now on whenever we
+think about a graph in the back of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a graph in the back of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a graph in the back of our
+head we're going to think of our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head we're going to think of our graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head we're going to think of our graph
+as simple there's one nice property that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple there's one nice property that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as simple there's one nice property that
+a simple graph has which I've written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple graph has which I've written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a simple graph has which I've written in
+really big text on the screen here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big text on the screen here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really big text on the screen here which
+is that the edges are Big O of of of v^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the edges are Big O of of of v^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the edges are Big O of of of v^2
+and in fact let's uh let's expand that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact let's uh let's expand that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact let's uh let's expand that
+formula just a tiny bit so there's sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula just a tiny bit so there's sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula just a tiny bit so there's sort
+of two cases uh right one is when my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two cases uh right one is when my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two cases uh right one is when my
+graph is undirected the other is when my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is undirected the other is when my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph is undirected the other is when my
+my graph is is directed yeah um so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph is is directed yeah um so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph is is directed yeah um so if I
+have a directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph well let's think about how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph well let's think about how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph well let's think about how many
+edges we could possibly have right so an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges we could possibly have right so an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges we could possibly have right so an
+edge is a pair of a from vertex and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is a pair of a from vertex and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge is a pair of a from vertex and a
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+vertex right and I can never repeat it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex right and I can never repeat it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex right and I can never repeat it
+twice right that's that's sort of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice right that's that's sort of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice right that's that's sort of like
+the uh the second assumption here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the second assumption here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh the second assumption here right
+so in particular what do we know know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular what do we know know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular what do we know know we
+know that mod e or rather the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that mod e or rather the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that mod e or rather the number of
+of edges in our graph is upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges in our graph is upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges in our graph is upper
+bounded by what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded by what
+well I can take any pair of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+vertices like that but I have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices like that but I have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices like that but I have to be a
+little bit careful because my graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful because my graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit careful because my graph is
+directed right so from and to matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed right so from and to matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed right so from and to matter
+here so this is is V choose two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is is V choose two is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so this is is V choose two is
+saying that I can take any unique pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I can take any unique pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that I can take any unique pair
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+vertices but I have to put a factor of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but I have to put a factor of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices but I have to put a factor of
+two in front of it uh to account for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in front of it uh to account for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two in front of it uh to account for the
+fact that the source and the target can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the source and the target can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that the source and the target can
+be flipped back and forth and of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flipped back and forth and of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be flipped back and forth and of course
+if I want to do the undirected I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to do the undirected I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I want to do the undirected I don't
+have to worry about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that right we'll get e here is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right we'll get e here is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right we'll get e here is less than
+or equal to just mod V choose to right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to just mod V choose to right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to just mod V choose to right
+so this is just a fancy uh way of saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a fancy uh way of saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just a fancy uh way of saying
+that every Edge consists of two vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every Edge consists of two vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every Edge consists of two vertices
+and my edges are unique and one thing if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my edges are unique and one thing if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my edges are unique and one thing if
+you just write down the formula for uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just write down the formula for uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just write down the formula for uh
+our our binomial coefficient here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our binomial coefficient here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our our binomial coefficient here as
+we'll see that both of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oops oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+s our at worst mod V uh Square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here and that makes perfect sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that makes perfect sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that makes perfect sense right
+because of course an edge is a pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course an edge is a pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course an edge is a pair of
+vertices you kind of expect there to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices you kind of expect there to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices you kind of expect there to be
+a square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes I'm so sorry I can't hear you sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm so sorry I can't hear you sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I'm so sorry I can't hear you sorry
+so the two comes from the backr it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two comes from the backr it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the two comes from the backr it's
+from the swamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the swamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the swamp
+yes exactly so the the the two uh for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so the the the two uh for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes exactly so the the the two uh for
+the directed case comes from the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directed case comes from the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the directed case comes from the fact
+that an edge from V to W is different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an edge from V to W is different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that an edge from V to W is different
+than an edge from W to V right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an edge from W to V right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an edge from W to V right so
+remember that the binomial uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the binomial uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that the binomial uh
+coefficient here is just counting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here is just counting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient here is just counting the
+number of ways that I can choose two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways that I can choose two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of ways that I can choose two
+things from a set of size V but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from a set of size V but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from a set of size V but it
+doesn't care about ordering yeah any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care about ordering yeah any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't care about ordering yeah any
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+questions fabulous so why is this going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions fabulous so why is this going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions fabulous so why is this going
+to matter well these sorts of bounds I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matter well these sorts of bounds I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to matter well these sorts of bounds I
+mean they might seem a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they might seem a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they might seem a little bit
+obvious to you but we're going to write
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to you but we're going to write
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to you but we're going to write
+down graph algorithms and now when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down graph algorithms and now when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down graph algorithms and now when we
+analyze the runtime and the space that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the runtime and the space that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyze the runtime and the space that
+they take we now have like sort of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take we now have like sort of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they take we now have like sort of two
+different numbers that we can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers that we can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numbers that we can think
+about right the number of vertices and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right the number of vertices and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right the number of vertices and
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+edges right and so for instance if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right and so for instance if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right and so for instance if I
+write down an algorithm whose runtime is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an algorithm whose runtime is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write down an algorithm whose runtime is
+proportional to the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of edges
+maybe then generically I could also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then generically I could also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe then generically I could also
+think of the algorithm uh as having a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the algorithm uh as having a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of the algorithm uh as having a
+runtime that looks like the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime that looks like the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+runtime that looks like the number of
+vertices squared unless I put some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices squared unless I put some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices squared unless I put some
+additional assumptions on my My Graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional assumptions on my My Graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional assumptions on my My Graph
+right and so there's some connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's some connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and so there's some connection
+between all these different constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all these different constants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all these different constants
+and it's useful to kind of keep that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's useful to kind of keep that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's useful to kind of keep that at
+the back of our head that sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of our head that sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back of our head that sometimes
+you'll see a bunch of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a bunch of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll see a bunch of different
+expressions that really are encoding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions that really are encoding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressions that really are encoding
+roughly the same relationship just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same relationship just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly the same relationship just in
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+language of course that also means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of course that also means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of course that also means that
+we can be more precise right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be more precise right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be more precise right so
+sometimes uh a graph is what we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh a graph is what we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes uh a graph is what we would
+call sparse so in my universe almost all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call sparse so in my universe almost all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call sparse so in my universe almost all
+graphs that I deal with in my day-to-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs that I deal with in my day-to-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs that I deal with in my day-to-day
+life are extremely sparse this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life are extremely sparse this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life are extremely sparse this is a
+consequence of of topology uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of of topology uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequence of of topology uh and and
+because of that an algorithm that scales
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that an algorithm that scales
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of that an algorithm that scales
+like the number of edges might actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number of edges might actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the number of edges might actually
+be much preferable to an algorithm that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much preferable to an algorithm that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be much preferable to an algorithm that
+scales like the number of vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales like the number of vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scales like the number of vertices
+squared because in practice often there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared because in practice often there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared because in practice often there
+fewer edges than like every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer edges than like every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fewer edges than like every single
+possible pair right uh and and and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible pair right uh and and and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible pair right uh and and and so
+that's the sort of reason why is worth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of reason why is worth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the sort of reason why is worth
+thinking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about these
+numbers okay so let's continue making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay so let's continue making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers okay so let's continue making
+boring uh definitions here uh so some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring uh definitions here uh so some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring uh definitions here uh so some
+other ones that we should think about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones that we should think about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other ones that we should think about uh
+involve the uh topology or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the uh topology or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involve the uh topology or the
+connectivity of our graph uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity of our graph uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connectivity of our graph uh in
+particular thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular thinking about
+neighbors right so in general we kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors right so in general we kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors right so in general we kind of
+think about uh pairs of vertices as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh pairs of vertices as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about uh pairs of vertices as
+being neighbors of one another uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being neighbors of one another uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being neighbors of one another uh if
+there's an edge between them we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge between them we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an edge between them we have to
+be a little bit careful uh because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit careful uh because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit careful uh because of
+course uh when we have a directed Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh when we have a directed Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course uh when we have a directed Edge
+we have to be careful who's on the sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful who's on the sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to be careful who's on the sort
+of giving and the receiving end of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving and the receiving end of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of giving and the receiving end of this
+this neighbor relationship yeah so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neighbor relationship yeah so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this neighbor relationship yeah so let's
+draw a really really simple graph so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a really really simple graph so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw a really really simple graph so
+here's vertex zero here's vertex one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's vertex zero here's vertex one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's vertex zero here's vertex one
+here's vertex 2 and maybe we'll have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's vertex 2 and maybe we'll have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's vertex 2 and maybe we'll have an
+edge going up Edge going down and then a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge going up Edge going down and then a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge going up Edge going down and then a
+cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle
+here okay now we can define a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now we can define a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay now we can define a lot of
+different Notions of neighbors like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Notions of neighbors like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different Notions of neighbors like the
+outgoing neighbor set the incoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing neighbor set the incoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing neighbor set the incoming
+neighbor set uh and and the basic idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor set uh and and the basic idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor set uh and and the basic idea
+here is that we want to keep track of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we want to keep track of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is that we want to keep track of
+edges going from a vertex and edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges going from a vertex and edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges going from a vertex and edges
+pointing into one yeah so for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing into one yeah so for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing into one yeah so for instance
+the outgoing neighbor set which we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing neighbor set which we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing neighbor set which we're
+going to uh uh uh notate as adj plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh uh uh notate as adj plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to uh uh uh notate as adj plus
+here what is the outgoing neighbor uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is the outgoing neighbor uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what is the outgoing neighbor uh
+set of uh node zero here well if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of uh node zero here well if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of uh node zero here well if we take
+a look notice that there's one Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look notice that there's one Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a look notice that there's one Edge
+going out of node zero and it points to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of node zero and it points to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out of node zero and it points to
+node two so of course this is set which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two so of course this is set which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node two so of course this is set which
+just contains one other node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just contains one other node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just contains one other node
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+similarly the incoming neighbor set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the incoming neighbor set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similarly the incoming neighbor set of
+node zero well notice that there's one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node zero well notice that there's one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node zero well notice that there's one
+incoming neighbor from vertex one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming neighbor from vertex one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming neighbor from vertex one so
+that is a set like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a set like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is a set like
+that now of course in an undirected
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now of course in an undirected
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now of course in an undirected
+graph uh the sort of distinction between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh the sort of distinction between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph uh the sort of distinction between
+these two uh things doesn't matter so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two uh things doesn't matter so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two uh things doesn't matter so if
+you look at our final uh bullet point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at our final uh bullet point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at our final uh bullet point
+here uh often in the undirected case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh often in the undirected case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh often in the undirected case we
+just drop that plus or minus superscript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drop that plus or minus superscript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drop that plus or minus superscript
+because it sort of doesn't matter yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sort of doesn't matter yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it sort of doesn't matter yeah
+uh in any event there's one additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in any event there's one additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in any event there's one additional
+piece of terminology that matters quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of terminology that matters quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+piece of terminology that matters quite
+a bit which is degree and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit which is degree and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit which is degree and this is
+nothing more than just counting the size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than just counting the size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing more than just counting the size
+of this set right so the out degree is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this set right so the out degree is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this set right so the out degree is
+the number of edges that point out of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges that point out of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of edges that point out of a
+Vertex and the in degree is the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex and the in degree is the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex and the in degree is the number
+of edges that point in so notice in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges that point in so notice in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges that point in so notice in in
+this case both of those numbers are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case both of those numbers are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case both of those numbers are are
+one uh let's see an example where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh let's see an example where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one uh let's see an example where
+they're not so in node one notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so in node one notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not so in node one notice
+there's two edges that come out so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two edges that come out so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two edges that come out so the
+out degree of of node one is two there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out degree of of node one is two there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out degree of of node one is two there's
+one Edge that points in so the in degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Edge that points in so the in degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one Edge that points in so the in degree
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+one okay so often why why are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so often why why are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one okay so often why why are we going
+to do this well we're going to write a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this well we're going to write a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this well we're going to write a
+lot of graph algorithms that like have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of graph algorithms that like have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of graph algorithms that like have a
+for Loop over the neighbors of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop over the neighbors of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop over the neighbors of a given
+vertex uh and then this this degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex uh and then this this degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex uh and then this this degree
+number is going to come into play um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is going to come into play um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number is going to come into play um is
+worth uh bounding these things just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth uh bounding these things just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worth uh bounding these things just a
+tiny bit so uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit so uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny bit so uh in
+particular one thing we could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+about I write too big and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I write too big and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about I write too big and I'm going to
+run out of space really quickly here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space really quickly here um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run out of space really quickly here um
+is the following so let's take a look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so let's take a look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following so let's take a look at
+all of the possible uh nodes inside of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the possible uh nodes inside of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the possible uh nodes inside of
+my graph and now let's sum up all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph and now let's sum up all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my graph and now let's sum up all of
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+degrees right so like I'm going to let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees right so like I'm going to let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees right so like I'm going to let's
+see if I look at this graph you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I look at this graph you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see if I look at this graph you know
+then notice there's you know there three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then notice there's you know there three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then notice there's you know there three
+Al uh three edges adjacent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al uh three edges adjacent to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Al uh three edges adjacent to this
+vertex here three edges adjacent to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex here three edges adjacent to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex here three edges adjacent to that
+one two adjacent to this so I sum them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two adjacent to this so I sum them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one two adjacent to this so I sum them
+all together so is a convenient bound to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together so is a convenient bound to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together so is a convenient bound to
+have around uh is to sum these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have around uh is to sum these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have around uh is to sum these things
+because we're going to have algorithms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to have algorithms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we're going to have algorithms
+that look like for every vertex for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like for every vertex for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that look like for every vertex for
+every neighbor do something so we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every neighbor do something so we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every neighbor do something so we might
+as well know kind of roughly how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well know kind of roughly how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well know kind of roughly how much
+time that's going to take um let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's going to take um let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time that's going to take um let's think
+about this so what do we know in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so what do we know in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this so what do we know in an
+undirected graph every Edge is adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph every Edge is adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph every Edge is adjacent
+to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to two
+vertices right so if we think about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices right so if we think about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices right so if we think about how
+we account for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we account for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we account for
+degree what do we know well we know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree what do we know well we know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree what do we know well we know that
+an edge sort of contributes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge sort of contributes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an edge sort of contributes to the
+degree of two different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of two different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of two different
+vertices right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if we think about it uh carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about it uh carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we think about it uh carefully
+here what we're going to see is that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we're going to see is that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here what we're going to see is that uh
+if our graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undirected oh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected oh oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected oh oops
+sorry is that right wait I'm backward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is that right wait I'm backward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry is that right wait I'm backward
+again so if I have a graph with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so if I have a graph with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again so if I have a graph with two
+vertices and one Edge and it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and one Edge and it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices and one Edge and it is
+undirected notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected notice
+that the number of edges here is is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of edges here is is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the number of edges here is is one
+what is the the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the the sum of the
+degree well it's 1 + 1 equal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree well it's 1 + 1 equal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree well it's 1 + 1 equal 2
+yeah so there's a two here if uh my my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's a two here if uh my my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah so there's a two here if uh my my
+graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+undirected and E if my graph is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected and E if my graph is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected and E if my graph is
+directed if what I'm counting is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed if what I'm counting is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed if what I'm counting is just
+the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outgoing
+degree that Mak sense I think I managed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that Mak sense I think I managed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree that Mak sense I think I managed
+to totally botch that sentence so maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to totally botch that sentence so maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to totally botch that sentence so maybe
+let's let's try that again so if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's try that again so if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's try that again so if I'm
+counting just the number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting just the number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counting just the number of edges
+pointing out of every vertex and I count
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out of every vertex and I count
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing out of every vertex and I count
+that over all of the possible vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over all of the possible vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that over all of the possible vertices
+then there's two cases right one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's two cases right one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's two cases right one is
+directed and one is undirected right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed and one is undirected right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed and one is undirected right so
+in the undirected case you get a two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the undirected case you get a two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the undirected case you get a two
+here because essentially every Edge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because essentially every Edge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here because essentially every Edge is
+simultaneously ingoing and outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously ingoing and outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously ingoing and outgoing
+whereas you get a one as a coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you get a one as a coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas you get a one as a coefficient
+in the directed case that make sense I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the directed case that make sense I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the directed case that make sense I'm
+sorry I botched that for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I botched that for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry I botched that for a
+second okay excellent okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay excellent okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second okay excellent okay so that's
+going to be a useful Bound for us uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a useful Bound for us uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a useful Bound for us uh
+later on now we think about graphs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on now we think about graphs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later on now we think about graphs of
+course we just spent the last couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we just spent the last couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course we just spent the last couple
+weeks thinking about data structures we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks thinking about data structures we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks thinking about data structures we
+should think about how to store a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about how to store a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should think about how to store a graph
+on a computer and there's many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a computer and there's many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a computer and there's many different
+options uh in fact uh really one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options uh in fact uh really one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options uh in fact uh really one thing
+that you can do is sort of pair just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do is sort of pair just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can do is sort of pair just
+like when we talked about sets uh right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when we talked about sets uh right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like when we talked about sets uh right
+there are many different ways to store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different ways to store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are many different ways to store
+sets and and one way to think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and and one way to think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets and and one way to think about it
+was depending on how we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was depending on how we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was depending on how we're going to
+interact with that set we might choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with that set we might choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interact with that set we might choose
+one data structure or another to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one data structure or another to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one data structure or another to sort of
+optimize the uh types of of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the uh types of of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimize the uh types of of of
+interactions we're going to have with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions we're going to have with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions we're going to have with
+that set and make them as fast as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set and make them as fast as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that set and make them as fast as
+possible there's exactly the same story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there's exactly the same story
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible there's exactly the same story
+uh for a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for a graph
+right so for instance the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for instance the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for instance the world's
+dumbest representation of a graph would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumbest representation of a graph would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumbest representation of a graph would
+be to just have a long list of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to just have a long list of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to just have a long list of edges
+right so for example uh for this graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example uh for this graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for example uh for this graph
+uh up here maybe I have you know 01
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up here maybe I have you know 01
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up here maybe I have you know 01
+that's an edge and then 0 two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an edge and then 0 two that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's an edge and then 0 two that's
+another Edge and then one two and then 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Edge and then one two and then 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another Edge and then one two and then 2
+one there's a big list of edges really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's a big list of edges really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one there's a big list of edges really
+set I don't care about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I don't care about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I don't care about the
+order first one is one Z One Z oh you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order first one is one Z One Z oh you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order first one is one Z One Z oh you're
+right I'm sorry yeah the edge points up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm sorry yeah the edge points up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I'm sorry yeah the edge points up
+thanks Eric or not Eric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Jason okay so let's say that I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason okay so let's say that I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jason okay so let's say that I have a
+graph algorithm and I'm going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithm and I'm going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithm and I'm going to have to
+do something like check whether there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like check whether there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do something like check whether there
+exists an edge from V to w a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an edge from V to w a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists an edge from V to w a bunch of
+times how long is that going to take in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times how long is that going to take in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times how long is that going to take in
+in this data structure well if I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this data structure well if I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this data structure well if I just
+have like a hot mess disorganized list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a hot mess disorganized list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have like a hot mess disorganized list
+of edges and I want to know does there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges and I want to know does there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of edges and I want to know does there
+exist an edge from V to W All I Can Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist an edge from V to W All I Can Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist an edge from V to W All I Can Do
+Is Write a for Loop that just goes along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is Write a for Loop that just goes along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is Write a for Loop that just goes along
+this set and says like is this Edge what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set and says like is this Edge what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set and says like is this Edge what
+I'm looking for no is that the edge I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for no is that the edge I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for no is that the edge I'm
+looking for no right so every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for no right so every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for no right so every single
+time I want to find an edge it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I want to find an edge it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time I want to find an edge it's going
+to take me time proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take me time proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take me time proportional to the
+number of edges in my graph which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges in my graph which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges in my graph which could
+potentially be up to to V squ yeah so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be up to to V squ yeah so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially be up to to V squ yeah so
+this is not such a great representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not such a great representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not such a great representation
+of a graph on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a graph on my
+computer right so if we're thinking back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer right so if we're thinking back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer right so if we're thinking back
+at our our data structure we might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our our data structure we might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at our our data structure we might say
+okay so an edge list is probably not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so an edge list is probably not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so an edge list is probably not the
+way to go although notice that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go although notice that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to go although notice that the way
+we notated like what is a graph kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notated like what is a graph kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we notated like what is a graph kind of
+looks like an edge list uh but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an edge list uh but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like an edge list uh but in any
+event uh the the the more common thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh the the the more common thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event uh the the the more common thing
+to do is to sore something like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to sore something like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is to sore something like an
+adjacency list so uh right so the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency list so uh right so the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency list so uh right so the basic
+idea of an adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of an adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of an adjacency
+list is that what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is that what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list is that what I'm going to
+store uh is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store uh is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store uh is a
+set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set that
+Maps a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maps a
+Vertex U to everything adjacent to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex U to everything adjacent to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex U to everything adjacent to
+you right so in other words I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so in other words I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you right so in other words I'm just
+going to keep track of all the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep track of all the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to keep track of all the outgoing
+edges from every vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges from every vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges from every vertex
+and now I have to decide how am I going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have to decide how am I going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now I have to decide how am I going
+to store this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to store this
+object and often times we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and often times we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object and often times we're going to
+have to answer queries like does there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to answer queries like does there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to answer queries like does there
+exist an edge from V to W right so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist an edge from V to W right so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist an edge from V to W right so how
+could I do that first I would look up V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I do that first I would look up V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could I do that first I would look up V
+and I get back sort of a list or set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get back sort of a list or set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I get back sort of a list or set of
+of all the things that are adjacent to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the things that are adjacent to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all the things that are adjacent to V
+and I have to query that thing and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to query that thing and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I have to query that thing and I
+want it to be pretty fast so maybe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be pretty fast so maybe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want it to be pretty fast so maybe what
+I do is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+store uh the set of adjacent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store uh the set of adjacent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+store uh the set of adjacent
+stuff as something like a uh direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff as something like a uh direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff as something like a uh direct
+access array or a hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access array or a hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access array or a hash
+table um to make that look up uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fast so for example uh how long would it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so for example uh how long would it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast so for example uh how long would it
+take I see I'm going to finish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I see I'm going to finish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take I see I'm going to finish the
+sentence here uh how long would it take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence here uh how long would it take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence here uh how long would it take
+me to check if an edge exists in my My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to check if an edge exists in my My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me to check if an edge exists in my My
+Graph well what would I do I would first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph well what would I do I would first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph well what would I do I would first
+pull out this object and then I look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out this object and then I look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull out this object and then I look
+inside of here right so if I stored this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of here right so if I stored this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of here right so if I stored this
+as a hash table than an expected time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a hash table than an expected time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a hash table than an expected time I
+would have order one look up right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have order one look up right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have order one look up right
+because this is order one and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is order one and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this is order one and then you
+have another order one look up there so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another order one look up there so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have another order one look up there so
+we went from v^2 to to one with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went from v^2 to to one with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went from v^2 to to one with one
+simple trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes that's a great question um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's a great question um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes that's a great question um so
+there's a design decision here I'm sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a design decision here I'm sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a design decision here I'm sorry
+in my head I think a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my head I think a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in my head I think a lot about
+undirected graphs and I'm going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs and I'm going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs and I'm going to make
+this mistake a lot and I'm glad that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mistake a lot and I'm glad that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this mistake a lot and I'm glad that you
+caught me um there's a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught me um there's a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caught me um there's a totally
+reasonable thing to do which is maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing to do which is maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable thing to do which is maybe
+just to keep track of the outer edge the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to keep track of the outer edge the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to keep track of the outer edge the
+outgoing edges for every vertex this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges for every vertex this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing edges for every vertex this is
+a design decision for an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a design decision for an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a design decision for an algorithm
+maybe I want to keep track of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to keep track of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I want to keep track of the
+incoming edges what whatever I just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges what whatever I just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges what whatever I just have
+to make sure that it aligns with what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that it aligns with what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that it aligns with what I
+want to do with my graph later yep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with my graph later yep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do with my graph later yep
+excellent point sorry as as a geometry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent point sorry as as a geometry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent point sorry as as a geometry
+person we rarely encounter directed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we rarely encounter directed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person we rarely encounter directed
+graphs uh but it's important to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs uh but it's important to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs uh but it's important to keep
+remembering that not everybody works on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that not everybody works on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remembering that not everybody works on
+the same problems that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problems that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same problems that I
+do okay um now if I wanted to be totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay um now if I wanted to be totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay um now if I wanted to be totally
+extreme about it uh as as just a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme about it uh as as just a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme about it uh as as just a third
+example of representation which actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of representation which actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of representation which actually
+in some sense you could think of like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense you could think of like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in some sense you could think of like an
+adjacency list be an adjacency Matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency list be an adjacency Matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacency list be an adjacency Matrix
+where now I just keep like like a giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now I just keep like like a giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where now I just keep like like a giant
+v byv array of like does this Edge exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v byv array of like does this Edge exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v byv array of like does this Edge exist
+Does that edge exist um now it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that edge exist um now it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that edge exist um now it's really
+really easy to check if an edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to check if an edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to check if an edge
+exists but now let's say that I make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists but now let's say that I make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists but now let's say that I make a
+graph algorithm that's going to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithm that's going to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph algorithm that's going to have a
+for Loop over all the neighbors of some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop over all the neighbors of some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Loop over all the neighbors of some
+vertex right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex right so
+here that if I wanted to Loop over all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that if I wanted to Loop over all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here that if I wanted to Loop over all
+the neighbors of you I could do that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbors of you I could do that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the neighbors of you I could do that in
+time proportional to the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time proportional to the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time proportional to the number of
+neighbors of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of
+you but if I just have a big adjacency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but if I just have a big adjacency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but if I just have a big adjacency
+Matrix just a bunch of binary values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix just a bunch of binary values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Matrix just a bunch of binary values
+like for pair of vertices are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for pair of vertices are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for pair of vertices are these
+vertices adjacent yeah or nay if I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices adjacent yeah or nay if I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices adjacent yeah or nay if I want
+to iterate over all my neighbors now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to iterate over all my neighbors now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to iterate over all my neighbors now I
+have to iterate over all the vertices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to iterate over all the vertices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to iterate over all the vertices
+and check is that number one and then do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check is that number one and then do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check is that number one and then do
+something so actually that can incur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so actually that can incur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something so actually that can incur
+some additional time and additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional time and additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some additional time and additional
+space does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space does that make
+sense so in any event that's a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so in any event that's a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense so in any event that's a sort of
+the Lazy Man's graph representation I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lazy Man's graph representation I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Lazy Man's graph representation I
+use it a lot when I'm coding uh because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it a lot when I'm coding uh because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use it a lot when I'm coding uh because
+adjy matrices are easy to work with but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjy matrices are easy to work with but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjy matrices are easy to work with but
+it does incur a lot of additional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does incur a lot of additional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it does incur a lot of additional space
+uh and it's not always the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's not always the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and it's not always the most
+efficient thing even if you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient thing even if you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient thing even if you have the
+space because iterating over neighbors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because iterating over neighbors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space because iterating over neighbors
+is actually can take quite a bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually can take quite a bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually can take quite a bit of
+time okay so the the real point of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so the the real point of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so the the real point of our
+lecture today uh is to start introducing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today uh is to start introducing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture today uh is to start introducing
+sort of the canonical problem that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the canonical problem that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the canonical problem that we
+all worry about on graphs which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all worry about on graphs which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all worry about on graphs which is
+Computing paths in particular shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing paths in particular shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing paths in particular shortest
+paths uh so the first thing we should do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths uh so the first thing we should do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths uh so the first thing we should do
+is is of course Define what a a path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is of course Define what a a path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is of course Define what a a path is
+on a graph so we're going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a graph so we're going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on a graph so we're going to think about
+our graph like a road Network right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph like a road Network right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph like a road Network right
+let's think of maybe every node here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of maybe every node here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's think of maybe every node here as
+an intersection right so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intersection right so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an intersection right so this is a
+roughly Kendall Square see it's a it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly Kendall Square see it's a it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly Kendall Square see it's a it's a
+square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square
+um but in in in any event uh let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in in in any event uh let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but in in in any event uh let's say
+that I want to find uh maybe question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to find uh maybe question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I want to find uh maybe question
+one would be you know does there exist a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be you know does there exist a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one would be you know does there exist a
+way to get from vertex one to vertex 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get from vertex one to vertex 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to get from vertex one to vertex 3
+and then a better question to ask would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a better question to ask would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a better question to ask would
+be does there exist a short way to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be does there exist a short way to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be does there exist a short way to get
+from vertex one to vertex 3 then of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from vertex one to vertex 3 then of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from vertex one to vertex 3 then of
+course the first thing I have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the first thing I have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course the first thing I have to do is
+Define my enemy I have to Define what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define my enemy I have to Define what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Define my enemy I have to Define what
+I'm looking for which is a path so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for which is a path so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm looking for which is a path so a
+path is nothing more than a sequence of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is nothing more than a sequence of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path is nothing more than a sequence of
+vertices in a graph where every pair of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in a graph where every pair of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in a graph where every pair of
+adjacent vertices in that sequence is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent vertices in that sequence is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent vertices in that sequence is an
+ed I think it's all with our intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ed I think it's all with our intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ed I think it's all with our intuition
+of what a a path is in a graph so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a a path is in a graph so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what a a path is in a graph so for
+instance here's a path P equals V1 V2 V3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance here's a path P equals V1 V2 V3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instance here's a path P equals V1 V2 V3
+so notice that there's an edge from V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that there's an edge from V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so notice that there's an edge from V1
+to V2 and also an edge from V2 to V3 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V2 and also an edge from V2 to V3 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V2 and also an edge from V2 to V3 so
+it satisfies the assumptions set forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it satisfies the assumptions set forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it satisfies the assumptions set forth
+on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our
+definition what would not be a path in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition what would not be a path in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition what would not be a path in
+our graph would be like V1 comma V3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph would be like V1 comma V3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our graph would be like V1 comma V3
+right because there's no Edge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there's no Edge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because there's no Edge
+there okay so if we talk about paths uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so if we talk about paths uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there okay so if we talk about paths uh
+then there's a very natural uh notion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a very natural uh notion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then there's a very natural uh notion
+which is the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the length
+length I guess you could think of like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I guess you could think of like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length I guess you could think of like
+the number of vertices in your path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices in your path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of vertices in your path
+minus one or uh the number of edges that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one or uh the number of edges that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one or uh the number of edges that
+your your path traverses those are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your path traverses those are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your path traverses those are the
+same thing right so for instance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right so for instance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing right so for instance the
+length of the path P here is two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the path P here is two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the path P here is two
+everybody see that a very common coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody see that a very common coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody see that a very common coding
+bug that I encounter a lot is adding one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug that I encounter a lot is adding one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug that I encounter a lot is adding one
+to that number by accident um because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that number by accident um because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that number by accident um because of
+course there's one more vertex in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's one more vertex in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there's one more vertex in your
+your path than there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your path than there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your path than there are
+edges okay and and there are many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay and and there are many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges okay and and there are many
+different uh there could be potentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh there could be potentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different uh there could be potentially
+more than one uh path between any pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one uh path between any pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more than one uh path between any pair
+of vertices so let's say that I have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices so let's say that I have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of vertices so let's say that I have an
+undirected graph uh that looks like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph uh that looks like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graph uh that looks like the
+following so it's just a square plus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so it's just a square plus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following so it's just a square plus a
+diagonal so here are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so here are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal so here are
+nodes right so then a perfectly valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes right so then a perfectly valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes right so then a perfectly valid
+path from the lower left to the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from the lower left to the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from the lower left to the upper
+right be to go one over and one up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right be to go one over and one up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right be to go one over and one up but
+of course there's a more efficient way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's a more efficient way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course there's a more efficient way
+to get from the lower left to the upper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from the lower left to the upper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get from the lower left to the upper
+right which is to go across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is to go across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right which is to go across the
+diagonal and so when we talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and so when we talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonal and so when we talk about the
+shortest path is nothing more than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path is nothing more than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path is nothing more than the
+length of the path that has the fewest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the path that has the fewest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the path that has the fewest
+number of edges or vertices in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges or vertices in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges or vertices in it
+between any pair of vert uh vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any pair of vert uh vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between any pair of vert uh vertices in
+My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+My
+Graph okay so this is our enemy this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph okay so this is our enemy this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph okay so this is our enemy this is
+what we're after is Computing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're after is Computing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're after is Computing the
+shortest uh uh path between vertices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest uh uh path between vertices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest uh uh path between vertices in
+a graph uh and and this is a thing uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph uh and and this is a thing uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a graph uh and and this is a thing uh
+that that we'll be talking about quite a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we'll be talking about quite a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that we'll be talking about quite a
+bit in this course because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in this course because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit in this course because of course
+it's a very practical matter right like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very practical matter right like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a very practical matter right like
+when I saw want to solve routing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I saw want to solve routing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I saw want to solve routing
+problems I want to like move packets on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I want to like move packets on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems I want to like move packets on
+my network I prefer not to well unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my network I prefer not to well unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my network I prefer not to well unless
+I'm doing tour I'd prefer them you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing tour I'd prefer them you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm doing tour I'd prefer them you know
+not to hit too many uh computers in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to hit too many uh computers in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to hit too many uh computers in
+between uh then maybe I want a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh then maybe I want a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between uh then maybe I want a a
+shortest path or or uh you know on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path or or uh you know on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path or or uh you know on a
+Surface maybe I want to uh you know move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surface maybe I want to uh you know move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Surface maybe I want to uh you know move
+information in a way that's not too far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in a way that's not too far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information in a way that's not too far
+away but of course there's sort of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but of course there's sort of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away but of course there's sort of many
+variations on that theme when we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on that theme when we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variations on that theme when we talk
+about uh shortest paths or even just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh shortest paths or even just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh shortest paths or even just
+existence of a path right so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of a path right so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of a path right so these are
+three sort of model problems that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sort of model problems that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three sort of model problems that we
+might solve on a graph right so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might solve on a graph right so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might solve on a graph right so the
+first one uh which in this course we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one uh which in this course we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first one uh which in this course we're
+calling single pair reachability would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling single pair reachability would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calling single pair reachability would
+the idea that I take two vertices s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that I take two vertices s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea that I take two vertices s and
+t on my graph G and I ask you does there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t on my graph G and I ask you does there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t on my graph G and I ask you does there
+exist a path between s and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a path between s and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist a path between s and
+t so what would be the sort of extreme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so what would be the sort of extreme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t so what would be the sort of extreme
+example where uh uh this gra this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where uh uh this gra this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example where uh uh this gra this
+problem may not always give back the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem may not always give back the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem may not always give back the
+answer yes right like in somehow in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yes right like in somehow in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer yes right like in somehow in our
+head I think we think of all graphs as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head I think we think of all graphs as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head I think we think of all graphs as
+being connected right but a perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being connected right but a perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being connected right but a perfectly
+valid graph the way we defined it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid graph the way we defined it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid graph the way we defined it would
+be like 10 vertices and no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like 10 vertices and no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like 10 vertices and no
+edges right this this function would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right this this function would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right this this function would be
+very easy to code if that were the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to code if that were the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to code if that were the only
+graph you ever cared about uh but but in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you ever cared about uh but but in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph you ever cared about uh but but in
+any event uh the existence of a path uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any event uh the existence of a path uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any event uh the existence of a path uh
+is already a query that that takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already a query that that takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is already a query that that takes a
+little bit of algorithmic thinking we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of algorithmic thinking we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of algorithmic thinking we
+haven't we haven't figured out how to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't we haven't figured out how to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't we haven't figured out how to do
+that yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yet
+right now another problem we can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now another problem we can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now another problem we can solve
+be the shortest path right given a graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the shortest path right given a graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the shortest path right given a graph
+and two vertices we might say well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two vertices we might say well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two vertices we might say well how
+far apart are these vertices in My Graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart are these vertices in My Graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart are these vertices in My Graph
+uh if I I want to use the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I I want to use the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if I I want to use the shortest
+possible distance from one to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible distance from one to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible distance from one to the other
+notice that I can use the second problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I can use the second problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that I can use the second problem
+to solve the first one right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the first one right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve the first one right because
+what's the shortest the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shortest the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the shortest the length of the
+shortest path between two vertices that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path between two vertices that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path between two vertices that
+don't have a path between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a path between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have a path between
+them infinity or shrug that's actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them infinity or shrug that's actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them infinity or shrug that's actually a
+totally valid answer yeah um that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally valid answer yeah um that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally valid answer yeah um that's
+right so how could I implement the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how could I implement the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so how could I implement the
+reachability code well I could call my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability code well I could call my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability code well I could call my
+shortest path code and it gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path code and it gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path code and it gives me
+Infinity then I return no it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity then I return no it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity then I return no it's not
+reachable and if it gives me not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable and if it gives me not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachable and if it gives me not
+Infinity I return yes right so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity I return yes right so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity I return yes right so remember
+that a key idea in algorithm's class is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a key idea in algorithm's class is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a key idea in algorithm's class is
+this idea of reduction that I can like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of reduction that I can like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of reduction that I can like
+use one function to solve another right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one function to solve another right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use one function to solve another right
+so in this case if we can solve shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case if we can solve shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in this case if we can solve shortest
+path then we can certainly solve uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path then we can certainly solve uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path then we can certainly solve uh the
+reachability problem by calling that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability problem by calling that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reachability problem by calling that
+that piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that piece of
+code and then finally we could talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then finally we could talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and then finally we could talk
+about single Source shortest path so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about single Source shortest path so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about single Source shortest path so
+notice now that there's only one input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now that there's only one input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice now that there's only one input
+node here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node here
+s so what this problem is saying is give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so what this problem is saying is give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s so what this problem is saying is give
+me the length of the shortest path from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the length of the shortest path from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me the length of the shortest path from
+s to every single other vertex in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to every single other vertex in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+s to every single other vertex in my
+graph that make sense so like maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that make sense so like maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph that make sense so like maybe I
+return a big array with all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return a big array with all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+return a big array with all the
+information every single shortest uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information every single shortest uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information every single shortest uh
+distance so can we solve single pair
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so can we solve single pair
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance so can we solve single pair
+shortest path using single Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path using single Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path using single Source
+shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest
+path absolutely right I could you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path absolutely right I could you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path absolutely right I could you know
+take s in my single pair shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take s in my single pair shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take s in my single pair shortest path
+problem compute the shortest path from s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem compute the shortest path from s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem compute the shortest path from s
+to literally everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to literally everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to literally everything
+else and then throw away all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then throw away all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else and then throw away all that
+information except the shortest path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information except the shortest path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information except the shortest path to
+T and and and and now I'm good now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and and and and now I'm good now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T and and and and now I'm good now I
+haven't Justified that this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't Justified that this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't Justified that this is the
+fastest possible way to solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest possible way to solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fastest possible way to solve that
+second problem but at least it shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second problem but at least it shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second problem but at least it shows
+that if I can solve problem three I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I can solve problem three I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if I can solve problem three I can
+also solve problem two if I can solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also solve problem two if I can solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also solve problem two if I can solve
+problem two I can also solve problem one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem two I can also solve problem one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem two I can also solve problem one
+so uh in today's lecture we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in today's lecture we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh in today's lecture we're just
+going to worry about uh problem three in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about uh problem three in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to worry about uh problem three in
+other words these things are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words these things are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words these things are sort of
+listed in in increasing order of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in in increasing order of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listed in in increasing order of their
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+difficulty okay so in order to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty okay so in order to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficulty okay so in order to think
+about the single short Source shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the single short Source shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the single short Source shortest
+path problem we're going to make one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem we're going to make one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path problem we're going to make one
+additional construction uh and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional construction uh and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional construction uh and this is
+an idea uh called the shortest oops the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea uh called the shortest oops the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an idea uh called the shortest oops the
+shortest path tree I got lazy drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path tree I got lazy drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path tree I got lazy drawing
+PowerPoint slides at 2 a.m. yesterday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint slides at 2 a.m. yesterday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PowerPoint slides at 2 a.m. yesterday
+and and instead uh thought i' I'd draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and instead uh thought i' I'd draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and instead uh thought i' I'd draw a
+picture on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture on the
+board so uh let's uh draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so uh let's uh draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board so uh let's uh draw a
+graph so here we have a a b I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so here we have a a b I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph so here we have a a b I'm going to
+use letters instead of numbers to refer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use letters instead of numbers to refer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use letters instead of numbers to refer
+to nodes from now on because I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nodes from now on because I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nodes from now on because I don't
+want to confuse the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to confuse the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to confuse the length of the
+shortest path of the index of my uh my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path of the index of my uh my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path of the index of my uh my
+node uh so here's a b c I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node uh so here's a b c I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node uh so here's a b c I'm going to
+match my notes Here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match my notes Here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+match my notes Here
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+f here's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f here's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f here's a
+graph again undirected because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph again undirected because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph again undirected because your
+instructor likes to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor likes to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructor likes to think about
+undirected graphs but I know I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs but I know I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undirected graphs but I know I'm going
+to get feedback that I shouldn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get feedback that I shouldn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get feedback that I shouldn't have
+done that later uh but in any event uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that later uh but in any event uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done that later uh but in any event uh
+let's say that I want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say that I want to compute the
+shortest path from a to everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path from a to everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path from a to everything else
+or the length rather so first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the length rather so first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the length rather so first of all
+even without talking about an algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without talking about an algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even without talking about an algorithm
+I think it's pretty easy to guess what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's pretty easy to guess what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think it's pretty easy to guess what
+it is right so clearly the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is right so clearly the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is right so clearly the shortest path
+from a to a has length zero the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to a has length zero the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to a has length zero the shortest
+length from A to B is one from a to c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length from A to B is one from a to c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length from A to B is one from a to c is
+two right because I can follow these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right because I can follow these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right because I can follow these
+guys now it gets complicated it branched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys now it gets complicated it branched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys now it gets complicated it branched
+you know so the next uh shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the next uh shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the next uh shortest path
+has length three and then four like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has length three and then four like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has length three and then four like that
+does everybody agree with me that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everybody agree with me that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everybody agree with me that the
+numbers I've decorated here are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I've decorated here are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers I've decorated here are the
+length of the shortest path from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the shortest path from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the shortest path from a to
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+else but what have I not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but what have I not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else but what have I not
+done I haven't told you how to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I haven't told you how to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done I haven't told you how to actually
+compute the path I'm just giv you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the path I'm just giv you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the path I'm just giv you the
+length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of the
+path right so I might want a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path right so I might want a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path right so I might want a piece of
+code that in addition to doing single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that in addition to doing single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code that in addition to doing single
+Source shortest path length also gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source shortest path length also gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Source shortest path length also gives
+me single shortest single Source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me single shortest single Source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me single shortest single Source
+shortest path so initially when I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path so initially when I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path so initially when I think
+about that I might think about well how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I might think about well how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that I might think about well how
+do I even write down a data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I even write down a data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I even write down a data structure
+that can store all of those paths right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can store all of those paths right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can store all of those paths right
+well every po path could have like V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well every po path could have like V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well every po path could have like V
+vertices in it right like it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in it right like it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in it right like it could be
+the for whatever reason my there's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for whatever reason my there's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for whatever reason my there's like
+a lot of branching in My Graph and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of branching in My Graph and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of branching in My Graph and all
+the paths are super long actually I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paths are super long actually I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paths are super long actually I
+guess I have to think about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I have to think about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess I have to think about whether
+branching would make them them longer or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching would make them them longer or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branching would make them them longer or
+shorter uh but but in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter uh but but in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter uh but but in any
+event I could have a really boring data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event I could have a really boring data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event I could have a really boring data
+structure that just for every single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that just for every single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure that just for every single
+vertex keeps track of the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex keeps track of the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex keeps track of the shortest path
+from a to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to that
+vertex how big would that data structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex how big would that data structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex how big would that data structure
+be well if the only bound I have on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well if the only bound I have on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be well if the only bound I have on the
+length of a path is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a path is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a path is that
+you know certainly most it takes all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know certainly most it takes all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know certainly most it takes all the
+vertices in My Graph right then any One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in My Graph right then any One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices in My Graph right then any One
+path will take V Space so that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path will take V Space so that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path will take V Space so that would
+take v^ s space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take v^ s space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take v^ s space
+total that wouldn't be so good right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total that wouldn't be so good right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total that wouldn't be so good right
+because somehow I have an amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow I have an amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because somehow I have an amount of
+information on my graph currently that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on my graph currently that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on my graph currently that's
+linear right it's just the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear right it's just the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear right it's just the length of the
+path if I want to actually reconstruct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path if I want to actually reconstruct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path if I want to actually reconstruct
+that path initially it sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path initially it sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that path initially it sort of
+spiritually feels like I need way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritually feels like I need way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spiritually feels like I need way more
+space to do that um but the answer is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to do that um but the answer is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space to do that um but the answer is
+that we actually don't that we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually don't that we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we actually don't that we're going
+to only need linear space and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only need linear space and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to only need linear space and the idea
+for that is to store an object called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is to store an object called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is to store an object called
+the shortest path tree yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path tree yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path tree yes
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the question was about recursion we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was about recursion we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question was about recursion we
+haven't actually written down any graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually written down any graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't actually written down any graph
+algorithms so we're going to defer on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so we're going to defer on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithms so we're going to defer on
+that and until until we actually recurse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and until until we actually recurse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and until until we actually recurse
+uh and then we'll think about it more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we'll think about it more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then we'll think about it more
+carefully yeah but it's a totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully yeah but it's a totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully yeah but it's a totally
+reasonable question there are plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable question there are plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable question there are plenty of
+recursive graph algorithms out there uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive graph algorithms out there uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive graph algorithms out there uh
+and and and then we'll have to uh do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then we'll have to uh do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and and then we'll have to uh do our
+our accounting very carefully for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure right so uh instead uh we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure right so uh instead uh we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure right so uh instead uh we're going
+to Define an object called the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define an object called the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Define an object called the shortest
+path tree and the basic trick here is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path tree and the basic trick here is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path tree and the basic trick here is to
+say well how did I get from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well how did I get from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say well how did I get from a to
+c well there's always a Vertex which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c well there's always a Vertex which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c well there's always a Vertex which is
+its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its
+predecessor on the shortest path and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor on the shortest path and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor on the shortest path and
+shortest paths have this really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths have this really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths have this really
+beautiful property right which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful property right which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful property right which is that
+the shortest path from a to c if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path from a to c if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path from a to c if I
+truncate it right so like it goes A to B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate it right so like it goes A to B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truncate it right so like it goes A to B
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+C then the truncated one is also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C then the truncated one is also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C then the truncated one is also the
+shortest path to that previous vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path to that previous vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path to that previous vertex
+right so so let's think about that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so let's think about that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so so let's think about that a
+little bit because that sentence was as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because that sentence was as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit because that sentence was as
+usual poorly phrased by your instructor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual poorly phrased by your instructor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usual poorly phrased by your instructor
+so let's say that I have the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that I have the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say that I have the shortest
+path from a to d which is is is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from a to d which is is is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path from a to d which is is is very
+clearly A B C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly A B C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly A B C
+D I think we can all agree and now I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I think we can all agree and now I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D I think we can all agree and now I
+take like this subl list I just look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like this subl list I just look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take like this subl list I just look
+from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to
+c is there ever a circumstance when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is there ever a circumstance when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c is there ever a circumstance when this
+is not the shortest path or a shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the shortest path or a shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not the shortest path or a shortest
+path from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+c no right because if it were right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c no right because if it were right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c no right because if it were right if
+there existed a shorter path from a to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there existed a shorter path from a to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there existed a shorter path from a to c
+I could like splice it in here and find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could like splice it in here and find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could like splice it in here and find
+a shortest path from a to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest path from a to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a shortest path from a to
+d you see that so based on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d you see that so based on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d you see that so based on that
+reasoning rather than storing like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning rather than storing like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning rather than storing like this
+giant set of shortest paths sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant set of shortest paths sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giant set of shortest paths sort of
+actually applying in some sense this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually applying in some sense this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually applying in some sense this
+recursive uh uh uh suggestion uh instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive uh uh uh suggestion uh instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recursive uh uh uh suggestion uh instead
+I can just think of the one vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just think of the one vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can just think of the one vertex
+that's before me in my shortest path I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's before me in my shortest path I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's before me in my shortest path I'm
+going to trace backwards so let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to trace backwards so let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to trace backwards so let's take a
+look at our graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here essentially the object to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here essentially the object to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here essentially the object to keep
+track of of is like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of of is like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+track of of is like a
+predecessor right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+predecessor right
+so what is the predecessor of f on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the predecessor of f on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what is the predecessor of f on the
+shortest path it's actually either D or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path it's actually either D or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path it's actually either D or
+E it doesn't matter in this case so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E it doesn't matter in this case so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+E it doesn't matter in this case so
+maybe the the predecessor is e for fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the the predecessor is e for fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the the predecessor is e for fun
+right what's the predecessor of e well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the predecessor of e well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what's the predecessor of e well
+clearly the previous Edge or vertex on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the previous Edge or vertex on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clearly the previous Edge or vertex on
+the shortest path is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path is
+C similarly for D now we have b and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C similarly for D now we have b and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C similarly for D now we have b and
+a have a bunch of arrows that point this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a have a bunch of arrows that point this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a have a bunch of arrows that point this
+way right so for every vert I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right so for every vert I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right so for every vert I'm just
+going to St an arrow pointing toward the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to St an arrow pointing toward the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to St an arrow pointing toward the
+previous vertex on the shortest path I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous vertex on the shortest path I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous vertex on the shortest path I'm
+not going to store the whole shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to store the whole shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not going to store the whole shortest
+path just the very last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path just the very last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path just the very last
+Edge so first of all how much storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so first of all how much storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Edge so first of all how much storage
+does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this
+take takes V Space do you see that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take takes V Space do you see that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take takes V Space do you see that or
+the size of the vertices space because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the vertices space because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the vertices space because
+every vertex just has to store one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex just has to store one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex just has to store one thing
+which is the previous vertex on its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the previous vertex on its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the previous vertex on its
+shortest path yeah now what is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path yeah now what is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path yeah now what is my
+algorithm for tracing shortest paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for tracing shortest paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for tracing shortest paths
+it's really simple right I just start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really simple right I just start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really simple right I just start
+walking along these edges all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking along these edges all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+walking along these edges all the way
+until I get back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I get back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I get back to a
+now this object is called as shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this object is called as shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now this object is called as shortest
+path tree notice I snuck in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path tree notice I snuck in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path tree notice I snuck in one
+additional word which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional word which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+additional word which is
+tree why is that can I ever have a cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree why is that can I ever have a cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tree why is that can I ever have a cycle
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+graph wouldn't really make any sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph wouldn't really make any sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph wouldn't really make any sense
+right these are shortest paths you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are shortest paths you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right these are shortest paths you
+should be able to kind of follow the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to kind of follow the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to kind of follow the
+gradient back to the uh original uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient back to the uh original uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gradient back to the uh original uh
+vertex okay so in other words uh I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex okay so in other words uh I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex okay so in other words uh I'm
+going to basically decorate my graph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to basically decorate my graph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to basically decorate my graph
+with one additional thing we'll call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one additional thing we'll call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with one additional thing we'll call it
+P of V which is the previous vertex on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of V which is the previous vertex on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P of V which is the previous vertex on
+the shortest path from my source point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path from my source point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path from my source point
+to my vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my vertex
+V and what I think I've I've tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and what I think I've I've tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V and what I think I've I've tried to
+argue to you guys today is that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue to you guys today is that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argue to you guys today is that if I
+have this information that's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this information that's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this information that's actually
+enough to reconstruct the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to reconstruct the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to reconstruct the shortest path
+I just keep you know taking P of v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just keep you know taking P of v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I just keep you know taking P of v and
+then P of P of v and then P of P of P of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P of P of v and then P of P of P of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then P of P of v and then P of P of P of
+v and so on which sounds more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and so on which sounds more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v and so on which sounds more
+complicated than it is uh until I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than it is uh until I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated than it is uh until I I
+trace back to my original vertex and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace back to my original vertex and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trace back to my original vertex and
+this object uh conceptually is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object uh conceptually is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this object uh conceptually is called
+the shortest path tree any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path tree any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path tree any questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I had an edge I connected a to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay ah okay so the question was let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah okay so the question was let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay ah okay so the question was let's
+say that uh our colleague here added an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh our colleague here added an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh our colleague here added an
+edge this is a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge this is a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge this is a great
+question you know somebody was evil like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know somebody was evil like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question you know somebody was evil like
+my adversarial neural network STI an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my adversarial neural network STI an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my adversarial neural network STI an
+edge here because it was adversarial and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge here because it was adversarial and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge here because it was adversarial and
+it wanted my shortest path code to fail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wanted my shortest path code to fail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it wanted my shortest path code to fail
+and now somehow the the tree that I gave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now somehow the the tree that I gave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now somehow the the tree that I gave
+you is is no longer correct and my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is is no longer correct and my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you is is no longer correct and my
+answer to that is yes why is that well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that is yes why is that well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer to that is yes why is that well
+by adding this edge here my the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding this edge here my the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by adding this edge here my the length
+of my shortest path changed right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my shortest path changed right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my shortest path changed right the
+the shortest path from a to d is now one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path from a to d is now one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path from a to d is now one
+so this tree is no longer valid I need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tree is no longer valid I need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this tree is no longer valid I need a
+new tree so now what would be the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tree so now what would be the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new tree so now what would be the uh the
+previous like P of of of D here well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous like P of of of D here well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous like P of of of D here well
+rather than being C it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being C it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than being C it would be
+a yeah so that's absolutely right and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah so that's absolutely right and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a yeah so that's absolutely right and it
+actually is reflective of an really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is reflective of an really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is reflective of an really
+annoying proper property of shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying proper property of shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+annoying proper property of shortest
+paths which is if I add one Edge to My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths which is if I add one Edge to My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths which is if I add one Edge to My
+Graph the length of the shortest path to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph the length of the shortest path to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Graph the length of the shortest path to
+every vertex can change well I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex can change well I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every vertex can change well I guess
+with the the exception of the source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the exception of the source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the the exception of the source
+vertex yeah uh and and uh that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex yeah uh and and uh that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex yeah uh and and uh that's
+actually a really big headache in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really big headache in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a really big headache in
+certain applications so uh for instance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain applications so uh for instance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain applications so uh for instance
+and then I'll shut up about applications
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll shut up about applications
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'll shut up about applications
+and and do math again um I work a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and do math again um I work a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and do math again um I work a lot
+with 3D models and there's a big data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3D models and there's a big data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with 3D models and there's a big data
+set of 3D models of like ballerinas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of 3D models of like ballerinas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of 3D models of like ballerinas and
+ballerinas are really annoying because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballerinas are really annoying because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ballerinas are really annoying because
+sometimes they put their hands together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they put their hands together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes they put their hands together
+like that and then suddenly the shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then suddenly the shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that and then suddenly the shortest
+path between your fingers goes from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path between your fingers goes from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path between your fingers goes from like
+your entire body to like zero and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire body to like zero and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your entire body to like zero and so
+incremental algorithms for computing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental algorithms for computing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incremental algorithms for computing
+shortest path can can fail here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path can can fail here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest path can can fail here right
+because I have to update like everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to update like everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I have to update like everything
+if I accidentally glued together uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I accidentally glued together uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I accidentally glued together uh
+fingers like that yeah um so anyway I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers like that yeah um so anyway I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fingers like that yeah um so anyway I'll
+let you think about how you might fix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you think about how you might fix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let you think about how you might fix
+that problem and if you if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem and if you if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that problem and if you if you want to
+know more you should take 683a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more you should take 683a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more you should take 683a
+yes if you change your Source node the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you change your Source node the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if you change your Source node the
+shortest paths would change again yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths would change again yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest paths would change again yeah
+so this is going to be one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is going to be one of these
+really boring things I'm going to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boring things I'm going to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really boring things I'm going to keep
+answering like anytime I Chang anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering like anytime I Chang anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answering like anytime I Chang anything
+about my problem I changed my source I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my problem I changed my source I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about my problem I changed my source I
+changed my edges I have to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my edges I have to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed my edges I have to just
+recompute all the shortest paths there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute all the shortest paths there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recompute all the shortest paths there
+are obviously algorithms out there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obviously algorithms out there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are obviously algorithms out there that
+don't do that uh but we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that uh but we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do that uh but we're not going to
+think about them yet okay so as usual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them yet okay so as usual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about them yet okay so as usual
+I've talked too much and left myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked too much and left myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked too much and left myself
+about 10 minutes to uh do the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 minutes to uh do the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 10 minutes to uh do the actual
+algorithm that's interesting uh in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's interesting uh in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm that's interesting uh in in
+the lecture here although actually it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture here although actually it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture here although actually it's
+really not so complicated so I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not so complicated so I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really not so complicated so I think
+we'll we'll do okay which is how do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll do okay which is how do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll we'll do okay which is how do I
+actually compute chtis paths yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute chtis paths yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually compute chtis paths yeah and
+the basic thing we're going to do is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic thing we're going to do is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the basic thing we're going to do is is
+sort of build on this this tree analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of build on this this tree analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of build on this this tree analogy
+here we're going to Define one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to Define one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to Define one more
+object which I really like actually I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which I really like actually I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object which I really like actually I I
+enjoy this from from Jason's notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy this from from Jason's notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy this from from Jason's notes
+because it looks like calculus and I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like calculus and I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it looks like calculus and I I
+enjoy that um and and that's uh an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy that um and and that's uh an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enjoy that um and and that's uh an idea
+of a level set and so this is a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a level set and so this is a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a level set and so this is a whole
+set of things L subk and these are all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things L subk and these are all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of things L subk and these are all
+the vertices that are distance K away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices that are distance K away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertices that are distance K away
+from my source right so for instance if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my source right so for instance if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my source right so for instance if
+my source vertex in in this example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my source vertex in in this example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my source vertex in in this example is
+the vertex all the way on the left then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex all the way on the left then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the vertex all the way on the left then
+l0 obviously contains just that vertex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 obviously contains just that vertex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 obviously contains just that vertex
+right L1 is the the next one L2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right L1 is the the next one L2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right L1 is the the next one L2 is the
+third one but now L3 is a set of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one but now L3 is a set of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one but now L3 is a set of three
+vertices right because those are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices right because those are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices right because those are all the
+things that are distanced three away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are distanced three away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that are distanced three away
+from the source that's what i' I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the source that's what i' I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the source that's what i' I've
+labeled in pink here okay so that's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled in pink here okay so that's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labeled in pink here okay so that's all
+that this uh this notation uh here means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh this notation uh here means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this uh this notation uh here means
+oh oops I've made a slight typo because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oops I've made a slight typo because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oops I've made a slight typo because
+in this class distance is Delta and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class distance is Delta and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this class distance is Delta and not
+D but whatever the shortest distance the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D but whatever the shortest distance the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+D but whatever the shortest distance the
+shortest distance that's absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest distance that's absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortest distance that's absolutely
+right so for instance I could have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for instance I could have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for instance I could have a
+very long distance from l0 to L1 right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long distance from l0 to L1 right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very long distance from l0 to L1 right I
+could just flip back and forth between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just flip back and forth between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just flip back and forth between
+l0 and L1 maybe go over to L4 and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 and L1 maybe go over to L4 and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l0 and L1 maybe go over to L4 and then
+go back uh that that wouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back uh that that wouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back uh that that wouldn't be a
+terribly helpful thing to compute that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly helpful thing to compute that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terribly helpful thing to compute that's
+absolutely right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes ah the red background is the set l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes ah the red background is the set l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes ah the red background is the set l
+so for example L3 contains these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example L3 contains these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example L3 contains these three
+vertices because they all the things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices because they all the things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices because they all the things
+that are distance three away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are distance three away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are distance three away from the
+left I got a little too slick drawing my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I got a little too slick drawing my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left I got a little too slick drawing my
+uh my diagram like late last night I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my diagram like late last night I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh my diagram like late last night I'm
+kind of proud of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of proud of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of proud of it
+okay so essentially if I wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially if I wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so essentially if I wanted to
+compute the length of the shortest path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the length of the shortest path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the length of the shortest path
+from vertex all the way on the left to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from vertex all the way on the left to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from vertex all the way on the left to
+all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the other
+vertices um one way to do that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices um one way to do that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices um one way to do that would be
+to compute all these level sets and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute all these level sets and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute all these level sets and then
+just sort of check what level set I'm in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of check what level set I'm in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of check what level set I'm in
+right uh so we're going to introduce an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so we're going to introduce an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right uh so we're going to introduce an
+algorithm called breath ver search which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm called breath ver search which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm called breath ver search which
+does roughly uh that so uh breath ver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does roughly uh that so uh breath ver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does roughly uh that so uh breath ver
+search the way we'll introduce it today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search the way we'll introduce it today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search the way we'll introduce it today
+uh is going to be an algorithm for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to be an algorithm for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh is going to be an algorithm for
+computing all of those level sets L subi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing all of those level sets L subi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computing all of those level sets L subi
+uh and then from that we can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then from that we can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then from that we can construct
+the length and and even the uh the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length and and even the uh the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length and and even the uh the shape
+of the uh the shortest path so now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the shortest path so now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh the shortest path so now I'm
+going to move to my handwritten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move to my handwritten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to move to my handwritten
+notes okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes okay
+and here's what our algorithm is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what our algorithm is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's what our algorithm is going
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+do I'm going to write it in a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm going to write it in a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I'm going to write it in a slightly
+different way than what's in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way than what's in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different way than what's in the course
+notes and on the screen but but only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and on the screen but but only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and on the screen but but only
+slightly um so first of all one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly um so first of all one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly um so first of all one thing I
+think we can all agree on is that level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can all agree on is that level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we can all agree on is that level
+set zero oh that's cool this chalk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set zero oh that's cool this chalk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set zero oh that's cool this chalk
+bifurcated uh it contains one node what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcated uh it contains one node what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bifurcated uh it contains one node what
+should that node be the source right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that node be the source right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should that node be the source right
+because the only thing that's distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only thing that's distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the only thing that's distance
+away zero away from the source is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away zero away from the source is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away zero away from the source is the
+source node yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay uh and uh in addition to that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and uh in addition to that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh and uh in addition to that we
+can initialize the distance from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can initialize the distance from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can initialize the distance from the
+source to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source to
+itself everybody on three what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself everybody on three what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself everybody on three what is the
+distance from the source to itself 1 two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the source to itself 1 two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance from the source to itself 1 two
+three zero thank you see you're waking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three zero thank you see you're waking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three zero thank you see you're waking
+up now it's it's getting it's almost 11
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now it's it's getting it's almost 11
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up now it's it's getting it's almost 11
+12 what time is it almost 12 okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 what time is it almost 12 okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 what time is it almost 12 okay and
+then finally uh well maybe initially we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally uh well maybe initially we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then finally uh well maybe initially we
+don't really know anything about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know anything about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't really know anything about the
+array P so we just make it empty right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array P so we just make it empty right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array P so we just make it empty right
+cuz P of of the source is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz P of of the source is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cuz P of of the source is somehow
+doesn't matter right because once I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter right because once I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter right because once I've
+made it back to the source I'm I'm done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it back to the source I'm I'm done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made it back to the source I'm I'm done
+Computing shortest paths so we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing shortest paths so we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Computing shortest paths so we're going
+to write an algorithm that computes all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write an algorithm that computes all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write an algorithm that computes all
+the level sets and fills in this array p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level sets and fills in this array p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the level sets and fills in this array p
+and fills in the distances all in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fills in the distances all in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and fills in the distances all in one
+big shot we're going to call it breath
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big shot we're going to call it breath
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big shot we're going to call it breath
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+search Okay so let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so we can use the notation uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we can use the notation uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so we can use the notation uh here
+and notice that there's basically an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that there's basically an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and notice that there's basically an
+induction going on right which is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction going on right which is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+induction going on right which is I'm
+going to compute level set one from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute level set one from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to compute level set one from
+Level set zero level set two from Level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level set zero level set two from Level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level set zero level set two from Level
+set one and so on until I filled in My
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one and so on until I filled in My
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set one and so on until I filled in My
+Level sets does that make sense uh so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level sets does that make sense uh so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Level sets does that make sense uh so uh
+here's a slightly different way to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a slightly different way to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's a slightly different way to uh
+notate the same thing I'm going to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notate the same thing I'm going to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notate the same thing I'm going to use a
+while loop which I know is like slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop which I know is like slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while loop which I know is like slightly
+non- kosher uh but that's okay um so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- kosher uh but that's okay um so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non- kosher uh but that's okay um so I'm
+going to initialize a number I to be one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to initialize a number I to be one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to initialize a number I to be one
+this is going to be like our counter I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be like our counter I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is going to be like our counter I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say
+while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while the
+previous uh level set is not empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh level set is not empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous uh level set is not empty
+meaning that potentially there's a path
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that potentially there's a path
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that potentially there's a path
+that goes through the previous level set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through the previous level set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that goes through the previous level set
+into the next one right because as soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the next one right because as soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the next one right because as soon
+as one of my My Level set is empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of my My Level set is empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as one of my My Level set is empty
+notice that all the like the LI for even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that all the like the LI for even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that all the like the LI for even
+bigger I are also going to be empty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger I are also going to be empty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger I are also going to be empty
+there's like never a case when there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like never a case when there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's like never a case when there's
+something distance not distance I but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something distance not distance I but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something distance not distance I but
+then distance like i+
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then distance like i+
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then distance like i+
+5 okay so now what am I going to do well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 okay so now what am I going to do well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5 okay so now what am I going to do well
+let's think back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+graph right so like now I know that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph right so like now I know that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph right so like now I know that this
+guy is distance zero away that's what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is distance zero away that's what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy is distance zero away that's what I
+started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with
+so now I'm going to look at all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to look at all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now I'm going to look at all the
+neighbors of this vertex I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of this vertex I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors of this vertex I'm going to
+make them distance one away that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them distance one away that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them distance one away that make
+sense and similarly here this guy's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and similarly here this guy's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense and similarly here this guy's
+distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance
+too and eventually I'm going to get in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and eventually I'm going to get in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too and eventually I'm going to get in
+trouble because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble because
+maybe well what's a good example here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe well what's a good example here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe well what's a good example here I
+won't even try to draw uh I could run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even try to draw uh I could run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't even try to draw uh I could run
+into trouble if I don't want to add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble if I don't want to add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into trouble if I don't want to add a
+Vertex twice to two different level sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex twice to two different level sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vertex twice to two different level sets
+right once I've I've put it in Li then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once I've I've put it in Li then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right once I've I've put it in Li then I
+don't want to put it in like Li I + 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to put it in like Li I + 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to put it in like Li I + 5
+because I already know that it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I already know that it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I already know that it's just
+since eye away does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since eye away does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since eye away does that make
+sense okay so what I'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so what I'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense okay so what I'm going to do is
+I'm going to iterate over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to iterate over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to iterate over all the
+vertices in my previous level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+set and now I'm going to look at every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and now I'm going to look at every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set and now I'm going to look at every
+vertex that is adjacent to you because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that is adjacent to you because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex that is adjacent to you because
+what do I know I know that if I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I know I know that if I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do I know I know that if I can get
+to U in I minus one steps how many steps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U in I minus one steps how many steps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to U in I minus one steps how many steps
+should it take me to get to any neighbor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it take me to get to any neighbor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should it take me to get to any neighbor
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+you ey steps right because I can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ey steps right because I can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ey steps right because I can go
+through the path which is length IUS one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the path which is length IUS one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the path which is length IUS one
+add one additional Edge and now get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one additional Edge and now get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one additional Edge and now get to
+that new guy right so what can I do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new guy right so what can I do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that new guy right so what can I do I
+can iterate over all V which is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can iterate over all V which is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can iterate over all V which is in the
+adjacent uh set of of of U but I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent uh set of of of U but I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjacent uh set of of of U but I have to
+be a little bit careful because like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit careful because like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little bit careful because like
+what if I have an edge backwards so like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I have an edge backwards so like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if I have an edge backwards so like
+for instance here I have an edge back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance here I have an edge back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for instance here I have an edge back to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+source I guess this is yeah that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source I guess this is yeah that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+source I guess this is yeah that's a
+valid example like I wouldn't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid example like I wouldn't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid example like I wouldn't want to
+add the source to like the third level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the source to like the third level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add the source to like the third level
+set because I already added it in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because I already added it in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set because I already added it in a
+previous guy right so I want to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous guy right so I want to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous guy right so I want to get rid
+of the Union of all the previous level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sets of uh does that make sense so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of uh does that make sense so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of uh does that make sense so in
+other words I'm only going to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I'm only going to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words I'm only going to look at
+the adjacent vertices that I haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjacent vertices that I haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the adjacent vertices that I haven't
+visited yet in My Level set computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited yet in My Level set computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visited yet in My Level set computation
+algorithm and now all I have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and now all I have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm and now all I have to do is
+update my arrays right so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update my arrays right so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+update my arrays right so in particular
+I'm going to add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to add
+vertex V uh to level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex V uh to level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertex V uh to level
+set I CU I haven't seen V yet I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I CU I haven't seen V yet I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set I CU I haven't seen V yet I'm going
+to set the distance from s to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set the distance from s to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set the distance from s to
+v um equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v um equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v um equal to
+I right because uh I'm I'm currently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right because uh I'm I'm currently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I right because uh I'm I'm currently
+filling in My Level set I uh and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in My Level set I uh and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filling in My Level set I uh and then
+finally what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally what is
+p of V what is the previous vertex to V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of V what is the previous vertex to V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+p of V what is the previous vertex to V
+in my shortest path from my source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's you right because that's the guy in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you right because that's the guy in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's you right because that's the guy in
+the previous level set that I'm building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous level set that I'm building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous level set that I'm building
+my path from right going to say that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my path from right going to say that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my path from right going to say that to
+you and then sorry I ran out of space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then sorry I ran out of space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you and then sorry I ran out of space
+but I also have to increment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also have to increment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I also have to increment
+I okay so what does this algorithm do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so what does this algorithm do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I okay so what does this algorithm do
+it's just building one level set at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just building one level set at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just building one level set at a
+time we go back to our picture right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we go back to our picture right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time we go back to our picture right so
+it starts by initializing l0 to just be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts by initializing l0 to just be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts by initializing l0 to just be
+the source vertex then it looks at all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source vertex then it looks at all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the source vertex then it looks at all
+the edges coming out of that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges coming out of that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the edges coming out of that in that
+case just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case just one
+makes that length one and so on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that length one and so on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes that length one and so on right
+and so this is just incrementally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just incrementally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is just incrementally
+building up all these level sets now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up all these level sets now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up all these level sets now
+there's a pretty straightforward proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pretty straightforward proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a pretty straightforward proof
+by induction uh that this uh algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction uh that this uh algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by induction uh that this uh algorithm
+correctly computes the L's the P's and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly computes the L's the P's and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly computes the L's the P's and
+the Deltas which is all the information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deltas which is all the information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Deltas which is all the information
+that we need uh uh uh to compute the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need uh uh uh to compute the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need uh uh uh to compute the uh
+the shortest path I think you guys can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path I think you guys can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shortest path I think you guys can
+do that in your recitation if you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in your recitation if you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that in your recitation if you still
+need a little bit of pro uh induction uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little bit of pro uh induction uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a little bit of pro uh induction uh
+proof uh practice here um and the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh practice here um and the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof uh practice here um and the final
+thing that we should check is what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we should check is what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that we should check is what is
+the runtime of this algorithm I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime of this algorithm I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the runtime of this algorithm I'm going
+to squeeze in there just at the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze in there just at the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to squeeze in there just at the last
+second here so let's take a look so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here so let's take a look so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second here so let's take a look so
+first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first of
+all I did something a little oh oops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I did something a little oh oops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all I did something a little oh oops
+uh no that's okay um in my algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no that's okay um in my algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh no that's okay um in my algorithm
+actually in Step Zero I had to make an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Step Zero I had to make an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in Step Zero I had to make an
+array which was the size equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which was the size equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array which was the size equal to the
+number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of
+vertices remember that in in 66 how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices remember that in in 66 how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vertices remember that in in 66 how much
+time does it take to allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time does it take to allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time does it take to allocate
+memory yeah it takes the amount of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory yeah it takes the amount of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memory yeah it takes the amount of time
+proportional to the amount of memory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the amount of memory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the amount of memory
+that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I
+allocate right so already that's I see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate right so already that's I see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allocate right so already that's I see
+your hand but we're low on time so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand but we're low on time so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your hand but we're low on time so we're
+going to make it to the end um already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it to the end um already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make it to the end um already
+we've incurred V time right because our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've incurred V time right because our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've incurred V time right because our
+our shortest path array takes V space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our shortest path array takes V space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our shortest path array takes V space
+but in addition to that we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in addition to that we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in addition to that we have this
+kind of funny for Loop where for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny for Loop where for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of funny for Loop where for every
+node I have to visit all of its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node I have to visit all of its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node I have to visit all of its
+neighbors now first of all do I ever see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors now first of all do I ever see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbors now first of all do I ever see
+a node twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a node twice
+here no right because I'm going in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no right because I'm going in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here no right because I'm going in order
+of distance and the second that I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distance and the second that I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of distance and the second that I've
+seen a node in one level set it can't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a node in one level set it can't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen a node in one level set it can't be
+in another right that's sort of our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another right that's sort of our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in another right that's sort of our our
+basic construction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic construction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic construction
+here well conveniently for you guys we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well conveniently for you guys we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well conveniently for you guys we
+already proved exactly the formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already proved exactly the formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already proved exactly the formula that
+we need and if I'm lucky I didn't erase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need and if I'm lucky I didn't erase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need and if I'm lucky I didn't erase
+it yeah here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it yeah here we
+are if we take a look here this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if we take a look here this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are if we take a look here this is
+exactly the scenario that we're in right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the scenario that we're in right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the scenario that we're in right
+because what did we do we iterated over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what did we do we iterated over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what did we do we iterated over
+all the nodes in our graph and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the nodes in our graph and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the nodes in our graph and then we
+iterated over all the neighbors of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated over all the neighbors of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterated over all the neighbors of those
+nodes and that's the basic computational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and that's the basic computational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and that's the basic computational
+time in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time in our
+algorithm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm
+so that for Loop or that while loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for Loop or that while loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that for Loop or that while loop
+rather in my code is incurring time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather in my code is incurring time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather in my code is incurring time to
+the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of
+edges so what is the total runtime for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so what is the total runtime for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges so what is the total runtime for
+for breath first search well we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for breath first search well we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for breath first search well we need to
+construct that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct that
+array even so just in Step Zero we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array even so just in Step Zero we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array even so just in Step Zero we've
+inquired V uh time and then we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquired V uh time and then we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inquired V uh time and then we have to
+iterate over something that takes at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over something that takes at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iterate over something that takes at
+most the number of edges so overall our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the number of edges so overall our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most the number of edges so overall our
+algorithm takes big O of mod V plus mod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm takes big O of mod V plus mod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm takes big O of mod V plus mod
+e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e
+time now notice that this is you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now notice that this is you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time now notice that this is you might
+view this is kind of redundant by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this is kind of redundant by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this is kind of redundant by the
+way in this I have a little bit of equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in this I have a little bit of equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in this I have a little bit of equal
+with Jason but in this class we'll call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Jason but in this class we'll call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Jason but in this class we'll call
+this a linear time algorithm because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a linear time algorithm because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a linear time algorithm because
+it's linear in the space that you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear in the space that you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's linear in the space that you that
+you're using to store your graph I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using to store your graph I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're using to store your graph I think
+that's a little fishy personally because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little fishy personally because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a little fishy personally because
+this scales could scale quadratically in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scales could scale quadratically in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this scales could scale quadratically in
+V but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V but I
+digress um in any event
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digress um in any event
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digress um in any event
+uh right why do we need both of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right why do we need both of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh right why do we need both of these
+terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms
+here well notice that you know if I had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well notice that you know if I had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well notice that you know if I had
+no edges in My Graph right now this term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no edges in My Graph right now this term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no edges in My Graph right now this term
+is going to dominate uh but as I add a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to dominate uh but as I add a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to dominate uh but as I add a
+just to My Graph this thing could go up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to My Graph this thing could go up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to My Graph this thing could go up
+to v^2 right so this is somehow a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v^2 right so this is somehow a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to v^2 right so this is somehow a more
+informative expression than just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative expression than just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informative expression than just saying
+well at worst this is v^2 time does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at worst this is v^2 time does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at worst this is v^2 time does that
+make sense this is a slightly better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense this is a slightly better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense this is a slightly better
+formula to have okay so with that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to have okay so with that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula to have okay so with that we
+just squeaked into the Finish Line we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just squeaked into the Finish Line we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just squeaked into the Finish Line we
+have an algorithm for computing shortest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an algorithm for computing shortest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an algorithm for computing shortest
+paths uh and I'll see you guys again I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths uh and I'll see you guys again I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paths uh and I'll see you guys again I
+guess on Tuesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/ocdM30Wm_8g.txt b/ocdM30Wm_8g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25037eb413040cd006f6b2d3ee3b01153990d063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ocdM30Wm_8g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1955 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+lecture, you've been learning about line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you've been learning about line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you've been learning about line
+integrals and computing them around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and computing them around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrals and computing them around
+curves and closed curves and in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and closed curves and in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curves and closed curves and in various
+different ways. So, um here I have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways. So, um here I have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways. So, um here I have some
+some problems on on line integrals for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems on on line integrals for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some problems on on line integrals for
+you. So, um in all cases, I want C to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. So, um in all cases, I want C to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. So, um in all cases, I want C to be
+the circle of radius B. So B is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of radius B. So B is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the circle of radius B. So B is some
+constant, some positive constant. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant, some positive constant. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant, some positive constant. Um,
+it's the circle of radius B centered at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the circle of radius B centered at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the circle of radius B centered at
+the origin. And I want to orient it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin. And I want to orient it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the origin. And I want to orient it
+counterclockwise. And then what I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise. And then what I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterclockwise. And then what I'd like
+you to do is for each of the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is for each of the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do is for each of the following
+uh vector fields F, I'd like you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vector fields F, I'd like you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh vector fields F, I'd like you to
+compute the line integral around C of F.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the line integral around C of F.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compute the line integral around C of F.
+DR. So in the first case where F is Xi +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DR. So in the first case where F is Xi +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DR. So in the first case where F is Xi +
+Y, in the second where F is G of XY * Xi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y, in the second where F is G of XY * Xi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y, in the second where F is G of XY * Xi
++ YJ. So here G of XY is some scalar
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ YJ. So here G of XY is some scalar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ YJ. So here G of XY is some scalar
+function. Um but you don't you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Um but you don't you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. Um but you don't you don't
+know a formula for this function. Um uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a formula for this function. Um uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a formula for this function. Um uh
+so so your answer might be in terms of g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so your answer might be in terms of g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so your answer might be in terms of g
+for example. Um and you know you that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example. Um and you know you that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example. Um and you know you that's
+just you can assume it's a continuous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you can assume it's a continuous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you can assume it's a continuous
+differentiable nice function. Um and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable nice function. Um and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiable nice function. Um and in
+the third one f is minus yi + xj. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one f is minus yi + xj. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one f is minus yi + xj. Now,
+before you start, I want to give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you start, I want to give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you start, I want to give you a
+little suggestion, which is often when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little suggestion, which is often when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little suggestion, which is often when
+we're when we're given a a line integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're when we're given a a line integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're when we're given a a line integral
+like this, a a sort of first thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, a a sort of first thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, a a sort of first thing you
+want to do is jump in and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is jump in and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is jump in and and
+and do a parameterization right away for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a parameterization right away for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do a parameterization right away for
+the curve and and then you get a, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and and then you get a, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve and and then you get a, you
+know, a normal single single variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a normal single single variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a normal single single variable
+integral. So, what I'd like you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So, what I'd like you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. So, what I'd like you to do
+for these problems is to think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these problems is to think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for these problems is to think about the
+setup and think about whether you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and think about whether you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setup and think about whether you can do
+this without ever parameterizing C. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without ever parameterizing C. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this without ever parameterizing C. So
+without ever substituting in you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ever substituting in you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without ever substituting in you know
+cosine and s or whatever um so for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and s or whatever um so for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine and s or whatever um so for all
+for all three parts of this problem. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all three parts of this problem. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all three parts of this problem. So
+if you can use some sort of geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can use some sort of geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can use some sort of geometric
+reasoning to save yourself a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning to save yourself a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning to save yourself a little bit
+of work without ever going to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work without ever going to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work without ever going to the
+parameterization. So um why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization. So um why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterization. So um why don't you
+pause the video spend some time work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video spend some time work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video spend some time work
+that out come back and we can work it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out come back and we can work it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out come back and we can work it
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+together. Hopefully you had some luck
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Hopefully you had some luck
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. Hopefully you had some luck
+working on these problems. Let's get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on these problems. Let's get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on these problems. Let's get
+started. Um so let's do the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Um so let's do the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Um so let's do the first
+problem first. Uh let's let's think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem first. Uh let's let's think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem first. Uh let's let's think
+about what this vector field f looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this vector field f looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this vector field f looks
+like. This first vector field. U so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. This first vector field. U so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like. This first vector field. U so let
+me just draw a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just draw a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just draw a little
+picture over here. So here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture over here. So here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture over here. So here's
+our circle of radius B and this vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our circle of radius B and this vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our circle of radius B and this vector
+field F given by X I + Y. At every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field F given by X I + Y. At every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field F given by X I + Y. At every
+point xy the the vector the vector f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point xy the the vector the vector f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point xy the the vector the vector f is
+the same as the position vector of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the position vector of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as the position vector of that
+point. So over here the vector is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So over here the vector is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. So over here the vector is like
+that. Over here the vector is like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Over here the vector is like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Over here the vector is like that.
+Up here the vector is like that. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up here the vector is like that. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Up here the vector is like that. So
+these are these are just a few little uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are just a few little uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are just a few little uh
+values of f that I've drawn in there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of f that I've drawn in there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values of f that I've drawn in there and
+and so on. down here. Say f is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. down here. Say f is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. down here. Say f is like
+that. Okay. So in particular, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. So in particular, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Okay. So in particular, so that's
+so that's a just a sort of you know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a just a sort of you know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's a just a sort of you know if
+you wanted you could draw in some more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted you could draw in some more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted you could draw in some more
+uh some more vectors get a get a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some more vectors get a get a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some more vectors get a get a full
+vector field picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field picture.
+Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um
+so the thing to observe here is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing to observe here is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the thing to observe here is that a
+circle is a really nice curve. Um right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle is a really nice curve. Um right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle is a really nice curve. Um right
+so the circle has the property that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the circle has the property that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the circle has the property that the
+the position vector at a point is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position vector at a point is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the position vector at a point is
+orthogonal to the tangent vector to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the tangent vector to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the tangent vector to the
+circle. Right? At every point on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. Right? At every point on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle. Right? At every point on the
+circle the tangent vector to the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the tangent vector to the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle the tangent vector to the circle
+is perpendicular to the position vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpendicular to the position vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is perpendicular to the position vector.
+So that means it's perpendicular to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means it's perpendicular to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that means it's perpendicular to
+f. Okay? Right? Because f is par is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. Okay? Right? Because f is par is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f. Okay? Right? Because f is par is the
+same in fact but is parallel to to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in fact but is parallel to to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same in fact but is parallel to to the
+position vector. So in part a you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that f
+dot the tangent vector to your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot the tangent vector to your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot the tangent vector to your
+curve is equal to zero at every point on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is equal to zero at every point on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve is equal to zero at every point on
+the entire curve. All right. So so your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire curve. All right. So so your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire curve. All right. So so your
+your field f dot your tangent vector is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your field f dot your tangent vector is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your field f dot your tangent vector is
+is always zero. So that means that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always zero. So that means that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always zero. So that means that the
+integral around C of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around C of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral around C of
+f dr well we know that dr is t ds. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f dr well we know that dr is t ds. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f dr well we know that dr is t ds. So
+this is ft t ds but that's just zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ft t ds but that's just zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is ft t ds but that's just zero.
+It's just an integral and the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just an integral and the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's just an integral and the the
+integrant is zero everywhere. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant is zero everywhere. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant is zero everywhere. And
+whenever you take a definite integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you take a definite integral of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you take a definite integral of
+something that's zero everywhere you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's zero everywhere you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's zero everywhere you get
+zero. So this is just zero right away.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So this is just zero right away.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. So this is just zero right away.
+We didn't have to parameterize the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We didn't have to parameterize the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We didn't have to parameterize the curve
+or anything. We just had to look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything. We just had to look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or anything. We just had to look at this
+at this picture to sort of understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this picture to sort of understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this picture to sort of understand
+that that this kind of field what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this kind of field what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that this kind of field what's
+called a radial vector field where where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a radial vector field where where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a radial vector field where where
+the the vector f is always pointed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vector f is always pointed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the vector f is always pointed
+directly outwards um when you integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly outwards um when you integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly outwards um when you integrate
+a radial vector field around a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radial vector field around a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a radial vector field around a circle
+centered at the origin you get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at the origin you get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered at the origin you get zero
+because the contribution at every point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the contribution at every point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the contribution at every point
+is zero. Okay, so that's part A. Part B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. Okay, so that's part A. Part B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero. Okay, so that's part A. Part B
+is actually exactly the same. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually exactly the same. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually exactly the same. Right?
+Right? If we look back at our formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If we look back at our formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? If we look back at our formula
+over here in part B, we have that f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here in part B, we have that f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here in part B, we have that f is
+given by some function g ofxy * x ihat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by some function g ofxy * x ihat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given by some function g ofxy * x ihat
+plus yjhat. Well, what is this g of xy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus yjhat. Well, what is this g of xy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus yjhat. Well, what is this g of xy
+doing? It's just rescaling. It's telling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing? It's just rescaling. It's telling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing? It's just rescaling. It's telling
+you at every point you you can scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at every point you you can scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you at every point you you can scale
+that vector by some by some amount. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector by some by some amount. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that vector by some by some amount. So,
+you know, if we looked over at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if we looked over at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if we looked over at this
+picture, you know, maybe over here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, you know, maybe over here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture, you know, maybe over here you
+would scale some of these vectors to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would scale some of these vectors to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would scale some of these vectors to be
+longer and over here they might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and over here they might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer and over here they might be
+shorter or you might switch them to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter or you might switch them to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter or you might switch them to be
+negative. But but you don't change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. But but you don't change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative. But but you don't change the
+direction of any vector in the field um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of any vector in the field um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of any vector in the field um
+from part A. You just you just change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from part A. You just you just change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from part A. You just you just change
+their length. So you still have a radial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their length. So you still have a radial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their length. So you still have a radial
+vector field and you still have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field and you still have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field and you still have the
+property that at every point on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that at every point on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property that at every point on our
+curve the tangent vector to the curve is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the tangent vector to the curve is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve the tangent vector to the curve is
+orthogonal to the vector f. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the vector f. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orthogonal to the vector f. So the
+tangent vector is orthogonal to f. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector is orthogonal to f. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector is orthogonal to f. So
+that means you again have ft is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you again have ft is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means you again have ft is equal to
+zero and and so f is also equal to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and so f is also equal to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and and so f is also equal to zero
+ds. And so when you integrate that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. And so when you integrate that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. And so when you integrate that you
+just get zero. So that's also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get zero. So that's also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just get zero. So that's also what
+happens in part B. So part B, I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in part B. So part B, I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in part B. So part B, I'm just
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+write ditto. The exact same reasoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write ditto. The exact same reasoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write ditto. The exact same reasoning
+applies in part B as applied in part A.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies in part B as applied in part A.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applies in part B as applied in part A.
+And you also get zero as your as your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you also get zero as your as your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you also get zero as your as your
+integral without without having to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral without without having to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral without without having to
+parameterize without having to do any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize without having to do any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize without having to do any
+tricky calculations at all. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky calculations at all. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricky calculations at all. All right.
+So let's now look at part C. I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's now look at part C. I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So let's now look at part C. I'm going
+to draw another little picture.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw another little picture.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw another little picture.
+Um so in part C, there's your curve. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in part C, there's your curve. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so in part C, there's your curve. uh
+at the point xy. So I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point xy. So I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the point xy. So I'm going to draw
+some some choices of f again. Um so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some choices of f again. Um so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some some choices of f again. Um so in
+part c at at the point xy your your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part c at at the point xy your your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part c at at the point xy your your
+vector field f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+minus min - y ihat plus x jhat. Now if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus min - y ihat plus x jhat. Now if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus min - y ihat plus x jhat. Now if
+you draw that on the picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw that on the picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you draw that on the picture
+here over there that's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over there that's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here over there that's that
+vector over here. So at the point 01 say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector over here. So at the point 01 say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector over here. So at the point 01 say
+that gives you the vector - 1 0. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the vector - 1 0. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives you the vector - 1 0. So
+that's horizontal to the left. Uh here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's horizontal to the left. Uh here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's horizontal to the left. Uh here
+are some more. There's one there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some more. There's one there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are some more. There's one there.
+There's one there. There's another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one there. There's another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's one there. There's another one
+over here. And so on. Um in fact what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. And so on. Um in fact what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. And so on. Um in fact what
+you'll notice is that this vector f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice is that this vector f is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll notice is that this vector f is
+is just parallel to the tangent vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just parallel to the tangent vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just parallel to the tangent vector
+of the circle everywhere. this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circle everywhere. this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the circle everywhere. this this
+field is a is a tangential field. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is a is a tangential field. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field is a is a tangential field. It
+it's always pointing parallel to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always pointing parallel to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's always pointing parallel to the
+curve. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve. Okay.
+So so we have a a little it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so we have a a little it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So so we have a a little it's
+perpendicular to the position vector.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the position vector.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perpendicular to the position vector.
+It's it's in the same direction as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's in the same direction as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's it's in the same direction as the
+tangent vector at every point. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector at every point. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector at every point. So this
+is something that you've seen before. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you've seen before. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is something that you've seen before. I
+think that that this vector field is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that this vector field is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that that this vector field is is
+giving you the a sort of a nice rotating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the a sort of a nice rotating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving you the a sort of a nice rotating
+motion. You know at every point it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. You know at every point it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motion. You know at every point it's
+it's circulating counterclockwise. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's circulating counterclockwise. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's circulating counterclockwise. Um so
+what does that mean? Well, again, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean? Well, again, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does that mean? Well, again, uh
+we're it's not exactly the same as part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're it's not exactly the same as part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're it's not exactly the same as part
+A and B, but we'll again we'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B, but we'll again we'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A and B, but we'll again we'll be able
+to compute this integral without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this integral without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to compute this integral without
+parameterizing. Why? Because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing. Why? Because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing. Why? Because
+f T in this case, well, so let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f T in this case, well, so let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f T in this case, well, so let's see
+what is the norm of f um the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the norm of f um the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the norm of f um the the
+magnitude of f is just the roo<unk> of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of f is just the roo<unk> of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of f is just the roo<unk> of
+x^2 + y^2. So on our circle of radius B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2. So on our circle of radius B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 + y^2. So on our circle of radius B
+that means the the magnitude of F is B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the the magnitude of F is B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means the the magnitude of F is B
+and the magnitude of T the the unit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnitude of T the the unit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the magnitude of T the the unit
+tangent vector is one and they point in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector is one and they point in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tangent vector is one and they point in
+the same direction. So when you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction. So when you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same direction. So when you have two
+vectors that point in the same direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that point in the same direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors that point in the same direction
+their dotproduct is just the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dotproduct is just the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their dotproduct is just the product of
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+magnitudes. So that means FT is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes. So that means FT is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitudes. So that means FT is equal to
+B. This is a constant. Yeah. FT is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. This is a constant. Yeah. FT is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B. This is a constant. Yeah. FT is equal
+to B. So when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B. So when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to B. So when you
+integrate around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circle
+f well this is equal to the integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f well this is equal to the integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f well this is equal to the integral
+um around the circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around the circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um around the circle
+of f dot the tangent vector with respect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f dot the tangent vector with respect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f dot the tangent vector with respect
+to arc length. But this integrant f dot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arc length. But this integrant f dot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to arc length. But this integrant f dot
+the tangent vector is is this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent vector is is this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the tangent vector is is this constant
+b. So you're integrating over the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. So you're integrating over the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b. So you're integrating over the curve
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ds. All right. And when you integrate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. All right. And when you integrate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ds. All right. And when you integrate a
+constant ds, well that just gives you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant ds, well that just gives you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant ds, well that just gives you
+the total arc length. So this is b * the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total arc length. So this is b * the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total arc length. So this is b * the
+total arc length. And this is a circle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total arc length. And this is a circle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total arc length. And this is a circle
+of radius b. So that's b * 2<unk>i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius b. So that's b * 2<unk>i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of radius b. So that's b * 2<unk>i
+b which is we could also write as 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b which is we could also write as 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b which is we could also write as 2
+pi b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pi b
+^2. So there you go. So in this in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. So there you go. So in this in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+^2. So there you go. So in this in this
+third case you have a nice tangential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third case you have a nice tangential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third case you have a nice tangential
+vector field. So that means the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field. So that means the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector field. So that means the the
+integrant is actually works out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant is actually works out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrant is actually works out to be
+constant. Um, and because the integrant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Um, and because the integrant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant. Um, and because the integrant
+is constant, we don't ever have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant, we don't ever have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is constant, we don't ever have to
+parameterize the curve, we can just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the curve, we can just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterize the curve, we can just use
+the fact that we already know its arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we already know its arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fact that we already know its arc
+length in order to to to compute this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in order to to to compute this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in order to to to compute this
+integral. Again, we could do all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Again, we could do all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Again, we could do all of
+these integrals if we wanted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals if we wanted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these integrals if we wanted by
+parameterizing the circle by b x= b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing the circle by b x= b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameterizing the circle by b x= b
+cosine t, y= b sin t, and and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine t, y= b sin t, and and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosine t, y= b sin t, and and going
+through and writing this as an integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and writing this as an integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through and writing this as an integral
+from t= 0 to 2 pi and so on. Um, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from t= 0 to 2 pi and so on. Um, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from t= 0 to 2 pi and so on. Um, but
+these are these are examples of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are examples of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are examples of problems
+where it's where it's helpful to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's where it's helpful to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it's where it's helpful to think
+about what's going on first. See if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on first. See if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what's going on first. See if you
+can understand the geometry of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand the geometry of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can understand the geometry of your
+situation. And you know, sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. And you know, sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation. And you know, sometimes
+you'll you'll have a problem like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll have a problem like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you'll have a problem like this
+where you'll, you know, in in either in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll, you know, in in either in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you'll, you know, in in either in
+this class or elsewhere in your life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class or elsewhere in your life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class or elsewhere in your life
+where where something that might seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where something that might seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where where something that might seem
+complicated has a has a simple geometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated has a has a simple geometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated has a has a simple geometric
+explanation. And so when that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation. And so when that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explanation. And so when that does
+happen, it's nice when you can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen, it's nice when you can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen, it's nice when you can take
+advantage of it. Sometimes that won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it. Sometimes that won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of it. Sometimes that won't
+happen and sometimes you'll have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and sometimes you'll have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen and sometimes you'll have to do
+the parameterization and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameterization and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the parameterization and the
+computation. But in these cases we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation. But in these cases we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computation. But in these cases we had
+these nice three examples where with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nice three examples where with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these nice three examples where with a
+radial vector field you can just you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial vector field you can just you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radial vector field you can just you get
+that the integrant is always zero or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integrant is always zero or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the integrant is always zero or
+with a with a tangent tangential vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a tangent tangential vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a with a tangent tangential vector
+field you have that the integrant is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you have that the integrant is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field you have that the integrant is
+constant. All right. So I'll stop there.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/omeBIMSJ89k.txt b/omeBIMSJ89k.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f84522449336d7002e872b9fe56243aba94831ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/omeBIMSJ89k.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9283 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so today we're going to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we're going to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so today we're going to continue
+our discussion of oligopoly you remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of oligopoly you remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our discussion of oligopoly you remember
+last time we started by saying look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we started by saying look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time we started by saying look
+there's fundamentally when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's fundamentally when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's fundamentally when you have
+multiple firms in a market there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple firms in a market there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple firms in a market there's two
+ways they can behave they can cooperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways they can behave they can cooperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways they can behave they can cooperate
+or not cooperate and we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not cooperate and we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not cooperate and we talked about
+what happens when firms don't cooperate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when firms don't cooperate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when firms don't cooperate
+and the basically how leads to worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basically how leads to worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the basically how leads to worse
+outcome for everybody involved because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for everybody involved because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome for everybody involved because
+the dominant strategy basically is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant strategy basically is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dominant strategy basically is a
+prisoner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prisoner
+dilemma and but so obviously firms can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma and but so obviously firms can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma and but so obviously firms can
+do better if they go into the market and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better if they go into the market and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do better if they go into the market and
+instead of competing they form a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of competing they form a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of competing they form a
+cartel and the way to form a cartel is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel and the way to form a cartel is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel and the way to form a cartel is
+quite SE simple in theory the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite SE simple in theory the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite SE simple in theory the firms
+would get together they would say we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get together they would say we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get together they would say we're
+going to act as if we're a monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to act as if we're a monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to act as if we're a monopoly
+we're going to treat ourselves as one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to treat ourselves as one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to treat ourselves as one
+firm at the end of the day we'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm at the end of the day we'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm at the end of the day we'll just
+split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the
+money so we'll basically treat ourselves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so we'll basically treat ourselves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so we'll basically treat ourselves
+as a monopoly for decision making and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a monopoly for decision making and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a monopoly for decision making and
+we'll split the money at the end so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll split the money at the end so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll split the money at the end so for
+example remember from last time we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example remember from last time we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example remember from last time we had a
+a demand curve of the form P equal 339
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demand curve of the form P equal 339
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a demand curve of the form P equal 339
+minus q and your marginal cost of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+147 okay and we solved this Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+147 okay and we solved this Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+147 okay and we solved this Monopoly
+problem last time remember when American
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem last time remember when American
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem last time remember when American
+was the only firm in the market the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the only firm in the market the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the only firm in the market the
+Monopoly solution was qal 96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly solution was qal 96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly solution was qal 96
+P equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+243 okay that was the Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+243 okay that was the Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+243 okay that was the Monopoly
+solution so the cartel case what firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the cartel case what firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution so the cartel case what firms
+do is they each say look we want 96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they each say look we want 96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is they each say look we want 96
+flights total let's just each do 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights total let's just each do 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights total let's just each do 48
+flights and let's split the profits so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights and let's split the profits so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights and let's split the profits so
+what does each firm get well profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does each firm get well profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does each firm get well profits
+what are profits profits are price minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are profits profits are price minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are profits profits are price minus
+average cost times quantity well price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost times quantity well price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost times quantity well price
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+243 in this example average cost equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+243 in this example average cost equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+243 in this example average cost equals
+marginal cost for the relevant range so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost for the relevant range so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost for the relevant range so
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+147 times 96 flights total Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+147 times 96 flights total Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+147 times 96 flights total Market
+profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits are
+9216 or alternatively each firm gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4608 so that's when they cartelize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4608 so that's when they cartelize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4608 so that's when they cartelize
+that's the profits they make price minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the profits they make price minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the profits they make price minus
+average cost times quantity in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost times quantity in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average cost times quantity in our
+example average cost equals marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example average cost equals marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example average cost equals marginal
+cost so price minus marginal cost times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so price minus marginal cost times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so price minus marginal cost times
+quantity gets you 9216 in total profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity gets you 9216 in total profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity gets you 9216 in total profits
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+4608 per firm compare that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4608 per firm compare that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4608 per firm compare that to the
+profits each firm makes in the Cornell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits each firm makes in the Cornell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits each firm makes in the Cornell
+equilibrium in the Cano equilibrium as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the Cano equilibrium as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium in the Cano equilibrium as
+we solved last time under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solved last time under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solved last time under
+Corno as we solved last time we found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corno as we solved last time we found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corno as we solved last time we found
+that um the price um the price was they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the price um the price was they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the price um the price was they
+charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+$211 okay uh minus 147 was their profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$211 okay uh minus 147 was their profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+$211 okay uh minus 147 was their profits
+per unit and they each did 64 flights so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit and they each did 64 flights so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per unit and they each did 64 flights so
+their profits for each firm were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+4,096 so profits are 20 or profits are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,096 so profits are 20 or profits are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,096 so profits are 20 or profits are
+15% or 12.5%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% or 12.5%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15% or 12.5%
+higher if they if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher if they if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher if they if they
+cize because they keep the price higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cize because they keep the price higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cize because they keep the price higher
+they make more profits per unit so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make more profits per unit so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they make more profits per unit so if
+they caliz each firm's profits is 4608
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they caliz each firm's profits is 4608
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they caliz each firm's profits is 4608
+rather than 4096
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than 4096
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than 4096
+so Cooperative equilibria deliver a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Cooperative equilibria deliver a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so Cooperative equilibria deliver a
+better outcome they competive than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better outcome they competive than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better outcome they competive than
+non-cooperative equilibria in in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cooperative equilibria in in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cooperative equilibria in in an
+oligopolistic Market generally true once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolistic Market generally true once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolistic Market generally true once
+again you'll learn in 1412 you learn fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you'll learn in 1412 you learn fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again you'll learn in 1412 you learn fun
+examples where that's not true but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where that's not true but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where that's not true but
+generally true for this course it's true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true for this course it's true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true for this course it's true
+now that raises the question why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that raises the question why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now that raises the question why don't
+all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all
+oligopolistic markets feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolistic markets feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopolistic markets feature
+cartels and there's really two reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartels and there's really two reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartels and there's really two reasons
+okay there's one that economists focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's one that economists focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's one that economists focus
+on and one that lawyers focus on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and one that lawyers focus on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and one that lawyers focus on the one
+that economists focus on is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that economists focus on is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that economists focus on is the
+incentive based explanation which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive based explanation which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive based explanation which is
+that cartels are fundamentally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cartels are fundamentally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cartels are fundamentally
+unstable they're unstable in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable they're unstable in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable they're unstable in the same
+way that the prison's dilemma creates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the prison's dilemma creates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that the prison's dilemma creates
+instability which is the person's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability which is the person's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability which is the person's
+dilemma I can only solve it if I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma I can only solve it if I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dilemma I can only solve it if I really
+truly trust you if I'm afraid you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly trust you if I'm afraid you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+truly trust you if I'm afraid you're
+going to rat on me then I'll rat on you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rat on me then I'll rat on you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to rat on me then I'll rat on you
+it's the same in the cartel there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same in the cartel there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same in the cartel there's an
+incentive to cheat and that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to cheat and that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to cheat and that's because
+when you cheat I'll show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cheat I'll show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you cheat I'll show you
+mathematically when you cheat you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically when you cheat you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematically when you cheat you get
+all the benefit but only bear half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the benefit but only bear half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the benefit but only bear half the
+cost what I mean by that well let's show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost what I mean by that well let's show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost what I mean by that well let's show
+you what I mean by that imagine that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I mean by that imagine that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what I mean by that imagine that
+American quietly without telling youai
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American quietly without telling youai
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American quietly without telling youai
+they've agreed to this equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've agreed to this equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've agreed to this equilibrium
+they're each going to fly 48 flights and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're each going to fly 48 flights and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're each going to fly 48 flights and
+they're each going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're each going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're each going to make
+4608 Now American without telling United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4608 Now American without telling United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4608 Now American without telling United
+says you know I'm going to do 50 flights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know I'm going to do 50 flights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says you know I'm going to do 50 flights
+I'm gonna up my number of flights to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna up my number of flights to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna up my number of flights to 50
+well the only way American can do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the only way American can do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the only way American can do that
+given the downward sling demand covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the downward sling demand covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given the downward sling demand covers
+by the price coming down so if the if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the price coming down so if the if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the price coming down so if the if
+American does 50 flights that raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American does 50 flights that raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American does 50 flights that raise the
+total to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total to
+98 so if American cheats and does 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98 so if American cheats and does 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+98 so if American cheats and does 50
+flights then the price goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights then the price goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights then the price goes
+to then big quantity goes to 98 so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then big quantity goes to 98 so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to then big quantity goes to 98 so the
+price Falls from 243 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Falls from 243 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price Falls from 243 to
+241 the price has to fall if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+241 the price has to fall if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+241 the price has to fall if you're
+going to sell 98 flights instead of 96
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sell 98 flights instead of 96
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sell 98 flights instead of 96
+flights okay what does American make in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights okay what does American make in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights okay what does American make in
+profits well the profit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits well the profit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits well the profit for
+American are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American are
+241 minus 147 * 50 because they're doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+241 minus 147 * 50 because they're doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+241 minus 147 * 50 because they're doing
+50 flights now okay that's their new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 flights now okay that's their new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 flights now okay that's their new
+profits okay and so the price is falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay and so the price is falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits okay and so the price is falling
+but they're flying 50 flights and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're flying 50 flights and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're flying 50 flights and so
+they get new profits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get new profits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they get new profits of
+4700 their profits have gone up by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4700 their profits have gone up by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4700 their profits have gone up by
+cheating what's United's profits well I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating what's United's profits well I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating what's United's profits well I
+think you know the answer United's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know the answer United's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you know the answer United's
+prophets gone down what's profits United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prophets gone down what's profits United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prophets gone down what's profits United
+well they're it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well they're it's
+241 minus 147 but they're still only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+241 minus 147 but they're still only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+241 minus 147 but they're still only
+doing 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing 48
+flights okay so their profits fall to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights okay so their profits fall to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights okay so their profits fall to
+4512 4512 sorry this just got compressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4512 4512 sorry this just got compressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4512 4512 sorry this just got compressed
+so price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so price is
+241 cost is 147 they're still doing 48
+
+ align:start position:0%
+241 cost is 147 they're still doing 48
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+241 cost is 147 they're still doing 48
+flights 241 - 147 * 48 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights 241 - 147 * 48 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights 241 - 147 * 48 is
+4512 so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4512 so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4512 so by
+cheating America has raised their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating America has raised their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating America has raised their
+profits but lowered the profits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits but lowered the profits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits but lowered the profits of
+United and if you do the math United's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United and if you do the math United's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United and if you do the math United's
+profits have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fallen by as much as Americans have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen by as much as Americans have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fallen by as much as Americans have gone
+up and but the total profits in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and but the total profits in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and but the total profits in the
+market have shrunk look at the total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market have shrunk look at the total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market have shrunk look at the total
+profits in the market now total profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits in the market now total profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits in the market now total profits
+in the market are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the market are now
+9212 instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9212 instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9212 instead of
+9216 you do 4512 plus 4700 you get 922
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9216 you do 4512 plus 4700 you get 922
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9216 you do 4512 plus 4700 you get 922
+12 total profits have fall in the market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 total profits have fall in the market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12 total profits have fall in the market
+why because they didn't do the op the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because they didn't do the op the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because they didn't do the op the
+Monopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly
+solution but they fall in a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but they fall in a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution but they fall in a way that
+makes American better off and United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes American better off and United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes American better off and United
+worse off what's going on what's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off what's going on what's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse off what's going on what's going
+on is aversion of the poisoning effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is aversion of the poisoning effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on is aversion of the poisoning effect
+remember the reason the when they're a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the reason the when they're a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the reason the when they're a
+monopolis they wouldn't raise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolis they wouldn't raise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolis they wouldn't raise the
+quantity to 98 is the poisoning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity to 98 is the poisoning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity to 98 is the poisoning
+effect but when American raises its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but when American raises its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect but when American raises its
+quantity it gets all the benefit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it gets all the benefit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity it gets all the benefit of a
+higher quantity but spreads the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher quantity but spreads the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher quantity but spreads the
+poisoning effect with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning effect with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+poisoning effect with
+United you know those Americans get all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United you know those Americans get all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United you know those Americans get all
+the benefit going to 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit going to 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the benefit going to 50
+flights but the poisoning effect gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights but the poisoning effect gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights but the poisoning effect gets
+shared with United the lower price so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with United the lower price so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shared with United the lower price so
+America is incentive to cheat because by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America is incentive to cheat because by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America is incentive to cheat because by
+cheating you get all the benefits only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating you get all the benefits only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheating you get all the benefits only
+pay half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay half the
+costs and that's why cartels are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and that's why cartels are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs and that's why cartels are
+unstable because basically cartels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because basically cartels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unstable because basically cartels
+feature a version of what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature a version of what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature a version of what we call the
+public goods problem which is whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public goods problem which is whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public goods problem which is whenever
+my action delivers benefits not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my action delivers benefits not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my action delivers benefits not only to
+you to me but to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to me but to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to me but to
+you then I might not behave in the favor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then I might not behave in the favor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you then I might not behave in the favor
+that was best for both of us and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was best for both of us and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was best for both of us and we'll
+come back to that later in the semester
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that later in the semester
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that later in the semester
+but it's my action by limiting my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's my action by limiting my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's my action by limiting my
+quantity if I'm American by limiting to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity if I'm American by limiting to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity if I'm American by limiting to
+48 I benefit not only me but you so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 I benefit not only me but you so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+48 I benefit not only me but you so for
+by cheating and going to 50 I benefit me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cheating and going to 50 I benefit me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by cheating and going to 50 I benefit me
+and we share the costs and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we share the costs and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we share the costs and therefore
+it's a better thing to do so our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a better thing to do so our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a better thing to do so our our
+cartel is fundamentally unstable because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel is fundamentally unstable because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel is fundamentally unstable because
+any actor in the cartel can make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any actor in the cartel can make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any actor in the cartel can make more
+money by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money by
+deviating okay does that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviating okay does that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deviating okay does that make
+sense now the lawyers would saywell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense now the lawyers would saywell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense now the lawyers would saywell you
+Economist and your stupid math you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist and your stupid math you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist and your stupid math you can't
+even write in the board it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even write in the board it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even write in the board it's all
+squished let's just come to a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squished let's just come to a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squished let's just come to a second
+reason why we don't like cartels which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we don't like cartels which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why we don't like cartels which
+we don't have cartels which is they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have cartels which is they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have cartels which is they're
+illegal cartels are illegal so basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal cartels are illegal so basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illegal cartels are illegal so basically
+um in the late 1800s cartels were common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the late 1800s cartels were common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in the late 1800s cartels were common
+this is the way much of major industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way much of major industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the way much of major industry
+organized itself from oil to Railroad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized itself from oil to Railroad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized itself from oil to Railroad
+Industries this is called the a of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries this is called the a of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Industries this is called the a of the
+robber barons or the Gilded Age there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robber barons or the Gilded Age there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+robber barons or the Gilded Age there
+were giant families like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were giant families like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were giant families like the
+Rockefellers and the vand builts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefellers and the vand builts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefellers and the vand builts that
+basically cariz giant Industries like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cariz giant Industries like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically cariz giant Industries like
+oil and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil and
+railroad okay now how did they enforce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad okay now how did they enforce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+railroad okay now how did they enforce
+this how do they enforce this well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how do they enforce this well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this how do they enforce this well they
+the lawyers for Standard Oil I forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lawyers for Standard Oil I forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lawyers for Standard Oil I forget
+which family that is if that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which family that is if that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which family that is if that's
+Rockefellers or Vanderbilts one it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefellers or Vanderbilts one it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefellers or Vanderbilts one it's
+Rockefellers lawyers for Standard Oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefellers lawyers for Standard Oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rockefellers lawyers for Standard Oil
+said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said
+basically we're going to create what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're going to create what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically we're going to create what
+we're going to call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+trust and the way this trust is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust and the way this trust is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust and the way this trust is going to
+work is all firms in the industry will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is all firms in the industry will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work is all firms in the industry will
+agree to turn over their pricing and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to turn over their pricing and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to turn over their pricing and
+production decisions to a common board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production decisions to a common board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production decisions to a common board
+or trust and that common trust will make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trust and that common trust will make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or trust and that common trust will make
+the industrywide pricing and quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrywide pricing and quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the industrywide pricing and quantity
+decisions and then we'll split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and then we'll split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions and then we'll split
+it so basically now you still could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so basically now you still could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so basically now you still could
+cheat but they tried to set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat but they tried to set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheat but they tried to set up a
+non-cheating mechanism by having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cheating mechanism by having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-cheating mechanism by having the
+sort of objective mechanism that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of objective mechanism that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of objective mechanism that was
+outside them that got to decide and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside them that got to decide and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside them that got to decide and then
+monitored how much oil they sold and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitored how much oil they sold and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monitored how much oil they sold and uh
+what price they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what price they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what price they
+got okay now this was wi this is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got okay now this was wi this is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got okay now this was wi this is in the
+open this wasn't secret they said were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this wasn't secret they said were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open this wasn't secret they said were
+forming this trust and that led to a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming this trust and that led to a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming this trust and that led to a big
+backlash in the creation of what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash in the creation of what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlash in the creation of what you
+might have heard of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have heard of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have heard of is the
+antitrust movement and the development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antitrust movement and the development
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antitrust movement and the development
+of antitrust law antitrust law is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of antitrust law antitrust law is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of antitrust law antitrust law is
+basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically
+anti-cartel rules and regulations rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cartel rules and regulations rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-cartel rules and regulations rules
+and regulations to try to break down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulations to try to break down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and regulations to try to break down
+cartels now lawyers would say we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartels now lawyers would say we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartels now lawyers would say we have
+these so who cares about the economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so who cares about the economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these so who cares about the economic
+incent well the answer is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incent well the answer is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incent well the answer is because the
+reason economists care about economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason economists care about economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason economists care about economic
+incentives more than laws or as least as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives more than laws or as least as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives more than laws or as least as
+much as laws is because the laws don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as laws is because the laws don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much as laws is because the laws don't
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+work okay so let me give you a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so let me give you a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work okay so let me give you a couple
+examples one example is the Hollywood
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples one example is the Hollywood
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples one example is the Hollywood
+movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie
+industry so basically um the industry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so basically um the industry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+industry so basically um the industry
+the Holly M industry has long been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Holly M industry has long been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Holly M industry has long been
+dominated by a few big firms the firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by a few big firms the firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominated by a few big firms the firms
+have changed a little bit over time but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed a little bit over time but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have changed a little bit over time but
+it's MGM you know Fox a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's MGM you know Fox a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's MGM you know Fox a
+Warner and these films produce firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warner and these films produce firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warner and these films produce firms
+these firms produce films and sell them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these firms produce films and sell them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these firms produce films and sell them
+to movie theaters and movie theaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to movie theaters and movie theaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to movie theaters and movie theaters
+then show a variety of movies you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then show a variety of movies you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then show a variety of movies you know
+the Megaplex all the movies they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Megaplex all the movies they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Megaplex all the movies they're
+showing in the 1930s and 40s these firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing in the 1930s and 40s these firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showing in the 1930s and 40s these firms
+started buying up the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started buying up the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started buying up the movie
+theaters and when they buy the movie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theaters and when they buy the movie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theaters and when they buy the movie
+theaters they'd say we this is now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theaters they'd say we this is now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theaters they'd say we this is now a
+Warner movie theater it can only show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warner movie theater it can only show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warner movie theater it can only show
+Warner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Warner
+Movies so it essentially created this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movies so it essentially created this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Movies so it essentially created this uh
+cart this anti-competitive practice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart this anti-competitive practice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cart this anti-competitive practice
+where it would not let movie theaters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it would not let movie theaters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it would not let movie theaters
+bid against each other for movies they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid against each other for movies they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bid against each other for movies they
+would just say look if you're a Warner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just say look if you're a Warner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would just say look if you're a Warner
+movie theater you only show Warner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie theater you only show Warner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movie theater you only show Warner
+movies and therefore MGM movies couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and therefore MGM movies couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+movies and therefore MGM movies couldn't
+compete in certain markets that allow so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete in certain markets that allow so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete in certain markets that allow so
+let's say you're the one movie theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're the one movie theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say you're the one movie theater
+in town you're a Warner movie theater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in town you're a Warner movie theater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in town you're a Warner movie theater
+you can charge whatever you want because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can charge whatever you want because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can charge whatever you want because
+there's no MGM movie to compete with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no MGM movie to compete with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no MGM movie to compete with it
+if want see MJ you got to go to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if want see MJ you got to go to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if want see MJ you got to go to the next
+town so this is exactly kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town so this is exactly kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+town so this is exactly kind of
+anti-competitive practice that antitrust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-competitive practice that antitrust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-competitive practice that antitrust
+laws are designed to break up and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws are designed to break up and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws are designed to break up and they
+did but sometimes it's harder because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but sometimes it's harder because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did but sometimes it's harder because
+they're less out in the open so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less out in the open so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less out in the open so let's
+take the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the case of
+Airlines uh in the early 2000 oil prices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines uh in the early 2000 oil prices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airlines uh in the early 2000 oil prices
+went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went
+up and Airlines started adding oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and Airlines started adding oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and Airlines started adding oil
+search charges so rather is raising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search charges so rather is raising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search charges so rather is raising
+their prices your ticket for the airline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prices your ticket for the airline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their prices your ticket for the airline
+would say here's your price and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say here's your price and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say here's your price and here's
+your oil search charge because oil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oil search charge because oil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your oil search charge because oil
+prices have gone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices have gone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices have gone
+up okay in 2004 British Airways and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay in 2004 British Airways and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up okay in 2004 British Airways and
+Virgin Atlantic were the two dominant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virgin Atlantic were the two dominant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Virgin Atlantic were the two dominant
+airlines flying across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airlines flying across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airlines flying across the
+Atlantic and they met in secret and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic and they met in secret and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Atlantic and they met in secret and
+reached a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reached a
+deal and their deal was that they would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and their deal was that they would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal and their deal was that they would
+coordin in a coordinated way jack up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordin in a coordinated way jack up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordin in a coordinated way jack up the
+oil charges and the oil charges went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil charges and the oil charges went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oil charges and the oil charges went
+from $10 to $120 a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from $10 to $120 a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from $10 to $120 a
+ticket and they agreed they wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket and they agreed they wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket and they agreed they wouldn't
+undercut the other person because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut the other person because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut the other person because they
+weren't really able to charge at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't really able to charge at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't really able to charge at that
+point they were just higher prices just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they were just higher prices just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point they were just higher prices just
+an excuse that prices have gone up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excuse that prices have gone up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an excuse that prices have gone up and
+they basically said look we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically said look we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they basically said look we won't
+undercut each other we'll have a cartel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut each other we'll have a cartel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut each other we'll have a cartel
+the cartel instead of coordinating on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartel instead of coordinating on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cartel instead of coordinating on
+the explicit price to take will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit price to take will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the explicit price to take will
+coordinate on this bonus part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate on this bonus part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coordinate on this bonus part of the
+price something economists often call a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price something economists often call a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price something economists often call a
+shrouded attribute an extra part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrouded attribute an extra part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrouded attribute an extra part of the
+price you don't pay attention to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you don't pay attention to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you don't pay attention to
+Consumers won't notice as much because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers won't notice as much because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consumers won't notice as much because
+they're less price elastic to these sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less price elastic to these sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're less price elastic to these sort
+of hidden parts of costs and we won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hidden parts of costs and we won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of hidden parts of costs and we won't
+undercut each other make a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut each other make a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undercut each other make a lot of
+money so basically um they got this deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so basically um they got this deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so basically um they got this deal
+at worked but here's once again why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at worked but here's once again why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at worked but here's once again why
+economistic incentives matter the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economistic incentives matter the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economistic incentives matter the
+lawyers for Virgin Airline caught wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers for Virgin Airline caught wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lawyers for Virgin Airline caught wind
+of what their Executives had agreed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what their Executives had agreed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what their Executives had agreed
+to and the lawyer said you know what if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and the lawyer said you know what if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to and the lawyer said you know what if
+if British Airways ever ever says ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if British Airways ever ever says ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if British Airways ever ever says ever
+tells what we're doing to The Regulators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells what we're doing to The Regulators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells what we're doing to The Regulators
+British Airways will get away with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Airways will get away with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Airways will get away with it
+and we'll be screwed so what did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be screwed so what did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll be screwed so what did they
+do they went to The Regulators because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they went to The Regulators because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they went to The Regulators because
+it's an end it's it's a repeated game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an end it's it's a repeated game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an end it's it's a repeated game
+with an end they knew that at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an end they knew that at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with an end they knew that at some point
+someone was going to cheat so it might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was going to cheat so it might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was going to cheat so it might
+as well someone's going to break it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well someone's going to break it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well someone's going to break it up
+it might as well be them they did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might as well be them they did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might as well be them they did they
+went to the regulars reported the scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the regulars reported the scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the regulars reported the scheme
+got a slap on the wrist and British
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a slap on the wrist and British
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a slap on the wrist and British
+Airways got an enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airways got an enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Airways got an enormous
+fine uh virgin Airway paid nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine uh virgin Airway paid nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine uh virgin Airway paid nothing
+British Airways paid $500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Airways paid $500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+British Airways paid $500
+million okay so this instability is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million okay so this instability is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million okay so this instability is not
+just mathematical it's just generally a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mathematical it's just generally a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just mathematical it's just generally a
+feature of why cooperation is hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of why cooperation is hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature of why cooperation is hard
+cooperation requires trust and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation requires trust and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cooperation requires trust and
+consistency and that's hard between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency and that's hard between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consistency and that's hard between
+natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+natural
+competitors it's hard to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors it's hard to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitors it's hard to make that
+happen so that's you know cartel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so that's you know cartel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen so that's you know cartel
+instability the laws help but here was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability the laws help but here was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability the laws help but here was
+something they were getting around the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they were getting around the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something they were getting around the
+law what broke it up was not the law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law what broke it up was not the law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+law what broke it up was not the law
+what broke it up was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what broke it up was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what broke it up was
+incentives so Economist trust incentives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives so Economist trust incentives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentives so Economist trust incentives
+over the law okay now there's a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the law okay now there's a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the law okay now there's a third
+example which is quite interesting which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is quite interesting which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example which is quite interesting which
+is sometimes cartels can operate in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes cartels can operate in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sometimes cartels can operate in the
+open and get away with it let's talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and get away with it let's talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open and get away with it let's talk
+about the National Football League the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the National Football League the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the National Football League the
+NFL the NFL is the most important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NFL the NFL is the most important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NFL the NFL is the most important
+football organization in America the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football organization in America the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football organization in America the
+most profitable important football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most profitable important football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most profitable important football
+organization in America football's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in America football's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization in America football's the
+most profitable uh sport in the country
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most profitable uh sport in the country
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most profitable uh sport in the country
+adver advertising is incredibly valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adver advertising is incredibly valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adver advertising is incredibly valuable
+leing football games increasingly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leing football games increasingly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leing football games increasingly so
+because now we all watch it's the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we all watch it's the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we all watch it's the one
+place in the world you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the world you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in the world you don't
+stream so we stream everything we watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream so we stream everything we watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream so we stream everything we watch
+now so we don't have ads you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we don't have ads you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now so we don't have ads you can't
+stream Sports so Sports advertising has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream Sports so Sports advertising has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stream Sports so Sports advertising has
+gone through the roof because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through the roof because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gone through the roof because
+advertising in other context is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising in other context is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertising in other context is less
+valuable used to be could advertise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable used to be could advertise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valuable used to be could advertise
+everywhere now you can't it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere now you can't it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere now you can't it's really
+just Sports at the last place people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Sports at the last place people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just Sports at the last place people
+watch ads so it's incredibly valuable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch ads so it's incredibly valuable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch ads so it's incredibly valuable
+now the NFL is 32 teams essentially 32
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the NFL is 32 teams essentially 32
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the NFL is 32 teams essentially 32
+businesses competing in a literal sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses competing in a literal sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses competing in a literal sense
+with each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with each
+other so this and there's a huge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so this and there's a huge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other so this and there's a huge
+incentive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incentive to
+collude let's take the New York Giants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collude let's take the New York Giants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collude let's take the New York Giants
+and the New York Jets and you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the New York Jets and you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the New York Jets and you know the
+New Jersey Giant New York Jets but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Jersey Giant New York Jets but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+New Jersey Giant New York Jets but it's
+the same same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same same
+Market let's say that they both let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market let's say that they both let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market let's say that they both let's
+say the TV station says the major TV
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the TV station says the major TV
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say the TV station says the major TV
+station says look we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station says look we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+station says look we're going to
+broadcast whichever team gives us the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast whichever team gives us the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broadcast whichever team gives us the
+better deal well the Giants and jets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better deal well the Giants and jets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better deal well the Giants and jets
+will have to compete with each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to compete with each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have to compete with each other
+give the TV station a better de deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the TV station a better de deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give the TV station a better de deal
+let's say they look we'll agree not to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they look we'll agree not to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say they look we'll agree not to
+do that we'll just tell the TV station
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we'll just tell the TV station
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that we'll just tell the TV station
+this is our price it's 2 m you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our price it's 2 m you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is our price it's 2 m you know
+basically instead of a billion dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically instead of a billion dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically instead of a billion dollars
+it'll be2 billion dollar we each have $2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be2 billion dollar we each have $2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be2 billion dollar we each have $2
+billion dollar either take it or leave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar either take it or leave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion dollar either take it or leave
+it and TV station end up broadcasting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and TV station end up broadcasting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and TV station end up broadcasting
+both or maybe one TV station takes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both or maybe one TV station takes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both or maybe one TV station takes one
+another TV station takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another TV station takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another TV station takes
+another and more generally what the NFL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and more generally what the NFL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another and more generally what the NFL
+does is they only sell the TV rights for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is they only sell the TV rights for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does is they only sell the TV rights for
+the league they don't sell TV rights for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the league they don't sell TV rights for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the league they don't sell TV rights for
+individual teams so individual teams do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual teams so individual teams do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual teams so individual teams do
+not sell their TV rights which could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sell their TV rights which could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not sell their TV rights which could
+lead to competition the league just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to competition the league just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lead to competition the league just
+sells the TV rights which causes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sells the TV rights which causes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sells the TV rights which causes a
+cartel essentially they're saying if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel essentially they're saying if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel essentially they're saying if you
+want to broadcast football you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to broadcast football you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to broadcast football you got to
+come to us and we're only going to we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to us and we're only going to we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to us and we're only going to we're
+going to charge a super high price as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge a super high price as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to charge a super high price as a
+result quite frankly watching football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result quite frankly watching football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result quite frankly watching football
+is a bit of a pain in the ass at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit of a pain in the ass at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bit of a pain in the ass at this
+point so you've got Network TV which if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you've got Network TV which if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point so you've got Network TV which if
+the local team is on you can only watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local team is on you can only watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local team is on you can only watch
+the local
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the local
+team otherwise there may be one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team otherwise there may be one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team otherwise there may be one other
+game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game
+on you've got Sunday Night Football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you've got Sunday Night Football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on you've got Sunday Night Football
+which is on network TV you we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on network TV you we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is on network TV you we got
+Thursday Night Football which I think is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday Night Football which I think is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thursday Night Football which I think is
+on Amazon or ESPN Amazon Thursday night
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Amazon or ESPN Amazon Thursday night
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on Amazon or ESPN Amazon Thursday night
+who's got Thursday Night Football am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got Thursday Night Football am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's got Thursday Night Football am
+Amazon you've got Sunday morning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon you've got Sunday morning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon you've got Sunday morning
+football from London which is ESPN
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football from London which is ESPN
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football from London which is ESPN
+plus then you can do what I did in Pony
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus then you can do what I did in Pony
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus then you can do what I did in Pony
+up $350 to buy Sunday ticket if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up $350 to buy Sunday ticket if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up $350 to buy Sunday ticket if you like
+an out of town team you want to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an out of town team you want to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an out of town team you want to watch
+your team which lets you watch any game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team which lets you watch any game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your team which lets you watch any game
+you want on Sunday except the Sunday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want on Sunday except the Sunday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want on Sunday except the Sunday
+morning games where you still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning games where you still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning games where you still have to
+buy ESPN plus as I learned much to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy ESPN plus as I learned much to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buy ESPN plus as I learned much to my
+chrin so it's incredibly expensive to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrin so it's incredibly expensive to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chrin so it's incredibly expensive to
+watch football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch football
+if you want to see all the football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to see all the football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to see all the football
+games it cost you a pretty penny why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games it cost you a pretty penny why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games it cost you a pretty penny why
+because the league is colluded and set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the league is colluded and set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the league is colluded and set
+up a structure where basically firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a structure where basically firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up a structure where basically firms
+can't undercut each otherwi firms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't undercut each otherwi firms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't undercut each otherwi firms and
+say look a lot of people want my team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look a lot of people want my team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look a lot of people want my team
+I'm going to go strike a separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go strike a separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go strike a separate
+deal indeed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal indeed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal indeed in
+1957 the Supreme Court 1957 even before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 the Supreme Court 1957 even before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1957 the Supreme Court 1957 even before
+I was born that's how long ago it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was born that's how long ago it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was born that's how long ago it was
+the Supreme Court ruled that this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court ruled that this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Supreme Court ruled that this was
+anti-competitive and they couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-competitive and they couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-competitive and they couldn't do
+it they did yet it's still done and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they did yet it's still done and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it they did yet it's still done and the
+NFL will make $40 billion this year off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NFL will make $40 billion this year off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NFL will make $40 billion this year off
+their collusive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their collusive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their collusive
+cartel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel
+why because Congress stepped in and said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because Congress stepped in and said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why because Congress stepped in and said
+well we're going to grant them an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to grant them an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well we're going to grant them an
+Anti-Trust exemption we're going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anti-Trust exemption we're going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anti-Trust exemption we're going to say
+football is such of a national important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football is such of a national important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football is such of a national important
+priority that we're going to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority that we're going to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority that we're going to actually
+exempt football from our nation's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exempt football from our nation's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exempt football from our nation's
+antitrust laws so I said last time in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antitrust laws so I said last time in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+antitrust laws so I said last time in my
+previous lecture I'd prove to you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture I'd prove to you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previous lecture I'd prove to you that
+Congress cares more about football than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress cares more about football than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Congress cares more about football than
+economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics
+okay they cared more about the football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they cared more about the football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay they cared more about the football
+league than actually making football
+
+ align:start position:0%
+league than actually making football
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+league than actually making football
+affordable for us to watch so by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable for us to watch so by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affordable for us to watch so by
+granting them antitrust exemption they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granting them antitrust exemption they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+granting them antitrust exemption they
+allowed them to collude and have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed them to collude and have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed them to collude and have this
+one League that makes it incredibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one League that makes it incredibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one League that makes it incredibly
+expensive to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive to watch
+football okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football okay questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+football okay questions about
+that one other fun example um we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one other fun example um we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one other fun example um we're
+going to discuss international trade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss international trade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to discuss international trade in
+a few lectures we'll it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lectures we'll it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few lectures we'll it's really
+interesting topic we'll spend some time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topic we'll spend some time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting topic we'll spend some time
+on it but the bottom line is economists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but the bottom line is economists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on it but the bottom line is economists
+generally feel free international trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally feel free international trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally feel free international trade
+is is a good thing we'll come back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a good thing we'll come back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is a good thing we'll come back to
+subtleties but roughly speaking We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties but roughly speaking We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtleties but roughly speaking We
+Believe free Inter National trade is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Believe free Inter National trade is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Believe free Inter National trade is a
+good thing and for years that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing and for years that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good thing and for years that was
+reflected in the views of the Republican
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in the views of the Republican
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflected in the views of the Republican
+Party the Republican party was a party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Party the Republican party was a party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Party the Republican party was a party
+of free trade Democrats were the party
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free trade Democrats were the party
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of free trade Democrats were the party
+of less free trade okay that's changed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of less free trade okay that's changed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of less free trade okay that's changed
+over time but that was the traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but that was the traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time but that was the traditional
+when I was a kid there was the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a kid there was the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was a kid there was the free
+trade party and the less free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade party and the less free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trade party and the less free trade
+party okay Ronald Reagan you don't get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party okay Ronald Reagan you don't get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+party okay Ronald Reagan you don't get
+more Republican than Ronald Reagan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Republican than Ronald Reagan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more Republican than Ronald Reagan
+Ronald Reagan in 1981 faced a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ronald Reagan in 1981 faced a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ronald Reagan in 1981 faced a problem
+which is Japan was starting to make cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Japan was starting to make cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Japan was starting to make cars
+that americ Americans like more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that americ Americans like more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that americ Americans like more than
+americanmade cars and Japan was killing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americanmade cars and Japan was killing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+americanmade cars and Japan was killing
+us in the car market they were people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in the car market they were people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us in the car market they were people
+Americans were buying Japanese cars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans were buying Japanese cars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Americans were buying Japanese cars
+instead of American cars and the US
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of American cars and the US
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of American cars and the US
+autom manufacturers mad they said you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autom manufacturers mad they said you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autom manufacturers mad they said you
+should limit how many japanese cars come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should limit how many japanese cars come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should limit how many japanese cars come
+in and Reagan said I'm a free trade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and Reagan said I'm a free trade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and Reagan said I'm a free trade
+Republican I can't do that or at least I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican I can't do that or at least I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Republican I can't do that or at least I
+can't appear to be doing that so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't appear to be doing that so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't appear to be doing that so what
+did they do they said I'll tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they do they said I'll tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did they do they said I'll tell you what
+we're going to negotiate a deal we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to negotiate a deal we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to negotiate a deal we're
+going to call a voluntary export
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call a voluntary export
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to call a voluntary export
+restraint a Veer we're gonna say to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restraint a Veer we're gonna say to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restraint a Veer we're gonna say to
+Japan look you can do what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan look you can do what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan look you can do what you want
+okay but we're going to ask you to limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we're going to ask you to limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but we're going to ask you to limit
+how many cars you sell in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cars you sell in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how many cars you sell in
+America we're going to say let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America we're going to say let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America we're going to say let's say
+you're selling two million cars a year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selling two million cars a year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're selling two million cars a year
+we're goingon to ask you to limit to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're goingon to ask you to limit to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're goingon to ask you to limit to one
+and a half million a year we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half million a year we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half million a year we're not
+telling you I'm free trade we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you I'm free trade we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling you I'm free trade we're just
+asking you why did Japan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you why did Japan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking you why did Japan
+agree why did Japanese automakers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree why did Japanese automakers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree why did Japanese automakers
+agree to reduce how many cars they sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to reduce how many cars they sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree to reduce how many cars they sell
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+America I mean it's not geopolitics it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America I mean it's not geopolitics it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America I mean it's not geopolitics it's
+economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah yeah it's essentially the US celiz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's essentially the US celiz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah yeah it's essentially the US celiz
+the Japanese Auto industry we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese Auto industry we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Japanese Auto industry we basically
+said we won't let you compete your price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we won't let you compete your price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said we won't let you compete your price
+down remember I talked about government
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down remember I talked about government
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down remember I talked about government
+can fix Monopoly by regulating a low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fix Monopoly by regulating a low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can fix Monopoly by regulating a low
+price this is government regulating a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price this is government regulating a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price this is government regulating a
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+price regulating a low quantity so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price regulating a low quantity so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price regulating a low quantity so it
+basically japanes said sure you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically japanes said sure you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically japanes said sure you're
+basically our companies we the companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our companies we the companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically our companies we the companies
+would love to compete less we just can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to compete less we just can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would love to compete less we just can't
+do it so you are basically enforcing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so you are basically enforcing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it so you are basically enforcing
+calization on us you're enforcing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calization on us you're enforcing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calization on us you're enforcing the
+fact we can't drive the price down of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can't drive the price down of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact we can't drive the price down of
+our cars thank you very much the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cars thank you very much the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our cars thank you very much the
+estimates are that as a result of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are that as a result of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimates are that as a result of this
+deal the average Japanese car price in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal the average Japanese car price in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal the average Japanese car price in
+the US Rose by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Rose by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US Rose by
+14% And us consumers the best estimat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14% And us consumers the best estimat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+14% And us consumers the best estimat
+are lost $3 billion do in consumer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lost $3 billion do in consumer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are lost $3 billion do in consumer
+surplus for the fact they couldn't buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus for the fact they couldn't buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surplus for the fact they couldn't buy
+cheap Japanese cars they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap Japanese cars they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cheap Japanese cars they
+wanted so these are all examples of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted so these are all examples of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted so these are all examples of
+different ways calization can happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways calization can happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways calization can happen
+it's hard governments can play both a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard governments can play both a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard governments can play both a
+constructive and destructive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive and destructive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructive and destructive
+role okay questions about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role okay questions about any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role okay questions about any of
+that okay so what I want to do now is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what I want to do now is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay so what I want to do now is I
+want to do a little comparison between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a little comparison between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do a little comparison between
+the models let's compare the models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models let's compare the models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the models let's compare the models
+we've now covered three models we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now covered three models we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've now covered three models we've
+covered perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covered perfect
+competition Monopoly and oligopoly at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition Monopoly and oligopoly at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition Monopoly and oligopoly at
+least the Coro and once again I've said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the Coro and once again I've said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least the Coro and once again I've said
+this a million times I'm sorry to bore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a million times I'm sorry to bore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a million times I'm sorry to bore
+you but the Coro Cas is the very tip of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but the Coro Cas is the very tip of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but the Coro Cas is the very tip of
+the iceberg there's a million other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iceberg there's a million other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the iceberg there's a million other
+interesting cases you can learn about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases you can learn about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting cases you can learn about
+1412 okay let's look at what each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1412 okay let's look at what each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1412 okay let's look at what each of
+these three cases imply so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three cases imply so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three cases imply so we have
+Monopoly we have perfect competition I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly we have perfect competition I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly we have perfect competition I'm
+sorry we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry we have
+oligopoly by which we mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly by which we mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly by which we mean
+Corno and then we have perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corno and then we have perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corno and then we have perfect
+competition okay let's see what these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition okay let's see what these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition okay let's see what these
+these imply for the quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these imply for the quantity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these imply for the quantity
+produced and what they imply for profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and what they imply for profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produced and what they imply for profits
+per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+firm okay well we know that if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm okay well we know that if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firm okay well we know that if they
+monopolize the market quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolize the market quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolize the market quantity is
+96 and the profits for firm Are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 and the profits for firm Are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+96 and the profits for firm Are
+4608 I solv that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4608 I solv that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4608 I solv that up
+above we know from up here that if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above we know from up here that if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above we know from up here that if they
+don't monopolize each firm produces 64
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't monopolize each firm produces 64
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't monopolize each firm produces 64
+we solved that Coro problem last time so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solved that Coro problem last time so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we solved that Coro problem last time so
+the market quantity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market quantity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market quantity is
+128 and the profits are for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 and the profits are for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 and the profits are for
+4,096 or 12.5% cheaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,096 or 12.5% cheaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4,096 or 12.5% cheaper
+I solved that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I solved that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I solved that up
+there what about perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competition what is the quantity sold in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition what is the quantity sold in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition what is the quantity sold in
+this market in a perfect competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market in a perfect competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this market in a perfect competition
+everything you need to answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to answer that
+question is at the very top of the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is at the very top of the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is at the very top of the top
+board what is the quantity sold in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board what is the quantity sold in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board what is the quantity sold in this
+market in perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market in perfect
+competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition
+yeah 192 and how'd you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 192 and how'd you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah 192 and how'd you get
+that right price equals marginal cost is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right price equals marginal cost is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that right price equals marginal cost is
+the key condition for perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key condition for perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the key condition for perfect
+competition good answer price equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition good answer price equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition good answer price equals
+marginal cost cost is the foundation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost cost is the foundation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marginal cost cost is the foundation
+perfect competition that means the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect competition that means the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect competition that means the price
+is 147 that means the quantity by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 147 that means the quantity by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is 147 that means the quantity by the
+demand curve is 192 same person what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profits price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits price is
+147 well price is 147 what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+147 well price is 147 what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+147 well price is 147 what's
+cost 147 zero perfect competition leads
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost 147 zero perfect competition leads
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost 147 zero perfect competition leads
+to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+profits so this is a really important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits so this is a really important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits so this is a really important
+table because look what you see as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table because look what you see as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table because look what you see as the
+market gets more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market gets more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market gets more
+competitive more units are sold and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive more units are sold and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive more units are sold and
+profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits
+fall more units are sold and profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall more units are sold and profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall more units are sold and profits
+fall okay and the general feature you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall okay and the general feature you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fall okay and the general feature you
+get generally true the oligopoly case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get generally true the oligopoly case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get generally true the oligopoly case
+will lie between the Monopoly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lie between the Monopoly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will lie between the Monopoly and
+perfectly competitive case that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive case that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfectly competitive case that's
+generally true okay we get sort of bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true okay we get sort of bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally true okay we get sort of bound
+the outcome by the Monopoly perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome by the Monopoly perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outcome by the Monopoly perfect
+competitive Cas alop case will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive Cas alop case will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive Cas alop case will be
+somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in
+between okay questions about this why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay questions about this why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between okay questions about this why
+this lines up the way it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lines up the way it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lines up the way it
+does what does this mean for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what does this mean for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does what does this mean for
+welfare well we could go through and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare well we could go through and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare well we could go through and you
+asked to do some of this last night and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to do some of this last night and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked to do some of this last night and
+calculate the producer consumer surplus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the producer consumer surplus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculate the producer consumer surplus
+for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each of these
+cases okay but you get a long night I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases okay but you get a long night I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases okay but you get a long night I
+won't make you do that I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make you do that I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't make you do that I'm going to
+teach a shortcut now that you wish I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach a shortcut now that you wish I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach a shortcut now that you wish I
+taught you yesterday Monday okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you yesterday Monday okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught you yesterday Monday okay the
+shortcut is remember what causes dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut is remember what causes dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortcut is remember what causes dead
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+loss trades that are beneficial to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss trades that are beneficial to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss trades that are beneficial to both
+sides that are not made or in other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides that are not made or in other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sides that are not made or in other
+words deviations from perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words deviations from perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words deviations from perfect
+competition so we know the answer that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition so we know the answer that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition so we know the answer that
+this must be the highest welfare outcome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be the highest welfare outcome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this must be the highest welfare outcome
+because we know from the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know from the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we know from the First
+Fundamental welfare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fundamental welfare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fundamental welfare
+theorem that this maximizes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that this maximizes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem that this maximizes
+welfare guess what the size of the Dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare guess what the size of the Dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+welfare guess what the size of the Dead
+weight loss is proportional to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss is proportional to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight loss is proportional to the
+quantity in other words the more you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity in other words the more you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity in other words the more you
+shrink the market from the optimal level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the market from the optimal level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the market from the optimal level
+the bigger the dead weight loss the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the dead weight loss the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bigger the dead weight loss the more
+trades that don't get made cuz look the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that don't get made cuz look the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that don't get made cuz look the
+structure of the problem these first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the problem these first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the problem these first two
+equations okay these are the same the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay these are the same the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations okay these are the same the
+structure of problem has not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of problem has not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of problem has not
+changed so as you shrink quantity all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so as you shrink quantity all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed so as you shrink quantity all
+you're do is creating more and more dead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're do is creating more and more dead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're do is creating more and more dead
+weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight
+loss because dead weight loss is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss because dead weight loss is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss because dead weight loss is about
+trades that aren't made that would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that aren't made that would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that aren't made that would be
+beneficial any trade at a price above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial any trade at a price above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial any trade at a price above
+147 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+147 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+147 is
+beneficial any any ticket bought in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial any any ticket bought in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial any any ticket bought in an
+airline at a price price above 147 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline at a price price above 147 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline at a price price above 147 is
+beneficial because it wouldn't be bought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial because it wouldn't be bought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial because it wouldn't be bought
+if the consumer didn't want it and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the consumer didn't want it and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the consumer didn't want it and it's
+above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above
+cost so as the quantity Falls as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so as the quantity Falls as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost so as the quantity Falls as the
+price rise above 147 the quality Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price rise above 147 the quality Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price rise above 147 the quality Falls
+below
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+below
+192 welfare is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+192 welfare is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+192 welfare is going
+down total social welfare is going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down total social welfare is going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down total social welfare is going down
+producer Surplus is going up but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer Surplus is going up but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producer Surplus is going up but
+consumer surplus is falling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus is falling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consumer surplus is falling
+faster okay because dead weight loss is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay because dead weight loss is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster okay because dead weight loss is
+proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to
+quantity the more you R quantity from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity the more you R quantity from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity the more you R quantity from
+the perfectly competitive case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfectly competitive case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfectly competitive case the
+bigger the dead weight loss you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the dead weight loss you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger the dead weight loss you
+create okay the more you restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create okay the more you restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create okay the more you restrict
+quantity per competitive case the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity per competitive case the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity per competitive case the more
+trades that aren't made that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that aren't made that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trades that aren't made that are
+beneficial okay questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that okay that's one point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that's one point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay that's one point I want to
+make the second point I want to make is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the second point I want to make is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the second point I want to make is
+I want to talk about what happens when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about what happens when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to talk about what happens when
+you have many firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what happens when you have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens when you have many
+firms well we've talked about one firm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms well we've talked about one firm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms well we've talked about one firm
+Monopoly we've talked about essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly we've talked about essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monopoly we've talked about essentially
+infinite firms which is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite firms which is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinite firms which is perfect
+competition we've talked about two firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition we've talked about two firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition we've talked about two firms
+which is Corno what about three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Corno what about three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is Corno what about three four
+five six seven eight firms what about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven eight firms what about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six seven eight firms what about
+ends that are between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends that are between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends that are between zero and
+infinity well it turns out and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity well it turns out and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity well it turns out and you could
+sort of see this here that the Cano
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see this here that the Cano
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of see this here that the Cano
+equilibrium approaches perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium approaches perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium approaches perfect
+competition as the number of firms goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition as the number of firms goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition as the number of firms goes
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+Infinity the oligopoly model approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the oligopoly model approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity the oligopoly model approaches
+the perfectly competitive model as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfectly competitive model as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the perfectly competitive model as the
+number of firms goes to Infinity as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms goes to Infinity as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms goes to Infinity as the
+number of firms goes towards one it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms goes towards one it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of firms goes towards one it
+approaches a monopoly model olop covers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a monopoly model olop covers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approaches a monopoly model olop covers
+this whole Space depending on the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole Space depending on the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this whole Space depending on the number
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+firms okay and in particular you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms okay and in particular you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms okay and in particular you can
+derive this but you don't have to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this but you don't have to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derive this but you don't have to the
+markup that you get in oligopolistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup that you get in oligopolistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markup that you get in oligopolistic
+Market is minus one Over N time Epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market is minus one Over N time Epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Market is minus one Over N time Epsilon
+the elasticity demand remember the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity demand remember the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elasticity demand remember the
+marker for monopolies was this without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker for monopolies was this without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marker for monopolies was this without
+the N you tested on that last night that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N you tested on that last night that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the N you tested on that last night that
+was the markup without without oligopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the markup without without oligopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the markup without without oligopoly
+and Monopoly when you add oligopoly all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Monopoly when you add oligopoly all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Monopoly when you add oligopoly all
+you do is add the N to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is add the N to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do is add the N to that
+denominator all you do is add the end to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator all you do is add the end to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator all you do is add the end to
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+denominator and so basically the markup
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and so basically the markup
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator and so basically the markup
+Falls in alistic market for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls in alistic market for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Falls in alistic market for two
+reasons one is as the number of firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one is as the number of firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons one is as the number of firms
+get large the Prof the markup up Falls
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get large the Prof the markup up Falls
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get large the Prof the markup up Falls
+and thus the profits fall the other is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus the profits fall the other is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus the profits fall the other is
+the elocity of demand gets large just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elocity of demand gets large just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the elocity of demand gets large just
+like we talked about Monopoly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we talked about Monopoly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like we talked about Monopoly the
+profits fall the markup Falls so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits fall the markup Falls so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits fall the markup Falls so what
+constrains an oligopolist an oligopolist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrains an oligopolist an oligopolist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constrains an oligopolist an oligopolist
+in this model is both how many firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model is both how many firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this model is both how many firms
+they're competing with and how elastic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're competing with and how elastic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're competing with and how elastic
+the demand is for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand is for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the demand is for the
+good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so that but it's not only that n has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that but it's not only that n has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that but it's not only that n has
+sort of this is sort of the direct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this is sort of the direct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of this is sort of the direct
+effect of n there's an indirect effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of n there's an indirect effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect of n there's an indirect effect
+of more firms too indirect effect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more firms too indirect effect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of more firms too indirect effect the
+indirect effect is it's harder to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect effect is it's harder to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indirect effect is it's harder to have a
+cartel the more players there are so n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel the more players there are so n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartel the more players there are so n
+going up not only lowers profits because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up not only lowers profits because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up not only lowers profits because
+through this mechanical mechanism n up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this mechanical mechanism n up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this mechanical mechanism n up
+lowers profits because it breaks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers profits because it breaks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowers profits because it breaks
+possibilities for Cooperative equilibria
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for Cooperative equilibria
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibilities for Cooperative equilibria
+so for example um for a long time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example um for a long time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example um for a long time the
+only two countries that sold Mercury on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two countries that sold Mercury on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only two countries that sold Mercury on
+the World Market were Italy and Spain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Market were Italy and Spain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the World Market were Italy and Spain
+Mercury like is in lots of stuff okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury like is in lots of stuff okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mercury like is in lots of stuff okay
+Italy and Spain and they formed a cartel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy and Spain and they formed a cartel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Italy and Spain and they formed a cartel
+and they successfully kept pric up like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they successfully kept pric up like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they successfully kept pric up like
+OPEC does for oil now but then other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPEC does for oil now but then other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OPEC does for oil now but then other
+nations in particular Russia started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations in particular Russia started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nations in particular Russia started
+producing Mercury and the cartel broke
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing Mercury and the cartel broke
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+producing Mercury and the cartel broke
+down because they couldn't they didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because they couldn't they didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because they couldn't they didn't
+trust those damn Russians and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust those damn Russians and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust those damn Russians and they
+couldn't form a coalition and the cartel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't form a coalition and the cartel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't form a coalition and the cartel
+broke down so the other reason n matters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke down so the other reason n matters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broke down so the other reason n matters
+is not just mechanical reason but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just mechanical reason but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not just mechanical reason but the
+sort of logistical reason that cartels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of logistical reason that cartels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of logistical reason that cartels
+get harder the bigger end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get harder the bigger end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get harder the bigger end
+gets and then this raises the last thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets and then this raises the last thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets and then this raises the last thing
+this raises is how do we think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this raises is how do we think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this raises is how do we think about
+government policy in olop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government policy in olop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government policy in olop
+markets and in particular a very rich
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and in particular a very rich
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+markets and in particular a very rich
+Arab government policy is Anti-Trust
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arab government policy is Anti-Trust
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Arab government policy is Anti-Trust
+policy okay this is a hugely topical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay this is a hugely topical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy okay this is a hugely topical
+issue some of you may be reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue some of you may be reading about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issue some of you may be reading about
+the Google case that's going on right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google case that's going on right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Google case that's going on right
+now where mit's own Mike Winston is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where mit's own Mike Winston is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now where mit's own Mike Winston is the
+key expert witness for the government my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key expert witness for the government my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key expert witness for the government my
+colleague is the key expert for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague is the key expert for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague is the key expert for the
+government in the Google case what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in the Google case what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government in the Google case what's the
+Google case the Google case is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google case the Google case is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Google case the Google case is that
+Google has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+monopolized the market for search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolized the market for search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolized the market for search
+engines which we all sort of know right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines which we all sort of know right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engines which we all sort of know right
+we Google things we don't Bing them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Google things we don't Bing them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we Google things we don't Bing them okay
+so basically it just it's easier to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it just it's easier to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so basically it just it's easier to say
+I'm going to go Duck Duck Go something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go Duck Duck Go something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to go Duck Duck Go something
+which just sound weird right Googling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just sound weird right Googling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which just sound weird right Googling
+and they they have the linguistic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they have the linguistic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they they have the linguistic
+Advantage as well and part of the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage as well and part of the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage as well and part of the reason
+they do that that came out in this trial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that that came out in this trial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they do that that came out in this trial
+is that they pay Apple 10 billion dollar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they pay Apple 10 billion dollar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they pay Apple 10 billion dollar
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+year 10 billion a year to make Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 10 billion a year to make Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year 10 billion a year to make Google
+the default search engine on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default search engine on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the default search engine on
+iPhones and we're all subject to default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhones and we're all subject to default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iPhones and we're all subject to default
+bias we all just goes what the defaults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias we all just goes what the defaults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bias we all just goes what the defaults
+are I mean you can always switch or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean you can always switch or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are I mean you can always switch or
+search gention but no one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search gention but no one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search gention but no one
+does and the key question this trial is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and the key question this trial is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does and the key question this trial is
+does Google have 98% more 92% market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Google have 98% more 92% market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does Google have 98% more 92% market
+share because they've paid off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share because they've paid off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share because they've paid off the
+companies to make them default or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to make them default or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies to make them default or
+because they're better Google's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're better Google's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they're better Google's just
+saying look we're better search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look we're better search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying look we're better search
+engine you you wouldn't penalize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you you wouldn't penalize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine you you wouldn't penalize a
+company for being better if we're better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company for being better if we're better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+company for being better if we're better
+we should get more market share and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should get more market share and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should get more market share and
+that's absolutely true and that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely true and that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's absolutely true and that's the
+incredible difficult part about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible difficult part about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible difficult part about this
+case is the judge has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the judge has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case is the judge has to
+decide does Google have 90% market share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide does Google have 90% market share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide does Google have 90% market share
+fairly by just being a better search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly by just being a better search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly by just being a better search
+engine or unfairly by paying off Apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine or unfairly by paying off Apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine or unfairly by paying off Apple
+so no other search engines get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no other search engines get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so no other search engines get a
+chance this is an incredibly exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance this is an incredibly exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance this is an incredibly exciting
+area of Economics the even bigger cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of Economics the even bigger cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area of Economics the even bigger cases
+coming the Google's just a warm-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming the Google's just a warm-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming the Google's just a warm-up
+because what's coming next okay is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's coming next okay is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what's coming next okay is the
+app is is it Apple Amazon I forget which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app is is it Apple Amazon I forget which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+app is is it Apple Amazon I forget which
+is the next big one Amazon's the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next big one Amazon's the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the next big one Amazon's the next
+book one right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book one right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+book one right so
+Amazon Amazon right of course when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon Amazon right of course when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon Amazon right of course when you
+go on Amazon of course it's Amazon you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on Amazon of course it's Amazon you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go on Amazon of course it's Amazon you
+can buy stuff from Amazon from Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy stuff from Amazon from Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can buy stuff from Amazon from Amazon
+Marketplace about 40% of stuff that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace about 40% of stuff that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace about 40% of stuff that's
+sold on Amazon is sold on Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold on Amazon is sold on Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sold on Amazon is sold on Amazon
+Marketplace which is other vendors that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace which is other vendors that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Marketplace which is other vendors that
+come to Amazon and sell on their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to Amazon and sell on their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come to Amazon and sell on their
+platform because it's great because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform because it's great because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform because it's great because you
+just you know you Google search engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know you Google search engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know you Google search engine
+you Amazon shopping right when you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Amazon shopping right when you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Amazon shopping right when you want
+to shop you go and then therefore if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shop you go and then therefore if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to shop you go and then therefore if
+Amazon doesn't sell you find these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon doesn't sell you find these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon doesn't sell you find these
+vendors turns out Amazon charges these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors turns out Amazon charges these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors turns out Amazon charges these
+vendors enormous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors enormous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vendors enormous
+amounts Amazon takes something like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts Amazon takes something like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amounts Amazon takes something like a
+quarter of the profits they make some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the profits they make some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quarter of the profits they make some
+huge amount and they do all of things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount and they do all of things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge amount and they do all of things
+like making them pay fees they L where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making them pay fees they L where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like making them pay fees they L where
+they're listed on the list they have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're listed on the list they have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're listed on the list they have to
+pay more to be hir in the list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more to be hir in the list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pay more to be hir in the list
+Etc and the government is suing saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and the government is suing saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Etc and the government is suing saying
+that that is antitrust Behavior because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is antitrust Behavior because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that is antitrust Behavior because
+we don't have a competitive market for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a competitive market for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have a competitive market for
+these firms since Amazon dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these firms since Amazon dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these firms since Amazon dominates
+online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online
+search as Amazon dominates online search
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search as Amazon dominates online search
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search as Amazon dominates online search
+they have a dominant position to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a dominant position to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have a dominant position to
+monopolize the ability of firms to sell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolize the ability of firms to sell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+monopolize the ability of firms to sell
+their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their
+goods well what's the counterargument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods well what's the counterargument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goods well what's the counterargument
+well the government's going to say look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the government's going to say look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the government's going to say look
+at the data Amazon has more than 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data Amazon has more than 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the data Amazon has more than 50% of
+the entire online shopping market is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire online shopping market is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire online shopping market is
+Amazon they're they effectively dominate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon they're they effectively dominate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon they're they effectively dominate
+the market Amazon's goingon to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market Amazon's goingon to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market Amazon's goingon to say
+where's something like 8% of the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's something like 8% of the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where's something like 8% of the entire
+market for goods in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for goods in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market for goods in
+America why should you only consider us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America why should you only consider us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America why should you only consider us
+competing with online things we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with online things we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competing with online things we also
+compete with The Gap we compete with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with The Gap we compete with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete with The Gap we compete with
+brick and mortar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick and mortar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brick and mortar
+too why should we why should you say we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too why should we why should you say we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too why should we why should you say we
+dominate just because we dominate online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate just because we dominate online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominate just because we dominate online
+these these little these little folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these little these little folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these these little these little folks
+who advertise on us could always just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who advertise on us could always just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who advertise on us could always just go
+sell in the gap or sell in brick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell in the gap or sell in brick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell in the gap or sell in brick and
+mortar as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mortar as well
+what's the right answer that's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right answer that's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right answer that's going to
+be a hard thing a judg is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a hard thing a judg is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a hard thing a judg is going to have
+to decide but that's why this is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide but that's why this is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to decide but that's why this is an
+incredibly exciting and interesting area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly exciting and interesting area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredibly exciting and interesting area
+and you found this interesting my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you found this interesting my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you found this interesting my
+colleague Nancy Rose worked for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Nancy Rose worked for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague Nancy Rose worked for the
+government she was a government's Chief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government she was a government's Chief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government she was a government's Chief
+Economist doing exactly this for two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist doing exactly this for two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Economist doing exactly this for two
+years and she's teaching 1420 and she
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and she's teaching 1420 and she
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years and she's teaching 1420 and she
+teach you all about how this works and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you all about how this works and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you all about how this works and
+the exciting cases and how governments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exciting cases and how governments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exciting cases and how governments
+think about this but it's a very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this but it's a very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this but it's a very hard
+and exciting topic and obviously very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exciting topic and obviously very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and exciting topic and obviously very
+topical okay and one thing that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topical okay and one thing that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topical okay and one thing that this
+does that's sort of more personal relev
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that's sort of more personal relev
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does that's sort of more personal relev
+to my research is think about Hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my research is think about Hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my research is think about Hospital
+mergers so basically if two hospitals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mergers so basically if two hospitals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mergers so basically if two hospitals
+want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to
+merge the benefit is there could be cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the benefit is there could be cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge the benefit is there could be cost
+efficiencies so two hospitals are across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies so two hospitals are across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies so two hospitals are across
+the street from each other and they want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street from each other and they want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the street from each other and they want
+to merge they could be cost efficients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to merge they could be cost efficients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to merge they could be cost efficients
+they could share resources they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could share resources they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could share resources they could
+shrink the number of beds maybe so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the number of beds maybe so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shrink the number of beds maybe so they
+don't have so much excess capacity Etc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have so much excess capacity Etc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have so much excess capacity Etc
+on the other hand they get more Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand they get more Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand they get more Market
+power so the typical antitrust case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so the typical antitrust case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power so the typical antitrust case
+unlike these Amazon and Google cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike these Amazon and Google cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike these Amazon and Google cases
+which are very exciting right now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very exciting right now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are very exciting right now the
+typical trust case is a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical trust case is a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical trust case is a little more
+mundane which is when two firms merge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mundane which is when two firms merge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mundane which is when two firms merge
+it's a trade-off between efficiencies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trade-off between efficiencies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a trade-off between efficiencies of
+merging returns to economies of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging returns to economies of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merging returns to economies of
+scale versus Market
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale versus Market
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale versus Market
+power and essentially what you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and essentially what you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and essentially what you have to
+do is evaluate which of those dominates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is evaluate which of those dominates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is evaluate which of those dominates
+so for Hospital mergers for decades we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Hospital mergers for decades we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for Hospital mergers for decades we
+let Hospital mergers go on we just said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let Hospital mergers go on we just said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let Hospital mergers go on we just said
+yeah whatever Hospital want to merge we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whatever Hospital want to merge we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah whatever Hospital want to merge we
+let them merge we said look this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them merge we said look this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let them merge we said look this just
+huge efficiency of scale turns out we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge efficiency of scale turns out we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge efficiency of scale turns out we
+were totally wrong when hospitals merged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were totally wrong when hospitals merged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were totally wrong when hospitals merged
+they don't get efficient at all they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get efficient at all they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't get efficient at all they
+just raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just raise
+prices they could get more efficient but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices they could get more efficient but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices they could get more efficient but
+they don't they just raise prices so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't they just raise prices so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't they just raise prices so now
+we're starting to crack down in hospital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to crack down in hospital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're starting to crack down in hospital
+mergers but that's exactly once again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mergers but that's exactly once again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mergers but that's exactly once again
+the kind of interesting example we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of interesting example we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kind of interesting example we talk
+about in this field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about in this field
+okay now let me go to the last topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me go to the last topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now let me go to the last topic
+which I should have it you know uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I should have it you know uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I should have it you know uh
+prepped you for more last time because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepped you for more last time because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prepped you for more last time because
+it related to some of the questions I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it related to some of the questions I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it related to some of the questions I
+got which is I got a lot of questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got which is I got a lot of questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got which is I got a lot of questions
+roughly of the form why do firms have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly of the form why do firms have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly of the form why do firms have to
+set the same prices we don't think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the same prices we don't think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the same prices we don't think of
+firms as competing on quantity we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms as competing on quantity we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms as competing on quantity we think
+of firms competing on price you've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firms competing on price you've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of firms competing on price you've got
+this weird model where American and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird model where American and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this weird model where American and
+United compete by deciding how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United compete by deciding how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+United compete by deciding how many
+flights to have that's not how firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights to have that's not how firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flights to have that's not how firms
+compete they compete by setting their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete they compete by setting their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compete they compete by setting their
+price and so you were saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and so you were saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and so you were saying that
+quantity competition is right not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competition is right not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competition is right not the
+right model price competition is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right model price competition is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right model price competition is the
+right model so now let's go to analyzing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right model so now let's go to analyzing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right model so now let's go to analyzing
+oligopoly in alternative world where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly in alternative world where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly in alternative world where
+firms don't compete on quantity and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms don't compete on quantity and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+firms don't compete on quantity and let
+the market decide price they compete on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market decide price they compete on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the market decide price they compete on
+price and let the Market side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and let the Market side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and let the Market side
+quantity here we move from the Corno
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here we move from the Corno
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity here we move from the Corno
+model to What's called the bertron model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to What's called the bertron model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model to What's called the bertron model
+all these French French guys got to name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these French French guys got to name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these French French guys got to name
+the I got to name the oligopoly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I got to name the oligopoly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the I got to name the oligopoly
+models the brron model is radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the brron model is radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models the brron model is radically
+different than the Coro model because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the Coro model because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different than the Coro model because
+the Tron Patron model has a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tron Patron model has a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Tron Patron model has a simple
+conclusion which is with price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which is with price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conclusion which is with price
+competition all you need is two firms an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition all you need is two firms an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition all you need is two firms an
+N of two to get to the perfectly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N of two to get to the perfectly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+N of two to get to the perfectly
+competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive
+outcome why why with price if United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome why why with price if United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outcome why why with price if United
+America were truly price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America were truly price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America were truly price
+competition why would you only need two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition why would you only need two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition why would you only need two
+firms like that to get to perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+competition why is that true if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition why is that true if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition why is that true if they're
+competing on price not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quantity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah it it it's the same as our entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it it it's the same as our entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah it it it's the same as our entry
+logic remember entry logic as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic remember entry logic as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+logic remember entry logic as long as
+our profits new firms will enter well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our profits new firms will enter well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our profits new firms will enter well
+it's the same logic as long as our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same logic as long as our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same logic as long as our
+profits the other guy will undercut so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits the other guy will undercut so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits the other guy will undercut so
+if American starts making profits United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if American starts making profits United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if American starts making profits United
+will come in a dollar less they'll still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in a dollar less they'll still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will come in a dollar less they'll still
+make money they'll steal the market so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money they'll steal the market so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make money they'll steal the market so
+America come a dollar less that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America come a dollar less that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+America come a dollar less that'll
+continue until price equals marginal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue until price equals marginal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue until price equals marginal
+cost now in fact it won't right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost now in fact it won't right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost now in fact it won't right
+nothing's ever that perfect but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's ever that perfect but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing's ever that perfect but
+theoretically as long as price is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically as long as price is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theoretically as long as price is
+Epsilon above marginal cost some the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon above marginal cost some the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon above marginal cost some the
+other firm will come and set price to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other firm will come and set price to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other firm will come and set price to
+half an Epsilon above marginal cost and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an Epsilon above marginal cost and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half an Epsilon above marginal cost and
+take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the
+market okay so basically the betron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay so basically the betron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+market okay so basically the betron
+model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model
+is totally radically different it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally radically different it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is totally radically different it's just
+look two firms is perfect competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look two firms is perfect competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look two firms is perfect competition
+there's Bas there Monopoly and perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Bas there Monopoly and perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's Bas there Monopoly and perfect
+competition no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition no
+oligopoly one firm's Monopoly two firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly one firm's Monopoly two firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oligopoly one firm's Monopoly two firms
+plus is perfect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is perfect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus is perfect
+competition that a very radically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition that a very radically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition that a very radically
+different prediction and quite frankly a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prediction and quite frankly a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different prediction and quite frankly a
+lot less interesting so this raises sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less interesting so this raises sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot less interesting so this raises sort
+of two points the first point is well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two points the first point is well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of two points the first point is well
+what's the right model to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right model to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the right model to
+use and the answer roughly speaking is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and the answer roughly speaking is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use and the answer roughly speaking is
+it depends on the kind of Market you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the kind of Market you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it depends on the kind of Market you're
+thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking
+about basically the answer depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about basically the answer depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about basically the answer depends
+basically price competition is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically price competition is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically price competition is more
+likely when you can instantaneously meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely when you can instantaneously meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely when you can instantaneously meet
+demand quantity competition is more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand quantity competition is more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand quantity competition is more
+likely when there's lags of meeting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely when there's lags of meeting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely when there's lags of meeting
+demand let's think about breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand let's think about breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand let's think about breakfast
+cereals versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereals versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereals versus
+cars breakfast cereals compete on price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars breakfast cereals compete on price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cars breakfast cereals compete on price
+okay because the truth is if I'm lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the truth is if I'm lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because the truth is if I'm lower
+price all of a sudden people want twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price all of a sudden people want twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price all of a sudden people want twice
+as many apple cinnamon cereals I boom I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many apple cinnamon cereals I boom I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as many apple cinnamon cereals I boom I
+make them they're on the shelves the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them they're on the shelves the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them they're on the shelves the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+day cars if suddenly we want twice as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day cars if suddenly we want twice as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day cars if suddenly we want twice as
+many cars it takes months to produce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cars it takes months to produce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many cars it takes months to produce
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+so they can't just say under cutting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can't just say under cutting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they can't just say under cutting
+price and meet demand if you're undercut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and meet demand if you're undercut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price and meet demand if you're undercut
+price you can't meet demand so they more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you can't meet demand so they more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price you can't meet demand so they more
+likely to compat on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to compat on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely to compat on
+quantity now in reality of course as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity now in reality of course as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity now in reality of course as
+always it's a mix of the two but roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it's a mix of the two but roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always it's a mix of the two but roughly
+speaking the way to think about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the way to think about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the way to think about it is
+price competition is more likely in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition is more likely in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price competition is more likely in very
+very rapid turnaround Industries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid turnaround Industries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very rapid turnaround Industries
+quantity competition is more likely in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competition is more likely in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity competition is more likely in
+more in Industries with more complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in Industries with more complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more in Industries with more complicated
+production processes where they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production processes where they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+production processes where they're
+lags and obviously nothing's at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags and obviously nothing's at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lags and obviously nothing's at that
+extreme but that sort of is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme but that sort of is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extreme but that sort of is the
+intuition but it's not it's not a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition but it's not it's not a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuition but it's not it's not a very
+clean distinction so you really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean distinction so you really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clean distinction so you really need to
+know both models it's just the K model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know both models it's just the K model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know both models it's just the K model
+is kind of more fun butron model is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of more fun butron model is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kind of more fun butron model is kind
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+boring okay so that's the first point I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring okay so that's the first point I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boring okay so that's the first point I
+want to make the second point I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make the second point I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make the second point I want to
+make which is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make which is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make which is really
+interesting is let's say you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is let's say you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting is let's say you are
+breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breakfast
+cereals you're in the perfect Patron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereals you're in the perfect Patron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereals you're in the perfect Patron
+competition case perfectly competitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition case perfectly competitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition case perfectly competitive
+it's easy to create backf for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to create backf for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's easy to create backf for
+cereals what do you how do you still end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereals what do you how do you still end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereals what do you how do you still end
+up making profits what do you do if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up making profits what do you do if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up making profits what do you do if
+you're a breakfast cereal company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a breakfast cereal company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're a breakfast cereal company
+in this brron equilibrium to try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this brron equilibrium to try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this brron equilibrium to try to make
+profits what can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits what can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+profits what can you
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+yeah exactly you can product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+differentiate essentially you can create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate essentially you can create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate essentially you can create
+little monopolies you could say sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little monopolies you could say sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little monopolies you could say sure
+there's perfect competition for Cheerios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's perfect competition for Cheerios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's perfect competition for Cheerios
+but now evented apple cinnamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now evented apple cinnamon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now evented apple cinnamon
+Cheerios and for a while at least I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios and for a while at least I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios and for a while at least I have
+a monopoly in apple cinnamon Cheerios so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monopoly in apple cinnamon Cheerios so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a monopoly in apple cinnamon Cheerios so
+now I can go back to making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can go back to making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can go back to making
+money okay so I'm not using cereals at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay so I'm not using cereals at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money okay so I'm not using cereals at
+random it's a great example so around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random it's a great example so around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random it's a great example so around
+World War II there was essentially three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II there was essentially three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+World War II there was essentially three
+types of cereal in World War II Cheerios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of cereal in World War II Cheerios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of cereal in World War II Cheerios
+cornflakes and Quaker roats that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornflakes and Quaker roats that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cornflakes and Quaker roats that was
+it okay uh but by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh but by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay uh but by
+1970 there was more than 150 breakfast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 there was more than 150 breakfast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1970 there was more than 150 breakfast
+cereals to choose from uh including ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereals to choose from uh including ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cereals to choose from uh including ones
+that are very similar like apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very similar like apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are very similar like apple
+cinnamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamon
+Cheerios okay by 1970s So ba but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios okay by 1970s So ba but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios okay by 1970s So ba but
+basically I'm sorry let back up I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm sorry let back up I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically I'm sorry let back up I said
+this wrong 1953 type Cal by 1970 there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wrong 1953 type Cal by 1970 there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wrong 1953 type Cal by 1970 there
+150 Cal but it wasn't differentiation it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 Cal but it wasn't differentiation it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 Cal but it wasn't differentiation it
+was that stores had realized they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that stores had realized they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that stores had realized they can
+make generic versions so they made odios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make generic versions so they made odios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make generic versions so they made odios
+which were Cheerios different name but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were Cheerios different name but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which were Cheerios different name but
+they were Cheerios and then they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were Cheerios and then they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were Cheerios and then they could
+just sell them they could sell them at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sell them they could sell them at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sell them they could sell them at
+Epsilon above marginal cost and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon above marginal cost and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Epsilon above marginal cost and make
+money so essentially the serial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so essentially the serial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money so essentially the serial
+companies were not making profits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies were not making profits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies were not making profits
+anymore because generic products have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because generic products have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because generic products have
+been introduced to essentially mimic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been introduced to essentially mimic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been introduced to essentially mimic
+what they were making so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were making so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what they were making so they
+differentiated in 1989 General M apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated in 1989 General M apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated in 1989 General M apple
+cinnamon Cheerios it's less old than you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamon Cheerios it's less old than you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamon Cheerios it's less old than you
+think okay it's before you guys but well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay it's before you guys but well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think okay it's before you guys but well
+after me apple cinnamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after me apple cinnamon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after me apple cinnamon
+Cheerios now when apple cinnamon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios now when apple cinnamon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios now when apple cinnamon
+Cheerios came in they were delicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios came in they were delicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cheerios came in they were delicious
+objectively okay and there was no good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectively okay and there was no good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+objectively okay and there was no good
+substitute so they suddenly face fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute so they suddenly face fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitute so they suddenly face fairly
+inelastic demand so they could raise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic demand so they could raise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inelastic demand so they could raise
+prices above marginal cost so General
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices above marginal cost so General
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prices above marginal cost so General
+Mills while getting competed to death on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mills while getting competed to death on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mills while getting competed to death on
+regular Cheerios could suddenly have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular Cheerios could suddenly have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular Cheerios could suddenly have a
+highly profitable apple cinnamon Cheerio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly profitable apple cinnamon Cheerio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly profitable apple cinnamon Cheerio
+line and they patented the apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and they patented the apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line and they patented the apple
+cinnamon formula so for a while there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamon formula so for a while there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamon formula so for a while there
+wasn't competition now there's generic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't competition now there's generic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't competition now there's generic
+Apple cin materials but there weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple cin materials but there weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Apple cin materials but there weren't
+for the first few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the first few
+years okay so by product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay so by product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years okay so by product
+differentiating they ended this death
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating they ended this death
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiating they ended this death
+cycle of Patron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of Patron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle of Patron
+competition is that good or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition is that good or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition is that good or
+bad let's come back to welfare yeah oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad let's come back to welfare yeah oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad let's come back to welfare yeah oh
+and just checking your nails question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just checking your nails question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just checking your nails question
+answer rather uh is that good or bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah well is it good or bad depends very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well is it good or bad depends very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah well is it good or bad depends very
+much on your model we think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much on your model we think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much on your model we think it's
+probably good because of the principle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good because of the principle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably good because of the principle
+I've talked about reveal preference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about reveal preference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've talked about reveal preference
+which is if people didn't want apple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if people didn't want apple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is if people didn't want apple
+cinnamon materials they wouldn't buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamon materials they wouldn't buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cinnamon materials they wouldn't buy
+them so you've created a new in product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you've created a new in product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so you've created a new in product
+differenti you've created a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differenti you've created a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differenti you've created a new
+product that consumers want indeed my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that consumers want indeed my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product that consumers want indeed my
+colleague very famous economist and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague very famous economist and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+colleague very famous economist and
+Jerry hman actually estimated that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerry hman actually estimated that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerry hman actually estimated that the
+introduction of apple cinnamon Cheerios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of apple cinnamon Cheerios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduction of apple cinnamon Cheerios
+raise consumer surplus by more than $75
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise consumer surplus by more than $75
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raise consumer surplus by more than $75
+million a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+million a
+year because they had this new thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year because they had this new thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year because they had this new thing
+they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they
+wanted now on the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted now on the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted now on the other
+hand they were paying a Monopoly price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand they were paying a Monopoly price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand they were paying a Monopoly price
+for it so we are better off in a world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it so we are better off in a world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for it so we are better off in a world
+with apple cinnamon Cheerios than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with apple cinnamon Cheerios than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with apple cinnamon Cheerios than
+without it but we're still not as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it but we're still not as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without it but we're still not as good
+off not not as well off if they weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off not not as well off if they weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off not not as well off if they weren't
+if there wasn't more competition bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there wasn't more competition bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if there wasn't more competition bring
+apple cinnamon Cheerios so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple cinnamon Cheerios so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple cinnamon Cheerios so it doesn't
+mean in other words in Economist we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in other words in Economist we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean in other words in Economist we talk
+about the we talked about the First
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the we talked about the First
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the we talked about the First
+Fundamental welfare theorem the best we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fundamental welfare theorem the best we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fundamental welfare theorem the best we
+can do we also talk about the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do we also talk about the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do we also talk about the second
+best which is well the best we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best which is well the best we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best which is well the best we can do
+given constraints we live
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given constraints we live
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given constraints we live
+under so having apple cinnamon chur is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under so having apple cinnamon chur is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under so having apple cinnamon chur is
+the best we could do it's the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best we could do it's the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best we could do it's the second
+best we are better off having Apple C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we are better off having Apple C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best we are better off having Apple C
+than not but the first best would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than not but the first best would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than not but the first best would be
+apple cinnam materials with a regulated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple cinnam materials with a regulated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apple cinnam materials with a regulated
+price at the perfectly competitive price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price at the perfectly competitive price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+price at the perfectly competitive price
+or at least above it enough to invent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least above it enough to invent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least above it enough to invent
+new products so indeed today only five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new products so indeed today only five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new products so indeed today only five
+five firms make most cereals five firms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five firms make most cereals five firms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five firms make most cereals five firms
+there are 5,000 types of cereal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 5,000 types of cereal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are 5,000 types of cereal
+5,000 so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5,000 so that
+raises another interesting issue so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises another interesting issue so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+raises another interesting issue so
+overall economistic product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall economistic product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall economistic product
+differentiation is good we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation is good we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiation is good we think
+essentially it's driving variety people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's driving variety people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially it's driving variety people
+like variety if they didn't they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like variety if they didn't they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like variety if they didn't they
+wouldn't buy it that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't buy it that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't buy it that's
+good but there's starting to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but there's starting to be an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but there's starting to be an
+interesting question in industrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question in industrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting question in industrial
+organization of the problem of choice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of the problem of choice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization of the problem of choice
+overload which is in some sense are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overload which is in some sense are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overload which is in some sense are we
+actually do we have too many choices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do we have too many choices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do we have too many choices in
+economics we assume more choices good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we assume more choices good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economics we assume more choices good
+that's our fundamental assumption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our fundamental assumption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our fundamental assumption but
+what if now you just get to the you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if now you just get to the you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what if now you just get to the you get
+to the supermarket you look that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the supermarket you look that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the supermarket you look that you're
+like it I'm gonna have toast okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it I'm gonna have toast okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it I'm gonna have toast okay
+because you're like I just can't decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're like I just can't decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're like I just can't decide
+there's so much well you could get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much well you could get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's so much well you could get to
+the point we're actually worse off from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point we're actually worse off from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point we're actually worse off from
+that much product differentiation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much product differentiation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that much product differentiation that
+wouldn't be in a standard model that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be in a standard model that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be in a standard model that's
+looking forward to something we'll cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to something we'll cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking forward to something we'll cover
+at the next to last lecture we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next to last lecture we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the next to last lecture we call
+behavioral economics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which I'm so excited about I dropped my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm so excited about I dropped my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'm so excited about I dropped my
+mic uh uh I guess that's a mic drop um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic uh uh I guess that's a mic drop um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mic uh uh I guess that's a mic drop um
+so uh that's in behavioral economics we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's in behavioral economics we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh that's in behavioral economics we
+talk about we'll talk about this but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about we'll talk about this but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about we'll talk about this but the
+point is the standard economic model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the standard economic model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is the standard economic model
+would say at this person correctly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say at this person correctly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say at this person correctly
+answered more product differentiation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered more product differentiation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answered more product differentiation is
+good but there's two caveat to that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but there's two caveat to that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good but there's two caveat to that one
+is it's still not as good as if we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's still not as good as if we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's still not as good as if we had
+it at competitive prices just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at competitive prices just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it at competitive prices just like
+patents are good but still not as good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents are good but still not as good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patents are good but still not as good
+competitive prices and the second issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive prices and the second issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitive prices and the second issue
+is there's a question whether proct can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a question whether proct can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is there's a question whether proct can
+actually go too far and can you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go too far and can you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually go too far and can you get
+Choice overload and that leads us to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice overload and that leads us to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Choice overload and that leads us to
+more interesting psychological models of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting psychological models of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting psychological models of
+behavior that we'll come to we talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that we'll come to we talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior that we'll come to we talk
+about behavioral economics okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about behavioral economics okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about behavioral economics okay
+questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about
+that okay let's stop there and we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay let's stop there and we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay let's stop there and we will
+come back uh next week
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/p3uiUKiuyT8.txt b/p3uiUKiuyT8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80c1278c688a57df08a139dc4bc58ab9e2f1f0ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/p3uiUKiuyT8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7384 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided by MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided by MIT
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open courseware under a Creative Commons
+license additional information about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license additional information about our
+license and MIT open courseware in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+license and MIT open courseware in
+general is available at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ocw.mit.edu okay great let me just pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay great let me just pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw.mit.edu okay great let me just pick
+off uh pick up uh where we left off on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh pick up uh where we left off on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off uh pick up uh where we left off on
+Friday and that is we were talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and that is we were talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Friday and that is we were talking about
+the U some of the physical and chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U some of the physical and chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the U some of the physical and chemical
+properties of the elements as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the elements as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the elements as we go
+across or down the periodic table and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across or down the periodic table and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across or down the periodic table and
+one of those properties that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those properties that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of those properties that we were
+talking about was the electron affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about was the electron affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about was the electron affinity
+which I defined for shorthand just as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I defined for shorthand just as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I defined for shorthand just as
+EA and we saw that for example if we add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EA and we saw that for example if we add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EA and we saw that for example if we add
+an electron to chlorine to make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron to chlorine to make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an electron to chlorine to make the
+anion chlorine minus that there's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion chlorine minus that there's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion chlorine minus that there's an
+energy change associated with that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change associated with that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy change associated with that uh
+reaction and that energy change was -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and that energy change was -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction and that energy change was -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and what we saw is that the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and what we saw is that the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K and what we saw is that the electron
+affinity is defined as the negative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity is defined as the negative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity is defined as the negative of
+this energy so the electron affinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy so the electron affinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this energy so the electron affinity
+here is minus this Delta e right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is minus this Delta e right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is minus this Delta e right so if
+you have a reaction that you write with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a reaction that you write with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a reaction that you write with
+something plus an electron to give the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something plus an electron to give the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something plus an electron to give the
+anion here the change in that energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion here the change in that energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anion here the change in that energy is
+this in the case of chlorine but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the case of chlorine but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the case of chlorine but the
+electron affinity is defined as minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity is defined as minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity is defined as minus
+that all right so chlorine we say has an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so chlorine we say has an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all right so chlorine we say has an
+electron affinity of 349 K per mole and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity of 349 K per mole and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity of 349 K per mole and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+positive now unlike the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive now unlike the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive now unlike the ionization
+energy the electron affinity can can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the electron affinity can can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy the electron affinity can can be
+negative so for example if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so for example if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative so for example if you take
+nitrogen and you try to stick an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and you try to stick an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and you try to stick an
+electron on it to make n minus Delta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on it to make n minus Delta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron on it to make n minus Delta e
+for this reaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this reaction is
+positive when Delta e is positive it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive when Delta e is positive it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive when Delta e is positive it
+means of course that the anion the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of course that the anion the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means of course that the anion the
+product here is less stable than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here is less stable than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product here is less stable than the
+reactant or the neutral atom you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant or the neutral atom you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactant or the neutral atom you can't
+put an electron onto nitrogen it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an electron onto nitrogen it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put an electron onto nitrogen it won't
+stay there it will fall apart it is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there it will fall apart it is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stay there it will fall apart it is not
+found and therefore nitrogen here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and therefore nitrogen here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found and therefore nitrogen here the
+electron affinity of a nitrogen atom is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity of a nitrogen atom is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity of a nitrogen atom is
+uh minus 7 kilog per mole so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus 7 kilog per mole so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh minus 7 kilog per mole so you can
+have a negative electron affinity so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative electron affinity so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a negative electron affinity so
+nitrogen has a negative electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen has a negative electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen has a negative electron
+affinity and you can understand it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and you can understand it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity and you can understand it in
+terms of the electronic structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the electronic structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the electronic structure of
+nitrogen right if you draw the states of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen right if you draw the states of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen right if you draw the states of
+nitrogen and put the electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and put the electrons in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen and put the electrons in the
+states here here's the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states here here's the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states here here's the electronic
+structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of
+nitrogen right just nitrogen neutral but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen right just nitrogen neutral but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen right just nitrogen neutral but
+now if you go and you try to add another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you go and you try to add another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you go and you try to add another
+electron to the nitrogen it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the nitrogen it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the nitrogen it's going to
+have to go into one of these filled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go into one of these filled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go into one of these filled
+states there is a repulsion between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there is a repulsion between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states there is a repulsion between
+these two electrons that repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two electrons that repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two electrons that repulsive
+interaction is large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is large
+enough so that the attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that the attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that the attractive
+interaction between the electrons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the electrons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between the electrons and
+the nucleus is not great enough to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is not great enough to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is not great enough to
+overcome that negative uh interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome that negative uh interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overcome that negative uh interaction
+that repulsive interaction and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repulsive interaction and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that repulsive interaction and therefore
+for the electron affinity here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron affinity here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the electron affinity here is
+negative or in other words this Delta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or in other words this Delta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative or in other words this Delta e
+here is positive so you can understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is positive so you can understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is positive so you can understand
+that in terms of the electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of the electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in terms of the electronic
+structure the other atoms that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the other atoms that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure the other atoms that have
+negative electron affinities are uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative electron affinities are uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative electron affinities are uh the
+inner gases here is a plot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner gases here is a plot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner gases here is a plot of the
+electron affinities here are all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinities here are all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinities here are all the
+inner gases they all have a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner gases they all have a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner gases they all have a negative
+electron affinities right because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinities right because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinities right because you're
+trying to put an electron in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put an electron in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to put an electron in the next
+Shell that's a higher energy State the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell that's a higher energy State the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shell that's a higher energy State the
+charge on the nucleus is not large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the nucleus is not large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge on the nucleus is not large
+enough to compensate for that extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to compensate for that extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to compensate for that extra
+energy to promote that electron to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to promote that electron to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to promote that electron to put
+that electron in that higher energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron in that higher energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that electron in that higher energy
+State all right all right so let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State all right all right so let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+State all right all right so let's look
+at what happens here as we go across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what happens here as we go across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at what happens here as we go across the
+periodic table to the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table to the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table to the electron
+affinities as you go across the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities as you go across the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities as you go across the periodic
+table the bottom line is in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table the bottom line is in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table the bottom line is in general
+General that the electron affinities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General that the electron affinities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General that the electron affinities
+increase they get larger as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase they get larger as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase they get larger as you go
+across the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic
+table they get larger because the Z on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table they get larger because the Z on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table they get larger because the Z on
+the nucleus is getting larger the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is getting larger the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nucleus is getting larger the charge
+on the nucleus is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the nucleus is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the nucleus is getting
+larger when that charge gets larger it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger when that charge gets larger it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger when that charge gets larger it
+the kulic interaction between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kulic interaction between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the kulic interaction between the
+nucleus and the electrons is greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the electrons is greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and the electrons is greater
+right and if that's greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if that's greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and if that's greater
+well then the electron affinity here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the electron affinity here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well then the electron affinity here is
+going to go up and it's greater because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up and it's greater because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go up and it's greater because
+remember that potential energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that potential energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember that potential energy of
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+is minus Z * Z the charge on the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus Z * Z the charge on the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is minus Z * Z the charge on the nucleus
+time Z over 4 Pi Epsilon knr if Z's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Z over 4 Pi Epsilon knr if Z's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time Z over 4 Pi Epsilon knr if Z's
+going up this interaction kulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up this interaction kulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going up this interaction kulic
+attraction becomes greater but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction becomes greater but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction becomes greater but at the
+same time we've got another parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we've got another parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time we've got another parameter
+here and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and that's
+R and R as you go across the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and R as you go across the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R and R as you go across the periodic
+table is remaining essentially constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is remaining essentially constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table is remaining essentially constant
+because you're in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're in the same
+shell so if you're in the same shell R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell so if you're in the same shell R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell so if you're in the same shell R
+is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about
+constant and so the only thing really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so the only thing really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant and so the only thing really
+changing is z and so the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing is z and so the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing is z and so the electron
+affinity goes up same reason why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity goes up same reason why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity goes up same reason why the
+ionization energy goes up as we go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy goes up as we go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy goes up as we go
+across the periodic table as we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic table as we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the periodic table as we talked
+about last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about last
+time all right but now in general let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right but now in general let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right but now in general let's
+look at going down the period iotic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at going down the period iotic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at going down the period iotic
+table here all right Florine chlorine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here all right Florine chlorine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table here all right Florine chlorine
+bromine iodine well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromine iodine well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bromine iodine well in
+general the uh in general the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the uh in general the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general the uh in general the uh
+electron affinity actually goes down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity actually goes down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity actually goes down
+right and the electron affinity there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the electron affinity there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the electron affinity there
+goes down because R is in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down because R is in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes down because R is in general
+getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting
+larger right you're putting electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger right you're putting electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger right you're putting electrons in
+shells that are further and further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells that are further and further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shells that are further and further away
+Z is also getting larger but not fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is also getting larger but not fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z is also getting larger but not fast
+enough compared to R so in general that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough compared to R so in general that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough compared to R so in general that
+electron affinity goes down there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity goes down there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity goes down there are
+always some glitches but in general that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some glitches but in general that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always some glitches but in general that
+is the trend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the trend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the trend
+okay okay so then the other um property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so then the other um property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay okay so then the other um property
+that uh I wanted to talk about is the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I wanted to talk about is the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh I wanted to talk about is the uh
+atomic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+radius and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the atomic radius here is plotted on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic radius here is plotted on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the atomic radius here is plotted on the
+side and let's look at what happens as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and let's look at what happens as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side and let's look at what happens as
+we go across the periodic table here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go across the periodic table here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we go across the periodic table here
+well in general as we go across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in general as we go across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well in general as we go across the
+periodic table the atomic radius is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table the atomic radius is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table the atomic radius is
+going down the atomic radius is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down the atomic radius is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down the atomic radius is going
+down because again V uh Z is going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because again V uh Z is going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down because again V uh Z is going up
+the charge on the nucleus is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on the nucleus is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the charge on the nucleus is getting
+larger meaning that attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger meaning that attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger meaning that attractive
+interaction is getting larger meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is getting larger meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is getting larger meaning
+that those electrons are pulled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those electrons are pulled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that those electrons are pulled in
+closer now as you go across the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer now as you go across the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer now as you go across the periodic
+table again your R is remaining roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table again your R is remaining roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table again your R is remaining roughly
+speaking the same in the sense that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the same in the sense that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking the same in the sense that the
+electrons are in the same shell the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are in the same shell the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons are in the same shell the same
+shell with the same principle quantum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell with the same principle quantum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shell with the same principle quantum
+number so in general that's remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so in general that's remaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so in general that's remaining
+the same so that's not changing it's Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so that's not changing it's Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same so that's not changing it's Z
+that's changing as you go across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's changing as you go across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's changing as you go across the
+periodic table and that is the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and that is the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table and that is the a
+dominating factor is the change in Z the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating factor is the change in Z the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dominating factor is the change in Z the
+change in Z brings those electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Z brings those electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change in Z brings those electrons in
+closer and therefore the radius actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and therefore the radius actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer and therefore the radius actually
+goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes
+down and then what about uh down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then what about uh down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and then what about uh down the
+periodic table down a column well in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table down a column well in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+periodic table down a column well in
+this case as you go down the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case as you go down the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case as you go down the periodic
+table again Z is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table again Z is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table again Z is also
+increasing but it's R that's changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing but it's R that's changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increasing but it's R that's changing
+faster than Z because you're having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than Z because you're having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster than Z because you're having
+electrons in shells that on the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in shells that on the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in shells that on the average
+are a farther distance away from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a farther distance away from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a farther distance away from the
+nucleus and that is increasing more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and that is increasing more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and that is increasing more
+rapidly than Z is increasing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly than Z is increasing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly than Z is increasing so
+therefore this radius here is getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this radius here is getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore this radius here is getting
+larger all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger all
+right all right so those are the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so those are the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right all right so those are the the
+three big trends across the periodic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big trends across the periodic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three big trends across the periodic
+table that you should know ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that you should know ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that you should know ionization
+energy and electron Infinity increase as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and electron Infinity increase as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and electron Infinity increase as
+you go across radius
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across radius
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you go across radius
+decreases ionization energy and an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases ionization energy and an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreases ionization energy and an
+electron affinity decrease as you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity decrease as you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity decrease as you go
+down a column radius increases all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a column radius increases all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down a column radius increases all right
+that is something that you do need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that you do need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is something that you do need to
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+okay now uh there's one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there's one other uh concept or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other uh concept or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's one other uh concept or a
+quantity that I want to make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that I want to make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity that I want to make you
+familiar uh with and that is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar uh with and that is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+familiar uh with and that is something
+called the electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negativity and the electro negativity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity and the electro negativity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity and the electro negativity is
+really an empirical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an empirical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an empirical
+concept we're going to use um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we're going to use um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept we're going to use um the
+definition gave by Molin in 1934
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition gave by Molin in 1934
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition gave by Molin in 1934
+as opposed to pauling's definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to pauling's definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as opposed to pauling's definition
+mullin's definition is a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mullin's definition is a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mullin's definition is a little bit more
+straightforward and the electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and the electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward and the electr
+negativity is often just labeled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity is often just labeled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity is often just labeled
+Kai and it is given by 12 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai and it is given by 12 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kai and it is given by 12 times the
+quantity ionization energy plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity ionization energy plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantity ionization energy plus the
+electron affinity that's our electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity that's our electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity that's our electr
+negativity so the electro negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity so the electro negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity so the electro negativity
+here is kind of some average of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is kind of some average of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is kind of some average of the
+ionization energy energy plus the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy energy plus the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy energy plus the
+electron affinity right the electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity right the electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity right the electr
+negativity is some measure of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity is some measure of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity is some measure of the
+tendency of an electron of of an atom to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency of an electron of of an atom to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tendency of an electron of of an atom to
+accept an electron or to donate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept an electron or to donate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accept an electron or to donate
+electrons so if the electro negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so if the electro negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons so if the electro negativity
+of an atom is high that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom is high that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an atom is high that's a good
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+acceptor if the electr negativity of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor if the electr negativity of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptor if the electr negativity of an
+atom is low well that's a good electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is low well that's a good electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom is low well that's a good electron
+donor okay so for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor okay so for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donor okay so for example
+if you look at the periodic table here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the periodic table here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you look at the periodic table here
+and you look at Electro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at Electro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look at Electro
+negativities the uh elements that have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativities the uh elements that have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativities the uh elements that have
+high electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+negativities high Kai here are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativities high Kai here are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativities high Kai here are in the
+upper rightand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper rightand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upper rightand
+corner these atoms have large electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner these atoms have large electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner these atoms have large electr
+negativities because they have high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativities because they have high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativities because they have high
+electron affinities and high ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinities and high ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinities and high ionization
+energies these atoms are good electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies these atoms are good electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies these atoms are good electron
+acceptors they're good electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors they're good electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors they're good electron
+acceptors because their electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors because their electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors because their electron
+affinity is high right the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity is high right the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity is high right the change in the
+energy when you add an electron is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy when you add an electron is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy when you add an electron is very
+large and negative meaning the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and negative meaning the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large and negative meaning the the
+electron affinity is high they're good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity is high they're good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron affinity is high they're good
+electron acceptors they're also good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptors they're also good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptors they're also good
+electron acceptors because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptors because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron acceptors because their
+ionization energy is high it's difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy is high it's difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy is high it's difficult
+you have to put a lot of energy into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put a lot of energy into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to put a lot of energy into the
+system to remove the electron they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to remove the electron they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system to remove the electron they're
+good electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good electron
+acceptors on the other hand if you look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors on the other hand if you look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors on the other hand if you look
+at the elements down here in the leftand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the elements down here in the leftand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the elements down here in the leftand
+lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower
+corner these elements have lowai they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner these elements have lowai they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corner these elements have lowai they
+have low electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low electr
+negativities they are not good electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativities they are not good electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativities they are not good electron
+acceptors their electron affinity is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors their electron affinity is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceptors their electron affinity is
+low and their ionization energy is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and their ionization energy is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low and their ionization energy is low
+so these elements here are good electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these elements here are good electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these elements here are good electron
+donors their ionization energy is low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors their ionization energy is low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+donors their ionization energy is low
+you don't have to put in as much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to put in as much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to put in as much energy
+to pull an electron off as uh uh as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull an electron off as uh uh as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pull an electron off as uh uh as you
+do for some of the other elements they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for some of the other elements they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for some of the other elements they
+have low ionization energy and low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low ionization energy and low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have low ionization energy and low
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+affinity all right so you can already uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity all right so you can already uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinity all right so you can already uh
+suspect that um some of the strongest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that um some of the strongest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suspect that um some of the strongest
+ionic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic
+bonds are going to be made between those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are going to be made between those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds are going to be made between those
+elements with high electro negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements with high electro negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements with high electro negativity
+and those with low electr negativity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those with low electr negativity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those with low electr negativity
+because in an ionic bond as we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in an ionic bond as we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in an ionic bond as we're going
+to talk about there is this unequal uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about there is this unequal uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about there is this unequal uh
+sharing of electrons all right so strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing of electrons all right so strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharing of electrons all right so strong
+ionic bonds are typically made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic bonds are typically made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionic bonds are typically made
+between elements of high electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between elements of high electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between elements of high electr
+negativity and elements of low electr
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity and elements of low electr
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity and elements of low electr
+negativity all right and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity all right and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negativity all right and then finally
+one other concept or one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other concept or one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one other concept or one other
+definition that I just wanted to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that I just wanted to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition that I just wanted to make
+sure everybody was on the same page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everybody was on the same page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure everybody was on the same page
+with is uh this term here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isoelectronic ISO electronic means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectronic ISO electronic means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectronic ISO electronic means
+having the same electron structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the same electron structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the same electron structure
+having the same electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the same electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the same electronic
+structure all of these atoms and ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure all of these atoms and ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure all of these atoms and ions
+have the 1 S2 2s2 2 P6 electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 1 S2 2s2 2 P6 electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the 1 S2 2s2 2 P6 electron
+structure right so nitrogen here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right so nitrogen here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure right so nitrogen here
+nitrogen has added three electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen has added three electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen has added three electrons
+that's makes it minus three to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's makes it minus three to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's makes it minus three to get this
+electronic structure aluminum has pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure aluminum has pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure aluminum has pulled
+three electrons off to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three electrons off to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three electrons off to get this
+electronic structure these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electronic structure these are
+isoelectronic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectronic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isoelectronic and
+typically typically the common ions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically typically the common ions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically typically the common ions that
+are found in nature are ions that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are found in nature are ions that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are found in nature are ions that uh
+have this octet this inner gas kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this octet this inner gas kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this octet this inner gas kind of a
+structure to it like the neon structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to it like the neon structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure to it like the neon structure
+so for example typically you'll see a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example typically you'll see a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example typically you'll see a
+nitrogen minus 3 ion you won't see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen minus 3 ion you won't see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen minus 3 ion you won't see
+nitrogen minus two because that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen minus two because that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitrogen minus two because that doesn't
+have the inner gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the inner gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the inner gas
+configuration you'll see oxygen minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration you'll see oxygen minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration you'll see oxygen minus
+two but you won't see oxygen minus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but you won't see oxygen minus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two but you won't see oxygen minus one
+because that doesn't have the inner gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't have the inner gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because that doesn't have the inner gas
+configuration all right so common ions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration all right so common ions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration all right so common ions
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+nature are ions that have either added
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature are ions that have either added
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature are ions that have either added
+or remove moved electrons to attain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remove moved electrons to attain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or remove moved electrons to attain that
+inner gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inner gas
+configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configuration
+okay so those were a little bit of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those were a little bit of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so those were a little bit of the
+odds and ends that I wanted to uh just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds and ends that I wanted to uh just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+odds and ends that I wanted to uh just
+make sure that we all understood each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we all understood each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that we all understood each
+other about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other about
+them and now what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and now what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and now what we're going to do is
+we're going to move on and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to move on and we're
+actually going to start talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to start talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually going to start talking about
+what chemistry is all about and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what chemistry is all about and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what chemistry is all about and that is
+the formation of bonds all right we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of bonds all right we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the formation of bonds all right we're
+going to take these atoms now and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take these atoms now and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take these atoms now and we're
+going to put them together and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them together and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put them together and we're
+going to make some chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make some chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to make some chemical
+bonds so I'm going to start to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so I'm going to start to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds so I'm going to start to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+this just in terms of what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just in terms of what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just in terms of what are the
+fundamental interactions that are taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental interactions that are taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental interactions that are taking
+place in a chemical bond all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in a chemical bond all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place in a chemical bond all right so
+that's what I'll do for most of the rest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'll do for most of the rest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what I'll do for most of the rest
+of the uh hour today is to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh hour today is to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the uh hour today is to talk about
+those fundamental interactions that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those fundamental interactions that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those fundamental interactions that are
+common to all chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to all chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+common to all chemical
+bonds and then at the end of the hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and then at the end of the hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds and then at the end of the hour
+I'm going to tell you about one very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about one very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to tell you about one very
+simple model for bonding which is these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model for bonding which is these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple model for bonding which is these
+Lewis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lewis
+diagrams and then in the next few days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and then in the next few days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams and then in the next few days
+we'll look at some more sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at some more sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll look at some more sophisticated
+models we'll look at uh we'll look at um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we'll look at uh we'll look at um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models we'll look at uh we'll look at um
+uh molecular orbital Theory and we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh molecular orbital Theory and we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh molecular orbital Theory and we'll
+look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at
+hybridization all right so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization all right so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hybridization all right so that's the
+plan so today just the elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so today just the elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan so today just the elementary
+principles behind chemical bonds the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles behind chemical bonds the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principles behind chemical bonds the
+elementary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elementary
+interactions and a start on leis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and a start on leis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions and a start on leis
+structures all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures all
+right so let's take uh hydrogen that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's take uh hydrogen that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so let's take uh hydrogen that's
+going to be our prototypical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our prototypical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our prototypical
+molecule so um if we have two hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so um if we have two hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule so um if we have two hydrogen
+atoms that are far apart well we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that are far apart well we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms that are far apart well we have
+the hydrogen nucleus here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen nucleus here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen nucleus here which
+is positive and it's a electron which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive and it's a electron which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is positive and it's a electron which
+we'll call electron a they're sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call electron a they're sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call electron a they're sort of
+attached right and way out here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached right and way out here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached right and way out here is
+another hydrogen atom here's the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hydrogen atom here's the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another hydrogen atom here's the nucleus
+and it's electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's electron electron
+B and so in the separated atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and so in the separated atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B and so in the separated atom
+limit the interaction that we've got is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the interaction that we've got is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit the interaction that we've got is
+the electron nuclear attraction this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron nuclear attraction this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron nuclear attraction this
+electron is attracted to this nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is attracted to this nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron is attracted to this nucleus
+and vice versa it's that electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa it's that electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and vice versa it's that electron
+nuclear attraction that is operable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear attraction that is operable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear attraction that is operable in
+both of these hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of these hydrogen
+atoms but now as these two atoms come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms but now as these two atoms come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms but now as these two atoms come
+closer together well this nucleus here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together well this nucleus here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together well this nucleus here
+is bringing its electron along and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bringing its electron along and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bringing its electron along and this
+nucleus here is bringing its electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here is bringing its electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus here is bringing its electron
+along but what happens is as they get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along but what happens is as they get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along but what happens is as they get
+closer together this electron that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together this electron that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer together this electron that was
+only attracted to this nucleus nucleus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only attracted to this nucleus nucleus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only attracted to this nucleus nucleus a
+now begins to experience an attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now begins to experience an attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now begins to experience an attraction
+to nucleus B and this electron that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nucleus B and this electron that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to nucleus B and this electron that was
+attached only to nucleus B experiences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached only to nucleus B experiences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached only to nucleus B experiences
+an attractive interaction here with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attractive interaction here with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attractive interaction here with
+nucleus a and it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus a and it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus a and it is that
+mutual attraction of the electrons for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual attraction of the electrons for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mutual attraction of the electrons for
+both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both
+nuclei that actually is the force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that actually is the force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that actually is the force the
+energy of interaction that brings the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of interaction that brings the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of interaction that brings the
+two nuclei together and ultimately a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei together and ultimately a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei together and ultimately a
+chemical bond is formed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond is formed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond is formed
+however at the same time that you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however at the same time that you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however at the same time that you now
+have this additional attraction this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this additional attraction this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this additional attraction this
+attraction say of electron a not only to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction say of electron a not only to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction say of electron a not only to
+its original nucleus but to the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original nucleus but to the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its original nucleus but to the other
+nucleus at the same time as you bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus at the same time as you bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus at the same time as you bring
+those two together well you're bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two together well you're bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two together well you're bringing
+the electrons together and the electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons together and the electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electrons together and the electrons
+I have like charges and they repel so at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have like charges and they repel so at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have like charges and they repel so at
+the same time now we've got a repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time now we've got a repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time now we've got a repulsion
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+repulsion that is coming into play and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion that is coming into play and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion that is coming into play and
+at the same time to that we're bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time to that we're bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the same time to that we're bringing
+the two nuclei together which are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two nuclei together which are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two nuclei together which are both
+positively charged hey we got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged hey we got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positively charged hey we got a
+repulsion coming up there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion coming up there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion coming up there
+also and so the formation of a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and so the formation of a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also and so the formation of a chemical
+bond here is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond here is an
+interplay between three very strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay between three very strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interplay between three very strong
+interactions this electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions this electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions this electron nuclear
+attraction the electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction the electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction the electron electron
+repulsion and the the nuclear nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and the the nuclear nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and the the nuclear nuclear
+repulsion and so what we want to take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and so what we want to take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion and so what we want to take a
+look at is uh how those energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is uh how those energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at is uh how those energies
+actually change and the components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change and the components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually change and the components
+change as a function of the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as a function of the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change as a function of the distance
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+nuclei that's what we're going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that's what we're going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that's what we're going to look
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+so I'm going to take two hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to take two hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'm going to take two hydrogen atoms
+here H
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here H
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+H and I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H and I'm going to
+the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of
+interaction as a function of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction as a function of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction as a function of the
+distance between those two hydrogens so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between those two hydrogens so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance between those two hydrogens so
+that distance between the two hydrogens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance between the two hydrogens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distance between the two hydrogens
+here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is
+R that's the distance between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R that's the distance between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R that's the distance between the two
+nuclei now I've changed my definition of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei now I've changed my definition of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei now I've changed my definition of
+R right up to now we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right up to now we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R right up to now we've been talking
+about r as the distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about r as the distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about r as the distance between the
+electron and the nucleus but I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the nucleus but I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and the nucleus but I just
+changed it in this discussion of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it in this discussion of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it in this discussion of the
+chemical bond it's the distance between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond it's the distance between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemical bond it's the distance between
+the two nuclei this is important right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two nuclei this is important right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two nuclei this is important right
+okay so now let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now let me
+plot this energy of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this energy of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plot this energy of interaction
+here just going to write this as energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just going to write this as energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here just going to write this as energy
+this is the energy of interaction it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy of interaction it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the energy of interaction it's
+going to be in kilog per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in kilog per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in kilog per
+mole and I'm going to plot it as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and I'm going to plot it as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole and I'm going to plot it as a
+function of r this distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r this distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r this distance between the
+two nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei
+and what I'm going to find and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to find and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm going to find and this is
+going to be my zero of energy here what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be my zero of energy here what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be my zero of energy here what
+I'm going to find is that way out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find is that way out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to find is that way out
+here where the two hydrogen atoms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the two hydrogen atoms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where the two hydrogen atoms are
+separated this energy of interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated this energy of interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated this energy of interaction is
+going to be minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be minus
+2,624 K per mole so this is hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,624 K per mole so this is hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,624 K per mole so this is hydrogen
+plus hydrogen hydrogen atoms infinitely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus hydrogen hydrogen atoms infinitely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus hydrogen hydrogen atoms infinitely
+separated but now I'm going to bring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated but now I'm going to bring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated but now I'm going to bring
+those two hydrogen atoms together and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two hydrogen atoms together and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two hydrogen atoms together and
+what happens is that the energy will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that the energy will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happens is that the energy will go
+down the energy of interaction will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the energy of interaction will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the energy of interaction will go
+down it will keep going down until some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it will keep going down until some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down it will keep going down until some
+point and then it will start going up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then it will start going up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then it will start going up
+and that energy of interaction will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that energy of interaction will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that energy of interaction will be
+actually at some value R here greater
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at some value R here greater
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually at some value R here greater
+than what it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than what it
+was in the separated atom limit okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the separated atom limit okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in the separated atom limit okay so
+now everywhere where this energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now everywhere where this energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now everywhere where this energy of
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+is lower than the separated atom limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than the separated atom limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is lower than the separated atom limit
+everywhere along these values of R we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere along these values of R we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere along these values of R we
+have a chemical bond the H the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chemical bond the H the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a chemical bond the H the two
+hydrogen atoms are bound because their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms are bound because their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms are bound because their
+energy of interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of interaction is
+lower than that of the two separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than that of the two separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than that of the two separated
+hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms
+okay where it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay where it is the
+lowest where that energy of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest where that energy of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lowest where that energy of interaction
+is the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the lowest
+is the equilibrium Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length that's what defines the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that's what defines the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length that's what defines the bond
+length is where is the value of r at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is where is the value of r at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length is where is the value of r at
+which that energy of interaction here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that energy of interaction here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which that energy of interaction here is
+the lowest is the most negative that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest is the most negative that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lowest is the most negative that's
+the equilibrium Bond length in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium Bond length in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the equilibrium Bond length in the case
+of H2 that Bond length turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H2 that Bond length turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of H2 that Bond length turns out to be
+0.4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.4
+angstrom all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom all right
+everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere
+here where that energy of interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where that energy of interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here where that energy of interaction is
+lower than that of the separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than that of the separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower than that of the separated
+hydrogen atoms from here to here we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms from here to here we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms from here to here we call
+that the attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+region of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the
+interaction of the potential energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of the potential energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction of the potential energy of
+interaction we call that the attractive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction we call that the attractive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction we call that the attractive
+region because everywhere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region because everywhere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region because everywhere
+here from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here from here to here
+the H2 the two hydrogen atoms are bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H2 the two hydrogen atoms are bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the H2 the two hydrogen atoms are bound
+all right they're lower energy than th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right they're lower energy than th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right they're lower energy than th
+that of the separated hydrogen atoms so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the separated hydrogen atoms so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that of the separated hydrogen atoms so
+in other words they're bound if they are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they're bound if they are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in other words they're bound if they are
+at this value of R they're bound if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this value of R they're bound if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this value of R they're bound if
+they're at this value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at this value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're at this value of
+R okay it's just that they're most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay it's just that they're most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+R okay it's just that they're most
+strongly bound at the equilibrium Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound at the equilibrium Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strongly bound at the equilibrium Bond
+length all right so that's how you read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length all right so that's how you read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length all right so that's how you read
+the curve this this well here all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve this this well here all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the curve this this well here all right
+if if you will we call this sometimes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you will we call this sometimes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if you will we call this sometimes a
+well that's the attractive region of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the attractive region of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that's the attractive region of
+this uh energy of interaction curve or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh energy of interaction curve or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh energy of interaction curve or
+sometimes we call the potential energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call the potential energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes we call the potential energy
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+um and then another important definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then another important definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then another important definition
+here is the uh change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the uh change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is the uh change
+here right from the bottom of the swell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right from the bottom of the swell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right from the bottom of the swell
+to the separated atom limit as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the separated atom limit as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the separated atom limit as you
+measure it from the bottom to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it from the bottom to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure it from the bottom to the
+separated atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated atom
+limit that energy change I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that energy change I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit that energy change I'm going to
+call Delta e subd this is the bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Delta e subd this is the bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call Delta e subd this is the bond
+dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dissociation
+energy all right this is how much energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right this is how much energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right this is how much energy
+it's going to require to dissociate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to require to dissociate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to require to dissociate the
+H2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H2
+molecule if it's sitting at its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule if it's sitting at its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule if it's sitting at its
+equilibrium position from here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position from here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium position from here to here
+that turns out to be in kog per mole 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be in kog per mole 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that turns out to be in kog per mole 400
+and 32 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 32 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 32 K per
+mole okay that's the bond dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole okay that's the bond dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole okay that's the bond dissociation
+energy all right but you also notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right but you also notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right but you also notice
+here something a little peculiar in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here something a little peculiar in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here something a little peculiar in the
+sense that you can bring these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you can bring these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that you can bring these two
+hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms
+in and if you bring them in too close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and if you bring them in too close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and if you bring them in too close
+that is if you start to push them in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you start to push them in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is if you start to push them in
+closer than their equilibrium Bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer than their equilibrium Bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closer than their equilibrium Bond
+distance the energy of interaction goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the energy of interaction goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance the energy of interaction goes
+up and you can keep pressing them in and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you can keep pressing them in and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and you can keep pressing them in and
+the energy of interaction will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of interaction will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy of interaction will go
+even further up in other words we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further up in other words we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even further up in other words we'll
+increase more as you push those two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase more as you push those two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase more as you push those two
+hydrogen atoms in the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms in the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen atoms in the energy of
+interaction can get above that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction can get above that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction can get above that of the
+separated hydrogen atoms and it's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated hydrogen atoms and it's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated hydrogen atoms and it's this
+region of the potential energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the potential energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region of the potential energy of
+interaction that we call the repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction that we call the repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction that we call the repulsive
+region it's repulsive because if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it's repulsive because if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+region it's repulsive because if you
+push those two hydrogen atoms closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push those two hydrogen atoms closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+push those two hydrogen atoms closer
+than about this point right here those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than about this point right here those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than about this point right here those
+two hydrogens won't stick together right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogens won't stick together right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two hydrogens won't stick together right
+they're even closer than the bond length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're even closer than the bond length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're even closer than the bond length
+but they're not going to stick together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not going to stick together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but they're not going to stick together
+because their energy of interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their energy of interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because their energy of interaction is
+greater than the separated hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the separated hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greater than the separated hydrogen atom
+limit all right so that is in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit all right so that is in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit all right so that is in general
+what the energy of interaction looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the energy of interaction looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the energy of interaction looks
+like for every chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for every chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like for every chemical
+bond all right but this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond all right but this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond all right but this curve
+here is really given by the competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really given by the competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is really given by the competition
+and the interplay between these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interplay between these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the interplay between these three
+interactions that I started talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that I started talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions that I started talking
+about right here right and so I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right here right and so I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about right here right and so I want to
+try to decompose this curve into those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to decompose this curve into those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to decompose this curve into those
+three interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three interactions
+and that's what we're going to do now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're going to do now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what we're going to do now
+we're going to see we're going to try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see we're going to try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to see we're going to try to
+explain why that curve has the shape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why that curve has the shape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain why that curve has the shape
+that it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it actually
+has all right so I started out saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all right so I started out saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has all right so I started out saying
+that this energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this energy of
+interaction just call it energy of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction just call it energy of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction just call it energy of I
+here was really the sum of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was really the sum of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here was really the sum of three
+interactions one of those interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions one of those interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions one of those interactions
+was the nuclear nule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the nuclear nule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the nuclear nule
+repulsion right between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nuclei that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei that's
+one another one of those interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another one of those interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one another one of those interactions
+was the electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attraction all right between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction all right between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction all right between the
+electron and both nucle Nui or between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and both nucle Nui or between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and both nucle Nui or between
+both electrons and both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both electrons and both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both electrons and both
+nuclei and then finally the third is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and then finally the third is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei and then finally the third is
+this electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this electron electron
+repulsion between the two electrons as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion between the two electrons as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion between the two electrons as
+we bring the two hydrogen atoms closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring the two hydrogen atoms closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we bring the two hydrogen atoms closer
+together so those are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so those are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together so those are the three
+components now what I want to try to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components now what I want to try to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components now what I want to try to do
+is I want to try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I want to try
+to uh figure out an our dependence for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh figure out an our dependence for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh figure out an our dependence for
+each one of those components I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those components I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each one of those components I want to
+see how each one of those components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how each one of those components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see how each one of those components
+change with r and then when I add that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with r and then when I add that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change with r and then when I add that
+up hey I should get something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up hey I should get something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up hey I should get something that looks
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+that okay all right so how are we going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay all right so how are we going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay all right so how are we going
+to do that well first of all I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that well first of all I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that well first of all I'm going
+to realize that with a nuclear nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that with a nuclear nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to realize that with a nuclear nuclear
+repulsion hey what is that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion hey what is that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion hey what is that our
+dependence going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence going to look
+like want to guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+kulum interaction right kulum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kulum interaction right kulum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kulum interaction right kulum
+interaction between like charges that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between like charges that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction between like charges that's
+what that R dependence is going to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that R dependence is going to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that R dependence is going to look
+like so that's e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so that's e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like so that's e
+squar for the hydrogen atom the charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar for the hydrogen atom the charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squar for the hydrogen atom the charge
+on the nuclei V hydrogen atom is e over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the nuclei V hydrogen atom is e over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the nuclei V hydrogen atom is e over
+4 Pi Epsilon KN time R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 Pi Epsilon KN time R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 Pi Epsilon KN time R
+okay so in the case of the nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the case of the nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in the case of the nuclear
+nuclear repulsion right here hey I got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear repulsion right here hey I got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear repulsion right here hey I got a
+very good handle on what that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good handle on what that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good handle on what that our
+dependence for that interaction energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence for that interaction energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence for that interaction energy
+uh should look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh should look
+like how come I ran out of board here oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how come I ran out of board here oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like how come I ran out of board here oh
+wait a minute I didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay all right so uh let me uh draw that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so I have the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I have the energy
+of interaction here and I got a zero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction here and I got a zero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of interaction here and I got a zero of
+energy and so I'm drawing a one over R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so I'm drawing a one over R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy and so I'm drawing a one over R
+dependence there well one over R looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence there well one over R looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence there well one over R looks
+like start starts at Infinity drops off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like start starts at Infinity drops off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like start starts at Infinity drops off
+to zero for very large values of R all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero for very large values of R all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero for very large values of R all
+right so this is my nuclear nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is my nuclear nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is my nuclear nuclear
+repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's this dependence right over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this dependence right over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's this dependence right over
+here all right so I have one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so I have one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here all right so I have one of the
+components but now what about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but now what about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components but now what about the
+electron nuclear attraction and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron nuclear attraction and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron nuclear attraction and the
+electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron
+repulsion well it turns out that I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion well it turns out that I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion well it turns out that I have
+no simple way to predict the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no simple way to predict the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no simple way to predict the r
+dependence for the electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence for the electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence for the electron nuclear
+attraction or the electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction or the electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction or the electron electron
+repulsion I have no simple way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion I have no simple way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion I have no simple way to do
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+without doing a sophisticated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing a sophisticated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without doing a sophisticated
+calculation and in fact I don't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and in fact I don't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation and in fact I don't even
+have a simple way of doing that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple way of doing that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a simple way of doing that if I
+want to sum these two terms all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sum these two terms all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to sum these two terms all right
+these two terms are really the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms are really the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two terms are really the electron
+interactions right this two terms these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions right this two terms these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions right this two terms these
+two terms involve the electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms involve the electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two terms involve the electron electron
+electron repulsion electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron repulsion electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron repulsion electron nuclear
+attraction this one didn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction this one didn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction this one didn't have any
+electrons in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons in
+it so I've no no simple way to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I've no no simple way to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it so I've no no simple way to do that
+however what I can do is that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however what I can do is that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however what I can do is that I can
+evaluate the sum of these two energies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the sum of these two energies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate the sum of these two energies
+at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at two
+extremes I can evaluate the sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes I can evaluate the sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremes I can evaluate the sum of these
+two energies when R is infinity way over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two energies when R is infinity way over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two energies when R is infinity way over
+here and I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and I can
+evaluate that sum of those two terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that sum of those two terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluate that sum of those two terms
+when R is at zero way over here so I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when R is at zero way over here so I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when R is at zero way over here so I'm
+going to have two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have two points
+and then I'm going to interpolate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to interpolate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to interpolate
+between those two points all right to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two points all right to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those two points all right to
+get my R dependence that's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my R dependence that's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get my R dependence that's what I'm
+going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to
+do okay on my graph over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay on my graph over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do okay on my graph over
+there so let's do that all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's do that all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so let's do that all right so
+let's start by I'm going to erase this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here let's start by looking at what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's start by looking at what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's start by looking at what that
+energy of interaction is at r equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of interaction is at r equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of interaction is at r equal
+Infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity
+so at r equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Infinity at r equal Infinity what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity at r equal Infinity what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity at r equal Infinity what is the
+electron electron repulsion equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to zero because the electrons are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero because the electrons are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to zero because the electrons are very
+far apart there's no interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart there's no interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart there's no interaction
+there when R is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when R is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there when R is equal to
+Infinity what is the electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction
+sorry El what is the electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry El what is the electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry El what is the electron nuclear
+attraction so I'm over here when R is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction so I'm over here when R is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction so I'm over here when R is
+infinity what is the energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity what is the energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity what is the energy of
+interaction no for the electrons in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+nuclei it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei it's not
+zero because when the two hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because when the two hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero because when the two hydrogen atoms
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+separated in each hydrogen atom the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated in each hydrogen atom the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated in each hydrogen atom the the
+energy of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is how about The Binding energy of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how about The Binding energy of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how about The Binding energy of an
+electron to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to a
+nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus
+right it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it is the
+energy right the energy The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right the energy The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy right the energy The Binding
+energy of the electron to the nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron to the nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of the electron to the nucleus
+it's The Binding energy of the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's The Binding energy of the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's The Binding energy of the electron
+in the ground state it's The Binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground state it's The Binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the ground state it's The Binding
+energy of the one s electron makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sense does this make sense to you no it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense does this make sense to you no it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense does this make sense to you no it
+doesn't no okay what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't no okay what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't no okay what's
+confusing you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+know okay do you understand what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay do you understand what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know okay do you understand what I'm
+plotting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plotting
+here as a function of r the distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a function of r the distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here as a function of r the distance
+between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two
+nuclei okay so when the two nuclei are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei okay so when the two nuclei are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclei okay so when the two nuclei are
+very far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very far
+apart right right over here they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart right right over here they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart right right over here they're
+really far apart there's no electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far apart there's no electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really far apart there's no electron
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+repulsion because each electron is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion because each electron is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion because each electron is
+attached to each nucleus and they're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to each nucleus and they're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attached to each nucleus and they're too
+far apart for there to be any repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart for there to be any repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far apart for there to be any repulsive
+interaction that makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+okay but when they're far apart
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when they're far apart
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but when they're far apart
+here the electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the electron nuclear
+attraction between this electron and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between this electron and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between this electron and and
+its nucleus here that electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nucleus here that electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its nucleus here that electron nuclear
+attraction that energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction that energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction that energy of
+interaction is The Binding energy of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is The Binding energy of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is The Binding energy of the
+electron to the nucleus in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the nucleus in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron to the nucleus in the case of
+the ground state hydrogen atom it is The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state hydrogen atom it is The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground state hydrogen atom it is The
+Binding energy of the 1s state that make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energy of the 1s state that make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Binding energy of the 1s state that make
+sense yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense yes
+no good all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no good all
+right but hey we got two hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but hey we got two hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but hey we got two hydrogen atoms
+so there's a two in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a two in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a two in front of
+this all right we got two hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right we got two hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all right we got two hydrogen atoms
+so there's a two in front of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a two in front of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so there's a two in front of
+that and now you know that the binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now you know that the binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that and now you know that the binding
+energy of an electron to a nucleus is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of an electron to a nucleus is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of an electron to a nucleus is -
+2.18 * 10 to the minus 18 jewles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.18 * 10 to the minus 18 jewles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2.18 * 10 to the minus 18 jewles
+right yeah you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right yeah you know
+that I'm going to turn that into kles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to turn that into kles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I'm going to turn that into kles
+per mole instead of Jews per molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole instead of Jews per molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+per mole instead of Jews per molecule
+when I turn that into kles per mole it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I turn that into kles per mole it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I turn that into kles per mole it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+1,312 kles per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,312 kles per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1,312 kles per
+mole If I multiply that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole If I multiply that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole If I multiply that by
+two I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I'm going to get
+2,624 k per mole and so way out here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,624 k per mole and so way out here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,624 k per mole and so way out here at
+r equal Infinity I got 1 Point minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equal Infinity I got 1 Point minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r equal Infinity I got 1 Point minus
+2,624 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,624 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,624 K per
+mole that's where that number came from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole that's where that number came from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole that's where that number came from
+in this original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this original
+graph okay you understand that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay you understand that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph okay you understand that this is
+important because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important because this
+is these are the interactions present in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these are the interactions present in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is these are the interactions present in
+all chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bonds okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bonds okay
+okay so we got that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now we're going to estimate what the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to estimate what the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we're going to estimate what the sum
+of these two terms are at R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two terms are at R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these two terms are at R equals
+z all right so now at R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z all right so now at R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z all right so now at R equals
+z we've got the uh electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+attraction and we've got the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction and we've got the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction and we've got the electron
+electron repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron repulsion
+all right how are we going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how are we going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right how are we going to do this
+well at R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well at R equals
+z what we've got are two hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z what we've got are two hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z what we've got are two hydrogen atoms
+with the nuclei right on top of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nuclei right on top of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the nuclei right on top of each
+other because that's what R equals z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because that's what R equals z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other because that's what R equals z
+means there's no distance between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's no distance between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means there's no distance between the
+two nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei
+right so we got two protons right on top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we got two protons right on top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we got two protons right on top
+of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of each
+other and as far as we're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and as far as we're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other and as far as we're going to be
+concerned here if you got two protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned here if you got two protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned here if you got two protons
+right on on top of each other hey that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on on top of each other hey that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on on top of each other hey that
+looks like a helium nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a helium nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like a helium nucleus
+right right if we've got two protons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right if we've got two protons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right if we've got two protons
+right on top of each other at R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on top of each other at R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right on top of each other at R equals
+zero Z is going to be plus two that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Z is going to be plus two that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero Z is going to be plus two that's
+going to look like a helium nucleus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like a helium nucleus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look like a helium nucleus
+right this is a thought experiment we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a thought experiment we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a thought experiment we're
+taking two hydrogens and we're putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking two hydrogens and we're putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking two hydrogens and we're putting
+them right at on top of each other so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right at on top of each other so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them right at on top of each other so
+you got something that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got something that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got something that looks like a
+helium nucleus Z equal 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus Z equal 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus Z equal 2
+and now because R is equal to zero Hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now because R is equal to zero Hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now because R is equal to zero Hey
+we got two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we got two
+electrons around that helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons around that helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons around that helium
+nucleus so all of a sudden what we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so all of a sudden what we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus so all of a sudden what we got
+here is something that looks like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is something that looks like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is something that looks like a
+helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium
+atom okay this looks like a helium atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom okay this looks like a helium atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom okay this looks like a helium atom
+in this thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this thought
+experiment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment
+so how can I estimate the sum not these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can I estimate the sum not these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how can I estimate the sum not these
+individuals but the sum of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals but the sum of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals but the sum of these
+interactions in the helium atom in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in the helium atom in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions in the helium atom in the
+helium an we have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium an we have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium an we have the
+electron nuclear attraction the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron nuclear attraction the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron nuclear attraction the
+attraction between this electron and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between this electron and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction between this electron and the
+helium nucleus this electron in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus this electron in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium nucleus this electron in the
+helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helium
+nucleus and we've got the repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and we've got the repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus and we've got the repulsion
+between these two electrons how can I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two electrons how can I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between these two electrons how can I
+estimate that well experimentally I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that well experimentally I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that well experimentally I can
+estimate that by by taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that by by taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+estimate that by by taking
+here by taking the ionization the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by taking the ionization the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here by taking the ionization the first
+ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization
+energy making that minus the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy making that minus the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy making that minus the first
+ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization
+energy plus minus the second ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus minus the second ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy plus minus the second ionization
+energy that will be my total energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that will be my total energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy that will be my total energy of
+interaction as far as the electrons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction as far as the electrons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction as far as the electrons are
+concerned so I go and I look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned so I go and I look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned so I go and I look up the
+first ionization energy of helium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ionization energy of helium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ionization energy of helium
+remember the first ionization energy was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the first ionization energy was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember the first ionization energy was
+the energy required to pull off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy required to pull off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the energy required to pull off the
+first electron I find that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first electron I find that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first electron I find that
+number The Binding energy is minus that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number The Binding energy is minus that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number The Binding energy is minus that
+ionization energy so that's why I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy so that's why I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy so that's why I put
+that minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that minus sign
+there all right so I do that hey that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so I do that hey that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there all right so I do that hey that
+removes one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+removes one
+electron and now I want to know how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and now I want to know how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron and now I want to know how much
+is this electron bound down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this electron bound down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this electron bound down to the
+nucleus I go up and I look up my second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus I go up and I look up my second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nucleus I go up and I look up my second
+ionization energy for helium where I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for helium where I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ionization energy for helium where I
+solve the shringer equation for a one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the shringer equation for a one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the shringer equation for a one
+electron atom right I look that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atom right I look that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron atom right I look that up
+that's minus the ionization energy it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus the ionization energy it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's minus the ionization energy it
+turns out that the sum of those two is-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the sum of those two is-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the sum of those two is-
+7,622 K per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,622 K per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,622 K per
+mole okay does this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole okay does this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mole okay does this make
+sense all right the electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right the electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense all right the electron nuclear
+attraction plus the repulsion I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction plus the repulsion I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction plus the repulsion I can't
+separate those two terms but I know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate those two terms but I know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate those two terms but I know what
+they are experimentally as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are experimentally as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they are experimentally as a
+sum because I go and I measure how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum because I go and I measure how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum because I go and I measure how much
+Energy's required to pull what the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy's required to pull what the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Energy's required to pull what the first
+electron off add it to the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron off add it to the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron off add it to the energy
+required to pull the second electron off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to pull the second electron off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required to pull the second electron off
+hey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey
+that's totally the electron nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally the electron nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's totally the electron nuclear
+attraction plus the electron electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction plus the electron electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction plus the electron electron
+repulsion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion
+that's what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what that
+is okay and I have to make it negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and I have to make it negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay and I have to make it negative
+because the binding energy the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the binding energy the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the binding energy the energy
+interaction is minus the ionization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is minus the ionization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is minus the ionization
+energy all right so way over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right so way over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy all right so way over
+here on this plot I got another point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this plot I got another point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here on this plot I got another point
+for R equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for R equals
+z that is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+7,622 K per mole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,622 K per mole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,622 K per mole
+all right and so now what I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so now what I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right and so now what I'm going to
+do is I'm going to just draw a line here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm going to just draw a line here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I'm going to just draw a line here
+between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the
+two I just inter interpolated because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I just inter interpolated because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two I just inter interpolated because
+hey I don't know what else to do I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I don't know what else to do I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hey I don't know what else to do I don't
+know how to get that energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get that energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to get that energy of
+interaction in a simple way as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction in a simple way as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction in a simple way as a
+function of r in any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r in any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of r in any other
+way but now what I've got are the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but now what I've got are the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way but now what I've got are the three
+components here's one the r dependence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components here's one the r dependence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components here's one the r dependence
+here's my approximation for the r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my approximation for the r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's my approximation for the r
+dependence of the sum of the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the sum of the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependence of the sum of the other two
+components I'm going to add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I'm going to add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components I'm going to add them up
+because my total energy of interaction I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my total energy of interaction I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because my total energy of interaction I
+said was the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was the sum of those
+three and when I add them up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and when I add them up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three and when I add them up
+well what I'm going to get if I add this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I'm going to get if I add this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well what I'm going to get if I add this
+curve to that curve I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to that curve I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curve to that curve I'm going to get
+something that that looks like that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that looks like that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that looks like that all
+right you know this is going to bring it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know this is going to bring it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you know this is going to bring it
+down this is going to this goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is going to this goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down this is going to this goes to
+Infinity so this will go high up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this will go high up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity so this will go high up to
+Infinity here I'm going to get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity here I'm going to get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Infinity here I'm going to get a
+potential energy of interaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy of interaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential energy of interaction that
+looks something like that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks something like that all
+right the point of all of this was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the point of all of this was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the point of all of this was to
+illustrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illustrate
+that a chemical bond is really a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a chemical bond is really a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a chemical bond is really a result
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+competition between the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competition between the electron
+interactions the electron interactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the electron interactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions the electron interactions
+are these green this this green line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these green this this green line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are these green this this green line
+here it's a competition between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a competition between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's a competition between the
+electron interactions which is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interactions which is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron interactions which is always
+negative right even though you have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right even though you have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative right even though you have an
+electron electron repulsion here which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron repulsion here which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron electron repulsion here which
+is a repulsive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a repulsive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a repulsive
+interaction this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction this the
+overall energy of interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall energy of interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall energy of interaction is
+negative it's attractive the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's attractive the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative it's attractive the electron
+electron the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron the electron
+interactions on the uh overall are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions on the uh overall are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions on the uh overall are
+attractive right they're negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this chemical bond is a competition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this chemical bond is a competition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this chemical bond is a competition
+between the electron interactions which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the electron interactions which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the electron interactions which
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+attractive and the nuclear nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive and the nuclear nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractive and the nuclear nuclear
+repulsion which is always repulsive this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion which is always repulsive this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsion which is always repulsive this
+was always positive it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always positive it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was always positive it's always
+repulsive and what you can see here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive and what you can see here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repulsive and what you can see here is
+that there is some optimal distance some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some optimal distance some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there is some optimal distance some
+optimal distance which ends up being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal distance which ends up being the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+optimal distance which ends up being the
+bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond
+length where the total energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length where the total energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length where the total energy of
+interaction is a maximum negative number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is a maximum negative number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is a maximum negative number
+where the total energy of interaction is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the total energy of interaction is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the total energy of interaction is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+greatest so in other words what you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest so in other words what you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+greatest so in other words what you have
+to do is you're going to make a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is you're going to make a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do is you're going to make a chemical
+bond is you have to bring the two atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond is you have to bring the two atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond is you have to bring the two atoms
+in close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close
+enough so that the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough so that the electron
+attractions are present which bring the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractions are present which bring the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attractions are present which bring the
+two nuclei in right but you can't press
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei in right but you can't press
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two nuclei in right but you can't press
+them so close together such that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so close together such that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them so close together such that the
+nuclear repulsions take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear repulsions take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear repulsions take
+over so there's some intermediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so there's some intermediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over so there's some intermediate
+distance here where you have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here where you have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distance here where you have enough
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+attraction but you don't push them so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction but you don't push them so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attraction but you don't push them so
+close that the nuclear repulsion takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that the nuclear repulsion takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close that the nuclear repulsion takes
+over and it is that optimal distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and it is that optimal distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over and it is that optimal distance
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+that's the equilibrium Bond length all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equilibrium Bond length all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the equilibrium Bond length all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now there's one other very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's one other very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now there's one other very important
+point and that is that what we often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that is that what we often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and that is that what we often
+do is we shift this zero of energy when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we shift this zero of energy when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we shift this zero of energy when
+we talk about a chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about a chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we talk about a chemical
+bond this zero of energy right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond this zero of energy right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bond this zero of energy right
+now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2,624
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,624
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2,624
+K above the energy of the separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K above the energy of the separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K above the energy of the separated
+hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen
+atoms but we already saw that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms but we already saw that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms but we already saw that this
+energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of
+interaction is the energy of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is the energy of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction is the energy of interaction
+between the electron and the nucleus in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the electron and the nucleus in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the electron and the nucleus in
+the separated hydrogen atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separated hydrogen atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the separated hydrogen atom
+limit when we talk about a chemical bond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit when we talk about a chemical bond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit when we talk about a chemical bond
+we really want to know what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to know what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really want to know what is the
+energy of interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of interaction
+between the two hydrogen atoms and so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two hydrogen atoms and so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the two hydrogen atoms and so it
+is useful for us to take this zero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful for us to take this zero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is useful for us to take this zero of
+energy here and just shift it down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here and just shift it down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy here and just shift it down and
+set it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set it
+here set make this the zero of energy so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here set make this the zero of energy so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here set make this the zero of energy so
+now our zero of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our zero of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now our zero of
+energy is when the two hydrogen atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is when the two hydrogen atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy is when the two hydrogen atoms
+are separated from each other all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are separated from each other all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are separated from each other all right
+that's just a convention it's often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a convention it's often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a convention it's often
+useful talk about chemical bonds when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful talk about chemical bonds when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful talk about chemical bonds when
+you set the two atoms when they're far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the two atoms when they're far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you set the two atoms when they're far
+apart when you set that energy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart when you set that energy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart when you set that energy of
+interaction equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction equal to
+zero okay all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay all
+right see you on Wednesday
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pBvHt3Nea6Q.txt b/pBvHt3Nea6Q.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccd0577411097875001b2cc9965f663c6711d794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pBvHt3Nea6Q.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2163 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Einstein's argument we consider again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's argument we consider again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einstein's argument we consider again
+our atoms and this time we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our atoms and this time we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our atoms and this time we're going to
+use the thermal equilibrium we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the thermal equilibrium we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the thermal equilibrium we're going
+to really make use of that fact so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really make use of that fact so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really make use of that fact so again
+we have level B and level a and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have level B and level a and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have level B and level a and this is
+Einsteins argument argument and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einsteins argument argument and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Einsteins argument argument and we're
+going to have no populations if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have no populations if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have no populations if we
+discuss equilibrium we can consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss equilibrium we can consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss equilibrium we can consider a
+system in a box and there's a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a box and there's a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system in a box and there's a few
+billion atoms and there are some atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion atoms and there are some atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+billion atoms and there are some atoms
+whose electron is going to be in stained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose electron is going to be in stained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose electron is going to be in stained
+be some atoms electrons are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some atoms electrons are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be some atoms electrons are going to be
+in state a let's call these numbers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state a let's call these numbers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in state a let's call these numbers and
+B and na and we also have photons at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+temperature T I have a beta parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T I have a beta parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature T I have a beta parameter
+one over the Boltzmann constant times T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the process we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the process we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the process we're going to
+consider so what's going to happen if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider so what's going to happen if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider so what's going to happen if we
+came up from the addition that we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up from the addition that we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up from the addition that we've
+built from 806 we would think okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from 806 we would think okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built from 806 we would think okay
+there's gonna be absorption process and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be absorption process and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's gonna be absorption process and
+stimulated emission process and between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission process and between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission process and between
+the two they're going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two they're going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two they're going to be able to
+reach a Calibri we don't believe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a Calibri we don't believe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reach a Calibri we don't believe this is
+not a process that can equilibrate so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a process that can equilibrate so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a process that can equilibrate so
+this would be our intuition intuition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be our intuition intuition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this would be our intuition intuition
+for people that lived at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people that lived at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for people that lived at the beginning
+of last century was rather different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last century was rather different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of last century was rather different
+they felt that there would be absurd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt that there would be absurd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they felt that there would be absurd
+process and there was spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and there was spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process and there was spontaneous
+emission the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission the thing that
+probably intuitively would think if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably intuitively would think if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably intuitively would think if you
+are at a high level you spontaneously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at a high level you spontaneously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are at a high level you spontaneously
+decay so the thing that was not known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so the thing that was not known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decay so the thing that was not known to
+them was the stimulated emission that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was the stimulated emission that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them was the stimulated emission that is
+what Einstein is credited for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Einstein is credited for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Einstein is credited for
+discovering here people felt and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering here people felt and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discovering here people felt and I think
+the paper finds that makes clear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper finds that makes clear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the paper finds that makes clear that
+the intuition is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the intuition is that you have
+spontaneous emission in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission in which
+spontaneously by some kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously by some kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously by some kind of
+instability the higher state goes to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability the higher state goes to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instability the higher state goes to the
+bottom and you have absorption but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and you have absorption but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom and you have absorption but then
+ice and figure out that you couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice and figure out that you couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ice and figure out that you couldn't
+achieve equilibrium in that way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve equilibrium in that way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieve equilibrium in that way
+well the way we're going to do it we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way we're going to do it we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the way we're going to do it we're
+going to put the two things we know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the two things we know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put the two things we know the
+absorption and the stimulated emission
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption and the stimulated emission
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption and the stimulated emission
+and see that we don't get it to work the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that we don't get it to work the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see that we don't get it to work the
+equilibrium but then when we add the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but then when we add the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium but then when we add the
+spontaneous emission we will and as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission we will and as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission we will and as it
+turns out the spontaneous emission is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the spontaneous emission is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out the spontaneous emission is a
+little harder to calculate if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to calculate if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little harder to calculate if we were to
+do it in 806 it probably would be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in 806 it probably would be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it in 806 it probably would be a
+matter of two lectures involving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of two lectures involving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter of two lectures involving
+electromagnetic field so we will not do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field so we will not do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic field so we will not do
+it but the good thing is that Einsteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the good thing is that Einsteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but the good thing is that Einsteins
+argument tells you the speed of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument tells you the speed of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument tells you the speed of
+spontaneous emission the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission the rate of
+spontaneous emission in terms of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission in terms of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission in terms of this
+rates of stimulated emission or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of stimulated emission or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rates of stimulated emission or
+absorption so it does the calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption so it does the calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption so it does the calculation
+for you by some other thermo dynamical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you by some other thermo dynamical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for you by some other thermo dynamical
+means so we're going to use here three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so we're going to use here three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means so we're going to use here three
+fad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is that the three facts one is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that the three facts one is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is that the three facts one is the
+populations are in equilibrium since in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations are in equilibrium since in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations are in equilibrium since in
+equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so an a dot is they stop changing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an a dot is they stop changing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an a dot is they stop changing is
+equal to zero and NV dot is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and NV dot is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to zero and NV dot is equal to
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+they don't stop changing because nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't stop changing because nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't stop changing because nothing
+happens all the time there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time there will be a
+mission and there will be absorption but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission and there will be absorption but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mission and there will be absorption but
+if you reach equilibrium the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you reach equilibrium the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you reach equilibrium the number of
+atoms remain the same on every state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms remain the same on every state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms remain the same on every state so
+that's our statement that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our statement that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's our statement that the
+populations achieve equilibrium the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations achieve equilibrium the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+populations achieve equilibrium the
+second statement is that the equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second statement is that the equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second statement is that the equilibrium
+is thermo dynamical so it's thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thermo dynamical so it's thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is thermo dynamical so it's thermal
+equilibrium that is n B over n a for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that is n B over n a for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium that is n B over n a for
+example is the Boltzmann factor e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the Boltzmann factor e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example is the Boltzmann factor e to the
+minus beta eb over e to the minus beta e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta eb over e to the minus beta e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta eb over e to the minus beta e
+a and this is equal to e to the minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this is equal to e to the minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a and this is equal to e to the minus
+beta H bar Omega B a you get e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta H bar Omega B a you get e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beta H bar Omega B a you get e to the
+minus beta EB minus EA but EB minus EA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta EB minus EA but EB minus EA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus beta EB minus EA but EB minus EA
+is h-bar Omega B a so that's thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is h-bar Omega B a so that's thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is h-bar Omega B a so that's thermal
+equilibrium and the last thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the last thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equilibrium and the last thing that we
+need is a statement about the photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is a statement about the photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need is a statement about the photons
+what do they do when they have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they do when they have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do they do when they have a
+Killebrew and that was known already due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Killebrew and that was known already due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Killebrew and that was known already due
+to the work of clunk and others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the work of clunk and others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the work of clunk and others
+blackberry equilibrium so we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackberry equilibrium so we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blackberry equilibrium so we need to
+know something about the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know something about the thermal
+radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the way one describes this is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way one describes this is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the way one describes this is in
+terms of function U of Omega the army
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of function U of Omega the army
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of function U of Omega the army
+guy in the blackbody radiation there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in the blackbody radiation there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy in the blackbody radiation there are
+at a given temperature their photos with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given temperature their photos with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a given temperature their photos with
+very little energy there's some largest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little energy there's some largest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little energy there's some largest
+number of photons with some energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons with some energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons with some energy
+associated with temperature and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with temperature and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with temperature and then it
+decays so you have photons of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays so you have photons of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decays so you have photons of all
+energies so if you want a description of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so if you want a description of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies so if you want a description of
+what's going on in blackbody radiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in blackbody radiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on in blackbody radiation
+you can consider the energy in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consider the energy in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can consider the energy in the
+photons in a frequency range but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in a frequency range but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons in a frequency range but you
+even must be more precise it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even must be more precise it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even must be more precise it is the
+energy per unit volume in a frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per unit volume in a frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per unit volume in a frequency
+range because if it's different the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range because if it's different the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range because if it's different the
+energy of your black body cavities this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of your black body cavities this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy of your black body cavities this
+room or it's a little Bob so it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room or it's a little Bob so it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room or it's a little Bob so it's an
+energy per volume per frequency range
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per volume per frequency range
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy per volume per frequency range
+and that's what this quantity is so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this quantity is so let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's what this quantity is so let
+me write it energy per unit volume in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it energy per unit volume in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me write it energy per unit volume in
+the frequency range the W in other words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency range the W in other words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the frequency range the W in other words
+it's kind of a proxy for the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a proxy for the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's kind of a proxy for the number of
+photons available all the photos have at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons available all the photos have at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons available all the photos have at
+some free some value of the frequency of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some free some value of the frequency of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some free some value of the frequency of
+energy e omega so if you know the energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e omega so if you know the energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy e omega so if you know the energy
+you basically are getting here the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically are getting here the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you basically are getting here the
+number of photons with frequency Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons with frequency Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons with frequency Omega
+in that range per unit volume all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that range per unit volume all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that range per unit volume all that
+stuff so this this has a formula and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so this this has a formula and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff so this this has a formula and the
+formula that was known to people was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thus quantities and then an Omega cube V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus quantities and then an Omega cube V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus quantities and then an Omega cube V
+Omega over e to the beta H bar Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over e to the beta H bar Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega over e to the beta H bar Omega
+minus 1 so this is the basis of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so this is the basis of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus 1 so this is the basis of the
+calculation what do we do we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation what do we do we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculation what do we do we have to
+consider the possible processes okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the possible processes okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider the possible processes okay so
+our processes are absortion and in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our processes are absortion and in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our processes are absortion and in this
+case we go from A to B and let's try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we go from A to B and let's try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we go from A to B and let's try to
+write a rate for them so how what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a rate for them so how what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write a rate for them so how what would
+the rate depend on well here's a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate depend on well here's a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate depend on well here's a some
+little assumptions certainly if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little assumptions certainly if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little assumptions certainly if you
+don't have particles in the a state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have particles in the a state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have particles in the a state you
+cannot have this process so this process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have this process so this process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot have this process so this process
+the total rate that we observe in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total rate that we observe in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the total rate that we observe in the
+box will depend on n a the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box will depend on n a the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+box will depend on n a the more
+particles you have in in the state a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you have in in the state a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you have in in the state a the
+more of the larger the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the larger the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the larger the probability that
+you get the transitions and the larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the transitions and the larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the transitions and the larger
+the rate it will also be affected by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate it will also be affected by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate it will also be affected by the
+number of photons available at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons available at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of photons available at that
+frequency that can produce the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that can produce the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency that can produce the
+transition in proportional to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in proportional to that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition in proportional to that
+and finally the quantity that our study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the quantity that our study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and finally the quantity that our study
+of perturbation theory will tell us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perturbation theory will tell us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of perturbation theory will tell us
+about but at that time finds it was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but at that time finds it was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about but at that time finds it was not
+known it's a transition probably fish'n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known it's a transition probably fish'n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known it's a transition probably fish'n
+be a B he called it and this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a B he called it and this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a B he called it and this is the
+unknown one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is what we don't know we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what we don't know we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is what we don't know we know
+you assume we know MA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume we know MA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you assume we know MA
+this is the transition rate per atom and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the transition rate per atom and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the transition rate per atom and
+then multiplied by the number of atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiplied by the number of atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiplied by the number of atoms
+so this is transition rate per atom then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is transition rate per atom then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is transition rate per atom then
+we have the process of spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the process of spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the process of spontaneous
+emission and then we would be another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and then we would be another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission and then we would be another
+coefficient b b:a and it would depend of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient b b:a and it would depend of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficient b b:a and it would depend of
+the number of particles that are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of particles that are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of particles that are in the
+state B because spontaneous emission is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state B because spontaneous emission is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state B because spontaneous emission is
+a transition from B to a it will we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition from B to a it will we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transition from B to a it will we call
+it as not spontaneous stimulate that I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as not spontaneous stimulate that I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as not spontaneous stimulate that I'm
+sorry stimulated emission this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry stimulated emission this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry stimulated emission this is the
+one we're considering it's stimulated by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're considering it's stimulated by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we're considering it's stimulated by
+the radiation so it's also proportional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation so it's also proportional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the radiation so it's also proportional
+to the number of photons present and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of photons present and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the number of photons present and
+proportional to the number of atoms that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of atoms that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the number of atoms that
+can be convinced to do the transition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be convinced to do the transition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be convinced to do the transition
+times another coefficient BB a so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times another coefficient BB a so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times another coefficient BB a so this
+is I think what we in 806 would do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think what we in 806 would do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I think what we in 806 would do we
+would consider these two processes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider these two processes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would consider these two processes and
+attempt to make it work and let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to make it work and let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attempt to make it work and let's see
+what we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're trying to get equi Librium so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get equi Librium so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're trying to get equi Librium so we
+won the transitions to equilibrate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the transitions to equilibrate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won the transitions to equilibrate and
+therefore the populations not to change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the populations not to change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the populations not to change
+so let's look for example you could look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look for example you could look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's look for example you could look
+at either one but you can look at end B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at either one but you can look at end B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at either one but you can look at end B
+dot it should be zero but it's equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot it should be zero but it's equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dot it should be zero but it's equal to
+the rate of absorption minus the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of absorption minus the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rate of absorption minus the rate of
+stimulated emission you see because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission you see because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stimulated emission you see because the
+number of particles is me change because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles is me change because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of particles is me change because
+you get some new particles in state B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some new particles in state B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get some new particles in state B
+due to the absorption process and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the absorption process and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to the absorption process and it
+happens with this rate and you lose some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with this rate and you lose some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens with this rate and you lose some
+particle because some atoms do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle because some atoms do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particle because some atoms do the
+transition from the higher level to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the higher level to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition from the higher level to the
+lower level so what is the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level so what is the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower level so what is the rate of
+absorption we have it here it's this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption we have it here it's this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorption we have it here it's this one
+B a B u of Omega B a and a and this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B a B u of Omega B a and a and this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B a B u of Omega B a and a and this one
+is bb8 the same u of Omega B a and B and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bb8 the same u of Omega B a and B and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is bb8 the same u of Omega B a and B and
+we can factor the you out and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can factor the you out and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can factor the you out and this is
+the wrong calculation I must say because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong calculation I must say because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong calculation I must say because
+we're missing that extra process that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're missing that extra process that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're missing that extra process that
+was intuitive to Einstein but to us it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was intuitive to Einstein but to us it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was intuitive to Einstein but to us it's
+a little less clear and B times u of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less clear and B times u of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little less clear and B times u of
+Omega B eh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I can do a one more little thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can do a one more little thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can do a one more little thing I
+can factor an na and this becomes B a B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can factor an na and this becomes B a B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can factor an na and this becomes B a B
+minus B be a to the minus beta H bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B be a to the minus beta H bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus B be a to the minus beta H bar
+Omega be a you of Omega be a okay I use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega be a you of Omega be a okay I use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega be a you of Omega be a okay I use
+the ratio of an a over and B being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of an a over and B being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of an a over and B being
+thermodynamical so and B over m a was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical so and B over m a was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamical so and B over m a was
+used from 0.2 to get this and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used from 0.2 to get this and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used from 0.2 to get this and this
+should be equal to zero but this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to zero but this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be equal to zero but this
+equation can't be satisfied it's a what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can't be satisfied it's a what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can't be satisfied it's a what
+do you have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do you have here
+you should be able to quill liber8 at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to quill liber8 at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should be able to quill liber8 at
+any temperature on the other hand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any temperature on the other hand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any temperature on the other hand what
+is our intuition about this quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our intuition about this quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is our intuition about this quantities
+be a b and b be a they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a b and b be a they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a b and b be a they should be
+temperature independent these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature independent these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature independent these are
+properties of the geometry of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the geometry of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the geometry of those
+states and the overlaps of the wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and the overlaps of the wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states and the overlaps of the wave
+functions these are atomic physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions these are atomic physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions these are atomic physics
+properties of the levels of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the levels of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties of the levels of the
+particles we will calculate them and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we will calculate them and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles we will calculate them and you
+know here is the input of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here is the input of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know here is the input of how many
+photons there are how many atoms there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons there are how many atoms there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons there are how many atoms there
+are and those the number of photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and those the number of photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are and those the number of photons
+certainly depend on the temperature the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly depend on the temperature the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly depend on the temperature the
+number of atoms for equilibrium that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms for equilibrium that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms for equilibrium that
+depend on the temperature but this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the temperature but this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depend on the temperature but this is a
+factor that says well how likely is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that says well how likely is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor that says well how likely is the
+transition once you have a photo and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition once you have a photo and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition once you have a photo and
+once you have an atom and that depends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have an atom and that depends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have an atom and that depends
+like with it for the ionization in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with it for the ionization in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with it for the ionization in
+calculating some matrix elements that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating some matrix elements that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculating some matrix elements that
+are totally independent of temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are totally independent of temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are totally independent of temperature
+so these numbers are totally independent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these numbers are totally independent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these numbers are totally independent
+of temperature and we're asking this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature and we're asking this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of temperature and we're asking this to
+be 0 which requires this factor to be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 which requires this factor to be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 0 which requires this factor to be 0
+and this depends on temperature so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this depends on temperature so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this depends on temperature so you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+not attain equilibrium with this way so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attain equilibrium with this way so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not attain equilibrium with this way so
+it's impossible to satisfy for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to satisfy for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's impossible to satisfy for all
+temperatures impossible for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures impossible for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures impossible for all
+temperatures given that B a b and b b:a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures given that B a b and b b:a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures given that B a b and b b:a
+are constants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're missing a process this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're missing a process this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're missing a process this is the
+process that Einstein thought was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that Einstein thought was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process that Einstein thought was
+intuitive the process of spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive the process of spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive the process of spontaneous
+emission so here is so we add one more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission so here is so we add one more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission so here is so we add one more
+process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process
+it's called spontaneous emission and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called spontaneous emission and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's called spontaneous emission and
+it's a process also from B to a and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a process also from B to a and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a process also from B to a and it's
+going to have a rate but it's not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a rate but it's not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have a rate but it's not going
+to depend that rate on the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend that rate on the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to depend that rate on the number of
+photons because it's happening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons because it's happening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons because it's happening
+independently of the photons so we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of the photons so we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of the photons so we don't
+have this u factor we do have the NB
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this u factor we do have the NB
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this u factor we do have the NB
+because each of the B atoms can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of the B atoms can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because each of the B atoms can
+spontaneously decay but we don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously decay but we don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneously decay but we don't have
+the new factor so so what do we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new factor so so what do we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new factor so so what do we have a
+rate which is the term by coefficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is the term by coefficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate which is the term by coefficient
+that Einstein called it a that's why the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Einstein called it a that's why the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Einstein called it a that's why the
+name a and B coefficients of Einstein a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name a and B coefficients of Einstein a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name a and B coefficients of Einstein a
+times MB so that's the spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times MB so that's the spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times MB so that's the spontaneous
+emission rate per atom multiplied by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission rate per atom multiplied by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission rate per atom multiplied by the
+number of atoms so we go back to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms so we go back to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of atoms so we go back to our
+equation rate of absorption minus rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation rate of absorption minus rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation rate of absorption minus rate
+of stimulated emission minus the rate of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimulated emission minus the rate of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stimulated emission minus the rate of
+spontaneous emission so I'll write it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission so I'll write it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spontaneous emission so I'll write it
+here zero is equal to n V dot equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero is equal to n V dot equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here zero is equal to n V dot equal
+minus a and B that's the spontaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a and B that's the spontaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus a and B that's the spontaneous
+emission we write it first and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission we write it first and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emission we write it first and then we
+write the other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write the other two
+B a and B u Omega B a minus plus B a B U
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B a and B u Omega B a minus plus B a B U
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B a and B u Omega B a minus plus B a B U
+of Omega B a and a
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pWs93gASTJk.txt b/pWs93gASTJk.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb660901e5f6a9bf236327f4aff84471b2dc27a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pWs93gASTJk.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14408 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so let's finish our discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's finish our discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let's finish our discussion
+of the hanbanic theorem let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hanbanic theorem let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the hanbanic theorem let me just
+recall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this was the theorem that stated that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the theorem that stated that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was the theorem that stated that
+if v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+norm space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+m is a vector or is a subspace of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+is a bounded linear functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bounded linear functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a bounded linear functional
+on m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a linear map that also satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a linear map that also satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a linear map that also satisfies
+for all t and m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all t and m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all t and m
+u of t an absolute value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t an absolute value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t an absolute value
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+or the modulus of u of t is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the modulus of u of t is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the modulus of u of t is less than or
+equal to a constant times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to a constant times
+norm of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+a bounded linear functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded linear functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded linear functional
+on the whole space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the whole space
+which extends it so that there exists a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which extends it so that there exists a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which extends it so that there exists a
+capital u so that when u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u so that when u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital u so that when u
+is restricted to m this gives me little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is restricted to m this gives me little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is restricted to m this gives me little
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+and it's extended continuously in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's extended continuously in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's extended continuously in the
+sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that
+it satisfies the same bound that little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it satisfies the same bound that little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it satisfies the same bound that little
+u does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now for all t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for all t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for all t
+and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t
+is less than or equal to a constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to a constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is less than or equal to a constant
+times the norm of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the norm of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the norm of t
+so last time we went through the proof
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we went through the proof
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so last time we went through the proof
+of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+using zorn's lima and dilemma
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using zorn's lima and dilemma
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using zorn's lima and dilemma
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+that we ran up against at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we ran up against at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we ran up against at the end of
+class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+when writing my notes for the lecture i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when writing my notes for the lecture i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when writing my notes for the lecture i
+kind of got a little bit flip it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of got a little bit flip it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of got a little bit flip it
+flippant towards the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flippant towards the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flippant towards the end
+and made a little small error which can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made a little small error which can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and made a little small error which can
+be remedied if you just look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be remedied if you just look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be remedied if you just look at the
+lecture notes which i have online or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes which i have online or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes which i have online or if
+you look at richard's lecture notes just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at richard's lecture notes just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you look at richard's lecture notes just
+for the very end of concluding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the very end of concluding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the very end of concluding
+that limbo we needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+you know minus epsilon we proved the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minus epsilon we proved the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know minus epsilon we proved the
+harmonic theorem you can fill in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic theorem you can fill in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic theorem you can fill in the
+epsilon by just looking at the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon by just looking at the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon by just looking at the notes
+but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+the proof of the han banana theorem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of the han banana theorem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the proof of the han banana theorem is
+not the point is not the main point i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the point is not the main point i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not the point is not the main point i
+mean you know it's important to know it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know it's important to know it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean you know it's important to know it
+or at least have seen it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least have seen it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least have seen it but
+what is important is is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is important is is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is important is is
+it as a tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a tool
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i mentioned last time one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mentioned last time one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i mentioned last time one
+application is to show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is to show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application is to show that
+the dual of little l infinity is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of little l infinity is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of little l infinity is not
+little l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little l1
+another application is the following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another application is the following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another application is the following
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+so v is going to be a norm space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then for all
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+and b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and b
+take away zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists
+a bounded linear functional an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded linear functional an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded linear functional an element
+of the dual space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dual space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the dual space
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the norm of f equals 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+f of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v gives me
+the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there is a bounded linear functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bounded linear functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a bounded linear functional
+that when you apply it to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you apply it to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when you apply it to v
+you get the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the norm of v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we'll use this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll use this just
+in a second to kind of say something a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second to kind of say something a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a second to kind of say something a
+little bit deeper uh about the relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit deeper uh about the relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit deeper uh about the relation
+between the dual and then taking the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the dual and then taking the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the dual and then taking the
+dual of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual of that
+but uh let's prove this this simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's prove this this simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh let's prove this this simple
+theorem so first i define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have a little v that's non-zero in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a little v that's non-zero in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have a little v that's non-zero in
+in the space and i define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space and i define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the space and i define
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+bounded linear or a linear map from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear or a linear map from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear or a linear map from
+the span of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the span of v
+to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to c
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u of lambda v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of lambda v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of lambda v
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+lambda times the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now every element in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now every element in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now every element in
+that's a scalar multiple of v can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a scalar multiple of v can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a scalar multiple of v can be
+written uniquely as this so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uniquely as this so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written uniquely as this so this
+function is well defined and it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is well defined and it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function is well defined and it's clear
+that it's linear because linearity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's linear because linearity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's linear because linearity
+is occurring in lambda all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring in lambda all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is occurring in lambda all right
+v is fixed remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in particular i get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+u of t is less than or equal to u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t is less than or equal to u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of t is less than or equal to u
+to the norm of t for all t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the norm of t for all t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the norm of t for all t
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+the span of of this fixed vector v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+u of one or i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of one or i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of one or i should say
+u of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u of v
+which remember is just uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is equal to just one times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to just one times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to just one times the
+norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v
+gives me norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives me norm of v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the hanbonic theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the hanbonic theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the hanbonic theorem
+there exists an f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there exists an f
+element of the dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+extending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extending
+u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+now for all t and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for all t and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for all t and v
+f of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+modulus is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus is less than or equal to
+the norm of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+since it extends uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it extends uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since it extends uh
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+must have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+equals the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and by that inequality over there the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by that inequality over there the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by that inequality over there the
+norm of little f must be less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of little f must be less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of little f must be less than or
+equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+well first let me finish with what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first let me finish with what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first let me finish with what this
+inequality tells you this tells you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality tells you this tells you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality tells you this tells you that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f of t is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all t and v this implies that the norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all t and v this implies that the norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all t and v this implies that the norm
+of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of f
+which remember is the soup of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember is the soup of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which remember is the soup of
+f of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of t
+with t unit length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with t unit length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with t unit length
+must be less than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but i have that 1 is equal to f of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have that 1 is equal to f of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i have that 1 is equal to f of b
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+norm of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of b
+which must be less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which must be less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which must be less than or equal to the
+norm of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of f
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of f
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+therefore the norm of f equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the norm of f equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the norm of f equals one
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+f is this desired uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is this desired uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f is this desired uh
+continuous linear functional on v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous linear functional on v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continuous linear functional on v
+that when it hits v little v it spits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when it hits v little v it spits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when it hits v little v it spits
+out the norm of little v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the norm of little v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the norm of little v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the double dual of a space is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double dual of a space is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double dual of a space is
+i mean if you can take the dual of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if you can take the dual of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean if you can take the dual of a
+space you can take the dual of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can take the dual of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space you can take the dual of that
+space so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the double dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of a norm space v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a norm space v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a norm space v
+is by definition we denote it by v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by definition we denote it by v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is by definition we denote it by v
+double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+dual of the dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual of the dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual of the dual
+of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of v
+okay so remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so remember
+uh v prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh v prime
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the space of bounded linear functionals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of bounded linear functionals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of bounded linear functionals
+on v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v
+and so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so then
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+v double prime is the space of bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v double prime is the space of bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v double prime is the space of bounded
+linear functionals on the space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear functionals on the space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear functionals on the space of
+bounded linear functionals of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear functionals of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear functionals of v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+let me just give you an example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you an example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me just give you an example of
+so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a
+quick little example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of an element that you can associate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an element that you can associate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an element that you can associate in
+v double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fix an element in capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix an element in capital v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fix an element in capital v
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+now let's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's uh
+let's call it something let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let's call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's call it
+t of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this will be an element of the dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be an element of the dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this will be an element of the dual
+space of v prime so in the end but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of v prime so in the end but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of v prime so in the end but
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+sub v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub v
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing
+has to eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to eat
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+element of the dual space and spit out a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the dual space and spit out a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the dual space and spit out a
+number now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number now
+think about the two pieces of data i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the two pieces of data i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about the two pieces of data i
+have here i have some fixed little v and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here i have some fixed little v and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here i have some fixed little v and
+capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital v
+and i would like to use that to define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would like to use that to define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i would like to use that to define
+some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of
+bounded linear functional on capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear functional on capital v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear functional on capital v
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+now capital v prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now capital v prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now capital v prime
+uh eats
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eats
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh eats
+elements of capital v so i can define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of capital v so i can define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of capital v so i can define
+a map from v prime to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map from v prime to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a map from v prime to c
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by that
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+i claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i claim that
+t of v is an element of the double dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the dual space of v prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dual space of v prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the dual space of v prime
+and why is that so first off it has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that so first off it has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and why is that so first off it has to
+be linear in the argument so little v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear in the argument so little v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be linear in the argument so little v
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+is in capital v prime it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in capital v prime it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in capital v prime it has to be
+linear in the argument v prime and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the argument v prime and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear in the argument v prime and this
+is clear if so remember little v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear if so remember little v is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is clear if so remember little v is
+fixed so if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed so if i
+take a linear combination of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a linear combination of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a linear combination of two
+elements of capital v prime then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of capital v prime then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elements of capital v prime then this
+expression is clearly linear in v prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is clearly linear in v prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression is clearly linear in v prime
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+t sub v is linear uh clearly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub v is linear uh clearly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub v is linear uh clearly
+now we just need to check that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just need to check that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we just need to check that it's
+bounded and if i take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+t sub v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is linear this is you know a check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear this is you know a check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is linear this is you know a check
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+how we talk through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we talk through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we talk through it
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+t sub v is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bounded because if we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded because if we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded because if we take
+t sub v of v prime if we take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub v of v prime if we take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub v of v prime if we take its
+modulus this is by definition equal to b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus this is by definition equal to b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulus this is by definition equal to b
+prime of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime of b
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+v prime is a bounded linear functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime is a bounded linear functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v prime is a bounded linear functional
+on v so this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v so this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on v so this is less than or equal to
+the norm of v prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of v prime
+times the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+in fact let me write it this way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact let me write it this way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact let me write it this way
+norm of v v prime so we've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v v prime so we've shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of v v prime so we've shown that
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+linear operator from v prime to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator from v prime to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator from v prime to c
+in modulus is bounded by this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modulus is bounded by this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in modulus is bounded by this constant
+times the norm of v prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the norm of v prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the norm of v prime
+and therefore we conclude that t of v or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we conclude that t of v or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore we conclude that t of v or
+t sub v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub v
+is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in
+the dual of v prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of v prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of v prime
+the double dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the double dual
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the norm of this as an operator going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of this as an operator going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of this as an operator going
+from v prime to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v prime to c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from v prime to c
+which we've just shown is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've just shown is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we've just shown is bounded by
+this constant remember that the operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant remember that the operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this constant remember that the operator
+norm is the best constant that appears
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm is the best constant that appears
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm is the best constant that appears
+here and therefore this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and therefore this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and therefore this is
+less than or equal to that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so we've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've shown that
+every element of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every element of v
+we can associate an element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can associate an element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can associate an element
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh the double dual the dual space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the double dual the dual space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the double dual the dual space of the
+dual space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual space
+via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this this relation okay so an element of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this relation okay so an element of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this relation okay so an element of
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+can be defined as an element of v double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be defined as an element of v double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be defined as an element of v double
+prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prime
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+letting it act on v prime by this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting it act on v prime by this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting it act on v prime by this
+formula here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula here
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but we can say a little bit more and let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can say a little bit more and let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we can say a little bit more and let
+me just introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me just introduce
+some terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some terminology
+that v b and capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or no i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+not quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if v and w are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+norms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+spaces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we say that
+a bounded linear operator from v to w
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded linear operator from v to w
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bounded linear operator from v to w
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+isometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometric
+so isometric meaning doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so isometric meaning doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so isometric meaning doesn't change
+length doesn't change distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all v and capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the length of t of v is equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of t of v is equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of t of v is equal
+to the length of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now
+the next theorem is that this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next theorem is that this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next theorem is that this you know
+map this kind of relation i've given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map this kind of relation i've given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map this kind of relation i've given
+between elements of v and the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between elements of v and the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between elements of v and the double
+dual is in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual is in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual is in fact
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is in fact isometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let v in b and v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let v in b and v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let v in b and v
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as before
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+t sub v as the map from v prime to c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+via
+t sub v needs to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub v needs to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t sub v needs to
+eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eat
+uh elements of the dual so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh elements of the dual so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh elements of the dual so
+spit out numbers so it's defined in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit out numbers so it's defined in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spit out numbers so it's defined in this
+way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the map t from v to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map t from v to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map t from v to v
+double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime
+where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this map t is taking v to t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map t is taking v to t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map t is taking v to t
+little v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little v
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+isometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometric
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a bounded
+linear operator from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator from
+v to its double dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v to its double dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v to its double dual
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of
+a vector and v is same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and v is same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and v is same as
+the length of its image in the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of its image in the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of its image in the double
+dual right which is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual right which is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual right which is what
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+length in the double dual is defined in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in the double dual is defined in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length in the double dual is defined in
+terms of the operator norm okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the operator norm okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the operator norm okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've done basically all of the the work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done basically all of the the work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done basically all of the the work
+when i was discussing the example so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+already that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the map v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the map v
+to t of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to t of v
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+linear operator from v to v double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator from v to v double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator from v to v double prime
+so we showed it's bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we showed it's bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we showed it's bounded
+namely that the image is bounded by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that the image is bounded by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely that the image is bounded by the
+or the norm of the image is bounded by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the norm of the image is bounded by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the norm of the image is bounded by
+uh the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the norm of v
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but it's also clear that this is linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also clear that this is linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's also clear that this is linear
+in little v right so a minute ago we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in little v right so a minute ago we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in little v right so a minute ago we
+showed it's linear in v prime but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it's linear in v prime but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed it's linear in v prime but it's
+also linear in v because v for it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also linear in v because v for it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also linear in v because v for it for
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+fixed v prime this is linear in v okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed v prime this is linear in v okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed v prime this is linear in v okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is a bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a bounded
+this map from v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map from v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map from v
+taking you to this element and t of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you to this element and t of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking you to this element and t of v
+this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a
+bounded linear operator from v to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator from v to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operator from v to v
+double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what's left is to show that it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's left is to show that it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's left is to show that it's uh
+isometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometric
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've shown this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norm of
+the image in the double dual is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image in the double dual is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image in the double dual is less
+than or equal to the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the norm of
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+now to show it's isometric we must show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to show it's isometric we must show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to show it's isometric we must show
+that the norm of v equals t of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norm of v equals t of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norm of v equals t of v
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by the theorem we just proved a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we just proved a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the theorem we just proved a minute
+ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ago
+so first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+as in the statement of the theorem let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the statement of the theorem let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as in the statement of the theorem let
+me denote this map by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is
+t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t
+so we've shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the norm of
+t is less than or equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is less than or equal to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t is less than or equal to one
+right because we've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we've shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we've shown that
+uh the norm of the image is always less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the norm of the image is always less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the norm of the image is always less
+than or equal to the norm of the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the norm of the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the norm of the input
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and now to show that it's isometric we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now to show that it's isometric we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now to show that it's isometric we
+just need to show the norm of t equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to show the norm of t equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just need to show the norm of t equals
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+v be in v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v be in v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v be in v
+non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with norm v equal to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+i just said something really stupid a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just said something really stupid a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just said something really stupid a
+minute ago let me go back to what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago let me go back to what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute ago let me go back to what i
+had written down there a minute ago so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had written down there a minute ago so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had written down there a minute ago so
+not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+remember we're trying to show not that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're trying to show not that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember we're trying to show not that
+the norm is one but that the the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm is one but that the the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm is one but that the the norm of
+the image is equal to the norm of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is equal to the norm of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is equal to the norm of the
+input uh i got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh i got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+input uh i got
+backwards there for a minute sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards there for a minute sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backwards there for a minute sorry
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+norm of the image is less than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of the image is less than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of the image is less than or equal
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to
+the norm of the input so now we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of the input so now we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of the input so now we just
+want to show the reverse inequality for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show the reverse inequality for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to show the reverse inequality for
+all little v and capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now we show
+all v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all v
+in capital v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capital v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in capital v
+t of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t of v
+is equal to the length of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and to do that we use this theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and to do that we use this theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and to do that we use this theorem
+we just proved a minute ago okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just proved a minute ago okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just proved a minute ago okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+this is clear if v is zero so suppose v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is clear if v is zero so suppose v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is clear if v is zero so suppose v
+is non-zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then there exists
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an element of the dual space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of the dual space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of the dual space
+by the previous theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the previous theorem
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the norm of f equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of f equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of f equals one
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+f of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f of v
+equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals
+the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then the norm of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the norm of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the norm of v
+is equal to f of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i can even put modulus on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+this is less than or equal to though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to though
+thinking of this as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so now thinking of this as an operator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now thinking of this as an operator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now thinking of this as an operator
+from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from
+bounded linear functionals to c so as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear functionals to c so as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear functionals to c so as an
+element of the dual this is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the dual this is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element of the dual this is less than or
+equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to
+the norm of t sub v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of t sub v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the norm of t sub v
+times the norm of f
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and now the norm of f is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the norm of f is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now the norm of f is one
+so this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is equal to
+norm of t sub e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of t sub e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+norm of t sub e
+and therefore v the norm of v is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore v the norm of v is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore v the norm of v is less
+than or equal to the norm of t sub b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the norm of t sub b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than or equal to the norm of t sub b
+and since i already have the reverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since i already have the reverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since i already have the reverse
+inequality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality
+i conclude that the norm of t sub v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i conclude that the norm of t sub v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i conclude that the norm of t sub v
+equals the norm of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the norm of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals the norm of
+v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and thus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and thus
+this map going from v to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to the double dual of v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the double dual of v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the double dual of v
+described this way is in fact isometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this way is in fact isometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described this way is in fact isometric
+it's a bounded linear operator that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bounded linear operator that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a bounded linear operator that
+preserved links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved links
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserved links
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now we have a special name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a special name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have a special name
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+first off it should be clear that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off it should be clear that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off it should be clear that um
+isometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometric
+bounded linear operators are one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operators are one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounded linear operators are one to one
+right so for some to be one to one for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for some to be one to one for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so for some to be one to one for a
+linear operator that means the only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator that means the only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear operator that means the only
+thing that gets sent to zero is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that gets sent to zero is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing that gets sent to zero is zero and
+from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this
+uh equality here we have that if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equality here we have that if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh equality here we have that if this
+equals zero then the vector had to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero then the vector had to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals zero then the vector had to be
+zero so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero so
+uh isometric bounded linear operators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh isometric bounded linear operators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh isometric bounded linear operators
+are always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are always
+one to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one to one
+so what this theorem tells you is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this theorem tells you is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what this theorem tells you is that
+this map defined in this way gives you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map defined in this way gives you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map defined in this way gives you a
+isometric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isometric
+injection from v to v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection from v to v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+injection from v to v
+double prime from v to its double dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime from v to its double dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double prime from v to its double dual
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+i have this map that goes into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have this map that goes into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have this map that goes into the
+double duel that's isometric meaning it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double duel that's isometric meaning it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double duel that's isometric meaning it
+doesn't change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't change
+uh distances
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is it on to does the double dual always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it on to does the double dual always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it on to does the double dual always
+equal to the original space itself right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the original space itself right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to the original space itself right
+so we have a name for spaces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a name for spaces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we have a name for spaces that
+satisfy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bonus space v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reflexive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflexive
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+using if this map is on to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if v equals v double prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that
+this map
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this map
+taking element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking element
+of capital v to an element of the double
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital v to an element of the double
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capital v to an element of the double
+dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+as we defined earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can check that you know this may
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check that you know this may
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can check that you know this may
+seem like abstract stuff but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like abstract stuff but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seem like abstract stuff but
+for little lp spaces this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for little lp spaces this you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for little lp spaces this you know
+letting the dual space eat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the dual space eat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letting the dual space eat
+a vector or or whatever remember we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector or or whatever remember we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector or or whatever remember we
+identified the dual space of little lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified the dual space of little lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identified the dual space of little lp
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+little l q where one over p plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little l q where one over p plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little l q where one over p plus one
+over q equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over q equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over q equals
+one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+little lp is reflexive for p between 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lp is reflexive for p between 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lp is reflexive for p between 1
+and infinity because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infinity because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infinity because
+the dual of little lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of little lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of little lp
+is going to be little lq where 1 over p
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be little lq where 1 over p
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be little lq where 1 over p
+plus 1 over q equals one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over q equals one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 1 over q equals one
+and the dual of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dual of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dual of
+one over q of a little lq is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over q of a little lq is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over q of a little lq is going to be
+little lp as long as q is between one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lp as long as q is between one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little lp as long as q is between one
+and infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and infinity
+right there is that one case where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is that one case where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right there is that one case where
+um the dual is not given by what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the dual is not given by what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the dual is not given by what you
+think it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it should be
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+little l1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little l1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little l1
+is not reflexive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since
+if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+take a look at the dual of little l1 so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the dual of little l1 so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a look at the dual of little l1 so
+this should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l infinity
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+as you'll show in the homework
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll show in the homework
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you'll show in the homework
+the dual of little l infinity is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of little l infinity is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dual of little l infinity is not
+equal to little l1 so the dual of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to little l1 so the dual of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to little l1 so the dual of the
+dual is not going to give you back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual is not going to give you back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dual is not going to give you back
+the space you started with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space you started with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space you started with
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+i don't know if i'm going to put this in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i'm going to put this in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know if i'm going to put this in
+the assignment or eventually on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment or eventually on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment or eventually on a
+midterm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the space c0 which was the space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space c0 which was the space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space c0 which was the space of all
+sequences converging to zero this is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences converging to zero this is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences converging to zero this is not
+reflexive either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the reason is because you can in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is because you can in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason is because you can in fact
+identify the dual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the dual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify the dual
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+c0 with little l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 with little l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+c0 with little l
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+and the dual of little l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dual of little l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the dual of little l
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is little l infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is little l infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is little l infinity
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+does not equal c zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal c zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not equal c zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this also you can see how the space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this also you can see how the space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this also you can see how the space
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a subspace of the double dual right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subspace of the double dual right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a subspace of the double dual right
+uh the space of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the space of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the space of all
+sequences converging to zero that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences converging to zero that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences converging to zero that's a
+subspace of the space of all bounded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace of the space of all bounded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subspace of the space of all bounded
+sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequences
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so you see this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i shouldn't say by hand but okay by hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i shouldn't say by hand but okay by hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i shouldn't say by hand but okay by hand
+that you know the original space forget
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the original space forget
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know the original space forget
+this prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this prime
+is a subspace of the double dual which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subspace of the double dual which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a subspace of the double dual which
+in this case is little l infinity all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is little l infinity all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case is little l infinity all
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that concludes um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the general um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the general um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the general um
+stuff about banach spaces for now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about banach spaces for now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff about banach spaces for now
+and we're going to turn to lebeg measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to turn to lebeg measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to turn to lebeg measure
+and integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and integration
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we've been talking about little lp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been talking about little lp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we've been talking about little lp
+spaces these are spaces of sequences and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces these are spaces of sequences and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces these are spaces of sequences and
+so you might think well maybe we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think well maybe we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might think well maybe we can
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+define
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+big lp spaces to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big lp spaces to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big lp spaces to be
+let's say riemann integrable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say riemann integrable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say riemann integrable functions
+whose p power is integrable or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose p power is integrable or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose p power is integrable or something
+like that you know just how these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know just how these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that you know just how these are
+peath power summable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're moving on now to the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure and integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+now why lebeg measure and integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why lebeg measure and integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now why lebeg measure and integration
+why not just stick to riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just stick to riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why not just stick to riemann
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there's a couple of reasons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of reasons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of reasons
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the bag integration has much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag integration has much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag integration has much better
+convergence theorems so you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorems so you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorems so you only have
+really one convergence theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one convergence theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really one convergence theorems
+convergence theorem for riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorem for riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergence theorem for riemann
+integration which is the uniform limit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration which is the uniform limit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration which is the uniform limit
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+riemann integrable functions is riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integrable functions is riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integrable functions is riemann
+integrable and the integral of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable and the integral of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrable and the integral of the
+limits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limits
+is the limit of the integrals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+there are much better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are much better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are much better
+limit theorems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limit theorems and
+in the sense that they're more useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that they're more useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sense that they're more useful
+you can use them more often and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use them more often and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use them more often and
+therefore prove better things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore prove better things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore prove better things
+um and maybe you're just like uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe you're just like uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and maybe you're just like uh
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what
+but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's a
+even bigger reasons why you consider the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bigger reasons why you consider the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even bigger reasons why you consider the
+bag measuring integration and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag measuring integration and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag measuring integration and this is
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+that if you look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if you look at
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+space of riemann integrable functions on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of riemann integrable functions on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of riemann integrable functions on
+a b say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b say
+0 1 say let's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+concrete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concrete
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me in fact write this down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l1 and i'm going to put r here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is the set of all f from 0 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set of all f from 0 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the set of all f from 0 1
+c such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integrable
+on zero one now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zero one now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on zero one now
+in eighteen one hundred and one hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eighteen one hundred and one hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in eighteen one hundred and one hundred
+a these are usually real valued but when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a these are usually real valued but when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a these are usually real valued but when
+i mean riemann integrable and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean riemann integrable and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean riemann integrable and it's
+complex valued i just mean the real part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued i just mean the real part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complex valued i just mean the real part
+and the imaginary part are riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the imaginary part are riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the imaginary part are riemann
+integrable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you don't need to know anything fancy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't need to know anything fancy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you don't need to know anything fancy
+and if i define a norm on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i define a norm on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i define a norm on
+one capital l1 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i have the space i have this norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have the space i have this norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i have the space i have this norm
+now it's not quite a norm because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not quite a norm because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it's not quite a norm because you
+can have riemann integrable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have riemann integrable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can have riemann integrable functions
+which are not 0 everywhere right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not 0 everywhere right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are not 0 everywhere right
+whose integral is 0. like if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose integral is 0. like if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whose integral is 0. like if you have a
+function that's zero except for at one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's zero except for at one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that's zero except for at one
+point and at that one point it's five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and at that one point it's five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and at that one point it's five
+well the function's non-zero but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the function's non-zero but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well the function's non-zero but the
+integral is zero so this is a semi-norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is zero so this is a semi-norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral is zero so this is a semi-norm
+but let's imagine it's a norm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's imagine it's a norm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's imagine it's a norm
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+the problem is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if
+i mod out by those things that give me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mod out by those things that give me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mod out by those things that give me
+nor a semi norm equal to zero so that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor a semi norm equal to zero so that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nor a semi norm equal to zero so that i
+get an actual norm space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an actual norm space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get an actual norm space
+uh but ignore that for a minute let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but ignore that for a minute let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but ignore that for a minute let's
+just imagine that this is an actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine that this is an actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just imagine that this is an actual
+honest-to-god norm then this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ends up being this is not a banach space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being this is not a banach space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being this is not a banach space
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+one reason to to consider more general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason to to consider more general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one reason to to consider more general
+integration is because riemann
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is because riemann
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration is because riemann
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+or at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or at least
+sp only restricting to those functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp only restricting to those functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sp only restricting to those functions
+which are riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are riemann integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are riemann integrable
+does not give you a bonus space this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not give you a bonus space this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not give you a bonus space this is
+not this is a norm space you know modulo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is a norm space you know modulo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not this is a norm space you know modulo
+this little bit that there are functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little bit that there are functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this little bit that there are functions
+that have norm zero that aren't exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have norm zero that aren't exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that have norm zero that aren't exactly
+identify identically zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify identically zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identify identically zero
+but um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um
+it's not a bonux base it's not complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a bonux base it's not complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not a bonux base it's not complete
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and in functional analysis we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in functional analysis we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in functional analysis we're
+interested in function in spaces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in function in spaces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in function in spaces that
+are complete all right and not just in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complete all right and not just in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are complete all right and not just in
+functional analysis uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional analysis uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional analysis uh
+for the abstract love of it but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the abstract love of it but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the abstract love of it but
+you know in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know in in
+problems where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems where
+you know as i said at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as i said at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know as i said at the beginning of
+this course where you have you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course where you have you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this course where you have you know
+differential equations or some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations or some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differential equations or some sort of
+functional defined on some space of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional defined on some space of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional defined on some space of
+functions you want to deal with complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you want to deal with complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions you want to deal with complete
+spaces and a lot of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and a lot of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaces and a lot of um
+and a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a lot of
+functionals are defined on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals are defined on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionals are defined on
+you know not just l1 but say lp where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not just l1 but say lp where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know not just l1 but say lp where
+now i replace this by p power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i replace this by p power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i replace this by p power
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so in order to to be able to say certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to to be able to say certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in order to to be able to say certain
+things exist or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things exist or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things exist or
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+get to the the heart of the subject i i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the the heart of the subject i i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to the the heart of the subject i i
+need these spaces to be complete and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these spaces to be complete and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need these spaces to be complete and if
+i just restrict to riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just restrict to riemann integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just restrict to riemann integrable
+functions it's not complete so we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions it's not complete so we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions it's not complete so we have
+to do le bake uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do le bake uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do le bake uh
+integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration
+now what we'll find out is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we'll find out is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what we'll find out is that
+and this is how it's done in the in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how it's done in the in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is how it's done in the in the
+original notes for this class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original notes for this class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original notes for this class
+is that okay this is not a bonus space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay this is not a bonus space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that okay this is not a bonus space
+but i can take its completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can take its completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but i can take its completion
+just like the set of rational numbers is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the set of rational numbers is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like the set of rational numbers is
+not complete i can take its what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not complete i can take its what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not complete i can take its what's
+called completion and get the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called completion and get the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called completion and get the set of
+real numbers i could take this space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers i could take this space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers i could take this space
+take its completion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its completion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take its completion
+and what i get is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i get is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what i get is a
+you know abstract space which i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know abstract space which i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know abstract space which i can
+actually identify with the space of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identify with the space of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually identify with the space of the
+bag integrable functions that's how i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag integrable functions that's how i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bag integrable functions that's how i
+was done in the notes but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done in the notes but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was done in the notes but
+i don't want to do it that way instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to do it that way instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to do it that way instead
+we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just going to
+build up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build up
+the bag measure and integration from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag measure and integration from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bag measure and integration from the
+ground up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ground up
+and we will see at one point that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will see at one point that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will see at one point that
+these functions are in fact dense in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions are in fact dense in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these functions are in fact dense in the
+space of le bake integrable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of le bake integrable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space of le bake integrable functions
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+we conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the abstract completion if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the abstract completion if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the abstract completion if you
+haven't covered completions that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't covered completions that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't covered completions that's fine
+of this space is in fact uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this space is in fact uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this space is in fact uh
+the integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integrable
+the space of lebago integrable functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of lebago integrable functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the space of lebago integrable functions
+okay so summoning you know summing it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so summoning you know summing it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so summoning you know summing it up
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we have to do the bag measure and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do the bag measure and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to do the bag measure and
+integration because these spaces are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration because these spaces are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration because these spaces are not
+complete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we have better convergence theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have better convergence theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have better convergence theorems
+in these spaces but it just takes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these spaces but it just takes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in these spaces but it just takes a
+little bit a little bit of effort to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit a little bit of effort to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit a little bit of effort to
+learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn
+not much but i mean it's quite intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much but i mean it's quite intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not much but i mean it's quite intuitive
+once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you
+start seeing the arguments and going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing the arguments and going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start seeing the arguments and going
+through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we're going to be defining a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to be defining a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we're going to be defining a new
+notion of integration that's more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of integration that's more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of integration that's more
+general than than riemann integration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than than riemann integration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than than riemann integration
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know integration should somehow be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know integration should somehow be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know integration should somehow be
+the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the
+theory of area underneath the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of area underneath the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of area underneath the curve
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the simplest type of functions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest type of functions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the simplest type of functions you
+should consider first is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consider first is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should consider first is
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+if i have a subset e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know my maybe it's crazy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my maybe it's crazy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know my maybe it's crazy
+or maybe it's simple and i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's simple and i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe it's simple and i have a
+function which is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function which is just
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one when i'm on it and zero otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so i'll denote this function by one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'll denote this function by one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so i'll denote this function by one
+with the e beneath it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the e beneath it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the e beneath it
+then in some sense you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in some sense you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in some sense you know
+i want to be able to integrate this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to be able to integrate this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to be able to integrate this
+function so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function so
+one e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one e
+is the function that's one if x is in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function that's one if x is in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the function that's one if x is in e
+and 0 if x is not an e so if e is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 if x is not an e so if e is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and 0 if x is not an e so if e is just
+the interval a b then i just have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval a b then i just have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval a b then i just have the
+function that 0 outside of a b and 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that 0 outside of a b and 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function that 0 outside of a b and 1
+over a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a b
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+question is how do we integrate such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do we integrate such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how do we integrate such
+functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions
+or our first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or our first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or our first uh
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+task is to define the integral for these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is to define the integral for these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task is to define the integral for these
+types of functions well you know since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of functions well you know since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of functions well you know since
+the integral should be a theory of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral should be a theory of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral should be a theory of the
+area underneath the curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area underneath the curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area underneath the curve
+for example if e equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if e equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example if e equals
+so this is all just discussion right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all just discussion right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is all just discussion right now
+i should add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i should add
+so you know this is motivation in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this is motivation in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know this is motivation in a
+minute i'll get to definitions and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute i'll get to definitions and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute i'll get to definitions and
+theorems but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorems but
+this is just discussion if e equals a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just discussion if e equals a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just discussion if e equals a b
+so that i'm just uh you know i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i'm just uh you know i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i'm just uh you know i have
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 outside
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the integral of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy
+in whatever sense i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in whatever since this integral is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in whatever since this integral is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in whatever since this integral is this
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+at least the area underneath this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the area underneath this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least the area underneath this curve
+so it should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it should be
+v minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v minus a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v minus a
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+which is you know the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is you know the length of
+the interval a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore you know if we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you know if we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore you know if we have a
+general set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we should you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should you know
+expect that our integral over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that our integral over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect that our integral over
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the function which is 1 on e and 0 off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function which is 1 on e and 0 off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the function which is 1 on e and 0 off
+it should somehow this should be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should somehow this should be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it should somehow this should be the
+length of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of e
+but length is not a very good word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but length is not a very good word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but length is not a very good word
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+you know length applies to an interval a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know length applies to an interval a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know length applies to an interval a
+b because there's kind of a start and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b because there's kind of a start and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b because there's kind of a start and
+there's a stop and everything in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a stop and everything in between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a stop and everything in between
+is is in the set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is in the set so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is in the set so
+uh rather than write uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather than write uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh rather than write uh
+the length of e i'll write m of e and m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of e i'll write m of e and m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of e i'll write m of e and m
+of v being the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i'll say is a a measure of e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'll say is a a measure of e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'll say is a a measure of e
+okay a measure of how much of e there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a measure of how much of e there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay a measure of how much of e there is
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+our first task if we're hoping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first task if we're hoping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first task if we're hoping to
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+develop a notion of integration more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a notion of integration more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+develop a notion of integration more
+general than riemann in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than riemann in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general than riemann in which
+you know resulting spaces are banach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know resulting spaces are banach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know resulting spaces are banach
+space that's that's really the goal in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's that's really the goal in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space that's that's really the goal in
+the end we should start by defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we should start by defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end we should start by defining
+what does this mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does this mean
+right what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right what is
+a measure of a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of a set
+which sets are we measuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sets are we measuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which sets are we measuring
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know our task right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+before we even get to integration we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we even get to integration we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we even get to integration we
+should be able to integrate the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to integrate the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to integrate the simplest
+types of functions and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of functions and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of functions and this
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know requires us to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know requires us to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know requires us to be able to
+define the measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsets of r okay and this is the bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of r okay and this is the bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets of r okay and this is the bag
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+all right that that will be developing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that that will be developing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that that will be developing
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+properties that we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties that we want
+that kind of you know a reasonable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of you know a reasonable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of you know a reasonable
+measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of
+sets to have so you know the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets to have so you know the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets to have so you know the first one
+we would like is we should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like is we should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would like is we should be able to
+measure everything what's awful about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure everything what's awful about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure everything what's awful about
+riemann integration is we can't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integration is we can't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integration is we can't really
+integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+any function but we can't even integrate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function but we can't even integrate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any function but we can't even integrate
+this function when e is like say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function when e is like say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this function when e is like say the
+rational numbers between 0 and 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers between 0 and 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational numbers between 0 and 1.
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+i have the function which is 1 on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the function which is 1 on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have the function which is 1 on the
+rationals and 0 off of that that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals and 0 off of that that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rationals and 0 off of that that's not
+riemann integrable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integrable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+riemann integrable
+so i would like to be able to measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would like to be able to measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would like to be able to measure
+you know any subset of real numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i would like to be able to define the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would like to be able to define the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i would like to be able to define the
+measure of any subset of real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of any subset of real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of any subset of real numbers
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the second property i would like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second property i would like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second property i would like
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+kind of a sanity check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sanity check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of a sanity check
+that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i
+is an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the measure of e should be the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of e should be the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of e should be the length of
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and by i i mean you know half open half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by i i mean you know half open half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and by i i mean you know half open half
+closed uh i guess a half open is half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed uh i guess a half open is half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed uh i guess a half open is half
+closed uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closed uh
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+you know closed open interval it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know closed open interval it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know closed open interval it should
+the measure of that should not care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of that should not care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of that should not care
+about you know missing the two endpoints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know missing the two endpoints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about you know missing the two endpoints
+and i should just get out the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i should just get out the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i should just get out the length of
+that interval b minus a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+third property property is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third property property is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third property property is
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+a measure of the whole should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the whole should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a measure of the whole should be
+the the sum of the measures of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of the measures of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of the measures of the of
+its parts okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its parts okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its parts okay
+um if i have some set which can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if i have some set which can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if i have some set which can be
+written as you know a union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as you know a union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+written as you know a union of
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+this of disjoint chunks then the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of disjoint chunks then the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this of disjoint chunks then the measure
+of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that
+whole set should be the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set should be the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole set should be the sum of the
+measure of the individual chunks so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the individual chunks so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the individual chunks so
+that's stated as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if en is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint
+sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets
+so think of these as making up a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of these as making up a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so think of these as making up a bigger
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+and this is a i should say a countable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collection of disjoint sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of disjoint sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of disjoint sets
+then i would like for the measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i would like for the measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i would like for the measure of
+their union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their union
+to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be
+the sum of the measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right this is a reasonable thing to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a reasonable thing to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right this is a reasonable thing to to
+ask for okay the measure of the whole is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for okay the measure of the whole is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask for okay the measure of the whole is
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the sum of the measure of the parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the measure of the parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the measure of the parts and
+then the last one which is kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last one which is kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the last one which is kind of
+specific to how we view r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to how we view r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific to how we view r
+is if i take a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if i take a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is if i take a set
+here next to where i'm standing and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here next to where i'm standing and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here next to where i'm standing and then
+i take that set don't do anything to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take that set don't do anything to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i take that set don't do anything to it
+i just walk it over here and take its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just walk it over here and take its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just walk it over here and take its
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+that measure uh the measure of this set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measure uh the measure of this set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that measure uh the measure of this set
+which i've now walked over here should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've now walked over here should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which i've now walked over here should
+be the same as the measure of that set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the measure of that set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be the same as the measure of that set
+over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over
+when i was standing over here so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was standing over here so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when i was standing over here so we
+should like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should like
+m to be translation and variant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning if e is an r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+x is an element of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure
+of the set x plus e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the set x plus e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the set x plus e
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+means the measure of the set of elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the measure of the set of elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means the measure of the set of elements
+x plus y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x plus y
+or y is in e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or y is in e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or y is in e
+so just take e and shift it by x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just take e and shift it by x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so just take e and shift it by x
+this should be the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be the same as
+the measure of the original set e
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of the original set e
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of the original set e
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+unfortunately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately
+uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is impossible okay to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is impossible okay to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is impossible okay to have a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know function which is defined up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know function which is defined up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know function which is defined up
+uh on every subset of real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on every subset of real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on every subset of real numbers
+satisfying these three properties okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying these three properties okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying these three properties okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's very unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such a function m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a function m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a function m
+going from the power set of r meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from the power set of r meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from the power set of r meaning
+the set of all subsets of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all subsets of r
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the set of all subsets of r
+and of course this thing should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this thing should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and of course this thing should be
+non-negative since it's a measure of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative since it's a measure of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative since it's a measure of how
+much is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does not exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning what if you assume all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning what if you assume all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning what if you assume all of these
+four properties you'll be able to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four properties you'll be able to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four properties you'll be able to come
+up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a set
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which
+has finite measure and then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has finite measure and then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has finite measure and then also
+simultaneously has infinite measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously has infinite measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simultaneously has infinite measure
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's impossible to have a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is defined for every subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined for every subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is defined for every subset of
+real numbers satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers satisfying
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the conditions two three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions two three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions two three and four
+all right it's just not logically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's just not logically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right it's just not logically it's
+just not possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just not possible
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's unfortunate
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+what we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+drop the assumption that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the assumption that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop the assumption that
+measure is defined for every subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is defined for every subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is defined for every subset of
+real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real numbers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and focus on trying to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focus on trying to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and focus on trying to find a
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+set function i mean it's you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set function i mean it's you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set function i mean it's you know
+defined on subsets of real numbers so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on subsets of real numbers so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined on subsets of real numbers so
+that's why i'm calling it a set function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i'm calling it a set function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why i'm calling it a set function
+m which satisfies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m which satisfies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m which satisfies
+two three and four on a big collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and four on a big collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and four on a big collection
+of sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sets
+okay that's defined on a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's defined on a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's defined on a large
+collection of sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of sets
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and you know these sets for which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know these sets for which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know these sets for which
+such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such a
+measure will be defined on satisfying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure will be defined on satisfying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure will be defined on satisfying
+two three and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two three and four
+uh will be quite large in the end okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be quite large in the end okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will be quite large in the end okay
+this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the
+set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set
+of le bay measurable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of le bay measurable sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of le bay measurable sets
+and m is the big measure okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m is the big measure okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m is the big measure okay
+and so our goal is to construct the le
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our goal is to construct the le
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so our goal is to construct the le
+beg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beg
+measure and labaig integrable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is our task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or i guess we had that task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i guess we had that task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i guess we had that task
+before so what what is the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+construct an m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+defined on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+define for a large class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so defined for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so defined for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so defined for
+you know many different sets but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many different sets but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know many different sets but not
+neces but not you know every set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and these sets will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these sets will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these sets will be
+we will call the bake measurable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+the conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the conditions
+two through four hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two through four hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two through four hold
+right that if i have an interval the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that if i have an interval the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that if i have an interval the
+measure of that interval interval so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of that interval interval so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of that interval interval so
+first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first off
+this class of sets should contain all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class of sets should contain all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class of sets should contain all
+intervals and the measure of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and the measure of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals and the measure of that
+interval gives me the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval gives me the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval gives me the length of the
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+if i have a countable collection of sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a countable collection of sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i have a countable collection of sets
+for which i can measure then their union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which i can measure then their union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for which i can measure then their union
+is measurable and the measure of that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable and the measure of that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is measurable and the measure of that uh
+disjoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disjoint
+union is equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union is equal to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+union is equal to the sum of the
+measures and then it's also translation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and then it's also translation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures and then it's also translation
+invariant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invariant
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's
+the the plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it won't be defined on for for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it won't be defined on for for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it won't be defined on for for every
+set but it'll be defined for a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but it'll be defined for a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set but it'll be defined for a large
+class of sets which contain most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of sets which contain most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of sets which contain most
+reasonable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable sets
+and how we're going to do this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we're going to do this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how we're going to do this is
+you know is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know is
+kind of due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of due to
+carrot theodore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot theodore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrot theodore
+and we'll go about it like this we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go about it like this we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll go about it like this we'll
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so how we'll construct this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how we'll construct this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so how we'll construct this
+we'll first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+construct
+a function m star which is defined for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+every subset of real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every subset of real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every subset of real numbers
+okay this will call the outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which satisfies two namely that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which satisfies two namely that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which satisfies two namely that
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+m star of an interval is the length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m star of an interval is the length of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m star of an interval is the length of
+the interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the interval
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three
+and i shouldn't say three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i shouldn't say three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i shouldn't say three
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and almost three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then we restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+satisfying two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfying two
+almost three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and four
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+then we restrict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we restrict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we restrict
+m star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m star
+to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well-behaved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-behaved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well-behaved
+subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets
+of r these will be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r these will be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of r these will be the
+class of the bag measurable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of the bag measurable sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of the bag measurable sets
+and m will just be m star restricted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m will just be m star restricted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and m will just be m star restricted to
+these subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this is a plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a plan
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+you know this chapter this this part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this chapter this this part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this chapter this this part of
+the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course
+um again this is all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again this is all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um again this is all
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+okay so our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so our first
+topic will be m star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic will be m star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic will be m star
+which is called outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so this was all you know game plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was all you know game plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this was all you know game plan
+discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+you know if you didn't follow everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you didn't follow everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you didn't follow everything
+i just said that's fine you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just said that's fine you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just said that's fine you know you
+could start listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could start listening
+now because then i'm just going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because then i'm just going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because then i'm just going to start
+defining things and proving theorems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining things and proving theorems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defining things and proving theorems
+about them but you should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know the path that we're on so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the path that we're on so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the path that we're on so that
+you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't
+lose the forest through the trees or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the forest through the trees or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose the forest through the trees or
+something like that i think it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that i think it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like that i think it goes
+something like that anyways all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for an interval uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let me just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let me just
+note a little notation as i used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note a little notation as i used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note a little notation as i used a
+minute ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+is an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning open closed uh half open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning open closed uh half open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning open closed uh half open
+uh infinite uh little l of i denote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh infinite uh little l of i denote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh infinite uh little l of i denote
+denotes its length okay if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes its length okay if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denotes its length okay if it's
+unbounded then uh this just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded then uh this just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbounded then uh this just
+is a stand in for infinity okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and the length of the interval so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the length of the interval so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and the length of the interval so
+uh the length of you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the length of you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the length of you know a
+a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a b
+both uh including a b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh including a b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both uh including a b
+or not or over one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not or over one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or not or over one and
+maybe not the other is equal to b minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not the other is equal to b minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe not the other is equal to b minus
+a okay regardless if it's an open close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay regardless if it's an open close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a okay regardless if it's an open close
+or half open interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or half open interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or half open interval
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for a subset of real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a subset of real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a subset of real numbers
+we define its outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+to find the outer measure of a this is m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the outer measure of a this is m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find the outer measure of a this is m
+star of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star of a
+this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to
+the infimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum of
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+sum of lengths of i sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of lengths of i sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of lengths of i sub n
+and what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are
+the i sub n's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i sub n's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the i sub n's
+this is equal where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal where
+i sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sub n
+is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a
+countable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open intervals
+such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that
+a is contained in their union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is contained in their union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a is contained in their union
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so um how i compute the outer measure so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um how i compute the outer measure so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um how i compute the outer measure so
+i can i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can i
+you know can cover any set any subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can cover any set any subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know can cover any set any subset of
+the real numbers by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real numbers by
+a union of open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a union of open intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a union of open intervals
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so then the outer measure is then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the outer measure is then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so then the outer measure is then
+defined as the infimum of the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the infimum of the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined as the infimum of the sum of the
+lengths of these open intervals okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of these open intervals okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of these open intervals okay so
+you know you have your set you cover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have your set you cover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you have your set you cover it
+by open intervals you sum up the length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by open intervals you sum up the length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by open intervals you sum up the length
+of the open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the open intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the open intervals
+this gives you some rough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you some rough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you some rough
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you know approximation to the size of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know approximation to the size of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know approximation to the size of a
+and now if you make those intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you make those intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now if you make those intervals
+smaller and smaller and smaller then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller and smaller and smaller then you
+should be picking up more detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be picking up more detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be picking up more detailed
+information and so the infimum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so the infimum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information and so the infimum of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+the sum of the length of these intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the length of these intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of the length of these intervals
+that are covering a this gives you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are covering a this gives you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are covering a this gives you the
+outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me give you the stupidest example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you the stupidest example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me give you the stupidest example
+ever which is the outer measure of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever which is the outer measure of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ever which is the outer measure of a
+point right so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point right so let's say
+i don't know the set containing just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know the set containing just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know the set containing just one
+so i claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or the set containing zero the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the set containing zero the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the set containing zero the outer
+measure of this is just zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of this is just zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of this is just zero
+okay so you know the set with just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know the set with just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you know the set with just one
+point should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point should
+it doesn't fill anything so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fill anything so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't fill anything so they
+shouldn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+shouldn't have a positive measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have a positive measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shouldn't have a positive measure
+at least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least
+you know if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know wanting to to have measure b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wanting to to have measure b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know wanting to to have measure b
+related to length okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+why is this well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this well
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let epsilon be positive what i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let epsilon be positive what i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let epsilon be positive what i'm going
+to show is that the outer measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show is that the outer measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show is that the outer measure of
+this set is less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is less than epsilon
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and since this is always a non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this is always a non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since this is always a non-negative
+number it's the infimum over a subset of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's the infimum over a subset of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number it's the infimum over a subset of
+positive numbers so therefore that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers so therefore that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive numbers so therefore that
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+in femum is always non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in femum is always non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in femum is always non-negative
+so that i should note that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i should note that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that i should note that this is
+always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always
+bigger than or equal to zero so i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to zero so i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than or equal to zero so i'm
+going to show that the outer measure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show that the outer measure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show that the outer measure is
+less than epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than epsilon
+then the set containing only 0 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the set containing only 0 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the set containing only 0 is
+contained in the open interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon over 2 minus epsilon over 2 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2 minus epsilon over 2 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2 minus epsilon over 2 to
+epsilon over 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2.
+and therefore the outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+of zero which is the infimum of the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero which is the infimum of the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zero which is the infimum of the sum
+of links over all collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of links over all collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of links over all collection of
+intervals covering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals covering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals covering a
+this should be less than or equal to if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be less than or equal to if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be less than or equal to if
+i just take one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just take one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i just take one of these
+so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a
+length of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+now the measure of this is always less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the measure of this is always less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the measure of this is always less
+than is less than or equal to epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than is less than or equal to epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than is less than or equal to epsilon
+for all epsilon positive so then i can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon positive so then i can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all epsilon positive so then i can
+take send epsilon to zero and i get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this measure outer measure is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+so again the outer measure is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the outer measure is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so again the outer measure is
+the infimum of the sum of lengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum of the sum of lengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the infimum of the sum of lengths of
+intervals of open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of open intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals of open intervals
+where these open intervals cover a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these open intervals cover a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where these open intervals cover a
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+simplest one is you know the set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one is you know the set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest one is you know the set
+containing a single point it has measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a single point it has measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+containing a single point it has measure
+zero now i bet if you sit and think for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now i bet if you sit and think for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero now i bet if you sit and think for
+a little bit you can then prove that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit you can then prove that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit you can then prove that the
+outer measure of a set containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure of a set containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure of a set containing
+finitely many points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finitely many points
+this is also zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is also zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and if you work a little bit harder you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you work a little bit harder you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you work a little bit harder you
+can even prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even prove that
+the measure of a countable set is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of a countable set is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of a countable set is also
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+just based on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on uh
+what we've done here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've done here
+just based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just based on the
+um you know what let's let's do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what let's let's do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you know what let's let's do that
+that's a fun exercise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+countable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the measure of a equals 0. so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of a equals 0. so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of a equals 0. so for
+example the rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example the rational numbers
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+countable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable
+there's a lot of rational numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of rational numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of rational numbers
+throughout r but they have measure zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout r but they have measure zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout r but they have measure zero
+they they don't fill anything in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't fill anything in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they they don't fill anything in a
+certain sense okay not feel as in f-e-l
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense okay not feel as in f-e-l
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain sense okay not feel as in f-e-l
+phil as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phil as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phil as an
+f-i-l-l um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-i-l-l um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f-i-l-l um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the proof of this so a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the proof of this so a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the proof of this so a
+if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is countable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is countable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is countable
+then i can list the elements of a i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can list the elements of a i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can list the elements of a i mean
+a being countable means there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a being countable means there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a being countable means there's a
+bijection from a to the natural numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection from a to the natural numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bijection from a to the natural numbers
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and i'll do the countably infinite one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll do the countably infinite one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll do the countably infinite one
+and lo and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lo and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and lo and and
+leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leave the
+uh finite case to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that means there exists a bijection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means there exists a bijection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that means there exists a bijection
+from a to the natural numbers but that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to the natural numbers but that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a to the natural numbers but that
+just means that i can list the elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that i can list the elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that i can list the elements
+of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a
+a1 a2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 a2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a1 a2
+a3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a3
+a4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a4
+and so on okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on okay
+and write it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+i am just like i did a minute ago i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am just like i did a minute ago i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am just like i did a minute ago i'm
+going to show that the outer measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show that the outer measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to show that the outer measure of
+this set is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this set is less than or equal to
+epsilon where epsilon's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon where epsilon's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon where epsilon's a
+arbitrary positive number and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary positive number and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary positive number and therefore
+the the outer measure has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the outer measure has to be zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the outer measure has to be zero
+let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we will show uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will show uh
+the outer measure of a which is again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure of a which is again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure of a which is again a
+non-negative number is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-negative number is less than or
+equal to epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+any number that's less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number that's less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any number that's less than or equal to
+any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any
+an arbitrarily small number has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrarily small number has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an arbitrarily small number has to be
+zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let i n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let i n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let i n
+be the interval that takes the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+epsilon over two n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two n plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over two n plus one
+um i should write it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a sub n minus epsilon over two n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n minus epsilon over two n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n minus epsilon over two n plus
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one
+a sub n plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sub n plus
+epsilon over two n plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+i sub n is an open interval that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sub n is an open interval that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i sub n is an open interval that
+contains a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so
+a is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+this countable union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or this union a discountable union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this union a discountable union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or this union a discountable union of
+open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open intervals
+and since the outer measure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the outer measure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and since the outer measure is the
+infimum of the sum of lengths of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infimum of the sum of lengths of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infimum of the sum of lengths of
+open intervals covering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open intervals covering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open intervals covering a
+this implies that the measure the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the measure the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this implies that the measure the outer
+measure of a which again is the infimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of a which again is the infimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of a which again is the infimum
+so it's smaller than uh the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's smaller than uh the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's smaller than uh the sum of
+lengths of open intervals covering a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of open intervals covering a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths of open intervals covering a
+this is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is less than or equal to
+some n equals 1 to infinity of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n equals 1 to infinity of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some n equals 1 to infinity of the
+length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length
+of i n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of i n
+which equals sum from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals sum from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which equals sum from
+n equals 1 to infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n equals 1 to infinity
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+now the length of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the length of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the length of each of these
+intervals is epsilon over 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+the sum from n equals 1 to infinity of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from n equals 1 to infinity of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum from n equals 1 to infinity of
+epsilon over 2 to the n this is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2 to the n this is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2 to the n this is just
+epsilon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh the outer measure is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the outer measure is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the outer measure is less than
+epsilon since epsilon was arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+and the outer measure is non-negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outer measure is non-negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the outer measure is non-negative
+that we conclude that the outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we conclude that the outer measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we conclude that the outer measure
+has to be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i mean
+this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument
+we can generalize this argument a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generalize this argument a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can generalize this argument a little
+bit to prove something that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to prove something that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to prove something that um
+you know i'm getting i'm a little out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm getting i'm a little out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm getting i'm a little out of
+what i'm about to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm about to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i'm about to do is
+slightly out of order but we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly out of order but we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly out of order but we can
+generalize the argument we just gave and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize the argument we just gave and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generalize the argument we just gave and
+i want to do it now since it's there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to do it now since it's there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to do it now since it's there and
+we just did it to prove uh that outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did it to prove uh that outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we just did it to prove uh that outer
+measure satisfies something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure satisfies something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure satisfies something that's
+almost like three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost like three okay
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and it's kind of a generalization of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of a generalization of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's kind of a generalization of
+this argument except for this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument except for this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this argument except for this argument
+we were able to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were able to give
+explicit i sub n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit i sub n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicit i sub n so
+we have the following theorem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following theorem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have the following theorem
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+well first off let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first off let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first off let me
+state that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that
+a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very easy
+property of outer measure is that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of outer measure is that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+property of outer measure is that if i
+have two subsets of real numbers and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two subsets of real numbers and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have two subsets of real numbers and a
+is contained in b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is contained in b
+then the outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the outer measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the outer measure
+of a is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a is less than or equal to
+the outer measure of b
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure of b
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure of b
+right because this just follows from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this just follows from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because this just follows from the
+definition any covering of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition any covering of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition any covering of
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+b by open intervals is a covering of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b by open intervals is a covering of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b by open intervals is a covering of a
+by open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by open intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by open intervals
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and therefore the enthemum has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the enthemum has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore the enthemum has to be
+less than or equal to the sum of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the sum of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the sum of those
+lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lengths
+or i should say then the outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i should say then the outer measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or i should say then the outer measure
+has to be less than or equal to the sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be less than or equal to the sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has to be less than or equal to the sum
+of those lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those lengths
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+thus the infimum over all of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the infimum over all of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thus the infimum over all of those
+intervals covering b which is the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals covering b which is the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals covering b which is the outer
+measure has to be bigger than or equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure has to be bigger than or equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure has to be bigger than or equal
+to the outer measure of a so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outer measure of a so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the outer measure of a so
+you know just think about it for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just think about it for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just think about it for a
+minute but this should be pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but this should be pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute but this should be pretty much
+clear from the definition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from the definition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear from the definition
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the next theorem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know we have something that's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have something that's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we have something that's like
+three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let and be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection
+the accountable collection i should say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accountable collection i should say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the accountable collection i should say
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+here n is a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n is a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n is a natural number
+collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets
+of r
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then
+the outer measure of their union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure of their union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure of their union
+so this is just arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is just arbitrary
+subsets i mean they don't have to be dis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets i mean they don't have to be dis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsets i mean they don't have to be dis
+pairwise disjoint like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+like uh one and three but so just an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh one and three but so just an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like uh one and three but so just an
+arbitrary collection if i take the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary collection if i take the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary collection if i take the outer
+measure of the union this is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the union this is less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the union this is less than
+or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or equal to
+uh the sum of the outer measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in particular if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in particular if
+this collection is a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collection is a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this collection is a collection of
+pairwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairwise
+disjoint sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the measure of the hole is less than or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of the hole is less than or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of the hole is less than or
+equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal
+less than or equal to the sum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the sum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than or equal to the sum of the
+measure of the parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the parts
+which is like half of the three that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like half of the three that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like half of the three that we
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're getting there but anyways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're getting there but anyways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're getting there but anyways
+so let's prove this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if there exists an n such that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it has infinite outer measure just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has infinite outer measure just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has infinite outer measure just
+meaning that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning that the
+that subset that i'm taking then femum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subset that i'm taking then femum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that subset that i'm taking then femum
+over is unbounded uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over is unbounded uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over is unbounded uh uh
+or or no no that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or no no that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or or no no that's
+not what i mean but um if that infiemium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what i mean but um if that infiemium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not what i mean but um if that infiemium
+is infinite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+meaning i can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaning i can't
+cover the set by a collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the set by a collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cover the set by a collection of
+intervals whose sum of links is a finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals whose sum of links is a finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals whose sum of links is a finite
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is infinite meaning it's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite meaning it's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite meaning it's it's not
+convergent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convergent
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this inequality is true right i mean i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality is true right i mean i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality is true right i mean i'm
+just then i'm just saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just then i'm just saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just then i'm just saying
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+something is less than or equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is less than or equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something is less than or equal to
+infinity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinity
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah
+or now i'm treating infinity like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or now i'm treating infinity like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or now i'm treating infinity like an
+extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extended
+an element of the extended real numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of the extended real numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an element of the extended real numbers
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if
+one of the measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the measures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the measures
+is infinite or if this series diverges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite or if this series diverges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is infinite or if this series diverges
+and i just get an infinite number then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just get an infinite number then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i just get an infinite number then
+this inequality holds trivially so let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality holds trivially so let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this inequality holds trivially so let's
+just consider the case when uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consider the case when uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just consider the case when uh
+so we just need to consider the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just need to consider the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we just need to consider the case
+when all of the measures are finite and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all of the measures are finite and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when all of the measures are finite and
+the sum of the measures is finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose
+well in the outer measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the outer measure the sum of the outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure the sum of the outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure the sum of the outer
+measures converges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures converges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures converges
+so it's finite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's finite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's finite
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this is a argument you have to get used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a argument you have to get used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a argument you have to get used
+to that instead of proving the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that instead of proving the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to that instead of proving the
+inequality that you want to prove you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that you want to prove you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality that you want to prove you
+prove this inequality plus epsilon where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this inequality plus epsilon where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove this inequality plus epsilon where
+epsilon's an arbitrary thing arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon's an arbitrary thing arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon's an arbitrary thing arbitrary
+positive number um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positive number um
+just to give yourself a little room and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give yourself a little room and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to give yourself a little room and
+then if you're able to prove the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you're able to prove the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you're able to prove the
+inequality you want plus epsilon where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality you want plus epsilon where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inequality you want plus epsilon where
+epsilon's an arbitrary positive number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon's an arbitrary positive number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon's an arbitrary positive number
+then the equal the inequality holds uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the equal the inequality holds uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the equal the inequality holds uh
+by letting epsilon go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so um
+that's the goal is we're going to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal is we're going to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the goal is we're going to prove
+that inequality with an epsilon on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inequality with an epsilon on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that inequality with an epsilon on the
+on the right hand side so plus an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side so plus an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the right hand side so plus an
+epsilon let epsilon be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for each n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each n
+let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collection i n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection i n sub k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection i n sub k
+k a natural number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k a natural number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+k a natural number
+be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+collection of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of
+open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+covering a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i sub n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+so remember the outer uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the outer uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so remember the outer uh
+measure is an infimum so if i go above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is an infimum so if i go above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure is an infimum so if i go above
+this in femur a little bit i can always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in femur a little bit i can always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in femur a little bit i can always
+find a collection of open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a collection of open intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find a collection of open intervals
+covering the set whose sum of lengths is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the set whose sum of lengths is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+covering the set whose sum of lengths is
+less than that in femum plus a small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than that in femum plus a small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less than that in femum plus a small
+number so and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number so and
+sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sum of
+k equals 1 to infinity of i n sub k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to the n
+okay again just because this is defined
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again just because this is defined
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay again just because this is defined
+as an infimum and so i can always for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an infimum and so i can always for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as an infimum and so i can always for
+any little bit if i go above it or a sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any little bit if i go above it or a sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any little bit if i go above it or a sub
+n sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n sorry
+if i go above it then i should be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go above it then i should be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go above it then i should be able
+to find a collection of open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a collection of open intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to find a collection of open intervals
+so that the sum of the links god what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the sum of the links god what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that the sum of the links god what is
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+some of links
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's the end of the day so i'm starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the end of the day so i'm starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the end of the day so i'm starting
+to make careless board mistakes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and now
+each of these collections for each in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these collections for each in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these collections for each in
+cover the ace of ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and therefore
+the union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union
+of the ace of ends is contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ace of ends is contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the ace of ends is contained
+in the union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+an n k n n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an n k n n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an n k n n
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+uh i n k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i n k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i n k
+so this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is a
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+collection of open intervals covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of open intervals covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection of open intervals covering
+this union is accountable yes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this union is accountable yes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this union is accountable yes because
+it's in one to one correspondence with n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in one to one correspondence with n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in one to one correspondence with n
+cross n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross n
+n cross n is again a countable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accountable set so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is a countable collection of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a countable collection of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a countable collection of open
+intervals covering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals covering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals covering
+the union of a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of a sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union of a sub n
+and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the measure of a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of a sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the measure of a sub n
+should be less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be less than or equal to the
+length of the sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is equal to sum over n sum over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to sum over n sum over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is equal to sum over n sum over
+k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i am k and this is less than sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am k and this is less than sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i am k and this is less than sum
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+if i'm summing in k remember i have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm summing in k remember i have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i'm summing in k remember i have that
+the sum in k is less than m star of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum in k is less than m star of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum in k is less than m star of a
+sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+epsilon over 2 to the n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2 to the n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+epsilon over 2 to the n
+and now i'm summing an n so n is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm summing an n so n is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now i'm summing an n so n is going
+from 1 to infinity and so is k
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to infinity and so is k
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 1 to infinity and so is k
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this equals the sum of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equals the sum of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this equals the sum of n
+m star of a sub n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m star of a sub n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+m star of a sub n
+plus epsilon so i started with ah i keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon so i started with ah i keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus epsilon so i started with ah i keep
+making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+silly mistakes i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sorry about that so i started with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that so i started with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry about that so i started with the
+measure of the union of the ace of ends
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the union of the ace of ends
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure of the union of the ace of ends
+it's less than or equal to the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than or equal to the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's less than or equal to the sum of
+the lengths of these open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lengths of these open intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lengths of these open intervals
+that cover a sub uh cover this union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cover a sub uh cover this union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cover a sub uh cover this union
+because the outer measure is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the outer measure is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the outer measure is the
+enthemum over all such sums
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's equal to this sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's equal to this sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's equal to this sum
+how did we choose these open intervals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we choose these open intervals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did we choose these open intervals
+we chose them so that these lengths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose them so that these lengths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we chose them so that these lengths
+the sum and k of these links gives me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and k of these links gives me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum and k of these links gives me
+approximately the outer measure of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the outer measure of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately the outer measure of each
+ace of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ace of n
+plus a little error and i chose this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a little error and i chose this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus a little error and i chose this
+error so that it's summable if i would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so that it's summable if i would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error so that it's summable if i would
+have just put epsilon here i would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just put epsilon here i would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have just put epsilon here i would have
+been summing something that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been summing something that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been summing something that doesn't
+can't be summed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be summed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't be summed
+and in the end i get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end i get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in the end i get this
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i've shown that for all epsilon positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown that for all epsilon positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i've shown that for all epsilon positive
+the outer measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the union is less than or equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union is less than or equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the union is less than or equal to the
+sum of the outer measures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plus epsilon i guess less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now i just let epsilon go to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i just let epsilon go to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now i just let epsilon go to zero
+and i conclude that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the bound that i want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound that i want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bound that i want
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this also gives a second proof if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this also gives a second proof if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this also gives a second proof if you
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+of what we proved a minute ago that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we proved a minute ago that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what we proved a minute ago that
+countable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countable sets
+have measure zero and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have measure zero and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have measure zero and if you
+you know and what we did right there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and what we did right there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know and what we did right there
+which is one uh one element right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one uh one element right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is one uh one element right
+um we proved that the set containing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we proved that the set containing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we proved that the set containing
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+one element has outer measure zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element has outer measure zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one element has outer measure zero
+a countable set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a countable set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a countable set
+is equal to a union
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a union
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to a union
+of such sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of such sets
+we've shown that the outer measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that the outer measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've shown that the outer measure of
+this union which would be this countable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this union which would be this countable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this union which would be this countable
+set is less than or equal to the sum of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is less than or equal to the sum of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set is less than or equal to the sum of
+the outer measure of the individual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure of the individual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure of the individual
+points in that set and we did in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in that set and we did in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points in that set and we did in this
+example we did it for zero but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we did it for zero but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example we did it for zero but it
+doesn't matter that it was zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that it was zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't matter that it was zero
+that the outer measure of a singleton a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the outer measure of a singleton a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the outer measure of a singleton a
+set with a single point is zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set with a single point is zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set with a single point is zero and
+therefore the sum would be zero and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the sum would be zero and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore the sum would be zero and we
+would conclude that the outer measure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would conclude that the outer measure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would conclude that the outer measure of
+a countable set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a countable set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a countable set
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+is zero so that's a second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so that's a second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero so that's a second
+uh proof showing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proof showing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proof showing that
+um the outer measure of a countable set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the outer measure of a countable set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the outer measure of a countable set
+is zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+okay so we've shown that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've shown that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we've shown that
+outer measure is so this is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure is so this is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure is so this is something
+that's defined for every subset of real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined for every subset of real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined for every subset of real
+numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers
+um and that it satisfies three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that it satisfies three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and that it satisfies three
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm going to leave it's actually going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to leave it's actually going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to leave it's actually going
+to be an exercise in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an exercise in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be an exercise in in
+the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+outer measure also satisfies four the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure also satisfies four the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure also satisfies four the
+outer measure of a set shifted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure of a set shifted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure of a set shifted
+is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to
+the outer measure of the original set
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure of the original set
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outer measure of the original set
+why is this a way to think about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this a way to think about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why is this a way to think about it is
+that if something holds for open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if something holds for open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if something holds for open
+intervals it should hold for outer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals it should hold for outer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals it should hold for outer
+measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you know outer measure is defined in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know outer measure is defined in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know outer measure is defined in in
+terms of sums of lengths of open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of sums of lengths of open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of sums of lengths of open
+intervals so if i take an open interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals so if i take an open interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intervals so if i take an open interval
+and shift it then its length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shift it then its length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and shift it then its length
+does not change right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not change right
+the length of a b is the same as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of a b is the same as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the length of a b is the same as the
+length of a plus x to b plus x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a plus x to b plus x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length of a plus x to b plus x
+right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so
+you know it's going to be an exercise in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's going to be an exercise in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's going to be an exercise in
+the assignment that outer measure in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment that outer measure in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assignment that outer measure in
+fact satisfies four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact satisfies four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact satisfies four
+so what's left and what we'll do next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's left and what we'll do next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's left and what we'll do next
+time is show that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is show that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time is show that
+if i is an interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i is an interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i is an interval
+that the outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the outer measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the outer measure
+is the same as the length of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the length of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the same as the length of the
+interval
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interval
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and as intuitive as that is it takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as intuitive as that is it takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as intuitive as that is it takes
+just a little bit of work to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of work to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a little bit of work to show
+not too much but just just a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much but just just a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not too much but just just a little
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and that'll complete our construction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll complete our construction of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that'll complete our construction of
+outer measure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure
+which is this you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is this set function which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this set function which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is this set function which
+satisfies one through four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies one through four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfies one through four
+but not next but not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not next but not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not next but not
+three really it satisfies almost three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three really it satisfies almost three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three really it satisfies almost three
+okay and then once we restrict that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then once we restrict that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then once we restrict that
+outer measure to a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure to a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outer measure to a certain
+class of subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class of subsets
+certain well-behaved subsets then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain well-behaved subsets then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain well-behaved subsets then we'll
+be able to get uh three and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get uh three and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to get uh three and that
+you know class of well-behaved subsets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know class of well-behaved subsets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know class of well-behaved subsets
+we will call the bag measurable sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will call the bag measurable sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will call the bag measurable sets
+all right so i think we'll stop there
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/q1OF_0ICt9A.txt b/q1OF_0ICt9A.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d84591d55668a64e1912bded4b51ae12d4ca66d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/q1OF_0ICt9A.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16435 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or to view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now look at uh how the web uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at uh how the web uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now look at uh how the web uses
+cryptographic protocols to protect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic protocols to protect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic protocols to protect
+network communication and uh deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network communication and uh deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network communication and uh deal with
+network hackers in general. Uh so before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network hackers in general. Uh so before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network hackers in general. Uh so before
+we dive into the details, I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dive into the details, I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we dive into the details, I want to
+remind you there's a quiz on Wednesday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you there's a quiz on Wednesday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remind you there's a quiz on Wednesday
+and it's not in this room, it's in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not in this room, it's in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not in this room, it's in
+Walker. Uh but it's at the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walker. Uh but it's at the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Walker. Uh but it's at the regular
+lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture
+time. Any questions about that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Any questions about that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Any questions about that?
+Hopefully straightforward.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully straightforward.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hopefully straightforward.
+Third floor I think usually. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Third floor I think usually. Yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Third floor I think usually. Yeah. Yeah.
+Yeah. All right. So, today we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. All right. So, today we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. All right. So, today we're going
+to talk about how the web is um sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about how the web is um sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk about how the web is um sort of
+uses cryptography to protect network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses cryptography to protect network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses cryptography to protect network
+communication. And we'll look at two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. And we'll look at two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. And we'll look at two
+sort of closely related topics. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of closely related topics. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of closely related topics. One is
+how do you just cryptographically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you just cryptographically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you just cryptographically
+protect network communication at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect network communication at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protect network communication at a
+larger scale than the Kerber system we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale than the Kerber system we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger scale than the Kerber system we
+looked at in last lecture. And then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in last lecture. And then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at in last lecture. And then also
+we're going to look at how do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at how do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at how do you
+actually integrate this cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrate this cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually integrate this cryptographic
+protection provided to you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection provided to you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection provided to you at the
+network level into the entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network level into the entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network level into the entire
+application. So how does the web browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So how does the web browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application. So how does the web browser
+make sense of whatever guarantees the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of whatever guarantees the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sense of whatever guarantees the
+cryptographic protocol is providing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic protocol is providing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic protocol is providing to
+it? And these are sort of closely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? And these are sort of closely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it? And these are sort of closely
+related and it turns out that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and it turns out that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related and it turns out that sort of
+protecting network communication is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting network communication is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting network communication is
+relatively easy. Cryptography sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy. Cryptography sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatively easy. Cryptography sort of
+mostly just works and integrating it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly just works and integrating it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly just works and integrating it in
+and correctly using it at the higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correctly using it at the higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and correctly using it at the higher
+level in the browser is actually the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the browser is actually the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level in the browser is actually the
+much trickier part of how to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much trickier part of how to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much trickier part of how to actually
+build a system around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a system around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a system around
+cryptography. All right. So before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography. All right. So before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography. All right. So before we
+dive into this uh whole discussion, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into this uh whole discussion, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dive into this uh whole discussion, I
+want to remind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to remind
+you of how the kinds of cryptographic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of how the kinds of cryptographic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you of how the kinds of cryptographic
+primitives we're going to use here. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives we're going to use here. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives we're going to use here. So
+in last lecture on keraros, we basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in last lecture on keraros, we basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in last lecture on keraros, we basically
+uh use something called symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use something called symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh use something called symmetric
+crypto or encryption and decryption. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto or encryption and decryption. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto or encryption and decryption. And
+the plan there is that you have a secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan there is that you have a secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the plan there is that you have a secret
+key K. You have two functions. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key K. You have two functions. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key K. You have two functions. So you
+can take some piece of data uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take some piece of data uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can take some piece of data uh let's
+call it P for plain text and you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it P for plain text and you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call it P for plain text and you can
+apply an encryption function that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply an encryption function that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply an encryption function that's a
+function of some key K and if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some key K and if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of some key K and if you
+encrypt this plain text you get a cipher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt this plain text you get a cipher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt this plain text you get a cipher
+text C and similarly there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text C and similarly there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+text C and similarly there's a
+decryption function called D that given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption function called D that given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption function called D that given
+the same key K and that cipher text will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same key K and that cipher text will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same key K and that cipher text will
+give you back your plain text. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you back your plain text. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you back your plain text. So this
+is the primitive that Kerros was all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the primitive that Kerros was all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the primitive that Kerros was all
+built
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built
+around. But it turns out there's other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. But it turns out there's other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around. But it turns out there's other
+primitives as well that will be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives as well that will be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives as well that will be useful
+for today's discussion. And this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today's discussion. And this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for today's discussion. And this is
+called uh asymmetric uh encryption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh asymmetric uh encryption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called uh asymmetric uh encryption and
+decryption. And here the idea is to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption. And here the idea is to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption. And here the idea is to have
+different keys for encryption and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different keys for encryption and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different keys for encryption and
+decryption. We'll see why this is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption. We'll see why this is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decryption. We'll see why this is so
+useful. And in particular the functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. And in particular the functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful. And in particular the functions
+that you get is you can encrypt to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get is you can encrypt to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get is you can encrypt to a
+particular public key uh with a some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular public key uh with a some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular public key uh with a some
+message and get a cipher text. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and get a cipher text. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and get a cipher text. And in
+order to decrypt, you need to supply the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to decrypt, you need to supply the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to decrypt, you need to supply the
+corresponding secret key to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding secret key to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding secret key to get the
+plain text back. And the cool thing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain text back. And the cool thing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plain text back. And the cool thing now
+is you can publish this public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can publish this public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you can publish this public key
+anywhere on the internet and people can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere on the internet and people can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anywhere on the internet and people can
+encrypt messages for you, but you only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt messages for you, but you only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt messages for you, but you only
+you need the secret key in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the secret key in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need the secret key in order to
+decrypt the messages. And we'll see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt the messages. And we'll see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt the messages. And we'll see how
+this is used uh in the protocol. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used uh in the protocol. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is used uh in the protocol. And in
+practice,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice,
+um you often use public key crypto in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you often use public key crypto in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you often use public key crypto in a
+slightly different way. So instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way. So instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different way. So instead of
+encrypting and decrypting messages, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypting and decrypting messages, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypting and decrypting messages, you
+might actually want to sign or verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually want to sign or verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually want to sign or verify
+messages. Turns out that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages. Turns out that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages. Turns out that at the
+implementation level, these are related
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation level, these are related
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implementation level, these are related
+operations, but um at an API level, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations, but um at an API level, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operations, but um at an API level, they
+might look a little bit different. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look a little bit different. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look a little bit different. So
+you might sign a message with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sign a message with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might sign a message with your
+secret key and you get some sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key and you get some sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key and you get some sort of a
+signature S and then you can also verify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature S and then you can also verify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature S and then you can also verify
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+message using the corresponding public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message using the corresponding public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message using the corresponding public
+key and you get the message and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and you get the message and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and you get the message and a
+signature and out comes you know some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and out comes you know some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature and out comes you know some
+boolean flag saying whether this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean flag saying whether this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boolean flag saying whether this is a
+correct signature or not on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct signature or not on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct signature or not on that
+message and there are some relatively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and there are some relatively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and there are some relatively
+intuitive guarantees that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive guarantees that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive guarantees that these
+functions provide. If you for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions provide. If you for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions provide. If you for example
+got this signature and it verifies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this signature and it verifies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got this signature and it verifies
+correctly then it must have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly then it must have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly then it must have been
+generated by someone with the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by someone with the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated by someone with the correct
+secret key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key
+etc. Make sense in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Make sense in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. Make sense in terms of the
+primitives we have. All right. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives we have. All right. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primitives we have. All right. So now
+let's actually try to figure out how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually try to figure out how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's actually try to figure out how
+would we use how would we protect sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we use how would we protect sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would we use how would we protect sort
+of network communication at a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network communication at a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of network communication at a larger
+scale on Kerburus. Right? In Kerberus,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale on Kerburus. Right? In Kerberus,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale on Kerburus. Right? In Kerberus,
+we had this fairly simple model where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this fairly simple model where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had this fairly simple model where we
+had uh you know all the users and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh you know all the users and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had uh you know all the users and
+servers have some sort of a relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers have some sort of a relation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+servers have some sort of a relation
+with this KDC entity. And this KDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this KDC entity. And this KDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this KDC entity. And this KDC
+entity has this giant table of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity has this giant table of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entity has this giant table of
+principles and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+keys. And whenever a user wants to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys. And whenever a user wants to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys. And whenever a user wants to talk
+to some server, they have to ask the KDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some server, they have to ask the KDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to some server, they have to ask the KDC
+to generate a ticket based on this giant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a ticket based on this giant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate a ticket based on this giant
+table that the KDC has.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that the KDC has.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table that the KDC has.
+So this seems like a reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this seems like a reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this seems like a reasonably
+straightforward model. So why do we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward model. So why do we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward model. So why do we need
+something more? Why is keraros sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more? Why is keraros sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something more? Why is keraros sort of
+not enough for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not enough for the
+web? Why doesn't the web use just keros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web? Why doesn't the web use just keros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web? Why doesn't the web use just keros
+for securing all communications?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, it's hard to trust some other guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's hard to trust some other guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's hard to trust some other guys
+server. Yeah. So there's sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server. Yeah. So there's sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server. Yeah. So there's sort of a
+single KDC has to be trusted by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single KDC has to be trusted by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single KDC has to be trusted by
+all. So this is perhaps not great. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. So this is perhaps not great. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all. So this is perhaps not great. Um,
+so you might have trouble really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have trouble really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might have trouble really
+believing that some machine out there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing that some machine out there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believing that some machine out there is
+secure for everyone in the world to use.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure for everyone in the world to use.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure for everyone in the world to use.
+Like you know, maybe people at MIT are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like you know, maybe people at MIT are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like you know, maybe people at MIT are
+willing to trust someone at IS&T to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to trust someone at IS&T to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+willing to trust someone at IS&T to run
+the KDC there. All right. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KDC there. All right. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KDC there. All right. So that's
+plausible. Uh, yeah. And also key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible. Uh, yeah. And also key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plausible. Uh, yeah. And also key
+management.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management.
+Yeah. So key management is hard, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So key management is hard, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So key management is hard, I
+guess. Yeah. So So what do you mean in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess. Yeah. So So what do you mean in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess. Yeah. So So what do you mean in
+particular by key management?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+came out because there's so many users,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out because there's so many users,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came out because there's so many users,
+hundreds, millions of thousands of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds, millions of thousands of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds, millions of thousands of
+users. So managing all the keys and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users. So managing all the keys and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users. So managing all the keys and
+storing them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So it might actually be a hard job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it might actually be a hard job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So it might actually be a hard job
+to build a single KDC that can manage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a single KDC that can manage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build a single KDC that can manage
+you know a billion keys for or you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a billion keys for or you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a billion keys for or you know
+10 billion keys for all the people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 billion keys for all the people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 billion keys for all the people in
+the world. Uh so that might be tricky
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. Uh so that might be tricky
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world. Uh so that might be tricky
+proposition. Um it's also the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. Um it's also the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proposition. Um it's also the case that
+I guess another bummer with Kerros is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess another bummer with Kerros is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess another bummer with Kerros is
+that uh all users actually have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh all users actually have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh all users actually have to have
+a key or have to uh have to be known to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key or have to uh have to be known to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a key or have to uh have to be known to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+KDC. So you can't even use Keraros at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KDC. So you can't even use Keraros at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KDC. So you can't even use Keraros at
+MIT to connect to some service unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT to connect to some service unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT to connect to some service unless
+you yourself have an account in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yourself have an account in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you yourself have an account in the
+Keraros database. Whereas on the web,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keraros database. Whereas on the web,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keraros database. Whereas on the web,
+it's completely reasonable to expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely reasonable to expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely reasonable to expect
+that you walk up to some computer, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you walk up to some computer, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you walk up to some computer, the
+computer has no idea who you are, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has no idea who you are, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer has no idea who you are, but
+you can still go to Amazon's website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still go to Amazon's website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can still go to Amazon's website
+protected with cryptography. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected with cryptography. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected with cryptography. Yeah.
+Forward secrecy is a problem with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forward secrecy is a problem with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Forward secrecy is a problem with
+regards private key lost than all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regards private key lost than all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regards private key lost than all the
+past communication. That's right. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past communication. That's right. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+past communication. That's right. Yeah.
+So there's these kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's these kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's these kinds of
+considerations, right? So there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations, right? So there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considerations, right? So there's
+private forward secrecy. There's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private forward secrecy. There's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private forward secrecy. There's a
+couple of other things you want from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other things you want from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of other things you want from the
+cryptographic protocol and we'll look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic protocol and we'll look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic protocol and we'll look at
+them how they sort of show up in SSL as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how they sort of show up in SSL as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them how they sort of show up in SSL as
+well. Uh but at least there the solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Uh but at least there the solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. Uh but at least there the solution
+is actually exactly the same that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually exactly the same that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually exactly the same that you
+what you would what you would do in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would what you would do in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would what you would do in
+Keraros and what you would do in SSL or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keraros and what you would do in SSL or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keraros and what you would do in SSL or
+TLS to address those guys. But you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLS to address those guys. But you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLS to address those guys. But you're
+absolutely right there like Keraros the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right there like Keraros the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely right there like Keraros the
+protocol we read about in the paper is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol we read about in the paper is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol we read about in the paper is
+pretty dated. Uh so you want to even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dated. Uh so you want to even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty dated. Uh so you want to even if
+you were using it for the web you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were using it for the web you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were using it for the web you would
+want to uh apply some changes to it. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh apply some changes to it. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to uh apply some changes to it. Uh
+those are not huge though at the part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not huge though at the part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not huge though at the part
+level. All right. Any other thoughts on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level. All right. Any other thoughts on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level. All right. Any other thoughts on
+why we shouldn't use corpus? Yeah. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we shouldn't use corpus? Yeah. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why we shouldn't use corpus? Yeah. The
+account recovery system doesn't scale.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account recovery system doesn't scale.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account recovery system doesn't scale.
+It sort of depends on the person running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It sort of depends on the person running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It sort of depends on the person running
+system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So this is actually yeah not so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scalable. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalable. Yeah.
+Recovery maybe registration even as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recovery maybe registration even as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Recovery maybe registration even as well
+like you have to go to some accounts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to go to some accounts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to go to some accounts
+office and get an account etc. Yeah. KDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and get an account etc. Yeah. KDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office and get an account etc. Yeah. KDC
+needs to be online. Yeah. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be online. Yeah. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to be online. Yeah. So that's
+another actually problem. These are sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another actually problem. These are sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another actually problem. These are sort
+of you know management issues but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know management issues but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you know management issues but at the
+protocol level the KDC um uh has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol level the KDC um uh has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol level the KDC um uh has to be
+online because it has to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online because it has to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online because it has to actually
+mediate every interaction you have with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate every interaction you have with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mediate every interaction you have with
+a service. So it means that in the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service. So it means that in the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a service. So it means that in the web
+every time you go to a new website you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you go to a new website you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every time you go to a new website you'd
+have to talk to some KDC first which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk to some KDC first which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to talk to some KDC first which
+would be a bit of a performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a bit of a performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be a bit of a performance
+bottleneck. So it's like another kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck. So it's like another kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottleneck. So it's like another kind of
+scalability. This is like performance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability. This is like performance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability. This is like performance
+scalability. This is more management
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability. This is more management
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability. This is more management
+scalability kind of stuff. Make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability kind of stuff. Make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scalability kind of stuff. Make
+sense? All right. So how can we solve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. So how can we solve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. So how can we solve
+this problem with uh these better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem with uh these better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem with uh these better
+cryptographic primitives? Well, the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic primitives? Well, the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic primitives? Well, the idea
+is to use public key cryptography to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use public key cryptography to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to use public key cryptography to get
+this KDC out of the loop. So we we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this KDC out of the loop. So we we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this KDC out of the loop. So we we'll
+first actually figure out whether we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first actually figure out whether we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first actually figure out whether we can
+um establish secure communication if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um establish secure communication if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um establish secure communication if you
+just know some other party's public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know some other party's public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just know some other party's public key
+and then we'll see how we sort of plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll see how we sort of plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we'll see how we sort of plug
+in a public key version of a KDC to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a public key version of a KDC to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a public key version of a KDC to
+authenticate parties uh in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate parties uh in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate parties uh in this
+protocol.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol.
+So if you don't want to sort of use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you don't want to sort of use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if you don't want to sort of use a
+KDC, um what you could do with public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KDC, um what you could do with public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KDC, um what you could do with public
+key crypto is maybe you can somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key crypto is maybe you can somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key crypto is maybe you can somehow
+learn the public key of the other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the public key of the other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn the public key of the other guy
+you want to connect to. So in Kerros, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to connect to. So in Kerros, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to connect to. So in Kerros, if
+I want to connect to a file server,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to connect to a file server,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to connect to a file server,
+maybe I just know the file server's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just know the file server's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just know the file server's
+public key uh from somewhere like maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key uh from somewhere like maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key uh from somewhere like maybe
+as a freshman, I get a print out saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a freshman, I get a print out saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a freshman, I get a print out saying
+the file server's public key is this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file server's public key is this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the file server's public key is this.
+And then uh you can go go ahead and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh you can go go ahead and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then uh you can go go ahead and
+connect to it. And the way you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to it. And the way you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to it. And the way you might
+actually do this is u well you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this is u well you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this is u well you could
+just encrypt a message for the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just encrypt a message for the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just encrypt a message for the public
+key of the uh file server that you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key of the uh file server that you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key of the uh file server that you want
+to connect to. But it turns out that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect to. But it turns out that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect to. But it turns out that in
+practice these public key operations are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice these public key operations are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice these public key operations are
+pretty slow. There are several orders of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty slow. There are several orders of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty slow. There are several orders of
+magnitude slower than symmetric key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude slower than symmetric key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude slower than symmetric key
+cryptography. So almost always you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography. So almost always you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography. So almost always you want
+to get out of the use of public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of the use of public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get out of the use of public key
+crypto as soon as practical. So a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto as soon as practical. So a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto as soon as practical. So a
+typical protocol might look like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical protocol might look like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical protocol might look like this.
+So you have you know A and B and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have you know A and B and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you have you know A and B and they
+want to communicate and A knows B's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to communicate and A knows B's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to communicate and A knows B's
+public key. So what might happen is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key. So what might happen is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key. So what might happen is that
+A might generate some sort of a session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A might generate some sort of a session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A might generate some sort of a session
+key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S just pick a random number and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S just pick a random number and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S just pick a random number and then
+it's going to send to B this session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to send to B this session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to send to B this session
+keys S. So this is kind of looking like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys S. So this is kind of looking like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys S. So this is kind of looking like
+Keraros and we're going to encrypt the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keraros and we're going to encrypt the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Keraros and we're going to encrypt the
+session keys for B's key. And remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session keys for B's key. And remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+session keys for B's key. And remember
+in Kerbur in order to do this we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kerbur in order to do this we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Kerbur in order to do this we had to
+have the KDC do this for us because A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the KDC do this for us because A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the KDC do this for us because A
+didn't know the key for B or it couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know the key for B or it couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't know the key for B or it couldn't
+have been allowed to know because that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been allowed to know because that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been allowed to know because that
+was a secret that only B should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a secret that only B should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a secret that only B should have
+known. With public key decryptor you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known. With public key decryptor you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known. With public key decryptor you can
+actually do this now. We can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this now. We can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do this now. We can just
+encrypt this secret S using B's public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt this secret S using B's public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt this secret S using B's public
+key and we send this message over to B.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and we send this message over to B.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key and we send this message over to B.
+B can now decrypt this message and say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B can now decrypt this message and say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B can now decrypt this message and say
+aha well I should be using this secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha well I should be using this secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aha well I should be using this secret
+key. And now we can have a communication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. And now we can have a communication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. And now we can have a communication
+channel where all the messages are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel where all the messages are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel where all the messages are just
+encrypted under this sorry secret key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted under this sorry secret key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted under this sorry secret key
+S. Does this make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Does this make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S. Does this make
+sense? So there are some nice properties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? So there are some nice properties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? So there are some nice properties
+about this protocol. One is that we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this protocol. One is that we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this protocol. One is that we got
+rid of having to have a KDC be online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of having to have a KDC be online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of having to have a KDC be online
+and generate our session key for us. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate our session key for us. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and generate our session key for us. We
+could just have one of the parties
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just have one of the parties
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just have one of the parties
+generate it and then encrypt it for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it and then encrypt it for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate it and then encrypt it for
+another party without the use of a KDC.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another party without the use of a KDC.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another party without the use of a KDC.
+And another nice thing is actually we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And another nice thing is actually we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And another nice thing is actually we're
+probably pretty confident that messages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty confident that messages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably pretty confident that messages
+sent by A to B will only be read by B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent by A to B will only be read by B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent by A to B will only be read by B
+because only B could have decrypted this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only B could have decrypted this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because only B could have decrypted this
+message and therefore only B should have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and therefore only B should have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message and therefore only B should have
+that corresponding secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponding secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that corresponding secret
+keys. So that seems pretty nice. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys. So that seems pretty nice. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys. So that seems pretty nice. Any
+questions about this protocol? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this protocol? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about this protocol? Yeah.
+Does it matter um whether the user or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does it matter um whether the user or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does it matter um whether the user or
+the server generates?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server generates?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server generates?
+Well, maybe uh I think it depends on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, maybe uh I think it depends on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, maybe uh I think it depends on
+exactly the considerations you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the considerations you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly the considerations you sort of
+or the properties you want out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the properties you want out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the properties you want out of this
+protocol. So here certainly if A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol. So here certainly if A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol. So here certainly if A is
+um buggy or picks bad randomness then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um buggy or picks bad randomness then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um buggy or picks bad randomness then
+and the server then sends some data back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server then sends some data back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the server then sends some data back
+to A thinking oh this is now only been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A thinking oh this is now only been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to A thinking oh this is now only been
+going to be seen by A. Well, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be seen by A. Well, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be seen by A. Well, maybe
+that's not going to be quite right. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be quite right. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's not going to be quite right. Um
+so you might care a little bit. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might care a little bit. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you might care a little bit. Um
+there's a couple of other problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of other problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of other problems with
+this protocol as well, but yeah. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol as well, but yeah. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this protocol as well, but yeah. Uh
+question. I was just going to say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. I was just going to say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. I was just going to say that
+in this protocol like the A could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this protocol like the A could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this protocol like the A could just
+do a replay attack with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a replay attack with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a replay attack with some
+man-in-the-middle attacker could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-in-the-middle attacker could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-in-the-middle attacker could just
+replay a message. Yeah, this is actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replay a message. Yeah, this is actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replay a message. Yeah, this is actually
+not great. So there's actually several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not great. So there's actually several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not great. So there's actually several
+problems with this. One is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this. One is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems with this. One is a
+replay. Um so the problem here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replay. Um so the problem here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replay. Um so the problem here is that
+um I can just sort of send these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can just sort of send these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um I can just sort of send these
+messages again and it looks like A is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages again and it looks like A is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages again and it looks like A is
+again sending these messages to B and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sending these messages to B and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again sending these messages to B and so
+on. So typically the solution to this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So typically the solution to this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. So typically the solution to this is
+to have sort of both parties participate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have sort of both parties participate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have sort of both parties participate
+in the generation of S and that ensures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the generation of S and that ensures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the generation of S and that ensures
+that the key we're using is now fresh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the key we're using is now fresh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the key we're using is now fresh
+because here because B didn't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here because B didn't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because here because B didn't actually
+generate anything these protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate anything these protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate anything these protocol
+messages look exactly the same every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages look exactly the same every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages look exactly the same every
+time. So typically what happens is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So typically what happens is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So typically what happens is that
+one party picks a random number like S
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one party picks a random number like S
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one party picks a random number like S
+and then another party B also picks some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another party B also picks some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then another party B also picks some
+random number typically called the nons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number typically called the nons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random number typically called the nons
+but whatever there's two random numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever there's two random numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but whatever there's two random numbers
+and then the key they agree to use isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the key they agree to use isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then the key they agree to use isn't
+the thing that one party picked but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that one party picked but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing that one party picked but
+actually is the hash of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the hash of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is the hash of the things that
+both of them picked. So you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them picked. So you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both of them picked. So you could do
+that. Uh you could also do defy helman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Uh you could also do defy helman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Uh you could also do defy helman
+kind of uh stuff like we looked at in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh stuff like we looked at in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of uh stuff like we looked at in
+last lecture where you get forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture where you get forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last lecture where you get forward
+secrecy. So this involves a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy. So this involves a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secrecy. So this involves a little bit
+more complicated math rather than just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated math rather than just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated math rather than just
+hashing two random numbers that two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing two random numbers that two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hashing two random numbers that two
+parties pick. But then you get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties pick. But then you get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties pick. But then you get some
+nicer properties like forward secrecy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer properties like forward secrecy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicer properties like forward secrecy.
+Um so replay attacks you typically sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so replay attacks you typically sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so replay attacks you typically sort
+of fix by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fix by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fix by
+uh having B you know generate some nons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having B you know generate some nons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh having B you know generate some nons
+and then you set the real secret key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you set the real secret key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you set the real secret key
+that you're going to use to hash of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to use to hash of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're going to use to hash of the
+secret key from one guy concatenated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key from one guy concatenated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key from one guy concatenated
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+nons and of course B would have to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nons and of course B would have to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nons and of course B would have to send
+the nons back to uh A in order to figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nons back to uh A in order to figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nons back to uh A in order to figure
+out what's going on for both of them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on for both of them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's going on for both of them to
+agree on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+agree on this
+key. All right. So, another problem here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. All right. So, another problem here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. All right. So, another problem here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+that there's no real authentication of A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no real authentication of A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that there's no real authentication of A
+here, right? So, A knows who B is or at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right? So, A knows who B is or at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, right? So, A knows who B is or at
+least A knows who will be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least A knows who will be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least A knows who will be able to
+decrypt its data, but B has no idea who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt its data, but B has no idea who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrypt its data, but B has no idea who
+is on the other side, whether it's A or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the other side, whether it's A or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is on the other side, whether it's A or
+some adversary impersonating A, etc. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some adversary impersonating A, etc. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some adversary impersonating A, etc. So,
+how would we fix it in this uh public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we fix it in this uh public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how would we fix it in this uh public
+key world?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key world?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key world?
+suppose yeah we have a sign something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose yeah we have a sign something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose yeah we have a sign something
+and then b verify yeah so there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then b verify yeah so there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then b verify yeah so there's
+actually a couple of ways you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a couple of ways you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a couple of ways you could do
+go about this uh one possibility is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about this uh one possibility is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go about this uh one possibility is a
+maybe should sign this message initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe should sign this message initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe should sign this message initially
+because we have this nice sign primitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have this nice sign primitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we have this nice sign primitive
+so we could maybe have a you know sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could maybe have a you know sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we could maybe have a you know sign
+this thing with uh a's secret key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing with uh a's secret key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing with uh a's secret key and
+then well sign just provides a signature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well sign just provides a signature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then well sign just provides a signature
+but presumably you sign it and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but presumably you sign it and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but presumably you sign it and also
+provide the message as well um and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the message as well um and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide the message as well um and then
+b would have to know a's public key in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b would have to know a's public key in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+b would have to know a's public key in
+order to verify by the signature. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to verify by the signature. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to verify by the signature. Uh,
+but if a B if B knows A's public key,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if a B if B knows A's public key,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if a B if B knows A's public key,
+then B is going to be reasonably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B is going to be reasonably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then B is going to be reasonably
+confident that A is the one that sent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that A is the one that sent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confident that A is the one that sent
+this message over. Make sense? Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message over. Make sense? Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this message over. Make sense? Another
+thing you could do is rely on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could do is rely on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing you could do is rely on
+encryption. So maybe B could send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption. So maybe B could send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption. So maybe B could send the
+nons back to A, encrypt it under A's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nons back to A, encrypt it under A's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nons back to A, encrypt it under A's
+public key, and then only A would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key, and then only A would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key, and then only A would be
+able to decrypt the nons and generate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to decrypt the nons and generate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to decrypt the nons and generate
+the final session key S prime. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final session key S prime. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final session key S prime. So
+there's a couple of tricks you could do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of tricks you could do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a couple of tricks you could do,
+and this is roughly how actually client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is roughly how actually client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is roughly how actually client
+certificates work in web browsers today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates work in web browsers today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates work in web browsers today.
+Uh so a has a secret key or like when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so a has a secret key or like when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so a has a secret key or like when
+you get an MIT personal certificate what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an MIT personal certificate what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get an MIT personal certificate what
+happens is actually your browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is actually your browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is actually your browser
+generates a longived secret key and gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a longived secret key and gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates a longived secret key and gets
+a certificate for it. Uh and whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certificate for it. Uh and whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certificate for it. Uh and whenever
+you send a request to a web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a request to a web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you send a request to a web server
+you're going to prove the fact that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to prove the fact that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to prove the fact that you
+know the secret key in your user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the secret key in your user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the secret key in your user
+certificate uh and then establish the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate uh and then establish the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate uh and then establish the
+secret key s for the rest of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key s for the rest of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key s for the rest of the
+communication. Make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. Make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication. Make
+sense? All right. And uh the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. And uh the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. And uh the biggest
+problem here, well these are sort of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here, well these are sort of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem here, well these are sort of all
+fixable problems at the protocol level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixable problems at the protocol level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixable problems at the protocol level
+that are reasonably easy to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are reasonably easy to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are reasonably easy to sort of
+address by adding extra messages. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address by adding extra messages. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address by adding extra messages. The
+big assumption here of course that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big assumption here of course that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big assumption here of course that we're
+going uh under is that uh all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh under is that uh all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going uh under is that uh all the
+parties know each other's public keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties know each other's public keys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parties know each other's public keys.
+So how do you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So how do you actually
+discover someone's public key for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover someone's public key for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discover someone's public key for you
+know if a wants to connect to a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if a wants to connect to a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if a wants to connect to a website
+I have a URL that I want to connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a URL that I want to connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a URL that I want to connect to
+or host name how do I know what public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or host name how do I know what public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or host name how do I know what public
+key that corresponds to or similarly if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that corresponds to or similarly if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that corresponds to or similarly if
+I connect to look at my grades how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I connect to look at my grades how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I connect to look at my grades how does
+the server know what my public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server know what my public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server know what my public key
+should be uh as opposed to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh as opposed to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be uh as opposed to the public
+key of some other person at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key of some other person at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key of some other person at
+MIT. So this is the sort of main problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. So this is the sort of main problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. So this is the sort of main problem
+that the KDC was addressing for us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the KDC was addressing for us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the KDC was addressing for us.
+Well, I guess the KDC was solving two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I guess the KDC was solving two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, I guess the KDC was solving two
+problems for us before. One is it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems for us before. One is it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems for us before. One is it was
+generating this message. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating this message. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating this message. It was
+generating the session key and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the session key and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generating the session key and
+encrypting it for the server. We fixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypting it for the server. We fixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypting it for the server. We fixed
+that by doing public key crypto. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by doing public key crypto. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by doing public key crypto. Now,
+but we also need to get this mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also need to get this mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we also need to get this mapping
+from string principle names to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from string principle names to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from string principle names to
+cryptographic keys that the Kerros was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic keys that the Kerros was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptographic keys that the Kerros was
+previously providing to us. And the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously providing to us. And the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously providing to us. And the way
+that's going to happen in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to happen in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's going to happen in
+um in this HTPS world, this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this HTPS world, this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in this HTPS world, this protocol
+called TLS uh is that we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called TLS uh is that we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called TLS uh is that we're going to
+still rely on some parties to maintain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still rely on some parties to maintain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still rely on some parties to maintain
+or to sort of at least logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to sort of at least logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or to sort of at least logically
+maintain those giant tables mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain those giant tables mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain those giant tables mapping
+principle names onto cryptographic keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle names onto cryptographic keys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle names onto cryptographic keys.
+And the plan is we're we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the plan is we're we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the plan is we're we're going to
+have a something called a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a something called a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a something called a certificate
+authority.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is often abbreviated as CA in sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is often abbreviated as CA in sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is often abbreviated as CA in sort
+of all kinds of security literature. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all kinds of security literature. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all kinds of security literature. And
+this thing is also going to logically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is also going to logically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this thing is also going to logically
+maintain this table of here's the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this table of here's the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain this table of here's the name
+of a principle and here's the public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a principle and here's the public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a principle and here's the public key
+for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that
+principle. And the main difference from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. And the main difference from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. And the main difference from
+the way Kerarus worked is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way Kerarus worked is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way Kerarus worked is that this
+certificate authority thing isn't going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority thing isn't going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority thing isn't going
+to have to be online for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be online for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have to be online for all
+transactions. So in Kerus you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions. So in Kerus you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions. So in Kerus you have to
+talk to this KDC to get a connection or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to this KDC to get a connection or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to this KDC to get a connection or
+to look up someone's key. Instead what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up someone's key. Instead what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look up someone's key. Instead what's
+going to happen in this CA world is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in this CA world is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to happen in this CA world is that
+if you have some name here and a public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have some name here and a public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have some name here and a public
+key the certificate authority is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key the certificate authority is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key the certificate authority is going
+to just sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to just sign
+messages stating that certain rows exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages stating that certain rows exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messages stating that certain rows exist
+in this table. So the certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this table. So the certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this table. So the certificate
+authority is going to have its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority is going to have its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority is going to have its own
+secret or sort of secret and public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret or sort of secret and public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret or sort of secret and public key
+here. Um and it's going to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um and it's going to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Um and it's going to use the
+secret key to sign messages for other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key to sign messages for other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key to sign messages for other
+users in the system to rely on. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users in the system to rely on. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users in the system to rely on. So
+suppose if you have a particular entry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if you have a particular entry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose if you have a particular entry
+like this in the CA's database then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in the CA's database then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this in the CA's database then the
+CA is going to sign a message saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA is going to sign a message saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA is going to sign a message saying
+this name corresponds to this public key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this name corresponds to this public key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this name corresponds to this public key
+and it's going to sign this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to sign this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's going to sign this whole
+message with CA's secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message with CA's secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message with CA's secret
+key. Make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. Make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key. Make sense?
+So this is going to allow us to do very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is going to allow us to do very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is going to allow us to do very
+similar things to what Keraros was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar things to what Keraros was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar things to what Keraros was
+doing, but we are now going to get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing, but we are now going to get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing, but we are now going to get rid
+of the CA having to be online for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the CA having to be online for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the CA having to be online for all
+transactions. And in fact, it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions. And in fact, it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transactions. And in fact, it's actually
+now going to be much more scalable. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to be much more scalable. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now going to be much more scalable. So
+this is what's usually called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's usually called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what's usually called a
+certificate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the reason this is going to be much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason this is going to be much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason this is going to be much
+more scalable is that in fact to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more scalable is that in fact to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more scalable is that in fact to a
+client or to anyone using the system uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client or to anyone using the system uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client or to anyone using the system uh
+a certificate provided from one source
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certificate provided from one source
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certificate provided from one source
+is as good as a certificate provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as good as a certificate provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as good as a certificate provided
+from any other source. It's signed by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any other source. It's signed by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from any other source. It's signed by
+the CA secret key. So you can verify its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CA secret key. So you can verify its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CA secret key. So you can verify its
+validity without having to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity without having to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+validity without having to actually
+contact the certificate authority or any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact the certificate authority or any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact the certificate authority or any
+other designated party here. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other designated party here. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other designated party here. And
+typically the way this works is that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the way this works is that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically the way this works is that a
+server that you want to talk to stores
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server that you want to talk to stores
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server that you want to talk to stores
+this certificate u that it originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this certificate u that it originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this certificate u that it originally
+got from the certificate authority and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from the certificate authority and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from the certificate authority and
+whenever you connect to it um the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you connect to it um the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever you connect to it um the server
+will tell you well here's my certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you well here's my certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will tell you well here's my certificate
+it was signed by the CA you can check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was signed by the CA you can check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was signed by the CA you can check
+the signature and just verify that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature and just verify that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the signature and just verify that this
+is in fact my public key and that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact my public key and that's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is in fact my public key and that's my
+name and on the flip side the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and on the flip side the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name and on the flip side the same thing
+happens on client certificates so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on client certificates so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens on client certificates so when
+you the user connect to a web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the user connect to a web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the user connect to a web server
+what's actually going on is that your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually going on is that your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's actually going on is that your
+client certificate actually talks about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client certificate actually talks about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client certificate actually talks about
+the public key corresponding to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public key corresponding to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the public key corresponding to the
+secret key that you originally generated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key that you originally generated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key that you originally generated
+in your browser. And this way when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your browser. And this way when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your browser. And this way when you
+connect to a server, you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to a server, you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to a server, you're going to
+present it a certificate signed by MIT's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it a certificate signed by MIT's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present it a certificate signed by MIT's
+certificate authority saying your Athena
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority saying your Athena
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority saying your Athena
+username corresponds to this public key.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+username corresponds to this public key.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+username corresponds to this public key.
+And this is how the server is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is how the server is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this is how the server is going to
+be convinced that a message signed with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be convinced that a message signed with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be convinced that a message signed with
+your secret key is the is sort of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your secret key is the is sort of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your secret key is the is sort of a
+proof that this is the right Athena user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that this is the right Athena user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proof that this is the right Athena user
+uh connecting to me. That make sense?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connecting to me. That make sense?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh connecting to me. That make sense?
+Yeah. Uh where does the browser get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Uh where does the browser get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Uh where does the browser get the
+certificate authorities private public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities private public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities private public
+keys? Ah yeah so this is like you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys? Ah yeah so this is like you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keys? Ah yeah so this is like you know
+the chicken and egg problem like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chicken and egg problem like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chicken and egg problem like it
+keeps going down like where do you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going down like where do you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeps going down like where do you get
+these public keys at some point you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these public keys at some point you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these public keys at some point you have
+to hardcode these in or that's typically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hardcode these in or that's typically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hardcode these in or that's typically
+what most systems do. So today what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what most systems do. So today what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what most systems do. So today what
+actually happens is that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens is that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually happens is that when you
+download a web browser or you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download a web browser or you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download a web browser or you get a
+computer for the first time it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer for the first time it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer for the first time it actually
+comes with public keys of hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with public keys of hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes with public keys of hundreds of
+these certificate authorities and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these certificate authorities and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these certificate authorities and you
+know there's many of them some run by I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's many of them some run by I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know there's many of them some run by I
+know security companies like various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know security companies like various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know security companies like various
+sign there's you know the US postal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there's you know the US postal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign there's you know the US postal
+service has a certificate authority for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service has a certificate authority for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+service has a certificate authority for
+some reason uh there's many entities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason uh there's many entities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some reason uh there's many entities
+there that could in principle issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that could in principle issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that could in principle issue
+these certificates and are fully trusted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these certificates and are fully trusted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these certificates and are fully trusted
+uh by the system so this is now sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the system so this is now sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh by the system so this is now sort of
+these many certificate authorities ities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many certificate authorities ities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these many certificate authorities ities
+are now replacing the trust that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now replacing the trust that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are now replacing the trust that we had
+in this KDC. So in some sense we haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this KDC. So in some sense we haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this KDC. So in some sense we haven't
+actually addressed all the problems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually addressed all the problems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually addressed all the problems that
+we listed with Keraros. So previously we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we listed with Keraros. So previously we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we listed with Keraros. So previously we
+were worried that you know oh man how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were worried that you know oh man how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were worried that you know oh man how
+are we going to trust how is everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to trust how is everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we going to trust how is everyone in
+the world going to trust a single KDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world going to trust a single KDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world going to trust a single KDC
+machine but now it's actually sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but now it's actually sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine but now it's actually sort of
+worse right? So this is actually worse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse right? So this is actually worse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse right? So this is actually worse
+in the SSL world because instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the SSL world because instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the SSL world because instead of
+trusting a single KDC machine everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusting a single KDC machine everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trusting a single KDC machine everyone
+is now trusting these hundreds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now trusting these hundreds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is now trusting these hundreds of
+certificate authorities because all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities because all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authorities because all of
+them are equally as powerful. any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are equally as powerful. any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are equally as powerful. any of
+them could sign a message like this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them could sign a message like this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them could sign a message like this and
+it would be accepted by clients as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be accepted by clients as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be accepted by clients as a
+correct statement saying oh this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct statement saying oh this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct statement saying oh this
+principle has this public key. Um so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle has this public key. Um so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle has this public key. Um so you
+have to only break into one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to only break into one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to only break into one of these
+guys instead of uh the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys instead of uh the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys instead of uh the one
+KDC but yeah so is there a mechanism to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KDC but yeah so is there a mechanism to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+KDC but yeah so is there a mechanism to
+remove these keys? Yeah. So another sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove these keys? Yeah. So another sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remove these keys? Yeah. So another sort
+of a hard problem turns out to be that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hard problem turns out to be that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a hard problem turns out to be that
+you know before we talked to the KDC and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before we talked to the KDC and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know before we talked to the KDC and
+if you screwed up you could like tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you screwed up you could like tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you screwed up you could like tell
+the KDC hey you know stop giving out my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KDC hey you know stop giving out my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the KDC hey you know stop giving out my
+key or change it. Now these certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key or change it. Now these certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key or change it. Now these certificates
+are actually you know potentially valid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually you know potentially valid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are actually you know potentially valid
+forever. So the typical solution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. So the typical solution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forever. So the typical solution is
+twofold. One is sort of expectedly these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twofold. One is sort of expectedly these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twofold. One is sort of expectedly these
+certificates include an expiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates include an expiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates include an expiration
+time. So this way you can at least bound
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So this way you can at least bound
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. So this way you can at least bound
+the damage. This is kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage. This is kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the damage. This is kind of like a
+Kerros ticket lifetime except in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kerros ticket lifetime except in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Kerros ticket lifetime except in
+practice these tend to be several orders
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice these tend to be several orders
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice these tend to be several orders
+of magnitude higher. So in Keraros your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude higher. So in Keraros your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of magnitude higher. So in Keraros your
+ticket lifetime could be you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket lifetime could be you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ticket lifetime could be you know a
+couple of hours. Here it's typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hours. Here it's typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of hours. Here it's typically you
+know a year or something like this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a year or something like this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know a year or something like this. So
+the CAS really don't want to be talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CAS really don't want to be talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CAS really don't want to be talked
+to very often. So they want to like get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very often. So they want to like get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to very often. So they want to like get
+your money once a year for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money once a year for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your money once a year for the
+certificate and then give you out this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and then give you out this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate and then give you out this
+blob of signed bytes and you're good to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob of signed bytes and you're good to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blob of signed bytes and you're good to
+go for a year. You don't have to contact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a year. You don't have to contact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go for a year. You don't have to contact
+them again. So it's good for scalability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again. So it's good for scalability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them again. So it's good for scalability
+but not so good for security. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so good for security. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but not so good for security. And
+there's sort of two problems that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of two problems that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of two problems that you
+might worry about with certificates. One
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might worry about with certificates. One
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might worry about with certificates. One
+is that maybe the CA screwed up. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that maybe the CA screwed up. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that maybe the CA screwed up. So
+maybe the CA issued the certificate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the CA issued the certificate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the CA issued the certificate for
+the wrong name. It's like they they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong name. It's like they they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong name. It's like they they
+weren't very careful and accidentally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't very careful and accidentally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't very careful and accidentally I
+asked them to give you me a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them to give you me a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked them to give you me a certificate
+for Amazon.com and they sort of slipped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Amazon.com and they sort of slipped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Amazon.com and they sort of slipped
+up and said, "Okay, sure. Maybe that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and said, "Okay, sure. Maybe that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and said, "Okay, sure. Maybe that's
+Amazon.com. I'll give you a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon.com. I'll give you a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon.com. I'll give you a certificate
+for that." So that seems like a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that." So that seems like a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that." So that seems like a problem
+on the CA side. So they could misissue a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the CA side. So they could misissue a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the CA side. So they could misissue a
+certificate. And that's one way that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. And that's one way that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. And that's one way that you
+could end up with a certificate that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could end up with a certificate that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could end up with a certificate that you
+wish no longer existed because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish no longer existed because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wish no longer existed because you
+signed the wrong thing. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed the wrong thing. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signed the wrong thing. Another
+possibility is that the CA did the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that the CA did the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that the CA did the right
+thing, but then the person who had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but then the person who had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, but then the person who had the
+certificate uh accidentally disclosed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate uh accidentally disclosed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate uh accidentally disclosed
+the secret key or someone stole the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret key or someone stole the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secret key or someone stole the
+secret key corresponding to the public
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key corresponding to the public
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key corresponding to the public
+key that's in the certificate. So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that's in the certificate. So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key that's in the certificate. So this
+means that the certificate no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the certificate no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that the certificate no longer
+says what you think it might mean that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what you think it might mean that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says what you think it might mean that
+even though this says, oh, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this says, oh, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even though this says, oh, you know,
+Amazon.com's key is this, actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon.com's key is this, actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon.com's key is this, actually
+everyone in the world has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the world has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the world has the
+corresponding secret key because someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding secret key because someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding secret key because someone
+posted on the internet. So you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the internet. So you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+posted on the internet. So you can't
+really learn much from someone sending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learn much from someone sending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really learn much from someone sending
+you a message signed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a message signed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you a message signed by the
+corresponding secret key because could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding secret key because could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding secret key because could
+have been anyone that had this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been anyone that had this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been anyone that had this that
+stole the secret key. So that's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stole the secret key. So that's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stole the secret key. So that's another
+reason why you might want to revoke a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you might want to revoke a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason why you might want to revoke a
+certificate. And revoking certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. And revoking certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. And revoking certificates
+is pretty messy. There's not really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty messy. There's not really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is pretty messy. There's not really a
+great plan for it. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great plan for it. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great plan for it. Um the
+two sort of alternatives that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sort of alternatives that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two sort of alternatives that people
+have tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have tried
+are to basically publish a list of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to basically publish a list of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are to basically publish a list of all
+revoked certificates in the world. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revoked certificates in the world. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revoked certificates in the world. So
+this is something called certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something called certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is something called certificate
+revocation lists or CRLs. And the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revocation lists or CRLs. And the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revocation lists or CRLs. And the way
+this works is that every certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works is that every certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this works is that every certificate
+authority you know issues these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority you know issues these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority you know issues these
+certificates but then on the side it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates but then on the side it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates but then on the side it
+means maintains a list of mistakes like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means maintains a list of mistakes like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means maintains a list of mistakes like
+either things that it realized they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either things that it realized they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either things that it realized they
+screwed up and issued a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up and issued a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up and issued a certificate
+under the wrong name or customers come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the wrong name or customers come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under the wrong name or customers come
+to them and say hey you know yeah you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them and say hey you know yeah you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them and say hey you know yeah you
+should me certificate everything was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should me certificate everything was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should me certificate everything was
+going great but then someone got rude on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going great but then someone got rude on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going great but then someone got rude on
+my machine and stole the private key.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my machine and stole the private key.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my machine and stole the private key.
+Please tell the world that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please tell the world that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please tell the world that my
+certificate is no good anymore. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate is no good anymore. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate is no good anymore. So the
+certificate authority in principle could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority in principle could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate authority in principle could
+add stuff to this CRL and then clients
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add stuff to this CRL and then clients
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add stuff to this CRL and then clients
+like web browsers are supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like web browsers are supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like web browsers are supposed to
+download the CRL periodically and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the CRL periodically and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the CRL periodically and then
+whenever they're presented with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they're presented with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whenever they're presented with a
+certificate they should check if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate they should check if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate they should check if the
+certificate appears in this revoked list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate appears in this revoked list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate appears in this revoked list
+and if it shows up there then you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it shows up there then you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if it shows up there then you should
+say okay well you know that certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well you know that certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay well you know that certificate
+is no good you better be give me a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no good you better be give me a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is no good you better be give me a new
+one I'm not going to trust this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm not going to trust this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I'm not going to trust this
+particular sign message anymore. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sign message anymore. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sign message anymore. So
+that's one plan. It's not great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one plan. It's not great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one plan. It's not great because
+it's a giant well if you really use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a giant well if you really use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a giant well if you really use this
+it would be a giant list and it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a giant list and it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be a giant list and it would be
+quite a lot of overhead for everyone in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of overhead for everyone in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a lot of overhead for everyone in
+the world to download this. The other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world to download this. The other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world to download this. The other
+problem is that no one actually bothers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that no one actually bothers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is that no one actually bothers
+doing this stuff. So the lists are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this stuff. So the lists are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this stuff. So the lists are in
+practice empty. So if you like actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice empty. So if you like actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice empty. So if you like actually
+ask all the CAS like most of them will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask all the CAS like most of them will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask all the CAS like most of them will
+give you back an empty CRL because no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you back an empty CRL because no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you back an empty CRL because no
+one's ever bothered to add anything to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's ever bothered to add anything to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one's ever bothered to add anything to
+this list because why would you? It'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list because why would you? It'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this list because why would you? It'll
+only break things because it'll reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only break things because it'll reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only break things because it'll reduce
+the number of connections that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of connections that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number of connections that'll
+succeed. Um so it's not clear whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed. Um so it's not clear whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeed. Um so it's not clear whether
+there's a great motivation for CAS to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great motivation for CAS to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a great motivation for CAS to
+maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain the
+CRL. The other thing that people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRL. The other thing that people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CRL. The other thing that people have
+tried uh is to query online the CA. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried uh is to query online the CA. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried uh is to query online the CA. So
+like in the Kobas world we try well we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the Kobas world we try well we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in the Kobas world we try well we
+contacted this KDC all the time and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted this KDC all the time and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contacted this KDC all the time and in
+the CA world we try to get out of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CA world we try to get out of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CA world we try to get out of this
+business and say well the CA is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and say well the CA is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business and say well the CA is only
+going to sign these messages once a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sign these messages once a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to sign these messages once a
+year. That's sort of a bummer. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. That's sort of a bummer. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+year. That's sort of a bummer. So
+there's an alternative protocol called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an alternative protocol called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an alternative protocol called
+online certificate status protocol or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online certificate status protocol or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online certificate status protocol or
+OCSP and this protocol sort of pushes us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCSP and this protocol sort of pushes us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCSP and this protocol sort of pushes us
+back from the CA world to the KDC world.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the CA world to the KDC world.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back from the CA world to the KDC world.
+So whenever a client gets a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So whenever a client gets a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So whenever a client gets a certificate
+and they're curious is this a really a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're curious is this a really a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're curious is this a really a
+valid certificate even though it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid certificate even though it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid certificate even though it's
+before the expiration time maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the expiration time maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before the expiration time maybe
+something went wrong. So using this OCSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong. So using this OCSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something went wrong. So using this OCSP
+protocol you can contact some server and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you can contact some server and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol you can contact some server and
+just say hey I got the certificate do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say hey I got the certificate do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say hey I got the certificate do
+you think it's still valid? So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's still valid? So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think it's still valid? So it's
+basically offloading the job of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically offloading the job of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically offloading the job of uh
+maintaining this CRL to a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining this CRL to a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintaining this CRL to a particular
+server. So instead of downloading the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server. So instead of downloading the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server. So instead of downloading the
+whole list yourself, you're going to ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole list yourself, you're going to ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole list yourself, you're going to ask
+a server, hey, is this thing in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a server, hey, is this thing in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a server, hey, is this thing in that
+list? So that's another plan that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list? So that's another plan that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list? So that's another plan that people
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+tried. It's um also not used very widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried. It's um also not used very widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried. It's um also not used very widely
+because um of two factors. One is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um of two factors. One is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um of two factors. One is that
+it adds latency to every request that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it adds latency to every request that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it adds latency to every request that
+you make. So every time you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make. So every time you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you make. So every time you want to
+connect to a server now you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to a server now you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to a server now you have to
+first connect get the certificate from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first connect get the certificate from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first connect get the certificate from
+the server now you have to talk to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server now you have to talk to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server now you have to talk to this
+OCSP guy and then wait for him to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCSP guy and then wait for him to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCSP guy and then wait for him to
+respond and then do something else. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and then do something else. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond and then do something else. So
+for latency reasons this is actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for latency reasons this is actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for latency reasons this is actually not
+a super popular plan. Another problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super popular plan. Another problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a super popular plan. Another problem is
+that you don't want this OCSP thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want this OCSP thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't want this OCSP thing
+being down from affecting your ability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being down from affecting your ability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being down from affecting your ability
+to browse the web. Suppose this OCSP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to browse the web. Suppose this OCSP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to browse the web. Suppose this OCSP
+server goes down you could like disable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server goes down you could like disable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server goes down you could like disable
+the whole internet because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole internet because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole internet because you can't
+check anyone's certificate. it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check anyone's certificate. it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check anyone's certificate. it could be
+all bad and then all your connections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all bad and then all your connections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all bad and then all your connections
+stop working. So, no one wants that. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop working. So, no one wants that. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop working. So, no one wants that. So,
+most clients treat the OCSP server being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most clients treat the OCSP server being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most clients treat the OCSP server being
+down as sort of an okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as sort of an okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down as sort of an okay
+occurrence. And this is really bad from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence. And this is really bad from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occurrence. And this is really bad from
+a security perspective because if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a security perspective because if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a security perspective because if you're
+an attacker and you want to convince
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attacker and you want to convince
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attacker and you want to convince
+someone that you have a legitimate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone that you have a legitimate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone that you have a legitimate
+certificate but it's actually been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate but it's actually been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate but it's actually been
+revoked, all you have to do is somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revoked, all you have to do is somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+revoked, all you have to do is somehow
+prevent that client from talking to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent that client from talking to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent that client from talking to the
+OCSP server. And then the client will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCSP server. And then the client will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+OCSP server. And then the client will
+say, well, you know, I get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, well, you know, I get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say, well, you know, I get the
+certificate. I was trying to check it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. I was trying to check it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. I was trying to check it,
+but this guy doesn't seem to be around,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this guy doesn't seem to be around,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this guy doesn't seem to be around,
+so I'll just go for it. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just go for it. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I'll just go for it. So that's
+basically the sort of lay of the land as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the sort of lay of the land as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the sort of lay of the land as
+far as revocation goes. So there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as revocation goes. So there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as revocation goes. So there's no
+real great answer. The thing that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real great answer. The thing that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real great answer. The thing that people
+do in practice as an alternative to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in practice as an alternative to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do in practice as an alternative to this
+is that clients just hardcode in really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clients just hardcode in really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that clients just hardcode in really
+bad uh sort of mistakes. So for example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh sort of mistakes. So for example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad uh sort of mistakes. So for example,
+the Chrome web browser actually ships
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chrome web browser actually ships
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Chrome web browser actually ships
+inside of it with a list of certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of it with a list of certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inside of it with a list of certificates
+that Google really wants to revoke. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Google really wants to revoke. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Google really wants to revoke. So
+if someone misu a certificate for Gmail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone misu a certificate for Gmail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if someone misu a certificate for Gmail
+or for some other important site like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for some other important site like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or for some other important site like
+Facebook, Amazon, whatever, then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook, Amazon, whatever, then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Facebook, Amazon, whatever, then the
+next release of Chrome will contain that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next release of Chrome will contain that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next release of Chrome will contain that
+thing in its revocation list baked into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in its revocation list baked into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing in its revocation list baked into
+Chrome. So this way you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrome. So this way you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrome. So this way you don't have to
+contact the CRL server. You don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact the CRL server. You don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contact the CRL server. You don't have
+to talk to this OCSP guy. It's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to this OCSP guy. It's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to talk to this OCSP guy. It's just
+baked in like this certificate is no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baked in like this certificate is no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+baked in like this certificate is no
+longer valid. the client rejects it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer valid. the client rejects it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer valid. the client rejects it.
+Yeah. Sorry, one last question. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Sorry, one last question. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Sorry, one last question. So,
+let's say I've stolen the secret key of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I've stolen the secret key of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say I've stolen the secret key of
+the certificate authority. All the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificate authority. All the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the certificate authority. All the
+public keys are hard. Oh, yeah. That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public keys are hard. Oh, yeah. That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public keys are hard. Oh, yeah. That's
+game. That's like really bad. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. That's like really bad. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. That's like really bad. It's not
+clear what I don't think there's any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what I don't think there's any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear what I don't think there's any
+solution baked into the system right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution baked into the system right now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution baked into the system right now
+for this. Uh I guess one there have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this. Uh I guess one there have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this. Uh I guess one there have been
+certainly situations where certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly situations where certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly situations where certificate
+authorities appear to have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities appear to have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities appear to have been
+compromised. So like in 2011 there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised. So like in 2011 there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised. So like in 2011 there were
+two CAS that were compromised and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two CAS that were compromised and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two CAS that were compromised and they
+issued or they were sort of somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued or they were sort of somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issued or they were sort of somehow
+tricked into issuing certificates for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricked into issuing certificates for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tricked into issuing certificates for
+Gmail for Facebook etc. And it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gmail for Facebook etc. And it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gmail for Facebook etc. And it's not
+clear maybe someone did steal their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear maybe someone did steal their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear maybe someone did steal their
+secret key. So what happened is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key. So what happened is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secret key. So what happened is I think
+those CAS actually got removed from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those CAS actually got removed from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those CAS actually got removed from the
+set of trusted CAS by browsers from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of trusted CAS by browsers from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of trusted CAS by browsers from that
+point on. So like the next release of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on. So like the next release of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point on. So like the next release of
+Chrome just said hey you know you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrome just said hey you know you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrome just said hey you know you really
+screwed up. We're going to kick you out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up. We're going to kick you out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screwed up. We're going to kick you out
+of the set of CAS that are trusted. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the set of CAS that are trusted. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the set of CAS that are trusted. And
+it's actually kind of a bummer because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually kind of a bummer because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually kind of a bummer because
+all the legitimate people that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the legitimate people that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the legitimate people that had
+certificates from that certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates from that certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates from that certificate
+authority are now out of luck. They have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority are now out of luck. They have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority are now out of luck. They have
+to get new certificates. So this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get new certificates. So this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get new certificates. So this is a
+somewhat messy system. Uh but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat messy system. Uh but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat messy system. Uh but that's
+sort of what happens in in practice with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what happens in in practice with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of what happens in in practice with
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+certificates. Make sense? Other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates. Make sense? Other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates. Make sense? Other
+questions about how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about how this
+works? All right. So this is the sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works? All right. So this is the sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works? All right. So this is the sort of
+general plan for how certificates work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general plan for how certificates work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general plan for how certificates work.
+And like as we were talking about right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And like as we were talking about right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And like as we were talking about right
+there, they're they're sort of better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, they're they're sort of better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, they're they're sort of better
+than Keraros in the sense that you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Keraros in the sense that you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than Keraros in the sense that you don't
+have to have this guy be online. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this guy be online. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have this guy be online. It
+might be a little bit more scalable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little bit more scalable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be a little bit more scalable
+because you can have multiple KDCs and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can have multiple KDCs and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can have multiple KDCs and
+you don't have to talk to them. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to talk to them. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to talk to them. Another
+cool thing about this protocol is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing about this protocol is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing about this protocol is that
+unlike Keraros, you're not forced to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike Keraros, you're not forced to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unlike Keraros, you're not forced to
+authenticate both parties. So you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate both parties. So you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authenticate both parties. So you could
+totally connect to a web server without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally connect to a web server without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally connect to a web server without
+having a certificate for yourself. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a certificate for yourself. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having a certificate for yourself. This
+happens all the time. If you just go to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time. If you just go to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens all the time. If you just go to
+amazon.com, you are going to check that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com, you are going to check that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com, you are going to check that
+Amazon is the right entity, but Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon is the right entity, but Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon is the right entity, but Amazon
+has no idea who you are necessarily or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no idea who you are necessarily or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has no idea who you are necessarily or
+at least not until you log in later. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least not until you log in later. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least not until you log in later. So
+at the crypto protocol level, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the crypto protocol level, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the crypto protocol level, you have
+no certificate. Amazon has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no certificate. Amazon has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no certificate. Amazon has a
+certificate. So that's actually much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. So that's actually much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. So that's actually much
+better than Kerbur where in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Kerbur where in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than Kerbur where in order to
+connect to a Kerberized service, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to a Kerberized service, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to a Kerberized service, you
+have to be an entry in the Kerbur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be an entry in the Kerbur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be an entry in the Kerbur
+database already. One thing that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database already. One thing that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+database already. One thing that's a
+little bit of a bummer with this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a bummer with this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of a bummer with this uh
+protocol as we've described it is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol as we've described it is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol as we've described it is that
+in fact the server does have to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the server does have to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in fact the server does have to have a
+certificate. So you can't just connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. So you can't just connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. So you can't just connect
+to a server and say hey you know let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a server and say hey you know let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a server and say hey you know let
+let's just encrypt our stuff. I have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just encrypt our stuff. I have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just encrypt our stuff. I have no
+idea who you are or like not really and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea who you are or like not really and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea who you are or like not really and
+you don't have any idea who I am but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any idea who I am but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have any idea who I am but
+let's encrypt it anyway. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's encrypt it anyway. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's encrypt it anyway. So this is
+called opportunistic encryption and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called opportunistic encryption and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called opportunistic encryption and it's
+of course vulnerable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course vulnerable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course vulnerable to
+man-in-the-middle attacks because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-in-the-middle attacks because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+man-in-the-middle attacks because you're
+connecting to someone and say well let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to someone and say well let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to someone and say well let's
+encrypt our stuff but you have no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt our stuff but you have no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt our stuff but you have no idea
+who it really is that you're encrypting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it really is that you're encrypting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who it really is that you're encrypting
+stuff with. Uh but it might be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with. Uh but it might be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff with. Uh but it might be a good
+idea anyway if someone is not actively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea anyway if someone is not actively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea anyway if someone is not actively
+mounting an attack against you. At least
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounting an attack against you. At least
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mounting an attack against you. At least
+the packets later on will be encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packets later on will be encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the packets later on will be encrypted
+and protected from snooping. So, it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protected from snooping. So, it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and protected from snooping. So, it's a
+bit of a shame that this uh protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a shame that this uh protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a shame that this uh protocol
+that we're looking at here, SSL, TLS,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking at here, SSL, TLS,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're looking at here, SSL, TLS,
+whatever, um doesn't offer this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, um doesn't offer this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever, um doesn't offer this kind of
+opportunistic encryption thing. Uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunistic encryption thing. Uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunistic encryption thing. Uh but
+well, such as life. So, I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, such as life. So, I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, such as life. So, I guess the
+server always has to have a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server always has to have a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server always has to have a certificate
+in this protocol. The client sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this protocol. The client sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this protocol. The client sometimes
+can and sometimes uh doesn't have to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and sometimes uh doesn't have to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can and sometimes uh doesn't have to.
+Make sense? Yeah. I just curious what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Make sense? Yeah. I just curious what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Make sense? Yeah. I just curious what's
+to stop someone from I mean, if you said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop someone from I mean, if you said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to stop someone from I mean, if you said
+that like every once a year they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like every once a year they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that like every once a year they
+encrypt, they create these new name key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt, they create these new name key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypt, they create these new name key
+pairs. So why couldn't you try to spend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs. So why couldn't you try to spend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pairs. So why couldn't you try to spend
+you know download try to spend like an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know download try to spend like an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know download try to spend like an
+entire year cracking specific key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire year cracking specific key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire year cracking specific key
+why does that not work in practice I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that not work in practice I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that not work in practice I
+think it does work so okay so it's like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it does work so okay so it's like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it does work so okay so it's like
+what goes wrong with a scheme like I one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes wrong with a scheme like I one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what goes wrong with a scheme like I one
+of the things that we have to assume is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we have to assume is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things that we have to assume is
+that cryptography is good here uh and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cryptography is good here uh and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that cryptography is good here uh and as
+with keros you know people start out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with keros you know people start out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with keros you know people start out
+using good crypto but it gets worse and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using good crypto but it gets worse and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using good crypto but it gets worse and
+worse with over time like computers get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse with over time like computers get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse with over time like computers get
+faster there's better algorithms for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster there's better algorithms for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster there's better algorithms for
+breaking this stuff and if people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this stuff and if people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+breaking this stuff and if people are
+not diligent about increasing their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not diligent about increasing their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not diligent about increasing their
+standards then these problems do creep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards then these problems do creep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standards then these problems do creep
+up. So for example, it used to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. So for example, it used to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up. So for example, it used to be the
+case that many certificates were signed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that many certificates were signed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that many certificates were signed.
+Well, there's two things going on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's two things going on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, there's two things going on.
+There's a public key signature scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a public key signature scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's a public key signature scheme
+and then because the public key crypto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because the public key crypto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then because the public key crypto
+has some limitations, you typically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some limitations, you typically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has some limitations, you typically you
+actually when you sign a message, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when you sign a message, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when you sign a message, you
+actually take a hash of the message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take a hash of the message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually take a hash of the message and
+then you sign the hash itself because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sign the hash itself because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you sign the hash itself because
+it's hard to sign a gigantic message,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to sign a gigantic message,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's hard to sign a gigantic message,
+but it's easy to sign a compact hash.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's easy to sign a compact hash.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's easy to sign a compact hash.
+And one thing that actually went wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one thing that actually went wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And one thing that actually went wrong
+is that uh people used to use MD5 as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh people used to use MD5 as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that uh people used to use MD5 as a
+hash function for uh collapsing the big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function for uh collapsing the big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function for uh collapsing the big
+message you're signing into a you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message you're signing into a you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message you're signing into a you know
+128 bit thing that you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 bit thing that you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+128 bit thing that you're going to
+actually sign with a crypto system. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sign with a crypto system. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually sign with a crypto system. You
+know MD5 was good maybe 20 years ago and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know MD5 was good maybe 20 years ago and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know MD5 was good maybe 20 years ago and
+then over time people discovered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over time people discovered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then over time people discovered
+weaknesses in MD5 that could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses in MD5 that could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weaknesses in MD5 that could be
+exploited. So actually at some point uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited. So actually at some point uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exploited. So actually at some point uh
+someone did actually ask for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone did actually ask for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone did actually ask for a
+certificate with a particular MD5 hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate with a particular MD5 hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate with a particular MD5 hash
+and then they carefully figured out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they carefully figured out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then they carefully figured out
+another message that hashes to the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another message that hashes to the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another message that hashes to the same
+MD5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MD5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MD5
+value and as a result now you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and as a result now you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value and as a result now you have a
+signature by a CA on some hash and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature by a CA on some hash and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signature by a CA on some hash and then
+you have a different message like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a different message like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a different message like a
+different key or a different name that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different key or a different name that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different key or a different name that
+you can convince someone was signed and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince someone was signed and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convince someone was signed and
+this does happen. So you like if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does happen. So you like if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this does happen. So you like if you
+spend a lot of time trying to break a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time trying to break a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend a lot of time trying to break a
+single key, then you'll succeed. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single key, then you'll succeed. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single key, then you'll succeed. Uh
+potentially if that key or if that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially if that key or if that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially if that key or if that
+certificate was using crypto that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate was using crypto that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate was using crypto that could
+be brute forced. Another example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be brute forced. Another example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be brute forced. Another example of
+something that's probably not so great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's probably not so great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's probably not so great
+now is if you're using RSA. We haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is if you're using RSA. We haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is if you're using RSA. We haven't
+really talked about RSA, but RSA is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talked about RSA, but RSA is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really talked about RSA, but RSA is one
+of these public key crypto systems that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these public key crypto systems that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these public key crypto systems that
+allows us to either encrypt messages or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to either encrypt messages or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows us to either encrypt messages or
+sign messages. With RSA, uh these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign messages. With RSA, uh these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign messages. With RSA, uh these days
+it's probably feasible to spend lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably feasible to spend lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's probably feasible to spend lots of
+money and break a thousand bit RSA keys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and break a thousand bit RSA keys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money and break a thousand bit RSA keys.
+you probably have to spend a fair amount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have to spend a fair amount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably have to spend a fair amount
+of work but uh it's doable probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work but uh it's doable probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of work but uh it's doable probably
+within a year easily. Um and there yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a year easily. Um and there yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+within a year easily. Um and there yeah
+absolutely you can ask a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you can ask a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely you can ask a certificate
+authority to sign you some message and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to sign you some message and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authority to sign you some message and
+or you can even take someone's existing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can even take someone's existing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you can even take someone's existing
+public key and try to brute force the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key and try to brute force the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key and try to brute force the
+corresponding secret key or sort of many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding secret key or sort of many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corresponding secret key or sort of many
+attacks. So you have to keep sort of up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks. So you have to keep sort of up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks. So you have to keep sort of up
+with the attackers in some sense right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the attackers in some sense right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the attackers in some sense right
+like you have to use larger keys with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to use larger keys with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you have to use larger keys with
+RSA or maybe you have to use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA or maybe you have to use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RSA or maybe you have to use a different
+crypto scheme. So for example, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto scheme. So for example, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto scheme. So for example, now
+people don't use MD5 hashes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't use MD5 hashes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people don't use MD5 hashes and
+certificates. They use Shiaan. But sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates. They use Shiaan. But sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates. They use Shiaan. But sort
+of that was good for a while. Now Shiaan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that was good for a while. Now Shiaan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that was good for a while. Now Shiaan
+is also weak. And Google is actually now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also weak. And Google is actually now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is also weak. And Google is actually now
+actively trying to push web developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively trying to push web developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actively trying to push web developers
+and browser vendors etc. to discontinue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and browser vendors etc. to discontinue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and browser vendors etc. to discontinue
+the use of Shiaan and use a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of Shiaan and use a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the use of Shiaan and use a different
+hash function because it's pretty clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function because it's pretty clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hash function because it's pretty clear
+that you know maybe in five or 10 years
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know maybe in five or 10 years
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you know maybe in five or 10 years
+time there will be relatively easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there will be relatively easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time there will be relatively easy
+attacks on Shiaan. It's already been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks on Shiaan. It's already been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks on Shiaan. It's already been
+shown to be weaker. So I guess there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to be weaker. So I guess there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown to be weaker. So I guess there's
+no no magic bullet per se. You just have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no magic bullet per se. You just have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no no magic bullet per se. You just have
+to make sure that you keep evolving with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you keep evolving with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure that you keep evolving with
+attackers.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attackers.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attackers.
+Um yeah, but there's a problem like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah, but there's a problem like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah, but there's a problem like
+absolutely like all all of the stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely like all all of the stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely like all all of the stuff
+that we're talking about relies on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about relies on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about relies on
+crypto being correct or sort of being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto being correct or sort of being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crypto being correct or sort of being
+hard to break. So you have to pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to break. So you have to pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to break. So you have to pick
+parameters uh suitably at least here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh suitably at least here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters uh suitably at least here
+there's an expiration time so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an expiration time so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an expiration time so you know
+well you know let's pick some parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know let's pick some parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you know let's pick some parameters
+that are good for a year as opposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are good for a year as opposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are good for a year as opposed to
+for 10 years. The CA has a much bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 years. The CA has a much bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for 10 years. The CA has a much bigger
+problem like this this key uh there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like this this key uh there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem like this this key uh there's no
+expiration on it necessarily. Uh so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration on it necessarily. Uh so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expiration on it necessarily. Uh so that
+that's less clear what's going on. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less clear what's going on. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's less clear what's going on. So
+probably you pick like really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you pick like really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably you pick like really
+aggressively sort of you know safe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively sort of you know safe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aggressively sort of you know safe
+parameters. So you know 4,000 or you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. So you know 4,000 or you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters. So you know 4,000 or you
+know 6,000 bit RSA or something or like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 6,000 bit RSA or something or like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know 6,000 bit RSA or something or like
+another scheme together or don't use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another scheme together or don't use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another scheme together or don't use
+Shiaan at all here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shiaan at all here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Shiaan at all here.
+Um yeah no real clear answer. You just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah no real clear answer. You just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah no real clear answer. You just
+have to do it. Yeah. All right. Any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it. Yeah. All right. Any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do it. Yeah. All right. Any
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+questions? All right. So let's now look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? All right. So let's now look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions? All right. So let's now look
+at uh so this is just like the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh so this is just like the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at uh so this is just like the protocol
+side of things. Let's now look at how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of things. Let's now look at how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side of things. Let's now look at how do
+we integrate this into a particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we integrate this into a particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we integrate this into a particular
+application namely the web browser. So I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application namely the web browser. So I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application namely the web browser. So I
+guess if we want to secure network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if we want to secure network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess if we want to secure network
+communication or sort of websites with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication or sort of websites with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication or sort of websites with
+cryptography there's really three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography there's really three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cryptography there's really three things
+we have to protect in browser. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to protect in browser. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to protect in browser. So
+there's sort of the first thing we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of the first thing we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's sort of the first thing we have
+to protect is data on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+network. And this is almost the easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. And this is almost the easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. And this is almost the easy
+part because well, we're just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because well, we're just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part because well, we're just going to
+run a protocol very much like what I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a protocol very much like what I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run a protocol very much like what I've
+been describing so far. We'll encrypt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been describing so far. We'll encrypt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been describing so far. We'll encrypt
+all the messages, you know, sign them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the messages, you know, sign them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the messages, you know, sign them,
+make sure they haven't been tampered
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure they haven't been tampered
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure they haven't been tampered
+with, all this great stuff. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, all this great stuff. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, all this great stuff. So that's
+how we're going to protect data on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to protect data on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we're going to protect data on the
+network. But then there's two other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. But then there's two other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. But then there's two other
+things in a web browser to really have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a web browser to really have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in a web browser to really have
+to worry about. The sort of first of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about. The sort of first of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to worry about. The sort of first of
+them is anything that actually runs in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is anything that actually runs in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is anything that actually runs in
+the browser. So code that's running in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser. So code that's running in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser. So code that's running in
+the browser like JavaScript or important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser like JavaScript or important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser like JavaScript or important
+data that's stored in the browser. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's stored in the browser. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data that's stored in the browser. uh
+maybe your cookies or local storage or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your cookies or local storage or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe your cookies or local storage or
+lots of other stuff that goes on in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other stuff that goes on in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lots of other stuff that goes on in a
+modern browser. All has to be somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern browser. All has to be somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern browser. All has to be somehow
+protected from network attackers. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected from network attackers. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protected from network attackers. And
+we'll see the kinds of things we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see the kinds of things we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see the kinds of things we have to
+worry about here in a second. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about here in a second. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worry about here in a second. And then
+the last thing that you might not think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that you might not think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last thing that you might not think
+about too much, but uh turns out to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about too much, but uh turns out to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about too much, but uh turns out to be a
+real issue in practice is protecting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real issue in practice is protecting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real issue in practice is protecting the
+user interface.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interface.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user interface.
+And the reason for this is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason for this is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason for this is that
+ultimately much of the confidential data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately much of the confidential data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately much of the confidential data
+that we care about protecting comes from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about protecting comes from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we care about protecting comes from
+the user and the user is typing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user and the user is typing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user and the user is typing the
+stuff into some website. And the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff into some website. And the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff into some website. And the user
+probably has multiple websites open on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably has multiple websites open on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably has multiple websites open on
+their computer. So the user has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computer. So the user has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their computer. So the user has to be
+able to distinguish which site they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to distinguish which site they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to distinguish which site they're
+actually interacting with at any moment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interacting with at any moment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interacting with at any moment
+in time. If they accidentally type their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time. If they accidentally type their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time. If they accidentally type their
+Amazon password into some web discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon password into some web discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon password into some web discussion
+forum, it's going to be disastrous. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forum, it's going to be disastrous. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forum, it's going to be disastrous. Uh
+depending on how much you care about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much you care about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much you care about
+your Amazon password, but still. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Amazon password, but still. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your Amazon password, but still. Um, so
+you really want to have uh good user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to have uh good user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you really want to have uh good user
+interface sort of elements that help the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface sort of elements that help the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface sort of elements that help the
+user figure out what are they doing? Am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user figure out what are they doing? Am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user figure out what are they doing? Am
+I typing this confidential data into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I typing this confidential data into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I typing this confidential data into the
+right website or what's going to happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right website or what's going to happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right website or what's going to happen
+to this data when I submit it? Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this data when I submit it? Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this data when I submit it? Um, so
+this turns out to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this turns out to be
+a pretty important issue for protecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty important issue for protecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty important issue for protecting
+um web applications.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um web applications.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um web applications.
+Um, all right, make sense? So let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right, make sense? So let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right, make sense? So let's look
+at actually what uh the current web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at actually what uh the current web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at actually what uh the current web
+browsers do on this front. So as I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers do on this front. So as I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers do on this front. So as I
+mentioned here uh for protecting data on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here uh for protecting data on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned here uh for protecting data on
+the network we're just going to use this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network we're just going to use this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network we're just going to use this
+protocol called SSL or TLS now u that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol called SSL or TLS now u that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol called SSL or TLS now u that
+encrypts and authenticates data. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypts and authenticates data. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypts and authenticates data. It
+looks very similar to the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very similar to the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks very similar to the kind of
+discussion we've had so far. Um it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we've had so far. Um it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discussion we've had so far. Um it
+includes the certificate authorities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the certificate authorities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+includes the certificate authorities
+etc. And there's of course many more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. And there's of course many more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+etc. And there's of course many more
+details like TLS is hugely complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details like TLS is hugely complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details like TLS is hugely complicated
+but it's not particularly interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not particularly interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's not particularly interesting
+from this at least angle. All right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this at least angle. All right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this at least angle. All right. So,
+protecting stuff in the browser turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting stuff in the browser turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protecting stuff in the browser turns
+out to be much more interesting. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be much more interesting. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be much more interesting. And the
+reason is that we need to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that we need to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason is that we need to make sure that
+any code or data delivered over non-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any code or data delivered over non-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any code or data delivered over non-
+enrypted connections can't tamper with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrypted connections can't tamper with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enrypted connections can't tamper with
+code and data that came from an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and data that came from an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and data that came from an
+encrypted connection because our threat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted connection because our threat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted connection because our threat
+model is that anything that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is that anything that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model is that anything that is
+unencrypted could potentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unencrypted could potentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unencrypted could potentially be
+tampered with by a network backer. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with by a network backer. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tampered with by a network backer. So we
+have to make sure that if we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that if we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to make sure that if we have some
+unencrypted JavaScript code running in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unencrypted JavaScript code running in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unencrypted JavaScript code running in
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+browser then we should assume that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser then we should assume that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser then we should assume that that
+could have been tampered with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been tampered with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have been tampered with an
+attacker because it wasn't encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker because it wasn't encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker because it wasn't encrypted
+wasn't authenticated over the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't authenticated over the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't authenticated over the network
+and consequently we should prevent it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently we should prevent it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and consequently we should prevent it
+from tampering with any pages that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tampering with any pages that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from tampering with any pages that were
+delivered over an encrypted connection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered over an encrypted connection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivered over an encrypted connection.
+So the general plan for this is we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the general plan for this is we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the general plan for this is we're
+going to introduce a new URL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce a new URL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to introduce a new URL
+scheme that's called HTTPS. though you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that's called HTTPS. though you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme that's called HTTPS. though you
+often see this in URLs presumably in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see this in URLs presumably in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often see this in URLs presumably in
+your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your own
+life and there's going to be two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and there's going to be two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life and there's going to be two things
+that uh well first of all the the cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh well first of all the the cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh well first of all the the cool
+thing about introducing a new URL scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about introducing a new URL scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing about introducing a new URL scheme
+is that now these URLs are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now these URLs are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that now these URLs are just
+different from HTTP URL so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from HTTP URL so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different from HTTP URL so if you have a
+URL that's https colon something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URL that's https colon something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URL that's https colon something
+something it's a different origin as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's a different origin as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something it's a different origin as far
+as the same origin policy is concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the same origin policy is concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the same origin policy is concerned
+from regular HTTP URLs so HTTP URLs go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from regular HTTP URLs so HTTP URLs go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from regular HTTP URLs so HTTP URLs go
+over unencrypted connections these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over unencrypted connections these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over unencrypted connections these
+things are going over SSLTLS. So you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going over SSLTLS. So you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things are going over SSLTLS. So you'll
+never confuse the two if the same origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never confuse the two if the same origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never confuse the two if the same origin
+policy does its job
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy does its job
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy does its job
+correctly. So that's one sort of bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly. So that's one sort of bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly. So that's one sort of bit of
+the puzzle. But then you have to also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle. But then you have to also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the puzzle. But then you have to also
+make sure that you correctly distinguish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you correctly distinguish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you correctly distinguish
+different encrypted sites from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different encrypted sites from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different encrypted sites from one
+another. And then it turns out cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. And then it turns out cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. And then it turns out cookies
+have a different policy for historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different policy for historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different policy for historical
+reasons. So let's first talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. So let's first talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons. So let's first talk about how
+we're going to distinguish different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to distinguish different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to distinguish different
+encrypted sites from one another. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted sites from one another. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encrypted sites from one another. So the
+plan for that is that actually the host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for that is that actually the host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan for that is that actually the host
+name in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name in the
+URL has to be the name in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URL has to be the name in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URL has to be the name in the
+certificate. So that's what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. So that's what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. So that's what actually
+turns out that the certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out that the certificate
+authorities are going to sign at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities are going to sign at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+authorities are going to sign at the end
+of the day. So they're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day. So they're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the day. So they're going to
+literally sign the host name that shows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally sign the host name that shows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally sign the host name that shows
+up in your URL as the name for your web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in your URL as the name for your web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in your URL as the name for your web
+server's public key. So Amazon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server's public key. So Amazon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server's public key. So Amazon
+presumably has a certificate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably has a certificate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably has a certificate for
+www.amazon.com.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www.amazon.com.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www.amazon.com.
+That's the name and then whatever the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the name and then whatever the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the name and then whatever the
+public key corresponding to their secret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key corresponding to their secret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+public key corresponding to their secret
+key is and this is what the browser is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is and this is what the browser is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key is and this is what the browser is
+going to look for. So if it gets a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look for. So if it gets a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to look for. So if it gets a
+certificate well if it tries to connect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate well if it tries to connect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate well if it tries to connect
+or get a URL that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get a URL that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or get a URL that's
+https/ you know foo.com it better be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+https/ you know foo.com it better be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+https/ you know foo.com it better be the
+case that the server presents a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that the server presents a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case that the server presents a
+certificate for foo.com. Exactly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate for foo.com. Exactly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate for foo.com. Exactly.
+Otherwise we'll say well you know we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otherwise we'll say well you know we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otherwise we'll say well you know we
+tried to connect to one guy but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to connect to one guy but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tried to connect to one guy but we
+actually got another guy. That's his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got another guy. That's his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually got another guy. That's his
+that's a different name in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different name in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a different name in the
+certificate that we connected to. uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that we connected to. uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate that we connected to. uh and
+that'll be u certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be u certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be u certificate
+mismatch. So that's how we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch. So that's how we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mismatch. So that's how we are going to
+distinguish different sites from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish different sites from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distinguish different sites from one
+another. We're basically going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. We're basically going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another. We're basically going to get
+the CAS to help us tell these sites
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CAS to help us tell these sites
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the CAS to help us tell these sites
+apart and the CAS are going to promise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and the CAS are going to promise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apart and the CAS are going to promise
+to issue certificates to only the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to issue certificates to only the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to issue certificates to only the right
+entities. So that's on the say origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities. So that's on the say origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entities. So that's on the say origin
+policy side how we're going to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy side how we're going to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy side how we're going to sort of
+separate the code apart and then as it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the code apart and then as it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate the code apart and then as it
+turns out well as you might remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out well as you might remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turns out well as you might remember
+cookies uh have a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies uh have a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies uh have a slightly different
+policy like it's almost same origin but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy like it's almost same origin but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policy like it's almost same origin but
+not quite. Um so cookies have a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite. Um so cookies have a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not quite. Um so cookies have a slightly
+different plan. Um so cookies have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plan. Um so cookies have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different plan. Um so cookies have this
+um secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um secure
+flag that you can set on a cookie. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag that you can set on a cookie. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag that you can set on a cookie. So
+the rules are if a cookie has a secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules are if a cookie has a secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rules are if a cookie has a secure
+flag then it gets sent only uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag then it gets sent only uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag then it gets sent only uh to
+HTTPS requests or along with HTTPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS requests or along with HTTPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS requests or along with HTTPS
+requests. And if a cookie doesn't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests. And if a cookie doesn't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests. And if a cookie doesn't have a
+secure flag, then it applies to both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure flag, then it applies to both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure flag, then it applies to both
+HTTP and HTTPS requests. So that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP and HTTPS requests. So that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP and HTTPS requests. So that's a
+little bit complicated, right? It would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit complicated, right? It would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit complicated, right? It would
+be cleaner if cookies just said, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cleaner if cookies just said, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be cleaner if cookies just said, well,
+this is a cookie for an HTTPS host and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cookie for an HTTPS host and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cookie for an HTTPS host and
+this is a cookie for an HTTP host and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cookie for an HTTP host and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a cookie for an HTTP host and
+they're just completely different. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just completely different. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're just completely different. That
+would be very clean in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very clean in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be very clean in terms of
+isolating secure sites from insecure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating secure sites from insecure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolating secure sites from insecure
+sites. Unfortunately, for historical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites. Unfortunately, for historical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites. Unfortunately, for historical
+reasons, cookies have this weird sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons, cookies have this weird sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons, cookies have this weird sort of
+interaction, right? So if a cookie is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction, right? So if a cookie is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interaction, right? So if a cookie is
+marked secure, then it only applies to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked secure, then it only applies to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marked secure, then it only applies to
+HTTPS sites. Well, there's a host also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS sites. Well, there's a host also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS sites. Well, there's a host also
+as well, right? So secure cookies apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well, right? So secure cookies apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as well, right? So secure cookies apply
+only to HTTPS host URLs and insecure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to HTTPS host URLs and insecure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only to HTTPS host URLs and insecure
+cookies apply to both. So that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies apply to both. So that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies apply to both. So that'll be
+some source of problems for us in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some source of problems for us in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some source of problems for us in a
+second. Make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Make
+sense? All right. And the final bit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. And the final bit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? All right. And the final bit that
+sort of web browsers do to try to help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of web browsers do to try to help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of web browsers do to try to help
+us along in this plan um is for the UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us along in this plan um is for the UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us along in this plan um is for the UI
+aspect. they're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect. they're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect. they're going
+to introduce some kind of a lock icon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce some kind of a lock icon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to introduce some kind of a lock icon
+that users are supposed to see. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that users are supposed to see. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that users are supposed to see. So
+there's a lock icon in your browser plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lock icon in your browser plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lock icon in your browser plus
+you're supposed to look at the URL to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to look at the URL to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to look at the URL to
+figure out which site you're on. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which site you're on. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out which site you're on. And
+that's how sort of web browser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how sort of web browser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how sort of web browser
+developers expect you to think of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers expect you to think of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers expect you to think of the
+world. Like if you're ever entering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Like if you're ever entering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. Like if you're ever entering
+secure or confidential stuff into some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure or confidential stuff into some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure or confidential stuff into some
+website, then you should look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website, then you should look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website, then you should look at the
+URL, make sure that's the actual host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URL, make sure that's the actual host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URL, make sure that's the actual host
+name that you want to be talking to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that you want to be talking to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name that you want to be talking to and
+then look for some sort of an lock icon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look for some sort of an lock icon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then look for some sort of an lock icon
+and then you should assume things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you should assume things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you should assume things are
+good to go. So that's the UI aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to go. So that's the UI aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to go. So that's the UI aspect of
+it. It's not great. Turns out that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's not great. Turns out that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's not great. Turns out that many
+fishing sites will just include an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing sites will just include an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fishing sites will just include an image
+of a lock icon in the site itself and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lock icon in the site itself and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a lock icon in the site itself and
+have a different URL. And if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different URL. And if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different URL. And if you don't
+know exactly what to look for, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what to look for, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know exactly what to look for, what's
+going on, you a user might be fooled by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on, you a user might be fooled by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on, you a user might be fooled by
+this. Um, so this UI side is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um, so this UI side is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Um, so this UI side is a little
+messy, partly because users are messy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy, partly because users are messy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+messy, partly because users are messy
+like humans. Um, and it's really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like humans. Um, and it's really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like humans. Um, and it's really hard to
+tell what's the right thing to do here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what's the right thing to do here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell what's the right thing to do here.
+So we'll focus mostly on this aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll focus mostly on this aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we'll focus mostly on this aspect of
+it, which is much easier to discuss sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, which is much easier to discuss sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, which is much easier to discuss sort
+of precisely. Make sense? Any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precisely. Make sense? Any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of precisely. Make sense? Any questions
+about this stuff so far? Yeah, I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff so far? Yeah, I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this stuff so far? Yeah, I know
+some websites that are HTTPS do not have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some websites that are HTTPS do not have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some websites that are HTTPS do not have
+a lot of support. Yeah. So it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of support. Yeah. So it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of support. Yeah. So it turns out
+that um the browsers evolve over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the browsers evolve over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um the browsers evolve over time
+what it means to get a lock icon. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to get a lock icon. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what it means to get a lock icon. Um so
+one thing that uh some browsers do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that uh some browsers do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that uh some browsers do is
+they give you a lock icon only if all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you a lock icon only if all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they give you a lock icon only if all of
+the content or resources within your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content or resources within your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content or resources within your
+page were also served over HTTPS. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page were also served over HTTPS. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page were also served over HTTPS. So
+this is one of the problems that force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the problems that force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is one of the problems that force
+HTTPS tries to address is this mixed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS tries to address is this mixed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS tries to address is this mixed
+content or sort of insecure embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content or sort of insecure embedding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content or sort of insecure embedding
+kinds of problems. So sometimes you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems. So sometimes you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of problems. So sometimes you will
+fail to get a lock icon because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail to get a lock icon because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail to get a lock icon because of that
+check. Other times maybe your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check. Other times maybe your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check. Other times maybe your
+certificate isn't quite good enough. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate isn't quite good enough. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate isn't quite good enough. So
+for example, Chrome will not give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, Chrome will not give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, Chrome will not give you a
+lock icon if it thinks your certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock icon if it thinks your certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lock icon if it thinks your certificate
+uses weak cryptography. Um but it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses weak cryptography. Um but it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uses weak cryptography. Um but it also
+varies with browsers. So you know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with browsers. So you know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+varies with browsers. So you know maybe
+Chrome will not give you a lock icon,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrome will not give you a lock icon,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Chrome will not give you a lock icon,
+but Firefox will. So it's again sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Firefox will. So it's again sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but Firefox will. So it's again sort of
+there's no clear spec on what this lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no clear spec on what this lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no clear spec on what this lock
+icon means.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon means.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon means.
+just people sweep stuff under this lock
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just people sweep stuff under this lock
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just people sweep stuff under this lock
+icon. Um, yeah, other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon. Um, yeah, other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+icon. Um, yeah, other
+questions. All right, so let's look at I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. All right, so let's look at I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions. All right, so let's look at I
+guess uh what kinds of problems we uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh what kinds of problems we uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess uh what kinds of problems we uh
+run into with this plan. So one thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into with this plan. So one thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run into with this plan. So one thing I
+guess we should maybe first talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we should maybe first talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess we should maybe first talk about
+is okay. So in regular HTTP we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay. So in regular HTTP we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is okay. So in regular HTTP we used to
+rely on DNS to give us the correct IP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on DNS to give us the correct IP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rely on DNS to give us the correct IP
+address of a server.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of a server.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address of a server.
+So, how much do we have to trust DNS for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how much do we have to trust DNS for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, how much do we have to trust DNS for
+these HTTPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+URLs? Are DNS servers trusted or are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URLs? Are DNS servers trusted or are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URLs? Are DNS servers trusted or are
+these DNS mappings sort of important for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these DNS mappings sort of important for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these DNS mappings sort of important for
+us anymore?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. Yeah, they are. Because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah, they are. Because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah, they are. Because the
+certificate is signing the domain name.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate is signing the domain name.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate is signing the domain name.
+I don't think they sign an IP address,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think they sign an IP address,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't think they sign an IP address,
+right? That's right. Yeah. So, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's right. Yeah. So, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? That's right. Yeah. So, the
+certificate signs a domain name. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate signs a domain name. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate signs a domain name. So,
+this is like, you know, Amazon.com.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's true. So someone steals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's true. So someone steals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that's true. So someone steals
+Amazon.com's private key and personally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon.com's private key and personally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon.com's private key and personally
+another server with another address and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another server with another address and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another server with another address and
+bind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bind
+address.com. But then you already That's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address.com. But then you already That's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+address.com. But then you already That's
+right. Yeah. So in the attack you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Yeah. So in the attack you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Yeah. So in the attack you're
+describing, you have to both steal the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing, you have to both steal the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+describing, you have to both steal the
+private key and redirect DNS to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key and redirect DNS to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+private key and redirect DNS to
+yourself. Uh so like is DNS it on itself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. Uh so like is DNS it on itself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. Uh so like is DNS it on itself
+sensitive enough for us to care about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive enough for us to care about?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive enough for us to care about?
+Um, I guess in some sense you're right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I guess in some sense you're right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, I guess in some sense you're right
+that we need DNS to find the IP address.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need DNS to find the IP address.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we need DNS to find the IP address.
+Otherwise, we'd be lost because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otherwise, we'd be lost because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Otherwise, we'd be lost because this is
+just the host name and we still need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the host name and we still need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just the host name and we still need to
+find the IP address to talk to. What if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the IP address to talk to. What if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find the IP address to talk to. What if
+someone compromised the DNS server and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone compromised the DNS server and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone compromised the DNS server and
+points us at a different IP address?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points us at a different IP address?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points us at a different IP address?
+This is going to be bad. Yeah. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to be bad. Yeah. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is going to be bad. Yeah. Well,
+they could just, you know, serve HTTPS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could just, you know, serve HTTPS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could just, you know, serve HTTPS.
+So, that's potentially worrisome, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's potentially worrisome, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's potentially worrisome, right?
+So, they might just refuse the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, they might just refuse the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, they might just refuse the
+connection altogether. Well, no, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection altogether. Well, no, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection altogether. Well, no, they
+just redirect you to the HTTP URL. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just redirect you to the HTTP URL. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just redirect you to the HTTP URL. Well,
+so certainly if you connect to it over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly if you connect to it over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so certainly if you connect to it over
+HTPS, then they can't redirect. Uh uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTPS, then they can't redirect. Uh uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTPS, then they can't redirect. Uh uh
+but uh yeah. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh yeah. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh yeah. Yeah.
+HTPS and try to the user that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTPS and try to the user that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTPS and try to the user that
+that's right. Yeah. So so the thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. Yeah. So so the thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right. Yeah. So so the thing that
+uh you you mentioned is that you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you mentioned is that you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you you mentioned is that you could
+try to serve up a different certificate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to serve up a different certificate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to serve up a different certificate.
+So maybe you've well one possibility is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe you've well one possibility is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe you've well one possibility is
+you like somehow compromise the CA in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like somehow compromise the CA in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like somehow compromise the CA in
+which case okay you're in business. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case okay you're in business. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which case okay you're in business. Uh,
+another possibility is maybe you'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility is maybe you'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another possibility is maybe you'll just
+sign a certificate by yourself or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign a certificate by yourself or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sign a certificate by yourself or maybe
+you have some old certificate for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some old certificate for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have some old certificate for this
+guy that you've gotten the private key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that you've gotten the private key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy that you've gotten the private key
+for. Um, and it turns out that web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. Um, and it turns out that web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for. Um, and it turns out that web
+browsers, as this sort of force HTPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers, as this sort of force HTPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers, as this sort of force HTPS
+paper reading talks about, most web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper reading talks about, most web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper reading talks about, most web
+browsers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers
+actually ask the user if something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ask the user if something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually ask the user if something
+doesn't look right with the certificate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look right with the certificate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't look right with the certificate,
+which seems like a fairly strange thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems like a fairly strange thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which seems like a fairly strange thing
+to do. Uh, because like here's a rule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Uh, because like here's a rule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Uh, because like here's a rule
+like the host name has to match the name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the host name has to match the name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the host name has to match the name
+of the certificate and it has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the certificate and it has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the certificate and it has to be
+valid. it has to be not expired. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. it has to be not expired. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+valid. it has to be not expired. All
+these very clear rules. But because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very clear rules. But because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these very clear rules. But because of
+historically the way HTTPS has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically the way HTTPS has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+historically the way HTTPS has been
+deployed, it's often been the case that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed, it's often been the case that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed, it's often been the case that
+web server operators misconfigure HTTPS.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web server operators misconfigure HTTPS.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+web server operators misconfigure HTTPS.
+So maybe they just like forget to renew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe they just like forget to renew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So maybe they just like forget to renew
+their certificate. You know, things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their certificate. You know, things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their certificate. You know, things are
+going along great and you didn't notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along great and you didn't notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going along great and you didn't notice
+that your certificate was expired and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your certificate was expired and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your certificate was expired and
+you just forgot to renew it. So it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just forgot to renew it. So it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just forgot to renew it. So it seems
+to web browser developers that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to web browser developers that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to web browser developers that seems
+like a bit of a bummer that, oh man,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bit of a bummer that, oh man,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a bit of a bummer that, oh man,
+it's just expired. Let's just let the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just expired. Let's just let the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just expired. Let's just let the
+user continue. So they often will pop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user continue. So they often will pop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user continue. So they often will pop up
+a dialogue box for the user saying,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dialogue box for the user saying,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a dialogue box for the user saying,
+well, you know, I got a certificate, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, you know, I got a certificate, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, you know, I got a certificate, but
+it doesn't look right in some way. Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look right in some way. Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't look right in some way. Do
+you want to just go ahead anyway and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to just go ahead anyway and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to just go ahead anyway and
+continue? Um, so web browsers will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue? Um, so web browsers will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue? Um, so web browsers will allow
+users to sort of override this decision
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users to sort of override this decision
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users to sort of override this decision
+on, you know, things like expiration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, you know, things like expiration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, you know, things like expiration
+certificates. Also, for host names, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates. Also, for host names, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates. Also, for host names, it
+uh might be the case that your website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might be the case that your website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh might be the case that your website
+has many names like for Amazon, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many names like for Amazon, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has many names like for Amazon, you
+might connect to, you know, Amazon.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might connect to, you know, Amazon.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might connect to, you know, Amazon.com
+or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maybe
+www.amazon.com or many other host names.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www.amazon.com or many other host names.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+www.amazon.com or many other host names.
+And if you are not careful as a website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you are not careful as a website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if you are not careful as a website
+operator, you might not know to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator, you might not know to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator, you might not know to get
+certificates for every possible name
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates for every possible name
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates for every possible name
+that your website has. And then a user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your website has. And then a user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that your website has. And then a user
+is sort of stuck saying, well, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of stuck saying, well, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is sort of stuck saying, well, you know,
+the host name doesn't look quite right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host name doesn't look quite right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the host name doesn't look quite right,
+but maybe let's go anyway. So, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe let's go anyway. So, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but maybe let's go anyway. So, this is
+the reason why web browsers allow users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why web browsers allow users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why web browsers allow users
+to um sort of accept more broadly or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um sort of accept more broadly or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to um sort of accept more broadly or a
+broader range of certificates than these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader range of certificates than these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader range of certificates than these
+rules might otherwise dictate. So, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules might otherwise dictate. So, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rules might otherwise dictate. So, that
+seems a problem. And then if you hijack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a problem. And then if you hijack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems a problem. And then if you hijack
+DNS, then you might be able to redirect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS, then you might be able to redirect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS, then you might be able to redirect
+the user to one of these sites that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user to one of these sites that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user to one of these sites that
+serves up a uh incorrect certificate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves up a uh incorrect certificate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serves up a uh incorrect certificate.
+And if the user isn't careful, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if the user isn't careful, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And if the user isn't careful, they're
+going to potentially uh approve the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to potentially uh approve the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to potentially uh approve the
+browser accepting your certificate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser accepting your certificate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser accepting your certificate and
+then you're in trouble then. Yeah. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in trouble then. Yeah. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're in trouble then. Yeah. So,
+it's of a bit of a, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of a bit of a, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's of a bit of a, you
+know, gray area with respect to how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, gray area with respect to how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, gray area with respect to how much
+you should really trust DNS. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really trust DNS. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should really trust DNS. So, you
+certainly don't want to give arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't want to give arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly don't want to give arbitrary
+users just control over your DNS name.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users just control over your DNS name.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users just control over your DNS name.
+Um, but uh certainly the goal of SSL,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but uh certainly the goal of SSL,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but uh certainly the goal of SSL,
+TLS, and HTTPS, all this stuff is to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLS, and HTTPS, all this stuff is to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLS, and HTTPS, all this stuff is to
+hopefully not trust DNS at all. Like if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully not trust DNS at all. Like if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully not trust DNS at all. Like if
+everything works here correctly, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works here correctly, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything works here correctly, then
+DNS shouldn't be trusted. You can mount
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS shouldn't be trusted. You can mount
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS shouldn't be trusted. You can mount
+a denial of service attack with it, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a denial of service attack with it, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a denial of service attack with it, but
+you should never be able to intercept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never be able to intercept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should never be able to intercept
+any data or uh corrupt data, etc. Make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any data or uh corrupt data, etc. Make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any data or uh corrupt data, etc. Make
+sense? That's if everything works, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? That's if everything works, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense? That's if everything works, of
+course, and it's a little bit messier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, and it's a little bit messier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, and it's a little bit messier
+than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than
+that. All right. Um so I guess one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All right. Um so I guess one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. All right. Um so I guess one
+um interesting question to talk about is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interesting question to talk about is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um interesting question to talk about is
+uh so I guess how bad could an attack be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I guess how bad could an attack be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so I guess how bad could an attack be
+if the user misapproves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the user misapproves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the user misapproves
+um a certificate. So as we were saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a certificate. So as we were saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um a certificate. So as we were saying
+like if the user accepts a certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the user accepts a certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if the user accepts a certificate
+from the wrong host or accepts an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wrong host or accepts an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the wrong host or accepts an
+expired certificate I guess what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expired certificate I guess what could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expired certificate I guess what could
+go wrong like how much should we worry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go wrong like how much should we worry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go wrong like how much should we worry
+about this mistake from the user?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this mistake from the user?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this mistake from the user?
+Yeah. Well, the the owner of the web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, the the owner of the web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, the the owner of the web
+certificate um could could be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate um could could be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate um could could be in
+principle not the site the user wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle not the site the user wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle not the site the user wants to
+visit. So they they could do they could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit. So they they could do they could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit. So they they could do they could
+do things like pretend to be the user's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things like pretend to be the user's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things like pretend to be the user's
+bank, right? Okay. So so certainly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank, right? Okay. So so certainly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank, right? Okay. So so certainly the
+user might then I guess be fooled into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user might then I guess be fooled into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user might then I guess be fooled into
+thinking, oh I have all this money or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking, oh I have all this money or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking, oh I have all this money or
+maybe I have no money at all. The result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I have no money at all. The result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I have no money at all. The result
+page comes back saying here's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page comes back saying here's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page comes back saying here's your
+balance. So maybe the user will assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance. So maybe the user will assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance. So maybe the user will assume
+something about what that bank has or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what that bank has or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about what that bank has or
+doesn't have based on the result.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have based on the result.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have based on the result.
+that that seems bad but not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that seems bad but not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that seems bad but not necessarily
+so disastrous. Yeah, I think that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so disastrous. Yeah, I think that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so disastrous. Yeah, I think that an
+impersonating site can get all the users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impersonating site can get all the users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impersonating site can get all the users
+cookies unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies unless
+you take over their drinks. Right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take over their drinks. Right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take over their drinks. Right. So
+this is now Yeah, this is much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now Yeah, this is much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is now Yeah, this is much more
+worrisome potentially or has a much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome potentially or has a much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worrisome potentially or has a much more
+longerlasting impact on you. Uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longerlasting impact on you. Uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longerlasting impact on you. Uh and the
+reason this works out is because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this works out is because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this works out is because the
+browser when it uh figures out when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser when it uh figures out when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser when it uh figures out when it
+makes a decision as to who is allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a decision as to who is allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes a decision as to who is allowed to
+get a particular set of cookies or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a particular set of cookies or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a particular set of cookies or not
+just looks at the host name in the URL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks at the host name in the URL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just looks at the host name in the URL
+that you supposedly connected to. So if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you supposedly connected to. So if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you supposedly connected to. So if
+you connect to some attacker's web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you connect to some attacker's web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you connect to some attacker's web
+server and then you just accept their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and then you just accept their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server and then you just accept their
+certificate for amazon.com as the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate for amazon.com as the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate for amazon.com as the real
+thing, then the browser will think yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, then the browser will think yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, then the browser will think yeah
+the entity I'm talking to is amazon.com.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entity I'm talking to is amazon.com.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entity I'm talking to is amazon.com.
+So I will treat them as I would a normal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I will treat them as I would a normal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So I will treat them as I would a normal
+Amazon.com server. which means that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon.com server. which means that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon.com server. which means that they
+should get access to all the cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get access to all the cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should get access to all the cookies
+that you have for that host and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have for that host and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have for that host and
+presumably they could run JavaScript
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably they could run JavaScript
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presumably they could run JavaScript
+code in your browser in that same origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in your browser in that same origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code in your browser in that same origin
+principle. So if you have another site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. So if you have another site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+principle. So if you have another site
+open that you know was connecting to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open that you know was connecting to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open that you know was connecting to the
+real website uh like maybe you had a tab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real website uh like maybe you had a tab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real website uh like maybe you had a tab
+open in your browser you closed your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in your browser you closed your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+open in your browser you closed your
+laptop then you open it on a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop then you open it on a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laptop then you open it on a different
+network all of a sudden someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network all of a sudden someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network all of a sudden someone
+intercepted your connection to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepted your connection to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercepted your connection to
+amazon.com and injected their own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com and injected their own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com and injected their own
+response. If you approve it then they'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. If you approve it then they'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. If you approve it then they'll
+be able to access the old amazon.com
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to access the old amazon.com
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to access the old amazon.com
+page you had open because as far as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page you had open because as far as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+page you had open because as far as the
+browser concerned these are the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser concerned these are the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser concerned these are the same
+origin because they have the same host
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin because they have the same host
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin because they have the same host
+name. Um so that's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. Um so that's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name. Um so that's going to be
+troublesome. So this is potentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troublesome. So this is potentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+troublesome. So this is potentially a
+quite a unfortunate attack if the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a unfortunate attack if the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite a unfortunate attack if the user
+makes the wrong choice on approving a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the wrong choice on approving a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes the wrong choice on approving a
+certificate. Make sense? Any questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. Make sense? Any questions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate. Make sense? Any questions
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+that? All right. So that's one sort of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? All right. So that's one sort of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? All right. So that's one sort of I
+guess issue that this force HTPS paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess issue that this force HTPS paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess issue that this force HTPS paper
+is worried about is users making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worried about is users making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is worried about is users making a
+mistake in this decision or like users
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in this decision or like users
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistake in this decision or like users
+having too much leeway in accepting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having too much leeway in accepting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having too much leeway in accepting
+certificates.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates.
+Um, another problem that u shows up in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, another problem that u shows up in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, another problem that u shows up in
+practice is that we sort of briefly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is that we sort of briefly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice is that we sort of briefly
+talked about this but this is one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this but this is one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about this but this is one of the
+things that also uh force https I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that also uh force https I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that also uh force https I think
+is somewhat concerned about is this uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat concerned about is this uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is somewhat concerned about is this uh
+notion of uh insecure uh embedding or of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of uh insecure uh embedding or of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notion of uh insecure uh embedding or of
+mixed content. And the problem that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed content. And the problem that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed content. And the problem that this
+term refers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term refers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term refers to
+is that a secure site uh or any website
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a secure site uh or any website
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a secure site uh or any website
+for that matter could embed other pieces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter could embed other pieces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that matter could embed other pieces
+of content into a web page. So if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of content into a web page. So if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of content into a web page. So if you
+have some sort of a you know site you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of a you know site you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have some sort of a you know site you
+know fu.com/index.html
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+HTML. Um, this site might be served from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTML. Um, this site might be served from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTML. Um, this site might be served from
+HTTPS. But inside of this HTML page, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS. But inside of this HTML page, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS. But inside of this HTML page, you
+could have many tags that instruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have many tags that instruct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have many tags that instruct the
+browser to go and fetch other stuff as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser to go and fetch other stuff as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser to go and fetch other stuff as
+part of this page. So, the easiest thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this page. So, the easiest thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this page. So, the easiest thing
+to sort of think about is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of think about is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sort of think about is probably
+script tags where you can say, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script tags where you can say, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script tags where you can say, you know,
+script source equals, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script source equals, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script source equals, you know,
+http jquery.com. So this is a popular uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+http jquery.com. So this is a popular uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+http jquery.com. So this is a popular uh
+JavaScript library that's makes it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript library that's makes it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript library that's makes it
+easier to interact with lots of stuff in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to interact with lots of stuff in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to interact with lots of stuff in
+your browser. But uh many web developers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your browser. But uh many web developers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your browser. But uh many web developers
+just reference a URL on another site
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reference a URL on another site
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just reference a URL on another site
+like this. So this should be fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So this should be fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So this should be fairly
+straightforward. But what's the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. But what's the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward. But what's the problem
+with this kind of a setup? Suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this kind of a setup? Suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this kind of a setup? Suppose you
+have a secure site and you just load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a secure site and you just load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a secure site and you just load
+jQuery.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jQuery.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jQuery.
+Yeah, it can be fake jQuery. Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it can be fake jQuery. Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it can be fake jQuery. Yeah. So
+there's actually two ways that it could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two ways that it could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's actually two ways that it could
+be that you could get the wrong thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that you could get the wrong thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that you could get the wrong thing
+that you're not expecting. Uh one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not expecting. Uh one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're not expecting. Uh one
+possibility is that jQuery itself is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that jQuery itself is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility is that jQuery itself is
+compromised. So that seems like well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised. So that seems like well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compromised. So that seems like well you
+get what you asked for. You asked for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what you asked for. You asked for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get what you asked for. You asked for
+this site from jquery.com and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this site from jquery.com and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this site from jquery.com and that's
+what you get if jQuery is compromised.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get if jQuery is compromised.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you get if jQuery is compromised.
+That's too bad. Another problem is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's too bad. Another problem is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's too bad. Another problem is that
+this request is going to be sent without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this request is going to be sent without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this request is going to be sent without
+any encryption or authentication over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any encryption or authentication over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any encryption or authentication over
+the network. So if an adversary is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network. So if an adversary is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the network. So if an adversary is in
+control over your network connection,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over your network connection,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control over your network connection,
+then they can intercept this request and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can intercept this request and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can intercept this request and
+serve back some other JavaScript code in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve back some other JavaScript code in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serve back some other JavaScript code in
+response. And this JavaScript code is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. And this JavaScript code is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response. And this JavaScript code is
+going to run as part of this page. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run as part of this page. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to run as part of this page. And
+now because it's running in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because it's running in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because it's running in this
+httpsfu.com domain, it has access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+httpsfu.com domain, it has access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+httpsfu.com domain, it has access to
+your secure cookies for food.com and any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your secure cookies for food.com and any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your secure cookies for food.com and any
+other stuff you have in that page, etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff you have in that page, etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other stuff you have in that page, etc.
+So that seems like a really bad thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that seems like a really bad thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that seems like a really bad thing.
+So you should be careful not to or web
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should be careful not to or web
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you should be careful not to or web
+developers certainly should be careful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers certainly should be careful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers certainly should be careful
+not to make this kind of a mistake. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to make this kind of a mistake. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to make this kind of a mistake. So
+one solution is to ensure that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution is to ensure that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one solution is to ensure that all
+content embedded in a secure page is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content embedded in a secure page is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content embedded in a secure page is
+also secure. So it seems like a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also secure. So it seems like a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also secure. So it seems like a good
+guideline for many web developers to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline for many web developers to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guideline for many web developers to
+follow. So maybe you should just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow. So maybe you should just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow. So maybe you should just do
+https colon jquery.com or it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+https colon jquery.com or it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+https colon jquery.com or it turns out
+that uh URLs support these origin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh URLs support these origin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh URLs support these origin
+relative URLs which means you could omit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative URLs which means you could omit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative URLs which means you could omit
+the https part and just say image or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the https part and just say image or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the https part and just say image or
+whatever script source equals slash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+jquery.com/ something and what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jquery.com/ something and what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jquery.com/ something and what this
+means is to use whatever URL scheme your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is to use whatever URL scheme your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means is to use whatever URL scheme your
+own URL came from. So this tag will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own URL came from. So this tag will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+own URL came from. So this tag will
+translate to httpsj jquery.com if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to httpsj jquery.com if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translate to httpsj jquery.com if it's
+on an https page and to regular httpj
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an https page and to regular httpj
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on an https page and to regular httpj
+jquery.com if it's on a non-https just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jquery.com if it's on a non-https just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jquery.com if it's on a non-https just
+regular http URL. So that's one sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular http URL. So that's one sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regular http URL. So that's one sort of
+way to avoid this problem. Another thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to avoid this problem. Another thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to avoid this problem. Another thing
+that actually u sort of recently uh got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually u sort of recently uh got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually u sort of recently uh got
+introduced so this field is like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced so this field is like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced so this field is like
+somewhat uh you know active people are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat uh you know active people are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat uh you know active people are
+trying to make things better. Um, one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make things better. Um, one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to make things better. Um, one
+nice solution, one sort of alternative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice solution, one sort of alternative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice solution, one sort of alternative
+way of dealing with this problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of dealing with this problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of dealing with this problem is
+perhaps to include a hash or some sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps to include a hash or some sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perhaps to include a hash or some sort
+of authenticator right here in the tag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authenticator right here in the tag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of authenticator right here in the tag
+because if you know exactly what content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you know exactly what content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you know exactly what content
+you want to load, maybe you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to load, maybe you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to load, maybe you don't
+actually have to load it over HTTPS. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to load it over HTTPS. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to load it over HTTPS. You
+don't actually care who serves it to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually care who serves it to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't actually care who serves it to you
+as long as it matches a particular hash.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as it matches a particular hash.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as long as it matches a particular hash.
+So, there's actually a new uh spec um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's actually a new uh spec um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, there's actually a new uh spec um
+out there for um being able to specify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there for um being able to specify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out there for um being able to specify
+basically hashes in these kinds of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically hashes in these kinds of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically hashes in these kinds of uh
+tags. So, instead of having to refer to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags. So, instead of having to refer to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tags. So, instead of having to refer to
+jQuery.com with an HTTPS URL, maybe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jQuery.com with an HTTPS URL, maybe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jQuery.com with an HTTPS URL, maybe what
+you could do is just say, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is just say, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could do is just say, you know,
+script source equals jQuery.com, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script source equals jQuery.com, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+script source equals jQuery.com, maybe
+even HTTP. Uh but here you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even HTTP. Uh but here you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even HTTP. Uh but here you're going to
+include some sort of a tag attribute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include some sort of a tag attribute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include some sort of a tag attribute
+like hash equals uh you know and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hash equals uh you know and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like hash equals uh you know and here
+you're going to put in a let's say a sha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to put in a let's say a sha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to put in a let's say a sha
+one hash or a sha 2 hash of the content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hash or a sha 2 hash of the content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one hash or a sha 2 hash of the content
+that you're expecting to get back from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're expecting to get back from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're expecting to get back from
+the server question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server question.
+Ah man there's some complicated name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah man there's some complicated name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah man there's some complicated name for
+it. Uh I have the URL actually in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh I have the URL actually in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. Uh I have the URL actually in the
+lecture notes. I was looking it up last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes. I was looking it up last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture notes. I was looking it up last
+night but yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night but yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+night but yeah
+um subresource integrity or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subresource integrity or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um subresource integrity or something
+like this. uh um I think it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. uh um I think it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. uh um I think it actually
+slowly be well hopefully will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly be well hopefully will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slowly be well hopefully will be
+deployed relatively soon in various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed relatively soon in various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployed relatively soon in various
+browsers. So it's like another way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers. So it's like another way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers. So it's like another way to
+actually authenticate uh content without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually authenticate uh content without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually authenticate uh content without
+relying on data or sort of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on data or sort of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relying on data or sort of data
+encryption at the uh network layer. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption at the uh network layer. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encryption at the uh network layer. So
+here we have this very generic plan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have this very generic plan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we have this very generic plan
+using SSL and TLS to authenticate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using SSL and TLS to authenticate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using SSL and TLS to authenticate
+connections to particular servers. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to particular servers. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connections to particular servers. This
+is almost like an alternative way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost like an alternative way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is almost like an alternative way of
+thinking of sort of securing your uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of sort of securing your uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of sort of securing your uh
+network communication. If the thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network communication. If the thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network communication. If the thing you
+just care about is integrity, then maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just care about is integrity, then maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just care about is integrity, then maybe
+you don't need a secure encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a secure encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need a secure encrypted
+channel over the network. All you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel over the network. All you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel over the network. All you need
+is uh to specify exactly what you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh to specify exactly what you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh to specify exactly what you want
+at the end of the day. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Doesn't this code sit at the client?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't this code sit at the client?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Doesn't this code sit at the client?
+Well, it runs at the client, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it runs at the client, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, it runs at the client, but the
+client fetches this code from some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client fetches this code from some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client fetches this code from some
+server.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server.
+Can anybody just fetch it and see what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can anybody just fetch it and see what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can anybody just fetch it and see what
+the hash is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash is?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash is?
+Yeah. So I think the point of the hash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I think the point of the hash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I think the point of the hash
+is to protect uh the containing page
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to protect uh the containing page
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to protect uh the containing page
+from attackers that inject different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from attackers that inject different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from attackers that inject different
+JavaScript code here. So for jQuery,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript code here. So for jQuery,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript code here. So for jQuery,
+this makes a lot of sense because jQuery
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes a lot of sense because jQuery
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this makes a lot of sense because jQuery
+is well known. You're not trying to hide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well known. You're not trying to hide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is well known. You're not trying to hide
+what jQuery source code is. But what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what jQuery source code is. But what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what jQuery source code is. But what you
+do want to make sure is that a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to make sure is that a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do want to make sure is that a network
+attacker cannot intercept your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker cannot intercept your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker cannot intercept your
+connection and supply a malicious
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and supply a malicious
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and supply a malicious
+version of jQuery that's going to leak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of jQuery that's going to leak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of jQuery that's going to leak
+your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your
+cookies. Does that make sense? So it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies. Does that make sense? So it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies. Does that make sense? So it's
+absolutely true that anyone can compute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true that anyone can compute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolutely true that anyone can compute
+the hash of these things by themselves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash of these things by themselves.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hash of these things by themselves.
+Yeah. All right. So it's a this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. All right. So it's a this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. All right. So it's a this is a
+solution for integrity problems not for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+confidentiality. All right. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality. All right. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confidentiality. All right. So this is
+uh sort of what what you know I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of what what you know I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sort of what what you know I guess
+developers have to watch out for when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers have to watch out for when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers have to watch out for when
+u you know writing pages or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u you know writing pages or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u you know writing pages or sort of
+including content in their HTML pages on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including content in their HTML pages on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including content in their HTML pages on
+an HTTPS URL. Another sort of worrisome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an HTTPS URL. Another sort of worrisome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an HTTPS URL. Another sort of worrisome
+problem is uh dealing with cookies. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is uh dealing with cookies. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is uh dealing with cookies. And
+here's where this um sort of difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where this um sort of difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's where this um sort of difference
+between secure uh flags and just origins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between secure uh flags and just origins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between secure uh flags and just origins
+uh comes into play. So one thing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comes into play. So one thing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh comes into play. So one thing of
+course a developer could screw up is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a developer could screw up is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course a developer could screw up is
+maybe they just forget to set the secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they just forget to set the secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they just forget to set the secure
+flag on a cookie in the first place. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag on a cookie in the first place. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flag on a cookie in the first place. So
+you know this happens. You know maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this happens. You know maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this happens. You know maybe
+you're thinking I my users only ever go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking I my users only ever go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're thinking I my users only ever go
+to the HTTPS URL. um my cookies are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the HTTPS URL. um my cookies are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the HTTPS URL. um my cookies are
+never sent in the clear. Why should I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sent in the clear. Why should I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never sent in the clear. Why should I
+set the secure flag on the cookie? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the secure flag on the cookie? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set the secure flag on the cookie? And
+they might not set the secure flag or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not set the secure flag or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they might not set the secure flag or
+maybe they just forget about it. Is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they just forget about it. Is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe they just forget about it. Is this
+a problem? What if you what if your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem? What if you what if your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem? What if you what if your
+users are super diligent? They always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are super diligent? They always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+users are super diligent? They always
+visit the HTPS URL and you don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the HTPS URL and you don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visit the HTPS URL and you don't have
+any problems like this. Do you still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problems like this. Do you still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any problems like this. Do you still
+need the secure flag on your cookies?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the secure flag on your cookies?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the secure flag on your cookies?
+Does it matter?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. The attacker could give you a URL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The attacker could give you a URL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The attacker could give you a URL
+and redirect you to a Yeah. Uh so even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and redirect you to a Yeah. Uh so even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and redirect you to a Yeah. Uh so even
+if the user doesn't explicitly manually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the user doesn't explicitly manually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the user doesn't explicitly manually
+go to some plain text URL, the attacker
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to some plain text URL, the attacker
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to some plain text URL, the attacker
+could give you a link or maybe ask you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give you a link or maybe ask you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could give you a link or maybe ask you
+to load an image from a non-Https URL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load an image from a non-Https URL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to load an image from a non-Https URL
+and then that non-secure cookie is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that non-secure cookie is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then that non-secure cookie is just
+going to be sent along with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sent along with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be sent along with their
+network request. So that seems like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network request. So that seems like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network request. So that seems like a
+bit of a problem. So you really do need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a problem. So you really do need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit of a problem. So you really do need
+the secure flag even if your users and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secure flag even if your users and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the secure flag even if your users and
+your application is super careful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your application is super careful.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your application is super careful.
+Yeah, there's HTTP URL within that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's right. Yeah. So okay. So, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. Yeah. So okay. So, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. Yeah. So okay. So, how
+could this break? Right? Like suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this break? Right? Like suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could this break? Right? Like suppose
+that I have a site. It doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a site. It doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I have a site. It doesn't even
+listen on port 80. There's like no way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen on port 80. There's like no way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen on port 80. There's like no way
+to connect to me on port 80. So, why is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect to me on port 80. So, why is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect to me on port 80. So, why is
+this a problem if I have a nonsecure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a problem if I have a nonsecure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this a problem if I have a nonsecure
+cookie?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's right. So, the browser wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. So, the browser wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's right. So, the browser wouldn't
+send your cookie to a different domain.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send your cookie to a different domain.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send your cookie to a different domain.
+But yet, it still seems worrisome that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yet, it still seems worrisome that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But yet, it still seems worrisome that
+an attacker might load a URL. Okay. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attacker might load a URL. Okay. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attacker might load a URL. Okay. So,
+suppose that Amazon.com only ever serves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that Amazon.com only ever serves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose that Amazon.com only ever serves
+stuff over SSL. It's not even listening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff over SSL. It's not even listening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff over SSL. It's not even listening
+on port 80. There's no way to connect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on port 80. There's no way to connect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on port 80. There's no way to connect to
+it. So in this case uh and as a result
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So in this case uh and as a result
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So in this case uh and as a result
+they don't set their secure flag on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't set their secure flag on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't set their secure flag on a
+cookie. So how could an attacker then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie. So how could an attacker then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie. So how could an attacker then
+steal their cookie if Amazon isn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal their cookie if Amazon isn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steal their cookie if Amazon isn't even
+listening on port 80?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening on port 80?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listening on port 80?
+Yeah. Can't the browser still think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Can't the browser still think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Can't the browser still think it's
+an HD connection? Well, so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an HD connection? Well, so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an HD connection? Well, so if you
+connect to port 443 and you speak SSL or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to port 443 and you speak SSL or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connect to port 443 and you speak SSL or
+TLS, then it's not it's always going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLS, then it's not it's always going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+TLS, then it's not it's always going to
+be encrypted. So that's not a problem.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encrypted. So that's not a problem.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be encrypted. So that's not a problem.
+Yeah. The attacker can airdrop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The attacker can airdrop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. The attacker can airdrop the
+network. Yeah. So the attacker could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Yeah. So the attacker could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Yeah. So the attacker could
+actually intercept your packets that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually intercept your packets that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually intercept your packets that are
+trying to connect to Amazon on port 80
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to connect to Amazon on port 80
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to connect to Amazon on port 80
+and then appear and make it appear like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then appear and make it appear like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then appear and make it appear like
+you've connected successfully. So if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've connected successfully. So if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've connected successfully. So if the
+attacker has control over your network,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker has control over your network,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker has control over your network,
+they could redirect your packets trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could redirect your packets trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they could redirect your packets trying
+to get to Amazon to their own machine on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to Amazon to their own machine on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to Amazon to their own machine on
+port 80, they're going to accept a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port 80, they're going to accept a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+port 80, they're going to accept a
+connection and the client isn't going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and the client isn't going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and the client isn't going to
+be able to know the difference. It'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to know the difference. It'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to know the difference. It'll be
+as if Amazon is listening on port 80 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if Amazon is listening on port 80 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as if Amazon is listening on port 80 and
+then your cookies will be sent to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your cookies will be sent to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then your cookies will be sent to this
+adversar's web server because the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversar's web server because the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversar's web server because the client
+doesn't know. That's right. Yeah. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know. That's right. Yeah. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't know. That's right. Yeah. So for
+HTTP, there's no way to authenticate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP, there's no way to authenticate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP, there's no way to authenticate the
+host you're connecting to. This is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host you're connecting to. This is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+host you're connecting to. This is
+exactly what's going on, right? Like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going on, right? Like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what's going on, right? Like
+HTTP has no authentication. And as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP has no authentication. And as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP has no authentication. And as a
+result, you have to prevent the cookies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result, you have to prevent the cookies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result, you have to prevent the cookies
+from being sent over HTTP in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being sent over HTTP in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from being sent over HTTP in the first
+place because you have no idea who that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because you have no idea who that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place because you have no idea who that
+HTTP connection is going to go to. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP connection is going to go to. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP connection is going to go to. If
+you are assuming a network adversary,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are assuming a network adversary,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are assuming a network adversary,
+you need network uh control. Well, yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need network uh control. Well, yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need network uh control. Well, yeah.
+So either you have full control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So either you have full control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So either you have full control over
+your network, so you know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your network, so you know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your network, so you know that
+adversaries aren't going to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries aren't going to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversaries aren't going to be able to
+intercept your packets, but even then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept your packets, but even then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept your packets, but even then
+it's actually not so great. like as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not so great. like as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's actually not so great. like as
+we're looking at the TCP lecture, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the TCP lecture, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're looking at the TCP lecture, you
+can get do all kinds of sequence number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get do all kinds of sequence number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can get do all kinds of sequence number
+attacks and and so on. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and and so on. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks and and so on. So that's
+potentially troublesome. All right, any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially troublesome. All right, any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially troublesome. All right, any
+other questions about that? Yeah. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions about that? Yeah. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions about that? Yeah. What
+does the attacker intercept in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the attacker intercept in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the attacker intercept in that
+case? Is it like a redirect? Well, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case? Is it like a redirect? Well, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case? Is it like a redirect? Well, so
+what the attacker presumably would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the attacker presumably would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the attacker presumably would
+intercept is an HTTP request from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept is an HTTP request from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercept is an HTTP request from the
+client going to uh http Amazon.com and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client going to uh http Amazon.com and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client going to uh http Amazon.com and
+that request includes your all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that request includes your all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that request includes your all your
+amazon.com cookies or cookies for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com cookies or cookies for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com cookies or cookies for
+whatever domain it is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever domain it is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever domain it is that you're
+sending a request to. So if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a request to. So if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending a request to. So if you don't
+mark those cookies as secure, they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark those cookies as secure, they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mark those cookies as secure, they will
+be sent on both encrypted and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sent on both encrypted and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sent on both encrypted and
+unencrypted connections. So how does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unencrypted connections. So how does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unencrypted connections. So how does
+that request get initiated? Ah okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that request get initiated? Ah okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that request get initiated? Ah okay.
+Yeah. So maybe you get the user to visit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So maybe you get the user to visit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So maybe you get the user to visit
+new york times.com and you pay for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york times.com and you pay for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new york times.com and you pay for an
+advertisement that loads an image from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement that loads an image from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advertisement that loads an image from
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+httpazon.com and there's nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+httpazon.com and there's nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+httpazon.com and there's nothing
+preventing you from saying please load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing you from saying please load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preventing you from saying please load
+an image from this URL. But when a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image from this URL. But when a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an image from this URL. But when a
+browser tries to connect there it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser tries to connect there it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser tries to connect there it'll
+send the cookies if the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the cookies if the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send the cookies if the connection
+succeeds. Question back there. will ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeds. Question back there. will ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+succeeds. Question back there. will ask
+for change if we add HTTPS everywhere to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change if we add HTTPS everywhere to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for change if we add HTTPS everywhere to
+the Yeah. So HTTPS everywhere is an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yeah. So HTTPS everywhere is an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Yeah. So HTTPS everywhere is an
+extension that is very similar to force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension that is very similar to force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension that is very similar to force
+HTPS in some ways. Uh and uh it tries to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTPS in some ways. Uh and uh it tries to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTPS in some ways. Uh and uh it tries to
+prevent these kinds of mistakes. Um so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent these kinds of mistakes. Um so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent these kinds of mistakes. Um so I
+guess one thing that force HTTPS does um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one thing that force HTTPS does um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess one thing that force HTTPS does um
+is they worry about uh such mistakes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they worry about uh such mistakes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is they worry about uh such mistakes and
+uh when you sort of opt in a site into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you sort of opt in a site into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh when you sort of opt in a site into
+this force HTTPS plan uh one thing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force HTTPS plan uh one thing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force HTTPS plan uh one thing that
+the browser will do for you is prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser will do for you is prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser will do for you is prevent
+any HTTP connections to that host in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any HTTP connections to that host in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any HTTP connections to that host in the
+first place. So there's no way to sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place. So there's no way to sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first place. So there's no way to sort
+of make this kind of mistakes of not of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make this kind of mistakes of not of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of make this kind of mistakes of not of
+of not flagging your cookie as secure or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not flagging your cookie as secure or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of not flagging your cookie as secure or
+having other sort of kinds of cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having other sort of kinds of cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having other sort of kinds of cookie
+problems as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems as well.
+another sort of more subtle problem. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of more subtle problem. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another sort of more subtle problem. So
+this the problem we talked about just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the problem we talked about just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the problem we talked about just
+now is a developer forgetting to set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a developer forgetting to set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is a developer forgetting to set the
+secure flag on a cookie. So that seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure flag on a cookie. So that seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure flag on a cookie. So that seems
+fixable. Okay, maybe the developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixable. Okay, maybe the developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixable. Okay, maybe the developer
+should just do it. Okay, fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just do it. Okay, fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should just do it. Okay, fix that
+problem. The thing that's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. The thing that's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. The thing that's much more
+subtle is that when a secure web server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle is that when a secure web server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle is that when a secure web server
+gets a cookie back from the client, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a cookie back from the client, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets a cookie back from the client, it
+actually has no idea whether this cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has no idea whether this cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has no idea whether this cookie
+was set through an encrypted connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set through an encrypted connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was set through an encrypted connection
+or a plain text connection. Because when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a plain text connection. Because when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a plain text connection. Because when
+the server gets a cookie from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server gets a cookie from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the server gets a cookie from the
+client, all it gets is the key value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client, all it gets is the key value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+client, all it gets is the key value
+pair for a cookie. And as we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair for a cookie. And as we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pair for a cookie. And as we sort of
+looked at here, the plan for that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at here, the plan for that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at here, the plan for that the
+browser follows is that it'll include
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser follows is that it'll include
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser follows is that it'll include
+both secure and insecure cookies when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both secure and insecure cookies when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both secure and insecure cookies when
+it's sending a request to a secure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sending a request to a secure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's sending a request to a secure
+server because the browser here was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server because the browser here was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+server because the browser here was just
+concerned about the confidentiality of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the confidentiality of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned about the confidentiality of
+cookies. But on the server side, you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies. But on the server side, you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookies. But on the server side, you now
+don't have any integrity guarantees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any integrity guarantees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any integrity guarantees.
+when you get a cookie from a user, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get a cookie from a user, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you get a cookie from a user, it
+might have been set over an encrypted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been set over an encrypted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might have been set over an encrypted
+connection, but it also might have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection, but it also might have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection, but it also might have been
+set over an plain text connection. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set over an plain text connection. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set over an plain text connection. So,
+this leads to somewhat more subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to somewhat more subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this leads to somewhat more subtle
+attacks, but the sort of flavor of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks, but the sort of flavor of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks, but the sort of flavor of these
+attacks tend to be things like session
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks tend to be things like session
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks tend to be things like session
+fixation. What it means is that um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation. What it means is that um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixation. What it means is that um you
+know, suppose I want to see what emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, suppose I want to see what emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, suppose I want to see what emails
+you're sending. Well, maybe I'll set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending. Well, maybe I'll set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sending. Well, maybe I'll set a
+cookie for you that is a copy of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie for you that is a copy of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie for you that is a copy of my
+Gmail cookie. So, when you go to compose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gmail cookie. So, when you go to compose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Gmail cookie. So, when you go to compose
+a message in Gmail, it'll actually be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message in Gmail, it'll actually be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a message in Gmail, it'll actually be
+sent saved in my sent folder instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent saved in my sent folder instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent saved in my sent folder instead of
+your sent folder. it'll be as if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sent folder. it'll be as if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sent folder. it'll be as if you're
+using my account and then I'll be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my account and then I'll be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using my account and then I'll be able
+to extract things from there. So, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract things from there. So, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to extract things from there. So, if I
+can force a session cookie into your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can force a session cookie into your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can force a session cookie into your
+browser and sort of get you to use my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser and sort of get you to use my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser and sort of get you to use my
+account, maybe I can extract some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account, maybe I can extract some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+account, maybe I can extract some
+information that way from a victim. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that way from a victim. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that way from a victim. Um,
+so that's another problem that sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another problem that sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's another problem that sort of
+arises because of this gray area or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises because of this gray area or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arises because of this gray area or this
+like you know incomplete separation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know incomplete separation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know incomplete separation
+between HTTP and HTPS cookies. Question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between HTTP and HTPS cookies. Question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between HTTP and HTPS cookies. Question.
+You would need a web app vulnerability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You would need a web app vulnerability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You would need a web app vulnerability
+to set that cookie. No. No, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set that cookie. No. No, I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to set that cookie. No. No, I don't
+think you need a web app vulnerability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you need a web app vulnerability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you need a web app vulnerability
+to sub this cookie. You would just trick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sub this cookie. You would just trick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to sub this cookie. You would just trick
+the browser into connecting to a regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser into connecting to a regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser into connecting to a regular
+HTTP host URL. And without some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP host URL. And without some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP host URL. And without some
+extension like force HTTPS or HTTPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension like force HTTPS or HTTPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extension like force HTTPS or HTTPS
+everywhere, you could then as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere, you could then as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere, you could then as an
+adversary set a cookie in the user's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary set a cookie in the user's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adversary set a cookie in the user's
+browser. It's a nonsecure cookie, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser. It's a nonsecure cookie, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser. It's a nonsecure cookie, but
+it's going to be sent back even on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be sent back even on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to be sent back even on
+secure requests. They have to trick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure requests. They have to trick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure requests. They have to trick the
+browser into thinking the domain is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser into thinking the domain is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser into thinking the domain is the
+same domain. That's right. Yeah. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same domain. That's right. Yeah. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same domain. That's right. Yeah. So you
+have to intercept their network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to intercept their network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to intercept their network
+connection and probably do the same kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and probably do the same kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connection and probably do the same kind
+of attack we were talking about just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attack we were talking about just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of attack we were talking about just a
+couple of minutes ago. Yeah, make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes ago. Yeah, make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of minutes ago. Yeah, make
+sense. All right. So I guess uh there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. All right. So I guess uh there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. All right. So I guess uh there's
+uh Okay. So so okay. So what does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Okay. So so okay. So what does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh Okay. So so okay. So what does
+forcehttps actually do for us now? So it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcehttps actually do for us now? So it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forcehttps actually do for us now? So it
+tries to prevent some subset of these uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to prevent some subset of these uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tries to prevent some subset of these uh
+problems. So I guess I should say so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. So I guess I should say so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems. So I guess I should say so
+force https the paper we read was sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force https the paper we read was sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force https the paper we read was sort
+of a research proposal that was you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a research proposal that was you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a research proposal that was you know
+published uh I guess uh five or six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published uh I guess uh five or six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published uh I guess uh five or six
+years ago now. Since then, it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago now. Since then, it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago now. Since then, it's actually
+been standardized and actually adopted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been standardized and actually adopted.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been standardized and actually adopted.
+So, this was like a somewhat sketchy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this was like a somewhat sketchy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, this was like a somewhat sketchy
+plugin that stored stuff in some cookie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugin that stored stuff in some cookie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plugin that stored stuff in some cookie
+that they worried about getting evicted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they worried about getting evicted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they worried about getting evicted
+and so on. Uh, now actually most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. Uh, now actually most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on. Uh, now actually most
+browsers looked at this paper and said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers looked at this paper and said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers looked at this paper and said,
+"Okay, this is a great idea. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, this is a great idea. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Okay, this is a great idea. We'll
+actually implement it better in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implement it better in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually implement it better in the
+browser itself." So, there's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser itself." So, there's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browser itself." So, there's something
+called HTTP strict transport security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called HTTP strict transport security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called HTTP strict transport security
+that implements most of the ideas from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implements most of the ideas from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that implements most of the ideas from
+force HTTPS. And it's actually like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HTTPS. And it's actually like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HTTPS. And it's actually like a
+good story of like here's how research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good story of like here's how research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good story of like here's how research
+actually makes an impact on um I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes an impact on um I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually makes an impact on um I guess
+security of web applications and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security of web applications and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security of web applications and
+browsers. But anyway, so let's look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers. But anyway, so let's look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+browsers. But anyway, so let's look at
+what force https does for a website. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what force https does for a website. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what force https does for a website. So
+force https allows a website to set this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force https allows a website to set this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force https allows a website to set this
+bit for a particular host name. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit for a particular host name. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit for a particular host name. And the
+way that force https changes the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that force https changes the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way that force https changes the
+behavior of the browser is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the browser is uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the browser is uh
+three-fold. Um so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fold. Um so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-fold. Um so if
+uh some sort some some website sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some sort some some website sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some sort some some website sets
+force https and there are sort of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force https and there are sort of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force https and there are sort of three
+things that change happen differently.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that change happen differently.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that change happen differently.
+So any um certificate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So any um certificate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So any um certificate
+errors are always fatal. So the user
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors are always fatal. So the user
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+errors are always fatal. So the user
+doesn't have a chance of accepting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a chance of accepting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have a chance of accepting a
+incorrect certificate uh that has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect certificate uh that has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect certificate uh that has a
+wrong host name or an expiration time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong host name or an expiration time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong host name or an expiration time
+that's passed etc. So that's one thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's passed etc. So that's one thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's passed etc. So that's one thing
+that the browser now changes. Another is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the browser now changes. Another is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the browser now changes. Another is
+that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it
+redirects all HTTP requests to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redirects all HTTP requests to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redirects all HTTP requests to
+HTTPS. So, this is a pretty good idea.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS. So, this is a pretty good idea.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS. So, this is a pretty good idea.
+If you know a site is always uh using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you know a site is always uh using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you know a site is always uh using
+HTTPS legitimately, then you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS legitimately, then you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS legitimately, then you should
+probably prohibit any regular HTTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably prohibit any regular HTTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably prohibit any regular HTTP
+requests to that site because that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests to that site because that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests to that site because that's
+probably a sign of some mistake or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a sign of some mistake or an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably a sign of some mistake or an
+attacker trying to trick you into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker trying to trick you into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker trying to trick you into
+connecting to a site without encryption.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to a site without encryption.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting to a site without encryption.
+You want to make sure this actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to make sure this actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You want to make sure this actually
+happens before you issue the HTTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens before you issue the HTTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens before you issue the HTTP
+request. uh otherwise the HTP request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request. uh otherwise the HTP request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+request. uh otherwise the HTP request
+has already sort of sailed onto the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already sort of sailed onto the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has already sort of sailed onto the
+network. Uh and the last thing that u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Uh and the last thing that u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Uh and the last thing that u
+this force HTPS setting changes is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force HTPS setting changes is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this force HTPS setting changes is that
+it actually prohibits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually prohibits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually prohibits
+um this insecure embedding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+plan that we looked at uh below here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan that we looked at uh below here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plan that we looked at uh below here
+when you're including a HTTP URL in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're including a HTTP URL in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're including a HTTP URL in an
+HTTPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS
+site. Make sense? So this is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. Make sense? So this is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. Make sense? So this is what the
+force https sort of extension did. Um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force https sort of extension did. Um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force https sort of extension did. Um in
+terms of what's going on now is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's going on now is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what's going on now is that
+well so this u https strict transport
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this u https strict transport
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well so this u https strict transport
+security hsts protocol uh basically does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security hsts protocol uh basically does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+security hsts protocol uh basically does
+the same things. Um most browsers now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same things. Um most browsers now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same things. Um most browsers now
+prohibit insecure embedding by default.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibit insecure embedding by default.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prohibit insecure embedding by default.
+So this used to be a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this used to be a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this used to be a little
+controversial because many developers uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial because many developers uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controversial because many developers uh
+had trouble with this. But I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had trouble with this. But I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had trouble with this. But I think
+Firefox and Chrome and IE all now by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firefox and Chrome and IE all now by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Firefox and Chrome and IE all now by
+default
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+default
+uh will refuse to load insecure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will refuse to load insecure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh will refuse to load insecure
+components or at least insecure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or at least insecure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components or at least insecure
+JavaScript and CSS into a page uh unless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript and CSS into a page uh unless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript and CSS into a page uh unless
+you do something question. Don't don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something question. Don't don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do something question. Don't don't
+they prompt the user? They used to and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prompt the user? They used to and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they prompt the user? They used to and
+the user would just say yes. So I for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user would just say yes. So I for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user would just say yes. So I for
+example used to pop up this dialog box
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example used to pop up this dialog box
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example used to pop up this dialog box
+that this paper talks about saying would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this paper talks about saying would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this paper talks about saying would
+you like to load some extra content and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to load some extra content and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you like to load some extra content and
+or you know something like that me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know something like that me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or you know something like that me
+because I answered ask yeah I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I answered ask yeah I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I answered ask yeah I think if
+you try to pretend to be clever then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to pretend to be clever then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you try to pretend to be clever then you
+can bypass all these security mechanisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bypass all these security mechanisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can bypass all these security mechanisms
+but don't try to be clever in this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't try to be clever in this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but don't try to be clever in this way.
+Uh so this is mostly a non- problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is mostly a non- problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so this is mostly a non- problem in
+modern browsers but these two things are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern browsers but these two things are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modern browsers but these two things are
+still uh things that force HTTPS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh things that force HTTPS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still uh things that force HTTPS and
+HTTP strict transport security provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP strict transport security provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP strict transport security provide
+and are useful. What happens if a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are useful. What happens if a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and are useful. What happens if a
+website can't support uh HTTPS? It just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website can't support uh HTTPS? It just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website can't support uh HTTPS? It just
+like changes it to HTTP automatically.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like changes it to HTTP automatically.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like changes it to HTTP automatically.
+Uh so what do you mean can't support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so what do you mean can't support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh so what do you mean can't support
+HTTPS? HPS. Well, okay. So if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS? HPS. Well, okay. So if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS? HPS. Well, okay. So if you have a
+website that doesn't support HTTPS but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that doesn't support HTTPS but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website that doesn't support HTTPS but
+sets this cookie, what happens? Oh.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets this cookie, what happens? Oh.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets this cookie, what happens? Oh.
+Yeah. So this is the reason why it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this is the reason why it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So this is the reason why it's an
+option, right? So if you opt in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, right? So if you opt in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+option, right? So if you opt in
+everyone, then you're exactly in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone, then you're exactly in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone, then you're exactly in this
+boat like, well, all of a sudden you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat like, well, all of a sudden you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boat like, well, all of a sudden you
+can't talk to most of the web because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't talk to most of the web because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't talk to most of the web because
+they don't use HTTPS. Um, so you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't use HTTPS. Um, so you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they don't use HTTPS. Um, so you really
+want this to be selectively enabled for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be selectively enabled for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want this to be selectively enabled for
+sites that really want this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites that really want this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sites that really want this kind of
+protection. Yeah. But also, if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection. Yeah. But also, if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protection. Yeah. But also, if I
+remember correctly, you can't set the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember correctly, you can't set the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember correctly, you can't set the
+cookie unless the site is That's right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie unless the site is That's right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie unless the site is That's right.
+Yeah. So these guys are also worried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So these guys are also worried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So these guys are also worried
+about denial of service attacks where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about denial of service attacks where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about denial of service attacks where
+this plug-in could be used to cause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plug-in could be used to cause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this plug-in could be used to cause
+trouble for other sites. So if you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble for other sites. So if you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble for other sites. So if you for
+example set this force https bit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example set this force https bit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example set this force https bit for
+some unsuspecting you know website then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unsuspecting you know website then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some unsuspecting you know website then
+all of a sudden their website stops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden their website stops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of a sudden their website stops
+working because everyone is now trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working because everyone is now trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working because everyone is now trying
+to connect to them over https and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect to them over https and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to connect to them over https and they
+don't support https. So this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't support https. So this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't support https. So this is one
+example of sort of a them worrying about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of sort of a them worrying about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of sort of a them worrying about
+den of service attacks. Another thing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+den of service attacks. Another thing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+den of service attacks. Another thing is
+that uh they actually don't support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh they actually don't support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that uh they actually don't support
+setting force https for an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting force https for an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+setting force https for an entire
+domain. So they worry that for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain. So they worry that for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain. So they worry that for example
+at mit.edu edu. I would just, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit.edu edu. I would just, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at mit.edu edu. I would just, you know,
+I am a user at MIT.U maybe I'll set a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am a user at MIT.U maybe I'll set a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I am a user at MIT.U maybe I'll set a
+force HTPS cookie for start.mmit.du in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HTPS cookie for start.mmit.du in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HTPS cookie for start.mmit.du in
+everyone's browsers. And now only HPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's browsers. And now only HPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's browsers. And now only HPS
+things work at MIT. That seems also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work at MIT. That seems also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things work at MIT. That seems also a
+little disastrous. Uh so you probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little disastrous. Uh so you probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little disastrous. Uh so you probably
+want to avoid that. On the other hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to avoid that. On the other hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to avoid that. On the other hand,
+actually HGPS strict transport security
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually HGPS strict transport security
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually HGPS strict transport security
+went back on this and said, "Well, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back on this and said, "Well, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went back on this and said, "Well, we'll
+we'll allow this notion of forcing HPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll allow this notion of forcing HPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll allow this notion of forcing HPS
+for an entire subdomain because it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an entire subdomain because it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an entire subdomain because it turns
+out to be useful uh because of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful uh because of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be useful uh because of these
+insecure cookies being sent along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure cookies being sent along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure cookies being sent along with
+requests and you can't tell where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests and you can't tell where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requests and you can't tell where the
+where they were set from initially.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were set from initially.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they were set from initially.
+Anyway, so there's all kinds of subtle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, so there's all kinds of subtle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anyway, so there's all kinds of subtle
+interactions of features at the lowest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of features at the lowest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions of features at the lowest
+level, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level, but
+u sort of it's not clear what the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u sort of it's not clear what the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+u sort of it's not clear what the right
+choice is. Um but okay so so one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is. Um but okay so so one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice is. Um but okay so so one
+actually interesting question you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interesting question you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually interesting question you might
+ask is are these sort of fundamental to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is are these sort of fundamental to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ask is are these sort of fundamental to
+how to the system we have or are these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to the system we have or are these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to the system we have or are these
+mostly just helping developers avoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly just helping developers avoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly just helping developers avoid
+mistakes. So suppose you had a developer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. So suppose you had a developer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. So suppose you had a developer
+that's very diligent and doesn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very diligent and doesn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's very diligent and doesn't do
+insecure content embedding doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure content embedding doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insecure content embedding doesn't have
+any other problems always gets their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other problems always gets their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any other problems always gets their
+certificates renewed should they bother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates renewed should they bother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificates renewed should they bother
+with force HTTPS or not? Yeah. Well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with force HTTPS or not? Yeah. Well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with force HTTPS or not? Yeah. Well,
+yeah, because you still have the problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, because you still have the problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, because you still have the problem
+of someone forcing HTTP like nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone forcing HTTP like nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of someone forcing HTTP like nothing
+stops an attacker from doing XSS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops an attacker from doing XSS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stops an attacker from doing XSS and
+forces user to load something over HTTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces user to load something over HTTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forces user to load something over HTTP
+and then intercepting the connection. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then intercepting the connection. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then intercepting the connection. So
+that's true, but uh if you're very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true, but uh if you're very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's true, but uh if you're very
+diligent and all your cookies are marked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligent and all your cookies are marked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligent and all your cookies are marked
+secure, then having someone visit an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure, then having someone visit an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secure, then having someone visit an
+HTTP version of your site shouldn't be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP version of your site shouldn't be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP version of your site shouldn't be a
+problem. Overwrite your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Overwrite your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem. Overwrite your
+Yeah. So you'd probably have to defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So you'd probably have to defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So you'd probably have to defend
+against cookie override or injection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against cookie override or injection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against cookie override or injection
+attacks but that's sort of doable at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks but that's sort of doable at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacks but that's sort of doable at the
+you know it's a little tedious but uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a little tedious but uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's a little tedious but uh
+you can probably do something. Yeah. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably do something. Yeah. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can probably do something. Yeah. Uh
+I think part of the point is like also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think part of the point is like also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think part of the point is like also
+like it didn't secure and check the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it didn't secure and check the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like it didn't secure and check the
+certificate right. Yeah. So that's one I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate right. Yeah. So that's one I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate right. Yeah. So that's one I
+think this is the biggest thing uh is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the biggest thing uh is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is the biggest thing uh is
+this first point which is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first point which is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this first point which is that
+everything else you can sort of defend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else you can sort of defend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else you can sort of defend
+it against by cleverly coding or being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it against by cleverly coding or being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it against by cleverly coding or being
+careful in your application. The first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful in your application. The first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+careful in your application. The first
+thing is something that the user has or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is something that the user has or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is something that the user has or
+the developer has no control over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer has no control over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer has no control over
+because the developer wants to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the developer wants to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the developer wants to make sure
+for example that their cookie will only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that their cookie will only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example that their cookie will only
+be sent to their server as signed by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sent to their server as signed by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be sent to their server as signed by the
+CA and if the user is allowed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA and if the user is allowed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CA and if the user is allowed to
+randomly say oh that's good enough then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly say oh that's good enough then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly say oh that's good enough then
+the developer has no clue where their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer has no clue where their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the developer has no clue where their
+cookie is going to end up because some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie is going to end up because some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cookie is going to end up because some
+user is going to leak it to some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is going to leak it to some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user is going to leak it to some
+incorrect uh server. So this is I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect uh server. So this is I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incorrect uh server. So this is I think
+the main benefit of this protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main benefit of this protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main benefit of this protocol
+question back there. I would argue the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question back there. I would argue the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question back there. I would argue the
+second point is also vital because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point is also vital because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second point is also vital because the
+user user might not be that intelligent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user user might not be that intelligent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user user might not be that intelligent
+might actually use the HT version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually use the HT version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might actually use the HT version of the
+site which would be right in the middle.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site which would be right in the middle.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site which would be right in the middle.
+I see. Okay. So, so I agree in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see. Okay. So, so I agree in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I see. Okay. So, so I agree in the sense
+that this is very useful from the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is very useful from the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is very useful from the point
+of view of uh UI security because uh as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view of uh UI security because uh as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of view of uh UI security because uh as
+far as the cookies is cons are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as the cookies is cons are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far as the cookies is cons are
+concerned, the developer could probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned, the developer could probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerned, the developer could probably
+be clever enough to do something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clever enough to do something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clever enough to do something
+sensible but the user might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible but the user might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible but the user might not be
+diligently looking at that lock icon and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligently looking at that lock icon and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diligently looking at that lock icon and
+URL at all times. So, uh, if you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URL at all times. So, uh, if you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URL at all times. So, uh, if you if you
+load up, you know, Amazon.com and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load up, you know, Amazon.com and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load up, you know, Amazon.com and it
+asks you for a credit card number, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you for a credit card number, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asks you for a credit card number, you
+might just type it in, you know, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just type it in, you know, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might just type it in, you know, like
+just forgot to look for the lock icon.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forgot to look for the lock icon.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just forgot to look for the lock icon.
+Whereas, if you set force https for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas, if you set force https for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas, if you set force https for
+amazon.com, then there's just no chance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com, then there's just no chance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazon.com, then there's just no chance
+that you'll have an HTTP URL for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have an HTTP URL for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you'll have an HTTP URL for that
+site. It's still, of course, a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. It's still, of course, a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site. It's still, of course, a problem
+that maybe the user doesn't read the URL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe the user doesn't read the URL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe the user doesn't read the URL
+correctly, like it says Amazon with two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly, like it says Amazon with two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correctly, like it says Amazon with two
+ends.com. I'm like, well, probably still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends.com. I'm like, well, probably still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends.com. I'm like, well, probably still
+fool many users. But anyway, so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool many users. But anyway, so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fool many users. But anyway, so that
+that is another sort of advantage for um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is another sort of advantage for um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is another sort of advantage for um
+force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force
+HTTPS. Make sense? Other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS. Make sense? Other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS. Make sense? Other questions about
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme? All right. So, I guess one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme? All right. So, I guess one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme? All right. So, I guess one
+interesting thing is how do you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is how do you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting thing is how do you get this
+force https bit for a site in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force https bit for a site in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force https bit for a site in the first
+place? like could you intercept that as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place? like could you intercept that as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place? like could you intercept that as
+an attacker and prevent that bit from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attacker and prevent that bit from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an attacker and prevent that bit from
+being set if you want to mount attacks?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, that cookie is only HTTPS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that cookie is only HTTPS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that cookie is only HTTPS and
+HTTPS you're assuming it's a reliable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS you're assuming it's a reliable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTPS you're assuming it's a reliable
+protocol that cookie. That's right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that cookie. That's right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protocol that cookie. That's right. So,
+so on one hand this cookie could this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on one hand this cookie could this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on one hand this cookie could this
+force HTPS bit can only be sent over an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HTPS bit can only be sent over an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HTPS bit can only be sent over an
+HPS connection to the host in question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HPS connection to the host in question.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HPS connection to the host in question.
+On the other hand, the user might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, the user might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the other hand, the user might be
+fooled at that point like he doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooled at that point like he doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fooled at that point like he doesn't
+have the force HTTPS bit yet. So maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the force HTTPS bit yet. So maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the force HTTPS bit yet. So maybe
+the user will be, you know, will allow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user will be, you know, will allow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the user will be, you know, will allow
+some incorrect certificate or will, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some incorrect certificate or will, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some incorrect certificate or will, you
+know, not even know that this is HTTP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, not even know that this is HTTP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, not even know that this is HTTP
+HTTP and not HTPS. So it seems potential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP and not HTPS. So it seems potential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HTTP and not HTPS. So it seems potential
+potentially possible for an attacker to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially possible for an attacker to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potentially possible for an attacker to
+prevent that force HTPS bit from being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent that force HTPS bit from being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent that force HTPS bit from being
+sent in the first place. If you've never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent in the first place. If you've never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sent in the first place. If you've never
+been to a site and you try to visit that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to a site and you try to visit that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been to a site and you try to visit that
+site, you might never learn whether it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site, you might never learn whether it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+site, you might never learn whether it
+should be for HTTPS or not in the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be for HTTPS or not in the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be for HTTPS or not in the first
+place. Uh yeah. Well, the bid is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. Uh yeah. Well, the bid is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place. Uh yeah. Well, the bid is only
+allowed to be set if there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be set if there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowed to be set if there's no
+certificate there. That's right. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate there. That's right. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certificate there. That's right. Yeah.
+So, so I guess the the way to think of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so I guess the the way to think of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, so I guess the the way to think of
+it is if the bit is set, then you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is if the bit is set, then you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is if the bit is set, then you know
+you talked to the right server at some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talked to the right server at some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talked to the right server at some
+point and then you could continue using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then you could continue using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and then you could continue using
+that bit correctly. On the other hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bit correctly. On the other hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bit correctly. On the other hand,
+if you don't have that bit set, or maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have that bit set, or maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you don't have that bit set, or maybe
+if you've never talked to the server
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've never talked to the server
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've never talked to the server
+yet, there's no clear-cut protocol that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet, there's no clear-cut protocol that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet, there's no clear-cut protocol that
+will always give you whether that force
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always give you whether that force
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will always give you whether that force
+HPS bit should be set or not. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HPS bit should be set or not. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+HPS bit should be set or not. Maybe
+Amazon.com always wants to set that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon.com always wants to set that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Amazon.com always wants to set that
+force HPS bit, but the first time you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HPS bit, but the first time you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HPS bit, but the first time you
+pulled up your laptop, you already on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled up your laptop, you already on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulled up your laptop, you already on an
+attacker's network and there's just no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker's network and there's just no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attacker's network and there's just no
+way for you to connect to Amazon.com,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for you to connect to Amazon.com,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way for you to connect to Amazon.com,
+everything is intercepted or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is intercepted or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is intercepted or something
+like this, right? So, that's a very hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, right? So, that's a very hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, right? So, that's a very hard
+problem to solve. Like bootstrapping of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve. Like bootstrapping of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem to solve. Like bootstrapping of
+these uh sort of security settings um is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh sort of security settings um is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these uh sort of security settings um is
+pretty tricky. I guess one thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty tricky. I guess one thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty tricky. I guess one thing you
+could try to do is maybe embed this bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to do is maybe embed this bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could try to do is maybe embed this bit
+in DNS sack. So if you have DNS sack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DNS sack. So if you have DNS sack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in DNS sack. So if you have DNS sack
+already in use then maybe you could sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in use then maybe you could sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already in use then maybe you could sign
+whether you you should use HTTPS or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you you should use HTTPS or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you you should use HTTPS or not
+or force HTTPS or not as part of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or force HTTPS or not as part of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or force HTTPS or not as part of your
+DNS name. Um but again it just boils
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS name. Um but again it just boils
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNS name. Um but again it just boils
+down the problem to DNS being secure. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the problem to DNS being secure. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the problem to DNS being secure. So
+there's always this sort of route of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always this sort of route of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's always this sort of route of
+trust where you have to really uh assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust where you have to really uh assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust where you have to really uh assume
+that's correct.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's correct.
+Question you can also email.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So I guess Google keeps trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I guess Google keeps trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So I guess Google keeps trying to
+improve things by hard coding it. Uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve things by hard coding it. Uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improve things by hard coding it. Uh so
+one thing that um Chrome offers is they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that um Chrome offers is they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing that um Chrome offers is they
+actually the browser ships with a list
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the browser ships with a list
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually the browser ships with a list
+of sites that should have force https
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sites that should have force https
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sites that should have force https
+enabled or now well this HSTS thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled or now well this HSTS thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enabled or now well this HSTS thing
+which is force HTPS as well enabled. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is force HTPS as well enabled. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is force HTPS as well enabled. So
+when you actually download Chrome you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually download Chrome you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually download Chrome you
+get lots of actually useful stuff like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lots of actually useful stuff like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get lots of actually useful stuff like a
+somewhat up-to-date CRL and a list of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat up-to-date CRL and a list of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat up-to-date CRL and a list of
+force HTTPS sites that are particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HTTPS sites that are particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HTTPS sites that are particularly
+important. Uh so this is like somewhat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Uh so this is like somewhat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. Uh so this is like somewhat
+admitting defeat like the protocol
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitting defeat like the protocol
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admitting defeat like the protocol
+doesn't work. We just like have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work. We just like have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work. We just like have to
+distribute this a priority to everyone.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute this a priority to everyone.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribute this a priority to everyone.
+Uh and it sets up this unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and it sets up this unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh and it sets up this unfortunate
+dichotomy between sites that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between sites that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dichotomy between sites that are sort of
+important enough for Google to ship with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important enough for Google to ship with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important enough for Google to ship with
+the browser and sites that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser and sites that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser and sites that you know
+don't do this. Now of course Google
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do this. Now of course Google
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't do this. Now of course Google
+right now tells you that anyone can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now tells you that anyone can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now tells you that anyone can get
+their site included because the list is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their site included because the list is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their site included because the list is
+so small. But if this grows to millions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small. But if this grows to millions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so small. But if this grows to millions
+of entries I'm sure Google will stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entries I'm sure Google will stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of entries I'm sure Google will stop
+including everyone's site in there. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including everyone's site in there. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including everyone's site in there. But
+yeah, you could totally if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, you could totally if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, you could totally if you have a
+domain name, you could email Chrome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain name, you could email Chrome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain name, you could email Chrome
+developers and get your thing included
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers and get your thing included
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+developers and get your thing included
+on the list of force HTTPS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list of force HTTPS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the list of force HTTPS
+URLs. Anyway, any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URLs. Anyway, any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+URLs. Anyway, any other questions about
+force HTTPS and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HTTPS and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+force HTTPS and
+SSL? All right, great. So, I'll see you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSL? All right, great. So, I'll see you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SSL? All right, great. So, I'll see you
+guys on Wednesday at the quiz in Walker.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qW--3_vX1Aw.txt b/qW--3_vX1Aw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cb9b79b492017893062bc14530eafbb89523cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qW--3_vX1Aw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,15091 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+the following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the following content is provided under
+a creative commons license your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a creative commons license your support
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help mit opencourseware continue to
+offer high quality educational resources
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer high quality educational resources
+for free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for free
+to make a donation or to view additional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make a donation or to view additional
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials from hundreds of mit courses
+visit mit opencourseware at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the final project is a very critical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final project is a very critical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final project is a very critical
+part of this class okay so i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this class okay so i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of this class okay so i'll
+emphasize this the assignments are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this the assignments are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this the assignments are
+simple and straightforward if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and straightforward if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple and straightforward if you're
+struggling with it you should talk to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with it you should talk to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+struggling with it you should talk to me
+or ankit or drum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ankit or drum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or ankit or drum
+or professor olivier and we're here to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or professor olivier and we're here to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or professor olivier and we're here to
+help you okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you okay
+but the final project is really really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the final project is really really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the final project is really really
+critical okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+critical okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the project has to be novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project has to be novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project has to be novel
+it has to be something nobody has done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be something nobody has done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to be something nobody has done
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before
+okay rightly somebody has done it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rightly somebody has done it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay rightly somebody has done it the
+way you are doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you are doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you are doing it
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and so the problem statement has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the problem statement has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so the problem statement has to be
+novel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+novel
+its execution has to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its execution has to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its execution has to be
+beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+its impact is you know you should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its impact is you know you should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its impact is you know you should you
+should reach some results you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should reach some results you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should reach some results you should
+show that you know you are solving it or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you know you are solving it or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show that you know you are solving it or
+you know it is possibly evaluating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is possibly evaluating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it is possibly evaluating
+what you have done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have multiple
+stages to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stages to
+uh get you prepared to for this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get you prepared to for this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh get you prepared to for this final
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project
+you have to come up with at least three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to come up with at least three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to come up with at least three
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+for a final project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a final project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a final project
+okay and this is very critical if you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is very critical if you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this is very critical if you go
+to the wiki on uh the camera culture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the wiki on uh the camera culture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the wiki on uh the camera culture
+group page we have a whole section on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group page we have a whole section on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group page we have a whole section on
+how to come up with great ideas and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to come up with great ideas and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to come up with great ideas and you
+know how to brainstorm and so on so i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to brainstorm and so on so i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how to brainstorm and so on so i
+encourage you to do that uh on our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do that uh on our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encourage you to do that uh on our
+stellar page we also have a whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar page we also have a whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stellar page we also have a whole
+presentation on how to come up with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation on how to come up with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation on how to come up with new
+ideas there are six ways of coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas there are six ways of coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas there are six ways of coming up
+with new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with new
+ideas and you should start setting up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and you should start setting up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and you should start setting up a
+meeting with me or any one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting with me or any one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting with me or any one of these
+people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+in the next week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the next week
+uh if you're in the building it's easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're in the building it's easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're in the building it's easy
+you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just
+uh catch me usually between 5 pm to 6 pm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh catch me usually between 5 pm to 6 pm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh catch me usually between 5 pm to 6 pm
+is the best because there are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best because there are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the best because there are no
+official scheduled meetings we just come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official scheduled meetings we just come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official scheduled meetings we just come
+to my office and we can chat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my office and we can chat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my office and we can chat
+uh if you're not taking this class for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're not taking this class for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you're not taking this class for
+credit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+credit
+and your listener
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your listener
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your listener
+i would really appreciate if you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would really appreciate if you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would really appreciate if you will
+pitch an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitch an idea
+for a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a project
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and we'll have an opportunity to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have an opportunity to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we'll have an opportunity to do that
+on october 30.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on october 30.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on october 30.
+okay so just come up here and say i have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just come up here and say i have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just come up here and say i have
+this crazy idea if somebody wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this crazy idea if somebody wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this crazy idea if somebody wants to
+work on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work on this
+you know let's let's team up okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's let's team up okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know let's let's team up okay
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+and then i want you to send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i want you to send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i want you to send
+uh a very simple email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very simple email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a very simple email
+uh which after discussing these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which after discussing these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh which after discussing these three
+ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas
+uh i or on keith or our other two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i or on keith or our other two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh i or on keith or our other two
+mentors will help you narrow down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors will help you narrow down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentors will help you narrow down to
+maybe the top two ideas or maybe the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the top two ideas or maybe the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the top two ideas or maybe the top
+one idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one idea
+um and then for that you need to send uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then for that you need to send uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then for that you need to send uh
+these five things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these five things
+all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right
+and on number six we will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on number six we will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on number six we will do
+a three-minute presentation so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-minute presentation so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a three-minute presentation so you
+everybody knows in the class the kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows in the class the kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody knows in the class the kind of
+problem you are attacking maybe there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you are attacking maybe there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem you are attacking maybe there's
+some synergy between multiple projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some synergy between multiple projects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some synergy between multiple projects
+you can you know help each other find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know help each other find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you know help each other find
+software or talk to people or get some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software or talk to people or get some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software or talk to people or get some
+equipment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equipment
+and then final proposals are due
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then final proposals are due
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then final proposals are due
+two weeks before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks before
+uh the actual uh final presentation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the actual uh final presentation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the actual uh final presentation
+okay and by then you should have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by then you should have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and by then you should have some
+initial experiments remember your final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial experiments remember your final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial experiments remember your final
+assignment is due on november 13th so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is due on november 13th so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assignment is due on november 13th so
+you can't start thinking about your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't start thinking about your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can't start thinking about your
+final project after the final assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final project after the final assignment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final project after the final assignment
+is due you need to start thinking now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due you need to start thinking now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is due you need to start thinking now
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+and at this stage it doesn't have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this stage it doesn't have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and at this stage it doesn't have to be
+completely hashed out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely hashed out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely hashed out
+that's why you're in the class will will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you're in the class will will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's why you're in the class will will
+help you thanks for that and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you thanks for that and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help you thanks for that and then
+december 4th the class is finished we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+december 4th the class is finished we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+december 4th the class is finished we
+finish really early because as i said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish really early because as i said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish really early because as i said
+we meet on fridays and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meet on fridays and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we meet on fridays and
+thursday after this so december 10th is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday after this so december 10th is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thursday after this so december 10th is
+the last day of classes so we are one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last day of classes so we are one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last day of classes so we are one of
+the first classes to finish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+unfortunately november 27th is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately november 27th is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately november 27th is a
+thanksgiving break
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so which means we don't have a class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so which means we don't have a class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so which means we don't have a class
+just before our final projects to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before our final projects to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just before our final projects to
+discuss and and do other things but i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and and do other things but i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discuss and and do other things but i
+will be available throughout that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be available throughout that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be available throughout that time
+um and you know we can we can help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know we can we can help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and you know we can we can help you
+if you need equipment you need cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need equipment you need cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you need equipment you need cameras
+you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need
+software whatever we can we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software whatever we can we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software whatever we can we can we can
+try to help you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to help you
+any questions on final projects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and mike was saying that it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and mike was saying that it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and mike was saying that it might be
+it might be good to know you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be good to know you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might be good to know you know what
+students did last year
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students did last year
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students did last year
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in
+as as class projects and how they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as class projects and how they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as class projects and how they
+decided and so on so matt hirsch is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided and so on so matt hirsch is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decided and so on so matt hirsch is
+going to come and talk today about his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come and talk today about his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come and talk today about his
+pides screen and that would be a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pides screen and that would be a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pides screen and that would be a good
+way to ask him how did he get started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to ask him how did he get started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to ask him how did he get started
+and how did it become a cigarette flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so today we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so today we're going to talk
+about light fields to finish up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light fields to finish up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about light fields to finish up the
+light fields and then talk about uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light fields and then talk about uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light fields and then talk about uh
+cameras for hci
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras for hci
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras for hci
+so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so uh
+we said that basically three ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that basically three ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said that basically three ways
+of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh
+coming of capturing a light physics can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming of capturing a light physics can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming of capturing a light physics can
+somebody tell me in two sentences uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me in two sentences uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody tell me in two sentences uh
+what's the light field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how do you represent it mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you represent it mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you represent it mathematically
+a representation just a representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation just a representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a representation just a representation
+that's a marker hello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a marker hello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a marker hello
+so it's a how many dimensions does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a how many dimensions does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a how many dimensions does it
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+it's four dimensional although the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four dimensional although the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four dimensional although the world
+seems to be three dimensional up here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be three dimensional up here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seems to be three dimensional up here is
+actually four dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually four dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually four dimensional
+and where do we get those four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where do we get those four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and where do we get those four
+dimensions from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensions from
+we have a less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we have a sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have a sensor
+so in flatland it's just two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in flatland it's just two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in flatland it's just two-dimensional
+the thing of the wall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing of the wall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thing of the wall
+where the two dimensions coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two dimensions coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the two dimensions coming from
+though the explanation is easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the explanation is easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though the explanation is easy
+that's what you mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what you mentioned
+and the other dimension is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+so if you connect any two points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you connect any two points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you connect any two points
+that indicates the direction of the ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicates the direction of the ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that indicates the direction of the ray
+and so in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so in
+the light field or the ray space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light field or the ray space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light field or the ray space
+is two-dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two-dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is two-dimensional
+in the real world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's four-dimensional because your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four-dimensional because your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's four-dimensional because your
+sensor is going to be 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is going to be 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor is going to be 2
+x and y and the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y and the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and y and the lens
+is going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to have
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+theta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+so that's the right field that we care
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the right field that we care
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the right field that we care
+about and why do you care about life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and why do you care about life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about and why do you care about life
+with so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with so much
+what so you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what so you think about
+the lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if we capture a like we have captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we capture a like we have captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we capture a like we have captured
+almost i mean everything that we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost i mean everything that we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost i mean everything that we can do
+exactly it's a complete representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's a complete representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly it's a complete representation
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+anything that you could ever imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you could ever imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything that you could ever imagine
+doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+changing focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing focus
+changing school
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing school
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing school
+uh genuine aperture size all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh genuine aperture size all those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh genuine aperture size all those
+things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things
+are already captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are already captured
+in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this
+four-day representation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-day representation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four-day representation
+from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from that
+one and you cannot do it using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you cannot do it using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and you cannot do it using
+mechanically changing camera parameters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically changing camera parameters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanically changing camera parameters
+you cannot go into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot go into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot go into that
+if you sorry if you cannot do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sorry if you cannot do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you sorry if you cannot do it
+you cannot do it by changing okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it's a very very powerful way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very very powerful way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's a very very powerful way
+and as you saw earlier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you saw earlier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as you saw earlier
+the light fit also represents the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light fit also represents the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light fit also represents the
+wavefront the phase information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so given that this is so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given that this is so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so given that this is so important
+photographers never talk about capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers never talk about capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photographers never talk about capturing
+the light they're always talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light they're always talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light they're always talking about
+capturing light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so given that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so given that
+uh what are the three ways we can we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are the three ways we can we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what are the three ways we can we can
+capture this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one is using uh the lenses array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is using uh the lenses array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one is using uh the lenses array
+that we saw earlier it is not good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw earlier it is not good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we saw earlier it is not good
+all you want to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you want to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you want to do is
+right now at this pixel array from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now at this pixel array from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now at this pixel array from here
+and right from here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right from here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and right from here
+they converge and any variation in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge and any variation in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they converge and any variation in the
+radius along those legs is lost and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius along those legs is lost and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radius along those legs is lost and we
+want to make sure that we can capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that we can capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make sure that we can capture
+this and these individuals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these individuals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and these individuals
+so what are some ways we can do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some ways we can do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what are some ways we can do it
+instead of putting the sensor here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting the sensor here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of putting the sensor here we
+can put this as a little bit back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put this as a little bit back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put this as a little bit back
+and then put here a bunch of pimples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the light reaches here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light reaches here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the light reaches here
+too bad you know anything about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad you know anything about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too bad you know anything about it
+the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+reaches here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaches here
+then it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it will be
+mapped to different pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to different pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped to different pixels
+so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i have captured for this given x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i have captured for this given x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i have captured for this given x
+i have captured let's say this is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have captured let's say this is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have captured let's say this is one
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+three four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three four five
+then i have captured here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i have captured here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i have captured here
+three comma one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three comma one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three comma one
+minus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus four
+and here i have captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for
+x equals 3.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals 3.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x equals 3.5
+you know they're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know they're just
+opaque film so that light is lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque film so that light is lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opaque film so that light is lost
+and i won't capture it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i won't capture it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i won't capture it
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if i had say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i had say
+here let's say i have thousand pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say i have thousand pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say i have thousand pixels
+so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and i'm going to chop theta into nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i'm going to chop theta into nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and i'm going to chop theta into nine
+zones plus four minus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones plus four minus four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zones plus four minus four
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what is the final uh how many pinholes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the final uh how many pinholes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the final uh how many pinholes
+can i put here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+total resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+total resolution
+is x resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in a traditional camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a traditional camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a traditional camera
+900 is just your x position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 is just your x position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+900 is just your x position
+but now we're going to also try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're going to also try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now we're going to also try to
+capture the theta variations in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the theta variations in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture the theta variations in the same
+number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we know that our theta resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that our theta resolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we know that our theta resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x resolution is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so x resolution is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which means that our image is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which means that our image is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so which means that our image is only
+going to be 100 pixels there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+for each pinhole i'm going to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each pinhole i'm going to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each pinhole i'm going to get the
+image under it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image under it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image under it
+so you have my distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from this 100 times nine images 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this 100 times nine images 900
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from this 100 times nine images 900
+pixels i can create a light field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels i can create a light field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels i can create a light field
+where the space resolution is 100 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the space resolution is 100 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the space resolution is 100 and
+the angle resolution is nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle resolution is nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the angle resolution is nine
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what the what's the disadvantage one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what's the disadvantage one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the what's the disadvantage one is
+that you lose resolution what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you lose resolution what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you lose resolution what's the
+other thing that's wrong here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that's wrong here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing that's wrong here
+i lose light right because all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i lose light right because all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i lose light right because all the
+lights that's falling through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights that's falling through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lights that's falling through
+going through this uh opaque area it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this uh opaque area it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going through this uh opaque area it's
+not pretty lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pretty lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not pretty lost
+it's like looking through multiple them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like looking through multiple them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like looking through multiple them
+on cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on cameras
+it's like looking at the world through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like looking at the world through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's like looking at the world through
+the area
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the area
+so most of the light is lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the light is lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the light is lost
+in this case you know let's say out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you know let's say out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case you know let's say out of
+nine pixels one pixel is open then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one only one ninth of the light to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one only one ninth of the light to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one only one ninth of the light to be
+captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a big problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but still conceptually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still conceptually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but still conceptually
+this is very key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is very key
+because you can say okay i want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can say okay i want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you can say okay i want to
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+uh space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh space
+space variation as well as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space variation as well as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space variation as well as
+angle variation so i'm just going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle variation so i'm just going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle variation so i'm just going to
+chop my world into 100 pin holes and 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+angle discretized angle spaces and i'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle discretized angle spaces and i'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle discretized angle spaces and i'm
+gonna capture the nine pixels and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna capture the nine pixels and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna capture the nine pixels and so on
+so very clean simple model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very clean simple model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so very clean simple model
+but in the real world this is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the real world this is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in the real world this is very
+efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient
+it's just like for a camera we always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like for a camera we always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just like for a camera we always
+think about a minimal model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+let me ask you this i mean uh can you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you this i mean uh can you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me ask you this i mean uh can you
+really construct this in such a way that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really construct this in such a way that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really construct this in such a way that
+as you go to the end of the i mean your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go to the end of the i mean your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you go to the end of the i mean your
+ex right i mean aren't you wasting part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex right i mean aren't you wasting part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ex right i mean aren't you wasting part
+of the nine you know uh spatial samples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nine you know uh spatial samples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the nine you know uh spatial samples
+that you have you mean at the top or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have you mean at the top or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you have you mean at the top or the
+bottom yeah because maybe you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom yeah because maybe you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom yeah because maybe you know you
+can't actually have this home opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually have this home opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't actually have this home opening
+over the entire set yeah exactly uh i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the entire set yeah exactly uh i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the entire set yeah exactly uh i
+mean as long as this is your sensor and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as long as this is your sensor and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean as long as this is your sensor and
+you can create a pinhole that can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create a pinhole that can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can create a pinhole that can
+capture light from different directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i think you might what you may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you might what you may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i think you might what you may be
+thinking about is that this pinhole at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is that this pinhole at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about is that this pinhole at
+some angle will become really okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angle will become really okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some angle will become really okay you
+won't be able to see through it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to see through it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+won't be able to see through it
+yeah what i'm saying is that maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what i'm saying is that maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah what i'm saying is that maybe
+through this particular angle the cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this particular angle the cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through this particular angle the cone
+doesn't spin the whole nine pixels you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't spin the whole nine pixels you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't spin the whole nine pixels you
+have behind it oh that's okay that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have behind it oh that's okay that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have behind it oh that's okay that's a
+good point you're leading me to the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point you're leading me to the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good point you're leading me to the next
+question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+displacing here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacing here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+displacing here
+what is magical about the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is magical about the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is magical about the spacing
+because if you don't have right spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't have right spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if you don't have right spacing
+you'll get those problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get those problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get those problems
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+what needs to happen in the spacing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needs to happen in the spacing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what needs to happen in the spacing so
+that you actually capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you actually capture
+all these 900 values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these 900 values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these 900 values
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes
+the image should not overlap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image should not overlap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image should not overlap
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+exactly so if you think about the blob
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that that's coming through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's coming through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's coming through
+from top to bottom you know there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from top to bottom you know there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from top to bottom you know there'll be
+some block here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some block here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some block here
+if you see the block that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see the block that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you see the block that's coming
+through here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+these blocks are just barely touching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blocks are just barely touching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these blocks are just barely touching
+each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other
+so here we have theta equals plus 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have theta equals plus 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we have theta equals plus 4
+3 0 1 minus 4 and then the next one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 0 1 minus 4 and then the next one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 0 1 minus 4 and then the next one is
+theta equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta equals
+plus 4 again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4 again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus 4 again
+right so it's flipped remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's flipped remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so it's flipped remember
+yes going from minus four to four here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes going from minus four to four here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes going from minus four to four here
+it's gonna go from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna go from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's gonna go from
+minus four to four others
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus four to four others
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus four to four others
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+if i move this pivot hole further or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i move this pivot hole further or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i move this pivot hole further or
+back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back
+you're gonna get some interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get some interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're gonna get some interesting
+arguments right let's say i move this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments right let's say i move this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments right let's say i move this
+people a little bit forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a little bit forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people a little bit forward
+and i'll just take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and everything else is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the blob is larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the blob is larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the blob is larger
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+if a place has been whole at the same we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a place has been whole at the same we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if a place has been whole at the same we
+i have placed the paper exactly nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have placed the paper exactly nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have placed the paper exactly nine
+pixels away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels away
+if i can put it just exercises away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can put it just exercises away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i can put it just exercises away
+the rays on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rays on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the rays on the top
+will start interference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start interference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will start interference
+so this block here will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this block here will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this block here will start
+interfering with this block here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with this block here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interfering with this block here
+and there's an overlapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's one issue what happens if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one issue what happens if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one issue what happens if it's
+too close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if instead of moving further away it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead of moving further away it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if instead of moving further away it
+gets too close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there'll be space between those groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be space between those groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be space between those groups
+is that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that here
+see this two if it's too close you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this two if it's too close you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see this two if it's too close you'll
+get a block here and you'll have a block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a block here and you'll have a block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a block here and you'll have a block
+here and some pixels will be missed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is this is a very important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a very important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is this is a very important
+point and this is related to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this is related to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point and this is related to the
+numerical aperture or the f star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture or the f star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numerical aperture or the f star
+of less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of less
+so an f-stop of a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an f-stop of a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so an f-stop of a lens
+again product of this terminology i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again product of this terminology i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again product of this terminology i
+don't like it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't like it
+but it's easier to think about it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's easier to think about it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's easier to think about it is
+the f number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the f number
+is simply the ratio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the ratio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is simply the ratio
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+the diameter of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter of the lens
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+the distance to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the distance to
+the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+so this is the diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the relationship between the two is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between the two is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the relationship between the two is just
+you see overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have a
+and remember the diameter is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the diameter is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and remember the diameter is in the
+denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator
+which means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means that
+as you have a larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have a larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you have a larger
+lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+the f number actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's take a concrete example let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a concrete example let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's take a concrete example let's
+say my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say my
+let's say my lens has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say my lens has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say my lens has a
+diameter of 25 millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of 25 millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter of 25 millimeters
+and my focal length and distance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my focal length and distance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and my focal length and distance is
+about 50 millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 millimeters
+then the f s number is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+does anybody know what's the f number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know what's the f number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does anybody know what's the f number
+after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you can see
+that if i make my uh diameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i make my uh diameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if i make my uh diameter
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+so extra 25 millimeter i have 12.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so extra 25 millimeter i have 12.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so extra 25 millimeter i have 12.5
+millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then what do i get here i get 50 divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do i get here i get 50 divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what do i get here i get 50 divided
+by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by
+0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+f number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+f number of
+a 12.5 millimeter lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 12.5 millimeter lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 12.5 millimeter lens
+with a 50 millimeter focal length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now from two we jump to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from two we jump to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from two we jump to four
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+what should we do to jump from two to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we do to jump from two to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should we do to jump from two to
+two point eight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point eight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two point eight
+this is where the photographer will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the photographer will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is where the photographer will be
+explaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining
+but maybe some of your photographs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what is square root of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one point four one four two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point four one four two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one point four one four two
+eight something right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight something right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight something right
+as far the photographers are concerned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far the photographers are concerned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far the photographers are concerned
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we like to think about precise numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to think about precise numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we like to think about precise numbers
+and this problem and it becomes even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this problem and it becomes even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this problem and it becomes even
+bigger problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger problems
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+why where are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you go from 25 to 12.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from 25 to 12.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you go from 25 to 12.5
+the amount of light that's collected by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of light that's collected by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the amount of light that's collected by
+this disk versus this disk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disk versus this disk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this disk versus this disk
+is related by one factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related by one factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is related by one factor
+factor four right the diameter is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor four right the diameter is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor four right the diameter is
+decreasing by a factor of two but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing by a factor of two but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decreasing by a factor of two but the
+area is decreasing by a factor of four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now if you want so four times less like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want so four times less like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now if you want so four times less like
+coming in on the other hand if you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in on the other hand if you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in on the other hand if you want
+to go from 25 to some other diameter so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from 25 to some other diameter so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go from 25 to some other diameter so
+that you get half the weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get half the weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you get half the weight
+what you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you do
+you should divide 25 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should divide 25 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should divide 25 plus
+whatever that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever that's
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+18 something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 something like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+18 something like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of
+let's say 80 points okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's what photographer means to go by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what photographer means to go by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what photographer means to go by
+go down by one f star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down by one f star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go down by one f star
+so when you go down by f one f star
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you go down by f one f star
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when you go down by f one f star
+are you going from two to three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going from two to three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going from two to three
+or going from two to four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going from two to four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or going from two to four
+what are you doing it's such a precise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing it's such a precise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are you doing it's such a precise
+term now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term now
+going down by f1 f stock means going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down by f1 f stock means going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down by f1 f stock means going
+from 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from 2
+to 2.8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's completely unnecessary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely unnecessary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's completely unnecessary
+if you just get rid of this terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just get rid of this terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you just get rid of this terminology
+all together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all together
+okay and if you really want to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you really want to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and if you really want to think
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the reason why it's worthwhile in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why it's worthwhile in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reason why it's worthwhile in
+thinking about the ratio of diameter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diameter to the photo lamp is about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter to the photo lamp is about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter to the photo lamp is about the
+amount of fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount of fluid
+okay and can you tell me what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and can you tell me what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and can you tell me what is the
+case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case
+so let's say i have a 25 millimeter lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say i have a 25 millimeter lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say i have a 25 millimeter lens
+with a 2.5 sorry 50 millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 2.5 sorry 50 millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a 2.5 sorry 50 millimeter
+focal length versus let's say i have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length versus let's say i have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length versus let's say i have a
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+a five millimeter lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five millimeter lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a five millimeter lens
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+10 millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus
+this system and this system have same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system and this system have same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system and this system have same
+exact f number which is 2. here it's 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact f number which is 2. here it's 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exact f number which is 2. here it's 50
+by 25
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 25
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by 25
+here it's 10 by 5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's 10 by 5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's 10 by 5
+so both of them have the same f number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of them have the same f number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so both of them have the same f number
+what's constant between the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this angle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this angle is same in both systems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle is same in both systems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this angle is same in both systems
+and this is critical because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is critical because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is critical because
+when you're looking at the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at the word
+you want to say at a given pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say at a given pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to say at a given pixel
+over what cone am i receiving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so that's a very important factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's a very important factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so that's a very important factor
+when you think about how many photons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about how many photons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you think about how many photons
+you want to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to capture
+because the angle the cone of angle over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the angle the cone of angle over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the angle the cone of angle over
+which are collecting the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are collecting the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which are collecting the light
+determines how tight that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how tight that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines how tight that is
+and certainly helps you to think in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly helps you to think in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and certainly helps you to think in
+terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of
+ratios
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios
+or the angles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the angles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the angles
+other than that let's do the terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay what happens after four what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens after four what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay what happens after four what's the
+next f number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+five points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five points
+5.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what do you think
+four times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four times
+square root of two is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's nowhere close to five percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nowhere close to five percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's nowhere close to five percent
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+it's probably uh whatever one point four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+getting more and more impressive and as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more and more impressive and as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more and more impressive and as
+you can imagine as you go further away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine as you go further away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can imagine as you go further away
+you know you so this is the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you so this is the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you so this is the same
+confusion between you know whether a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion between you know whether a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confusion between you know whether a
+megabyte is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megabyte is
+1000 kilowatts or 1024
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 kilowatts or 1024
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 kilowatts or 1024
+actually it's even more confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's even more confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's even more confusing
+and i heard a very interesting story
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when the economy was not doing so well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in their contract they had said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their contract they had said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in their contract they had said
+you know we will charge this punch for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we will charge this punch for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know we will charge this punch for
+each megabyte or each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each megabyte or each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each megabyte or each
+and when you're at a kilobyte the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're at a kilobyte the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and when you're at a kilobyte the
+difference is very small that is less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is very small that is less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference is very small that is less
+than two percent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two percent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than two percent
+thousand versus thousand and four but as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand versus thousand and four but as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand versus thousand and four but as
+it goes larger bigger by two terabyte
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes larger bigger by two terabyte
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes larger bigger by two terabyte
+difference between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference between
+you know the power of ten and power of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the power of ten and power of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the power of ten and power of
+two is actually significant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is actually significant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two is actually significant
+so this woman you know wakes up monday
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this woman you know wakes up monday
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this woman you know wakes up monday
+and says you know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says you know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and says you know what
+we need to charge people by the price
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to charge people by the price
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we need to charge people by the price
+you know the the two to the power not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the two to the power not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the the two to the power not
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+and suddenly you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+so the same kind of problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same kind of problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the same kind of problem is
+screaming in here that by treating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming in here that by treating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screaming in here that by treating
+square root of 2 1.4 you know it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 1.4 you know it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square root of 2 1.4 you know it starts
+getting more and more confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more and more confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting more and more confusing
+and then as you know very well after 5.6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you know very well after 5.6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then as you know very well after 5.6
+you you know you start jumping you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you start jumping you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know you start jumping you have
+8 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+8 and
+11 and 22 and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 and 22 and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+11 and 22 and that
+and they're not square root of 2 anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not square root of 2 anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they're not square root of 2 anymore
+just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+photography school but jargon is bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+what we're trying to do here is our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do here is our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're trying to do here is our
+angle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle here
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+is decided by this ratio of diameter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decided by this ratio of diameter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is decided by this ratio of diameter to
+and the angle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the angle here
+is this again a ratio of the blob to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this again a ratio of the blob to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this again a ratio of the blob to
+this distance okay so let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance okay so let's call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this distance okay so let's call this
+c1 and let's call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what we want is the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want is the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we want is the ratio of
+d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+d
+sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry
+z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z
+to d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to d
+to be equal to the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+l to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+l to
+your losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if that is matched
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that is matched
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if that is matched
+then all your blocks are going to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all your blocks are going to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then all your blocks are going to just
+barely touch each other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely touch each other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+barely touch each other
+if it's not match then either you'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not match then either you'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if it's not match then either you'll get
+overlap or you will get an access
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap or you will get an access
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap or you will get an access
+that's that's the basic kind of match
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the basic kind of match
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's the basic kind of match
+behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind
+the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the line
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+it's great conceptually but as we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great conceptually but as we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's great conceptually but as we know
+it's going to block the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to block the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to block the light
+uh and again cause our diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and again cause our diffraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and again cause our diffraction
+issues we haven't talked about but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we haven't talked about but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues we haven't talked about but
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+has ever done here people photography
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has ever done here people photography
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has ever done here people photography
+so what are the problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the image is blurred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is blurred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the image is blurred
+because of diffraction so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of diffraction so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of diffraction so
+if you really take a pin hole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really take a pin hole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you really take a pin hole
+then light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then light comes in
+and it actually doesn't go in straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually doesn't go in straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually doesn't go in straight
+line it actually depends on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh and uh because of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh because of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and uh because of that
+the single point in the world doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single point in the world doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single point in the world doesn't
+map to a single point on the sensor but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to a single point on the sensor but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+map to a single point on the sensor but
+it matched to a small blur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is very similar to analogy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very similar to analogy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is very similar to analogy of
+you know just using a water hose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just using a water hose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know just using a water hose
+if you have a water hose and it's open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a water hose and it's open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a water hose and it's open
+water comes in and you get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water comes in and you get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water comes in and you get you know
+almost the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost the same
+uh same thickness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same thickness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh same thickness
+same width
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same width
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same width
+of the water flow right but as you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water flow right but as you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the water flow right but as you start
+stripping this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripping this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stripping this
+eventually the water just starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the water just starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually the water just starts
+spraying up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spraying up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spraying up
+when the size of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the size of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the size of your
+opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opening
+in the in the water hose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the water hose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the in the water hose
+becomes comparable to the molecules of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes comparable to the molecules of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes comparable to the molecules of
+water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water
+it actually starts spraying and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually starts spraying and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it actually starts spraying and that's
+diffraction as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffraction as well
+and we have the same principle here we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the same principle here we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have the same principle here we
+have in very simple words we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in very simple words we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have in very simple words we have
+photons coming in here with certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons coming in here with certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+photons coming in here with certain
+wavelengths what's the wavelength of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths what's the wavelength of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelengths what's the wavelength of
+green light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+500 nanometers remember these numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometers remember these numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometers remember these numbers
+are very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very
+very very critical so 400
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very critical so 400
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very critical so 400
+to 700
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 700
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 700
+is blue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is blue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is blue
+green
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this is nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the light
+the light is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is
+500 nanometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometers
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+0.5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0.5
+micrometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and your pinhole starts becoming about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your pinhole starts becoming about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your pinhole starts becoming about
+one millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one millimeter
+which is 1000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is 1000
+micrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+micrometer
+then you're probably okay but if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're probably okay but if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you're probably okay but if you
+start going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start going
+you know millimeter and below which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know millimeter and below which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know millimeter and below which is
+what your cell phone cameras are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your cell phone cameras are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your cell phone cameras are
+unfortunately you're struggling to 500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately you're struggling to 500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately you're struggling to 500
+microns which is half a millimeter then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns which is half a millimeter then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microns which is half a millimeter then
+your wavelength is comparable to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wavelength is comparable to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your wavelength is comparable to the
+size of your you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of your you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of your you know
+and you start getting this diffraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the relationship between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the relationship between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the relationship between
+the size of the opening
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the opening
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the size of the opening
+and the size of the wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of the wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the size of the wavelength
+decides the diffraction and the formula
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides the diffraction and the formula
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decides the diffraction and the formula
+actually is very easy this one here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is very easy this one here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually is very easy this one here
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda
+so the aperture is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the aperture is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the aperture is a
+this angle here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in radians
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in radians
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in radians
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but that gives an indication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that gives an indication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that gives an indication of
+how quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how quickly
+the light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light
+is trending up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trending up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is trending up
+so in the worst case scenario when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the worst case scenario when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the worst case scenario when you
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+the pinhole the same size
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pinhole the same size
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pinhole the same size
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+wavelength of light so let's say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light so let's say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light so let's say you
+created a pink hole whose width is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a pink hole whose width is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+created a pink hole whose width is also
+500 nanometer or 0.5 micrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometer or 0.5 micrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+500 nanometer or 0.5 micrometer
+working without that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there'll be one radius and 1 radian is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be one radius and 1 radian is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there'll be one radius and 1 radian is
+57 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+57 degrees
+so this cone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this cone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this cone
+will be 57 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you know it's not a question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's not a question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know it's not a question
+even if you can just do calculations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you can just do calculations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you can just do calculations and
+even if you plug something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you plug something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even if you plug something that's
+one thousand one millimeter so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thousand one millimeter so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thousand one millimeter so that's
+100 micrometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 micrometers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 micrometers
+the angle is pretty pretty pretty wide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so when camera makers are selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when camera makers are selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so when camera makers are selling
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+uh lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lenses
+uh you know really crappy lenses on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know really crappy lenses on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you know really crappy lenses on a
+mobile phone camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phone camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile phone camera
+but that's giving you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's giving you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's giving you
+a sensor solution of 500 pixels at 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensor solution of 500 pixels at 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sensor solution of 500 pixels at 10
+megapixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixels
+it doesn't make sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make sense
+because your image is already blurry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your image is already blurry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because your image is already blurry
+you don't need that many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need that many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't need that many
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your if your cell phone camera has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your if your cell phone camera has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your if your cell phone camera has
+a typical um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a typical um
+uh aperture size of say two millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aperture size of say two millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh aperture size of say two millimeters
+that's the channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's the channel
+smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller
+uh and then if your sensor light comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then if your sensor light comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and then if your sensor light comes
+in you're kind of zooming in into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you're kind of zooming in into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in you're kind of zooming in into the
+world now and it kind of spreads out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world now and it kind of spreads out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world now and it kind of spreads out
+let's say spreads out over only about 20
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say spreads out over only about 20
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say spreads out over only about 20
+micrometers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pixel of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pixel of a
+camera is about five meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+each piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each piece
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each piece
+so if the blur is already 20 micrometer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the blur is already 20 micrometer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if the blur is already 20 micrometer
+it doesn't make sense to have a pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make sense to have a pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make sense to have a pixel
+that's decimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's decimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's decimal
+you should just have to pixel that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should just have to pixel that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you should just have to pixel that at
+that launch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so if somebody's selling you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if somebody's selling you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if somebody's selling you a
+10 megapixel camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 megapixel camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 megapixel camera
+with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a
+five micron pitch they should just give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five micron pitch they should just give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five micron pitch they should just give
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's
+much lower solution than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower solution than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower solution than that
+because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because
+you know the numbers don't make any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the numbers don't make any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the numbers don't make any
+sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense
+but again this is the typical marketing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again this is the typical marketing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but again this is the typical marketing
+camera makers will use but they will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera makers will use but they will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera makers will use but they will
+sell really high resolution sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell really high resolution sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sell really high resolution sensor
+although clearly you cannot really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although clearly you cannot really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although clearly you cannot really
+capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture
+that bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bigger
+not that good solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and there's a new trend i think cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a new trend i think cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a new trend i think cameras
+makers have started selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers have started selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers have started selling
+in terms of megapixel race
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of megapixel race
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of megapixel race
+and now they have to start selling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they have to start selling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and now they have to start selling
+cameras with lower solution i think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras with lower solution i think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cameras with lower solution i think the
+latest canon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest canon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latest canon
+has lower solution than its previous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lower solution than its previous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lower solution than its previous
+version i believe the g6 i think it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version i believe the g6 i think it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version i believe the g6 i think it's
+going to turn like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so recently i was working on a project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recently i was working on a project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so recently i was working on a project
+where they want to capture 50
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they want to capture 50
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they want to capture 50
+giga pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+50 pixels 50 times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 pixels 50 times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 pixels 50 times
+10 to the 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 to the 9
+this is usually 2 times 10 to the 6.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is usually 2 times 10 to the 6.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is usually 2 times 10 to the 6.
+this places
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+as the as the megapixels increase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the as the megapixels increase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the as the megapixels increase
+uh the size of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the size of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the size of the
+as you can see this ratio here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see this ratio here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see this ratio here right
+as the megapixels increase the size of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the megapixels increase the size of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the megapixels increase the size of
+the lens required increases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens required increases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens required increases
+correspondingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correspondingly
+okay and that's why expensive cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's why expensive cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's why expensive cameras
+have much bigger lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much bigger lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have much bigger lens
+yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes there is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes there is so
+there are all these measures called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these measures called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are all these measures called
+modulation transfer function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation transfer function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation transfer function
+and space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so another way to think about this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to think about this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so another way to think about this is
+how can you create a water pipe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you create a water pipe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how can you create a water pipe that
+creates a spot that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's almost uh it's funny how nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost uh it's funny how nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's almost uh it's funny how nature
+works there always always limits as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works there always always limits as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works there always always limits as you
+get closer to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get closer to certain
+certain uh thresholds right i mean if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh thresholds right i mean if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain uh thresholds right i mean if
+you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think about
+the density of water it decreases as we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of water it decreases as we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the density of water it decreases as we
+decrease the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease the temperature
+but at some point the density actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point the density actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but at some point the density actually
+starts freezing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts freezing again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts freezing again
+it's synthetic diffraction or water or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's synthetic diffraction or water or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's synthetic diffraction or water or a
+lot of this phenomenon where it seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this phenomenon where it seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of this phenomenon where it seems
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+nature automatically puts some stuff
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature automatically puts some stuff
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature automatically puts some stuff
+on how small or how large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how small or how large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on how small or how large
+things can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're talking about
+resolution we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution we're talking about
+the ratio of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratio of
+the diameter to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the diameter to
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+length there's a there's a very minor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length there's a there's a very minor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length there's a there's a very minor
+and very subtle point here i'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very subtle point here i'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very subtle point here i'll just
+make it for those of you who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it for those of you who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it for those of you who
+are thinking about effective focal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking about effective focal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are thinking about effective focal
+length effectiveness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length effectiveness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length effectiveness
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+although although we're defining it by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although although we're defining it by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although although we're defining it by
+diameter to the focal length the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter to the focal length the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diameter to the focal length the sensor
+is never excited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never excited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is never excited
+right because that probably the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that probably the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because that probably the case
+when you're looking at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at it
+when you're looking at somewhere closer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at somewhere closer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're looking at somewhere closer
+the sensor is the 4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor is the 4
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor is the 4
+millimeter the sensor is 50 plus like 51
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter the sensor is 50 plus like 51
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+millimeter the sensor is 50 plus like 51
+or 52 millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 52 millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 52 millimeters
+uh so but you know that's small enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but you know that's small enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so but you know that's small enough
+that you can ignore this calculation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can ignore this calculation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can ignore this calculation
+but the true vertical calculate that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the true vertical calculate that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the true vertical calculate that is
+by taking into this tradition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so we were talking about pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we were talking about pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we were talking about pinhole
+then we started talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we started talking about
+how uh pinholes are not great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh pinholes are not great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how uh pinholes are not great because
+they lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they lose
+the exposure times are too long and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposure times are too long and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exposure times are too long and the
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+right and all those problems are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all those problems are going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and all those problems are going
+to appear here as well it's just that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear here as well it's just that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to appear here as well it's just that
+what we have created here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have created here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have created here
+is an array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an array
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+100 virtual cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 virtual cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 virtual cameras
+these are 100 virtual cameras where each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 100 virtual cameras where each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are 100 virtual cameras where each
+camera has a pixel a resolution of 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera has a pixel a resolution of 9
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera has a pixel a resolution of 9
+pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+we have converted one big camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have converted one big camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have converted one big camera
+into 100 cameras each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 100 cameras each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into 100 cameras each
+with and in the real world it will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and in the real world it will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with and in the real world it will be
+1000 cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1000 cameras
+under 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under 100
+each with resolution of 9116
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each with resolution of 9116
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each with resolution of 9116
+that's what makes it interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes it interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what makes it interesting
+from one camera now we have created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+just like in a regular camera we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in a regular camera we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like in a regular camera we don't
+use pinpoints to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pinpoints to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use pinpoints to use
+we want to replace each of the spindle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to replace each of the spindle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want to replace each of the spindle
+now lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now lenses
+right and that's why we call it a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's why we call it a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's why we call it a lens
+like array so i'm just going to draw on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like array so i'm just going to draw on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like array so i'm just going to draw on
+top of this with a with a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this with a with a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top of this with a with a different
+color the music gets too complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the music gets too complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color the music gets too complicated
+i'm just going to draw a letter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+going to do almost the same task we know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do almost the same task we know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do almost the same task we know
+that at the center of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the center of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that at the center of the lens
+you can just move the rays and they just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just move the rays and they just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just move the rays and they just
+go straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go straight
+because remember a lens is made up of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember a lens is made up of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because remember a lens is made up of
+sets of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sets of this
+and the middle one is just a sheet of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the middle one is just a sheet of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the middle one is just a sheet of
+glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+glass
+so when it goes to the center nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it goes to the center nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so when it goes to the center nothing
+changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we can do the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do the same thing
+uh but there is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh but there is one
+very special cons two actually very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special cons two actually very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special cons two actually very
+special constraints
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special constraints
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special constraints
+we have to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have to achieve
+to make this happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because it's a lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a lens
+and we're trying to form an image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to form an image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're trying to form an image
+when we're building the electric camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're building the electric camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we're building the electric camera
+what we're doing really is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing really is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're doing really is
+forming an image of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming an image of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming an image of the lens
+on the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sensor
+you remember we had this concept of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember we had this concept of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you remember we had this concept of a
+conjugate plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conjugate plane
+a point in 3d and its corresponding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point in 3d and its corresponding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a point in 3d and its corresponding
+location
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location
+uh on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh on the
+sensor position is for conjugate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor position is for conjugate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor position is for conjugate
+formation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and here what we want to do is create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what we want to do is create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here what we want to do is create a
+lens which forms an image of the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens which forms an image of the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens which forms an image of the lens
+on the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so i will choose its focal length and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will choose its focal length and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i will choose its focal length and
+its distance says in such a way that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distance says in such a way that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+its distance says in such a way that if
+i put a point here i get a sharp image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put a point here i get a sharp image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i put a point here i get a sharp image
+of that point here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that point here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that point here
+because these are our nine thetas and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are our nine thetas and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these are our nine thetas and
+each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each
+theta here has to map to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta here has to map to one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta here has to map to one
+exact pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that that makes it extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that makes it extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that makes it extremely
+difficult because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult because
+i will almost in a microscopic world i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will almost in a microscopic world i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i will almost in a microscopic world i
+have to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to create
+this lenses extremely high quality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lenses extremely high quality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lenses extremely high quality
+so that an image of a point kept at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that an image of a point kept at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that an image of a point kept at
+about 50 millimeters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 millimeters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 50 millimeters
+is formed at some pretty small distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed at some pretty small distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is formed at some pretty small distance
+usually one well below one millimeter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually one well below one millimeter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually one well below one millimeter
+it's about 500 microns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this because it's a very specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this because it's a very specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this because it's a very specific
+constraint there's exactly one plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint there's exactly one plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint there's exactly one plane
+in which i can put this like that if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which i can put this like that if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which i can put this like that if i
+put it too far here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it too far here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put it too far here
+and the image of the lens of the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the image of the lens of the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the image of the lens of the sensor
+will be blur if i put it too close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be blur if i put it too close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be blur if i put it too close
+again the image will occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that
+very special constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very special constraint
+makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+building a light full camera of lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a light full camera of lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building a light full camera of lens
+that's extremely charged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's extremely charged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's extremely charged
+and very expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say you you by the way all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you you by the way all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say you you by the way all
+these things we talked about where if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things we talked about where if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things we talked about where if
+you put the landscape
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the landscape
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put the landscape
+uh you can put the lens a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can put the lens a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh you can put the lens a little bit
+further out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further out
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+uh and change its focal length so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and change its focal length so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and change its focal length so that
+this one is still imaged here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is still imaged here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one is still imaged here
+but conceptually it's still the pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but conceptually it's still the pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but conceptually it's still the pinhole
+so if you put the lesson over here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you put the lesson over here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you put the lesson over here and
+the ratios of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratios of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ratios of
+this to this is not matched with this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this is not matched with this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to this is not matched with this to
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+then you will get over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you will get over
+if you put it too close and change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put it too close and change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put it too close and change the
+focus correspondingly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you still have to worry about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you still have to worry about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you still have to worry about the
+same examinations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+there's an additional thing you have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an additional thing you have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an additional thing you have to
+do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do
+which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is
+if there's some points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay there's some point here out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's some point here out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay there's some point here out in the
+world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and what we're trying to do is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're trying to do is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're trying to do is this
+point is in focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is in focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is in focus
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+and then we're going to chop this into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to chop this into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to chop this into
+nine rays angry bundles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine rays angry bundles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine rays angry bundles
+plus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus four
+minus four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we have done is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have done is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we have done is we have
+captured the live stream of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured the live stream of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+captured the live stream of this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i
+want to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to create
+uh a light field at a slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a light field at a slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh a light field at a slightly different
+plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane
+over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here
+question is can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is can be
+once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once
+remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember
+we made this claim that if i capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made this claim that if i capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we made this claim that if i capture
+this 4d light fluid i can do anything i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 4d light fluid i can do anything i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 4d light fluid i can do anything i
+want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want
+i can focus here i can focus there you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can focus here i can focus there you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can focus here i can focus there you
+know i can reduce the light i can change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i can reduce the light i can change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know i can reduce the light i can change
+the temperature size i can change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature size i can change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature size i can change the
+focal length i can do anything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length i can do anything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focal length i can do anything else
+if i captured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i captured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i captured
+lecture so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture so
+one question you'll be kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question you'll be kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one question you'll be kind of
+thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about
+when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are
+when you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you are
+doing this assignment is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this assignment is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this assignment is
+given that you have captured like for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you have captured like for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that you have captured like for
+one particular claim how do you recreate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular claim how do you recreate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one particular claim how do you recreate
+it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it
+either by refocusing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the difference between this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the difference between this
+situation and the assignment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can chop the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can chop the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can chop the lens
+as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as
+i'll come over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can think of a lens which can chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of a lens which can chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can think of a lens which can chop
+it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it up
+and you can treat it the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can treat it the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can treat it the same as
+this pin holes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+correspondingly something next to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this was just a sheet of glass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's a pinhole plus a prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pinhole plus a prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a pinhole plus a prism
+when you take a picture with the camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take a picture with the camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you take a picture with the camera
+array unfortunately you don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array unfortunately you don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array unfortunately you don't have to
+do that computation all you have is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that computation all you have is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that computation all you have is a
+set of cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thanks
+all you have is a set of cameras you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have is a set of cameras you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you have is a set of cameras you
+don't have this prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have this prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have this prism
+and mathematically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mathematically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and mathematically
+you're going to shift the image which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to shift the image which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to shift the image which is
+equivalent to the prism
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the prism
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent to the prism
+so you're going to take top images and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to take top images and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you're going to take top images and
+you're going to shift them by plus two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to shift them by plus two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to shift them by plus two
+pixels plus one pixel zero pixel minus 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels plus one pixel zero pixel minus 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels plus one pixel zero pixel minus 1
+pixel minus 2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel minus 2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel minus 2x
+and that's the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's the same as
+putting a set of prisms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a set of prisms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting a set of prisms
+is this analogy here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so
+once you have done all this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have done all this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you have done all this
+these two classic ways of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two classic ways of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two classic ways of thinking about
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+capturing light fill again 1908
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing light fill again 1908
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capturing light fill again 1908
+is when this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is when this
+started coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started coming up
+but the practical solutions came much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the practical solutions came much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the practical solutions came much
+later now remember back then it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now remember back then it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later now remember back then it was
+about film
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about film
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about film
+for charity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for charity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for charity
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+we want a third solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a third solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we want a third solution
+that came on just two years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came on just two years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that came on just two years ago
+of capturing life
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capturing life
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of capturing life
+we're going to look at that for the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at that for the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to look at that for the next
+few minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+anybody has the thoughts on some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has the thoughts on some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anybody has the thoughts on some other
+ways of capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one very interesting hack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very interesting hack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very interesting hack
+uh these guys came up with was they said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these guys came up with was they said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh these guys came up with was they said
+i don't want to put anything close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to put anything close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't want to put anything close to
+the sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sensor
+i would just take a traditional camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would just take a traditional camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i would just take a traditional camera
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+i'm going to erase this part up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because all i care about is at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all i care about is at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all i care about is at this
+pixel i want to know how each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel i want to know how each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixel i want to know how each of these
+rays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rays
+what is the radius of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the radius of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the radius of each of these
+so all i will do is i will block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all i will do is i will block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all i will do is i will block
+this part of the lens and take a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the lens and take a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this part of the lens and take a full
+forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward
+okay and that will give me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that will give me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that will give me this
+direction for each piece
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then i'll take a second photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll take a second photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll take a second photo
+where i will block
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i will block
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i will block
+everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything
+except this region
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this region
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except this region
+and if i take nine such photos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i take nine such photos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if i take nine such photos
+then instead of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then instead of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then instead of getting
+one hundred times nine what will i get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+due to nine inches each has a resolution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to nine inches each has a resolution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to nine inches each has a resolution
+of 900 degrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 900 degrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 900 degrees
+so you get 900
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is what uh the sit-up was about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what uh the sit-up was about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is what uh the sit-up was about
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+they came up with better methods to mix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with better methods to mix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they came up with better methods to mix
+it but that was the business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay but this is really not it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is really not it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay but this is really not it's not a
+new method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new method
+because it's using the same basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's using the same basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's using the same basic
+concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the pinhole versus landsat is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pinhole versus landsat is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the pinhole versus landsat is a
+different solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different solution
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one way to think about it think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about it think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to think about it think about
+all the hammers here all the knobs we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the hammers here all the knobs we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the hammers here all the knobs we
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+on the camera now of exposure time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the camera now of exposure time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the camera now of exposure time
+focus over length
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus over length
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus over length
+you know moving the camera wavelength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know moving the camera wavelength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know moving the camera wavelength
+think about all the ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about all the ways
+you can use those parameters to reach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use those parameters to reach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can use those parameters to reach
+the scope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scope
+so this is called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is called
+in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that
+x the next is called x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the next is called x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x the next is called x
+and you know what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+remember cat scan machine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember cat scan machine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember cat scan machine
+works almost a sentence for the soil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+communication sam is interested in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication sam is interested in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication sam is interested in this
+you know you will do the same thing now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you will do the same thing now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you will do the same thing now
+possible signals are coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible signals are coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible signals are coming from
+different directions after t multiplex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions after t multiplex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different directions after t multiplex
+them and recover them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and recover them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and recover them
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you will put an area of antennas how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will put an area of antennas how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will put an area of antennas how
+about it is a lightweight action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in simulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so so let's think about this third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's think about this third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so so let's think about this third
+solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution
+which is a really simple idea to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a really simple idea to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is a really simple idea to explain
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+uh what we're going to do is not use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we're going to do is not use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh what we're going to do is not use
+lenses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lenses
+but use a pink color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'll show you how this works and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you how this works and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'll show you how this works and then
+i'll explain how it works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all we're going to do
+is place a mask instead of a pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is place a mask instead of a pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is place a mask instead of a pinhole
+array we're going to place the mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we're going to place the mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+array we're going to place the mask
+that has certain transferences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has certain transferences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has certain transferences
+so here is a pinhole array we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a pinhole array we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here is a pinhole array we're going
+to be basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be basically
+some if i plot its transparency it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some if i plot its transparency it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some if i plot its transparency it's
+going to have some strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have some strange
+factors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and to do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and to do that
+it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you'll get a picture that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a picture that looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a picture that looks like
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and if you look at the part of the auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the part of the auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if you look at the part of the auto
+focus you'll have this really strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus you'll have this really strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus you'll have this really strange
+encoding for part of your sharp focus it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding for part of your sharp focus it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoding for part of your sharp focus it
+looks like the light has been attenuated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the light has been attenuated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like the light has been attenuated
+a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a little bit
+but you know they have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how it's computed and then come back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's computed and then come back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how it's computed and then come back and
+explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain
+and all we're going to do is take a the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we're going to do is take a the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we're going to do is take a the
+you know if you take a traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take a traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you take a traditional
+camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera
+and take a 2d photo if you take any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a 2d photo if you take any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and take a 2d photo if you take any
+image in general
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image in general
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image in general
+and just take its fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just take its fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just take its fourier transform
+which is what jpeg compression will do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what jpeg compression will do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what jpeg compression will do
+as a very first step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a very first step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a very first step
+you realize that most of the energy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that most of the energy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you realize that most of the energy is
+fully transformed is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully transformed is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fully transformed is
+in the low frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the low frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the low frequencies
+in 2d you put low frequencies in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2d you put low frequencies in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2d you put low frequencies in the
+center and one day you would put the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and one day you would put the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+center and one day you would put the
+focus at the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so most of the energy is in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the energy is in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so most of the energy is in
+low frequencies those spatial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies those spatial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequencies those spatial
+frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies
+so in the center you have the dc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the center you have the dc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the center you have the dc
+component which is the average of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which is the average of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component which is the average of all
+pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pixels
+um and then you have you know first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you have you know first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and then you have you know first
+frequency which is how many sinusoids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which is how many sinusoids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency which is how many sinusoids
+you can put in this image and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put in this image and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can put in this image and so on
+right most of the energies over here if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right most of the energies over here if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right most of the energies over here if
+you place this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you place this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you place this
+very high frequency mask yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high frequency mask yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very high frequency mask yeah
+where the where the finger light was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the finger light was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where the where the finger light was
+and then take this 2d fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take this 2d fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then take this 2d fourier transform
+it looks really really strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks really really strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it looks really really strange
+it has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has
+a lot of energy in high frequencies as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy in high frequencies as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of energy in high frequencies as
+well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well
+and those of you who are used to looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of you who are used to looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and those of you who are used to looking
+at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at
+you know oscilloscope for radio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know oscilloscope for radio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know oscilloscope for radio
+frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies and
+so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so on
+uh if you just capture the radio waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you just capture the radio waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you just capture the radio waves
+all the radio stations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the radio stations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the radio stations
+and look at the spectrum it will also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the spectrum it will also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at the spectrum it will also
+look something like this you'll have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like this you'll have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look something like this you'll have
+some carriers in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some carriers in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some carriers in the middle
+and there will be a pad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be a pad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there will be a pad
+around the carrier and there will be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the carrier and there will be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the carrier and there will be a
+guard back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guard back
+so 99 megahertz station is transmitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 99 megahertz station is transmitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 99 megahertz station is transmitting
+some audio for about 20 kilohertz around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some audio for about 20 kilohertz around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some audio for about 20 kilohertz around
+it 100 microstations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is how the spectrum will look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how the spectrum will look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is how the spectrum will look
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+just capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just capture
+any any television
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any television
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any any television
+and something similar is happening here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something similar is happening here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and something similar is happening here
+and i'll come back to this and explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll come back to this and explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll come back to this and explain
+how this exactly works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this exactly works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this exactly works
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we're going to do eventually is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do eventually is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do eventually is
+take the 2d fourier transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the 2d fourier transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the 2d fourier transform
+which looks like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which looks like this
+and we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to
+shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shift
+we're going to take this 2d world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take this 2d world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take this 2d world
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+make it into a 4d mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a 4d mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it into a 4d mode
+a 4d hypercube
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we're simply going to take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're simply going to take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're simply going to take this
+inverse fourier transform and recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse fourier transform and recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse fourier transform and recover
+all those images
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those images
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those images
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+you would have captured if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have captured if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have captured if
+you place the camera at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you place the camera at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you place the camera at different
+positions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+positions
+it's as if we have taken the lens and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if we have taken the lens and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's as if we have taken the lens and
+split it into 81 different cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+as you can imagine from this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine from this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can imagine from this
+81 cameras
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 cameras
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 cameras
+now we have captured so for every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have captured so for every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we have captured so for every
+every one of the slices on the lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of the slices on the lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every one of the slices on the lens
+we have captured an image that's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have captured an image that's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have captured an image that's only
+200 pixels by 200 distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 pixels by 200 distance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+200 pixels by 200 distance
+but we have created 81 such features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have created 81 such features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we have created 81 such features
+and so here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so here
+you are just seeing some of the scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are just seeing some of the scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are just seeing some of the scale
+temperatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures
+few of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few of them
+but using this 81
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using this 81
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but using this 81
+camera array the box i showed you last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array the box i showed you last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera array the box i showed you last
+time was a 5x5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was a 5x5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time was a 5x5
+camera and you can think of this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and you can think of this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+camera and you can think of this as an
+81 camera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 camera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+81 camera
+but we didn't have to build a new device
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we didn't have to build a new device
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we didn't have to build a new device
+it's just an ordinary slr camera medium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an ordinary slr camera medium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's just an ordinary slr camera medium
+format and we just placed this mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and we just placed this mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+format and we just placed this mask
+that's it and certainly we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and certainly we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it and certainly we have
+you know for two extra dollars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for two extra dollars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for two extra dollars
+we have 81 cameras but of course each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 81 cameras but of course each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have 81 cameras but of course each of
+them is very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them is very good
+what's the advantage of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the advantage of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the advantage of this
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass
+so the question is what's the benefit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is what's the benefit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the question is what's the benefit of
+this type of mask over a pimple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of mask over a pimple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this type of mask over a pimple
+what are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the
+disadvantages more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's the second problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+even here you'll have so many fashion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even here you'll have so many fashion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even here you'll have so many fashion
+artifacts for their obs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what you capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you capture
+looks like almost another image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like almost another image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like almost another image
+except those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+except those
+very strange effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strange effects
+so what you're saying you're applying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're saying you're applying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're saying you're applying
+the inverse transform uh to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse transform uh to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the inverse transform uh to the
+small sessions of this uh uh spec right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sessions of this uh uh spec right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small sessions of this uh uh spec right
+no not really not really having to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not really not really having to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no not really not really having to pass
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image
+and we're going to tie it and create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to tie it and create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're going to tie it and create a
+4d hypercube so let's let's make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4d hypercube so let's let's make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4d hypercube so let's let's make it
+simple let's say the image was only 1d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple let's say the image was only 1d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple let's say the image was only 1d
+just this horizontal line here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this horizontal line here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just this horizontal line here right
+okay if you take this frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you take this frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if you take this frequency
+transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you take the frequency transform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the frequency transform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take the frequency transform
+you know you will capture there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you will capture there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you will capture there'll be
+some 1d frequency transform that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 1d frequency transform that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some 1d frequency transform that looks
+like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this
+okay and what we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and what we're going to do
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+uh so let's go step by step so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's go step by step so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh so let's go step by step so the
+frequency domain this is a little bit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain this is a little bit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain this is a little bit of
+a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a
+stepping ahead we'll come back and talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping ahead we'll come back and talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stepping ahead we'll come back and talk
+about coding techniques in in a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about coding techniques in in a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about coding techniques in in a couple
+of lectures and this will become more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures and this will become more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of lectures and this will become more
+clear at that time but basically we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear at that time but basically we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear at that time but basically we have
+some variation in x and some variation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variation in x and some variation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some variation in x and some variation
+in theta right we saw that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theta right we saw that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in theta right we saw that that's
+because it was 100 by nine in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was 100 by nine in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was 100 by nine in this case
+it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's
+uh 200 by nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's two hundred by nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is thinking in one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is thinking in one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is thinking in one day
+and then our sensor however is just 1d
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our sensor however is just 1d
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then our sensor however is just 1d
+in this case so although we want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so although we want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case so although we want to
+capture 200 here and 9 here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture 200 here and 9 here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capture 200 here and 9 here
+we cannot capture them on this 20 sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot capture them on this 20 sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we cannot capture them on this 20 sensor
+so what we basically do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we basically do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we basically do is
+take that one distance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to take that 1d sensor it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that 1d sensor it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take that 1d sensor it's
+going to capture different parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to capture different parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to capture different parts
+of this signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this signal
+and then we're going to reshape it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to reshape it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're going to reshape it
+we're going to chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to chop
+we're going to chop this part and put it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to chop this part and put it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to chop this part and put it
+here chop this part put it here this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here chop this part put it here this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here chop this part put it here this one
+stays the same place take this cardboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same place take this cardboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stays the same place take this cardboard
+door here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door here
+over here and now from a one day signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and now from a one day signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here and now from a one day signal
+we have created a 2d like field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have created a 2d like field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have created a 2d like field
+and it cannot be immediately clear on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it cannot be immediately clear on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it cannot be immediately clear on
+the side because we haven't looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side because we haven't looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the side because we haven't looked at
+coding scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from that we can recover all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that we can recover all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that we can recover all right
+so so you have all the coefficients for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you have all the coefficients for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so you have all the coefficients for
+the entire image exactly full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire image exactly full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire image exactly full
+calibration for that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration for that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calibration for that
+yes what about the reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what about the reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes what about the reason
+sorry here you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry here you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry here you see
+frequency domain areas in yes so okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain areas in yes so okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency domain areas in yes so okay
+we'll talk about that if you think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that if you think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk about that if you think about
+this particular problem where we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem where we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular problem where we have
+overlap or undershoot there's also a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap or undershoot there's also a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlap or undershoot there's also a
+type of variance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of variance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of variance
+right because we're trying to capture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we're trying to capture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right because we're trying to capture
+more signal but we don't have enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more signal but we don't have enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more signal but we don't have enough
+bandwidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so you have to assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you have to assume that
+the scene doesn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene doesn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the scene doesn't have
+you know very high special frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very high special frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know very high special frequencies
+of the vertical areas and muscles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertical areas and muscles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the vertical areas and muscles
+but doesn't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your spectrum looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spectrum looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your spectrum looks something like this
+yes if your spectra actually had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if your spectra actually had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes if your spectra actually had a lot
+of energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of energy
+up here and down there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and down there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up here and down there
+then yes you'll get a lot of failures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can separate these signals in a much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can separate these signals in a much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can separate these signals in a much
+lower frequency than it's actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower frequency than it's actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower frequency than it's actually
+similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no
+just just take this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just take this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just just take this
+yeah i mean that's exactly what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean that's exactly what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah i mean that's exactly what happens
+in jpeg right you take whatever four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jpeg right you take whatever four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in jpeg right you take whatever four
+megapixel image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixel image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixel image
+and then you're able to represent it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're able to represent it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you're able to represent it as
+you know half a megapixel image is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know half a megapixel image is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know half a megapixel image is
+because you're able to take only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're able to take only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're able to take only the
+lower frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower frequencies
+uh lower special frequencies and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower special frequencies and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh lower special frequencies and
+represent them well and you take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them well and you take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them well and you take the
+higher frequencies but you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequencies but you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher frequencies but you don't
+represent them that okay that's how jpeg
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them that okay that's how jpeg
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent them that okay that's how jpeg
+or traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or traditional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or traditional
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+frequency dominant compression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes you know you can do it in software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you know you can do it in software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes you know you can do it in software
+so here's a method to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a method to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's a method to
+do that not the compression but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that not the compression but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that not the compression but the
+remapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remapping
+in bodies so you assume you see that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bodies so you assume you see that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in bodies so you assume you see that in
+this focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this focus
+yeah exactly so if the world actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so if the world actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah exactly so if the world actually
+had a checkerboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a checkerboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a checkerboard
+extremely fire resolution checkerboard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely fire resolution checkerboard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely fire resolution checkerboard
+then you'll have problems it's a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have problems it's a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll have problems it's a similar
+effect you know if somebody is wearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you know if somebody is wearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect you know if somebody is wearing
+really fine structure and you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fine structure and you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fine structure and you should
+take the picture you see these areas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the picture you see these areas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the picture you see these areas in
+artifacts or if you're if you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts or if you're if you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+artifacts or if you're if you take a
+fence where you have a position take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fence where you have a position take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fence where you have a position take a
+picture it gets strange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it gets strange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture it gets strange
+so it's it's a it's the same problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a it's the same problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's it's a it's the same problem
+you know it's just sampling here you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just sampling here you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it's just sampling here you
+cannot get around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot get around
+it is that easy unless you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that easy unless you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that easy unless you do the
+pre-filtering i won't go into the detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-filtering i won't go into the detail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pre-filtering i won't go into the detail
+so i mentioned you have to apply this to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mentioned you have to apply this to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i mentioned you have to apply this to
+each channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each channel
+yeah you have to do it for every color
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have to do it for every color
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you have to do it for every color
+channel that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and from that you have captured it so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that you have captured it so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that you have captured it so so
+let's look at the intuition of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the intuition of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's look at the intuition of how
+exactly uh this works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh this works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly uh this works
+and there's a frequency of explanation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a frequency of explanation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a frequency of explanation
+that many of you have managed to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of you have managed to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that many of you have managed to have
+seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen
+and i'm going to give you a very simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to give you a very simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to give you a very simple
+intuitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intuitive
+reasoning of phosphates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning of phosphates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasoning of phosphates
+so let's come to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's come to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's come to
+this problem of replacing a pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem of replacing a pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this problem of replacing a pinhole
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+this new type of mass which we call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new type of mass which we call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this new type of mass which we call
+hyperlink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperlink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hyperlink
+so here we had a pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we had a pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here we had a pinhole
+and now this again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the pinhole and we have nine values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pinhole and we have nine values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pinhole and we have nine values
+coming in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then we took the next step over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we took the next step over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then we took the next step over
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and this was doing the same thing again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+by by using this trick you're not going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by using this trick you're not going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by by using this trick you're not going
+to get more resolution you still have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more resolution you still have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get more resolution you still have to
+miss some information in the middle it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss some information in the middle it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miss some information in the middle it's
+just that we don't use the light we just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we don't use the light we just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just that we don't use the light we just
+use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use
+those special sequences
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those special sequences
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those special sequences
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+small digression and we're going to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small digression and we're going to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small digression and we're going to talk
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+something called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the problem is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem is
+very easy to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very easy to explain
+in this particular let's say i give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular let's say i give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this particular let's say i give you
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+there are there are several
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are several
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are several
+bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bags
+with different weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weight one your weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and i tell you to weigh them and at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i tell you to weigh them and at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i tell you to weigh them and at the
+end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end
+i want a solution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want a solution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want a solution of
+each what the weight of each of that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each what the weight of each of that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each what the weight of each of that is
+simplest method is take the weighing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest method is take the weighing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplest method is take the weighing
+scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale
+you know put each of the bags one at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put each of the bags one at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put each of the bags one at a
+time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what are some other ways you can cook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if you don't want to do one at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+do all of them but that doesn't give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all of them but that doesn't give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all of them but that doesn't give you
+infinitely composite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely composite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infinitely composite
+you must make nine measurements i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must make nine measurements i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must make nine measurements i'll
+tell you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you that
+you must make hand measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must make hand measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you must make hand measurements
+one choice is you just put one bag
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one choice is you just put one bag
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one choice is you just put one bag
+and you have nine values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say
+your scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scale
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your scale
+actually selected the weight is from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually selected the weight is from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually selected the weight is from
+zero to hundred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to hundred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero to hundred
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+that's like the weight itself is 0 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the weight itself is 0 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's like the weight itself is 0 10
+but let's say your scale doesn't work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say your scale doesn't work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say your scale doesn't work
+very well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very well
+uh in the in the first couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in the first couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in the in the first couple of
+hours first of a couple of pages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours first of a couple of pages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours first of a couple of pages
+statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement
+okay the scale works pretty well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the scale works pretty well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay the scale works pretty well
+when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+it's in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the
+it's in the linear phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the linear phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in the linear phase
+okay it doesn't work so well when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it doesn't work so well when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay it doesn't work so well when the
+weight is too low or weight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is too low or weight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weight is too low or weight
+so what you want to do is stay in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do is stay in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you want to do is stay in the
+linear range somewhere and cameras work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear range somewhere and cameras work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear range somewhere and cameras work
+the same way that's fine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that's fine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same way that's fine
+if the light is too low the light is too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the light is too low the light is too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the light is too low the light is too
+high the camera cannot figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the camera cannot figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high the camera cannot figure out
+whether the lag is between if the value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the lag is between if the value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the lag is between if the value
+is going from zero to 55
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going from zero to 55
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going from zero to 55
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so all solutions do one at a time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all solutions do one at a time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so all solutions do one at a time the
+other solution is i can put a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solution is i can put a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other solution is i can put a group of
+them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them
+okay let's start with really simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's start with really simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's start with really simple
+example of three let's say i have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of three let's say i have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of three let's say i have three
+of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i can put one at a time or i can put two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can put one at a time or i can put two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can put one at a time or i can put two
+at a time first i can do w1 plus w2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time first i can do w1 plus w2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at a time first i can do w1 plus w2
+then i'll do w2 plus w3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll do w2 plus w3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll do w2 plus w3
+and i will do w1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i take these three measurements from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take these three measurements from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i take these three measurements from
+the three measurements i can figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three measurements i can figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three measurements i can figure out
+what each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each of these
+are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are
+and you can actually write this down as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually write this down as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can actually write this down as
+a very simple linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very simple linear system
+i will say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so let's say when i put the first two my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say when i put the first two my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's say when i put the first two my
+measurement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and all we have done here is we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we have done here is we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all we have done here is we have
+said i made three measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the way i have measured it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the way i have measured it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the way i have measured it
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first one
+is w one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is w one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is w one
+plus one and not w3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and not w3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus one and not w3
+second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for three
+this seems like a very good solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like a very good solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this seems like a very good solution
+because now we are taking somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we are taking somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we are taking somewhere in
+the middle range we are not at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle range we are not at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle range we are not at the
+bottom range of this weight and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom range of this weight and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom range of this weight and we are
+if you put all three of them together at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put all three of them together at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you put all three of them together at
+the same time you might go you know very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time you might go you know very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time you might go you know very
+far over here as well let's say mostly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far over here as well let's say mostly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+far over here as well let's say mostly
+in the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the middle
+because we're getting the sum of the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+multiplexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplexing
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+basically the same answer instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same answer instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the same answer instead of
+taking three now if i have nine or n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking three now if i have nine or n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking three now if i have nine or n
+such measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such measurements
+i'm going to basically take about half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to basically take about half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to basically take about half
+of them randomly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them randomly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them randomly
+and i'll take about half of the bags put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll take about half of the bags put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'll take about half of the bags put
+them together
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them together
+make a measurement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a measurement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a measurement
+then i'll put them apart again take some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll put them apart again take some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i'll put them apart again take some
+other half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and do some measurements as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do some measurements as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do some measurements as well
+so if i have nine of these i will create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have nine of these i will create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have nine of these i will create
+a matrix that looks something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix that looks something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix that looks something like this
+i will have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+i want to measure my weights that'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to measure my weights that'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i want to measure my weights that'll be
+1 09
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+my measurements are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my measurements are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my measurements are
+m12 and 9
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and what will we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and just like we put down the numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like we put down the numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just like we put down the numbers
+here we're going to put some random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to put some random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here we're going to put some random
+numbers here start doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here start doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers here start doing
+we start putting all the bags that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start putting all the bags that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we start putting all the bags that will
+be currently almost at once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be currently almost at once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be currently almost at once
+okay let's get back if i just put one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get back if i just put one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay let's get back if i just put one
+bag at a time what will this mattress
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+it'll be just one one one and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be just one one one and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll be just one one one and that's
+gonna be zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then i'll take the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so instead of taking one measurement at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of taking one measurement at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so instead of taking one measurement at
+a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a time
+we're going to take a linear combination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a linear combination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to take a linear combination
+in this case just a sum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case just a sum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case just a sum
+of about half the quantities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about half the quantities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of about half the quantities
+and the benefit of that is that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the benefit of that is that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the benefit of that is that you're
+staying in a range that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+use the analogy of this one with where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the analogy of this one with where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use the analogy of this one with where
+we are going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using a pinhole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a pinhole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a pinhole
+is like doing one measurement at a time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like doing one measurement at a time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like doing one measurement at a time
+you're only measuring one grade at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only measuring one grade at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're only measuring one grade at a
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time
+using a less length is like putting all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a less length is like putting all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using a less length is like putting all
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+backs at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backs at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backs at the same time
+and what we're going to do now is place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do now is place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we're going to do now is place
+a mask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a mask
+where only about half the values are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where only about half the values are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where only about half the values are
+going to go through how the radar goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through how the radar goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to go through how the radar goes
+okay so you've got to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so you've got to put in
+only half the input variables and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only half the input variables and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only half the input variables and
+measure it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you see the analogy where this is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the analogy where this is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see the analogy where this is going
+can anybody predict
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody predict
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can anybody predict
+what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so
+let's focus on this one slab here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we just focus on one slab here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+light comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light comes in
+two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two
+and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three
+instead of nine which is like three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of nine which is like three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of nine which is like three
+instead of just blocking this light here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just blocking this light here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just blocking this light here
+and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what i will do is i'll block it from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i will do is i'll block it from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i will do is i'll block it from
+certain directions so let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain directions so let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certain directions so let's say
+i will make this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually for 3 it doesn't look as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for 3 it doesn't look as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually for 3 it doesn't look as
+interesting so let's go to five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so let's go to five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting so let's go to five
+i'll make it one one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+one zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero
+one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's uh two out of five which is about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh two out of five which is about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's uh two out of five which is about
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+what's going to happen is for certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is for certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going to happen is for certain
+part of the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of the image
+look at the pixel here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the pixel here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the pixel here
+i shoot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i shoot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i shoot
+my lens here's my pixel if i shoot array
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lens here's my pixel if i shoot array
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my lens here's my pixel if i shoot array
+here it's blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's blocked
+but if i shoot array here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i shoot array here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if i shoot array here
+it goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes through
+and if a shooter right here is again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a shooter right here is again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if a shooter right here is again
+okay so what i am getting at this pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i am getting at this pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so what i am getting at this pixel
+is not sum of all the rays but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not sum of all the rays but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not sum of all the rays but some
+limited combination of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited combination of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited combination of this
+if i go to the next one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go to the next one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i go to the next one
+i get some other combination because for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get some other combination because for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i get some other combination because for
+this one this one was blocked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this one was blocked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this one was blocked
+but for this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but now this one is one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this one is one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now this one is one
+and so on because of this displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on because of this displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so on because of this displacement
+the combination that you are getting is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination that you are getting is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the combination that you are getting is
+that the shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the shift
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+and once you have this linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have this linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have this linear
+combination which is what we have here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination which is what we have here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination which is what we have here
+about half the light goes through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half the light goes through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about half the light goes through
+but what we have received here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we have received here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but what we have received here is the
+linear combination we have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination we have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combination we have this
+measurements we don't have the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we don't have the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements we don't have the original
+brain disease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain disease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brain disease
+but by simply calculating it will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by simply calculating it will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but by simply calculating it will
+recover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recover
+these intensities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intensities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intensities
+and we are going to go back to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to go back to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we are going to go back to a
+traditional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a very easy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very easy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very easy
+very intuitive way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intuitive way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very intuitive way
+of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of thinking about
+how we can use hadamard multiplexing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can use hadamard multiplexing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we can use hadamard multiplexing
+with a lattice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for the masking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you have to do a lot of computation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do a lot of computation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to do a lot of computation
+on this inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this inversion
+for the whole image your image is 16
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole image your image is 16
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the whole image your image is 16
+megapixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megapixel
+this matrix could be 16 million times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+using spectral methods or some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using spectral methods or some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using spectral methods or some other
+projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that's a very good question so what i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good question so what i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a very good question so what i
+showed you i kind of cheated right i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you i kind of cheated right i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed you i kind of cheated right i
+showed you a mask that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what we didn't recently realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we didn't recently realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we didn't recently realized
+just in the last one here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and cosine is one in the same thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine is one in the same thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cosine is one in the same thing
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+if you take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you take
+a bunch of cosines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of cosines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bunch of cosines
+and there's a frequency domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a frequency domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and there's a frequency domain
+right so that's why that's what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why that's what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's why that's what we have
+here so if you take cosines or different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you take cosines or different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here so if you take cosines or different
+frequency so it's like taking the dc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so it's like taking the dc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so it's like taking the dc
+right and you take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and you take a
+compression image you take projections
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression image you take projections
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression image you take projections
+from the frequencies what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the frequencies what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the frequencies what we're doing is
+we're projecting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different carriers and so on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different carriers and so on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different carriers and so on
+so if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if we do
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if i do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if i do
+both lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both lines
+and then i'm going to make them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to make them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then i'm going to make them
+sharper and shorter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharper and shorter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharper and shorter
+if you place all of them together you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you place all of them together you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you place all of them together you
+start getting that part in the center
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting that part in the center
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start getting that part in the center
+you get a bright spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a bright spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a bright spot
+and away from you you get a dark spot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and away from you you get a dark spot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and away from you you get a dark spot
+the sum of all this as you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all this as you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of all this as you can imagine
+ends up being something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up being something like
+the repeat and then some relation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if that's the pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if that's the pattern
+and it turns out you can place these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out you can place these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it turns out you can place these
+cosines in such a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines in such a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cosines in such a way
+so that you actually get a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you actually get a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that you actually get a binary
+and math is very pleasant to talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and math is very pleasant to talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and math is very pleasant to talk about
+uh how you can actually create a binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how you can actually create a binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh how you can actually create a binary
+time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so something that
+i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i
+studied
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because printing a binary mask as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because printing a binary mask as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because printing a binary mask as you
+can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can imagine
+is more convenient than printing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more convenient than printing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is more convenient than printing the
+mask where the passive is changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+when you uh phrase it as a linear system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh phrase it as a linear system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you uh phrase it as a linear system
+there's no i mean no different no sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no i mean no different no sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no i mean no different no sense
+in having you know blocking half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in having you know blocking half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in having you know blocking half of the
+light or so i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or so i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light or so i mean
+partially with uh you know partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially with uh you know partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partially with uh you know partial
+transparency if you just go find them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency if you just go find them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transparency if you just go find them
+anyway
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyway
+yeah you go binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you go binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah you go binary
+you're still going to lose half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still going to lose half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're still going to lose half the
+light yeah yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light yeah yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light yeah yeah
+yeah but i'm saying instead of using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but i'm saying instead of using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah but i'm saying instead of using
+ones using say 0.75 or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones using say 0.75 or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones using say 0.75 or so
+that's a great point so let me let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great point so let me let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a great point so let me let me
+refresh what uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+which means the sum of all this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means the sum of all this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means the sum of all this is still
+half of the total light why not make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the total light why not make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of the total light why not make
+this one and point seventy five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and point seventy five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one and point seventy five
+and one one point standard five so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one one point standard five so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one one point standard five so you
+still have this variation but most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have this variation but most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still have this variation but most of
+the light is going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is going through
+and is actually a great topic for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is actually a great topic for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and is actually a great topic for
+research as to what exactly this pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research as to what exactly this pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+research as to what exactly this pattern
+should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be
+and for us binary was very convenient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for us binary was very convenient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for us binary was very convenient
+from zero and if you actually play with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero and if you actually play with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from zero and if you actually play with
+that parameter space you get you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameter space you get you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that parameter space you get you know
+many many different uh interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different uh interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many many different uh interesting
+solutions some of them are geared more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions some of them are geared more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions some of them are geared more
+towards technically further and some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards technically further and some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards technically further and some of
+them are geared more towards capturing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are geared more towards capturing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are geared more towards capturing
+the lights
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lights
+so for example if this is all once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if this is all once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for example if this is all once
+then you just go to the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just go to the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you just go to the order
+if this is all once that means every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is all once that means every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this is all once that means every
+point is transferred
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is transferred
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point is transferred
+which means there is no mass space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means there is no mass space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which means there is no mass space
+uh if you put all zeros that means it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you put all zeros that means it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you put all zeros that means it's
+a complete particle and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete particle and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a complete particle and then it goes
+through if you use this pattern there is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through if you use this pattern there is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through if you use this pattern there is
+a random pattern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random pattern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a random pattern
+but if you use any values in between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the light is traveling at speed of light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is traveling at speed of light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the light is traveling at speed of light
+and we can only do blocking and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can only do blocking and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we can only do blocking and
+unblocking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unblocking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unblocking
+so if you had a way to kind of sense the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you had a way to kind of sense the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you had a way to kind of sense the
+image first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image first
+and once you have sensed the image and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have sensed the image and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and once you have sensed the image and
+change your mask so that you can choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your mask so that you can choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change your mask so that you can choose
+the right parameters for the scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right parameters for the scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right parameters for the scene
+uh then what you're saying is true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then what you're saying is true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh then what you're saying is true
+so in case of in case of like software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in case of in case of like software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in case of in case of like software
+compression you get to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression you get to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compression you get to look at the
+signal before it comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so the what the enactus is asking is if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the what the enactus is asking is if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the what the enactus is asking is if
+i know that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i know that
+my scene instead of having 200 pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my scene instead of having 200 pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my scene instead of having 200 pixels
+and nine variations so let's say i put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine variations so let's say i put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and nine variations so let's say i put a
+hologram okay what i'm going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hologram okay what i'm going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hologram okay what i'm going to do is
+put a hologram here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a hologram here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a hologram here
+and then capture it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then capture it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then capture it
+and i'm going to assume that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to assume that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i'm going to assume that the
+hologram has excited 200 pixels and i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hologram has excited 200 pixels and i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hologram has excited 200 pixels and i
+have nine views for each of those pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine views for each of those pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have nine views for each of those pixels
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+then what i've done is built the correct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what i've done is built the correct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what i've done is built the correct
+system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system
+but let's say somebody gave me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say somebody gave me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but let's say somebody gave me a
+hologram which has actually 400 pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hologram which has actually 400 pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hologram which has actually 400 pixels
+and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh
+and let's say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and let's say
+that number is only 300 pixels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number is only 300 pixels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that number is only 300 pixels
+and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then
+on the six views
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the six views
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the six views
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+i don't know how priority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how priority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i don't know how priority
+what you placed out there is a 200 pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you placed out there is a 200 pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you placed out there is a 200 pixel
+program or a 300 milligram i will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program or a 300 milligram i will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program or a 300 milligram i will
+continue to decode that as a 200 pixel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to decode that as a 200 pixel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to decode that as a 200 pixel
+but the problem will be because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem will be because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the problem will be because the
+scene has higher frequencies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene has higher frequencies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene has higher frequencies
+the same question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so a typical solution in in any signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a typical solution in in any signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so a typical solution in in any signal
+processing uh any device that has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing uh any device that has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processing uh any device that has been
+sampling is you prefix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling is you prefix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sampling is you prefix
+you reduce the frequency by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce the frequency by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you reduce the frequency by
+smoothing it or cutting up higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing it or cutting up higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoothing it or cutting up higher
+frequencies so that it will not again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so that it will not again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies so that it will not again
+masquerade as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masquerade as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+masquerade as
+lower lists in the optical domain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower lists in the optical domain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower lists in the optical domain
+unfortunately it's very difficult
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's very difficult
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately it's very difficult
+to create a diffuser that will convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a diffuser that will convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create a diffuser that will convert
+something that 300 pixels recruited this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that 300 pixels recruited this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that 300 pixels recruited this
+is purely complex you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+another way to think about that is as i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about that is as i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another way to think about that is as i
+was drawing this co-science instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was drawing this co-science instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was drawing this co-science instead of
+one zero and all this thing what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero and all this thing what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one zero and all this thing what we're
+doing is really fluid protection so very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is really fluid protection so very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing is really fluid protection so very
+first frequency we have is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first frequency we have is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first frequency we have is
+you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know
+first cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first cosine
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+the second one we have is a higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one we have is a higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one we have is a higher
+frequency cosine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency cosine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency cosine
+the third one is the human height
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one is the human height
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third one is the human height
+and we have this nine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this nine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have this nine
+those times with four with you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times with four with you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those times with four with you know
+plus ninety phase and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+different or some of them are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or some of them are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different or some of them are going to
+be just no they're not completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements
+and i can come up with any mixing matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can come up with any mixing matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and i can come up with any mixing matrix
+i can make them one jump on c zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can make them one jump on c zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i can make them one jump on c zeros
+which is the one by fixing or i can do a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one by fixing or i can do a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the one by fixing or i can do a
+dc or some kind of fourier position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh from the way you described putting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the way you described putting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh from the way you described putting
+the mask there right uh the way this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mask there right uh the way this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mask there right uh the way this
+matrix is formed it seems like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is formed it seems like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix is formed it seems like the
+second row is probably a shift of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row is probably a shift of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row is probably a shift of the
+first row it could be for the hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row it could be for the hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first row it could be for the hardware
+so that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's the
+inversion probably can be easier because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion probably can be easier because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversion probably can be easier because
+you know the pattern of the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the pattern of the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know the pattern of the matrix
+and it's not a brute force inversion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a brute force inversion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it's not a brute force inversion
+maybe you can do elimination exactly so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can do elimination exactly so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can do elimination exactly so
+all the all the the beauty and elegance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the all the the beauty and elegance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the all the the beauty and elegance
+of comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of comes in
+choosing the right type of mask and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the right type of mask and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing the right type of mask and
+using co-designing uh decoding scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using co-designing uh decoding scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using co-designing uh decoding scheme
+that's you know doesn't amplify your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know doesn't amplify your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's you know doesn't amplify your
+monitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so it turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it turns out
+whether you think of them as 4d ray
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you think of them as 4d ray
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you think of them as 4d ray
+space or you think of light as waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+put a pinball and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a pinball and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put a pinball and
+be done let's say that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done let's say that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be done let's say that
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+we have a good example right here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a good example right here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a good example right here and
+we'll explain to you how the same exact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain to you how the same exact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll explain to you how the same exact
+technique can be manipulated in very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique can be manipulated in very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique can be manipulated in very
+interesting ways to build and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways to build and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting ways to build and see
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so
+just a quick question for that i mean so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a quick question for that i mean so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a quick question for that i mean so
+have you already compared the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you already compared the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you already compared the results
+using this cosine mask with uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this cosine mask with uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using this cosine mask with uh the
+binary ones yes yes so in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary ones yes yes so in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binary ones yes yes so in particular
+because in theory i mean they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in theory i mean they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in theory i mean they should be
+equivalent but in practice because maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but in practice because maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent but in practice because maybe
+some high frequencies that you introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some high frequencies that you introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some high frequencies that you introduce
+by the binary mass coming right and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the binary mass coming right and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the binary mass coming right and then
+you have to truncate at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to truncate at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to truncate at some point
+in simulation they're identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in simulation they're identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in simulation they're identical
+but you're right because what ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right because what ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you're right because what ends up
+happening is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening is
+what ends up happening is when you print
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening is when you print
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what ends up happening is when you print
+these cosine masks your intensities are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cosine masks your intensities are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these cosine masks your intensities are
+actually not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually not
+very smoothly varying like a person but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very smoothly varying like a person but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very smoothly varying like a person but
+actually varying like you know some kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually varying like you know some kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually varying like you know some kind
+of step function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and so on because just digital levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that ends up creating a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that ends up creating a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that ends up creating a lot of
+problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problems
+yeah and for the binary one as well i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and for the binary one as well i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and for the binary one as well i
+mean because then you're gonna have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean because then you're gonna have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean because then you're gonna have some
+sharp transitions that in the free
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp transitions that in the free
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sharp transitions that in the free
+domain they may go all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain they may go all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+domain they may go all the way
+if your positioning of the of the start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your positioning of the of the start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if your positioning of the of the start
+transition is not right and your model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is not right and your model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transition is not right and your model
+is incorrect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incorrect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is incorrect
+so the calibration is very key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the calibration is very key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the calibration is very key
+but the one benefit is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one benefit is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the one benefit is that
+because now we're using masks rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're using masks rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because now we're using masks rather
+than nestled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than nestled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than nestled
+you don't have to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you don't have to have
+the lens lid so that the image of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens lid so that the image of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lens lid so that the image of the
+lens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lens
+is created as a sharply focused version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created as a sharply focused version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is created as a sharply focused version
+on the sensor it remembers this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sensor it remembers this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the sensor it remembers this very
+very strong constraint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong constraint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very strong constraint
+that we must put this array so that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we must put this array so that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we must put this array so that the
+image of the lens is formed on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the lens is formed on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+image of the lens is formed on the
+sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensor
+we don't have that anymore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that anymore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we don't have that anymore
+even if we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we're going to mix them around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to mix them around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to mix them around
+and get new measurements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get new measurements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get new measurements
+that gives us a lot of freedom so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a lot of freedom so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that gives us a lot of freedom so if you
+go back to the exam to the analogy of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the exam to the analogy of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go back to the exam to the analogy of
+nine bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nine bags
+you know instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know instead of
+uh instead of uh you know instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of uh you know instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh instead of uh you know instead of
+doing a very specific combination of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a very specific combination of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing a very specific combination of
+those nine bags if i did a slightly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nine bags if i did a slightly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those nine bags if i did a slightly
+different combination of the nine bags
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combination of the nine bags
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different combination of the nine bags
+my mixing metrics not the most efficient
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mixing metrics not the most efficient
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my mixing metrics not the most efficient
+but it'll be good enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll be good enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it'll be good enough
+to do a reasonable job of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a reasonable job of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do a reasonable job of it
+so that that gives you a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that gives you a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that that gives you a lot of
+flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+so i was going to show you how we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was going to show you how we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so i was going to show you how we can
+use this hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use this hydrogen
+solar mesh but it seems that the binary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar mesh but it seems that the binary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar mesh but it seems that the binary
+mass made to do some diffraction aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass made to do some diffraction aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass made to do some diffraction aren't
+exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly right
+are you going to talk about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to talk about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you going to talk about that
+um i'm not sure i get to that okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm not sure i get to that okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um i'm not sure i get to that okay
+that's fine you can see the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine you can see the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's fine you can see the results
+yeah and you know just you can just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and you know just you can just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah and you know just you can just go
+slow because we just talked about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow because we just talked about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow because we just talked about it
+okay yeah
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qa8IepmE5Mw.txt b/qa8IepmE5Mw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..53d231bac4f2fa63d509f981882282e60691dfc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qa8IepmE5Mw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1235 @@
+The following content is
+provided under a Creative
+
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help
+MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+continue to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+BOGDAN FEDELES: Hi, and welcome
+to 5.07 biochemistry online.
+
+I'm Dr. Bogdan Fedeles.
+
+Let's metabolize some problems.
+
+Now, I have here
+problem two of problem
+
+set three, which is
+an excellent exercise
+
+about the mechanism of
+inhibition of enzymes,
+
+specifically proteases.
+
+Now, this deals with
+the same protease
+
+from problem one of this problem
+set, which is interleukin
+
+converting enzyme, or ICE.
+
+Therefore, it's best that
+you familiarize yourself
+
+with the mechanism of
+action of this enzyme, ICE,
+
+by solving problem 1 and then
+continuing with this video,
+
+here.
+
+As you found out by
+solving problem one,
+
+ICE is a cysteine protease.
+
+It features cysteine and a
+histidine in its active site.
+
+The mechanism starts
+by the histidine
+
+acting as a general base and
+deprotonates the cysteine SH
+
+group.
+
+The thiolate anion
+then can attack
+
+the substrate, forming first,
+a tetrahedral intermediate.
+
+When this tetrahedral
+intermediate collapses,
+
+it cleaves the peptide
+bond and accomplishes
+
+the chemical reaction
+of the protease.
+
+Then, the newly
+formed thioester is
+
+hydrolyzed to release the
+other half of the product.
+
+Let's take a look
+at the mechanism.
+
+Here is our peptide substrate.
+
+And this is the
+peptide bond that's
+
+going to be cleaved by protease.
+
+As we mentioned, we have a
+cysteine in the active site
+
+and we have a histidine
+that's just going
+
+to function as a general base.
+
+I'm going to denote it as B.
+
+In the first step,
+the histidine is going
+
+to deprotonate the cysteine.
+
+The cysteine is
+then going to attack
+
+the carbonyl of
+our peptide bond,
+
+and the electrons are
+going to go to the oxygen,
+
+and form a tetrahedral
+intermediate.
+
+Here, notice the histidine
+is going to be protonated,
+
+and the oxygen is going
+to have a negative charge.
+
+In the next step, this
+tetrahedral intermediate
+
+is going to fall
+apart by breaking
+
+the peptide bond that the
+protease is supposed to cleave.
+
+There is the thioester with
+the cysteine in the active site
+
+and one half of our product
+is going to be released, here.
+
+Once again, the
+histidine is going
+
+to be deprotonated at this step.
+
+In the second
+step, the thioester
+
+we just formed in
+the active site
+
+will be hydrolyzed by
+a water molecule, which
+
+will be activated by the same
+histidine in the active site.
+
+Here is our water molecule.
+
+So, the histidine is going
+to deprotonate the water,
+
+activating it for attack on the
+carbonyl, forming once again,
+
+a tetrahedral intermediate.
+
+I have a negative charge
+here and a positive charge
+
+on the histidine.
+
+Finally, this
+tetrahedral intermediate
+
+will collapse, restoring the
+cysteine in the active site,
+
+which can be reprotonated
+by the protonated histidine,
+
+and releasing the second
+half of our substrate, here.
+
+So there you have it.
+
+Now we restored the active
+site with the cysteine
+
+and the histidine.
+
+And this is the second half of
+our peptide that we cleaved.
+
+So notice the carboxyl
+side is right here
+
+and the amine side was
+released a little bit earlier.
+
+The mechanism that
+you just saw is
+
+very similar to
+the serine protease
+
+mechanism that is
+described in the book
+
+and in the lecture notes.
+
+Notice, every time we form
+a tetrahedral intermediate,
+
+this is probably
+stabilized in an oxyanion
+
+hole formed by some
+of the residues
+
+on the backbone of the enzyme.
+
+Now let's take a
+look at a couple
+
+of strategies for inhibiting
+a cysteine protease like ICE.
+
+This problem is
+proposing two strategies.
+
+One involves an
+aldehyde inhibitor,
+
+the other involving an acyl
+methyl ketone inhibitor.
+
+Let's take a look.
+
+Here is the structure of a
+proposed aldehyde inhibitor.
+
+Notice here, this is a aspartate
+residue, or aspartate looking
+
+residue, which together with
+the other couple of amino acids,
+
+forms the recognition
+portion of the inhibitor
+
+that we're allowing
+to bind the protease.
+
+The R group is going to
+be an aldehyde, which
+
+will be crucial for actually
+inhibiting the enzyme.
+
+Question one of this
+problem is asking
+
+us to propose a
+mechanism by which
+
+the aldehyde inhibitor works.
+
+We're given an
+important clue that this
+
+is a mechanism based inhibitor.
+
+A mechanism based
+inhibitor means
+
+that the inhibitor binds
+in the same fashion
+
+as the normal substrate
+of the enzyme.
+
+Therefore, after
+we have reviewed
+
+the mechanism of the
+cysteine protease
+
+and remembering some of
+our carbonyl chemistry,
+
+we should be able to propose
+the following chemical reaction.
+
+Here is the active
+site of our protease.
+
+This is the cysteine and
+this is the histidine,
+
+which we're denoting
+as a general base, B.
+
+And here's our
+aldehyde inhibitor,
+
+which I'm going to just show
+the aldehydic group, right here.
+
+Since the R group
+next to this aldehyde
+
+resembles very closely
+the natural substrate
+
+of the enzyme,
+this aldehyde group
+
+will be positioned in the same
+place where we would normally
+
+find the peptide bond that
+will be cleaved by the enzyme.
+
+Therefore, this thiolate
+group, once it forms,
+
+will be in great position
+to react with the aldehyde
+
+and form a tetrahedral
+intermediate.
+
+Therefore, the histidine
+deprotonates the cysteine,
+
+and the cysteine can
+then attack the carbonyl
+
+to form a tetrahedral
+intermediate.
+
+Therefore, we get this
+tetrahedral intermediate
+
+and a protonated histidine base.
+
+Now normally, the reaction
+would proceed from here
+
+to form a thioester, but
+because this is an aldehyde,
+
+the reaction stops
+here, and that's
+
+how the enzyme will be
+inhibited because we have now
+
+bound this inhibitor.
+
+We'll have it covalently
+bound in the active site
+
+to this cysteine.
+
+An interesting observation,
+which you can't really
+
+tell from the problem,
+when people looked
+
+at the x-ray structure of
+this tetrahedral intermediate,
+
+they noticed that the negative
+charge on the oxygen is not,
+
+in fact, stabilized
+in the oxyanion hole
+
+that would stabilize such
+tetrahedral intermediates
+
+for the normal reaction.
+
+The ability of
+the aldehyde group
+
+to react with the cysteine
+in the active site
+
+and form a covalent
+bond can readily
+
+explain why the molecule would
+function as an inhibitor.
+
+Nevertheless, the reaction
+between the aldehyde
+
+and the nucleophile,
+the thiolate,
+
+is readily reversible.
+
+So whenever the inhibitor
+is in its carbonyl form,
+
+it can potentially fall off from
+the active site of the enzyme.
+
+Therefore, how good
+of an inhibitor
+
+this molecule is will
+depend on how tight
+
+it binds to the enzyme, and
+not necessarily on the fact
+
+that it forms a covalent
+bond in the active site.
+
+This is an example of
+a reversible inhibitor,
+
+even though it forms a
+covalent bond with the enzyme.
+
+Therefore, its ability
+to inhibit an enzyme
+
+will depend on the
+relative concentration
+
+between the inhibitor
+and the natural substrate
+
+of the enzyme.
+
+Let's remember the
+Michaelis-Menten equation
+
+written for a
+reversible inhibitor.
+
+As you recall, we have an enzyme
+reacting with a substrate.
+
+We have k1 and k
+minus 1 the rate
+
+constant to form the enzyme
+substrate complex, which
+
+then with k2, is going
+to form the product
+
+and reform the enzyme.
+
+But the inhibitor will
+react with the enzyme
+
+in the absence of the
+substrate in an equilibrium,
+
+forming an enzyme
+inhibitor complex which
+
+does not lead to any product.
+
+The constant of
+this equilibrium,
+
+I'm going to call
+it Ki, and this
+
+is the dissociation constant of
+the enzyme inhibitor complex.
+
+As you have seen in
+the notes, the rate,
+
+taking into account the
+inhibition constant here,
+
+the rate v is going to be
+Vmax times the concentration
+
+of the substrate over Km.
+
+This is Michaelis
+constant for the enzyme.
+
+Times 1 plus
+concentration of inhibitor
+
+over Ki plus concentration
+of substrate, s.
+
+Now, this equation
+tells us exactly how
+
+the rate is going to
+change as we increase
+
+or decrease the concentration
+of the inhibitor.
+
+Notice here, that this term
+is always greater than 1
+
+because concentration and Ki are
+going to be positive numbers.
+
+So this is 1 plus
+something positive.
+
+It's always going to
+be greater than 1,
+
+therefore, the denominator
+is going to be bigger
+
+than if we had Km
+times 1 plus s.
+
+So in the absence
+of the inhibitor,
+
+the denominator is
+going to be Km plus s.
+
+Therefore, when we
+add the inhibitor,
+
+this denominator gets
+bigger, and therefore
+
+the whole fraction gets smaller.
+
+We get a smaller rate.
+
+This is the basis for why
+the inhibitor will inhibit
+
+the enzyme, and therefore
+the rate of the reaction
+
+is going to be smaller.
+
+To see this graphically,
+we can write
+
+the reciprocal of the equation
+and look at the Lineweaver-Burk
+
+plot.
+
+The reciprocal of the equation
+is going to be 1/v equals--
+
+and if we crunch
+the numbers, going
+
+to come up with Km/Vmax
+times 1 plus I/Ki times 1/s
+
+plus 1/Vmax.
+
+Let's plot this.
+
+I'm going to have 1/v and
+here I'm going to have 1/s.
+
+Now, if the concentration
+of substrate
+
+is really, really high, 1/s
+is going to be almost zero.
+
+So at the limit, when 1/s is
+zero, then we should get v
+
+equals Vmax.
+
+So therefore, let's
+say here it's 1/Vmax,
+
+and therefore without
+any inhibitor,
+
+we're going to get a line
+that looks like this.
+
+Now, as we're adding an
+inhibitor, this slope--
+
+that is the coefficient or 1/s--
+
+is going to be increasing.
+
+Therefore, we should
+get higher slopes.
+
+The higher the concentration
+of I, the bigger the slope.
+
+So it's going to look like this.
+
+So as concentration
+of I increases,
+
+the slope of this
+graph will increase.
+
+Notice however, that
+all these lines,
+
+even though correspond
+to slower rates,
+
+as the concentration of
+substrate increases--
+
+that is 1/s gets closer to 0--
+
+they will all converge
+to the same Vmax.
+
+This is the key feature of
+a competitive inhibition
+
+because the substrate
+in high quantities
+
+can out compete the inhibitor.
+
+Nevertheless, this
+mechanism only
+
+applies when the binding of
+an inhibitor to the enzyme
+
+is fast and reversible.
+
+If the binding is
+not reversible,
+
+obviously the enzyme will
+be inactivated forever,
+
+and then we will see a
+time dependent inactivation
+
+of the enzyme.
+
+The same phenomenon will happen
+if the reverse reaction, that
+
+is the dissociation of the
+inhibitor from the enzyme,
+
+is a slow process as well.
+
+All these considerations
+form a comprehensive answer
+
+for part one of the problem.
+
+Question two asked us to provide
+several reasons for which
+
+aldehyde inhibitors
+are not actually
+
+desirable as therapeutics.
+
+Once again, we have to think
+about the carbonyl chemistry.
+
+We saw here that aldehydes
+can react very well
+
+with nucleophiles such
+as thiols and thiolates.
+
+But aldehydes in solution
+can react with water and form
+
+what we call geminal diols.
+
+That look like this.
+
+Therefore, the
+effective concentration
+
+of the aldehyde in solution
+will be diminished because
+
+of this equilibrium,
+and that inhibitor
+
+might not be efficient at
+that lower concentration.
+
+Another consideration involves
+the oxidation of aldehydes.
+
+These could be
+enzymatically or even
+
+non-enzymatically oxidized
+to form carboxylic acids
+
+or carboxylates.
+
+These would obviously
+not be very reactive
+
+and any inhibitor
+that gets oxidized
+
+will stop being an inhibitor.
+
+Additionally, owing
+to their reactivity,
+
+aldehyde group could react
+with many other biomolecules.
+
+Think about the amino
+acid side chains.
+
+Many of them are
+actually, in fact,
+
+capable of reacting
+with aldehydes.
+
+This will also diminish
+the effective concentration
+
+of the inhibitor and it may
+even cause side effects.
+
+Therefore taking all
+these into considerations,
+
+aldehydes may not be a great
+solution for therapeutics.
+
+Question 3 is asking us to
+propose a mechanism by which
+
+the second kind of inhibitor,
+the acyloxymethyl ketone
+
+is inhibiting the protease.
+
+As you see here, the
+acyloxymethyl ketone
+
+is actually very similar
+to the aldehyde inhibitor.
+
+Notice this group
+is exactly the same
+
+as the carbonyl group
+of the aldehyde,
+
+but instead of having
+just the hydrogen,
+
+we have a methylene next to
+a aryloxy or acyloxy group.
+
+This, as you know, is a
+very good leaving group
+
+and provides a second reactive
+site, this methyl group here,
+
+that can react with the enzyme.
+
+The second kind of
+inhibitor is in fact
+
+very similar to the tosyl,
+phenyl, chloro ketone inhibitor
+
+of serine proteases,
+which is discussed
+
+at length in the lecture
+notes and in the book.
+
+These inhibitors fall
+in a general class
+
+of alpha substituted
+ketones and they
+
+feature two reactive sites.
+
+One is the carbonyl
+and the other one
+
+is the methylene group, which
+has attached a good leaving
+
+group.
+
+Now, here is a general form
+of a alpha substituted ketone.
+
+Here is the ketone, here is
+the methylene group attached
+
+to a good leaving group,
+which I'm going to denote x.
+
+Now, here are the residues
+in the active site.
+
+Here is the cysteine
+with the thiol group,
+
+and here is the histidine,
+which I'm going to draw out.
+
+Histidine, all right.
+
+So as we saw
+before, the reaction
+
+will start by the histidine
+acting as a general base.
+
+The histidine deprotonates
+the cysteine, which then
+
+can attack the ketone carbonyl.
+
+This leads to the formation
+of a tetrahedral intermediate.
+
+And we have a positive
+charge, here on the histidine,
+
+and a negative charge
+on the O minus, here.
+
+Now, this tetrahedral
+intermediate presumably
+
+will be stabilized
+in an oxyanion hole,
+
+as you guys have seen before
+with some kind of hydrogen
+
+bonds to the backbone
+of the protein.
+
+Now, in the next step,
+this is something
+
+that you can't really
+anticipate or know
+
+without doing some experiments.
+
+But it turns out this O minus
+is a good SN2 nucleophile
+
+to displace the good
+leaving group, x.
+
+So we're going to
+have an S2 reaction,
+
+This O minus attacks
+the carbon, and then
+
+the x takes the
+electrons and leaves.
+
+What we're going to
+form here is an epoxide.
+
+All right, so this
+is the epoxide
+
+and we still have our
+protonated histidine here.
+
+And there's a
+positive charge here,
+
+and of course, the x group is
+taking its electrons and leaves
+
+as an anion.
+
+Now, in the next step, because
+this is sitting actually
+
+close enough to the
+epoxide, the epoxide
+
+is going to get protonated.
+
+This takes the proton
+from the histidine.
+
+So now we have a
+protonated epoxide,
+
+and the histidine now is
+in its deeper native form,
+
+and the epoxide has
+a positive charge.
+
+Now, because we have
+a protonated epoxide,
+
+this acts as a very
+good leaving group,
+
+and this carbon becomes
+very susceptible for an SN2
+
+reaction.
+
+And it turns out, the
+histidine, this nitrogen,
+
+is a good enough nucleophile to
+react in an SN2 type reaction.
+
+And in fact, the reaction is
+helped by this other nitrogen.
+
+I should have used
+a different color.
+
+So what we're
+getting out here is
+
+a covalent bond
+between the histidine
+
+and the alpha position of the
+original alpha substituted
+
+ketone.
+
+Now, this reaction will not
+be, in fact, reversible.
+
+So we should just
+say one arrow only.
+
+So there we have our histidine.
+
+Now it's covalently
+attached to our inhibitor
+
+and this step is, in
+fact, irreversible.
+
+So this prevents the
+inhibitor from ever
+
+dissociating once this
+reaction has taken place.
+
+Now, even though this
+tetrahedral intermediate
+
+around the carbonyl
+carbon, it can fall apart
+
+as we saw before,
+reforming the carbonyl
+
+and the cysteine thiol, the
+covalent bond to the histidine
+
+remains.
+
+And this is, in fact, the reason
+for which these inhibitors
+
+are irreversible and will show
+a time dependent inhibition.
+
+Regardless of the more
+complicated mechanistic detail
+
+I just showed you,
+the take home message
+
+here is that when using an
+alpha substituted ketone,
+
+the end result will
+be a covalent bond
+
+between the enzyme
+and the inhibitor
+
+that is not reversible.
+
+Therefore, we expect to see
+a time dependent inactivation
+
+of the enzyme.
+
+The more enzyme is being
+taken out of the reaction
+
+by the inhibitor, the slower
+the overall reaction will
+
+be until there is no more enzyme
+left to catalyze the reaction.
+
+The problem also provides
+some kinetic data,
+
+which, in fact, supports the
+time dependent inhibition
+
+features of the second
+kind of inhibitor.
+
+In this figure, we see on
+the y-axis, the concentration
+
+of the product that is
+formed, and on the x-axis
+
+we see the time.
+
+Now, if we look at the
+dark circles, which
+
+is the control
+reaction in which we
+
+have some substrate,
+but no inhibitor,
+
+we see that the product is
+produced and increases linearly
+
+with time.
+
+However, once we
+add the inhibitor
+
+at a certain concentration, and
+this would be the dark squares,
+
+then we see that the amount of
+product increases for a while,
+
+but then it grows slower and
+slower until it eventually
+
+stops.
+
+Now at this point, if we
+add an excess of substrate,
+
+we see that the reaction
+does not restart,
+
+meaning the entire amount of
+enzyme has been inactivated,
+
+and this inactivation
+is irreversible.
+
+However, we're also provided
+this additional piece
+
+of the data.
+
+If we run the reaction in
+an excess of substrate,
+
+we see here the open circles,
+the amount of product
+
+produced increases
+linearly with time.
+
+But if we add the same
+amount of inhibitor,
+
+these open squares actually
+are on top or right
+
+next to the open circles
+on this line, which
+
+says that the inhibitor
+has virtually no effect
+
+at this level of concentration.
+
+Which tells us
+that the inhibitor
+
+is in fact competing
+with the substrate
+
+and we will have an
+excess of the substrate.
+
+The inhibitor does not
+get a chance to bind
+
+and inhibit the enzyme, at least
+within this interval of time.
+
+Now this way of plotting
+kinetic data is perhaps
+
+a little misleading because
+the amount of product
+
+that we obtained
+from the reaction
+
+does not reflect how much of
+the enzyme gets inhibited.
+
+We want, in fact, to look at the
+percentage of enzyme activity
+
+that is remaining after
+a given amount of time.
+
+Therefore, if we were to
+plot percentage enzyme
+
+activity versus time,
+for a controlled reaction
+
+we expect the
+reaction to proceed,
+
+and the enzyme to stay
+just as active at any given
+
+point in time, so we
+will see a straight line.
+
+However, when we add
+an inhibitor, which
+
+shows a time
+dependent inhibition,
+
+then the percentage
+enzyme activity
+
+that remains at every point
+in time will be decreasing.
+
+And in fact, will be
+decreasing to the point
+
+that it reaches the
+maximum of slope
+
+for the maximum amount
+of inhibitor present
+
+in the reaction mixture.
+
+So this line
+represents the fastest
+
+that the enzyme can be
+completely inactivated
+
+by an inhibitor.
+
+It will be governed by
+the binding affinity
+
+of the inhibitor to the enzyme.
+
+This answers the third and
+last question of this problem.
+
+I hope you enjoyed
+this exploration
+
+of the various strategies
+by which inhibitors
+
+can inhibit proteases.
+
+This problem
+highlights, in fact,
+
+the importance of understanding
+the mechanism of action
+
+of enzymes.
+
+Only then we can begin to
+design therapeutically useful
+
+inhibitors.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qp6NzKF3G2M.txt b/qp6NzKF3G2M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f1df7ae1355394183a050ceb6d93eb12434a5f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qp6NzKF3G2M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,859 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Skin effect describes the tendency for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skin effect describes the tendency for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Skin effect describes the tendency for
+highfrequency currents to be near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highfrequency currents to be near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highfrequency currents to be near
+surfaces of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductors. Here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+experiment. The section where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. The section where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment. The section where
+essentially one-dimensional magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially one-dimensional magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially one-dimensional magnetic
+diffusion occurs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion occurs.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion occurs.
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. By making the conductor long in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. By making the conductor long in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. By making the conductor long in
+the Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Y
+direction, we provide enough length for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, we provide enough length for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction, we provide enough length for
+the current distribution to become
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current distribution to become
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current distribution to become
+primarily dependent on X over the middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily dependent on X over the middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primarily dependent on X over the middle
+cross-section.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+To avoid an influence of the magnetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To avoid an influence of the magnetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+To avoid an influence of the magnetic
+core on the field distribution here at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core on the field distribution here at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+core on the field distribution here at
+the center, we've placed it to one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+end. This transverse probe can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. This transverse probe can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. This transverse probe can be
+inserted so that it samples the vertical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted so that it samples the vertical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inserted so that it samples the vertical
+magnetic field intensity over the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field intensity over the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnetic field intensity over the span
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductor. The field component normal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor. The field component normal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor. The field component normal to
+the flat face is measured.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The slit is little more than large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The slit is little more than large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The slit is little more than large
+enough for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+probe. The top trace is the current in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe. The top trace is the current in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe. The top trace is the current in
+the primary of the transformer, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary of the transformer, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the primary of the transformer, the
+driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving
+current. The bottom trace is the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. The bottom trace is the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. The bottom trace is the probe
+signal, the magnetic flux density.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal, the magnetic flux density.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal, the magnetic flux density.
+As we pull the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As we pull the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As we pull the probe
+out, we see the field distribution with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+X. The frequency is 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. The frequency is 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X. The frequency is 60
+Hz. Here we're at 3 cm, half the slab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hz. Here we're at 3 cm, half the slab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hz. Here we're at 3 cm, half the slab
+thickness. It appears that the decay is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness. It appears that the decay is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thickness. It appears that the decay is
+somewhat more rapid than linear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more rapid than linear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhat more rapid than linear.
+So, it looks like the skin depth at 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it looks like the skin depth at 60
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, it looks like the skin depth at 60
+Hz is less than the thickness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+aluminum. Here's a prediction of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum. Here's a prediction of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum. Here's a prediction of the
+field decay with distance from the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field decay with distance from the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field decay with distance from the left
+edge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge of the
+conductor. This curve is for 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hz. In going from 0 to 1 cm here on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hz. In going from 0 to 1 cm here on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hz. In going from 0 to 1 cm here on the
+60 Hz curve, we should see the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 Hz curve, we should see the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+60 Hz curve, we should see the field
+decay by 40%.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+What we measure decays to about 50% of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we measure decays to about 50% of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What we measure decays to about 50% of
+its original value.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Remember the skin depth is inversely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the skin depth is inversely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Remember the skin depth is inversely
+proportional to the square root of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square root of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to the square root of the
+frequency. So if we increase the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. So if we increase the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency. So if we increase the
+frequency to 240 hertz, four times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to 240 hertz, four times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency to 240 hertz, four times the
+frequency, the skin depth is half as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency, the skin depth is half as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency, the skin depth is half as
+much and the decay should be more rapid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is the decay at 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hz. Here we're at 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hz. Here we're at 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hz. Here we're at 1
+cm. Here we're at 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cm. Now we raise the frequency to 240
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm. Now we raise the frequency to 240
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm. Now we raise the frequency to 240
+hertz.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+This is the decay at 240
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the decay at 240
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the decay at 240
+hertz 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hertz 1
+cm 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cm. The decay at 1 cm and 240 hertz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm. The decay at 1 cm and 240 hertz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cm. The decay at 1 cm and 240 hertz
+plots like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+These are additional data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are additional data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+These are additional data
+points. Here's the measured decay at 240
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. Here's the measured decay at 240
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points. Here's the measured decay at 240
+Hz here at 60
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hz. The discrepancy is probably due to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hz. The discrepancy is probably due to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hz. The discrepancy is probably due to
+the finite length of the aluminum in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length of the aluminum in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the finite length of the aluminum in the
+direction of current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction of current
+circulation. Our one-dimensional theory
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation. Our one-dimensional theory
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circulation. Our one-dimensional theory
+strictly applies only where the currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly applies only where the currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly applies only where the currents
+have had sufficient development
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+length. When the skin depth is short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. When the skin depth is short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length. When the skin depth is short
+compared to the conductor thickness, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the conductor thickness, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to the conductor thickness, the
+current distribution takes the form of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current distribution takes the form of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current distribution takes the form of a
+wave. We've been observing the decay of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave. We've been observing the decay of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave. We've been observing the decay of
+this wave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this wave.
+There's also a phase shift with X caused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also a phase shift with X caused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's also a phase shift with X caused
+by the propagation of this diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the propagation of this diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the propagation of this diffusion
+wave into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+conductor. By looking at the probe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor. By looking at the probe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor. By looking at the probe
+signal on an oscilloscope, we can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal on an oscilloscope, we can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal on an oscilloscope, we can see
+this phase shift as the probe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase shift as the probe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this phase shift as the probe is
+withdrawn. The top trace is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawn. The top trace is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+withdrawn. The top trace is the
+exitation current. The bottom one the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation current. The bottom one the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exitation current. The bottom one the
+probe current sync to the exitation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe current sync to the exitation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probe current sync to the exitation
+current. The frequency is 240 hertz. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. The frequency is 240 hertz. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current. The frequency is 240 hertz. So
+as the probe is withdrawn, the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the probe is withdrawn, the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the probe is withdrawn, the field
+decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+rapidly. To see the phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly. To see the phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly. To see the phase shift
+associated with the propagation, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the propagation, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the propagation, let's
+put the probe signal on top of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the probe signal on top of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put the probe signal on top of the
+driving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+signal. Watch the position of a peak in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. Watch the position of a peak in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal. Watch the position of a peak in
+the probe signal relative to that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe signal relative to that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probe signal relative to that of the
+driving current as the probe is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving current as the probe is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+driving current as the probe is
+withdrawn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+As the probe is pulled into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As the probe is pulled into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+As the probe is pulled into the
+conductor, it measures a field that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor, it measures a field that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor, it measures a field that is
+increasingly delayed in phase.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The magnitude of the magnetic diffusion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The magnitude of the magnetic diffusion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The magnitude of the magnetic diffusion
+wave decays
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave decays
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave decays
+exponentially into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exponentially into the
+conductor with a decay length that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor with a decay length that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductor with a decay length that is
+the skin depth.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+The phase shift shows that the wave has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The phase shift shows that the wave has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The phase shift shows that the wave has
+phases that propagate into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases that propagate into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phases that propagate into the
+conductor.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/qxNJGKrx3EY.txt b/qxNJGKrx3EY.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed5f0344c1a6e3859f642c2449543d6aa0418912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qxNJGKrx3EY.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+We've now described what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've now described what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We've now described what we call the
+instantaneous velocity at some time t.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous velocity at some time t.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous velocity at some time t.
+And we talked about it as a limit as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we talked about it as a limit as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we talked about it as a limit as
+delta t goes to zero of the displacement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t goes to zero of the displacement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t goes to zero of the displacement
+over the time which we wrote as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the time which we wrote as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the time which we wrote as the
+derivative of the position function in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the position function in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of the position function in
+terms of ihat. Now this derivative we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of ihat. Now this derivative we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of ihat. Now this derivative we're
+going to use a notation. We'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a notation. We'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to use a notation. We'll just
+write that as v of t ihat where v of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as v of t ihat where v of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write that as v of t ihat where v of t
+is the component of the instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the component of the instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the component of the instantaneous
+velocity at time t. Now remember this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at time t. Now remember this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity at time t. Now remember this is
+just a symbol but we describe this as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a symbol but we describe this as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just a symbol but we describe this as
+the derivative of the position function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the position function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the derivative of the position function
+which I'll indicate as a function of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll indicate as a function of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll indicate as a function of
+time and that's what we mean by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that's what we mean by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and that's what we mean by the
+component of the instantaneous velocity.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the instantaneous velocity.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component of the instantaneous velocity.
+Now what we would like to do is ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what we would like to do is ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now what we would like to do is ask
+ourselves how does the velocity change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves how does the velocity change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves how does the velocity change
+in time if the runner is increasing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time if the runner is increasing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in time if the runner is increasing
+their velocity. Well in general we'll do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their velocity. Well in general we'll do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their velocity. Well in general we'll do
+exactly what we did before. What we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we did before. What we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what we did before. What we'd
+like to introduce first is the concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to introduce first is the concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to introduce first is the concept
+of the change in the velocity delta V,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in the velocity delta V,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the change in the velocity delta V,
+which will describe as the velocity at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will describe as the velocity at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which will describe as the velocity at
+time t plus delta t minus the velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t plus delta t minus the velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time t plus delta t minus the velocity
+at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at time
+t. So what we have in here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+change the component of the change of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the component of the change of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the component of the change of
+that velocity and this quantity is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that velocity and this quantity is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that velocity and this quantity is how
+the velocity changed in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity changed in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the velocity changed in a
+time interval between t and t plus delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval between t and t plus delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time interval between t and t plus delta
+t. Remember this is very specifically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Remember this is very specifically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Remember this is very specifically
+for this time interval. Now what we'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this time interval. Now what we'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for this time interval. Now what we'd
+like to do is take the same limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is take the same limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to do is take the same limiting
+process. Let's take the limit as delta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Let's take the limit as delta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Let's take the limit as delta t
+goes to zero of this change in velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero of this change in velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to zero of this change in velocity
+over time. So we have the limit as delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time. So we have the limit as delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time. So we have the limit as delta
+t goes to zero of delta v delta t ihat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t goes to zero of delta v delta t ihat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t goes to zero of delta v delta t ihat.
+And this quantity is what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+instantaneous acceleration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Now, as before, um what we're doing is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, as before, um what we're doing is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, as before, um what we're doing is
+we're plotting the component of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plotting the component of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're plotting the component of the
+velocity as a function of time. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity as a function of time. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity as a function of time. Let's
+just say again that we have some unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say again that we have some unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just say again that we have some unusual
+function. I'll just draw it like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. I'll just draw it like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. I'll just draw it like this.
+And here's the picture at time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's the picture at time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And here's the picture at time
+t. Here's the picture at time t plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Here's the picture at time t plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. Here's the picture at time t plus
+delta t. This change delta v over delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t. This change delta v over delta
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delta t. This change delta v over delta
+t. This is V at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. This is V at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. This is V at
+T up here. This is what we mean by let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T up here. This is what we mean by let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T up here. This is what we mean by let's
+just remember we're plotting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember we're plotting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just remember we're plotting the
+velocity as a function of time v of t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity as a function of time v of t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+velocity as a function of time v of t
+plus delta t and this quantity here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta t and this quantity here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus delta t and this quantity here
+which is delta v over delta t. Again, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is delta v over delta t. Again, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is delta v over delta t. Again, we
+can even call, as we said before, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even call, as we said before, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can even call, as we said before, we can
+call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average
+acceleration. But what we're interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. But what we're interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. But what we're interested
+in is as we take the limit as delta t
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is as we take the limit as delta t
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in is as we take the limit as delta t
+goes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to
+zero, then the a the slope changes, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, then the a the slope changes, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, then the a the slope changes, you
+can see, and we continue this limiting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see, and we continue this limiting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see, and we continue this limiting
+process until we shrink delta t down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process until we shrink delta t down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process until we shrink delta t down to
+zero. And that what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And that what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. And that what we have
+here is this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is this is the
+slope of the tangent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+line. And that's what we call the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. And that's what we call the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line. And that's what we call the
+instantaneous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantaneous
+acceleration. So if we want to use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. So if we want to use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acceleration. So if we want to use a
+notation, we don't want to keep on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation, we don't want to keep on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notation, we don't want to keep on
+writing limit delta t goes to zero. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing limit delta t goes to zero. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+writing limit delta t goes to zero. So
+what we can write is a of t it has a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can write is a of t it has a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we can write is a of t it has a
+component a of t ihat and that component
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component a of t ihat and that component
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component a of t ihat and that component
+a of t. This is precisely the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of t. This is precisely the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a of t. This is precisely the derivative
+of the velocity function as a function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the velocity function as a function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the velocity function as a function
+of time. And so now we've described the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time. And so now we've described the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of time. And so now we've described the
+position vector, the velocity vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector, the velocity vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position vector, the velocity vector and
+the acceleration vector associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration vector associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the acceleration vector associated with
+motion.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/r7MO11iMsOQ.txt b/r7MO11iMsOQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..365ea93aeade31ccc1237106e2546ffa693dd3a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/r7MO11iMsOQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,843 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, at MIT, there are several options of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, at MIT, there are several options of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, at MIT, there are several options of
+chemistry courses. Everyone has to uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry courses. Everyone has to uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry courses. Everyone has to uh
+place out of chemistry or take one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place out of chemistry or take one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place out of chemistry or take one
+semester. And even if you're going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. And even if you're going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. And even if you're going to be
+an economics major, you need that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economics major, you need that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an economics major, you need that
+semester of chemistry. Uh and there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester of chemistry. Uh and there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester of chemistry. Uh and there are
+several options. And this particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several options. And this particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several options. And this particular
+course is designed that if you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is designed that if you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course is designed that if you don't
+have a very strong background in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very strong background in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a very strong background in
+chemistry or maybe if you do but maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or maybe if you do but maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry or maybe if you do but maybe
+it's not your favorite subject that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not your favorite subject that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not your favorite subject that this
+is one you can come in and take even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one you can come in and take even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one you can come in and take even if
+you haven't taken chemistry before. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't taken chemistry before. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you haven't taken chemistry before. Um
+and uh the backgrounds are actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the backgrounds are actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh the backgrounds are actually
+quite uh diverse. There are absolutely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uh diverse. There are absolutely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite uh diverse. There are absolutely
+students who have never taken it before.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who have never taken it before.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who have never taken it before.
+There are other students who've taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are other students who've taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are other students who've taken
+two years who probably could have taken
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years who probably could have taken
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two years who probably could have taken
+a more advanced class, but they thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more advanced class, but they thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a more advanced class, but they thought
+this one sounded like it would be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one sounded like it would be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one sounded like it would be more
+fun. So, there's quite a bit of mixture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun. So, there's quite a bit of mixture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun. So, there's quite a bit of mixture
+in terms of background. A lot of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of background. A lot of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of background. A lot of people
+coming in are not that excited about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in are not that excited about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in are not that excited about
+chemistry. And this was one of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry. And this was one of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry. And this was one of my
+tremendous surprises when I taught here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous surprises when I taught here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tremendous surprises when I taught here.
+Like, I realized in high school, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like, I realized in high school, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like, I realized in high school, not
+everybody is, you know, jumping at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is, you know, jumping at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody is, you know, jumping at the
+bit to take the chemistry class, but at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to take the chemistry class, but at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit to take the chemistry class, but at
+MIT, right, these are scientists and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT, right, these are scientists and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT, right, these are scientists and
+engineers. everyone walking through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers. everyone walking through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineers. everyone walking through the
+door should be in love with chemistry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door should be in love with chemistry.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+door should be in love with chemistry.
+And I discovered that absolutely was not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I discovered that absolutely was not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I discovered that absolutely was not
+the case. Um, and that it was my job to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case. Um, and that it was my job to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case. Um, and that it was my job to
+help convince them, these people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help convince them, these people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help convince them, these people who are
+generally interested in science and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally interested in science and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally interested in science and
+engineering, that chemistry was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering, that chemistry was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering, that chemistry was
+important. And I just thought it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. And I just thought it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. And I just thought it was
+obvious, but then I had to remember back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious, but then I had to remember back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious, but then I had to remember back
+to my experience. And I it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my experience. And I it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to my experience. And I it wasn't
+obvious to me the value of chemistry the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to me the value of chemistry the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to me the value of chemistry the
+first time I stepped in a chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I stepped in a chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first time I stepped in a chemistry
+course. So, um, on the first day of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. So, um, on the first day of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. So, um, on the first day of
+class, I like to show a picture, um, of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, I like to show a picture, um, of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, I like to show a picture, um, of
+my from my college, uh, yearbook picture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my from my college, uh, yearbook picture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my from my college, uh, yearbook picture
+of myself and college, uh, yearbook
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of myself and college, uh, yearbook
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of myself and college, uh, yearbook
+picture of one of my classmates who is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of one of my classmates who is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of one of my classmates who is
+Lisa Cordro, who is BB on Friends. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisa Cordro, who is BB on Friends. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Lisa Cordro, who is BB on Friends. And I
+put both of our pictures up. We're in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put both of our pictures up. We're in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put both of our pictures up. We're in
+the same same class. And I ask them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same same class. And I ask them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same same class. And I ask them to
+guess who we are. They usually get it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess who we are. They usually get it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess who we are. They usually get it.
+Um, and then I ask them to guess what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then I ask them to guess what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and then I ask them to guess what I
+went to college to study. They guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to college to study. They guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to college to study. They guess
+chemistry. I tell them drama. I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry. I tell them drama. I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry. I tell them drama. I asked
+them to guess about Lisa Cordau and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to guess about Lisa Cordau and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to guess about Lisa Cordau and uh
+they guessed drama but it was actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they guessed drama but it was actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they guessed drama but it was actually
+biology and she was a biology major at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and she was a biology major at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and she was a biology major at
+Vasser and so then I said you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vasser and so then I said you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Vasser and so then I said you know how
+did this happen? How did I become a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this happen? How did I become a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did this happen? How did I become a
+chemist and she become an actress? Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist and she become an actress? Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemist and she become an actress? Um
+and it I I I let them know this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it I I I let them know this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it I I I let them know this because
+I said you may have come to MIT to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you may have come to MIT to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I said you may have come to MIT to study
+something but that might not be what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but that might not be what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something but that might not be what you
+end up studying. You might be taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up studying. You might be taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up studying. You might be taking
+this class because it's required, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class because it's required, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this class because it's required, but
+that's just because you have not found
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because you have not found
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just because you have not found
+your passion for chemistry yet. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passion for chemistry yet. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your passion for chemistry yet. And you
+will find it. Maybe you'll find it this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find it. Maybe you'll find it this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will find it. Maybe you'll find it this
+semester. Maybe it'll be next year at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Maybe it'll be next year at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester. Maybe it'll be next year at
+MIT. Maybe it won't be for years until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. Maybe it won't be for years until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT. Maybe it won't be for years until
+you're an engineer and all of a sudden
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an engineer and all of a sudden
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're an engineer and all of a sudden
+you're working with chemists and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with chemists and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're working with chemists and you're
+like, "Oh man, I really need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Oh man, I really need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Oh man, I really need to
+understand chemistry to do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand chemistry to do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand chemistry to do my
+engineering job better." And then that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering job better." And then that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering job better." And then that's
+when you fully appreciate the value of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you fully appreciate the value of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you fully appreciate the value of
+chemistry. But I hope that you if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry. But I hope that you if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry. But I hope that you if you
+haven't found your passion yet, you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't found your passion yet, you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't found your passion yet, you will
+find it this this semester. And I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it this this semester. And I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find it this this semester. And I'm
+going to try to help you understand why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to help you understand why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to help you understand why
+chemistry is so amazing and how it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is so amazing and how it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry is so amazing and how it can
+affect all sorts of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect all sorts of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affect all sorts of different
+disciplines. And so if you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines. And so if you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disciplines. And so if you really
+embrace it and look at it, you realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace it and look at it, you realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+embrace it and look at it, you realize
+this just wealth of information that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just wealth of information that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this just wealth of information that is
+in there. And if you get these main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there. And if you get these main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in there. And if you get these main
+tools that we're going to cover, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we're going to cover, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tools that we're going to cover, I'm
+going to teach you really all the basics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to teach you really all the basics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to teach you really all the basics
+that you need to know. If you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to know. If you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to know. If you can get
+those, you can go on and do all sorts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those, you can go on and do all sorts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those, you can go on and do all sorts of
+things with that chemistry. And I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with that chemistry. And I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things with that chemistry. And I have a
+seven-year-old daughter and the world's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven-year-old daughter and the world's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seven-year-old daughter and the world's
+a pretty scary place right now. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty scary place right now. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a pretty scary place right now. There
+are a lot of problems associated with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of problems associated with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a lot of problems associated with
+it. And we need people who understand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And we need people who understand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And we need people who understand
+chemistry to make the world better and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to make the world better and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry to make the world better and
+to make the world better for my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the world better for my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the world better for my
+daughter. So, this is not just, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter. So, this is not just, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daughter. So, this is not just, you
+know, a sort of a a this isn't a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a sort of a a this isn't a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, a sort of a a this isn't a very
+personal exercise for me. I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal exercise for me. I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personal exercise for me. I want
+everyone to come out of the class with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to come out of the class with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone to come out of the class with
+this background in chemistry that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this background in chemistry that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this background in chemistry that they
+can save the world because the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can save the world because the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can save the world because the world
+needs saving. And my daughter is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs saving. And my daughter is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs saving. And my daughter is really
+cute and I like to show a picture of her
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute and I like to show a picture of her
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cute and I like to show a picture of her
+and say make this world a better place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say make this world a better place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and say make this world a better place
+for her.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rZjwF5z-Xfw.txt b/rZjwF5z-Xfw.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2017cddedf5737b0a4f50eb053c0923729675e20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rZjwF5z-Xfw.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,6059 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+well first of all nice job on the exam
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all nice job on the exam
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well first of all nice job on the exam
+we were quite pleased with how you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were quite pleased with how you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were quite pleased with how you guys
+did and so from now on in the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and so from now on in the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did and so from now on in the course
+professor Imperiali has been telling you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Imperiali has been telling you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professor Imperiali has been telling you
+about information flow but information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about information flow but information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about information flow but information
+flow within a cell right so information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow within a cell right so information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow within a cell right so information
+flow from the DNA to the proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the DNA to the proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow from the DNA to the proteins that
+are made in the cell which determines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made in the cell which determines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made in the cell which determines
+what that cell does okay and so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that cell does okay and so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that cell does okay and so we're
+gonna switch directions today and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna switch directions today and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna switch directions today and we're
+going to start talking about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start talking about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to start talking about how
+information flows between cells so from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flows between cells so from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flows between cells so from
+parent cell to its daughter cells and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent cell to its daughter cells and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parent cell to its daughter cells and
+we're also going to talk about how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to talk about how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're also going to talk about how
+information flows from generation to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flows from generation to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flows from generation to the
+next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next
+okay and this of course is the study of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this of course is the study of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and this of course is the study of
+genetics and what genetics is as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics and what genetics is as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics and what genetics is as a
+discipline is it is the study of genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline is it is the study of genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+discipline is it is the study of genes
+and their inheritance okay and the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their inheritance okay and the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and their inheritance okay and the genes
+that you inherit influences what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you inherit influences what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you inherit influences what is
+known as your phenotype and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as your phenotype and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as your phenotype and what
+phenotype is is it simply the set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype is is it simply the set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phenotype is is it simply the set of
+traits that define you so you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits that define you so you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traits that define you so you can think
+of it as a set of observable traits okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a set of observable traits okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it as a set of observable traits okay
+I mean and this involves your genes as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean and this involves your genes as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I mean and this involves your genes as
+you probably know I mean just this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know I mean just this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably know I mean just this
+morning I was dropping my son off at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I was dropping my son off at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morning I was dropping my son off at
+school and he was comparing how tall he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and he was comparing how tall he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school and he was comparing how tall he
+was compared to his classmates and as he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was compared to his classmates and as he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was compared to his classmates and as he
+went in he is like thanks for the genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in he is like thanks for the genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went in he is like thanks for the genes
+dad so I expect that many of you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad so I expect that many of you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dad so I expect that many of you are
+gonna be familiar with much of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be familiar with much of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna be familiar with much of what
+we'll discuss but we're gonna lay a real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss but we're gonna lay a real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll discuss but we're gonna lay a real
+solid foundation because it's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid foundation because it's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid foundation because it's really
+fundamental for understanding the rules
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental for understanding the rules
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental for understanding the rules
+of inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of inheritance
+and how that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how that works
+okay so genetics is a study of genes so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so genetics is a study of genes so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so genetics is a study of genes so
+what is a gene so there you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a gene so there you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is a gene so there you can think
+about genes in different ways okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about genes in different ways okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about genes in different ways okay and
+what we've been talking about up till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been talking about up till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we've been talking about up till
+now we've been talking about molecular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've been talking about molecular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we've been talking about molecular
+biology and what is known as the central
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and what is known as the central
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biology and what is known as the central
+dogma and the central dogma states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogma and the central dogma states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dogma and the central dogma states that
+there's the source of the code is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the source of the code is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the source of the code is in the
+DNA and there's an information flow from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and there's an information flow from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA and there's an information flow from
+a piece of DNA which is a gene and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA which is a gene and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a piece of DNA which is a gene and a
+gene is a piece of DNA that then encodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is a piece of DNA that then encodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene is a piece of DNA that then encodes
+some sort of RNA such as a messenger RNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of RNA such as a messenger RNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of RNA such as a messenger RNA
+and many of these RNAs can make specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of these RNAs can make specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and many of these RNAs can make specific
+proteins that do things in your cells in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that do things in your cells in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that do things in your cells in
+your body okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your body okay
+so that's one very molecular picture of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one very molecular picture of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one very molecular picture of
+a gene you can think of a gene as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene you can think of a gene as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a gene you can think of a gene as a
+string of nucleotides and there might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of nucleotides and there might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+string of nucleotides and there might be
+a reading frame and those nucleotides
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reading frame and those nucleotides
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a reading frame and those nucleotides
+that encodes a protein okay so that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encodes a protein okay so that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that encodes a protein okay so that's a
+very molecular picture of a gene right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very molecular picture of a gene right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very molecular picture of a gene right
+the field of genetics started well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of genetics started well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the field of genetics started well
+before we knew about DNA and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we knew about DNA and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we knew about DNA and its
+importance and what sort of the DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and what sort of the DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance and what sort of the DNA
+encoded RNA which encoded proteins okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded RNA which encoded proteins okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encoded RNA which encoded proteins okay
+so the concept of a gene is much older
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the concept of a gene is much older
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the concept of a gene is much older
+than that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that
+and so what you can think of a G another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you can think of a G another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what you can think of a G another
+way you can think of a gene is it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can think of a gene is it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way you can think of a gene is it's
+essentially the functional unit of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the functional unit of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essentially the functional unit of
+heredity okay so it's the functional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heredity okay so it's the functional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heredity okay so it's the functional
+unit of heredity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay I'll bump this up so I want to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll bump this up so I want to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I'll bump this up so I want to just
+briefly pause and kind of give you an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly pause and kind of give you an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+briefly pause and kind of give you an
+overview of why I think genetics is so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of why I think genetics is so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overview of why I think genetics is so
+important so what you saw up here is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so what you saw up here is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important so what you saw up here is you
+saw a cell divide and I showed you this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a cell divide and I showed you this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a cell divide and I showed you this
+in the last lecture you saw the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture you saw the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the last lecture you saw the
+chromosomes which are here how they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes which are here how they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes which are here how they're
+segregated two different daughters and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated two different daughters and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregated two different daughters and
+this is basically you're seeing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically you're seeing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is basically you're seeing the
+information flow from the parent cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow from the parent cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information flow from the parent cell
+into the daughter cell okay but we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the daughter cell okay but we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the daughter cell okay but we saw
+this so I'm just gonna skip ahead so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm just gonna skip ahead so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this so I'm just gonna skip ahead so why
+is this so important okay so I'm gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this so important okay so I'm gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this so important okay so I'm gonna
+give you a fairly grandiose view of why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a fairly grandiose view of why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you a fairly grandiose view of why
+genetics is so important
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics is so important
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetics is so important
+and I'm gonna say that we can make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna say that we can make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm gonna say that we can make a
+good argument that genetics is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good argument that genetics is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good argument that genetics is
+responsible for the rise of modern
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the rise of modern
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for the rise of modern
+civilization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+civilization
+okay so humans as a species began
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so humans as a species began
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so humans as a species began
+manipulating genes and genetics even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating genes and genetics even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manipulating genes and genetics even
+before we had under any understanding of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had under any understanding of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before we had under any understanding of
+what was going on so this is more of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on so this is more of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what was going on so this is more of an
+unconscious selection and so 10,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious selection and so 10,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unconscious selection and so 10,000
+years ago humans were hunter-gatherers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago humans were hunter-gatherers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+years ago humans were hunter-gatherers
+they'd go out and try to find nuts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd go out and try to find nuts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they'd go out and try to find nuts and
+seeds and hunt animals and that's how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds and hunt animals and that's how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds and hunt animals and that's how we
+got our food but around 10,000 years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our food but around 10,000 years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got our food but around 10,000 years ago
+was the first example of where humans as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first example of where humans as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the first example of where humans as
+a species really altered the phenotype
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a species really altered the phenotype
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a species really altered the phenotype
+of a plant in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plant in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a plant in this case
+okay so wild wheat and wild barley the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so wild wheat and wild barley the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so wild wheat and wild barley the
+seeds develop in a pod and the biology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds develop in a pod and the biology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeds develop in a pod and the biology
+of the wild wheat is such that the pod
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wild wheat is such that the pod
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wild wheat is such that the pod
+shatters and the seeds then spread on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shatters and the seeds then spread on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shatters and the seeds then spread on
+the ground where they can be where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground where they can be where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the ground where they can be where they
+can then germinate into new plants okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then germinate into new plants okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can then germinate into new plants okay
+but 10,000 years ago humans decided that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 10,000 years ago humans decided that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 10,000 years ago humans decided that
+it would be more ideal if we had a form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be more ideal if we had a form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would be more ideal if we had a form
+of wheat which didn't shatter which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wheat which didn't shatter which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of wheat which didn't shatter which is
+known as non shattering wheat which in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as non shattering wheat which in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known as non shattering wheat which in
+which the seeds remain on the plant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the seeds remain on the plant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which the seeds remain on the plant and
+that allows it to be easily harvested at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows it to be easily harvested at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that allows it to be easily harvested at
+the end of the season okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the season okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end of the season okay
+so 10,000 years ago is one of the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 10,000 years ago is one of the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so 10,000 years ago is one of the first
+examples where humans really genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where humans really genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples where humans really genetically
+altered the phenotype of a plant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered the phenotype of a plant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+altered the phenotype of a plant and
+they selected for this non shattering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they selected for this non shattering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they selected for this non shattering
+wheat which then allowed the rise of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat which then allowed the rise of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wheat which then allowed the rise of
+Agriculture okay in addition to wheat we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agriculture okay in addition to wheat we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Agriculture okay in addition to wheat we
+also for about four thousand years ago
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for about four thousand years ago
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also for about four thousand years ago
+was the rise of domesticated fruit and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the rise of domesticated fruit and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the rise of domesticated fruit and
+nuts so here are some almonds if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts so here are some almonds if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuts so here are some almonds if you
+would like an almond feel free to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like an almond feel free to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like an almond feel free to have
+some you guys want some almonds nope if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you guys want some almonds nope if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some you guys want some almonds nope if
+you have a nut allergy don't eat them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay great so wild almonds when you chew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so wild almonds when you chew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay great so wild almonds when you chew
+them there's an enzymatic reaction that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's an enzymatic reaction that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them there's an enzymatic reaction that
+results in cyanide forming Rachel just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in cyanide forming Rachel just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results in cyanide forming Rachel just
+stopped chewing don't worry these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped chewing don't worry these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stopped chewing don't worry these these
+are almonds that are harvested at Trader
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almonds that are harvested at Trader
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are almonds that are harvested at Trader
+Joe's so you're safe and so the wild
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe's so you're safe and so the wild
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Joe's so you're safe and so the wild
+almonds obviously were not we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almonds obviously were not we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almonds obviously were not we're not
+compatible for consumption consumption
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible for consumption consumption
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compatible for consumption consumption
+but 4,000 years ago humans again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 4,000 years ago humans again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but 4,000 years ago humans again
+selected for a form of the almond which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for a form of the almond which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+selected for a form of the almond which
+involved just a single gene which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved just a single gene which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involved just a single gene which was
+non bitter and known as a sweet almond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non bitter and known as a sweet almond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non bitter and known as a sweet almond
+which was also not toxic okay so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was also not toxic okay so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was also not toxic okay so this
+doesn't just go for foods but also for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just go for foods but also for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't just go for foods but also for
+clothing so humans have selected for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing so humans have selected for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clothing so humans have selected for
+cotton with long lint and that served as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton with long lint and that served as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cotton with long lint and that served as
+a basis for clothing and and sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis for clothing and and sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a basis for clothing and and sort of
+allowing us to have fabric and I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing us to have fabric and I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allowing us to have fabric and I just
+want to end with a little story about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to end with a little story about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to end with a little story about
+the almond which is part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the almond which is part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the almond which is part of the
+archaeological evidence for when almonds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeological evidence for when almonds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+archaeological evidence for when almonds
+were domesticated was when King Tut's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were domesticated was when King Tut's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were domesticated was when King Tut's
+tomb was unearthed and they found a pile
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomb was unearthed and they found a pile
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tomb was unearthed and they found a pile
+of almonds next to the tomb because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of almonds next to the tomb because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of almonds next to the tomb because the
+the Egyptian culture what they did is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Egyptian culture what they did is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Egyptian culture what they did is
+they buried the dead with food to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buried the dead with food to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they buried the dead with food to
+sustain them in the afterlife okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain them in the afterlife okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sustain them in the afterlife okay so
+that just gives you an idea as how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just gives you an idea as how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just gives you an idea as how far
+back sort of the importance of genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back sort of the importance of genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back sort of the importance of genetics
+goes if we think about nowadays right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes if we think about nowadays right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes if we think about nowadays right
+now you are always seeing genetics in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you are always seeing genetics in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you are always seeing genetics in
+the news
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the news
+and you also have the opportunity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have the opportunity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you also have the opportunity
+yourself to sort of do your own genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to sort of do your own genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself to sort of do your own genetic
+experiment and so now you guys are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and so now you guys are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment and so now you guys are
+undoubtedly aware of all these companies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly aware of all these companies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undoubtedly aware of all these companies
+that want you to send them their DNA and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that want you to send them their DNA and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that want you to send them their DNA and
+they also want you to send them money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also want you to send them money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also want you to send them money
+such that they can give you information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they can give you information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that they can give you information
+about your family tree and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your family tree and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your family tree and also
+information about your health okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about your health okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information about your health okay
+and so this is now a big business but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is now a big business but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is now a big business but if
+you but if you don't understand genetics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but if you don't understand genetics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you but if you don't understand genetics
+this is not as useful as it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not as useful as it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not as useful as it could be
+okay so I'm just curious how many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just curious how many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so I'm just curious how many people
+here have used one of these services and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have used one of these services and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have used one of these services and
+had their DNA genotyped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their DNA genotyped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had their DNA genotyped
+well and do you think that that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and do you think that that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well and do you think that that really
+changed your view of who you are or was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed your view of who you are or was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed your view of who you are or was
+it kind of so you're looking for genetic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of so you're looking for genetic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of so you're looking for genetic
+disorders and you don't have to tell me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorders and you don't have to tell me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disorders and you don't have to tell me
+anything about that yeah so you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about that yeah so you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about that yeah so you know I
+mean my I have not done this but my dad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean my I have not done this but my dad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean my I have not done this but my dad
+has done it and he will go find his like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done it and he will go find his like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has done it and he will go find his like
+relatives and bore them with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives and bore them with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relatives and bore them with our
+ancestry okay so so this is one example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestry okay so so this is one example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancestry okay so so this is one example
+of how genetics is really in play today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how genetics is really in play today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of how genetics is really in play today
+right and not everyone knows how this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and not everyone knows how this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and not everyone knows how this
+works I've had people at Starbucks in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I've had people at Starbucks in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works I've had people at Starbucks in
+the morning come up to me with their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning come up to me with their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the morning come up to me with their
+like with their like 23andme profile and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with their like 23andme profile and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with their like 23andme profile and
+asked me to explain stuff because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me to explain stuff because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked me to explain stuff because they
+know who I am this a little awkward so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who I am this a little awkward so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know who I am this a little awkward so
+we can also use genetics for forensics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also use genetics for forensics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can also use genetics for forensics
+and so this is kind of a I I had a lab
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is kind of a I I had a lab
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this is kind of a I I had a lab
+manager in the lab and he told me that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager in the lab and he told me that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manager in the lab and he told me that
+like people were doing this and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people were doing this and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like people were doing this and like
+like senior homes in Florida which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like senior homes in Florida which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like senior homes in Florida which I
+thought was kind of funny what I find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was kind of funny what I find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought was kind of funny what I find
+hilarious about this is the mugshot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious about this is the mugshot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hilarious about this is the mugshot of
+the dog right that dog looks so guilty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog right that dog looks so guilty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dog right that dog looks so guilty
+right but you can use DNA to you can use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you can use DNA to you can use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but you can use DNA to you can use
+DNA to genotype poop you genotype your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA to genotype poop you genotype your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA to genotype poop you genotype your
+neighbor's dog you can get evidence that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor's dog you can get evidence that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+neighbor's dog you can get evidence that
+they're the one that's like pooping on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the one that's like pooping on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're the one that's like pooping on
+your lawn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lawn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your lawn
+so that's not so serious example but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not so serious example but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's not so serious example but
+there are more serious examples of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more serious examples of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are more serious examples of where
+DNA genotyping is really having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA genotyping is really having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA genotyping is really having an
+effect in our society and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in our society and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effect in our society and this is
+something I mentioned in the intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I mentioned in the intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something I mentioned in the intro
+lecture just this past spring someone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture just this past spring someone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture just this past spring someone
+was suspected as being the Golden State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was suspected as being the Golden State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was suspected as being the Golden State
+killer this is a cold case the kid the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer this is a cold case the kid the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killer this is a cold case the kid the
+killing has happened 40 years ago but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing has happened 40 years ago but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+killing has happened 40 years ago but
+the break came from investigators
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break came from investigators
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the break came from investigators
+getting DNA from the suspects relatives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting DNA from the suspects relatives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting DNA from the suspects relatives
+to implicate this person in this crime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implicate this person in this crime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to implicate this person in this crime
+okay so they had DNA from the crime and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they had DNA from the crime and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so they had DNA from the crime and
+they saw that there are matches to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw that there are matches to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they saw that there are matches to the
+DNA at the crime to certain people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA at the crime to certain people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DNA at the crime to certain people and
+then they can reconstruct who might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can reconstruct who might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then they can reconstruct who might be
+the person in the right place to commit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person in the right place to commit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the person in the right place to commit
+the crime okay so this is I think this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crime okay so this is I think this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the crime okay so this is I think this
+is interesting because it also leads to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because it also leads to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is interesting because it also leads to
+all sorts of privacy issues right who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of privacy issues right who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sorts of privacy issues right who's
+gonna gain access to sort of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna gain access to sort of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna gain access to sort of your
+genotype if you submit it to these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype if you submit it to these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genotype if you submit it to these
+companies right I mean this is probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies right I mean this is probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+companies right I mean this is probably
+a case right argue there's probably a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case right argue there's probably a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a case right argue there's probably a
+beneficial result in that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial result in that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beneficial result in that you can
+actually figure out if someone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out if someone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually figure out if someone's
+committed a crime but there are other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed a crime but there are other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+committed a crime but there are other
+issues in terms of thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in terms of thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues in terms of thinking about
+insurance companies where we might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies where we might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies where we might be
+interested in having our sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in having our sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in having our sort of
+information not publicly available to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information not publicly available to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information not publicly available to
+insurance companies and maybe this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies and maybe this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insurance companies and maybe this is
+something we can discuss later on in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can discuss later on in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we can discuss later on in
+another lecture for today I want to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lecture for today I want to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another lecture for today I want to move
+on and go through really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and go through really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and go through really the
+fundamentals of genetics and what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals of genetics and what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals of genetics and what I'm
+gonna do is I'm gonna start with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do is I'm gonna start with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna do is I'm gonna start with the
+answer okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer okay
+I'm gonna present to you guys today the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna present to you guys today the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna present to you guys today the
+physical model for how inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical model for how inheritance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physical model for how inheritance
+happens okay so today we're going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so today we're going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens okay so today we're going to go
+over the physical the physical model of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the physical the physical model of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the physical the physical model of
+inheritance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this physical model involves cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this physical model involves cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this physical model involves cell
+division which you saw in the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division which you saw in the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division which you saw in the last
+lecture and also in my opening slide it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and also in my opening slide it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture and also in my opening slide it
+involves cell division and the physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves cell division and the physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+involves cell division and the physical
+segregation of the chromosomes during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation of the chromosomes during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation of the chromosomes during
+cell division so also chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division so also chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell division so also chromosome
+segregation okay so these this is how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation okay so these this is how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+segregation okay so these this is how
+I'm gonna represent chromosomes and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna represent chromosomes and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm gonna represent chromosomes and I
+just want to kind of step you through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to kind of step you through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to kind of step you through
+what all what it all means so I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all what it all means so I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what all what it all means so I kind of
+have these two arms that are attached to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two arms that are attached to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have these two arms that are attached to
+this central circle the circle is meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this central circle the circle is meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this central circle the circle is meant
+to represent the centromere so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the centromere so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to represent the centromere so this is
+the centromere and you'll remember from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centromere and you'll remember from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centromere and you'll remember from
+the last lecture on Monday the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture on Monday the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the last lecture on Monday the
+centromere is the piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centromere is the piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centromere is the piece of the
+chromosome that physically is attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that physically is attached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome that physically is attached
+to the microtubules that are gonna pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the microtubules that are gonna pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the microtubules that are gonna pull
+the chromosomes to separate poles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes to separate poles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosomes to separate poles okay
+so that's that's called the centromere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's called the centromere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's that's called the centromere
+and usually it's denoted like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually it's denoted like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and usually it's denoted like a
+constriction in the chromosome or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constriction in the chromosome or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constriction in the chromosome or a
+little circle okay these other parts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circle okay these other parts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little circle okay these other parts of
+the chromosome are the arms so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome are the arms so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the chromosome are the arms so that you
+have the arms of the chromosome now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the arms of the chromosome now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the arms of the chromosome now I'm
+drawing what's known as a metacentric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing what's known as a metacentric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing what's known as a metacentric
+chromosome it's not important that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome it's not important that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome it's not important that you
+know that term but it just means that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that term but it just means that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that term but it just means that
+the centromere is in the middle of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centromere is in the middle of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the centromere is in the middle of the
+chromosome there are other types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome there are other types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome there are other types of
+chromosomes where the centromere might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes where the centromere might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes where the centromere might
+be at the end okay so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the end okay so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be at the end okay so there are
+different types of chromosomes all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of chromosomes all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different types of chromosomes all right
+now for all of us we have cells that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for all of us we have cells that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now for all of us we have cells that
+have different numbers of chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different numbers of chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have different numbers of chromosomes
+okay some of our cells are what is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some of our cells are what is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay some of our cells are what is known
+as haploid and what I mean by haploid is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as haploid and what I mean by haploid is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as haploid and what I mean by haploid is
+there is a single set of chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+now the cells that we have that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the cells that we have that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the cells that we have that are
+haploid are our gametes so there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid are our gametes so there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid are our gametes so there are
+eggs and our sperm cells okay so these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs and our sperm cells okay so these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eggs and our sperm cells okay so these
+include gametes okay but most of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include gametes okay but most of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+include gametes okay but most of the
+cells in your body are what is known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in your body are what is known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells in your body are what is known as
+diploid and diploid means there's two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid and diploid means there's two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid and diploid means there's two
+complete sets of chromosomes okay and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sets of chromosomes okay and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complete sets of chromosomes okay and
+you get one set from one parent the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one set from one parent the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get one set from one parent the
+other set from the other parent okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other set from the other parent okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other set from the other parent okay so
+one set from each parent okay and I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set from each parent okay and I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one set from each parent okay and I'll
+draw the other set like this and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the other set like this and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the other set like this and what
+I'll do is I'll just sort of shade in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do is I'll just sort of shade in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll do is I'll just sort of shade in
+this one this one to denote that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this one to denote that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one this one to denote that it's
+different okay so these two chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so these two chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different okay so these two chromosomes
+then are what is known as homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then are what is known as homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then are what is known as homologous
+their homologous chromosomes Moll I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their homologous chromosomes Moll I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their homologous chromosomes Moll I
+guess okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess okay
+and what I mean by them being homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that basically these two chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically these two chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that basically these two chromosomes
+have the same set of genes okay so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same set of genes okay so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same set of genes okay so they
+have the same genes they're the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same genes they're the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same genes they're the same
+genes but they have different variants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes but they have different variants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes but they have different variants
+of those genes okay so different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+variants of these genes and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants of these genes and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants of these genes and these
+variants are referred to as alleles okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants are referred to as alleles okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants are referred to as alleles okay
+so if you have the same gene but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have the same gene but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you have the same gene but they
+differ slightly in their nucleic acid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ slightly in their nucleic acid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differ slightly in their nucleic acid
+sequence then they're distinct alleles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then they're distinct alleles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence then they're distinct alleles
+of those genes so often the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those genes so often the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those genes so often the way
+geneticists refer to these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticists refer to these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticists refer to these different
+variants or alleles is we use a capital
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants or alleles is we use a capital
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variants or alleles is we use a capital
+letter in a lowercase letter okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter in a lowercase letter okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter in a lowercase letter okay so
+this chromosome over here might have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chromosome over here might have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this chromosome over here might have a
+gene that's allele capital a and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that's allele capital a and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that's allele capital a and then
+this homologous chromosome will have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this homologous chromosome will have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this homologous chromosome will have the
+same gene but a different allele which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same gene but a different allele which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same gene but a different allele which
+I'll denote lowercase a okay so in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll denote lowercase a okay so in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll denote lowercase a okay so in this
+case big a and little a are different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case big a and little a are different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case big a and little a are different
+alleles of the same gene they might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles of the same gene they might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles of the same gene they might
+produce a slightly different protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a slightly different protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce a slightly different protein
+which would result possibly in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would result possibly in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would result possibly in a
+different phenotype okay so everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phenotype okay so everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different phenotype okay so everyone
+understand that distinction oh I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that distinction oh I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that distinction oh I want to
+make one point because this came up last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one point because this came up last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make one point because this came up last
+semester and was one of those cases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and was one of those cases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester and was one of those cases
+where I forgot the part about the head
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I forgot the part about the head
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I forgot the part about the head
+so I we often just have two alleles when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I we often just have two alleles when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I we often just have two alleles when
+we sort of teach genetics but I hope you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of teach genetics but I hope you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of teach genetics but I hope you
+can see that because a gene is a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that because a gene is a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that because a gene is a long
+sequence of DNA there's a ton of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of DNA there's a ton of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence of DNA there's a ton of
+different alleles you can have within a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different alleles you can have within a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different alleles you can have within a
+given gene so one nucleotide difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given gene so one nucleotide difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given gene so one nucleotide difference
+in that gene would result in a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that gene would result in a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that gene would result in a different
+allele okay so we often refer to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele okay so we often refer to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allele okay so we often refer to two
+alleles but there can be more than two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles but there can be more than two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles but there can be more than two
+alleles for a given gene okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles for a given gene okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles for a given gene okay
+does everyone see how that manifests
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone see how that manifests
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does everyone see how that manifests
+itself okay great any questions up till
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay great any questions up till
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself okay great any questions up till
+now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now
+yes Carmen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in the population so Carmen asked well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population so Carmen asked well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the population so Carmen asked well
+do can I have like five alleles of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do can I have like five alleles of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do can I have like five alleles of a
+gene and that's a great question and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and that's a great question and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene and that's a great question and so
+Thank You Carmen for asking that what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You Carmen for asking that what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank You Carmen for asking that what
+I'm what I mean is if we consider a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm what I mean is if we consider a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm what I mean is if we consider a
+population as a whole right you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as a whole right you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+population as a whole right you have two
+alleles of each gene unless it's a gene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles of each gene unless it's a gene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alleles of each gene unless it's a gene
+that somehow like duplicated and so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow like duplicated and so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that somehow like duplicated and so when
+we're considering the population there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're considering the population there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're considering the population there
+can be more than right I mean right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more than right I mean right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be more than right I mean right I
+see we have people with hair color is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have people with hair color is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see we have people with hair color is
+not a monogenic traits are with brown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a monogenic traits are with brown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a monogenic traits are with brown
+hair right there's more than just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair right there's more than just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hair right there's more than just like
+two possible sort of alleles with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possible sort of alleles with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two possible sort of alleles with
+possible phenotypes okay all right let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible phenotypes okay all right let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible phenotypes okay all right let's
+go up this alright now I want to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up this alright now I want to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go up this alright now I want to start
+at the beginning where so most of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning where so most of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning where so most of our
+cells are diploid and the origin of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are diploid and the origin of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells are diploid and the origin of our
+first diploid cell is from the union of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first diploid cell is from the union of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first diploid cell is from the union of
+two gametes okay so I'm going to draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gametes okay so I'm going to draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gametes okay so I'm going to draw
+two gametes here each is one end and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gametes here each is one end and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two gametes here each is one end and I'm
+just going to draw one set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to draw one set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to draw one set of
+chromosomes for this here so we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes for this here so we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes for this here so we might
+have a male gamete and a female gamete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and what I'm referring to when I say n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm referring to when I say n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I'm referring to when I say n
+here n is basically referring to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n is basically referring to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here n is basically referring to the
+number of chromosomes number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chromosomes number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of chromosomes number of
+chromosomes perhaps I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+/ haploid genome so when you have 1n it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ haploid genome so when you have 1n it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ haploid genome so when you have 1n it
+means you're haploid because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're haploid because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means you're haploid because you have
+only one set of a haploid genome but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one set of a haploid genome but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only one set of a haploid genome but
+early in your life you're we're all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in your life you're we're all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early in your life you're we're all the
+result of a fusion between a male and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a fusion between a male and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of a fusion between a male and
+female gametes and so that creates a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female gametes and so that creates a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+female gametes and so that creates a
+diploid cell okay so now this diploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid cell okay so now this diploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid cell okay so now this diploid
+zygote so this is referred to as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygote so this is referred to as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygote so this is referred to as the
+zygote is diploid and now has a set of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygote is diploid and now has a set of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygote is diploid and now has a set of
+homologous chromosomes okay so I'm only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes okay so I'm only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes okay so I'm only
+drawing one set of homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing one set of homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing one set of homologous
+chromosomes here so on the board I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes here so on the board I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes here so on the board I'm
+gonna stick to just one so I don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna stick to just one so I don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gonna stick to just one so I don't have
+to draw them all out in the slides I'm I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw them all out in the slides I'm I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to draw them all out in the slides I'm I
+have three okay so each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three okay so each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have three okay so each of these
+represents a chromosome these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a chromosome these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represents a chromosome these are
+different chromosomes different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chromosomes different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different chromosomes different
+chromosomes are their different color or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are their different color or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes are their different color or
+have a different sort of centromere
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different sort of centromere
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different sort of centromere
+position and then these down here that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then these down here that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+position and then these down here that
+are colored are going to be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are colored are going to be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are colored are going to be the
+homologous chromosomes okay you see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes okay you see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes okay you see how
+I'm representing this okay so once you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm representing this okay so once you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm representing this okay so once you
+have the zygote right so you guys are no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the zygote right so you guys are no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the zygote right so you guys are no
+longer one cell right you guys each are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer one cell right you guys each are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer one cell right you guys each are
+tens of trillions of cells so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of trillions of cells so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tens of trillions of cells so this
+zygote had two the zygotes L had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygote had two the zygotes L had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zygote had two the zygotes L had to
+reproduce itself and your cells had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce itself and your cells had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce itself and your cells had to
+divide so that you grew into an entire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide so that you grew into an entire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide so that you grew into an entire
+multicellular organism just quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicellular organism just quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multicellular organism just quickly
+erase that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so when most of your cells divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when most of your cells divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so when most of your cells divide
+and most of your cells are known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of your cells are known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and most of your cells are known as
+somatic cells when cells of your body or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic cells when cells of your body or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somatic cells when cells of your body or
+your intestine and your skin when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intestine and your skin when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your intestine and your skin when they
+divide they genetically replicate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide they genetically replicate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divide they genetically replicate
+themselves and they're undergoing a type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and they're undergoing a type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+themselves and they're undergoing a type
+of cell division known as mitosis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell division known as mitosis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cell division known as mitosis okay
+in mitosis in mitosis it's essentially a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mitosis in mitosis it's essentially a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mitosis in mitosis it's essentially a
+cloning of a cell or ideally it's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning of a cell or ideally it's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning of a cell or ideally it's the
+cloning of the cell so you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning of the cell so you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloning of the cell so you have a
+diploid cell it has to undergo DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid cell it has to undergo DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid cell it has to undergo DNA
+replication and when a chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and when a chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication and when a chromosome
+undergoes DNA replication it will during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes DNA replication it will during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergoes DNA replication it will during
+mitosis look like this okay and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis look like this okay and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis look like this okay and these
+two different sort of arms or strands
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different sort of arms or strands
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different sort of arms or strands
+they're known as sister chromatids okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're known as sister chromatids okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're known as sister chromatids okay
+so that's just another term you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just another term you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's just another term you should
+know these are sister chromatids okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are sister chromatids okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these are sister chromatids okay
+and the sister chromatids if DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sister chromatids if DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the sister chromatids if DNA
+replication happened with any without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication happened with any without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication happened with any without
+any errors should be exactly the same as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any errors should be exactly the same as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any errors should be exactly the same as
+each other in terms of nucleotide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in terms of nucleotide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other in terms of nucleotide
+sequence okay so after DNA replication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay so after DNA replication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sequence okay so after DNA replication
+this cell will essentially have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell will essentially have four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cell will essentially have four
+times the amount the amount of DNA as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the amount the amount of DNA as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the amount the amount of DNA as a
+haploid cell and it will split into two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid cell and it will split into two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid cell and it will split into two
+cells and again they'll both be diploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and again they'll both be diploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and again they'll both be diploid
+okay and I'll just point out if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll just point out if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and I'll just point out if we're
+thinking about our pair of chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about our pair of chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about our pair of chromosomes
+here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here right
+Egypt this parent cell has both homologs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt this parent cell has both homologs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Egypt this parent cell has both homologs
+and the daughter cells because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the daughter cells because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the daughter cells because they
+should be genetically identical also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be genetically identical also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be genetically identical also
+have both homologs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so that's an example with just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an example with just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so that's an example with just one
+chromosome I'll take you through an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome I'll take you through an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome I'll take you through an
+example with these three chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with these three chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example with these three chromosomes
+here well six chromosomes so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well six chromosomes so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here well six chromosomes so you have
+these are homologs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are homologs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are homologs
+these are homologs these are homologs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are homologs these are homologs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are homologs these are homologs
+and during mitosis all all of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during mitosis all all of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and during mitosis all all of these
+chromosomes initially are kind of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes initially are kind of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes initially are kind of all
+over the nucleus but during mitosis they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the nucleus but during mitosis they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the nucleus but during mitosis they
+will align along the equator of the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will align along the equator of the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will align along the equator of the cell
+and what is known as the metaphase plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is known as the metaphase plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what is known as the metaphase plate
+metaphase is just a fancy term for one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphase is just a fancy term for one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metaphase is just a fancy term for one
+particular stage in the mitotic cycle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stage in the mitotic cycle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular stage in the mitotic cycle
+so's and then what will happen is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so's and then what will happen is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so's and then what will happen is the
+spindle will attach to either one side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle will attach to either one side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spindle will attach to either one side
+or the other side of these chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other side of these chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other side of these chromosomes
+and it will physically segregate them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will physically segregate them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it will physically segregate them
+into different cells okay and what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different cells okay and what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into different cells okay and what I
+hope you see see here is that this has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you see see here is that this has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hope you see see here is that this has
+six chromosomes this has six chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six chromosomes this has six chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six chromosomes this has six chromosomes
+and these two daughter cells are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two daughter cells are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and these two daughter cells are
+genetically identical to the parent cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically identical to the parent cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetically identical to the parent cell
+okay so this is known as an equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is known as an equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so this is known as an equation
+elision because it's totally equal okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elision because it's totally equal okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elision because it's totally equal okay
+and again the daughter cells are both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the daughter cells are both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again the daughter cells are both
+diploid okay so that's mitosis any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid okay so that's mitosis any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid okay so that's mitosis any
+questions about mitosis okay moving on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about mitosis okay moving on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about mitosis okay moving on
+we're going to talk now about another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk now about another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk now about another
+type of cell and these are your germ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of cell and these are your germ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of cell and these are your germ
+cells and these germ cells undergo an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and these germ cells undergo an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells and these germ cells undergo an
+alternative form of cell division known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative form of cell division known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alternative form of cell division known
+as meiosis okay and your germ cells germ
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as meiosis okay and your germ cells germ
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as meiosis okay and your germ cells germ
+cells produce your egg in sperm and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells produce your egg in sperm and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells produce your egg in sperm and so
+meiosis essentially is producing gametes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis essentially is producing gametes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis essentially is producing gametes
+such as egg and sperm cells okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so what's the final product gonna be how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the final product gonna be how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what's the final product gonna be how
+what should be the genomic content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be the genomic content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should be the genomic content of
+the final product of meiosis it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final product of meiosis it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the final product of meiosis it should
+be one end right who said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one end right who said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be one end right who said that
+sorry yeah exactly right what's your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah exactly right what's your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry yeah exactly right what's your
+name Jeremy so Jeremy is exactly right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Jeremy so Jeremy is exactly right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name Jeremy so Jeremy is exactly right
+right the germ cells in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the germ cells in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right the germ cells in order to
+reproduce sexually they should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce sexually they should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reproduce sexually they should be
+haploid cells right so that they can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid cells right so that they can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid cells right so that they can
+combine with another haploid to give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with another haploid to give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combine with another haploid to give
+rise to a diploid okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to a diploid okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rise to a diploid okay
+so the ultimate result that we want is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ultimate result that we want is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the ultimate result that we want is
+to have cells that are one end but most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have cells that are one end but most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have cells that are one end but most
+of our cells to start out with are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our cells to start out with are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our cells to start out with are
+diploid so there are 2n okay so what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid so there are 2n okay so what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diploid so there are 2n okay so what's
+special about meiosis is you're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about meiosis is you're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special about meiosis is you're not just
+going from 2 n to 2 n but you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 2 n to 2 n but you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from 2 n to 2 n but you're
+reducing the genetic content of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the genetic content of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing the genetic content of the
+cells you're going from 2 n to a 1 end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you're going from 2 n to a 1 end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells you're going from 2 n to a 1 end
+content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content
+okay so again meiosis starts with DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again meiosis starts with DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again meiosis starts with DNA
+replication but in this case the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication but in this case the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replication but in this case the first
+division which is meiosis 1 is not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division which is meiosis 1 is not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division which is meiosis 1 is not equal
+and it actually segregates the homologs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually segregates the homologs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it actually segregates the homologs
+such that you get one cell that has one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you get one cell that has one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you get one cell that has one
+of the homologs duplicated and another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the homologs duplicated and another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the homologs duplicated and another
+cell that has the other homologue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that has the other homologue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell that has the other homologue
+duplicated ok and I'll show this I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated ok and I'll show this I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+duplicated ok and I'll show this I'll
+show it right now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the same cell now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same cell now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the same cell now it's
+undergone DNA replication as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone DNA replication as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergone DNA replication as you can see
+each chromosome has two copies but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each chromosome has two copies but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each chromosome has two copies but
+instead of all the chromosomes lining up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of all the chromosomes lining up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of all the chromosomes lining up
+in the same position of the metaphase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same position of the metaphase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same position of the metaphase
+plate what you see is that homologous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate what you see is that homologous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plate what you see is that homologous
+chromosomes pair at the metaphase plate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes pair at the metaphase plate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes pair at the metaphase plate
+and what happens here is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens here is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what happens here is that the
+homologous chromosomes are separated to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes are separated to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologous chromosomes are separated to
+different cells and now you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cells and now you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different cells and now you have two
+cells that are not genetically identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are not genetically identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cells that are not genetically identical
+okay so because there's it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so because there's it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so because there's it's not
+equational it's and there's a reduction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equational it's and there's a reduction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equational it's and there's a reduction
+in the genetic material that's present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the genetic material that's present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the genetic material that's present
+in the cells this is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cells this is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the cells this is known as a
+reduction Allah vision okay so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction Allah vision okay so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduction Allah vision okay so that's
+meiosis one and that's a reduction old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis one and that's a reduction old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meiosis one and that's a reduction old
+division and then but this is not yet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and then but this is not yet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division and then but this is not yet
+haploid and so I'll just stick another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid and so I'll just stick another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid and so I'll just stick another
+one in here these cells then undergo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in here these cells then undergo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one in here these cells then undergo
+another round of division which is known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another round of division which is known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another round of division which is known
+as meiosis two and during this meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as meiosis two and during this meiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as meiosis two and during this meiosis
+these sister chromatids are separated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sister chromatids are separated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sister chromatids are separated
+such that you're left with one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you're left with one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such that you're left with one
+chromosome and by drawing at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and by drawing at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and by drawing at least one
+chromosome / / gamete okay so each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome / / gamete okay so each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome / / gamete okay so each of
+these then is 1n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so again you have the chromosomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again you have the chromosomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so again you have the chromosomes
+but this time you you have them aligned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time you you have them aligned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but this time you you have them aligned
+like in mitosis they align the sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in mitosis they align the sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in mitosis they align the sister
+chromatids are physically separated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatids are physically separated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatids are physically separated and
+now you see this cell is genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see this cell is genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you see this cell is genetically
+identical to this cell and this cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to this cell and this cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to this cell and this cell
+here is genetically identical to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is genetically identical to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is genetically identical to this
+cell okay so that's meiosis 2 and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so that's meiosis 2 and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell okay so that's meiosis 2 and that's
+an equation older vision much more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation older vision much more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an equation older vision much more like
+mitosis okay because the product of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis okay because the product of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis okay because the product of the
+division of those two cells each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of those two cells each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+division of those two cells each of
+those is equal okay and the finally the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is equal okay and the finally the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those is equal okay and the finally the
+result of meiosis 2 is that you're then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of meiosis 2 is that you're then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result of meiosis 2 is that you're then
+left with gametes that have a haploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with gametes that have a haploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left with gametes that have a haploid
+content of their genome ok I want to end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of their genome ok I want to end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content of their genome ok I want to end
+lecture by doing a demonstration let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture by doing a demonstration let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture by doing a demonstration let's
+see so this could either be amazing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so this could either be amazing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see so this could either be amazing or
+it will be a complete disaster so we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be a complete disaster so we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will be a complete disaster so we're
+totally going to do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally going to do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally going to do it
+so what everyone come up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+wait here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Evelynn when you can leave when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evelynn when you can leave when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Evelynn when you can leave when you have
+to go and we'll have a chromosome loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and we'll have a chromosome loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go and we'll have a chromosome loss
+event okay you just have to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event okay you just have to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+event okay you just have to be a
+multiple of four if we have extra people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of four if we have extra people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of four if we have extra people
+they and the people can supervise go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and the people can supervise go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they and the people can supervise go
+oops sorry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright we got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright we got here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright we got here
+here you go Brett Andrew sorry I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you go Brett Andrew sorry I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you go Brett Andrew sorry I hope
+I'm not hitting anybody what's that yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not hitting anybody what's that yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not hitting anybody what's that yeah
+that's the didn't see advantage of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right there you go miles let's see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there you go miles let's see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right there you go miles let's see
+there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go
+sorry someone take this all right what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry someone take this all right what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry someone take this all right what
+do we got here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+got a little chromosome here sorry all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little chromosome here sorry all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got a little chromosome here sorry all
+right who doesn't have a chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right who doesn't have a chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right who doesn't have a chromosome
+everyone in the class has a chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the class has a chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone in the class has a chromosome
+all right one of you wanna come in here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right we'll see how constrained we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll see how constrained we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right we'll see how constrained we
+are in terms of space we've never been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in terms of space we've never been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are in terms of space we've never been
+this ambitious and had this many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ambitious and had this many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this ambitious and had this many
+chromosomes before so I'm excited to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes before so I'm excited to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes before so I'm excited to see
+how this works so you each have a swim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works so you each have a swim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how this works so you each have a swim
+noodle there are different colors so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noodle there are different colors so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noodle there are different colors so
+different colors represent different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors represent different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different colors represent different
+chromosomes and then you also have swim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and then you also have swim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes and then you also have swim
+noodles that have tape on them and these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noodles that have tape on them and these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+noodles that have tape on them and these
+represent different alleles from your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent different alleles from your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent different alleles from your
+other chromosomes so these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chromosomes so these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other chromosomes so these two
+chromosomes would be homologs of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes would be homologs of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes would be homologs of each
+other okay does that make sense okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay does that make sense okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other okay does that make sense okay
+great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great
+all right now the metaphase plate will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the metaphase plate will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now the metaphase plate will
+be kind of along the center of the room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of along the center of the room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be kind of along the center of the room
+so let's first reenact mitosis so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's first reenact mitosis so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's first reenact mitosis so why
+don't you guys find your sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you guys find your sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't you guys find your sister
+chromatid and then sort of a line in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatid and then sort of a line in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatid and then sort of a line in the
+middle of the room here sister or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the room here sister or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+middle of the room here sister or
+brother chromatid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+how are we doing do we have enough space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing do we have enough space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are we doing do we have enough space
+there it's a little packed you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a little packed you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there it's a little packed you can see
+how you know the cell you can imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know the cell you can imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you know the cell you can imagine
+how packed it is inside a cell okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how packed it is inside a cell okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how packed it is inside a cell okay
+everyone found their sister chromatid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone found their sister chromatid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone found their sister chromatid
+normally the sister chromatids they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the sister chromatids they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally the sister chromatids they
+replicate and they get held together so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate and they get held together so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replicate and they get held together so
+there's no finding of sister chromatids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no finding of sister chromatids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no finding of sister chromatids
+but all right great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but all right great
+so segregate and we'll see how you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so segregate and we'll see how you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so segregate and we'll see how you guys
+did all right in the goal is that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did all right in the goal is that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did all right in the goal is that you
+guys would be genetically identical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys would be genetically identical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys would be genetically identical
+saris okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saris okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saris okay great
+that looks like one short red one short
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like one short red one short
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks like one short red one short
+red that's good they look genetically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red that's good they look genetically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+red that's good they look genetically
+identical to me alright so that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to me alright so that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical to me alright so that was
+mitosis now we're gonna do meiosis okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis now we're gonna do meiosis okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis now we're gonna do meiosis okay
+want you guys aligned like like what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you guys aligned like like what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you guys aligned like like what
+would happen during meiosis one okay you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen during meiosis one okay you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would happen during meiosis one okay you
+guys can come back think about who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can come back think about who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys can come back think about who
+you're gonna pair with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+oh all right so what were you looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh all right so what were you looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh all right so what were you looking
+for when you were pairing who were you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when you were pairing who were you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for when you were pairing who were you
+looking for your prohm is ohm right okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for your prohm is ohm right okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking for your prohm is ohm right okay
+great all right why don't you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all right why don't you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great all right why don't you guys
+segregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+alright so that was my OSIS 1 meiosis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so that was my OSIS 1 meiosis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alright so that was my OSIS 1 meiosis
+one looks successful to me and now we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looks successful to me and now we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one looks successful to me and now we
+have to undergo meiosis 2 so maybe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to undergo meiosis 2 so maybe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to undergo meiosis 2 so maybe what
+we could do is you guys can rotate in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do is you guys can rotate in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could do is you guys can rotate in
+the metaphase spindle can be sort of in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metaphase spindle can be sort of in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metaphase spindle can be sort of in
+this orientation yeah yeah well we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orientation yeah yeah well we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this orientation yeah yeah well we want
+to group over there a group over there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group over there a group over there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to group over there a group over there
+grow a group here group here and those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a group here group here and those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow a group here group here and those
+will be our four gametes all right you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our four gametes all right you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will be our four gametes all right you
+guys set all right go okay terrific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys set all right go okay terrific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys set all right go okay terrific
+everyone haploid looks like everyone is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone haploid looks like everyone is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone haploid looks like everyone is
+haploid which is good right so look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid which is good right so look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid which is good right so look
+let's just take a minute and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take a minute and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's just take a minute and think about
+probability here so what was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here so what was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability here so what was the
+probability that a gamete would end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a gamete would end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability that a gamete would end up
+with this orange allele on the red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this orange allele on the red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this orange allele on the red
+chromosome huh maybe is there two right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome huh maybe is there two right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome huh maybe is there two right
+so these two gametes have that allele
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two gametes have that allele
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two gametes have that allele
+these two should not right okay great we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two should not right okay great we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two should not right okay great we
+just had a chromosome loss so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had a chromosome loss so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had a chromosome loss so that
+gamete is in trouble but maybe we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamete is in trouble but maybe we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gamete is in trouble but maybe we could
+get a TA to rescue this chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a TA to rescue this chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a TA to rescue this chromosome
+either one of you is fine there you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of you is fine there you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either one of you is fine there you go
+David
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right that was great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that was great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right that was great
+now let's you know as you're doing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's you know as you're doing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now let's you know as you're doing this
+right you kind of get a sense as to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you kind of get a sense as to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right you kind of get a sense as to how
+things could get mixed up right and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could get mixed up right and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could get mixed up right and you
+know you think inside the cell right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you think inside the cell right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you think inside the cell right so
+I don't I've lost track of how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't I've lost track of how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't I've lost track of how many
+chromosomes we have one two three four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes we have one two three four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes we have one two three four
+five six right how many chromosomes do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six right how many chromosomes do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five six right how many chromosomes do
+we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have
+we are haploid set for us is how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are haploid set for us is how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we are haploid set for us is how many
+chromosomes 23 exactly right so it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes 23 exactly right so it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes 23 exactly right so it'd be
+even worse for a human cell to get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse for a human cell to get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even worse for a human cell to get this
+to go right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go right
+so why don't you guys line up in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you guys line up in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why don't you guys line up in the
+mitosis configuration and we'll consider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis configuration and we'll consider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitosis configuration and we'll consider
+some things that could go wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right who here is good friends with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right who here is good friends with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right who here is good friends with
+their with their sister or brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their with their sister or brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their with their sister or brother
+chromatid there's anyone very good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatid there's anyone very good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatid there's anyone very good
+friends with their sister or brother
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with their sister or brother
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends with their sister or brother
+chromatid yeah someone become good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatid yeah someone become good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromatid yeah someone become good
+friends and become inseparable okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and become inseparable okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends and become inseparable okay
+which with someone volunteer to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which with someone volunteer to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which with someone volunteer to be
+inseparable okay great you guys are now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inseparable okay great you guys are now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inseparable okay great you guys are now
+inseparable okay now segregate okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inseparable okay now segregate okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inseparable okay now segregate okay
+great now what happened there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+what's that yeah that sell stolen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that yeah that sell stolen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's that yeah that sell stolen
+okay so now we have to a duplication of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have to a duplication of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now we have to a duplication of
+that chromosome what's happened over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chromosome what's happened over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chromosome what's happened over
+here with this daughter cell it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this daughter cell it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here with this daughter cell it's
+missing a chromosome right so these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a chromosome right so these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+missing a chromosome right so these are
+the types of mistakes that can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of mistakes that can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the types of mistakes that can be
+associated with a cell becoming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a cell becoming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with a cell becoming
+cancerous right because let's say there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancerous right because let's say there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancerous right because let's say there
+was a gene that suppresses growth on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a gene that suppresses growth on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a gene that suppresses growth on
+that chromosome and it wasn't on that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chromosome and it wasn't on that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that chromosome and it wasn't on that
+homologue then you might result in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologue then you might result in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homologue then you might result in
+genetic sort of mutant or loss of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic sort of mutant or loss of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic sort of mutant or loss of that
+gene that would result in uncontrolled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that would result in uncontrolled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that would result in uncontrolled
+proliferation also picking up the copies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation also picking up the copies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferation also picking up the copies
+extra copies of genes that promote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra copies of genes that promote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extra copies of genes that promote
+growth could allow that cell to have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth could allow that cell to have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growth could allow that cell to have a
+proliferative advantage okay we're gonna
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferative advantage okay we're gonna
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proliferative advantage okay we're gonna
+this is sort of short foreshadowing what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of short foreshadowing what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is sort of short foreshadowing what
+we're going to talk about later but I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about later but I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about later but I
+just want to kind of like plant the seed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to kind of like plant the seed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to kind of like plant the seed
+now okay why don't we go back and do my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay why don't we go back and do my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay why don't we go back and do my
+OSIS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay now anyone see any friends looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now anyone see any friends looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now anyone see any friends looking
+across the aisle now all right great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the aisle now all right great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across the aisle now all right great
+you guys are now inseparable why don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are now inseparable why don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are now inseparable why don't
+you guys segregate except the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys segregate except the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys segregate except the
+inseparable ones oh but but your sister
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inseparable ones oh but but your sister
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inseparable ones oh but but your sister
+chromatids still have to stay attached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there you go see great right so just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go see great right so just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there you go see great right so just
+like last time that this is known as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like last time that this is known as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like last time that this is known as a
+non distinct disjunction event where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non distinct disjunction event where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non distinct disjunction event where the
+chromosomes don't separate when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes don't separate when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosomes don't separate when they
+should okay great now we want you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should okay great now we want you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should okay great now we want you guys
+do meiosis to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right you can segregate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right now you see these two gametes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now you see these two gametes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right now you see these two gametes
+over here are lacking an entire orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here are lacking an entire orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here are lacking an entire orange
+chromosome and these two gametes here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and these two gametes here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome and these two gametes here
+have picked up an additional copy of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked up an additional copy of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have picked up an additional copy of an
+orange chromosome okay so they're this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange chromosome okay so they're this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orange chromosome okay so they're this
+the two gametes are no longer haploid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two gametes are no longer haploid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two gametes are no longer haploid
+for the orange chromosome and if one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the orange chromosome and if one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the orange chromosome and if one of
+these gametes were to fused with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gametes were to fused with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these gametes were to fused with a
+haploid gamete that has an orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid gamete that has an orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haploid gamete that has an orange
+chromosome then now you have a zygote
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome then now you have a zygote
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome then now you have a zygote
+that has three copies of the orange
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has three copies of the orange
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has three copies of the orange
+chromosome which is abnormal okay so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome which is abnormal okay so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chromosome which is abnormal okay so if
+that work froma zome 21 in humans that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work froma zome 21 in humans that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that work froma zome 21 in humans that
+would result in something that's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result in something that's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would result in something that's called
+trisomy 21 which is Down syndrome okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trisomy 21 which is Down syndrome okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trisomy 21 which is Down syndrome okay
+so you see how mistakes and how Roma's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see how mistakes and how Roma's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you see how mistakes and how Roma's
+ohms segregate can result in human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms segregate can result in human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ohms segregate can result in human
+disease okay well we give give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease okay well we give give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease okay well we give give
+yourselves a hand good job okay you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves a hand good job okay you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourselves a hand good job okay you can
+just throw the pool noodles on the side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw the pool noodles on the side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just throw the pool noodles on the side
+and I just have one slide to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just have one slide to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just have one slide to show you
+where we're going next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we're going next
+she said throat yeah can you share those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said throat yeah can you share those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+she said throat yeah can you share those
+you're asking if there's crossing over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking if there's crossing over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're asking if there's crossing over
+yeah there's crossing over yes and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's crossing over yes and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah there's crossing over yes and that
+will that will that will get its own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that will that will get its own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will that will that will get its own
+entire lecture yes good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so just to give you guys a preview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to give you guys a preview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so just to give you guys a preview
+of what's up next so in the next lecture
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's up next so in the next lecture
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what's up next so in the next lecture
+we're going to talk about Mendel and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about Mendel and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to talk about Mendel and
+Mendel's peas and we'll talk about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel's peas and we'll talk about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel's peas and we'll talk about the
+laws of inheritance okay and realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of inheritance okay and realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+laws of inheritance okay and realize
+Mendel you know this Mendel is way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel you know this Mendel is way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Mendel you know this Mendel is way
+before DNA or what our knowledge of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before DNA or what our knowledge of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before DNA or what our knowledge of the
+gene was okay next we'll talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene was okay next we'll talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene was okay next we'll talk about
+fruit flies and Thomas Hunt Morgan and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit flies and Thomas Hunt Morgan and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fruit flies and Thomas Hunt Morgan and
+seminal work that led to the chromosome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal work that led to the chromosome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seminal work that led to the chromosome
+model of inheritance and also resulted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of inheritance and also resulted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model of inheritance and also resulted
+in the concepts of linkage and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the concepts of linkage and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the concepts of linkage and also
+genetic Maps okay we're gonna go well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic Maps okay we're gonna go well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genetic Maps okay we're gonna go well
+just sort of anchor yourself right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of anchor yourself right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of anchor yourself right the
+structure of DNA was published in 1953
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA was published in 1953
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of DNA was published in 1953
+so these seminal genetic studies up here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these seminal genetic studies up here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these seminal genetic studies up here
+were done before we knew about DNA so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done before we knew about DNA so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were done before we knew about DNA so
+geneticists were studying genes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticists were studying genes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+geneticists were studying genes and
+their behavior well before we knew DNA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior well before we knew DNA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their behavior well before we knew DNA
+was what was responsible and then we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what was responsible and then we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was what was responsible and then we'll
+talk about sequencing and the sequencing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sequencing and the sequencing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about sequencing and the sequencing
+Rezo revolution will talk about cloning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rezo revolution will talk about cloning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Rezo revolution will talk about cloning
+and molecular biology and how one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and molecular biology and how one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and molecular biology and how one might
+go from a human disease to a specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from a human disease to a specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go from a human disease to a specific
+gene that causes it and then finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that causes it and then finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene that causes it and then finally
+we'll start talking about entire human
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start talking about entire human
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll start talking about entire human
+genome and genome sequences okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and genome sequences okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genome and genome sequences okay so
+that's just a preview of where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a preview of where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just a preview of where we're
+going so have a great weekend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so have a great weekend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going so have a great weekend
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/razbxFM7cEQ.txt b/razbxFM7cEQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78ce0e345bc0857980356a94e8de38fdb58bff66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/razbxFM7cEQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,795 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+i'm now coming to the end of this series
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm now coming to the end of this series
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm now coming to the end of this series
+of presentations and i'd like to share
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of presentations and i'd like to share
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of presentations and i'd like to share
+with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with you
+what i think are the important takeaways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think are the important takeaways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what i think are the important takeaways
+from the series of sessions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the series of sessions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the series of sessions
+so the first takeaway is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first takeaway is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so the first takeaway is that the
+forecast is always wrong where always is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast is always wrong where always is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast is always wrong where always is
+in quotation marks that it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quotation marks that it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in quotation marks that it is the
+probability of any deterministic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any deterministic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probability of any deterministic
+forecast of what will happen over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast of what will happen over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast of what will happen over
+a period not just at the end but all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period not just at the end but all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a period not just at the end but all the
+ways in between the probability that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in between the probability that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways in between the probability that
+forecast represents what actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast represents what actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast represents what actually
+happens is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is
+very small other things happen because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small other things happen because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very small other things happen because
+there's a variability first of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variability first of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a variability first of all
+because the world changes there's new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the world changes there's new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because the world changes there's new
+technologies new competitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies new competitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies new competitors
+economic good situations bad situations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic good situations bad situations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic good situations bad situations
+new regulations whatever things happen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new regulations whatever things happen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new regulations whatever things happen
+and the future is not what the single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the future is not what the single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the future is not what the single
+forecast might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast might be
+that's number one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's number one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's number one
+the second is the complementary aspect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is the complementary aspect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second is the complementary aspect
+that since it's wrong we ought to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since it's wrong we ought to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that since it's wrong we ought to
+recognize the reality when we do our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the reality when we do our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognize the reality when we do our
+design and we do our calculations as to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and we do our calculations as to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design and we do our calculations as to
+what is the best solution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the best solution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the best solution
+otherwise if we don't recognize that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if we don't recognize that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if we don't recognize that we
+get a wrong valuation from it and we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a wrong valuation from it and we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a wrong valuation from it and we get
+the wrong answer so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the wrong answer so
+that you need to take that into account
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to take that into account
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you need to take that into account
+in particular we need to do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we need to do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular we need to do it because
+of that phenomenon that fact of the flaw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that phenomenon that fact of the flaw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that phenomenon that fact of the flaw
+of averages that is if you calculate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of averages that is if you calculate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of averages that is if you calculate the
+value of the system using the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the system using the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value of the system using the most
+likely parameters for it the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely parameters for it the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely parameters for it the average
+demand the average cost the average use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the average cost the average use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand the average cost the average use
+and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth
+then you'll get the wrong answers this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll get the wrong answers this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you'll get the wrong answers this
+is a mathematical triviality in many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mathematical triviality in many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a mathematical triviality in many
+ways but we got to keep it in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but we got to keep it in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways but we got to keep it in mind
+because it means that that shortcut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it means that that shortcut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it means that that shortcut
+route
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+route
+that needed to be done in the past but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to be done in the past but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to be done in the past but
+does not need to be done in the age of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not need to be done in the age of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does not need to be done in the age of
+computers it leads you to the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers it leads you to the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computers it leads you to the wrong
+answer we need to take into account the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we need to take into account the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer we need to take into account the
+range of possibilities that occur so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of possibilities that occur so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+range of possibilities that occur so we
+get the right answers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the right answers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the right answers
+simulation is the way to go in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is the way to go in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simulation is the way to go in terms of
+a easily accessible way to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a easily accessible way to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a easily accessible way to look at the
+sample the space of the possibilities by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the space of the possibilities by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sample the space of the possibilities by
+looking at a thousand or so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a thousand or so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at a thousand or so
+different scenarios that might occur
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios that might occur
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different scenarios that might occur
+that's takeaway number one the reality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's takeaway number one the reality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's takeaway number one the reality
+of uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uncertainty
+takeaway number two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway number two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway number two
+is that there are remarkable benefits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are remarkable benefits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that there are remarkable benefits
+from flexible designs for dealing with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flexible designs for dealing with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from flexible designs for dealing with
+uncertainty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty
+in general they give you to win-win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general they give you to win-win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in general they give you to win-win
+situations at a lower cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations at a lower cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situations at a lower cost
+less loss and more gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less loss and more gain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less loss and more gain
+less investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less investment
+compared to alternative choice without
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to alternative choice without
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compared to alternative choice without
+the flexibility and what's not to like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility and what's not to like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the flexibility and what's not to like
+that is the message now the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the message now the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the message now the actual
+results depend upon the situation the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results depend upon the situation the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+results depend upon the situation the
+level of uncertainty and so forth and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of uncertainty and so forth and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level of uncertainty and so forth and so
+on but it is a route to explore if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but it is a route to explore if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on but it is a route to explore if you
+do not explore that possibility you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not explore that possibility you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not explore that possibility you
+don't tend to get the best that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to get the best that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't tend to get the best that you
+possibly could and that best may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly could and that best may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibly could and that best may be
+significantly higher than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly higher than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+significantly higher than
+without the flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without the flexibility
+there's two references on it that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two references on it that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's two references on it that i
+could share with you the first one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could share with you the first one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could share with you the first one is
+this book of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this book of
+a few years back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a few years back
+by the mit press it's flexibility in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the mit press it's flexibility in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the mit press it's flexibility in
+engineering design which i co-authored
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering design which i co-authored
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering design which i co-authored
+with my colleague stefan schultz at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my colleague stefan schultz at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with my colleague stefan schultz at
+cambridge university in the uk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge university in the uk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cambridge university in the uk
+and the second one is coming out uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one is coming out uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the second one is coming out uh in
+2018 very soon now or maybe but when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 very soon now or maybe but when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2018 very soon now or maybe but when you
+listen to that it's already come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to that it's already come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+listen to that it's already come out and
+it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is
+published by wiley in the uk and its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by wiley in the uk and its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published by wiley in the uk and its
+flexibility
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flexibility
+and real estate valuation under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and real estate valuation under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and real estate valuation under
+uncertainty and it's a practical guide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and it's a practical guide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uncertainty and it's a practical guide
+for developers that is in it we look not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for developers that is in it we look not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for developers that is in it we look not
+just at the principles but it includes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the principles but it includes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just at the principles but it includes
+all kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all kinds of
+excel spreadsheets and softwares that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excel spreadsheets and softwares that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excel spreadsheets and softwares that
+look at the various conditions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the various conditions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at the various conditions
+that may occur before designers so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may occur before designers so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that may occur before designers so it's
+a roadmap of how to apply this in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a roadmap of how to apply this in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a roadmap of how to apply this in the
+real estate world
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rvdJDijO2Ro.txt b/rvdJDijO2Ro.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..00698e25894e48f84df10f310c663b90cfdab674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rvdJDijO2Ro.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2353 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu.
+
+PROFESSOR: One more
+exacting lecture on hashing.
+
+And a couple reminders.
+
+I don't want to start out
+saying unpopular things,
+
+but we do have a quiz coming
+up next week on Tuesday.
+
+There will not be a
+lecture next Tuesday,
+
+but there will be a quiz.
+
+7:30 to 9:30 Tuesday evening.
+
+I will send announcement.
+
+There's going to
+be a couple rooms.
+
+Some of you will
+be in this room.
+
+Some of you will have to
+go to a different room,
+
+since this room
+really can't hold
+
+180 students taking a quiz.
+
+All right?
+
+So hashing.
+
+I'm pretty excited
+about this lecture,
+
+because I think as I was
+talking with Victor just
+
+before this, if there's one
+thing you want to remember
+
+about hashing and you want
+to go implement a hash table,
+
+it's open addressing.
+
+It's the simplest way
+that you can possibly
+
+implement a hash table.
+
+You can implement a hash
+table using an array.
+
+We've obviously talked
+about link lists
+
+and chaining to implement hash
+tables in previous lectures,
+
+but we're going to actually get
+rid of pointers and link lists,
+
+and implement a hash table using
+a single array data structure,
+
+and that's the notion
+of open addressing.
+
+Now in order to get
+open addressing to work,
+
+there's no free lunch, right?
+
+So you have a simple
+implementation.
+
+It turns out that in order to
+make open addressing efficient,
+
+you have to be a little
+more careful than if you're
+
+using the hash
+tables with chaining.
+
+And we're going to have
+to make an assumption
+
+about uniform hashing.
+
+I'll say a little
+bit more about that.
+
+But it's a different assumption
+from simple uniform hashing
+
+that Eric talked about.
+
+And we'll state this
+uniform hashing assumption.
+
+And we look at what the
+performance is of open
+
+addressing under
+this assumption.
+
+And this is assumption
+is going to give us
+
+a sense of what good
+hash functions are
+
+for open addressing applications
+or for open addressing
+
+hash tables.
+
+And finally we'll talk
+about cryptographic hashing.
+
+This is not really
+6006 material,
+
+but it's kind of cool material.
+
+It has a lot of applications
+in computer security
+
+and cryptography.
+
+And so as we'll describe the
+notion of a cryptographic hash,
+
+and we'll talk about a couple
+of real simple and pervasive
+
+applications like
+password storage
+
+and file corruption detectors
+that you can implement
+
+using cryptographic
+hash functions, which
+
+are quite different from
+the regular hash functions
+
+that we're using in hash tables.
+
+Be it chaining hash tables or
+open addressing hash tables.
+
+All right?
+
+So let's get started and
+talk about open addressing.
+
+This is another approach
+to dealing with collisions.
+
+If you didn't have
+collisions, obviously an array
+
+would work, right?
+
+If you could somehow guarantee
+that there were no collisions.
+
+When you have
+collisions, you have
+
+to worry about the
+chaining and ensuring
+
+that you can still find
+the keys even though you
+
+had two keys that collided
+into the same slot.
+
+And we don't want
+to use chaining.
+
+The simplest data structure that
+we can possibly use are arrays.
+
+Back when I was a grad student,
+I went through and got a PhD
+
+writing programs in C, never
+using any other structure
+
+than arrays, because I
+didn't like pointers.
+
+And so open addressing
+is a way that you
+
+can implement hash tables
+doing exactly this.
+
+And in particular,
+what we're going to do
+
+is assume an array
+structure with items.
+
+And we're going to assume
+that this one item-- at most
+
+one item per slot.
+
+So m has to be greater
+than or equal to n, right?
+
+So this is important because
+we don't have link lists.
+
+We can't arbitrarily
+increase the storage
+
+of a slot using
+a chain, and have
+
+n, which is the
+number of elements,
+
+be greater than m, right?
+
+Which you could in the link
+list table with chaining.
+
+But here you only have
+these area locations,
+
+these indices that you
+can put items into.
+
+So it's pretty much guaranteed
+that if you want a working open
+
+addressing hash table that m,
+which is the number of slots
+
+in the table, should be greater
+than or equal to the number
+
+of elements, all right?
+
+That's important.
+
+Now how does this work.
+
+Well, we're going to have
+this notion of probing.
+
+And the notion of
+probing is that we're
+
+going to try to see if
+we can insert something
+
+into this hash table,
+and if you fail
+
+we're actually
+going to recompute
+
+a slightly different
+hash for the key
+
+that we're trying to
+insert, the key value
+
+pair that we're
+trying to insert.
+
+All right?
+
+So this is an iterative
+process, and we're
+
+going to continually probe
+until we find an empty slot
+
+into which we can insert
+this key value pair.
+
+The key should index into it.
+
+So you do have
+different hashes that
+
+are going to be computed
+based on this probing
+
+notion for a given key.
+
+All right?
+
+And so what we need
+now is a hash function
+
+that's different from the
+standard hash functions
+
+that we've talked about
+so far, which specifies
+
+the order of slots to
+probe, which is basically
+
+to try for a key.
+
+And this is going to be true
+for insert, search, and delete,
+
+which are three
+basic operations.
+
+And they're a little bit
+different, all right?
+
+Just like they were different
+for the chaining hash table,
+
+they're different here, but
+they're kind of more different
+
+here.
+
+And you'll see what I mean
+when we go through this.
+
+And this is not
+just for one slot.
+
+It's going to specify
+an order of slots.
+
+And so our hash
+function h is going
+
+to take the universe
+of keys and also take
+
+what we're going to
+call the trial count.
+
+So if you're lucky-- well, you
+get lucky in your first trial.
+
+And if you're not, you hope to
+get lucky in your second trial,
+
+and so on and so forth.
+
+But the hash function is
+going to take two arguments.
+
+It's going to take the
+key as an argument,
+
+and it's going to take a trial,
+which is an integer between 0
+
+to n minus 1, all right?
+
+And it's going to produce-- just
+like the chaining hash function
+
+it's going to produce a number
+between 0 and m minus 1, right?
+
+Where m is the number
+of slots in the table.
+
+All right.
+
+So that's the story.
+
+In order to ensure that you
+are using the hash table
+
+corresponding to open addressing
+properly, what you want
+
+is-- and this is an important
+property-- that h k 1,
+
+so that's a key
+that you're given.
+
+And this could be an
+arbitrary key, mind you.
+
+So arbitrary key k.
+
+And what you have in
+terms of the slots that
+
+are being computed is
+this, h k 1, h k 2,
+
+and so on and so forth
+to h k n minus 1.
+
+And what you want
+is for this vector
+
+to be a permutation of 0
+1 and so on to n minus 1.
+
+And the reason for this
+hopefully is clear.
+
+It's because you want
+to be able to use
+
+the entirety of your hash table.
+
+You don't want particular
+slots to go unused.
+
+And when you get to the point
+where the number of elements n
+
+is pretty close to m, and maybe
+there's just one slot left, OK?
+
+And you want to fill up this
+last slot with this key k
+
+that you want to put
+in there, and what
+
+you want to be able to say is
+that for this arbitrary key k
+
+that you want to put in there
+that the one slot that's free--
+
+and it could be that first slot.
+
+It could be the 17th slot.
+
+Whatever-- That eventually
+the sequence of probes
+
+is going to be able to allow
+you to insert into that slot.
+
+All right?
+
+And we generalize
+this notion into
+
+the uniform hashing
+assumption in a few minutes,
+
+but hopefully this makes
+sense from a standpoint
+
+of really load
+balancing the table
+
+and ensuring that all
+slots in the table
+
+are sort of equal
+opportunity slots.
+
+That you're going to be able to
+put keys in them as long as you
+
+probe long enough that you're
+going to be able to get there.
+
+Now of course the
+fact that you're
+
+using one particular slot
+for one particular key
+
+depends on the order
+of keys that you're
+
+inserting into this table.
+
+Again, you'll see that as we go
+through an example, all right?
+
+So that's the set up.
+
+That's the open
+addressing notion.
+
+And that as you
+can see, we're just
+
+going to go through
+a sequence of probes
+
+and our hash function
+is going to tell us
+
+what the sequences is, and
+so we don't need any pointers
+
+or anything like that.
+
+So let's take a look at how
+this might work in practice.
+
+So maybe the easiest thing to
+do is to run through an example,
+
+and then I'll show
+you some pseudocode.
+
+But let's say that
+I have a table here,
+
+and I'm going to concentrate
+on the insert operation.
+
+And I'm going to start inserting
+things into this table.
+
+And right here I have
+seven slots up there.
+
+So let's say that I want to
+insert 586 into the table,
+
+and I compute h of 586 comma
+1, and that gives me 1.
+
+OK?
+
+This is the first insert.
+
+So I'm going to go ahead and
+stick 586 in here, all right?
+
+And then I insert, for
+argument's sake, 133.
+
+I insert 204 out here.
+
+And these are all things
+because the hash table is empty.
+
+481 out here and so on.
+
+And because the
+hash table is empty,
+
+my very first trial is
+successful, all right?
+
+So h of 481-- I'm not going to
+write this all out, but h 481 1
+
+happens to be 6 and so on.
+
+All right?
+
+Now I get to the point
+where I want to insert 496.
+
+And when I try to insert
+496, I have h 496 1.
+
+It happens to be 4.
+
+OK?
+
+So the first thing that
+happens is I go in here,
+
+and I say oops.
+
+This slot is occupied,
+because this-- I'm
+
+going to have a special flag
+associated with an empty slot,
+
+and we can say it's none.
+
+And if it's not none,
+then it's occupied.
+
+And 204 is not equal to none.
+
+So I look at this, and I say
+the first probe actually failed.
+
+OK?
+
+And so h 496 1 equals 4 fails,
+so I need to go do h 496 2.
+
+And h 496 2 may also fail.
+
+You might be in a situation
+where h 496 2 gives you 586.
+
+So this was h 496 1 h
+496 2 might give you 586.
+
+And finally it may be that h 496
+3, which is your third attempt,
+
+equals 3.
+
+So you go in, and you say great.
+
+I can insert 496.
+
+And let me write
+that in bold here.
+
+Out there.
+
+All right?
+
+So pretty straightforward.
+
+In this case, you've gone
+through three trials in order
+
+to find an empty slot.
+
+And so the big
+question really here is
+
+other than taking care of
+search and delete, how long is
+
+this process going to take?
+
+All right?
+
+And I'm talking about
+that in a few minutes,
+
+but let me explain,
+now that you've
+
+seen insert, how search
+would work, right?
+
+Or maybe I get one of
+you guys to explain to me
+
+once you have insert,
+how would search work?
+
+Someone?
+
+Someone from the back?
+
+No one.
+
+You guys are always
+answering questions.
+
+Yeah, all the way in the back.
+
+AUDIENCE: Would you
+just do the same kind
+
+of probing [INAUDIBLE] where you
+find it or you don't find it?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+So you do exactly.
+
+It's very similar to insert.
+
+You have a situation
+where you're
+
+going to none would
+indicate an empty slot.
+
+And you can think of
+this as being a flag.
+
+And in the case of insert,
+what you did was you--
+
+insert k v would
+say keep probing.
+
+I'm not going to write
+the pseudocode for it.
+
+Keep probing until an
+empty slot is found.
+
+And then when it's
+found, insert item.
+
+And as long as you have
+the permutation property
+
+that we have up there, and
+given that m is greater than
+
+or equal to n, you're
+guaranteed that insert
+
+is going to find a slot.
+
+OK?
+
+That's the good news.
+
+Now it might take
+awhile, and so we
+
+have a talk about performance
+a bit later, but it'll work.
+
+OK?
+
+Now search is a
+little bit different.
+
+You're searching for a
+key k, and you essentially
+
+say you're going
+to keep probing.
+
+And you say as long as
+the slots encountered
+
+are occupied by
+keys not equal to k.
+
+So every time you
+probe, you go in there
+
+and you say I got a key.
+
+I found a hash for it.
+
+I go to this particular slot.
+
+I look inside of it,
+and I check to see
+
+whether the key that's
+stored inside of it
+
+is the same as the
+key I'm searching for.
+
+If not, I go to the next trial.
+
+If it is, then I return it.
+
+Right?
+
+So that's pretty much it.
+
+And we keep probing until you
+either encounter k or find
+
+an empty slot.
+
+And this is the key.
+
+No pun intended.
+
+A notion which is that when
+you find an empty slot,
+
+it means that you have
+failed to discover this key.
+
+You fail to-- yeah,
+question back there?
+
+AUDIENCE: What happens if you
+were to delete a key though?
+
+PROFESSOR: I'll make you answer
+that question for a cushion.
+
+So we'll get to
+delete in a minute.
+
+But I want to make
+sure you're all
+
+on board with insert and search.
+
+OK?
+
+So these are actually fairly
+straightforward in comparison
+
+to delete.
+
+It's not like delete is
+much more complicated,
+
+but there is a subtlety there.
+
+And so that's kind
+of neat, right?
+
+I mean this actually works.
+
+So if you had a situation where
+you were just accumulating
+
+keys, and you're looking for
+the number of distinct elements
+
+in the stream of data
+that was coming in,
+
+and that was pretty much it
+with respect to your program,
+
+you'd never have to delete
+keys, and this would be all
+
+that you'd have to implement.
+
+Right?
+
+But let's talk about delete.
+
+Every once in awhile we'd
+want to delete a key?
+
+Yeah, you had a question?
+
+AUDIENCE: I have a
+question about search.
+
+Why do you stop searching
+once you find an empty slot?
+
+PROFESSOR: Because
+you're searching.
+
+So what that means
+is that you're
+
+looking to see if this key
+were already in the table.
+
+And if key were
+already in the table,
+
+you want to return the value
+associated with that key.
+
+If you find an empty
+slot, since you're
+
+using the same deterministic
+sequence of probes
+
+that you would have if
+you had inserted it,
+
+then-- that make sense?
+
+Good.
+
+All right.
+
+So so far so good?
+
+That's what works for
+insert and search.
+
+Let's talk delete.
+
+So back there.
+
+How does delete work?
+
+AUDIENCE: Well
+[INAUDIBLE] if you
+
+search until you find
+the none and assume
+
+that the key you're searching
+for was not put in there.
+
+But let's say you had one
+that was in that slot before
+
+and it got put back
+in, but then you
+
+delete the one that
+was in the slot before.
+
+PROFESSOR: Great, great.
+
+You haven't told me
+how to fix it yet,
+
+but do you have
+the guts for this?
+
+No.
+
+OK, I think this
+veers to the right.
+
+I always wanted to do this
+to somebody in the back.
+
+All right.
+
+Whoa.
+
+All right, good catch.
+
+All right.
+
+OK.
+
+So you pointed out
+the problem, and I'm
+
+going to ask somebody
+else for a solution.
+
+All right?
+
+But here's the problem.
+
+Here's the problem,
+and we can look
+
+at it from a standpoint of
+that example right there.
+
+Let's say for argument's
+sake that I'm searching-- now
+
+I've done all of the inserts
+that I have up there, OK?
+
+So I've inserted 496.
+
+All right?
+
+Then I delete 586
+from the table, OK?
+
+I delete 586 from the table.
+
+So let's just say
+that what I end up
+
+doing-- I have 586,
+133, 496, and then
+
+I have 204, and then a 481.
+
+And this is 0, 1, 2, et cetera.
+
+So I'm deleting 586, and let's
+say I replace it with none.
+
+OK?
+
+Let's just say I
+replace it with none.
+
+Now what happens is that when
+I search for 496, according
+
+to this search algorithm
+what am I going to get?
+
+AUDIENCE: None.
+
+PROFESSOR: Well the first slot
+I'm going to look at is 1,
+
+and according to this
+search algorithm,
+
+I find an empty slot, right?
+
+And when I find
+an empty slot, I'm
+
+going to say I
+failed in the search.
+
+If you encounter k, you succeed
+and return the key value pair,
+
+right?
+
+Success means you
+return the value.
+
+And if you encounter
+an empty slot,
+
+it means that you've
+decided that this key is not
+
+in the table.
+
+And you say couldn't
+find it, right?
+
+That make sense?
+
+So this is obviously
+wrong, right?
+
+Because I just inserted
+496 into the table.
+
+So this would fail incorrectly.
+
+So failed to find
+the key, which is OK.
+
+I mean failure is OK
+if the key isn't there.
+
+But you don't want
+to fail incorrectly.
+
+Right?
+
+Everyone buy that?
+
+Everyone buy that?
+
+Good.
+
+All right.
+
+So how do I fix it.
+
+Someone else?
+
+How do I fix this?
+
+Someone who doesn't
+have a cushion.
+
+All right, you.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] you can
+mark that spot by a, and when
+
+search comes across a,
+you just [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: Right, great answer.
+
+We're now going to have to do
+a couple of different things
+
+for insert and search, OK?
+
+It's going to be
+subtly different,
+
+but the first thing
+we're going to do
+
+is we're going to
+have this flag,
+
+and I'll just call
+it delete me flag.
+
+OK?
+
+And we're going to say that
+when I delete something,
+
+replace deleted item
+with not the non flag,
+
+but a different flag that
+we'll call delete me.
+
+Is different from none.
+
+And that's going
+to be important,
+
+because now that you
+have a different flag,
+
+and you replace
+586 with delete me,
+
+you can now do different things
+in insert versus search, right?
+
+So in particular,
+what you would do
+
+is you'd have to
+modify this slightly,
+
+because the notion
+of an empty slot
+
+means that you're
+looking for none, right?
+
+And all it means is that--
+well actually in some sense,
+
+the pseudo code
+doesn't really change
+
+because if you say
+you either encounter k
+
+or you would-- even if
+you encounter a delete me,
+
+you keep going.
+
+All right?
+
+That's the important thing.
+
+So I guess it does
+change, because I assume
+
+that you have only
+two cases here,
+
+but what you really have
+now are three cases.
+
+The three cases are
+when you're doing
+
+the search is that you
+encounter the key, which
+
+is the easy case.
+
+You return it.
+
+You return the value.
+
+Or you can encounter a
+delete me flag, in which case
+
+you keep going.
+
+OK?
+
+And if you encounter
+an empty slot, which
+
+corresponds to none,
+at that point you know
+
+you failed and the key
+doesn't exist in the table.
+
+All right?
+
+So let me just write that out.
+
+Insert treats delete
+me the same as none.
+
+But search keeps going
+and treats it differently.
+
+And that's pretty much it.
+
+So what would happen
+in our example?
+
+Well, going through
+exactly the same example,
+
+we started from here, and
+then we decided to delete 586.
+
+And so if we replaced 586 not
+with none, but with delete me,
+
+and the next time around
+when you search for 496,
+
+you're searching for 496.
+
+And what would
+happen is that you
+
+would go look at 586-- the
+slot that contained 586,
+
+and you see that there's
+a delete me flag in there.
+
+And so you go to the next trial.
+
+And then in the next trial, you
+discover that, in this case,
+
+you have-- I'm sorry.
+
+I had 204 first as
+the first trial,
+
+and then in the second
+trial I had 586.
+
+And I would continue
+beyond the second trial
+
+and get to third trial, and in
+fact return 496 in this case.
+
+I would get to returning
+496 in my third trial, which
+
+is exactly what I want.
+
+The interesting thing here is
+that you can reuse storage.
+
+I mean the whole
+point of deleting
+
+is that you can take the storage
+and insert other keys in there.
+
+Once you've freed
+up the storage.
+
+And you can do that by
+making insert treat delete me
+
+the same as the none.
+
+So the next time you
+want to insert you
+
+could-- if you happen to index
+into the index corresponding
+
+to 586, you can override that.
+
+The delete me flag goes
+away, and some other key--
+
+call it 999 or something--
+would get in there.
+
+And you're all set with that.
+
+OK?
+
+Any questions?
+
+This all makes sense?
+
+So you could imagine coding
+this up with an array structure
+
+is fairly straightforward.
+
+What remains here
+to be discussed
+
+is how well does
+this work, right?
+
+You have this extra requirement
+on the hash function
+
+corresponding to creating
+an extra argument
+
+as an input to it, which
+is this trial count.
+
+And you'd like to have this
+nice property of corresponding
+
+to a permutation.
+
+Can we actually design
+hash functions like this?
+
+And we'll take a look
+at a bad hash function,
+
+and then at a better one.
+
+So let's talk about
+probing strategies, which
+
+is essentially the same
+as taking a hash function
+
+and changing it
+so it is actually
+
+applicable to open addressing.
+
+So the notion of
+linear probing is
+
+that you do h k i
+equals h prime k, which
+
+is some hash function
+that you've chosen,
+
+plus i mod m, where this is
+an ordinary hash function.
+
+OK?
+
+So that looks pretty
+straightforward.
+
+What happens here?
+
+Does this satisfy the
+permutation argument?
+
+Before I forget.
+
+Does it satisfy the
+permutation property
+
+that I want h k 1, h k 2, h k
+m minus 1 to be a permutation?
+
+That make sense?
+
+Yep, yep.
+
+Because I then I start adding.
+
+The mod is precisely kind
+of this round robin cycle,
+
+so it's going to
+satisfy the permutation.
+
+That's good.
+
+What's wrong with this?
+
+What's wrong with this?
+
+Someone?
+
+AUDIENCE: The fact that
+[INAUDIBLE] keys, which they're
+
+all filled, then if you hit
+anywhere in here [INAUDIBLE]
+
+list of consecutive keys.
+
+AUDIENCE: Right.
+
+That's excellent.
+
+Excellent, excellent answer.
+
+So this notion of
+clustering is basically
+
+what's wrong with
+this probing strategy.
+
+And in fact, I'm not going to
+do this particular analysis,
+
+but I'll give you a sense of why
+the statement I'm going to make
+
+is true.
+
+But the notion of
+clustering is that you
+
+start getting consecutive
+groups of occupied slots, OK?
+
+Which keep growing.
+
+And so these clusters
+get longer and longer.
+
+And if you have a
+big cluster, it's
+
+more likely to
+grow bigger, right?
+
+Which is bad.
+
+This is exactly the wrong thing
+for load balancing, right?
+
+And clustering is the reverse
+of load balancing, right?
+
+If you have a bunch
+of clumps and you
+
+have a bunch of empty space
+in your table, that's bad.
+
+Right?
+
+The problem with
+linear probing is
+
+that once you start getting a
+cluster, given the, let's say,
+
+the randomness in the hash
+function, and h prime k
+
+is a pretty good hash function
+and can randomly go anywhere.
+
+Well, if you have 100 slots and
+you have a cluster of size 4,
+
+well there's a for 4/100
+chance, which is obviously
+
+four times greater than
+1/100, even I can do that,
+
+to go into those four slots.
+
+And if you going
+into those four slots
+
+you're going to keep
+going down to the bottom,
+
+and you're going to make that
+a cluster of size five, right?
+
+So that's the problem
+the linear probing,
+
+and you can essentially
+argue through making
+
+some probabilistic assumptions
+that if, in fact, you
+
+use linear probing that you
+lose your average constant time
+
+look up in your hash table
+for most load factors.
+
+So what's happening out
+here pictorially really
+
+is that you have a table and
+let's say you have a cluster.
+
+And this is your cluster.
+
+So if your h k 1--
+it doesn't really
+
+matter what it is-- but h
+k i maps to this cluster,
+
+then you're going
+to-- linear probing
+
+says that the next thing
+you're going to try
+
+is if you map to
+42 in the cluster,
+
+the next thing
+you're going to try
+
+is 43, 44, until you get maybe
+to this slot here, which is 57,
+
+for argument's sake.
+
+Right?
+
+So you're going to
+keep going, and you're
+
+going to try 15 times in
+this relatively dumb fashion
+
+to go down to get to the
+open slot, which is 57.
+
+And oh, by the way,
+at the end of this you
+
+just increased your
+cluster length by one.
+
+All right?
+
+So it doesn't really work.
+
+And in fact, under reasonable
+probabilistic assumptions
+
+in terms of what your
+hash functions are,
+
+you can say that when you have
+alpha, which is essentially
+
+your load factor, which is
+n over m less than 0.99,
+
+you see clusters
+of size log n, OK?
+
+Right.
+
+So this is a
+probabilistic argument,
+
+and you're assuming that you
+have a hash function that's
+
+a pretty good hash function.
+
+So h prime k can be this perfect
+hash function, all right?
+
+So there's a problem here
+beyond the choice of h
+
+prime k, which is this hash
+function that worked really
+
+well for chaining.
+
+All right?
+
+And the problem here is the
+linear probing aspect of it.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+If you have clusters
+of theta log n,
+
+then your search and
+your insert are not
+
+going to be constant
+time anymore.
+
+Right?
+
+Which is bad in a
+probabilistic sense.
+
+OK?
+
+So how do we fix that?
+
+Well, one strategy that
+works reasonably well
+
+is called double hashing.
+
+And it literally
+means what it says.
+
+You have to run a
+couple of hashes.
+
+And so the notion of double
+hashing is that you have h k i
+
+equals h1 k plus i h2 k mod m.
+
+And h1 and h2 are just
+ordinary hash functions.
+
+OK?
+
+Now the first thing
+that we need to do
+
+is figure out how we can
+guarantee a permutation, right?
+
+Because we still have
+that requirement,
+
+and it was OK for the
+linear probing part,
+
+but you still have
+this requirement
+
+that you need a permutation.
+
+And so those of you who
+are into number theory,
+
+can you tell me what property,
+what neat property of h2 and m
+
+can we ask for to
+guarantee a permutation?
+
+Do you have a question?
+
+You already do.
+
+Do you have a question?
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: [INAUDIBLE]
+relatively prime.
+
+OK, good.
+
+So I figured some of
+you knew the answer,
+
+but I've seen you before.
+
+Right.
+
+Exactly right.
+
+Relatively prime.
+
+Just hand it to Victor.
+
+So h2 k and m being
+relatively prime,
+
+if that implies a permutation.
+
+It's similar to
+what we had before.
+
+You're multiplying this
+by i. i keeps increasing,
+
+and you're going to roll around.
+
+All right?
+
+I mean you could
+do a proof of it,
+
+but I'm not going to bother.
+
+The important thing
+here is that you can now
+
+do something as simple as
+m equals 2 raised to r,
+
+and h2 k for all k is odd,
+and now you're in great shape.
+
+You can have your
+array to be 2 raised
+
+to something, which is
+what you really want.
+
+And you just use h2 k.
+
+You could even take a
+regular hash function
+
+and truncate it to
+make sure it's odd.
+
+You can do a bunch of things.
+
+There's hash functions
+that produce odd values,
+
+and you can use that.
+
+All right?
+
+And so double hashing works
+fairly well in practice.
+
+It's a good way of getting
+open addressing to work.
+
+And in order to prove that
+open addressing actually
+
+works to the level at
+which chaining works,
+
+we have to make an
+assumption corresponding
+
+to uniform hashing.
+
+And I'm not going to
+actually do a proof,
+
+but it'll be in the notes.
+
+But I do want to talk about
+the theorem and the result
+
+that the theorem
+implies, assuming
+
+you have the uniform
+hashing assumption.
+
+And let me first
+say that this is not
+
+the same as simple
+uniform happening, which
+
+talks about the independence of
+keys in terms of their mapping
+
+to slots.
+
+The uniform hashing
+assumption says
+
+that each key is
+equally likely to have
+
+any one of the m
+factorial permutations--
+
+so we're talking about
+random permutations
+
+here-- as its probe sequence.
+
+All right?
+
+This is very hard
+to get in practice.
+
+You can get pretty close
+using double hashing.
+
+But nobody's discovered
+a perfect hash function,
+
+deterministic hash function
+that satisfies this property.
+
+At least not that I know off.
+
+So what does this imply?
+
+Assuming that you have
+this and double hatching
+
+gives you this property, to a
+large extent what this means is
+
+that if alpha is
+n over m, you can
+
+show that the cost of operations
+such as search, insert, delete,
+
+et cetera.
+
+And in particular
+we talk about insert
+
+is less than or equal to 1
+divided by 1 minus alpha.
+
+OK?
+
+So obviously this goes
+as alpha tends to 1.
+
+As alpha tends to 1, the load
+factor in the table gets large,
+
+and the number of
+expected probes
+
+that you need to do when
+you get an insert grows.
+
+And if alpha is 0.99,
+you're going, on average,
+
+require 100 probes.
+
+It's a constant number, but
+it's a pretty bad constant.
+
+Right?
+
+So you really want alpha
+to be fairly small.
+
+And in practice it
+turns out that you
+
+have to re-size you're
+open addressing table
+
+when alpha gets beyond
+about 0.5, 0.6 or so,
+
+because by then you're
+really in trouble.
+
+Remember this is an average
+case we're talking about.
+
+All of this is using a
+probabilistic assumption.
+
+But as you get to
+high alphas, suddenly
+
+by the time you get to
+0.7, open addressing
+
+doesn't work well in relation
+to an equivalent table
+
+with the overall
+number of slots that
+
+correspond to a
+changing table, OK?
+
+So open addressing
+is easy to implement.
+
+It uses less memory because
+you don't need pointers.
+
+But you better be careful that
+your alpha stays around 0.5
+
+and no more.
+
+So all that means is
+you can still use it.
+
+You just have to
+re-size your table.
+
+You have slightly
+different strategies
+
+for resizing your
+table when you use open
+
+addressing as opposed
+to chaining hash tables.
+
+All right?
+
+So that's a summary
+of open addressing.
+
+I want to spend some time
+on cryptographic hashes
+
+in the time that I have left.
+
+I guess I have a
+few minutes left.
+
+But any questions
+about open addressing?
+
+Yep?
+
+AUDIENCE: On this
+delete part, what's
+
+going to happen if, say, you
+fill the table up and then
+
+delete everything, and
+then you start searching.
+
+Isn't that going to
+be bad because it's
+
+going to search
+through everything?
+
+PROFESSOR: So that's right.
+
+The bad thing about
+open addressing
+
+is that delete isn't
+instantaneous, right?
+
+In the sense that if you deleted
+something from the link list
+
+in your chaining
+table, then even
+
+if you went to that same
+thing, the chain got smaller,
+
+and that helps you, because
+your table now has lower load.
+
+But there's a delay
+associated with load
+
+when you have the
+delete me flag.
+
+OK?
+
+So in some sense the alpha
+that you want to think about,
+
+you should be careful as
+to how you define alpha.
+
+And that's one of
+the reasons why
+
+when you get alpha
+being 0.5, 0.6
+
+you get into trouble, because
+if you have all these delete
+
+me flags, they're
+still hurting you.
+
+AUDIENCE: And when
+you resize do those
+
+delete me flags get deleted?
+
+PROFESSOR: When you
+completely resize
+
+and you redo the
+whole thing, then you
+
+can clean up the delete me's
+and turn them into nones
+
+because you're rehashing it.
+
+All right.
+
+So yeah, back there.
+
+Question?
+
+AUDIENCE: Yes, can you explain
+how you got the equation
+
+that the cost of operation
+insert is less than
+
+or equal to 1 over [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: That's
+a longish proof,
+
+but let me explain to
+you how that comes out.
+
+Basically the intuition
+behind the proof
+
+is that we're going to
+assume some probability p.
+
+And initially you're
+going to say something
+
+like if the table, your p--
+I'll just write this out here--
+
+is m minus n divided by m.
+
+So what is that?
+
+Right now I have n
+elements in the table,
+
+and I have m slots, OK?
+
+So the probability that my very
+first trial is going to succeed
+
+is going to be m minus n
+divided by m, because these
+
+are the number of empty slots.
+
+And assuming my
+permutation argument,
+
+I could go into one of them.
+
+And so that's what I have here.
+
+And if you look at what this
+is, this is 1 minus alpha, OK?
+
+And so then you run
+off and you remember
+
+6041 or the high school
+probability course
+
+that you take, and you
+say generally speaking,
+
+you're going to be no worse
+than p for every trial.
+
+And so if you assume
+the worst and say
+
+every trial has a
+probability of success of p,
+
+the expected number
+of trials is 1/p, OK?
+
+And that's how you got
+the 1 over 1 minus alpha.
+
+So you'll see that written
+in gory detail in the notes.
+
+All right?
+
+OK.
+
+Expected to have
+a little more time
+
+in terms of talking about
+cryptographic hashes,
+
+but cryptographic hashes are
+not going to be on the quiz.
+
+This is purely material FYI.
+
+For your interest only.
+
+And again I have
+some notes on it,
+
+but I want to give you a sense
+of the other kinds of hashes
+
+that exist in the
+world, I guess.
+
+And hashes that are used for
+many different applications.
+
+So maybe the best way
+of motivating this
+
+is through an example.
+
+So let's talk about
+an example that
+
+is near and dear to every
+security person's heart
+
+and probably to people who
+aren't interested in security
+
+as well, which is
+password storage.
+
+So think about how,
+let's say, Unix systems
+
+work when you type
+in your password.
+
+You're typing in your
+password [INAUDIBLE],
+
+and this is true for
+other systems as well,
+
+but you have a password.
+
+And my password is a permutation
+of my first daughters
+
+first name.
+
+[LAUGHTER]
+
+Yeah, but haven't
+given it away, right?
+
+Haven't given it away.
+
+And so this password
+is something
+
+that I'm typing in
+every day, right?
+
+Now the sum check
+that needs to happen
+
+to ensure that I'm typing
+in the right password.
+
+So what is a dumb
+way of doing things.
+
+What's a dumb way
+of building systems?
+
+AUDIENCE: Storing [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: This is
+kind of a freebie.
+
+AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE].
+
+PROFESSOR: In situ hashing.
+
+That's better.
+
+So you'd store it.
+
+I offered the dumb way.
+
+So there's a perfectly
+valid answer.
+
+So you could clearly store
+this in plain text in some file
+
+and you could call it
+slash etc slaw password.
+
+And you could make it
+read for the work, right?
+
+And that'd be great, and
+people do that, right?
+
+But what you would
+rather do is you
+
+want to make sure that even
+the sysadmin doesn't know
+
+my password or your
+password, right?
+
+So how do you do that?
+
+Well you do that using a
+cryptographic hash that
+
+has this interesting
+property that is one way, OK?
+
+And what that means is
+that given h of x-- OK,
+
+this is the value
+of the hash-- it
+
+is very hard to find the
+x such that x basically
+
+hashes to this value.
+
+So if h of x equals
+let's call it q,
+
+then you're only given h of x.
+
+And so what do you do now?
+
+Well, it's beautiful.
+
+Assuming you have this one way
+hash, this cryptographic hash,
+
+in your etc slash
+password file, you
+
+have something like
+login name, [INAUDIBLE],
+
+which happens to be the hash
+of my daughter's first name,
+
+or something.
+
+But this is what's stored
+in there and the same thing
+
+for a bunch of
+different users, right?
+
+So when I log in and I type
+in the actual password,
+
+what does the system do?
+
+What does the system do?
+
+It hashes it.
+
+It takes x prime, which is
+the typed in password, which
+
+may or may not be
+equal to my password,
+
+because somebody else might
+be trying to break in,
+
+or I just mistyped, or forgot
+my daughter's first name,
+
+which would be bad.
+
+And it will just check to see--
+it doesn't need x, because it's
+
+stored h of x in the system,
+so it doesn't need x.
+
+So if we just compare
+against what I typed in,
+
+it would compute the hash again.
+
+And then would let me in
+assuming that these things
+
+matched and would not
+let me in if it didn't.
+
+So now we can talk about-- and
+I don't have time for this,
+
+but you can certainly
+read up on it on Wikipedia
+
+and a bunch in the notes.
+
+You can talk about
+what properties
+
+should this hash function
+have, namely one way collision
+
+resistance, in order
+to solve these problems
+
+and other problems.
+
+I'm happy to stick around
+and answer questions.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sKolTx6sxUo.txt b/sKolTx6sxUo.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cd64bb7a39a49a2f02131f4e5cf164a8f53cbcdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sKolTx6sxUo.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,23235 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So to all of our guests, thank you for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to all of our guests, thank you for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to all of our guests, thank you for
+coming. Um this is the final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming. Um this is the final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming. Um this is the final
+presentations for CMS 611 um process to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations for CMS 611 um process to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations for CMS 611 um process to
+this 6073 the creating video games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 6073 the creating video games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 6073 the creating video games
+class. Um in this class we have 40
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um in this class we have 40
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Um in this class we have 40
+students um making learning how to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um making learning how to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students um making learning how to make
+games and learning about the production
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and learning about the production
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games and learning about the production
+process of making games. So a lot of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of making games. So a lot of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of making games. So a lot of the
+things we were talking about in class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we were talking about in class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we were talking about in class
+were a little bit about design but often
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little bit about design but often
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were a little bit about design but often
+also about how do you communicate as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about how do you communicate as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also about how do you communicate as a
+team? Um how do you get work done on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team? Um how do you get work done on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team? Um how do you get work done on
+time and on schedule? as I overheard a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and on schedule? as I overheard a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time and on schedule? as I overheard a
+lot of things happening this last week.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things happening this last week.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of things happening this last week.
+Um the every year um we choose a client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the every year um we choose a client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um the every year um we choose a client
+to make games for. Um this year we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make games for. Um this year we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make games for. Um this year we were
+very blessed to have the Red Cross Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very blessed to have the Red Cross Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very blessed to have the Red Cross Red
+Crescent Climate Center in particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crescent Climate Center in particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Crescent Climate Center in particular
+Pablo Suarez um as our common client. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo Suarez um as our common client. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo Suarez um as our common client. Um
+he presented a number of different games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he presented a number of different games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he presented a number of different games
+ideas and topics ideas to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and topics ideas to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas and topics ideas to the to the
+class. Class formed teams about those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Class formed teams about those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. Class formed teams about those
+for the final projects and that's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the final projects and that's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the final projects and that's what
+we're going to be seeing today. Um, our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be seeing today. Um, our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be seeing today. Um, our
+order of presentations are going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of presentations are going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order of presentations are going to be
+over here. So, we're going to have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So, we're going to have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over here. So, we're going to have three
+presentations. Um, each presentation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations. Um, each presentation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentations. Um, each presentation is
+about 20 minutes. Um, plus another 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 minutes. Um, plus another 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 20 minutes. Um, plus another 10
+for Q&A and then just text switches.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Q&A and then just text switches.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for Q&A and then just text switches.
+We'll have an intermission after heat is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll have an intermission after heat is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll have an intermission after heat is
+finished. And then we've got two more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished. And then we've got two more.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished. And then we've got two more.
+Um, Kalera, I was I did not write down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Kalera, I was I did not write down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, Kalera, I was I did not write down
+the full name for your game. Um, your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full name for your game. Um, your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the full name for your game. Um, your
+team, Lauren. What is the full name for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team, Lauren. What is the full name for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team, Lauren. What is the full name for
+your game? It's control. Uh, caller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game? It's control. Uh, caller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your game? It's control. Uh, caller
+control. Caller Control. I'll make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. Caller Control. I'll make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control. Caller Control. I'll make a
+note of that. Um so that they tend to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of that. Um so that they tend to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+note of that. Um so that they tend to be
+last. Um I also want to mention to all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last. Um I also want to mention to all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last. Um I also want to mention to all
+the students here um if you are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students here um if you are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the students here um if you are
+interested in continuing your education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in continuing your education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in continuing your education
+on game development as you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on game development as you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on game development as you can see
+spring is loaded with game courses um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring is loaded with game courses um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spring is loaded with game courses um
+CMS 301 which is taught by Sarah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMS 301 which is taught by Sarah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CMS 301 which is taught by Sarah and
+Michael in the back. Hi Michael. Hi. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael in the back. Hi Michael. Hi. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael in the back. Hi Michael. Hi. Um
+is an introduction to game design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an introduction to game design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is an introduction to game design
+methods. In particular it's unpacking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods. In particular it's unpacking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods. In particular it's unpacking
+the idea of prototyping paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of prototyping paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of prototyping paper
+prototyping for digital games. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping for digital games. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototyping for digital games. Um, and
+it can be the the lessons learned there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be the the lessons learned there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can be the the lessons learned there
+can be applied to pretty much any kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be applied to pretty much any kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be applied to pretty much any kind
+of design. Um, but they're focusing on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design. Um, but they're focusing on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of design. Um, but they're focusing on
+game design methods. Um, CMS 608 Philip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game design methods. Um, CMS 608 Philip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game design methods. Um, CMS 608 Philip
+and I teach is board game and card game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I teach is board game and card game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I teach is board game and card game
+design. Um, it's structured actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Um, it's structured actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Um, it's structured actually
+very similar to this class with a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to this class with a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar to this class with a few
+small projects and then a final project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small projects and then a final project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small projects and then a final project
+at the end that you spend about half the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end that you spend about half the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end that you spend about half the
+semester on. And those of course are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester on. And those of course are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester on. And those of course are
+non-digital games. So board games, card
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-digital games. So board games, card
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-digital games. So board games, card
+games. We've had people do live action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. We've had people do live action
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. We've had people do live action
+RPGs um and tabletop RPGs, role playing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPGs um and tabletop RPGs, role playing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+RPGs um and tabletop RPGs, role playing
+games for that class. Um, next two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for that class. Um, next two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games for that class. Um, next two
+courses, CMS 610, Art, Science, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses, CMS 610, Art, Science, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses, CMS 610, Art, Science, and
+Business Video Games, and CMS 617,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business Video Games, and CMS 617,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Business Video Games, and CMS 617,
+Advanced Game Studio, also build on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Game Studio, also build on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advanced Game Studio, also build on the
+the team building aspect, but not as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team building aspect, but not as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the team building aspect, but not as
+harshly as we do. Um, you won't be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harshly as we do. Um, you won't be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harshly as we do. Um, you won't be in
+eight person teams unless you really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight person teams unless you really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eight person teams unless you really
+want to. Uh, teams tend to be about four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to. Uh, teams tend to be about four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to. Uh, teams tend to be about four
+to five people for those classes. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five people for those classes. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to five people for those classes. Um,
+and actually as low as three um, in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually as low as three um, in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and actually as low as three um, in some
+cases for 617. Um, right now in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases for 617. Um, right now in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases for 617. Um, right now in the
+catalog, they both look like they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog, they both look like they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalog, they both look like they're
+they're being taught on Thursday. Um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being taught on Thursday. Um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're being taught on Thursday. Um, we
+are trying to move 617 to Tuesday. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to move 617 to Tuesday. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are trying to move 617 to Tuesday. So,
+I'll I'll send out an announcement about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll send out an announcement about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll I'll send out an announcement about
+that. And then lastly, if you liked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And then lastly, if you liked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And then lastly, if you liked
+creating the specific games you made in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the specific games you made in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the specific games you made in
+class this semester, these kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this semester, these kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class this semester, these kind of
+educational games, um, and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational games, um, and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational games, um, and you want to
+know more about how games are used in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more about how games are used in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know more about how games are used in
+education, how to make games for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, how to make games for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, how to make games for
+education, and how to make simulations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, and how to make simulations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education, and how to make simulations
+in particular for education, um, CMS 590
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for education, um, CMS 590
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular for education, um, CMS 590
+crosslisted, I think, I didn't look up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslisted, I think, I didn't look up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crosslisted, I think, I didn't look up
+the number, but my memory said 11.129 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number, but my memory said 11.129 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the number, but my memory said 11.129 is
+computer games and simulation for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer games and simulation for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer games and simulation for
+investigation and education.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation and education.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigation and education.
+um that is taught and last last year was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is taught and last last year was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um that is taught and last last year was
+taught by Scott Astrahile and Jason Hos
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by Scott Astrahile and Jason Hos
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught by Scott Astrahile and Jason Hos
+with um Eric Cloffer as the faculty on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um Eric Cloffer as the faculty on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with um Eric Cloffer as the faculty on
+that course. Really great course. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that course. Really great course. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that course. Really great course. I
+highly recommend it. You can look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly recommend it. You can look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+highly recommend it. You can look up the
+syllabus on OCW if you want to know more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus on OCW if you want to know more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+syllabus on OCW if you want to know more
+about it. And with that we are going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. And with that we are going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. And with that we are going to
+start with Snap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Snap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start with Snap.
+All right. Hi everybody. I'm Paige and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Hi everybody. I'm Paige and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Hi everybody. I'm Paige and
+I'm from the Snap team. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from the Snap team. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm from the Snap team. We're going to
+start off with a demo of our game. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with a demo of our game. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start off with a demo of our game. So
+the way our game works is uh it's called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way our game works is uh it's called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way our game works is uh it's called
+Snap and everybody participates uh from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snap and everybody participates uh from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snap and everybody participates uh from
+their own computer. You we'll give you a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own computer. You we'll give you a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their own computer. You we'll give you a
+topic and then you'll enter words
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and then you'll enter words
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+topic and then you'll enter words
+related to that topic and whenever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that topic and whenever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that topic and whenever you
+enter the same word as somebody else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the same word as somebody else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enter the same word as somebody else
+you'll get a point. So it's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a point. So it's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get a point. So it's pretty
+simple. Um so we'll invite you to join
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Um so we'll invite you to join
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple. Um so we'll invite you to join
+us at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+snapgame.org. Uh we'll be showing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapgame.org. Uh we'll be showing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+snapgame.org. Uh we'll be showing the
+moderator interface. So, normally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator interface. So, normally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator interface. So, normally you
+wouldn't be seeing this. The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be seeing this. The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't be seeing this. The the
+moderator would do it on their own. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator would do it on their own. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moderator would do it on their own. Um,
+but we'd like to show this because it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'd like to show this because it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we'd like to show this because it is
+a part of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+game. All right. And the topic we'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. All right. And the topic we'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. All right. And the topic we'll be
+doing today, to mix it up from last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing today, to mix it up from last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing today, to mix it up from last
+time, is video games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we'll run the game for about 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll run the game for about 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll run the game for about 2
+minutes this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time. All right. So, I have no idea how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. All right. So, I have no idea how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. All right. So, I have no idea how
+long it's been, but I'm going to give a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it's been, but I'm going to give a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long it's been, but I'm going to give a
+countdown. I'm going to stop the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countdown. I'm going to stop the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+countdown. I'm going to stop the game.
+All right. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 two one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 two one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 two one and
+that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's
+game. All right, congratulations Julia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. All right, congratulations Julia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. All right, congratulations Julia
+and Kevin in second place. Um, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kevin in second place. Um, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kevin in second place. Um, this
+is what you guys submitted.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you guys for putting down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, as you can see, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, as you can see, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, as you can see, this
+this gives you an idea of what you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you an idea of what you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this gives you an idea of what you were
+thinking about when you what you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about when you what you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about when you what you think
+about when you think about video games,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you think about video games,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about when you think about video games,
+which not surprisingly right now is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Snap. All right. And with that, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snap. All right. And with that, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Snap. All right. And with that, um,
+we've given you a feel for the moderator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've given you a feel for the moderator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've given you a feel for the moderator
+interface, and hopefully you got a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface, and hopefully you got a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface, and hopefully you got a
+chance to play the game and see what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play the game and see what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance to play the game and see what the
+player sees.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player sees.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player sees.
+Um, and we'll start the presentation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, uh, this game was made for the Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, this game was made for the Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, uh, this game was made for the Red
+Cross. Um, Pablo actually helped
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross. Um, Pablo actually helped
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross. Um, Pablo actually helped
+co-develop this game and he presented it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-develop this game and he presented it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+co-develop this game and he presented it
+to us as a face tof face game that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us as a face tof face game that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to us as a face tof face game that they
+play at conferences. Uh, he provided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play at conferences. Uh, he provided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play at conferences. Uh, he provided
+feedback and guidance and in our project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and guidance and in our project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback and guidance and in our project
+in particular, uh, the client was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular, uh, the client was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular, uh, the client was
+extremely helpful in giving us an idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely helpful in giving us an idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extremely helpful in giving us an idea
+of what they wanted and also helping us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they wanted and also helping us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what they wanted and also helping us
+run the game in their actual settings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the game in their actual settings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run the game in their actual settings.
+So we were able to see what this looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we were able to see what this looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we were able to see what this looks
+like with the players that we expect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with the players that we expect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like with the players that we expect to
+to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to play
+with. Um for our organization of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. Um for our organization of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. Um for our organization of our
+project, we split up into backend and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project, we split up into backend and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project, we split up into backend and
+front-end teams. The back end worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front-end teams. The back end worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front-end teams. The back end worked on
+both the server and also the moderator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the server and also the moderator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the server and also the moderator
+interface you saw here and the wordcloud
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface you saw here and the wordcloud
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interface you saw here and the wordcloud
+for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+example. This split was challenging for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. This split was challenging for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example. This split was challenging for
+new features especially because features
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new features especially because features
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new features especially because features
+would be interdependent or you know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interdependent or you know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be interdependent or you know the
+front end couldn't do anything until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end couldn't do anything until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end couldn't do anything until
+there was a back end. Um, and there was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a back end. Um, and there was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a back end. Um, and there was
+a communication gap throughout when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a communication gap throughout when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a communication gap throughout when we
+needed to add a new feature. The API
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to add a new feature. The API
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to add a new feature. The API
+between the back end and front end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the back end and front end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the back end and front end
+wasn't necessarily well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't necessarily well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't necessarily well
+documented. Um, but overall we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented. Um, but overall we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented. Um, but overall we think
+that it led to simpler management within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it led to simpler management within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it led to simpler management within
+the teams. We didn't have a lot of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teams. We didn't have a lot of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the teams. We didn't have a lot of uh
+organization within each team. There
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization within each team. There
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization within each team. There
+wasn't a lot of explicit organization,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a lot of explicit organization,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't a lot of explicit organization,
+but it did help to know that a smaller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it did help to know that a smaller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it did help to know that a smaller
+set of people would be working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of people would be working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of people would be working on the
+front end or the back end at any given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end or the back end at any given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end or the back end at any given
+time. In the future, I think we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. In the future, I think we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. In the future, I think we would
+have gone even more specific in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone even more specific in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have gone even more specific in our
+roles. A few roles that we thought would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles. A few roles that we thought would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roles. A few roles that we thought would
+have been important include a UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been important include a UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been important include a UI
+designer. This would have made sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer. This would have made sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designer. This would have made sure that
+UI design saw some first class um love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI design saw some first class um love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+UI design saw some first class um love
+from the beginning and um would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning and um would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the beginning and um would have
+made sure that we actually like focused
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sure that we actually like focused
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sure that we actually like focused
+on UI from the beginning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on UI from the beginning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on UI from the beginning.
+Um it also would have helped to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it also would have helped to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um it also would have helped to have
+somebody communicating between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody communicating between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody communicating between the
+teams. This person may have done some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams. This person may have done some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams. This person may have done some
+documentation or may have simply just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation or may have simply just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation or may have simply just
+made sure that the front end knew what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sure that the front end knew what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made sure that the front end knew what
+the back end was working on and the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back end was working on and the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the back end was working on and the back
+end knew what the front end needed so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end knew what the front end needed so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end knew what the front end needed so we
+could prioritize well between the teams.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prioritize well between the teams.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could prioritize well between the teams.
+Uh it also would have helped to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it also would have helped to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh it also would have helped to have
+somebody dedicated to paperwork. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody dedicated to paperwork. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody dedicated to paperwork. This
+would have helped both in submitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have helped both in submitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have helped both in submitting
+class paperwork and also just doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class paperwork and also just doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class paperwork and also just doing the
+documentation that we needed both for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation that we needed both for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentation that we needed both for
+ourselves and the class. And finally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and the class. And finally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ourselves and the class. And finally,
+somebody working on game design would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody working on game design would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody working on game design would
+have helped us develop more iterations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have helped us develop more iterations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have helped us develop more iterations
+early on and think more about the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on and think more about the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on and think more about the game
+aspects uh that go beyond what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects uh that go beyond what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspects uh that go beyond what we
+already knew the game would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew the game would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew the game would look like
+based on the the game of snap we played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the the game of snap we played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based on the the game of snap we played
+from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the
+clients. Uh as far as technology for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients. Uh as far as technology for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clients. Uh as far as technology for our
+organization, we used Asana to organize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization, we used Asana to organize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organization, we used Asana to organize
+our tasks. Asana worked really well for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tasks. Asana worked really well for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our tasks. Asana worked really well for
+us. In particular, it let us split the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. In particular, it let us split the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us. In particular, it let us split the
+task lists for the front end and back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task lists for the front end and back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task lists for the front end and back
+end. This was useful because generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. This was useful because generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. This was useful because generally
+the front end didn't need to touch the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front end didn't need to touch the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front end didn't need to touch the
+backend tasks and vice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backend tasks and vice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backend tasks and vice
+versa. Um but on the other hand, we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa. Um but on the other hand, we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versa. Um but on the other hand, we had
+a hard time encoding task dependencies.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard time encoding task dependencies.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a hard time encoding task dependencies.
+This is particularly a problem for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is particularly a problem for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is particularly a problem for a
+feature that crossed both the back end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that crossed both the back end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature that crossed both the back end
+and front end where some API was needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and front end where some API was needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and front end where some API was needed
+on the back end and then was also needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back end and then was also needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the back end and then was also needed
+on the front end um and you couldn't do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the front end um and you couldn't do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the front end um and you couldn't do
+one without the other. Um, we also had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one without the other. Um, we also had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one without the other. Um, we also had
+trouble with task creation and this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with task creation and this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trouble with task creation and this this
+basically meant that people didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically meant that people didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically meant that people didn't
+create tasks and part of this was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create tasks and part of this was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create tasks and part of this was that
+we didn't have a specific role for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have a specific role for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have a specific role for
+creating the tasks and so because of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the tasks and so because of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating the tasks and so because of a
+diffusion of responsibility, nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of responsibility, nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diffusion of responsibility, nobody
+would go through and list out everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go through and list out everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would go through and list out everything
+that needed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that needed to be
+done. Um, to improve that in the future,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. Um, to improve that in the future,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. Um, to improve that in the future,
+we'd like to get people more invested.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to get people more invested.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd like to get people more invested.
+Part of this was that people had a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part of this was that people had a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part of this was that people had a lot
+of other classes and it would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other classes and it would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other classes and it would have
+helped if people both knew both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped if people both knew both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped if people both knew both
+explicitly said how much they were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly said how much they were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explicitly said how much they were going
+to commit to the class and also we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to commit to the class and also we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to commit to the class and also we made
+it easier for people to contribute with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easier for people to contribute with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it easier for people to contribute with
+the small amount of time that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small amount of time that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the small amount of time that they had
+available. So for communication our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available. So for communication our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available. So for communication our
+group used an instant messaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group used an instant messaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group used an instant messaging
+application called Slack. And this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application called Slack. And this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application called Slack. And this was
+really great for us because it allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great for us because it allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really great for us because it allowed
+us to separate into different channels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to separate into different channels.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to separate into different channels.
+So, as you see here, we have front end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as you see here, we have front end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as you see here, we have front end
+and back end as two different channels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back end as two different channels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and back end as two different channels
+and then a general channel where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a general channel where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then a general channel where
+everyone can communicate. And this let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can communicate. And this let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone can communicate. And this let
+the front-end people work on their thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front-end people work on their thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the front-end people work on their thing
+separately from the back end, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately from the back end, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separately from the back end, not
+needing to know exactly what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing to know exactly what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needing to know exactly what was going
+on, but they could go look if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, but they could go look if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on, but they could go look if they
+needed to reference some conversation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to reference some conversation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to reference some conversation
+there. The bad part about this was that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. The bad part about this was that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. The bad part about this was that,
+you know, people weren't always online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, people weren't always online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, people weren't always online
+and responsive right away. And I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and responsive right away. And I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and responsive right away. And I think
+we could have made this not a problem if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have made this not a problem if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could have made this not a problem if
+we required everyone in our project to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we required everyone in our project to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we required everyone in our project to
+download the mobile application. That
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the mobile application. That
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the mobile application. That
+way they would get a notification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they would get a notification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way they would get a notification
+immediately when they were mentioned and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately when they were mentioned and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately when they were mentioned and
+they would be more likely to respond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+quicker. On the back end generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker. On the back end generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quicker. On the back end generally
+things went really well. Our technology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things went really well. Our technology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things went really well. Our technology
+in particular worked really well for us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular worked really well for us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in particular worked really well for us.
+We used Node.js for the server and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We used Node.js for the server and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We used Node.js for the server and
+socket.io for two-way communication with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socket.io for two-way communication with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+socket.io for two-way communication with
+the browser and Heroku to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser and Heroku to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the browser and Heroku to do the
+deployment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployment.
+We were explicitly forbidden from using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We were explicitly forbidden from using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We were explicitly forbidden from using
+networking in this class which we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking in this class which we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networking in this class which we
+violated from the beginning. But I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated from the beginning. But I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+violated from the beginning. But I think
+that our experience with uh networking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our experience with uh networking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our experience with uh networking
+and all three of these technologies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all three of these technologies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all three of these technologies
+really helped make that possible. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helped make that possible. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really helped make that possible. Um we
+already knew how to use them and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew how to use them and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already knew how to use them and that
+helped us both debug issues and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped us both debug issues and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped us both debug issues and
+understand what we were working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we were working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand what we were working
+with. On the other hand, the back end it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. On the other hand, the back end it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. On the other hand, the back end it
+seemed had too much manpower. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed had too much manpower. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed had too much manpower. This
+manifested itself as a problem on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifested itself as a problem on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+manifested itself as a problem on the
+front end where sometimes we felt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end where sometimes we felt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end where sometimes we felt like
+we didn't have enough people. We could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have enough people. We could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't have enough people. We could
+have had fewer people working on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had fewer people working on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had fewer people working on the
+back end which would have made sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end which would have made sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end which would have made sure that
+it was a small unified code base and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a small unified code base and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was a small unified code base and
+people would we could quickly finalize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would we could quickly finalize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would we could quickly finalize
+the back end and just move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on. We actually deployed the application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. We actually deployed the application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on. We actually deployed the application
+and the client has been using what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the client has been using what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the client has been using what we
+what we showed. Uh this is actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we showed. Uh this is actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we showed. Uh this is actually a
+quite early deployment on November 18th
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite early deployment on November 18th
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite early deployment on November 18th
+uh in Berlin with some students there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Berlin with some students there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh in Berlin with some students there
+and you can see the words that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the words that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you can see the words that they
+generated. Here are some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated. Here are some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generated. Here are some other
+deployments. Um, one of the things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployments. Um, one of the things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deployments. Um, one of the things that
+made this class was challenging for us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this class was challenging for us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made this class was challenging for us
+is that we had to manage both client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we had to manage both client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we had to manage both client
+expectations and the course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and the course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations and the course
+expectations. So, because they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations. So, because they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expectations. So, because they were
+asking us to to do these runs, uh, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking us to to do these runs, uh, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking us to to do these runs, uh, it
+was it seemed important to us to support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it seemed important to us to support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was it seemed important to us to support
+these runs. And it was hard to balance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these runs. And it was hard to balance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these runs. And it was hard to balance
+doing this and also doing the tasks that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and also doing the tasks that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing this and also doing the tasks that
+the the course required of us and needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course required of us and needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the course required of us and needed
+for us to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, I'm going to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'm going to talk a little bit about
+uh our front-end design in that process.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our front-end design in that process.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh our front-end design in that process.
+So initially when we started the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So initially when we started the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So initially when we started the
+project, we had this idea that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project, we had this idea that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project, we had this idea that people
+would be represented as a a car and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be represented as a a car and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be represented as a a car and they
+would be racing other players. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be racing other players. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be racing other players. So we
+thought it'd be a great idea to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it'd be a great idea to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it'd be a great idea to use
+Phaser, which is a spritebased game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phaser, which is a spritebased game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phaser, which is a spritebased game
+framework. But as you see here, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework. But as you see here, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+framework. But as you see here, we
+didn't go through with the the car idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go through with the the car idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't go through with the the car idea
+and we had no sprites. But we still used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had no sprites. But we still used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we had no sprites. But we still used
+Phaser to make this our first design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phaser to make this our first design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phaser to make this our first design
+iteration. And we realized, you know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration. And we realized, you know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration. And we realized, you know, we
+didn't really want that type of look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really want that type of look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really want that type of look for
+our game. We needed something more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game. We needed something more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our game. We needed something more
+professional and more abstract that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional and more abstract that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professional and more abstract that
+could be used in any sort of setting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used in any sort of setting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be used in any sort of setting
+that Pablo, our client, may use it. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pablo, our client, may use it. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Pablo, our client, may use it. So,
+we completely scrapped Phaser and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we completely scrapped Phaser and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we completely scrapped Phaser and we
+redesid our redid our front-end design,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesid our redid our front-end design,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redesid our redid our front-end design,
+deciding to just use Bootstrap and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding to just use Bootstrap and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding to just use Bootstrap and uh
+coffecript. And this was our second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffecript. And this was our second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coffecript. And this was our second
+design. As you can see here, it's just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. As you can see here, it's just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. As you can see here, it's just
+very typical Bootstrap Bootstrap styling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very typical Bootstrap Bootstrap styling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very typical Bootstrap Bootstrap styling
+if you've ever used Bootstrap before. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever used Bootstrap before. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you've ever used Bootstrap before. So
+we tried to add a little bit of flavor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to add a little bit of flavor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we tried to add a little bit of flavor
+and we also needed a better way to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also needed a better way to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also needed a better way to kind
+of represent how the game is progressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of represent how the game is progressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of represent how the game is progressing
+to the player. We currently had no idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the player. We currently had no idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the player. We currently had no idea
+for that in this design. So then we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that in this design. So then we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that in this design. So then we came
+up with the final design that you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the final design that you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with the final design that you guys
+played uh our theme of having blue and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played uh our theme of having blue and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played uh our theme of having blue and
+then we created this visualization to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we created this visualization to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we created this visualization to
+the right where you're uh each player is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right where you're uh each player is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right where you're uh each player is
+represented by a dot and snaps are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a dot and snaps are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by a dot and snaps are
+represented by lines being drawn to dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by lines being drawn to dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by lines being drawn to dots
+and your height is representative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your height is representative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your height is representative of
+your score in relation to all the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your score in relation to all the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your score in relation to all the other
+players. So how we kind of got to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players. So how we kind of got to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players. So how we kind of got to this
+final uh visualization idea was an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final uh visualization idea was an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+final uh visualization idea was an
+interesting process. First, we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting process. First, we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting process. First, we thought
+it'd be really cool to have a a word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be really cool to have a a word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'd be really cool to have a a word
+cloud on the front end as well as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud on the front end as well as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud on the front end as well as the
+back end, but a player would only be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end, but a player would only be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end, but a player would only be
+able to see the words that they had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see the words that they had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to see the words that they had
+submitted. All the other words would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted. All the other words would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+submitted. All the other words would be
+blurred out. But this didn't really uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred out. But this didn't really uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blurred out. But this didn't really uh
+convey to the player where they were in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey to the player where they were in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey to the player where they were in
+relation to all the other players. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to all the other players. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relation to all the other players. So,
+there wasn't any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there wasn't any sort of
+competitiveness. So, we came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness. So, we came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+competitiveness. So, we came up with
+this idea of having a race line where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of having a race line where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of having a race line where
+all the players would be on the line and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the players would be on the line and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the players would be on the line and
+the height would represent uh their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height would represent uh their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the height would represent uh their
+score and their position. And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and their position. And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score and their position. And then we
+thought, well, we can put these both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought, well, we can put these both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought, well, we can put these both
+together. But we investigated the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. But we investigated the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together. But we investigated the word
+cloud and we realized it'd be extremely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud and we realized it'd be extremely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cloud and we realized it'd be extremely
+difficult to blur out these words and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to blur out these words and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult to blur out these words and it
+wasn't really going to be the best use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really going to be the best use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't really going to be the best use
+of our time. So, then we came up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our time. So, then we came up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our time. So, then we came up with
+this idea of using dots to represent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of using dots to represent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of using dots to represent
+players. We thought it'd be cool if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players. We thought it'd be cool if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players. We thought it'd be cool if the
+size of your dot represented your score,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of your dot represented your score,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of your dot represented your score,
+but uh the use case for our application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the use case for our application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh the use case for our application
+could involve a 100 players or even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could involve a 100 players or even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could involve a 100 players or even
+more. So a lot of growing large dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. So a lot of growing large dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. So a lot of growing large dots
+could really clutter our UI. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really clutter our UI. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really clutter our UI. So we
+needed to rethink
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to rethink
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needed to rethink
+this. And this is when we finally ended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And this is when we finally ended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. And this is when we finally ended
+up deciding on height representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up deciding on height representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up deciding on height representing
+score. So I think we had really good UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score. So I think we had really good UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+score. So I think we had really good UI
+designers and they were really quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers and they were really quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designers and they were really quick
+once we thought of ideas. We were quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we thought of ideas. We were quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we thought of ideas. We were quick
+to be able being able to implement it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able being able to implement it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be able being able to implement it.
+But the bad part was that we were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the bad part was that we were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the bad part was that we were really
+late in coming up with design design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in coming up with design design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+late in coming up with design design
+decisions. We didn't start thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions. We didn't start thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions. We didn't start thinking
+about how we wanted to, you know, convey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we wanted to, you know, convey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how we wanted to, you know, convey
+the game to the player and how we wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game to the player and how we wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game to the player and how we wanted
+to make the player feel about the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the player feel about the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make the player feel about the game
+until really late in the project. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until really late in the project. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until really late in the project. We
+focused more on what the client needed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused more on what the client needed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused more on what the client needed
+as far as mechanics and not really what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as mechanics and not really what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as far as mechanics and not really what
+the player was getting out of the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player was getting out of the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player was getting out of the game.
+So in the future definitely we need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the future definitely we need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in the future definitely we need to
+think about design right from the get-go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about design right from the get-go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about design right from the get-go
+and we need to start prototyping all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to start prototyping all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we need to start prototyping all the
+ideas that we have and testing them out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that we have and testing them out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that we have and testing them out
+more more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more more
+thoroughly. So in summary, the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly. So in summary, the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thoroughly. So in summary, the high
+points for our project are that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for our project are that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+points for our project are that we did
+make the client happy and they've been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the client happy and they've been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make the client happy and they've been
+using our application and the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our application and the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using our application and the game and
+they really like the game. Um we're glad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really like the game. Um we're glad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really like the game. Um we're glad
+that we focused on fun. The game has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we focused on fun. The game has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we focused on fun. The game has
+been fun throughout and players seem to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fun throughout and players seem to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been fun throughout and players seem to
+really enjoy it. And I think maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy it. And I think maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really enjoy it. And I think maybe this
+is just because of the core concept and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just because of the core concept and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just because of the core concept and
+we're glad we're glad that even though
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're glad we're glad that even though
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're glad we're glad that even though
+this is an educational game and is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an educational game and is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is an educational game and is
+intended for purposes honestly of data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended for purposes honestly of data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intended for purposes honestly of data
+collection, um people really enjoy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection, um people really enjoy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collection, um people really enjoy
+playing it. Unfortunately, we had slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it. Unfortunately, we had slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing it. Unfortunately, we had slow
+design iteration. This prevented us from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design iteration. This prevented us from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design iteration. This prevented us from
+really fully realizing um all the ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fully realizing um all the ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really fully realizing um all the ideas
+that we had and figuring out which one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had and figuring out which one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had and figuring out which one
+would be best for players.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be best for players.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be best for players.
+In the future, we'd like to get people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the future, we'd like to get people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In the future, we'd like to get people
+more invested to try to solve these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more invested to try to solve these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more invested to try to solve these
+issues and make sure that uh we best use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and make sure that uh we best use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues and make sure that uh we best use
+our time and create the best product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time and create the best product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our time and create the best product
+possible. And with that, we'll take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. And with that, we'll take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. And with that, we'll take
+questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, um is there a maximum number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, um is there a maximum number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, um is there a maximum number of
+players?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players?
+of we did some stress tests to see how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we did some stress tests to see how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of we did some stress tests to see how
+much the back end on Heroku could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the back end on Heroku could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the back end on Heroku could
+support and that seemed to work okay up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and that seemed to work okay up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+support and that seemed to work okay up
+to 150 players or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 150 players or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 150 players or
+teams. We are not really sure what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams. We are not really sure what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams. We are not really sure what the
+front end might look like at 150 real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end might look like at 150 real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+front end might look like at 150 real
+players. That might be actually a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players. That might be actually a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players. That might be actually a
+limiting factor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+150 people playing the same session or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 people playing the same session or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150 people playing the same session or
+can it handle multiple sessions of 150?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it handle multiple sessions of 150?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can it handle multiple sessions of 150?
+We currently don't support multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We currently don't support multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We currently don't support multiple
+sessions. This is actually a request
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions. This is actually a request
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions. This is actually a request
+that the client repeatedly gave us, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the client repeatedly gave us, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the client repeatedly gave us, but
+we thought that it was just much simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought that it was just much simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought that it was just much simpler
+to avoid that for now because it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid that for now because it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid that for now because it wasn't
+strictly necessary. Um, most likely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly necessary. Um, most likely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strictly necessary. Um, most likely the
+load on the back end would not be would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load on the back end would not be would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load on the back end would not be would
+would be the same whether they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the same whether they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the same whether they were
+split into multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split into multiple
+sessions. Um, but this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions. Um, but this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sessions. Um, but this is this is a
+solvable problem by getting a beefier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable problem by getting a beefier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solvable problem by getting a beefier
+back end. 150. But right now the back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end. 150. But right now the back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back end. 150. But right now the back
+end supports 150 people logged in about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end supports 150 people logged in about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end supports 150 people logged in about
+150. Um, we can obviously pay money to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150. Um, we can obviously pay money to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+150. Um, we can obviously pay money to
+get better servers and then run with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better servers and then run with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get better servers and then run with
+many more.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Any any questions from the audience?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, you got some feedback from uh Pablo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you got some feedback from uh Pablo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you got some feedback from uh Pablo
+uh specifically from the moderator's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specifically from the moderator's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh specifically from the moderator's
+point of view and um I'm wondering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and um I'm wondering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view and um I'm wondering
+whether you got any any indication about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you got any any indication about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you got any any indication about
+what the players felt outside of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the players felt outside of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the players felt outside of this
+cast?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cast?
+Sure. I think we can both talk about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. I think we can both talk about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. I think we can both talk about our
+focus tests where we played with players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus tests where we played with players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus tests where we played with players
+outside this class. Um, yeah. So, one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside this class. Um, yeah. So, one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside this class. Um, yeah. So, one of
+the main things I I played with uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main things I I played with uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the main things I I played with uh maybe
+a group of at most 10 people and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of at most 10 people and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a group of at most 10 people and they
+knew each other. So, they wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew each other. So, they wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew each other. So, they wanted to know
+who they were snapping with and they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they were snapping with and they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they were snapping with and they
+wanted to see the names of all the dots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to see the names of all the dots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to see the names of all the dots
+so they could, you know, know who they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could, you know, know who they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so they could, you know, know who they
+were beating or who they needed to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were beating or who they needed to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were beating or who they needed to catch
+up to. But this would be unreasonable in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to. But this would be unreasonable in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to. But this would be unreasonable in
+a large, you know, environment,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large, you know, environment,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a large, you know, environment,
+especially when all people at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when all people at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when all people at the
+conference probably don't know each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference probably don't know each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conference probably don't know each
+other. But I think that'd be a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. But I think that'd be a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other. But I think that'd be a really
+cool thing to do if we continued working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing to do if we continued working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool thing to do if we continued working
+on this in the future. And I I also ran
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in the future. And I I also ran
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this in the future. And I I also ran
+a similar test with people that knew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar test with people that knew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a similar test with people that knew
+each other and they actually used it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they actually used it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and they actually used it as
+part of their strategy. They knew what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their strategy. They knew what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part of their strategy. They knew what
+other players would be submitting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players would be submitting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other players would be submitting for
+that topic and they could use that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic and they could use that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that topic and they could use that to
+their advantage. Um so for example, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their advantage. Um so for example, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their advantage. Um so for example, we
+did a topic of systems papers and we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a topic of systems papers and we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did a topic of systems papers and we had
+a professor in the group so his papers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor in the group so his papers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a professor in the group so his papers
+showed up a bunch.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up a bunch.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed up a bunch.
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+and it I would echo what Serena said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it I would echo what Serena said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it I would echo what Serena said
+that players really wanted more feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that players really wanted more feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that players really wanted more feedback
+around the actual players in the game,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the actual players in the game,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the actual players in the game,
+which we specifically didn't do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we specifically didn't do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we specifically didn't do because
+the client didn't care. Um, and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client didn't care. Um, and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the client didn't care. Um, and in
+conferences, people don't generally know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences, people don't generally know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences, people don't generally know
+each other. But I think that if we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. But I think that if we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other. But I think that if we were
+to use this as a more popular game, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this as a more popular game, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use this as a more popular game, then
+definitely focusing on players and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely focusing on players and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely focusing on players and
+giving more feedback, especially after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving more feedback, especially after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+giving more feedback, especially after
+the game is over, people wanted to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is over, people wanted to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is over, people wanted to know
+who they were snapping with. They wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they were snapping with. They wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who they were snapping with. They wanted
+to see that graph, all those lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that graph, all those lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see that graph, all those lines
+overlaid so they could see who they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaid so they could see who they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overlaid so they could see who they were
+snapping with most often.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does team have any plans for this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does team have any plans for this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does team have any plans for this game
+after this class? Just wondering if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this class? Just wondering if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this class? Just wondering if
+you've ever had that discussion yet. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever had that discussion yet. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've ever had that discussion yet. I
+think we haven't discussed that yet, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we haven't discussed that yet, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we haven't discussed that yet, but
+I think definitely we're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think definitely we're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think definitely we're interested in
+it. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hello, we are Hello Waves. We're a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello, we are Hello Waves. We're a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hello, we are Hello Waves. We're a game
+about forecasting uh specifically this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forecasting uh specifically this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about forecasting uh specifically this
+idea called forecast-based financing of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea called forecast-based financing of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea called forecast-based financing of
+using forecast to make decisions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using forecast to make decisions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using forecast to make decisions about
+possible disasters in the future and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible disasters in the future and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible disasters in the future and how
+to prepare for them. We'd actually like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prepare for them. We'd actually like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prepare for them. We'd actually like
+to start with a playthrough of our game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a playthrough of our game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start with a playthrough of our game.
+So, if anybody would like to be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if anybody would like to be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if anybody would like to be a
+volunteer to to try it out. A guest from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer to to try it out. A guest from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volunteer to to try it out. A guest from
+not our class. If one could please come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not our class. If one could please come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not our class. If one could please come
+down. Andrew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you for volunteering.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you for volunteering.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you for volunteering.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Hi.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi.
+Do you need a chair?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you need a chair?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you need a chair?
+I'm not sure how to make full screen,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure how to make full screen,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm not sure how to make full screen,
+but um anyways, this is our game. I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um anyways, this is our game. I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um anyways, this is our game. I'd
+recommend looking at the instructions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend looking at the instructions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend looking at the instructions
+first and reading through them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And we'll keep the description minimal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll keep the description minimal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we'll keep the description minimal
+as you read through just to to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you read through just to to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you read through just to to sort of
+show the player's initial reaction to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the player's initial reaction to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show the player's initial reaction to
+it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, is it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, is it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, is it?
+Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh,
+right. Sorry.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Music.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, yeah, start the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, yeah, start the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, yeah, start the game.
+So, as you can see, our game, as I said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as you can see, our game, as I said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, as you can see, our game, as I said
+before, you uh control some toys on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, you uh control some toys on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before, you uh control some toys on a
+day at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+beach. And so by dragging dropping them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach. And so by dragging dropping them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beach. And so by dragging dropping them
+between the castles, you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the castles, you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the castles, you'll see that
+their statuses change and say that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their statuses change and say that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their statuses change and say that they
+want to move on their next turn or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move on their next turn or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to move on their next turn or that
+they want to be collecting or that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be collecting or that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want to be collecting or that
+they're going to be collecting candy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be collecting candy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to be collecting candy or
+anything like that. And the game is turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that. And the game is turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything like that. And the game is turn
+based. So uh all the actions will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based. So uh all the actions will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+based. So uh all the actions will
+resolve on the next turn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Am I reading this right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Am I reading this right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Am I reading this right?
+Um, yeah. You can also access the help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah. You can also access the help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, yeah. You can also access the help
+from the lower right corner as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so, uh, when you go to the next toy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, uh, when you go to the next toy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, uh, when you go to the next toy
+turn, you'll see all the toys move, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn, you'll see all the toys move, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn, you'll see all the toys move, uh,
+as specified by the status bubble above
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as specified by the status bubble above
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as specified by the status bubble above
+their heads.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+turn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+But unfortunately, you'll find that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But unfortunately, you'll find that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But unfortunately, you'll find that when
+toys have been evacuated, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys have been evacuated, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys have been evacuated, they're
+unhappy and need candy to survive. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy and need candy to survive. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unhappy and need candy to survive. So,
+they'll all take damage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+They don't want to be evacuated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They don't want to be evacuated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They don't want to be evacuated.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+You can try returning them to their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can try returning them to their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can try returning them to their
+home.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so you'll see that on this turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you'll see that on this turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so you'll see that on this turn
+instead uh now they have their statuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh now they have their statuses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead uh now they have their statuses
+set to gathering candy except for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to gathering candy except for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set to gathering candy except for the
+dunk dump truck who's still evacuated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He needs to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+evacuated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evacuated.
+Exactly. And so the idea is that as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. And so the idea is that as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Exactly. And so the idea is that as the
+player plays through it, they get better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player plays through it, they get better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player plays through it, they get better
+at understanding how to use the forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at understanding how to use the forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at understanding how to use the forecast
+to make decisions about the future.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make decisions about the future.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make decisions about the future.
+uh both in terms of how much candy that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both in terms of how much candy that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh both in terms of how much candy that
+they need to have stocked up in order to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to have stocked up in order to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they need to have stocked up in order to
+weather out the rising tides and also in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather out the rising tides and also in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weather out the rising tides and also in
+terms of uh when they're going to need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh when they're going to need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of uh when they're going to need
+to move their workers out of their toys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move their workers out of their toys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to move their workers out of their toys
+out of areas that are in danger. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of areas that are in danger. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of areas that are in danger. They're
+going to be really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um I think you have those two guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think you have those two guys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I think you have those two guys.
+Oh, is there a reminder of where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, is there a reminder of where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, is there a reminder of where they
+started? Yeah, it's on the castle. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started? Yeah, it's on the castle. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started? Yeah, it's on the castle. It's
+actually blocked out right now by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually blocked out right now by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually blocked out right now by the
+toys in front of it. But there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys in front of it. But there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys in front of it. But there's a
+little shadow on there, an imprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and because
+he ran out of candy and then or actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ran out of candy and then or actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he ran out of candy and then or actually
+sorry, because he went to a place that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, because he went to a place that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry, because he went to a place that
+was underwater, uh he took too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was underwater, uh he took too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was underwater, uh he took too much
+damage and then was swept away by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and then was swept away by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+damage and then was swept away by the
+waves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And so on the forecast, you can see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so on the forecast, you can see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so on the forecast, you can see that
+high water is coming for quite a while,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high water is coming for quite a while,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high water is coming for quite a while,
+uh, which is going to be a danger for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, which is going to be a danger for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, which is going to be a danger for
+the toys, both in terms of possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toys, both in terms of possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the toys, both in terms of possibly
+getting swept away and not having enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting swept away and not having enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting swept away and not having enough
+candy, uh, for all the toys that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy, uh, for all the toys that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+candy, uh, for all the toys that you're
+going to have to move out of the way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to move out of the way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to move out of the way.
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+He may be out of luck. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And when you've lost two toys, you lose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you've lost two toys, you lose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And when you've lost two toys, you lose
+the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game.
+Okay. Thank you for playing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So that's Hello Waves.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So in our game we had uh a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in our game we had uh a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So in our game we had uh a few
+challenges to overcome. The first was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges to overcome. The first was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges to overcome. The first was
+that our game was based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our game was based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our game was based on
+forecast-based financing which is a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast-based financing which is a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast-based financing which is a very
+abstract topic. It's it's a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract topic. It's it's a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstract topic. It's it's a pretty
+understandable idea of using information
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable idea of using information
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understandable idea of using information
+about the future and ideas of risk in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future and ideas of risk in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the future and ideas of risk in
+order to decide where to allocate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to decide where to allocate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to decide where to allocate
+resources, but it's still a bit abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources, but it's still a bit abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources, but it's still a bit abstract
+and building a game around it uh took a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building a game around it uh took a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and building a game around it uh took a
+little bit of work. It's useful to note
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of work. It's useful to note
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of work. It's useful to note
+that it's different than long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's different than long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's different than long-term
+planning. It's not just thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning. It's not just thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning. It's not just thinking about
+what will happen in the future, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen in the future, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what will happen in the future, you
+know, building a dam to prevent water or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, building a dam to prevent water or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, building a dam to prevent water or
+things like that. It's actually about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. It's actually about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like that. It's actually about
+using the information you have to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the information you have to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the information you have to make
+the best decision for events that may be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best decision for events that may be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the best decision for events that may be
+upcoming in the semidear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming in the semidear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upcoming in the semidear
+future. We also wanted to avoid making a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. We also wanted to avoid making a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future. We also wanted to avoid making a
+game that was overly preachy or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that was overly preachy or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game that was overly preachy or
+simplified where it was clear how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified where it was clear how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplified where it was clear how
+exactly how you're going to win and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you're going to win and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly how you're going to win and you
+could just basically push the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just basically push the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could just basically push the
+forecast-based financing button to win
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast-based financing button to win
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast-based financing button to win
+the game. We wanted players to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. We wanted players to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. We wanted players to actually
+think and understand the concepts there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and understand the concepts there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think and understand the concepts there
+instead of just, you know, coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just, you know, coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just, you know, coming up
+with the buzzword of forecast-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the buzzword of forecast-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the buzzword of forecast-based
+financing. And finally, we had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing. And finally, we had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing. And finally, we had the
+challenge of actually communicating that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of actually communicating that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge of actually communicating that
+forecast to players in a way that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast to players in a way that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast to players in a way that they
+would be able to understand and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to understand and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be able to understand and then
+make use of. You could see in that game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of. You could see in that game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make use of. You could see in that game
+that we had water levels and it would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had water levels and it would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had water levels and it would
+show on the map and we found that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show on the map and we found that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show on the map and we found that
+players were pretty good at using that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players were pretty good at using that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players were pretty good at using that
+in order to decide to make decisions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to decide to make decisions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to decide to make decisions
+about what was going to happen in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what was going to happen in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what was going to happen in the
+future and how to allocate their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and how to allocate their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future and how to allocate their
+resources. The other big challenge that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources. The other big challenge that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources. The other big challenge that
+we had in the beginning was that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in the beginning was that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in the beginning was that our
+initial target audience was policy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial target audience was policy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initial target audience was policy
+makers. uh like for Snap, Pablo had come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers. uh like for Snap, Pablo had come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makers. uh like for Snap, Pablo had come
+in and pitched us this game idea and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and pitched us this game idea and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and pitched us this game idea and
+originally he had wanted us to build a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally he had wanted us to build a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally he had wanted us to build a
+game for policy makers that would help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for policy makers that would help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game for policy makers that would help
+them understand the benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them understand the benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them understand the benefits of
+forecast-based financing and therefore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast-based financing and therefore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast-based financing and therefore
+convince them that they should develop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince them that they should develop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convince them that they should develop
+policies that would uh give resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that would uh give resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+policies that would uh give resources to
+plans based on forecast-based financing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans based on forecast-based financing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans based on forecast-based financing.
+So, I'd like to take you through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'd like to take you through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'd like to take you through a
+couple of our prototypes just to show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of our prototypes just to show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of our prototypes just to show
+you the evolution and comment sort of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the evolution and comment sort of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the evolution and comment sort of on
+our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our
+process. Uh, actually, and to to preface
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Uh, actually, and to to preface
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process. Uh, actually, and to to preface
+that, we had a lot of prototypes because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we had a lot of prototypes because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, we had a lot of prototypes because
+our idea was so abstract and because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our idea was so abstract and because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our idea was so abstract and because we
+weren't sure how to address our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sure how to address our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't sure how to address our
+audience. So, we built a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience. So, we built a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience. So, we built a lot of
+prototypes to start with. uh we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes to start with. uh we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototypes to start with. uh we had
+ideas that ranged across sort of levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that ranged across sort of levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas that ranged across sort of levels
+of scope of what you controlled where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scope of what you controlled where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of scope of what you controlled where
+you controlled entire cities or where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you controlled entire cities or where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you controlled entire cities or where
+you controlled individual workers and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you controlled individual workers and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you controlled individual workers and
+moved them around. And then we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved them around. And then we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moved them around. And then we would
+pull from all these different kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull from all these different kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pull from all these different kinds of
+ideas what worked, what didn't, what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas what worked, what didn't, what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas what worked, what didn't, what did
+people understand, what confused them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people understand, what confused them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people understand, what confused them
+and from that we got a really good idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that we got a really good idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and from that we got a really good idea
+of what concepts helped people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what concepts helped people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what concepts helped people
+understand the idea and brought them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the idea and brought them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the idea and brought them
+into this final game that we ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this final game that we ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this final game that we ended up
+with. So the project started on October
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. So the project started on October
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with. So the project started on October
+15th and this was our first prototype.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th and this was our first prototype.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+15th and this was our first prototype.
+It was a terminal based game where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was a terminal based game where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was a terminal based game where you
+had some kind of information about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some kind of information about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had some kind of information about a
+future rainfall and then you had to type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future rainfall and then you had to type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future rainfall and then you had to type
+in your commands of how you control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your commands of how you control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your commands of how you control
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different
+cities. This actually people found it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities. This actually people found it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities. This actually people found it
+fun, but as you might expect, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun, but as you might expect, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fun, but as you might expect, the
+feedback wasn't very good and people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback wasn't very good and people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback wasn't very good and people
+didn't quite understand how to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite understand how to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't quite understand how to move
+forward with it. It made it it put a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with it. It made it it put a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward with it. It made it it put a lot
+of cognitive load on people. So when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cognitive load on people. So when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of cognitive load on people. So when we
+move forward, we tried to give people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward, we tried to give people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+move forward, we tried to give people
+more easily understandable actions to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily understandable actions to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more easily understandable actions to
+use. But the problem with this game was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. But the problem with this game was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. But the problem with this game was
+that it was time based and it updated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was time based and it updated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was time based and it updated
+every second. And so there were so many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every second. And so there were so many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every second. And so there were so many
+numbers flying at people that even MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers flying at people that even MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers flying at people that even MIT
+students who play tested it couldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who play tested it couldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+students who play tested it couldn't
+understand. So we figured that people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. So we figured that people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand. So we figured that people
+like policy makers who didn't have much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like policy makers who didn't have much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like policy makers who didn't have much
+experience with games really wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with games really wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experience with games really wouldn't be
+able to understand the game at all. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand the game at all. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to understand the game at all. So
+instead we went to turnbased and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we went to turnbased and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead we went to turnbased and that
+helped. But at the same time, it's tough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped. But at the same time, it's tough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped. But at the same time, it's tough
+to see on this projector, but we have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see on this projector, but we have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see on this projector, but we have a
+forecast underneath that says how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast underneath that says how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast underneath that says how much
+rainfall is expected. And again, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall is expected. And again, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall is expected. And again, that
+wasn't understandable to people because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't understandable to people because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't understandable to people because
+they couldn't understand what 3 in of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't understand what 3 in of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they couldn't understand what 3 in of
+rainfall meant for their city. And they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall meant for their city. And they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rainfall meant for their city. And they
+couldn't understand how that contributed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't understand how that contributed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't understand how that contributed
+to a possible disaster. At this point,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a possible disaster. At this point,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a possible disaster. At this point,
+Pablo actually came by the class and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo actually came by the class and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo actually came by the class and
+played the game. And then he told us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the game. And then he told us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+played the game. And then he told us
+that he wasn't even sure that he could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wasn't even sure that he could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that he wasn't even sure that he could
+get policy makers to play the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get policy makers to play the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get policy makers to play the game
+because they may not have enough time.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they may not have enough time.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they may not have enough time.
+Instead, he wanted us to switch to grade
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead, he wanted us to switch to grade
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Instead, he wanted us to switch to grade
+schoolers because we could teach them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoolers because we could teach them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schoolers because we could teach them
+something about forecast-based financing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about forecast-based financing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about forecast-based financing
+and help them understand as they grew
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help them understand as they grew
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and help them understand as they grew
+up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up.
+And this was great for us because making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this was great for us because making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And this was great for us because making
+a game that was serious, easy for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game that was serious, easy for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game that was serious, easy for
+somebody who didn't have experience with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who didn't have experience with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody who didn't have experience with
+games to play and also fun and engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games to play and also fun and engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games to play and also fun and engaging
+was too difficult for us actually. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too difficult for us actually. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was too difficult for us actually. So
+moving to grade schoolers was awesome.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to grade schoolers was awesome.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+moving to grade schoolers was awesome.
+He also suggested that we try to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He also suggested that we try to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+He also suggested that we try to make
+the idea of rainfall or water levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of rainfall or water levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of rainfall or water levels
+more visceral. And that's when we came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more visceral. And that's when we came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more visceral. And that's when we came
+upon this idea of the rising waters.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this idea of the rising waters.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upon this idea of the rising waters.
+Whenever players looked at this, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whenever players looked at this, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whenever players looked at this, they
+instantly understood the concept of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly understood the concept of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instantly understood the concept of the
+game. the feedback might not be there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. the feedback might not be there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. the feedback might not be there,
+the beautiful UI might not be there, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful UI might not be there, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beautiful UI might not be there, but
+the idea of having cities with workers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of having cities with workers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of having cities with workers
+in them and a rising water level coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them and a rising water level coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in them and a rising water level coming
+towards them, everybody understood that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards them, everybody understood that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards them, everybody understood that
+and it made it a lot easier for players
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it made it a lot easier for players
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it made it a lot easier for players
+to reason about the game. From there, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reason about the game. From there, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to reason about the game. From there, we
+added things like nicer art, better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added things like nicer art, better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added things like nicer art, better
+feedback, which you can't quite see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback, which you can't quite see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback, which you can't quite see in
+the static picture, uh more improvements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the static picture, uh more improvements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the static picture, uh more improvements
+to how the forecast worked, and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how the forecast worked, and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to how the forecast worked, and uh
+eventually we ended up with our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we ended up with our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually we ended up with our final
+version today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version today.
+Uh yeah so to talk a little bit about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah so to talk a little bit about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh yeah so to talk a little bit about
+our actual development process. So our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our actual development process. So our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our actual development process. So our
+team was structured into three main sub
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team was structured into three main sub
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team was structured into three main sub
+teams. Production which was in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams. Production which was in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teams. Production which was in charge of
+managerial roles, deliverables and play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managerial roles, deliverables and play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managerial roles, deliverables and play
+testing. And so there was a shared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing. And so there was a shared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+testing. And so there was a shared
+responsibility of like um there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of like um there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibility of like um there a
+technical team which was in charge of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical team which was in charge of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical team which was in charge of
+the bulk of the uh coding work and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk of the uh coding work and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bulk of the uh coding work and a
+user experience team which would be in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user experience team which would be in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+user experience team which would be in
+charge of assets UI design and UI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of assets UI design and UI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of assets UI design and UI
+design. Um we also initially envisioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Um we also initially envisioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. Um we also initially envisioned
+like a sub team leaders where we'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sub team leaders where we'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a sub team leaders where we'd be
+kind of communicating through those but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of communicating through those but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of communicating through those but
+uh we found the concept kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we found the concept kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh we found the concept kind of
+redundant and so we worked pretty much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant and so we worked pretty much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redundant and so we worked pretty much
+with like a flat structure between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a flat structure between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like a flat structure between the
+three teams. Um so from the beginning we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three teams. Um so from the beginning we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three teams. Um so from the beginning we
+encouraged good coding practice and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged good coding practice and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraged good coding practice and so
+we used uh good tools available to us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used uh good tools available to us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we used uh good tools available to us.
+One of these is um Yommen which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of these is um Yommen which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One of these is um Yommen which is a
+JavaScript scaffolding framework. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript scaffolding framework. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+JavaScript scaffolding framework. Um and
+this helped us out a lot by basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helped us out a lot by basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this helped us out a lot by basically
+automating a lot of our JavaScript tasks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automating a lot of our JavaScript tasks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+automating a lot of our JavaScript tasks
+and making our code modular. Um we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making our code modular. Um we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making our code modular. Um we also
+used Phaser State Machine which is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used Phaser State Machine which is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used Phaser State Machine which is this
+kind of kind of badly documented like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of badly documented like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of kind of badly documented like
+new FA feature in the Phaser game engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new FA feature in the Phaser game engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new FA feature in the Phaser game engine
+which was the uh JavaScript game engine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the uh JavaScript game engine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was the uh JavaScript game engine
+that we used. Um it's a bit badly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used. Um it's a bit badly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used. Um it's a bit badly
+documented. So um but it did save us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented. So um but it did save us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documented. So um but it did save us a
+lot of headaches and once we figured
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of headaches and once we figured
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of headaches and once we figured
+that out that was uh proved immensely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out that was uh proved immensely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that out that was uh proved immensely
+helpful and we also used MVC which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and we also used MVC which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helpful and we also used MVC which is a
+computer uh computer software
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh computer software
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computer uh computer software
+engineering term standing for model view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering term standing for model view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering term standing for model view
+controller and again um by encouraging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and again um by encouraging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller and again um by encouraging
+these good coding practices we reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these good coding practices we reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these good coding practices we reduce
+dependencies and uh made sure that our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and uh made sure that our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependencies and uh made sure that our
+team was productive.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team was productive.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team was productive.
+Um, in terms of communication, we also,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, in terms of communication, we also,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, in terms of communication, we also,
+similar to Snap, use Slack, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to Snap, use Slack, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to Snap, use Slack, which is
+kind of like a modernized chat room.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a modernized chat room.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like a modernized chat room.
+It's very featurerich and so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's very featurerich and so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's very featurerich and so you can
+share files, channels, and things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share files, channels, and things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+share files, channels, and things like
+that. And we also use the idea of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And we also use the idea of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And we also use the idea of the uh
+daily scrum. We implemented it in class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily scrum. We implemented it in class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+daily scrum. We implemented it in class.
+And we would say what we had done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we would say what we had done that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we would say what we had done that
+class, what we would be doing um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, what we would be doing um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class, what we would be doing um and
+what we wanted to do uh until next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to do uh until next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we wanted to do uh until next
+class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class.
+And so now the major challenges that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now the major challenges that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so now the major challenges that we
+faced during the development process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced during the development process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced during the development process
+though um were that our team members
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though um were that our team members
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+though um were that our team members
+came from very different backgrounds and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from very different backgrounds and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from very different backgrounds and
+had very different preferences about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had very different preferences about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had very different preferences about
+games. You know some of our some of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. You know some of our some of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. You know some of our some of our
+team members were hardcore Starcraft
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team members were hardcore Starcraft
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team members were hardcore Starcraft
+players and you know very good at RTS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players and you know very good at RTS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+players and you know very good at RTS
+games while other members of our team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games while other members of our team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games while other members of our team
+preferred like a more laid-back you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred like a more laid-back you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preferred like a more laid-back you know
+mobile game Fruit Ninja kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile game Fruit Ninja kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile game Fruit Ninja kind of
+approach. And so trying to like mediate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. And so trying to like mediate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approach. And so trying to like mediate
+those two viewpoints and trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two viewpoints and trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those two viewpoints and trying to
+create a game that would engage both uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a game that would engage both uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+create a game that would engage both uh
+both types of gamers was a challenge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both types of gamers was a challenge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both types of gamers was a challenge
+that we had to overcome. Um and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to overcome. Um and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we had to overcome. Um and so
+another big challenge that we had in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big challenge that we had in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another big challenge that we had in our
+development process, you know, as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process, you know, as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process, you know, as you
+saw through our uh uh progression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw through our uh uh progression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw through our uh uh progression
+through our different prototypes was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our different prototypes was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through our different prototypes was
+that our direction was not very clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our direction was not very clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that our direction was not very clear
+until about halfway through the project.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until about halfway through the project.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until about halfway through the project.
+And so partially because we had uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so partially because we had uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so partially because we had uh
+different ideas on what the game should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas on what the game should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ideas on what the game should
+look like and also partially because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and also partially because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like and also partially because we
+had such an abstract idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such an abstract idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had such an abstract idea of
+forecast-based financing that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast-based financing that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast-based financing that you know
+even we didn't have that good of a grasp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we didn't have that good of a grasp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even we didn't have that good of a grasp
+on initially. Um it took us a while to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on initially. Um it took us a while to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on initially. Um it took us a while to
+really get settled on what we wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get settled on what we wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really get settled on what we wanted to
+build. And so this really challenged our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build. And so this really challenged our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build. And so this really challenged our
+development process and um and made us
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process and um and made us
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+development process and um and made us
+have to kind of build a lot before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kind of build a lot before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to kind of build a lot before we
+got something that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got something that we
+liked. And so um eventually we did h end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked. And so um eventually we did h end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked. And so um eventually we did h end
+up having to cut some features uh like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having to cut some features uh like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up having to cut some features uh like
+multiple levels or like a guided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple levels or like a guided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple levels or like a guided
+tutorial for the player. Um, we thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial for the player. Um, we thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tutorial for the player. Um, we thought
+that this would introduce too much new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would introduce too much new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this would introduce too much new
+content that would need to be play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that would need to be play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content that would need to be play
+tested, balanced, and you know, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested, balanced, and you know, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested, balanced, and you know, um,
+tested to ensure consistency with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested to ensure consistency with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tested to ensure consistency with the
+rest of our game, which we viewed as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of our game, which we viewed as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rest of our game, which we viewed as
+taking up too much time. And we also cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up too much time. And we also cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taking up too much time. And we also cut
+the idea of adding more individuality to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of adding more individuality to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of adding more individuality to
+the indivi uh, to the workers or to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indivi uh, to the workers or to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the indivi uh, to the workers or to the
+toys that you saw um, other than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys that you saw um, other than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys that you saw um, other than
+different graphics for each.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, some of the worst things that we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, some of the worst things that we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, some of the worst things that we did
+on our team is that we spent a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our team is that we spent a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on our team is that we spent a lot of
+time on work that got thrown out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on work that got thrown out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time on work that got thrown out
+entirely. All the prototypes we did,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely. All the prototypes we did,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely. All the prototypes we did,
+they were actually pretty useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were actually pretty useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were actually pretty useful because
+of the things we learned about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we learned about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the things we learned about the
+concept and about how people would play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and about how people would play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept and about how people would play
+the game, but we did spend a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game, but we did spend a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game, but we did spend a lot of time
+on things like art or, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things like art or, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on things like art or, you know,
+nitty-gritty details that didn't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty details that didn't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nitty-gritty details that didn't really
+need to be figured out and that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be figured out and that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to be figured out and that we could
+have put off until later in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put off until later in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have put off until later in the
+project. We also kept the game direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. We also kept the game direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. We also kept the game direction
+too vague for too long. Uh, as Norman
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too vague for too long. Uh, as Norman
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too vague for too long. Uh, as Norman
+said, we spent a lot of time with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, we spent a lot of time with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, we spent a lot of time with that
+and it probably ate up too much of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it probably ate up too much of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and it probably ate up too much of our
+time. Although it helped us learn, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Although it helped us learn, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time. Although it helped us learn, we
+could have moved faster in the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have moved faster in the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have moved faster in the beginning
+to get to a solid idea because once we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to a solid idea because once we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get to a solid idea because once we
+got to a solid idea of the rising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to a solid idea of the rising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to a solid idea of the rising
+waters, our team started to centralize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waters, our team started to centralize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waters, our team started to centralize
+around it a lot better because we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it a lot better because we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around it a lot better because we could
+actually deal with something concrete.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deal with something concrete.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually deal with something concrete.
+While we were dealing with the abstract
+
+ align:start position:0%
+While we were dealing with the abstract
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+While we were dealing with the abstract
+ideas, everybody was all over the place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas, everybody was all over the place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas, everybody was all over the place
+and arguing about things that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arguing about things that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and arguing about things that didn't
+quite line up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite line up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite line up.
+And the worst decision of all that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the worst decision of all that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the worst decision of all that we
+started with and that sort of made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with and that sort of made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with and that sort of made the
+problem of going too vague and all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of going too vague and all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem of going too vague and all these
+other things happen is that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things happen is that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other things happen is that we were
+originally thinking how do we skin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally thinking how do we skin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally thinking how do we skin
+forecast based financing as a game. How
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast based financing as a game. How
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast based financing as a game. How
+do we take this idea of using forecast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we take this idea of using forecast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do we take this idea of using forecast
+to make decisions and then just gify it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make decisions and then just gify it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make decisions and then just gify it
+which we eventually realized wasn't fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we eventually realized wasn't fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which we eventually realized wasn't fun
+and didn't help us actually come up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't help us actually come up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and didn't help us actually come up with
+any ideas. Instead, when we flipped it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas. Instead, when we flipped it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas. Instead, when we flipped it
+and started talking about what game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started talking about what game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and started talking about what game
+could we create and use forecast-based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we create and use forecast-based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could we create and use forecast-based
+financing to improve it and teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing to improve it and teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financing to improve it and teach
+something, teach players how to play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, teach players how to play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something, teach players how to play the
+game and therefore allow them to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and therefore allow them to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and therefore allow them to come
+out of the game having learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the game having learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of the game having learned about
+forecast-based financing, the world sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast-based financing, the world sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forecast-based financing, the world sort
+of opened up. Everything became a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opened up. Everything became a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of opened up. Everything became a lot
+more interesting and we found that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting and we found that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more interesting and we found that we
+started to move faster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to move faster.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started to move faster.
+Some of the best decisions that we made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of the best decisions that we made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Some of the best decisions that we made
+on the other hand, as Norman said, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand, as Norman said, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other hand, as Norman said, we
+had good tools, which meant that even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had good tools, which meant that even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had good tools, which meant that even
+when we threw out prototypes, although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we threw out prototypes, although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we threw out prototypes, although
+we wasted things like art resources and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wasted things like art resources and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wasted things like art resources and
+uh things like that, we actually didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things like that, we actually didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh things like that, we actually didn't
+end up wasting very much code because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up wasting very much code because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end up wasting very much code because
+things like the idea of workers or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the idea of workers or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like the idea of workers or
+cities could literally be pulled out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities could literally be pulled out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities could literally be pulled out of
+the old games we had, put into our new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old games we had, put into our new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the old games we had, put into our new
+game, and then reworked to build our our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, and then reworked to build our our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, and then reworked to build our our
+new structure. We also weren't afraid to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new structure. We also weren't afraid to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new structure. We also weren't afraid to
+trust each other and throw out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust each other and throw out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trust each other and throw out the
+things that didn't work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that didn't work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that didn't work.
+Once we started moving fast, we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once we started moving fast, we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Once we started moving fast, we had a
+lot of ideas that would come out and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ideas that would come out and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of ideas that would come out and
+we'd say, "Okay, this doesn't work.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd say, "Okay, this doesn't work.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'd say, "Okay, this doesn't work.
+We're actually going to scrap it or uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're actually going to scrap it or uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We're actually going to scrap it or uh
+you know, we think that this isn't the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we think that this isn't the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, we think that this isn't the
+direction we need to go in." And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we need to go in." And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction we need to go in." And
+everybody was willing to go along with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was willing to go along with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody was willing to go along with
+it. It's not good to feel, it's not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's not good to feel, it's not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's not good to feel, it's not a
+good feeling to see your things thrown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feeling to see your things thrown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good feeling to see your things thrown
+out, but everybody understood that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, but everybody understood that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, but everybody understood that was
+for the best of the game. And I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the best of the game. And I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the best of the game. And I really
+appreciate their understanding with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate their understanding with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appreciate their understanding with
+everything, too. And part of that all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything, too. And part of that all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything, too. And part of that all
+comes down to the fact that we were on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to the fact that we were on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes down to the fact that we were on
+board with our final idea. We were all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board with our final idea. We were all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board with our final idea. We were all
+excited about the concept that we had.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the concept that we had.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the concept that we had.
+Part of that might have been the relief
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part of that might have been the relief
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Part of that might have been the relief
+of coming to a concrete idea after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coming to a concrete idea after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coming to a concrete idea after
+spending so much time being vague. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending so much time being vague. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spending so much time being vague. But
+once we had that concrete idea, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we had that concrete idea, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once we had that concrete idea, we
+really moved fast and worked well around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moved fast and worked well around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really moved fast and worked well around
+it. So, thank you. And any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, thank you. And any questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So, thank you. And any questions?
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Who did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+your UI team?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you. Where did you find it? Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. Where did you find it? Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you. Where did you find it? Um, so
+it's on our credits page. Most of it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on our credits page. Most of it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's on our credits page. Most of it was
+online.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online.
+The credits page in our game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, it's a little small, I guess, up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's a little small, I guess, up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, it's a little small, I guess, up
+there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there,
+but it looks Yeah. Hold my hand AGP by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it looks Yeah. Hold my hand AGP by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it looks Yeah. Hold my hand AGP by
+Would it be possible for you to create a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would it be possible for you to create a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would it be possible for you to create a
+short URL
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short URL
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+short URL
+for the game? Uh yeah, sure. We can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the game? Uh yeah, sure. We can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the game? Uh yeah, sure. We can we
+can make a bitly link and we'll send it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a bitly link and we'll send it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can make a bitly link and we'll send it
+out to everyone. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to everyone. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to everyone. Yeah,
+it's a good call.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good call.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good call.
+Yes. Having watched the the early crash
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Having watched the the early crash
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Having watched the the early crash
+and burn the playth through, um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burn the playth through, um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and burn the playth through, um how
+often do people I don't know if you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do people I don't know if you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often do people I don't know if you've
+actually had a lot of people to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had a lot of people to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually had a lot of people to play
+your your current version of your game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your current version of your game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your current version of your game.
+Um, do people usually take a play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, do people usually take a play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, do people usually take a play
+through or two before they start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through or two before they start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through or two before they start getting
+the concept? Yes. That's why something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept? Yes. That's why something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concept? Yes. That's why something
+like a tutorial would be really nice.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tutorial would be really nice.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a tutorial would be really nice.
+Um, unfortunately, we didn't have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, unfortunately, we didn't have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, unfortunately, we didn't have the
+time to put it in. Yeah. No, no, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to put it in. Yeah. No, no, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to put it in. Yeah. No, no, but
+that Okay. Yeah. Usually, what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Okay. Yeah. Usually, what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Okay. Yeah. Usually, what happens
+is even if after maybe a couple turns of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even if after maybe a couple turns of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is even if after maybe a couple turns of
+playing through, they start to get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing through, they start to get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing through, they start to get the
+idea. The problem is that as the water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. The problem is that as the water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. The problem is that as the water
+starts to rise, they haven't prepared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to rise, they haven't prepared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts to rise, they haven't prepared
+enough and so all their workers, all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and so all their workers, all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough and so all their workers, all the
+toys will starve or get carried away by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys will starve or get carried away by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toys will starve or get carried away by
+the waves, which is a bit unfortunate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves, which is a bit unfortunate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the waves, which is a bit unfortunate
+and probably makes the players feel bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably makes the players feel bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and probably makes the players feel bad
+on the first time, but then they it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first time, but then they it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the first time, but then they it
+actually teaches them to think ahead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually teaches them to think ahead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually teaches them to think ahead
+about it. So, the next playth through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. So, the next playth through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. So, the next playth through
+they're much more careful and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more careful and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're much more careful and
+understanding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. I was wondering if uh you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I was wondering if uh you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. I was wondering if uh you were
+playing any other games or thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing any other games or thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing any other games or thinking
+about other games as inspiration or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other games as inspiration or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about other games as inspiration or
+thinking about how to deal with sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to deal with sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about how to deal with sort of
+getting the right level of strategic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the right level of strategic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the right level of strategic
+thinking in our game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in our game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking in our game.
+Yeah. Well, so I guess in terms of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, so I guess in terms of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, so I guess in terms of uh
+early on because we had a very different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on because we had a very different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early on because we had a very different
+idea of uh what we wanted to do early on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of uh what we wanted to do early on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of uh what we wanted to do early on
+in the process. We were thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process. We were thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the process. We were thinking about
+games like civilization and how did they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like civilization and how did they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games like civilization and how did they
+communicate all these complex you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate all these complex you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicate all these complex you know
+worker movements and managing multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker movements and managing multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worker movements and managing multiple
+cities but uh once we actually came up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities but uh once we actually came up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cities but uh once we actually came up
+with this game concept I think we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this game concept I think we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this game concept I think we had
+much much smaller goals and so um do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much smaller goals and so um do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much much smaller goals and so um do we
+have any specific game models you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any specific game models you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have any specific game models you think
+or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or
+there's none that I specifically think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's none that I specifically think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's none that I specifically think
+of there were some things that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there were some things that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of there were some things that you know
+we were sort of inspired by standard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were sort of inspired by standard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we were sort of inspired by standard
+trick like when you hover over one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick like when you hover over one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick like when you hover over one of
+the characters, they got bigger, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters, they got bigger, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters, they got bigger, some
+idea of showing off that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of showing off that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of showing off that this is
+clickable, things like that. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickable, things like that. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clickable, things like that. But
+specific games themselves, uh, not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific games themselves, uh, not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific games themselves, uh, not
+really. I was just thinking it's it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really. I was just thinking it's it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really. I was just thinking it's it
+ended up being kind of board gamey, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being kind of board gamey, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up being kind of board gamey, and
+I feel like there's a lot of board games
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like there's a lot of board games
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel like there's a lot of board games
+where they've been thinking a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've been thinking a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they've been thinking a lot about
+getting that right level of uh of I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that right level of uh of I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that right level of uh of I
+guess tactics rather than strategy. But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess tactics rather than strategy. But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess tactics rather than strategy. But
+yeah, it I guess it worked that way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this you you mentioned that you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this you you mentioned that you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this you you mentioned that you were
+able to completely change how your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to completely change how your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to completely change how your
+workers looked and just keep your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers looked and just keep your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers looked and just keep your
+models. So that's sort of the holy grail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. So that's sort of the holy grail
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. So that's sort of the holy grail
+of object-oriented programming that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of object-oriented programming that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of object-oriented programming that you
+have an object that's reusable and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an object that's reusable and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an object that's reusable and you
+don't have to throw out the code. Um do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to throw out the code. Um do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to throw out the code. Um do
+you think there's like a reason why in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think there's like a reason why in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think there's like a reason why in
+particular you were able to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you were able to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular you were able to achieve
+that? Because I think that's not that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Because I think that's not that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? Because I think that's not that's
+not common necessarily in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not common necessarily in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not common necessarily in
+object-oriented programming.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object-oriented programming.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object-oriented programming.
+uh um partially a little bit of OCDness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um partially a little bit of OCDness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh um partially a little bit of OCDness
+like very early on very strictly saying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very early on very strictly saying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like very early on very strictly saying
+um we're going to write this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to write this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um we're going to write this
+object-oriented code and we're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object-oriented code and we're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+object-oriented code and we're not just
+going to hack things together. I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hack things together. I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to hack things together. I think
+that helped a lot because um we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped a lot because um we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that helped a lot because um we actually
+spend the time in the very beginning to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the time in the very beginning to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spend the time in the very beginning to
+think about like which which objects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like which which objects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about like which which objects
+were responsible for what and what their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were responsible for what and what their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were responsible for what and what their
+purpose should be. So yeah, basically I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose should be. So yeah, basically I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+purpose should be. So yeah, basically I
+think because we moved more slowly in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because we moved more slowly in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think because we moved more slowly in
+the start and thought more carefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start and thought more carefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the start and thought more carefully
+about how that code should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how that code should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how that code should be
+structured, we ended up with having an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured, we ended up with having an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structured, we ended up with having an
+easier time later on. There's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier time later on. There's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier time later on. There's also the
+fact that because we had learned these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that because we had learned these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact that because we had learned these
+things from the prototype that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from the prototype that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things from the prototype that we were
+putting into this game, that also meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting into this game, that also meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+putting into this game, that also meant
+that the the objects that we created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the objects that we created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the the objects that we created
+because we wanted similar functionality
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wanted similar functionality
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we wanted similar functionality
+to things that we had already seen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that we had already seen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to things that we had already seen and
+we knew worked. It meant that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew worked. It meant that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we knew worked. It meant that we were
+comfortable pulling out the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable pulling out the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comfortable pulling out the
+functionality into that. So I won't I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality into that. So I won't I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functionality into that. So I won't I
+don't want to say it was designed to fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say it was designed to fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to say it was designed to fit
+but there's some night there's the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's some night there's the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but there's some night there's the fact
+that we moved it on purpose really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we moved it on purpose really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we moved it on purpose really I
+will add something on that. So u we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add something on that. So u we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will add something on that. So u we had
+a very good NBC model uh so models were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good NBC model uh so models were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a very good NBC model uh so models were
+treel like structure and it was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treel like structure and it was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+treel like structure and it was very
+easy to like change models. So models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to like change models. So models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easy to like change models. So models
+knew about uh used. I knew about models
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about uh used. I knew about models
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knew about uh used. I knew about models
+but models had no idea about. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but models had no idea about. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but models had no idea about. So
+basically it was pretty.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh hello, my name is Miriam and today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh hello, my name is Miriam and today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh hello, my name is Miriam and today
+I'm going to be presenting for team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be presenting for team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to be presenting for team
+Heatwave and we made a game called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heatwave and we made a game called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heatwave and we made a game called
+Heatwave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heatwave.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heatwave.
+So the goal of heatwave was to educ and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the goal of heatwave was to educ and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the goal of heatwave was to educ and
+is to educate Red Cross workers about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to educate Red Cross workers about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to educate Red Cross workers about
+how to prepare for and handle heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to prepare for and handle heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to prepare for and handle heat
+waves. And if you've never been through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. And if you've never been through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. And if you've never been through
+a heat wave, it's just defined as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heat wave, it's just defined as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a heat wave, it's just defined as
+elevated temperatures for an extended
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated temperatures for an extended
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elevated temperatures for an extended
+period of time. And the way you prepare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time. And the way you prepare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period of time. And the way you prepare
+for that is you set up umbrellas for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is you set up umbrellas for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for that is you set up umbrellas for
+shade. You get water coolers. And during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade. You get water coolers. And during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shade. You get water coolers. And during
+the actual event, you try to go inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual event, you try to go inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual event, you try to go inside
+and drink an excess amount of water.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drink an excess amount of water.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and drink an excess amount of water.
+So, while we had that game goal, we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, while we had that game goal, we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, while we had that game goal, we also
+had design goals of usability,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had design goals of usability,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had design goals of usability,
+playability, and education. Usability
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playability, and education. Usability
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playability, and education. Usability
+because if the game doesn't open, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the game doesn't open, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because if the game doesn't open, it
+doesn't turn on. That's a problem. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't turn on. That's a problem. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't turn on. That's a problem. It
+doesn't work. Playability because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work. Playability because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't work. Playability because we
+wanted people to be able to play through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted people to be able to play through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted people to be able to play through
+the whole game. It's just very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole game. It's just very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the whole game. It's just very
+fundamental. And then education because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental. And then education because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental. And then education because
+this game is meant to educate Red Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game is meant to educate Red Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game is meant to educate Red Cross
+workers about how to deal with heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers about how to deal with heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers about how to deal with heat
+waves. So, we really wanted that to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. So, we really wanted that to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. So, we really wanted that to be
+one of our primary objectives for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our primary objectives for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of our primary objectives for the
+game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game.
+So to meet these uh goals, we had our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to meet these uh goals, we had our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to meet these uh goals, we had our
+design processes and I'll talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design processes and I'll talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design processes and I'll talk a little
+bit about each of these in detail in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about each of these in detail in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about each of these in detail in a
+minute, but we started off just as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute, but we started off just as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute, but we started off just as the
+other teams did with brainstorming. Then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other teams did with brainstorming. Then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other teams did with brainstorming. Then
+we formed a team based off of our ideas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we formed a team based off of our ideas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we formed a team based off of our ideas
+and then we broke down responsibilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we broke down responsibilities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we broke down responsibilities.
+So one person was in charge of one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one person was in charge of one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one person was in charge of one
+aspect of the game, another was in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the game, another was in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect of the game, another was in
+charge of like the graphics, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of like the graphics, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+charge of like the graphics, all
+separate tasks and then we continuously
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate tasks and then we continuously
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate tasks and then we continuously
+updated. And what we used for that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated. And what we used for that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updated. And what we used for that was
+Trello primarily and I'll talk more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trello primarily and I'll talk more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trello primarily and I'll talk more
+about that in a minute. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a minute. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a minute. So
+brainstorming, we were actually right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming, we were actually right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brainstorming, we were actually right
+there on the board drawing things for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the board drawing things for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there on the board drawing things for a
+while. And we had two major ideas going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. And we had two major ideas going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while. And we had two major ideas going
+as a as a group of people just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a group of people just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a as a group of people just
+considering this topic. And the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering this topic. And the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+considering this topic. And the two
+ideas we had were the game we actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we had were the game we actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we had were the game we actually
+came up with where you play as a Red
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with where you play as a Red
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came up with where you play as a Red
+Cross worker trying to help people. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross worker trying to help people. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cross worker trying to help people. And
+then our second game was playing as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our second game was playing as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then our second game was playing as a
+heatwave trying to make people faint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heatwave trying to make people faint.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heatwave trying to make people faint.
+And while that actually sounds like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And while that actually sounds like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And while that actually sounds like a
+lot of fun, we stuck with the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fun, we stuck with the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of fun, we stuck with the first
+idea. And the reason we did that is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. And the reason we did that is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea. And the reason we did that is we
+thought we could get more education in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we could get more education in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought we could get more education in
+the game because education was such a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game because education was such a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game because education was such a
+primary focus for us. We really wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary focus for us. We really wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary focus for us. We really wanted
+it to be the core basis of the game. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be the core basis of the game. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to be the core basis of the game. So
+we went with a game that would directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went with a game that would directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we went with a game that would directly
+correlate to what these Red Cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate to what these Red Cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correlate to what these Red Cross
+workers would be doing out in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers would be doing out in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+workers would be doing out in the
+streets before and during a heat wave.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets before and during a heat wave.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+streets before and during a heat wave.
+And based off of that idea, we formed a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And based off of that idea, we formed a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And based off of that idea, we formed a
+team. We actually had a pretty large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team. We actually had a pretty large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team. We actually had a pretty large
+team. This is uh eight out of nine of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team. This is uh eight out of nine of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team. This is uh eight out of nine of
+our people. Joe wasn't in this photo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our people. Joe wasn't in this photo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our people. Joe wasn't in this photo
+because he wasn't there that day, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he wasn't there that day, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because he wasn't there that day, but we
+had a really large team. So, we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really large team. So, we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a really large team. So, we had to
+be really focused as to like who was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really focused as to like who was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be really focused as to like who was
+doing what and what was getting done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what and what was getting done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing what and what was getting done
+when because when you have such a large
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when because when you have such a large
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when because when you have such a large
+team, things can flip through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team, things can flip through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team, things can flip through the
+cracks. So, we use Scrum and as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracks. So, we use Scrum and as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cracks. So, we use Scrum and as you can
+see up there, it says so many emails
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see up there, it says so many emails
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see up there, it says so many emails
+because there were so many emails. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were so many emails. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there were so many emails. Uh,
+but the way we dealt with that based off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way we dealt with that based off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but the way we dealt with that based off
+of a previous projects was to say, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a previous projects was to say, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a previous projects was to say, well,
+we're going to have a lot of emails.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a lot of emails.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to have a lot of emails.
+There's nothing we can do about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's nothing we can do about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's nothing we can do about that.
+But we can make the emails relevant. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we can make the emails relevant. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But we can make the emails relevant. Uh
+so we can break them into different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can break them into different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we can break them into different
+threads. So the people are handing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads. So the people are handing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads. So the people are handing the
+handling the character objects. They're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling the character objects. They're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handling the character objects. They're
+just going to have their own thread. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to have their own thread. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just going to have their own thread. And
+maybe like one person who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like one person who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe like one person who's
+communicating between teams will also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating between teams will also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communicating between teams will also be
+on that thread, but it's really their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that thread, but it's really their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that thread, but it's really their
+thread. So we had a lot of emails, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread. So we had a lot of emails, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thread. So we had a lot of emails, but
+they were divided up as to who got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were divided up as to who got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were divided up as to who got to
+see them and who it affected. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them and who it affected. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see them and who it affected. And the
+other thing we did is we had our Trello
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we did is we had our Trello
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other thing we did is we had our Trello
+and we constantly updated that and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we constantly updated that and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we constantly updated that and we
+kept track of what was being done in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept track of what was being done in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept track of what was being done in
+this sprint and previous sprints. It was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sprint and previous sprints. It was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sprint and previous sprints. It was
+really easy to see what was taking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to see what was taking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really easy to see what was taking
+longer than we expected and what was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than we expected and what was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer than we expected and what was
+done what was done but could use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what was done but could use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done what was done but could use
+improvements like you could make a note.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements like you could make a note.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+improvements like you could make a note.
+We had like a not done yet section. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had like a not done yet section. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We had like a not done yet section. So
+we really managed to stay organized that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really managed to stay organized that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really managed to stay organized that
+way. And the other thing we did uh to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And the other thing we did uh to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way. And the other thing we did uh to
+make sure things got done was group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure things got done was group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure things got done was group
+meetings. And these were quintessential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings. And these were quintessential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings. And these were quintessential
+for our groups. uh we had a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our groups. uh we had a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our groups. uh we had a bunch of
+like three-hour long meetings and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three-hour long meetings and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like three-hour long meetings and we
+would get task after task done, bug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get task after task done, bug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get task after task done, bug
+after bug fixed and really just worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after bug fixed and really just worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after bug fixed and really just worked
+through for hours on end. So once we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through for hours on end. So once we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through for hours on end. So once we had
+this game and we were all working on it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game and we were all working on it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game and we were all working on it,
+we had four focus tests that we ran and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had four focus tests that we ran and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had four focus tests that we ran and
+they all had a theme. So our first uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all had a theme. So our first uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they all had a theme. So our first uh
+focus test was about the concept. Can we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus test was about the concept. Can we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus test was about the concept. Can we
+educate people in the way in the basic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate people in the way in the basic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educate people in the way in the basic
+mechanic of that we think we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic of that we think we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mechanic of that we think we're going to
+talk we're going to use and I'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk we're going to use and I'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk we're going to use and I'll talk
+about that in a minute. The second one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a minute. The second one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that in a minute. The second one
+was overarching issues. So I said our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was overarching issues. So I said our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was overarching issues. So I said our
+three design goals were usability,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three design goals were usability,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three design goals were usability,
+playability, and education. So that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playability, and education. So that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playability, and education. So that was
+really our second focus assessed. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really our second focus assessed. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really our second focus assessed. The
+third focus test was visuals. Are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third focus test was visuals. Are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third focus test was visuals. Are we
+connecting with the user? Are these the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting with the user? Are these the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+connecting with the user? Are these the
+visuals we want to have? And then the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals we want to have? And then the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visuals we want to have? And then the
+fourth one was game balancing. Does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one was game balancing. Does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fourth one was game balancing. Does this
+game feel fun to play? You know, is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game feel fun to play? You know, is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game feel fun to play? You know, is it
+working out? So the first focus test we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out? So the first focus test we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working out? So the first focus test we
+focused on the general mechanics. We had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the general mechanics. We had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the general mechanics. We had
+a uh high low fidelity prototype which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh high low fidelity prototype which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a uh high low fidelity prototype which
+is actually a Python based game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a Python based game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a Python based game and
+there was a list of people and you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a list of people and you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a list of people and you could
+say I want to talk to this person based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I want to talk to this person based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I want to talk to this person based
+on some attributes and offer them water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some attributes and offer them water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on some attributes and offer them water
+tell them to go inside and each turn you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them to go inside and each turn you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell them to go inside and each turn you
+could either continue talking to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either continue talking to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could either continue talking to them
+say forget it you're being annoying or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say forget it you're being annoying or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say forget it you're being annoying or
+oh you accepted water I'm going to move
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you accepted water I'm going to move
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh you accepted water I'm going to move
+on to the next person or you could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next person or you could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on to the next person or you could do
+nothing. And what we learned very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. And what we learned very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing. And what we learned very
+quickly was was that it was working.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly was was that it was working.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly was was that it was working.
+People were choosing to try and help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People were choosing to try and help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People were choosing to try and help
+people based on their characteristics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people based on their characteristics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people based on their characteristics
+and based on oh well this person fainted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on oh well this person fainted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and based on oh well this person fainted
+really quickly and they were homeless so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly and they were homeless so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quickly and they were homeless so
+I think homeless people might faint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think homeless people might faint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think homeless people might faint
+faster though actually I don't think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster though actually I don't think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster though actually I don't think
+homeless people were in this game. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless people were in this game. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+homeless people were in this game. Um
+and we also experimented with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also experimented with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we also experimented with different
+types of dialogue. So we experimented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of dialogue. So we experimented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of dialogue. So we experimented
+with having like very factual dialogue.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having like very factual dialogue.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with having like very factual dialogue.
+Drinking water is really important even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drinking water is really important even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Drinking water is really important even
+if you're not too thirsty versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not too thirsty versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you're not too thirsty versus
+something like hide your wife hide your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like hide your wife hide your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like hide your wife hide your
+kids heatwave. Uh so once we had that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids heatwave. Uh so once we had that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kids heatwave. Uh so once we had that
+general concept in place, we built a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general concept in place, we built a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general concept in place, we built a
+basic Unity game and we wanted to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic Unity game and we wanted to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basic Unity game and we wanted to see
+overarching issues. So we had these four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching issues. So we had these four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overarching issues. So we had these four
+well it's five but one person has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's five but one person has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well it's five but one person has
+already fainted in this picture. Five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already fainted in this picture. Five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already fainted in this picture. Five
+different characters uh with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different characters uh with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different characters uh with different
+attributes and you could choose to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and you could choose to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attributes and you could choose to talk
+to them. It was the same exact concept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them. It was the same exact concept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to them. It was the same exact concept
+we had in the Python textbased game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in the Python textbased game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had in the Python textbased game.
+This time it was a little more visual.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This time it was a little more visual.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This time it was a little more visual.
+there were people but and there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were people but and there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there were people but and there was a
+dialogue that would show up but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue that would show up but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue that would show up but it
+wasn't it wasn't a full it wasn't fully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it wasn't a full it wasn't fully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't it wasn't a full it wasn't fully
+there yet and what we saw was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yet and what we saw was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there yet and what we saw was the
+usability and the playability were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability and the playability were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usability and the playability were
+definitely having issues here you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely having issues here you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely having issues here you can
+see that uh but the education was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that uh but the education was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that uh but the education was
+definitely coming through and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely coming through and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely coming through and in fact
+people wanted it to be more visual and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted it to be more visual and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people wanted it to be more visual and
+we saw that and we said well we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that and we said well we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we saw that and we said well we have to
+test more visuals so you can see this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test more visuals so you can see this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+test more visuals so you can see this
+was the version we tested later and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the version we tested later and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the version we tested later and we
+said how is this working who are you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how is this working who are you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said how is this working who are you
+choosing to click on and people said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to click on and people said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing to click on and people said,
+"Well, first of all, it's confusing. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, first of all, it's confusing. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, first of all, it's confusing. Uh,
+all these people look the same. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these people look the same. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all these people look the same. I can
+kind of tell who's a woman and who might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tell who's a woman and who might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of tell who's a woman and who might
+be a man, but that's about it. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a man, but that's about it. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a man, but that's about it. The
+labels aren't moving with the people.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels aren't moving with the people.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+labels aren't moving with the people.
+Even if they were moving with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even if they were moving with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Even if they were moving with the
+people, they're really too small. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, they're really too small. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people, they're really too small. We
+can't tell who's who." And we said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell who's who." And we said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't tell who's who." And we said,
+"Well, we have this art that we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, we have this art that we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Well, we have this art that we think
+we're going to redo all the art in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to redo all the art in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to redo all the art in the
+style of we're going to thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of we're going to thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of we're going to thinking about
+getting rid of the labels. Do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the labels. Do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting rid of the labels. Do you think
+that's a good idea?" And they said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea?" And they said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's a good idea?" And they said,
+"Yes, get rid of the labels. They're too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Yes, get rid of the labels. They're too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"Yes, get rid of the labels. They're too
+small anyway." And so we showed them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small anyway." And so we showed them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small anyway." And so we showed them
+this caricature of one of the types of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this caricature of one of the types of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this caricature of one of the types of
+the characters, which is a homeless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters, which is a homeless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the characters, which is a homeless
+person. They're a very vulnerable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. They're a very vulnerable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. They're a very vulnerable
+vulnerable group to heat waves. We said,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable group to heat waves. We said,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable group to heat waves. We said,
+"This is kind of the art style we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"This is kind of the art style we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+"This is kind of the art style we were
+looking at. We think it displays more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at. We think it displays more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at. We think it displays more
+information. Do you think that's good?"
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Do you think that's good?"
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information. Do you think that's good?"
+And we got enormously positive feedback
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we got enormously positive feedback
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we got enormously positive feedback
+on that. They said, "Definitely, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that. They said, "Definitely, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that. They said, "Definitely, I would
+click on this guy because he looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on this guy because he looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click on this guy because he looks like
+he needs help." And you'll see that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needs help." And you'll see that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he needs help." And you'll see that
+later. Uh something else we were having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Uh something else we were having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later. Uh something else we were having
+an issue with visually was that the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue with visually was that the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an issue with visually was that the way
+people would go inside is they would um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would go inside is they would um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people would go inside is they would um
+they would just kind of wander out but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would just kind of wander out but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they would just kind of wander out but
+the way they fainted they would actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they fainted they would actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way they fainted they would actually
+just disappear. Poof. Uh so people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disappear. Poof. Uh so people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just disappear. Poof. Uh so people were
+didn't notice it actually and then they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't notice it actually and then they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't notice it actually and then they
+suddenly be like well there was 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly be like well there was 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suddenly be like well there was 10
+people and now there's five people and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and now there's five people and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and now there's five people and
+what happened? Uh so we said okay we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened? Uh so we said okay we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what happened? Uh so we said okay we
+know this is an issue. what do you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is an issue. what do you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this is an issue. what do you think
+would be the best way to visually show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the best way to visually show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be the best way to visually show
+that people are fainting and that would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are fainting and that would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that people are fainting and that would
+emotionally resonate with you? And they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally resonate with you? And they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emotionally resonate with you? And they
+said, well, we want them to fall over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, well, we want them to fall over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, well, we want them to fall over
+and maybe it'd be nice if there was some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe it'd be nice if there was some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and maybe it'd be nice if there was some
+other feedback like sound or something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other feedback like sound or something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other feedback like sound or something.
+We said, okay, we'll take that a step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We said, okay, we'll take that a step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We said, okay, we'll take that a step
+further. And we did, and we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further. And we did, and we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further. And we did, and we'll talk
+about that later. And the third thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later. And the third thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that later. And the third thing
+that we really got back from this visual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really got back from this visual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we really got back from this visual
+feedback uh focus test was that there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback uh focus test was that there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback uh focus test was that there
+was no indication when people were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no indication when people were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was no indication when people were
+getting sick. So, in the real world, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sick. So, in the real world, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting sick. So, in the real world, if
+you're getting sick, you you might like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting sick, you you might like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're getting sick, you you might like
+turn red, get really sweaty. If you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn red, get really sweaty. If you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turn red, get really sweaty. If you're
+about to faint, it'll be very obvious is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to faint, it'll be very obvious is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about to faint, it'll be very obvious is
+the point. And there was no indication
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point. And there was no indication
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point. And there was no indication
+here. So, we said, we're going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, we said, we're going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So, we said, we're going to do
+something about it. We're going to put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it. We're going to put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about it. We're going to put
+that on the back burner. Keep thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the back burner. Keep thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that on the back burner. Keep thinking
+about it. And we are going to fix that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. And we are going to fix that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it. And we are going to fix that
+somehow. And so, we put that all into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow. And so, we put that all into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow. And so, we put that all into
+practice, and you'll see the screens in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, and you'll see the screens in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practice, and you'll see the screens in
+a bit. But our f final focus test, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit. But our f final focus test, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bit. But our f final focus test, we
+focus on game balancing. Is this game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on game balancing. Is this game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on game balancing. Is this game
+balanced? Are people fainting at a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? Are people fainting at a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced? Are people fainting at a
+reasonable rate? The problem was is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable rate? The problem was is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable rate? The problem was is that
+we would have like six people all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have like six people all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we would have like six people all
+fainting at the same time. They said no,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fainting at the same time. They said no,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fainting at the same time. They said no,
+they have to faint um at different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to faint um at different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to faint um at different
+increments and also on top of that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments and also on top of that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increments and also on top of that we
+had an issue where uh the temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an issue where uh the temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had an issue where uh the temperature
+was somewhat random going up and down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somewhat random going up and down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was somewhat random going up and down
+and people were not adjusting to that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were not adjusting to that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people were not adjusting to that.
+One day it was 110, the next day it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One day it was 110, the next day it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One day it was 110, the next day it was
+80. And that's in Fahrenheit because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80. And that's in Fahrenheit because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+80. And that's in Fahrenheit because I
+assume most of you use Fahrenheit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume most of you use Fahrenheit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume most of you use Fahrenheit
+typically, but our game's actually in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically, but our game's actually in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typically, but our game's actually in
+Celsius now. But the idea was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius now. But the idea was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Celsius now. But the idea was that
+people were not adjusting to this change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were not adjusting to this change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were not adjusting to this change
+and they it wasn't realistic. So what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they it wasn't realistic. So what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they it wasn't realistic. So what we
+do now is we actually ramp up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is we actually ramp up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do now is we actually ramp up the
+temperature and so that the first day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and so that the first day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature and so that the first day
+very few if any people faint and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few if any people faint and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very few if any people faint and then
+the next day by the end of the day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day by the end of the day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the next day by the end of the day
+people start fainting because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start fainting because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people start fainting because it's
+getting hot and then the third day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hot and then the third day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hot and then the third day
+they're fainting faster and you'll see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fainting faster and you'll see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're fainting faster and you'll see
+that in the playthrough after this. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the playthrough after this. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in the playthrough after this. So
+during this whole process we made some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this whole process we made some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during this whole process we made some
+good and bad choices and I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and bad choices and I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good and bad choices and I'd like to
+talk about the bad choices first. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the bad choices first. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the bad choices first. So we
+made two major these are the two I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made two major these are the two I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made two major these are the two I think
+biggest bad choices we made. They're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest bad choices we made. They're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biggest bad choices we made. They're not
+completely horrible or anything. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely horrible or anything. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely horrible or anything. Um the
+first was that we depended on external
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was that we depended on external
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first was that we depended on external
+code and the second is we focused on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and the second is we focused on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+code and the second is we focused on
+education not fun. So when I mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education not fun. So when I mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education not fun. So when I mentioned
+the external code one of our teammates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external code one of our teammates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the external code one of our teammates
+had a dialogue system for Unity which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a dialogue system for Unity which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a dialogue system for Unity which
+was really cool looked really nice had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really cool looked really nice had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was really cool looked really nice had a
+lot of features and we said let's go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of features and we said let's go for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of features and we said let's go for
+it. We can use this as a foundation to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. We can use this as a foundation to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. We can use this as a foundation to
+build a really complex game. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a really complex game. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a really complex game. And
+something we really didn't stop to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we really didn't stop to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something we really didn't stop to think
+about was how much work is it going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was how much work is it going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about was how much work is it going to
+be to develop our game around this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to develop our game around this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be to develop our game around this
+system? How much work is it going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? How much work is it going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? How much work is it going to be
+to change the system to fit our game?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the system to fit our game?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change the system to fit our game?
+And also, are we going to have time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also, are we going to have time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And also, are we going to have time to
+do all of that and also focus on making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all of that and also focus on making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do all of that and also focus on making
+the game complete as a whole instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game complete as a whole instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game complete as a whole instead of
+just kind of showcasing this one aspect?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of showcasing this one aspect?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kind of showcasing this one aspect?
+And it it turns out it was a bit of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it it turns out it was a bit of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And it it turns out it was a bit of a
+pitfall for us because we didn't expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfall for us because we didn't expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pitfall for us because we didn't expect
+it to take as much time as it did. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to take as much time as it did. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it to take as much time as it did. And
+if we were to go back, uh, the teams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to go back, uh, the teams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if we were to go back, uh, the teams
+kind of said, well, maybe we'd still do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of said, well, maybe we'd still do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of said, well, maybe we'd still do
+this and we just deal with it all of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we just deal with it all of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and we just deal with it all of the
+issues early on, but also maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues early on, but also maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+issues early on, but also maybe we
+should have just designed a simpler game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have just designed a simpler game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have just designed a simpler game
+and not use this external code. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not use this external code. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and not use this external code. Another
+bad choice we made was we really did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad choice we made was we really did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad choice we made was we really did
+focus on education, which was good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on education, which was good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus on education, which was good
+because our game does teach people, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our game does teach people, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because our game does teach people, but
+it is an educ educational game in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an educ educational game in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is an educ educational game in the
+sense that it's not the most fun in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it's not the most fun in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that it's not the most fun in the
+world. And if we were to redo this, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. And if we were to redo this, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+world. And if we were to redo this, we
+probably should have focused on fun
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have focused on fun
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably should have focused on fun
+earlier. We played with having funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier. We played with having funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier. We played with having funny
+dialogue and making more emotionally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and making more emotionally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue and making more emotionally
+resonating effects, but at the end of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonating effects, but at the end of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resonating effects, but at the end of
+the day, it's an educational game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day, it's an educational game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the day, it's an educational game and
+it's really not that exciting to play.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not that exciting to play.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really not that exciting to play.
+Um, so that's something that, but in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that's something that, but in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so that's something that, but in the
+process of doing that, we made some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of doing that, we made some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of doing that, we made some good
+choices, too. And one of those good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices, too. And one of those good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices, too. And one of those good
+choices we made was group meetings. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices we made was group meetings. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices we made was group meetings. uh
+you get so much done when you sit down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so much done when you sit down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get so much done when you sit down
+with like most of your team for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like most of your team for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with like most of your team for three
+hours and you just hammer through and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and you just hammer through and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hours and you just hammer through and we
+did that multiple times and it really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that multiple times and it really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that multiple times and it really
+worked out for us. Something else we did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for us. Something else we did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out for us. Something else we did
+well was prioritize because we had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well was prioritize because we had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well was prioritize because we had a
+team of nine people we really had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team of nine people we really had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team of nine people we really had
+availability was kind of all over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability was kind of all over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+availability was kind of all over the
+place and even when we had group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and even when we had group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place and even when we had group
+meetings you could only really expect at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings you could only really expect at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings you could only really expect at
+like six people to show up. you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six people to show up. you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like six people to show up. you know,
+you were guaranteed that at least three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were guaranteed that at least three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were guaranteed that at least three
+people weren't going to be there even if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people weren't going to be there even if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people weren't going to be there even if
+you did a doodle, which we did. Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did a doodle, which we did. Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you did a doodle, which we did. Um, so
+what we prioritized was based on group,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we prioritized was based on group,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we prioritized was based on group,
+we had groups of people with different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had groups of people with different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had groups of people with different
+responsibilities, but if there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities, but if there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsibilities, but if there was a
+bug, we said, "Okay, who's available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug, we said, "Okay, who's available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bug, we said, "Okay, who's available
+right now? What are you working on? Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now? What are you working on? Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now? What are you working on? Is
+this more of a priority? Can you do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more of a priority? Can you do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this more of a priority? Can you do this
+now?" And that process worked for us. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now?" And that process worked for us. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now?" And that process worked for us. We
+got bug after bug fixed that way when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got bug after bug fixed that way when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got bug after bug fixed that way when we
+weren't in a group meeting. And when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't in a group meeting. And when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't in a group meeting. And when we
+got to the group meeting, people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the group meeting, people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to the group meeting, people
+generally had a sense of what was going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally had a sense of what was going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally had a sense of what was going
+on because we were doing this process of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because we were doing this process of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on because we were doing this process of
+they kind of had maybe worked on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of had maybe worked on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they kind of had maybe worked on
+something for a little bit based on it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for a little bit based on it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something for a little bit based on it
+being a priority. So now let's get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a priority. So now let's get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being a priority. So now let's get to
+the actual game. So the main the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual game. So the main the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual game. So the main the game
+has a start screen with an in uh intro
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a start screen with an in uh intro
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has a start screen with an in uh intro
+instruction screen which is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction screen which is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instruction screen which is kind of the
+sub layer. The main game which has the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub layer. The main game which has the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sub layer. The main game which has the
+day scene and then a newspaper scene at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day scene and then a newspaper scene at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day scene and then a newspaper scene at
+the night and I'll show you all these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night and I'll show you all these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the night and I'll show you all these.
+And then the end screen. So, originally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the end screen. So, originally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the end screen. So, originally
+this is what our start screen looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what our start screen looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what our start screen looked at
+that we play tested and it was beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we play tested and it was beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we play tested and it was beautiful
+as you can see up there. No need for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see up there. No need for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can see up there. No need for
+changes, right? Um, so we actually did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes, right? Um, so we actually did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes, right? Um, so we actually did
+change it and so now it's the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it and so now it's the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change it and so now it's the same
+background as our game for cohesion. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background as our game for cohesion. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background as our game for cohesion. You
+have your play, but you can also use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your play, but you can also use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have your play, but you can also use the
+instructions which are pretty useful if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions which are pretty useful if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions which are pretty useful if
+you've never played
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never played
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've never played
+before. And then that takes you to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. And then that takes you to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. And then that takes you to our
+main game. Our main game originally, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main game. Our main game originally, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main game. Our main game originally, you
+saw that on the first focus test. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that on the first focus test. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw that on the first focus test. I
+think this is pretty similar to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is pretty similar to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think this is pretty similar to our
+second focus test. You see, um, we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second focus test. You see, um, we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second focus test. You see, um, we had
+like a progression with the main main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a progression with the main main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a progression with the main main
+game took a lot of iteration and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game took a lot of iteration and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game took a lot of iteration and
+something originally we didn't have I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something originally we didn't have I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something originally we didn't have I
+said was there was no indication of when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was there was no indication of when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said was there was no indication of when
+somebody was getting sick or their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was getting sick or their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody was getting sick or their
+characteristics. It was a lot of issues.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. It was a lot of issues.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. It was a lot of issues.
+So, we made some progress. We added the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we made some progress. We added the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we made some progress. We added the
+indicator to say, "I'm about to faint.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator to say, "I'm about to faint.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator to say, "I'm about to faint.
+You should probably try to help me now."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should probably try to help me now."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should probably try to help me now."
+Which is that little exclamation part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is that little exclamation part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Which is that little exclamation part
+that I had. And then finally, we redid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had. And then finally, we redid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I had. And then finally, we redid
+pretty much all of the graphics. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all of the graphics. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much all of the graphics. And
+that took a while. So, we were in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took a while. So, we were in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that took a while. So, we were in the
+process of redoing them at this point.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of redoing them at this point.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process of redoing them at this point.
+And now the game looks like this. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now the game looks like this. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now the game looks like this. So,
+it's much more cohesive. All the art
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more cohesive. All the art
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's much more cohesive. All the art
+fits together. People are really v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits together. People are really v
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fits together. People are really v
+visually caricatures of the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually caricatures of the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+visually caricatures of the different
+types of people you need to help. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of people you need to help. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types of people you need to help. Um,
+elderly people, homeless people, drunk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly people, homeless people, drunk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elderly people, homeless people, drunk
+people are all really vulnerable to heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are all really vulnerable to heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are all really vulnerable to heat
+waves. And then there's some characters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. And then there's some characters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. And then there's some characters
+that actually aren't on this screen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually aren't on this screen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually aren't on this screen
+right here, but that aren't as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here, but that aren't as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here, but that aren't as
+vulnerable. Like normal, like adults
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable. Like normal, like adults
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vulnerable. Like normal, like adults
+aren't as vulnerable,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as vulnerable,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't as vulnerable,
+and athletes aren't as vulnerable. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and athletes aren't as vulnerable. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and athletes aren't as vulnerable. So,
+at the end of each day, when you play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of each day, when you play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the end of each day, when you play
+this through and you've helped your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this through and you've helped your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this through and you've helped your
+people and you've given them water or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you've given them water or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people and you've given them water or
+set of coolers or whatever you wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of coolers or whatever you wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of coolers or whatever you wanted to
+do for the day, you get to a newspaper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for the day, you get to a newspaper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do for the day, you get to a newspaper
+scene. And the original newspaper scene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene. And the original newspaper scene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scene. And the original newspaper scene
+looked like this. A lot of texts,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like this. A lot of texts,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked like this. A lot of texts,
+doesn't really help you with much. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really help you with much. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't really help you with much. Uh,
+no one really cared much about it in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one really cared much about it in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no one really cared much about it in the
+first game, first iterations of their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game, first iterations of their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first game, first iterations of their
+game cuz the long-term objects hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game cuz the long-term objects hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game cuz the long-term objects hadn't
+been added yet, such as the umbrellas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been added yet, such as the umbrellas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been added yet, such as the umbrellas
+and the water coolers. And so, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the water coolers. And so, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the water coolers. And so, we
+changed it to look like this. It's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it to look like this. It's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed it to look like this. It's the
+same information, just a little better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information, just a little better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same information, just a little better
+organized. And the other thing that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized. And the other thing that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+organized. And the other thing that we
+added in the main game, we added those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added in the main game, we added those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added in the main game, we added those
+buttons that says uh you can set up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons that says uh you can set up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+buttons that says uh you can set up a
+water cooler or an umbrella and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water cooler or an umbrella and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water cooler or an umbrella and that
+takes your time up. So if it's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes your time up. So if it's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes your time up. So if it's cool
+outside, maybe you do that, but if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside, maybe you do that, but if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside, maybe you do that, but if it's
+like 110° in Fahrenheit, then maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 110° in Fahrenheit, then maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 110° in Fahrenheit, then maybe you
+should focus on helping people not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should focus on helping people not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should focus on helping people not
+faint. So we had that. And then say you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint. So we had that. And then say you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faint. So we had that. And then say you
+finish uh 20 people faint or whatever, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish uh 20 people faint or whatever, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finish uh 20 people faint or whatever, I
+think it's 20 people faint and you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's 20 people faint and you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's 20 people faint and you get
+to the end screen. And in our original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end screen. And in our original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the end screen. And in our original
+game, we had no end screen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, we had no end screen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, we had no end screen.
+And the reason for that was I told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason for that was I told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the reason for that was I told you
+we really focused on education, not fun.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really focused on education, not fun.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we really focused on education, not fun.
+And we just didn't think, you know, part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we just didn't think, you know, part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we just didn't think, you know, part
+of the fun of a game is seeing how long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fun of a game is seeing how long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fun of a game is seeing how long
+you survive. But we just weren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you survive. But we just weren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you survive. But we just weren't
+thinking about that. So we really re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that. So we really re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about that. So we really re
+re-evaluated that. We said, "Okay, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-evaluated that. We said, "Okay, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+re-evaluated that. We said, "Okay, we
+definitely need an end screen." And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely need an end screen." And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definitely need an end screen." And we
+have it looking like this. So it tells
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it looking like this. So it tells
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have it looking like this. So it tells
+you how long you lasted and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how long you lasted and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how long you lasted and then you can
+see the credits for what was involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the credits for what was involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see the credits for what was involved in
+the game and you can play it again. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and you can play it again. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and you can play it again. So
+there's more feedback for the user of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more feedback for the user of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more feedback for the user of
+how they did. And if we were going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they did. And if we were going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how they did. And if we were going to do
+this project again, there's two things I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project again, there's two things I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this project again, there's two things I
+think we'd do majorly differently. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'd do majorly differently. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think we'd do majorly differently. And
+the first is uh talking about heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is uh talking about heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first is uh talking about heat
+waves. Our group thought heat waves were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. Our group thought heat waves were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves. Our group thought heat waves were
+going to be really cool or like, oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really cool or like, oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be really cool or like, oh,
+people are fainting everywhere and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are fainting everywhere and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are fainting everywhere and it's
+getting hot and we have to do something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hot and we have to do something.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting hot and we have to do something.
+And then you start reading about heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you start reading about heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then you start reading about heat
+waves and basically it gets hot, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and basically it gets hot, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waves and basically it gets hot, you
+tell people to go inside or drink water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people to go inside or drink water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell people to go inside or drink water
+and that's about it. Uh that's all a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's about it. Uh that's all a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's about it. Uh that's all a
+heat wave is. And so what we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat wave is. And so what we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat wave is. And so what we do
+differently is really the passion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently is really the passion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently is really the passion
+aspect. If we were going to do a game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect. If we were going to do a game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect. If we were going to do a game
+about heatwaves, we depended kind of on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heatwaves, we depended kind of on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about heatwaves, we depended kind of on
+our passion coming from the thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our passion coming from the thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our passion coming from the thinking
+heatwaves were cool. I think we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heatwaves were cool. I think we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heatwaves were cool. I think we should
+have focused more on having passion for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have focused more on having passion for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have focused more on having passion for
+the game and then incorporating the also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and then incorporating the also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and then incorporating the also
+having the game built around heatwaves,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the game built around heatwaves,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having the game built around heatwaves,
+but really having a more exciting game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really having a more exciting game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but really having a more exciting game
+uh that we could somehow also get that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we could somehow also get that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that we could somehow also get that
+educational aspect in. What we'd also do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational aspect in. What we'd also do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational aspect in. What we'd also do
+differently is accountability. I said we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently is accountability. I said we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differently is accountability. I said we
+had nine people. Sometimes people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had nine people. Sometimes people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had nine people. Sometimes people
+disappear when you have that many people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear when you have that many people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disappear when you have that many people
+and keeping dibs on everything,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keeping dibs on everything,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and keeping dibs on everything,
+especially when you have separate email
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you have separate email
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially when you have separate email
+threads, can be a little confusing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads, can be a little confusing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threads, can be a little confusing. So
+maybe look into some of the tools that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe look into some of the tools that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe look into some of the tools that
+the other teams mentioned where you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other teams mentioned where you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other teams mentioned where you have
+multiple group chats and you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple group chats and you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple group chats and you can see
+them all. That looks really interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all. That looks really interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them all. That looks really interesting.
+Um future features, more long-term
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um future features, more long-term
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um future features, more long-term
+options. I think that's one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. I think that's one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. I think that's one of the
+things in our game that really helps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in our game that really helps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things in our game that really helps
+with the planning aspect is okay, do I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the planning aspect is okay, do I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the planning aspect is okay, do I
+want to be doing this like helping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be doing this like helping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to be doing this like helping
+somebody now or do I want to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody now or do I want to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody now or do I want to be
+installing an object now? And really our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing an object now? And really our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+installing an object now? And really our
+game kind of depends on that balance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game kind of depends on that balance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game kind of depends on that balance of
+choosing who to help and then also what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing who to help and then also what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choosing who to help and then also what
+to do. Am I helping or not? Um, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Am I helping or not? Um, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do. Am I helping or not? Um, so
+long-term options and then something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term options and then something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long-term options and then something we
+originally conceived was to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally conceived was to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally conceived was to have
+multiple environments and we didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple environments and we didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple environments and we didn't have
+time to implement this, but in different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to implement this, but in different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to implement this, but in different
+environments you do slightly different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments you do slightly different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments you do slightly different
+things. Like if you're in an office, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Like if you're in an office, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. Like if you're in an office, you
+might want to install an AC unit, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to install an AC unit, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might want to install an AC unit, which
+is different than what you do outside.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different than what you do outside.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is different than what you do outside.
+Um, so really look into multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so really look into multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so really look into multiple
+environments. Different countries have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments. Different countries have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environments. Different countries have
+different environments, might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environments, might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different environments, might have
+slightly different strategies for what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different strategies for what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different strategies for what
+to do, and we really would like to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do, and we really would like to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do, and we really would like to look
+into that. So before we play the game,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that. So before we play the game,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that. So before we play the game,
+do you guys have any questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+In that case, I'd like a user tester.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In that case, I'd like a user tester.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In that case, I'd like a user tester.
+So, someone who hasn't played the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, someone who hasn't played the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, someone who hasn't played the game
+before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again. Thank you.
+Um, it's not showing up there. Give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's not showing up there. Give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it's not showing up there. Give me a
+second. Display.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Display.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second. Display.
+You're going to have to give me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're going to have to give me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're going to have to give me a
+minute. I didn't realize it wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. I didn't realize it wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. I didn't realize it wouldn't
+show up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show up.
+Uh, yes. I only didn't have it plugged
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, yes. I only didn't have it plugged
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, yes. I only didn't have it plugged
+in. Um, how do I mirror the screens?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Um, how do I mirror the screens?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in. Um, how do I mirror the screens?
+Sorry. Just Otherwise, it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Just Otherwise, it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. Just Otherwise, it's going to
+have to stare up there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, thank
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, thank
+you. Don't look at my emails. There's so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Don't look at my emails. There's so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. Don't look at my emails. There's so
+many. Okay. Yeah. Yeah, go for it. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many. Okay. Yeah. Yeah, go for it. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many. Okay. Yeah. Yeah, go for it. Um,
+my sound's on silent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. All right,
+let's see. So, check the instructions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. So, check the instructions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's see. So, check the instructions.
+So, thanks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for all
+right through the instructions. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through the instructions. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right through the instructions. You can
+offer homeless people water, tell old
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer homeless people water, tell old
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+offer homeless people water, tell old
+people to go inside, install umbrellas,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to go inside, install umbrellas,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to go inside, install umbrellas,
+or many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or many other
+options. Okay, pause. Click on pause
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. Okay, pause. Click on pause
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options. Okay, pause. Click on pause
+button.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+button.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Sorry. What just happened? I may have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. What just happened? I may have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sorry. What just happened? I may have
+clicked by accident. Oh, did you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked by accident. Oh, did you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked by accident. Oh, did you start
+the game? Yeah, we'll just quit. No
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game? Yeah, we'll just quit. No
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game? Yeah, we'll just quit. No
+worries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worries.
+There you go. Okay, thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, I think we're ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I think we're ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, I think we're ready
+then. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+play. Build some umbrellas.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Oh, that's nice. Does it get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Oh, that's nice. Does it get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Oh, that's nice. Does it get
+darker as it goes through? Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh. Uh
+oh. Wake up.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hey.
+Okay. Should I Should I do another round
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Should I Should I do another round
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Should I Should I do another round
+here? All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here? All right.
+Talking to someone. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Is it uh No, something. Oh, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Is it uh No, something. Oh, okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Is it uh No, something. Oh, okay.
+No worries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+Yeah. Yeah. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it was working. Okay. Let me refresh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was working. Okay. Let me refresh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was working. Okay. Let me refresh the
+page.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ah, there we go. I don't know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, there we go. I don't know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah, there we go. I don't know what
+happened. Sorry. No worries.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, I see. You can give them options to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I see. You can give them options to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, I see. You can give them options to
+do. Ah, okay. That changes it just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Ah, okay. That changes it just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. Ah, okay. That changes it just a
+little. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little. Yeah,
+just a little. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+See, I'll talk to her.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um,
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any last questions for the group?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+other than the uh the bird sounds uh and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the uh the bird sounds uh and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than the uh the bird sounds uh and
+of course the fire sounds. Is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the fire sounds. Is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course the fire sounds. Is there
+other other sound effects or um so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other sound effects or um so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other other sound effects or um so we
+had music but it was really hard to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had music but it was really hard to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had music but it was really hard to find
+good music for a heatwave because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good music for a heatwave because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good music for a heatwave because you
+think it sounds hot and you don't really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it sounds hot and you don't really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it sounds hot and you don't really
+think of anything. So we had this very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of anything. So we had this very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think of anything. So we had this very
+eerie music which didn't really fit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eerie music which didn't really fit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eerie music which didn't really fit
+either. So we want we went for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. So we want we went for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. So we want we went for the
+minimalistic bird sounds because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalistic bird sounds because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimalistic bird sounds because we
+thought it was the only thing that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was the only thing that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought it was the only thing that kind
+of fit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fit.
+Um, is there any other sounds? No. Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, is there any other sounds? No. Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, is there any other sounds? No. Yeah,
+we had other sounds that just they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had other sounds that just they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had other sounds that just they
+sounded wrong. We had fire sounds like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded wrong. We had fire sounds like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sounded wrong. We had fire sounds like
+in the background and that made the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background and that made the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the background and that made the
+whole thing sound like really dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing sound like really dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole thing sound like really dangerous
+and terrifying. Uh, which is not what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and terrifying. Uh, which is not what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and terrifying. Uh, which is not what we
+want to portray. We want to portray that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to portray. We want to portray that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to portray. We want to portray that
+you can do something and prevent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do something and prevent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can do something and prevent
+anything bad from happening. So, any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bad from happening. So, any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything bad from happening. So, any
+other questions? Yes. So, a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions? Yes. So, a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other questions? Yes. So, a lot of
+things have changed in your game since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have changed in your game since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things have changed in your game since
+Monday. A lot has changed since Monday.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday. A lot has changed since Monday.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday. A lot has changed since Monday.
+How did you how did you manage the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How did you how did you manage the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How did you how did you manage the
+process? Uh so we actually we were going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process? Uh so we actually we were going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process? Uh so we actually we were going
+to have a meeting before Monday but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a meeting before Monday but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have a meeting before Monday but
+really our schedules didn't work out. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really our schedules didn't work out. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really our schedules didn't work out. So
+we actually had I told you a group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually had I told you a group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we actually had I told you a group
+meetings that's where we got everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings that's where we got everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings that's where we got everything
+done. We had like a 3 4 hour group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. We had like a 3 4 hour group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done. We had like a 3 4 hour group
+meeting on Monday night which we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting on Monday night which we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meeting on Monday night which we were
+planning to have. Uh, and while there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to have. Uh, and while there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planning to have. Uh, and while there
+was like a couple core things that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a couple core things that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was like a couple core things that we
+wanted to fix, uh, just like small like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to fix, uh, just like small like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to fix, uh, just like small like
+bugs that we were working on, and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs that we were working on, and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bugs that we were working on, and we
+also while some people were doing that,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also while some people were doing that,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also while some people were doing that,
+we're just like, well, we have other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just like, well, we have other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just like, well, we have other
+people who aren't doing anything and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who aren't doing anything and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who aren't doing anything and
+can't really help with what's the major
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really help with what's the major
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't really help with what's the major
+things, so why don't we just like add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, so why don't we just like add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, so why don't we just like add
+other features like it getting light and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other features like it getting light and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other features like it getting light and
+dark because that's something we really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark because that's something we really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dark because that's something we really
+had considered and we hadn't had time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had considered and we hadn't had time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had considered and we hadn't had time
+for, but in that group meeting where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for, but in that group meeting where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for, but in that group meeting where
+somebody had the time, we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had the time, we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody had the time, we were able to
+add that. Um, and it looks good. So, did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that. Um, and it looks good. So, did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add that. Um, and it looks good. So, did
+you how'd you test it? Like, did you We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how'd you test it? Like, did you We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you how'd you test it? Like, did you We
+run Oh, so we've been running it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run Oh, so we've been running it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run Oh, so we've been running it like
+non-stop all of uh yesterday and today.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stop all of uh yesterday and today.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-stop all of uh yesterday and today.
+Uh, but then it broke. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah.
+You also went from a screen that had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You also went from a screen that had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You also went from a screen that had
+pretty small characters on it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small characters on it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty small characters on it to a
+screen where the characters were about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen where the characters were about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+screen where the characters were about
+threequarters the size of the screen.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threequarters the size of the screen.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threequarters the size of the screen.
+How did that decision come about? So, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How did that decision come about? So, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How did that decision come about? So, we
+had our drawings and when I told you we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our drawings and when I told you we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had our drawings and when I told you we
+we focus tested them, we had like a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focus tested them, we had like a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we focus tested them, we had like a big
+picture of them on the screen. People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of them on the screen. People
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picture of them on the screen. People
+loved it. But when we actually put them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved it. But when we actually put them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loved it. But when we actually put them
+onto the old screen, they were really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the old screen, they were really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto the old screen, they were really
+small and you couldn't see their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and you couldn't see their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and you couldn't see their
+characteristics. And we said it's better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. And we said it's better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics. And we said it's better
+to have people overlapping more often,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have people overlapping more often,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have people overlapping more often,
+but actually being able to see their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually being able to see their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but actually being able to see their
+characteristics because the caricatures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics because the caricatures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristics because the caricatures
+are really where the learning comes in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really where the learning comes in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are really where the learning comes in.
+Like, um, if you didn't notice, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like, um, if you didn't notice, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like, um, if you didn't notice, the
+people who fainted were I think the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who fainted were I think the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people who fainted were I think the
+drunk people and an old old person. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk people and an old old person. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drunk people and an old old person. Um,
+so you start to notice as you play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start to notice as you play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you start to notice as you play the
+game, okay, homeless people faint really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, okay, homeless people faint really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, okay, homeless people faint really
+fast if you don't give them water. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast if you don't give them water. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast if you don't give them water. Um,
+and that's just like a a fact. People
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just like a a fact. People
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that's just like a a fact. People
+who are homeless typically don't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are homeless typically don't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who are homeless typically don't have
+enough fluids in them and they're also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough fluids in them and they're also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough fluids in them and they're also
+outside a lot, so it's really hot. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside a lot, so it's really hot. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside a lot, so it's really hot. Uh,
+so that's where the learning comes in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where the learning comes in.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's where the learning comes in.
+So we wanted to make those bigger and to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we wanted to make those bigger and to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we wanted to make those bigger and to
+make them bigger, we thought, okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them bigger, we thought, okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them bigger, we thought, okay,
+we'll just put it in like a simpler
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just put it in like a simpler
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll just put it in like a simpler
+onelane background. So that's where that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onelane background. So that's where that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onelane background. So that's where that
+came from. We were planning on doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from. We were planning on doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+came from. We were planning on doing
+that before yesterday. Uh, I mean before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before yesterday. Uh, I mean before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that before yesterday. Uh, I mean before
+Monday. Um, but uh we just didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday. Um, but uh we just didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday. Um, but uh we just didn't have
+the assets in yet. So like a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets in yet. So like a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the assets in yet. So like a lot of
+things changed that were already in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things changed that were already in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things changed that were already in the
+works since you last saw it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works since you last saw it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works since you last saw it.
+Cool. Any other questions?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Any other questions?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Any other questions?
+Well, thank you so much.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, uh, we're caller Control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, uh, we're caller Control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, uh, we're caller Control
+and, uh, we're going to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and, uh, we're going to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and, uh, we're going to talk a little
+bit about our game and the making of it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about our game and the making of it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about our game and the making of it.
+So, firstly, Caller Control is a game we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, firstly, Caller Control is a game we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, firstly, Caller Control is a game we
+made for the Red Cross. our our client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for the Red Cross. our our client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made for the Red Cross. our our client
+was Pablo Sanchez as a few others have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Pablo Sanchez as a few others have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was Pablo Sanchez as a few others have
+mentioned. Um and the point that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned. Um and the point that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned. Um and the point that we
+wanted to get across with our caller
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get across with our caller
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get across with our caller
+game is that it is an easily preventable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is that it is an easily preventable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game is that it is an easily preventable
+disease if you just like wash your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease if you just like wash your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disease if you just like wash your
+hands. It's really not that hard but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. It's really not that hard but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hands. It's really not that hard but
+people just don't seem to do it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't seem to do it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people just don't seem to do it because
+you know there's a lot of factors going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a lot of factors going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know there's a lot of factors going
+on in their life and they sort of just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in their life and they sort of just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on in their life and they sort of just
+forget but you know it's really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget but you know it's really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget but you know it's really easy to
+do if you just wash your hands. So uh we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you just wash your hands. So uh we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do if you just wash your hands. So uh we
+want to just do a quick demo of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just do a quick demo of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to just do a quick demo of the
+game. Where is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Where is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. Where is
+Okay, so if someone would like to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so if someone would like to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so if someone would like to come
+down and play our game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and play our game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and play our game.
+Cool.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Not supposed to show up on our own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not supposed to show up on our own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not supposed to show up on our own
+videos, but that's okay. Are you not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos, but that's okay. Are you not?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+videos, but that's okay. Are you not?
+No, I'm just kidding. I don't know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I'm just kidding. I don't know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I'm just kidding. I don't know.
+We'll find out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can you guys read that? Mhm. Can anyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you guys read that? Mhm. Can anyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can you guys read that? Mhm. Can anyone
+in the back not read it? Basically, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back not read it? Basically, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the back not read it? Basically, it
+says color is spreading. You got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says color is spreading. You got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says color is spreading. You got to
+control it and watch out for outbreaks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control it and watch out for outbreaks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control it and watch out for outbreaks.
+Okay, I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, okay. I have I have $1,400. So, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay. I have I have $1,400. So, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, okay. I have I have $1,400. So, as
+you can see, the game is kind of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see, the game is kind of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see, the game is kind of a
+strategy game. Right now, there's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy game. Right now, there's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategy game. Right now, there's only
+one locality to deal with. Um, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one locality to deal with. Um, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one locality to deal with. Um, you know,
+we sort of didn't want to throw too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of didn't want to throw too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of didn't want to throw too much
+at the player at the very beginning. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the player at the very beginning. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the player at the very beginning. So,
+you can kind of, uh, also, the game's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of, uh, also, the game's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can kind of, uh, also, the game's
+paused. uh it says so up in that corner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paused. uh it says so up in that corner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paused. uh it says so up in that corner
+there so you can have time to sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can have time to sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there so you can have time to sort of
+just read make sure you know what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read make sure you know what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just read make sure you know what's
+going on what all those different things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on what all those different things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going on what all those different things
+do um then you go back to the map and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um then you go back to the map and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do um then you go back to the map and
+time keeps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+elaping and so over time more localities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaping and so over time more localities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elaping and so over time more localities
+appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appear
+uh up to four. So right now we just get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to four. So right now we just get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh up to four. So right now we just get
+the second one. They're on different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one. They're on different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second one. They're on different
+branches of the river so they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the river so they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+branches of the river so they're not
+going to really hurt each other right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really hurt each other right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to really hurt each other right
+now. still relatively easy.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. still relatively easy.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now. still relatively easy.
+They're cheap. Hopefully. I I don't mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're cheap. Hopefully. I I don't mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They're cheap. Hopefully. I I don't mean
+to offend anyone if they're like, "This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offend anyone if they're like, "This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offend anyone if they're like, "This
+is really hard."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, the average that the infection is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the average that the infection is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the average that the infection is
+still growing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, one of the things you can see if he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one of the things you can see if he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one of the things you can see if he
+goes back to the map is all the the bars
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the map is all the the bars
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the map is all the the bars
+above the villages. Uh green is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the villages. Uh green is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+above the villages. Uh green is the
+healthy and red is infected. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and red is infected. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+healthy and red is infected. And then
+there's an arrow which I think is a you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an arrow which I think is a you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's an arrow which I think is a you
+can see it pretty well on there. Um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it pretty well on there. Um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see it pretty well on there. Um the
+arrow it's pointing towards uh if it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow it's pointing towards uh if it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow it's pointing towards uh if it's
+pointing that way that means that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing that way that means that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pointing that way that means that you
+know the amount of green is growing so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the amount of green is growing so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the amount of green is growing so
+there's more people getting healed. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more people getting healed. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's more people getting healed. If
+it's pointing the other way then more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pointing the other way then more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pointing the other way then more
+people are getting infected which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting infected which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people are getting infected which is
+bad. So you know if you usually if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. So you know if you usually if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bad. So you know if you usually if you
+see your arrow switch directions you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your arrow switch directions you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see your arrow switch directions you
+usually want to get on that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually want to get on that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+usually want to get on that really
+quickly and make sure that that nobody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and make sure that that nobody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly and make sure that that nobody
+dies. Well no no nobody gets infected.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies. Well no no nobody gets infected.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dies. Well no no nobody gets infected.
+Nobody dies in this game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobody dies in this game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Nobody dies in this game.
+We didn't want to be too harsh. Are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We didn't want to be too harsh. Are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We didn't want to be too harsh. Are the
+products accumulated? So my Yes. Yes. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products accumulated? So my Yes. Yes. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products accumulated? So my Yes. Yes. So
+if you buy more than one, they work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you buy more than one, they work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you buy more than one, they work
+together. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So boiling water is special because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So boiling water is special because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So boiling water is special because it
+only it helps downstream villages. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only it helps downstream villages. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only it helps downstream villages. I
+clicked that. So that that was that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked that. So that that was that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clicked that. So that that was that
+doesn't help. I know.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help. I know.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't help. I know.
+Is my is my budget growing? Yes. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is my is my budget growing? Yes. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is my is my budget growing? Yes. Okay.
+Oh, great. Oh crap.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, great. Oh crap.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, great. Oh crap.
+You can undo. Oh, I can. Yeah. Well, now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can undo. Oh, I can. Yeah. Well, now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You can undo. Oh, I can. Yeah. Well, now
+you can. Now I can. That one's You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can. Now I can. That one's You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can. Now I can. That one's You're
+You Okay. I need to buy them boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Okay. I need to buy them boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You Okay. I need to buy them boiling
+water and that's it. You're done.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Oh, thanks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So, if you manage to survive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, if you manage to survive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, if you manage to survive
+longer, no offense, you get to up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer, no offense, you get to up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+longer, no offense, you get to up to
+four villages pops up or four localities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four villages pops up or four localities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four villages pops up or four localities
+pops up and then it gets really hard.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops up and then it gets really hard.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pops up and then it gets really hard.
+Um, cool. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, cool. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, cool. So,
+so back to this. Cool. So, first we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to this. Cool. So, first we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so back to this. Cool. So, first we're
+going to talk about what went right both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about what went right both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to talk about what went right both
+from like the creation of the game and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like the creation of the game and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from like the creation of the game and
+working as a team sort of perspective.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as a team sort of perspective.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working as a team sort of perspective.
+Yeah. So firstly, I'll go over um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So firstly, I'll go over um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So firstly, I'll go over um the
+iteration was a lot better on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration was a lot better on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration was a lot better on this
+project. In this class, we had a total
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. In this class, we had a total
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. In this class, we had a total
+of four projects. The first three only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four projects. The first three only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of four projects. The first three only
+uh were each over like the first one was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were each over like the first one was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh were each over like the first one was
+two weeks, second one was two weeks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks, second one was two weeks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks, second one was two weeks,
+third one was two weeks, and then this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one was two weeks, and then this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third one was two weeks, and then this
+one was eight weeks. So this time we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was eight weeks. So this time we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one was eight weeks. So this time we had
+a lot more time to sort of decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more time to sort of decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot more time to sort of decide what
+we wanted to do, what we should try out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to do, what we should try out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to do, what we should try out,
+and get to sort of test each and every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to sort of test each and every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and get to sort of test each and every
+single one of the ideas that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of the ideas that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single one of the ideas that we had
+rather than like just focusing on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than like just focusing on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than like just focusing on one
+idea and having to do it because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and having to do it because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea and having to do it because you
+only had two weeks. Um, the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had two weeks. Um, the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only had two weeks. Um, the other thing
+is that after three projects, we finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that after three projects, we finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that after three projects, we finally
+figured out how to do design meetings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to do design meetings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured out how to do design meetings
+really well. We got them down to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well. We got them down to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really well. We got them down to the
+that they were only like a half hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were only like a half hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they were only like a half hour
+each. And when people showed up, they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each. And when people showed up, they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each. And when people showed up, they
+were really productive. And so, everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really productive. And so, everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were really productive. And so, everyone
+uh figured out what they wanted to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh figured out what they wanted to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh figured out what they wanted to do.
+They talked about the game, it got done,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They talked about the game, it got done,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They talked about the game, it got done,
+and people got out of there. It was it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people got out of there. It was it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people got out of there. It was it
+was very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very
+nice. Another thing we did right was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice. Another thing we did right was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice. Another thing we did right was
+simplifying. It was really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying. It was really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simplifying. It was really hard to
+adjust scope. It was easier in the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust scope. It was easier in the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adjust scope. It was easier in the other
+games because you realize you only have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games because you realize you only have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games because you realize you only have
+two weeks. When you have eight weeks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks. When you have eight weeks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two weeks. When you have eight weeks,
+you think you can do a lot and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can do a lot and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think you can do a lot and you
+really can't. You have a you think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't. You have a you think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can't. You have a you think you
+have a lot of time, but classes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of time, but classes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of time, but classes and
+applying to jobs and everything takes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to jobs and everything takes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying to jobs and everything takes
+takes all of your time. And so, you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes all of your time. And so, you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takes all of your time. And so, you have
+to really learn to okay, like I only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really learn to okay, like I only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to really learn to okay, like I only
+have so much time for this class. I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so much time for this class. I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have so much time for this class. I can
+only do so much on this game. So, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do so much on this game. So, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only do so much on this game. So, I'm
+going to adjust the scope. And it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to adjust the scope. And it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to adjust the scope. And it was
+really hard. Even when the the client
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard. Even when the the client
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really hard. Even when the the client
+when Pablo told us, you should you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Pablo told us, you should you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when Pablo told us, you should you
+should change what you're doing. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change what you're doing. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should change what you're doing. We
+didn't want to. We we thought, no, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to. We we thought, no, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't want to. We we thought, no, this
+is a great idea. This is how it should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great idea. This is how it should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a great idea. This is how it should
+work. But then when the client tells you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. But then when the client tells you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. But then when the client tells you
+to do it and all your play testers say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and all your play testers say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it and all your play testers say
+your your idea is bad, you need to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your idea is bad, you need to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your your idea is bad, you need to you
+need to just give in and change. And we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to just give in and change. And we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to just give in and change. And we
+ended up having really great results.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having really great results.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ended up having really great results.
+With the simpler gameplay, it's a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With the simpler gameplay, it's a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With the simpler gameplay, it's a lot
+more fun. And the options, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun. And the options, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more fun. And the options, there are
+less options, but they're much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less options, but they're much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less options, but they're much more
+meaningful. Um, as you could see, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful. Um, as you could see, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meaningful. Um, as you could see, the
+player was sort of reading through each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player was sort of reading through each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player was sort of reading through each
+and every option, and it's because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every option, and it's because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every option, and it's because they
+each do something different. Before we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each do something different. Before we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each do something different. Before we
+had a lot more options, but they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot more options, but they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a lot more options, but they were
+all sort of the same. you just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of the same. you just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all sort of the same. you just kind of
+click them and they do something, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click them and they do something, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click them and they do something, but
+they're all just about the same effect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all just about the same effect.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're all just about the same effect.
+With this, they all have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With this, they all have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With this, they all have different
+effects, so you sort of have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects, so you sort of have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effects, so you sort of have to
+strategize. Do I want to spend more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategize. Do I want to spend more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategize. Do I want to spend more
+money for this effect or can I just use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for this effect or can I just use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money for this effect or can I just use
+this cheaper effect over and over again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cheaper effect over and over again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this cheaper effect over and over again
+for the same result?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same result?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the same result?
+Um, so I'm going to talk about a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I'm going to talk about a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so I'm going to talk about a little
+bit about what changed uh from beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what changed uh from beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what changed uh from beginning
+to end. So the UI in the beginning looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end. So the UI in the beginning looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to end. So the UI in the beginning looks
+much uglier. Um, but I want to I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uglier. Um, but I want to I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much uglier. Um, but I want to I mean
+that just came with like sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just came with like sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that just came with like sort of
+refining that. I want to talk a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining that. I want to talk a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+refining that. I want to talk a lot
+about sort of the design changes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the design changes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about sort of the design changes that
+really changed. So, uh, in the or our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed. So, uh, in the or our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really changed. So, uh, in the or our
+first prototype of the game, you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first prototype of the game, you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first prototype of the game, you sort of
+click these buttons here on the right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click these buttons here on the right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click these buttons here on the right.
+Um, and that would give you the actions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and that would give you the actions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and that would give you the actions.
+And whereas in the final version of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And whereas in the final version of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And whereas in the final version of the
+game, you click on the villages and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, you click on the villages and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game, you click on the villages and that
+gives you the actions. And this came
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the actions. And this came
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you the actions. And this came
+from something that Pablo told us early
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something that Pablo told us early
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from something that Pablo told us early
+on and really made a big difference,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and really made a big difference,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on and really made a big difference,
+which is like people that are used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like people that are used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is like people that are used to
+playing video games get this concept of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing video games get this concept of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+playing video games get this concept of
+click action apply to object. But we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click action apply to object. But we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+click action apply to object. But we
+realized uh both through play testing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized uh both through play testing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized uh both through play testing
+and again Pablo telling us that when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again Pablo telling us that when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again Pablo telling us that when you
+don't have that sort of experience
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that sort of experience
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have that sort of experience
+working in a lot of video games and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a lot of video games and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working in a lot of video games and you
+know just having that context in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just having that context in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know just having that context in your
+head it that doesn't really make sense.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head it that doesn't really make sense.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head it that doesn't really make sense.
+It makes much more sense to the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It makes much more sense to the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It makes much more sense to the people
+that we're aiming this game for to click
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're aiming this game for to click
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're aiming this game for to click
+on the object and then choose an action.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the object and then choose an action.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the object and then choose an action.
+Um so like that inverting of the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so like that inverting of the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so like that inverting of the order
+of things um actually makes a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things um actually makes a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of things um actually makes a big
+difference in helping to understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in helping to understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference in helping to understand the
+game and just making the whole thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and just making the whole thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and just making the whole thing
+smoother. Um, on top of that, we sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother. Um, on top of that, we sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smoother. Um, on top of that, we sort of
+like really refined the information that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really refined the information that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like really refined the information that
+we're showing when you look at the map.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're showing when you look at the map.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're showing when you look at the map.
+So, right now, like in the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, right now, like in the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, right now, like in the original
+version, you look at the map and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version, you look at the map and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version, you look at the map and you
+sort of don't see straight away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of don't see straight away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of don't see straight away
+everything you need to see. You need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to see. You need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything you need to see. You need to
+go to each of the villages individually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to each of the villages individually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to each of the villages individually
+to know what's going on. You sort of can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's going on. You sort of can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know what's going on. You sort of can
+only see where each village is or where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only see where each village is or where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only see where each village is or where
+each locality is and how much health it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each locality is and how much health it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each locality is and how much health it
+has. Um, whereas in the final version,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has. Um, whereas in the final version,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has. Um, whereas in the final version,
+we sort of give you everything you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of give you everything you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we sort of give you everything you need
+to see. And it took a long time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see. And it took a long time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to see. And it took a long time to
+figure out how we want to do this UI.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how we want to do this UI.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out how we want to do this UI.
+Like how do we show what prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like how do we show what prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like how do we show what prevention
+measures are in place? How do we show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures are in place? How do we show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measures are in place? How do we show
+whether the infection is growing or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the infection is growing or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether the infection is growing or or
+or decreasing? And how do we show which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or decreasing? And how do we show which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or decreasing? And how do we show which
+way the river is flowing? All of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the river is flowing? All of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the river is flowing? All of these
+questions were really important and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were really important and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions were really important and
+really led into the final design. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really led into the final design. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really led into the final design. Um
+secondly, uh about like options. At
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly, uh about like options. At
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+secondly, uh about like options. At
+first we had lots of options, too many.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we had lots of options, too many.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first we had lots of options, too many.
+People did not even want to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People did not even want to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+People did not even want to figure out
+what each of them did. It was too much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each of them did. It was too much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what each of them did. It was too much
+information thrown at once. And although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information thrown at once. And although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information thrown at once. And although
+we thought that having lots of options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought that having lots of options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we thought that having lots of options
+would lead to like meaningful like oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead to like meaningful like oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would lead to like meaningful like oh
+well you can make these advanced
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can make these advanced
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can make these advanced
+strategies, it really didn't cuz people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies, it really didn't cuz people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies, it really didn't cuz people
+didn't even want to bother learning all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even want to bother learning all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't even want to bother learning all
+that. Uh whereas in the final version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Uh whereas in the final version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Uh whereas in the final version
+having fewer options uh made it much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fewer options uh made it much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having fewer options uh made it much
+easier for or like much less scary when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for or like much less scary when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier for or like much less scary when
+you opened up the list of options the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you opened up the list of options the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you opened up the list of options the
+actions that you have available to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that you have available to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actions that you have available to you
+as a player and it was much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a player and it was much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a player and it was much more
+accessible while still making the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible while still making the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accessible while still making the the
+strategies diverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies diverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies diverse.
+Uh, so now we're going to talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so now we're going to talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, so now we're going to talk a little
+bit about what went wrong in the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what went wrong in the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about what went wrong in the process
+of making the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of making the game.
+So working together is really hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So working together is really hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So working together is really hard
+because people are stepping over their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are stepping over their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because people are stepping over their
+toes. Oh, what do I do now? Oh, I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes. Oh, what do I do now? Oh, I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+toes. Oh, what do I do now? Oh, I can't
+touch that cuz you're touching that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch that cuz you're touching that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+touch that cuz you're touching that.
+Blah, like all these sort of problems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blah, like all these sort of problems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Blah, like all these sort of problems
+arise. And so at first we really tried
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise. And so at first we really tried
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arise. And so at first we really tried
+to avoid that. But then we realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid that. But then we realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to avoid that. But then we realized
+working apart is even harder than that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working apart is even harder than that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working apart is even harder than that.
+Um, initially like you'd think, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, initially like you'd think, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, initially like you'd think, well,
+you know, if we're each working on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if we're each working on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, if we're each working on
+really sort of independent parts and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of independent parts and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really sort of independent parts and we
+bring it all together in the end,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it all together in the end,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bring it all together in the end,
+that'll be happy. Everyone will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be happy. Everyone will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be happy. Everyone will be
+happy. we're not stepping on our toes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy. we're not stepping on our toes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happy. we're not stepping on our toes.
+We can each work on our own time and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can each work on our own time and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We can each work on our own time and
+that sort of thing. But that turns out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing. But that turns out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that sort of thing. But that turns out
+not to work well because people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to work well because people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not to work well because people do
+things differently. People follow like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things differently. People follow like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things differently. People follow like
+even simple things like coding style and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even simple things like coding style and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even simple things like coding style and
+how you name your variables and all that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you name your variables and all that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you name your variables and all that
+sort of stuff makes a difference. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stuff makes a difference. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of stuff makes a difference. And if
+you're not working together closely, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not working together closely, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're not working together closely, if
+you're sort of working apart, bringing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of working apart, bringing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're sort of working apart, bringing
+that together was a huge hassle at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together was a huge hassle at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that together was a huge hassle at the
+end. And like we spent a lot of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. And like we spent a lot of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. And like we spent a lot of time
+just making sure everything all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making sure everything all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just making sure everything all the
+components that we had made as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that we had made as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+components that we had made as
+individuals worked together just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals worked together just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals worked together just to get
+the game running.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game running.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game running.
+So another thing that went wrong was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another thing that went wrong was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So another thing that went wrong was the
+motivation for this project. At the very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for this project. At the very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation for this project. At the very
+beginning, the team wasn't very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, the team wasn't very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, the team wasn't very
+passionate about the project to begin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about the project to begin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passionate about the project to begin
+with, which is really hard. You know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, which is really hard. You know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with, which is really hard. You know,
+it's really hard to work on something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to work on something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's really hard to work on something
+that you don't really love and want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't really love and want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't really love and want to
+do. And I thought, you know, maybe this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And I thought, you know, maybe this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. And I thought, you know, maybe this
+will just get better. People will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just get better. People will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will just get better. People will start
+to have ideas. They'll feel ownership of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have ideas. They'll feel ownership of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have ideas. They'll feel ownership of
+the project and then they'll be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project and then they'll be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the project and then they'll be more
+motivated to work on it. But that's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to work on it. But that's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivated to work on it. But that's not
+true. People, if they start off in a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. People, if they start off in a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true. People, if they start off in a bad
+place, they're not going to get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place, they're not going to get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place, they're not going to get any
+better. you really have to focus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. you really have to focus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better. you really have to focus on
+somehow helping people to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow helping people to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somehow helping people to
+either learn to love the project or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either learn to love the project or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either learn to love the project or
+learn to just be able to work on it. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to just be able to work on it. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn to just be able to work on it. Um,
+and this can be done through different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be done through different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this can be done through different
+ways. The easiest way is just to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. The easiest way is just to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. The easiest way is just to get
+people to realize like we have to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to realize like we have to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people to realize like we have to do
+this, so you have to work on it. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, so you have to work on it. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, so you have to work on it. And I
+found it as at towards the end of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it as at towards the end of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+found it as at towards the end of the
+semester, it took me to figure this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester, it took me to figure this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semester, it took me to figure this one
+out, but if you give people vague
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, but if you give people vague
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, but if you give people vague
+instructions, they will wait until the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions, they will wait until the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions, they will wait until the
+very last second. But if you make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last second. But if you make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very last second. But if you make it
+crystal clear exactly what you want them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal clear exactly what you want them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crystal clear exactly what you want them
+to do and give them as as detailed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and give them as as detailed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do and give them as as detailed
+instructions you can, it's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions you can, it's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions you can, it's much more
+likely that it'll get done in like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that it'll get done in like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely that it'll get done in like a
+timely manner. And also uh we felt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timely manner. And also uh we felt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+timely manner. And also uh we felt
+really restricted by the topic and their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really restricted by the topic and their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really restricted by the topic and their
+requirements which was another just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements which was another just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements which was another just
+problem in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem in
+motivation. And so crunch is something I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation. And so crunch is something I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motivation. And so crunch is something I
+was sort of sort of alluding to is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of sort of alluding to is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was sort of sort of alluding to is that
+when you have vague instructions and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have vague instructions and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you have vague instructions and you
+don't want to do something, you will put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do something, you will put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to do something, you will put
+it off. I do it. I'm sure everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off. I do it. I'm sure everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it off. I do it. I'm sure everyone else
+does it that, you know, I don't I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it that, you know, I don't I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does it that, you know, I don't I don't
+want to do this. I don't understand what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this. I don't understand what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do this. I don't understand what
+they want me to do. So, I'm just going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want me to do. So, I'm just going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they want me to do. So, I'm just going
+to wait until the last possible second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait until the last possible second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to wait until the last possible second
+when I have to do it or I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have to do it or I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I have to do it or I'm going to
+fail. And that's when it gets done,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. And that's when it gets done,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail. And that's when it gets done,
+which is what I think was a leading
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I think was a leading
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is what I think was a leading
+thing to our crunch. And so, we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to our crunch. And so, we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing to our crunch. And so, we had
+constant crunching every time we knew we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant crunching every time we knew we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constant crunching every time we knew we
+had a play test. The the night before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a play test. The the night before,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a play test. The the night before,
+everyone was up working. And there was a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was up working. And there was a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone was up working. And there was a
+huge crunch after Thanksgiving when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge crunch after Thanksgiving when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+huge crunch after Thanksgiving when
+after you know it took until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you know it took until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after you know it took until
+Thanksgiving and then everyone realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving and then everyone realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving and then everyone realized
+you we don't have that much longer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we don't have that much longer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you we don't have that much longer in
+the semester. We only have like a week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester. We only have like a week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the semester. We only have like a week
+and three days before this final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three days before this final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and three days before this final
+presentation. So there was a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. So there was a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. So there was a lot of
+crunch there. Um and the work was low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch there. Um and the work was low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crunch there. Um and the work was low
+priority because of other classes which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority because of other classes which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+priority because of other classes which
+is a really unique problem to doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really unique problem to doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a really unique problem to doing a
+school project as opposed to doing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school project as opposed to doing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school project as opposed to doing a
+project in the real world where you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in the real world where you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project in the real world where you know
+people still might have other things to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still might have other things to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people still might have other things to
+do but this is their job. Whereas when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but this is their job. Whereas when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do but this is their job. Whereas when
+this is a class, you can't really fire
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a class, you can't really fire
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a class, you can't really fire
+someone from your class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So you want to talk about what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you want to talk about what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So you want to talk about what we
+learned?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learned?
+So uh what we learned in terms of game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh what we learned in terms of game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So uh what we learned in terms of game
+design, uh at least for me and probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, uh at least for me and probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design, uh at least for me and probably
+for everyone on the team, what was most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everyone on the team, what was most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for everyone on the team, what was most
+surprising is that giving more choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising is that giving more choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprising is that giving more choices
+and making a game more complicated does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making a game more complicated does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and making a game more complicated does
+not make it more fun. Initially, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make it more fun. Initially, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not make it more fun. Initially, I
+thought, you know, more choices means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought, you know, more choices means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought, you know, more choices means
+more strategic diversity or whatever and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strategic diversity or whatever and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more strategic diversity or whatever and
+that'll make everything more exciting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll make everything more exciting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll make everything more exciting
+and every time you play the game, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you play the game, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and every time you play the game, you
+can try something different. But that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try something different. But that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can try something different. But that's
+not really true. Um, having less choices
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really true. Um, having less choices
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not really true. Um, having less choices
+can be even more fun than having more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be even more fun than having more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be even more fun than having more
+choices because then you don't have like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices because then you don't have like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choices because then you don't have like
+when the player doesn't have to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the player doesn't have to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the player doesn't have to think
+about as much at once, they can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as much at once, they can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about as much at once, they can really
+go deeper into what the current options
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go deeper into what the current options
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go deeper into what the current options
+are. Uh, so that was really surprising.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Uh, so that was really surprising.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are. Uh, so that was really surprising.
+Um, also in terms of game design, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, also in terms of game design, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, also in terms of game design, like
+requirements can be restrictive and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements can be restrictive and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+requirements can be restrictive and like
+often uh you can't do what you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh you can't do what you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often uh you can't do what you want to
+do. you as a designer can't do what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. you as a designer can't do what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. you as a designer can't do what you
+want to do, can can't fulfill your own
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do, can can't fulfill your own
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do, can can't fulfill your own
+fantasy for what the game is supposed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy for what the game is supposed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fantasy for what the game is supposed to
+look like because of the requirements,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like because of the requirements,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like because of the requirements,
+because of what clients want, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what clients want, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what clients want, and
+because of what players want. And you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what players want. And you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of what players want. And you
+have to learn to sort of like deal with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn to sort of like deal with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to learn to sort of like deal with
+that. Like, the designer is not always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Like, the designer is not always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Like, the designer is not always
+right. Just because I have an idea for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Just because I have an idea for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Just because I have an idea for
+what the game is supposed to look like,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the game is supposed to look like,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the game is supposed to look like,
+if I test on 10 people and all 10 people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I test on 10 people and all 10 people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I test on 10 people and all 10 people
+say I I don't like it, I prefer it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I don't like it, I prefer it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say I I don't like it, I prefer it to be
+this way, then I'm wrong. I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, then I'm wrong. I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this way, then I'm wrong. I have to
+change that. And that's something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that. And that's something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change that. And that's something that's
+hard to deal with, but it's something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to deal with, but it's something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to deal with, but it's something
+you have to learn to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to learn to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to learn to do.
+Um yeah uh we learned a lot about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah uh we learned a lot about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah uh we learned a lot about
+chalera like basically as we said in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalera like basically as we said in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalera like basically as we said in one
+of the first slides washing hands is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first slides washing hands is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the first slides washing hands is
+overpowered in in real life if you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpowered in in real life if you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overpowered in in real life if you just
+watch like very simple things can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch like very simple things can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+watch like very simple things can
+prevent calora and that's something we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent calora and that's something we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prevent calora and that's something we
+want to get across in this game in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get across in this game in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to get across in this game in the
+game washing hands is overpowered just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game washing hands is overpowered just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game washing hands is overpowered just
+so that they get the that idea across
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they get the that idea across
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that they get the that idea across
+and about coding like there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about coding like there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and about coding like there's a lot of
+simple things you can do to really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple things you can do to really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple things you can do to really
+polish up the game like tweening which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polish up the game like tweening which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polish up the game like tweening which
+is a animation API available in phaser
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a animation API available in phaser
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a animation API available in phaser
+that we used but really any anim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used but really any anim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we used but really any anim
+animation API that does like little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation API that does like little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+animation API that does like little
+things like having the window pop up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like having the window pop up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like having the window pop up
+instead of just appear having like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just appear having like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of just appear having like
+things go like and like move in and out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go like and like move in and out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things go like and like move in and out
+that that makes a huge difference for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that makes a huge difference for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that makes a huge difference for
+very little effort and it makes the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little effort and it makes the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very little effort and it makes the game
+look much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+polished. Um, in terms of future changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished. Um, in terms of future changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polished. Um, in terms of future changes
+for like the game itself, we initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like the game itself, we initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for like the game itself, we initially
+planned to have like seasons and lots of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned to have like seasons and lots of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+planned to have like seasons and lots of
+random events that would sort of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random events that would sort of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random events that would sort of make
+the game more exciting, especially near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game more exciting, especially near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game more exciting, especially near
+the end once all four villages are up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end once all four villages are up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end once all four villages are up
+and you sort of get into this pattern.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of get into this pattern.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you sort of get into this pattern.
+Um, but you know that we didn't we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you know that we didn't we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, but you know that we didn't we
+basically didn't have time to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically didn't have time to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically didn't have time to do that.
+And then the second thing that I at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the second thing that I at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then the second thing that I at
+least I personally wanted to add to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I personally wanted to add to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least I personally wanted to add to the
+game was like more advanced infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was like more advanced infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game was like more advanced infection
+models. It turns out that modeling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. It turns out that modeling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+models. It turns out that modeling
+infection is well it's not surprising
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection is well it's not surprising
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection is well it's not surprising
+really but modeling infection is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really but modeling infection is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really but modeling infection is really
+hard. Balancing your model of infection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Balancing your model of infection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard. Balancing your model of infection
+is really really hard. And uh it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really hard. And uh it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really really hard. And uh it it's
+sort of almost impossible to make it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost impossible to make it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of almost impossible to make it
+have this sort of smooth curve where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of smooth curve where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of smooth curve where it
+starts out easy and then gets sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out easy and then gets sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out easy and then gets sort of
+hard at the end but not too hard. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard at the end but not too hard. uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard at the end but not too hard. uh
+infection is exponential in nature and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection is exponential in nature and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection is exponential in nature and
+that's really hard to deal with. If I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really hard to deal with. If I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really hard to deal with. If I
+had more time to work on it, I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more time to work on it, I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had more time to work on it, I'd
+probably spend a lot more time thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spend a lot more time thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably spend a lot more time thinking
+about different models to use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different models to use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different models to use for
+infection and make it easier to balance.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and make it easier to balance.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infection and make it easier to balance.
+Like right now, you change like one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like right now, you change like one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like right now, you change like one
+little number by hardly anything and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little number by hardly anything and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little number by hardly anything and the
+game goes from really really easy to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game goes from really really easy to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game goes from really really easy to
+completely impossible just because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely impossible just because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely impossible just because of
+the nature of infection.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of infection.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the nature of infection.
+And lastly, some extra changes for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And lastly, some extra changes for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And lastly, some extra changes for the
+class. One of the things that we all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. One of the things that we all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class. One of the things that we all
+felt would be really useful is if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt would be really useful is if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+felt would be really useful is if the
+professors uh had enforced the sprint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors uh had enforced the sprint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+professors uh had enforced the sprint
+task lists because you could submit your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task lists because you could submit your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+task lists because you could submit your
+sprint task list at the beginning of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprint task list at the beginning of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sprint task list at the beginning of
+your week, but you never had to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your week, but you never had to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your week, but you never had to tell
+them if you actually did everything. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you actually did everything. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them if you actually did everything. You
+just had another sprint task list, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had another sprint task list, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had another sprint task list, which
+maybe if you know that was looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you know that was looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe if you know that was looked at
+carefully, there might be the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully, there might be the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully, there might be the exact same
+things two weeks in a row, but you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things two weeks in a row, but you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things two weeks in a row, but you know,
+a lot of times you you never heard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times you you never heard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of times you you never heard
+anything about your progress. You just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about your progress. You just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything about your progress. You just
+kind of had your progress. And it wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of had your progress. And it wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of had your progress. And it wasn't
+until the end that we really realized
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the end that we really realized
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until the end that we really realized
+like, oh, we're kind of far behind. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, oh, we're kind of far behind. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, oh, we're kind of far behind. We
+need to fix that. So, it would have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fix that. So, it would have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to fix that. So, it would have been
+nice earlier in the project to have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice earlier in the project to have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice earlier in the project to have that
+sort of feedback like, hey, you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of feedback like, hey, you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of feedback like, hey, you should
+be like, are these things done? You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like, are these things done? You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be like, are these things done? You
+should be doing more. Uh, and more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing more. Uh, and more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be doing more. Uh, and more
+freedom in choosing the topic. Like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in choosing the topic. Like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom in choosing the topic. Like we
+mentioned before, we felt really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before, we felt really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned before, we felt really
+restricted. There were a couple there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted. There were a couple there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+restricted. There were a couple there
+were things we wanted to do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were things we wanted to do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were things we wanted to do that we
+couldn't because of the confines of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't because of the confines of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't because of the confines of this
+project. And so, a little more freedom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. And so, a little more freedom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project. And so, a little more freedom
+would have been nice, but you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been nice, but you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been nice, but you know, it's
+a class.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a class.
+So finally, does anyone have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So finally, does anyone have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So finally, does anyone have any
+questions or comments, feedback?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or comments, feedback?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions or comments, feedback?
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um, what would you do if you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, what would you do if you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um, what would you do if you like
+what would your team have done if they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would your team have done if they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would your team have done if they
+were able to topic or had a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to topic or had a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were able to topic or had a little more
+freedom? Was there anything particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom? Was there anything particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom? Was there anything particular
+you talk about as a team that you or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about as a team that you or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you talk about as a team that you or
+when you're talking about things you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about things you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you're talking about things you
+wanted to do but the client said no? Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do but the client said no? Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do but the client said no? Uh,
+so like humor give. Yeah, in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like humor give. Yeah, in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so like humor give. Yeah, in terms of
+like if we were doing about kalera,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we were doing about kalera,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like if we were doing about kalera,
+things we wanted to do about kalera, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we wanted to do about kalera, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things we wanted to do about kalera, but
+we couldn't. Um, like death is not in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't. Um, like death is not in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we couldn't. Um, like death is not in
+the game. We can't make it like overly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. We can't make it like overly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. We can't make it like overly
+morbid or anything. Not that we but like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morbid or anything. Not that we but like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+morbid or anything. Not that we but like
+there there are certain things like we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are certain things like we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there are certain things like we
+wanted to have uh more options, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have uh more options, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to have uh more options, but
+since the game is sort of oriented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the game is sort of oriented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since the game is sort of oriented
+towards or rather the options have to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards or rather the options have to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+towards or rather the options have to be
+oriented towards what an individual can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented towards what an individual can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oriented towards what an individual can
+do. So the game is supposed to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. So the game is supposed to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. So the game is supposed to teach
+like a young kid to young adult as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a young kid to young adult as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a young kid to young adult as an
+individual how can I prevent color which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual how can I prevent color which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individual how can I prevent color which
+is like you know you wash your hands,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you know you wash your hands,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like you know you wash your hands,
+you boil your water, that sort of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you boil your water, that sort of thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you boil your water, that sort of thing.
+But things like you know put basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But things like you know put basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But things like you know put basically
+bathrooms the sorts of things that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathrooms the sorts of things that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bathrooms the sorts of things that a
+government or the the group of people as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government or the the group of people as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+government or the the group of people as
+a whole could do but an individual can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole could do but an individual can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a whole could do but an individual can't
+really do were options that we wanted in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do were options that we wanted in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really do were options that we wanted in
+the game and could have sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and could have sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game and could have sort of
+interesting mechanical effects within
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting mechanical effects within
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting mechanical effects within
+the game. Uh we we couldn't do because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. Uh we we couldn't do because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game. Uh we we couldn't do because
+it doesn't make sense. Like I can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make sense. Like I can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't make sense. Like I can't
+teach you to make bathrooms. You can't.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you to make bathrooms. You can't.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teach you to make bathrooms. You can't.
+Not really as an individual. Yeah. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not really as an individual. Yeah. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Not really as an individual. Yeah. And
+sort of as Jenny shouted out,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as Jenny shouted out,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of as Jenny shouted out,
+tongue-in-cheek humor. There was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue-in-cheek humor. There was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tongue-in-cheek humor. There was a lot
+of times during the game where we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times during the game where we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of times during the game where we're
+like, "Oh, we should have this happen."
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Oh, we should have this happen."
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, "Oh, we should have this happen."
+But it was offensive. And it was just it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it was offensive. And it was just it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But it was offensive. And it was just it
+was funny. It would be funny to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was funny. It would be funny to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was funny. It would be funny to an
+American audience, but because it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American audience, but because it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+American audience, but because it was
+for an audience in Ghana, you know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an audience in Ghana, you know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for an audience in Ghana, you know, we
+changed the we didn't know whether to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the we didn't know whether to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed the we didn't know whether to
+use village or town or city. And so we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use village or town or city. And so we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use village or town or city. And so we
+asked Pablo and he said, "Use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Pablo and he said, "Use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asked Pablo and he said, "Use the word
+locality." Which to everyone playing it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality." Which to everyone playing it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality." Which to everyone playing it,
+play testers, we're like, "This is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testers, we're like, "This is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play testers, we're like, "This is a
+really weird word. Why does it say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird word. Why does it say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really weird word. Why does it say
+locality? And even we forget to use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality? And even we forget to use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locality? And even we forget to use the
+word locality and we call it a village
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word locality and we call it a village
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+word locality and we call it a village
+accidentally. And so we'd want a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally. And so we'd want a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accidentally. And so we'd want a little
+bit more freedom there and sort of make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more freedom there and sort of make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more freedom there and sort of make
+it maybe a more humorous game, but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe a more humorous game, but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it maybe a more humorous game, but we
+didn't really we were really afraid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really we were really afraid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't really we were really afraid of
+being offensive. That was like one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being offensive. That was like one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being offensive. That was like one of
+the first things we talked about when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first things we talked about when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first things we talked about when we
+started making the game is how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started making the game is how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started making the game is how do we
+make sure we don't offend anybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we don't offend anybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure we don't offend anybody
+accidentally?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Questions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Thank you. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Thank you. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Thank you. Thank you.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Thanks. Um, we're the Saving Goragore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks. Um, we're the Saving Goragore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks. Um, we're the Saving Goragore
+team. I'm Liz, Rachel, Kevin, Justin.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team. I'm Liz, Rachel, Kevin, Justin.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team. I'm Liz, Rachel, Kevin, Justin.
+There are others in the audience.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are others in the audience.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There are others in the audience.
+Um, go to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, go to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, go to the
+beginning. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning. Yeah.
+So, to start us off,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, to start us off,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, to start us off,
+um, I'm going to talk about see the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, I'm going to talk about see the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, I'm going to talk about see the
+goals that we had in the from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals that we had in the from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals that we had in the from the
+beginning.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning.
+Um our project is about chalera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um our project is about chalera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um our project is about chalera and
+color prevention and our audience was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color prevention and our audience was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color prevention and our audience was
+Ghanian children. So we had to find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghanian children. So we had to find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghanian children. So we had to find a
+way to um connect Ghanian children to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to um connect Ghanian children to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to um connect Ghanian children to
+this information about color prevention
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information about color prevention
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this information about color prevention
+um positive behaviors um proactive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um positive behaviors um proactive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um positive behaviors um proactive
+things they can do in the community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they can do in the community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things they can do in the community
+while also having a fun game that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while also having a fun game that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while also having a fun game that they
+can relate to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relate to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can relate to.
+What this ultimately meant is that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What this ultimately meant is that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What this ultimately meant is that we
+had to do a lot of research because we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do a lot of research because we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do a lot of research because we
+didn't have a direct connection with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a direct connection with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't have a direct connection with our
+audience and we couldn't direct uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and we couldn't direct uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and we couldn't direct uh
+directly play test with uh children from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly play test with uh children from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly play test with uh children from
+Ghana uh ages 8 to 13. We had to make uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana uh ages 8 to 13. We had to make uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana uh ages 8 to 13. We had to make uh
+some a lot of assumptions which ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a lot of assumptions which ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some a lot of assumptions which ended up
+being wrong after we talked to Pablo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being wrong after we talked to Pablo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being wrong after we talked to Pablo
+specifically about them. So we did some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about them. So we did some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically about them. So we did some
+more research. We looked at Ghana uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more research. We looked at Ghana uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more research. We looked at Ghana uh
+cartoons targeted towards children in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons targeted towards children in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cartoons targeted towards children in
+Ghana and we from those cartoons we um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana and we from those cartoons we um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ghana and we from those cartoons we um
+looked at the color palettes um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the color palettes um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at the color palettes um some
+behaviors in within the cartoons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors in within the cartoons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behaviors in within the cartoons
+specifically and names and uh sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and names and uh sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically and names and uh sort of
+character designs from the cartoons and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character designs from the cartoons and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+character designs from the cartoons and
+um the Gunner research u from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Gunner research u from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um the Gunner research u from
+documentaries and stuff also informed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentaries and stuff also informed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+documentaries and stuff also informed
+decisions that we uh used to change mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that we uh used to change mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions that we uh used to change mini
+games which we'll talk about later in in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games which we'll talk about later in in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games which we'll talk about later in in
+the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the
+presentation. A quick overview of the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. A quick overview of the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presentation. A quick overview of the uh
+narrative. You start the game. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative. You start the game. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+narrative. You start the game. There's
+this monster hiding in a bush. You go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this monster hiding in a bush. You go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this monster hiding in a bush. You go
+check him out. It turns out that he's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check him out. It turns out that he's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check him out. It turns out that he's
+being prosecuted because persecuted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prosecuted because persecuted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being prosecuted because persecuted
+because um everybody in Gorugore is sick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um everybody in Gorugore is sick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because um everybody in Gorugore is sick
+and they think he's the cause. And S's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think he's the cause. And S's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and they think he's the cause. And S's
+actually a cool guy. Um you're a bunny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a cool guy. Um you're a bunny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually a cool guy. Um you're a bunny
+and your name is Cojo and you're a cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your name is Cojo and you're a cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your name is Cojo and you're a cool
+guy, too. So, you're asked to prove that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy, too. So, you're asked to prove that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guy, too. So, you're asked to prove that
+he's innocent, and you take that up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's innocent, and you take that up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's innocent, and you take that up
+because you're an awesome
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're an awesome
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you're an awesome
+person. The game play ends up being that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. The game play ends up being that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person. The game play ends up being that
+you explore the town looking for ways to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explore the town looking for ways to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you explore the town looking for ways to
+prove that Sal is innocent. And you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that Sal is innocent. And you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prove that Sal is innocent. And you do
+that by unlocking these mini games and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by unlocking these mini games and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that by unlocking these mini games and
+getting clues from the mini games after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting clues from the mini games after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting clues from the mini games after
+you defeat the mini games. And after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you defeat the mini games. And after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you defeat the mini games. And after
+each mini game, you can go talk to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each mini game, you can go talk to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each mini game, you can go talk to the
+mayor or you have the choice to because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor or you have the choice to because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor or you have the choice to because
+he has an office. And when you have all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has an office. And when you have all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he has an office. And when you have all
+the clues, you finally convince the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clues, you finally convince the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the clues, you finally convince the
+mayor that S is harmless, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor that S is harmless, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor that S is harmless, which is
+great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+great.
+So, our first mini game um dealt with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, our first mini game um dealt with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, our first mini game um dealt with
+water filtration. And the concept behind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water filtration. And the concept behind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water filtration. And the concept behind
+it is that friends and neighbors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that friends and neighbors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is that friends and neighbors are
+bringing uh containers of water to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing uh containers of water to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bringing uh containers of water to
+Coach's mom and they want to see whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coach's mom and they want to see whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Coach's mom and they want to see whether
+the water is safe to drink or whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is safe to drink or whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the water is safe to drink or whether
+they have to purify it beforehand by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to purify it beforehand by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they have to purify it beforehand by
+boiling. Um, so to that end, when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling. Um, so to that end, when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boiling. Um, so to that end, when we
+initially designed our game, it turned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially designed our game, it turned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially designed our game, it turned
+out to be a water filtration kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a water filtration kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a water filtration kind of
+factory in which bottles of water were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory in which bottles of water were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factory in which bottles of water were
+going down a conveyor belt and you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down a conveyor belt and you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going down a conveyor belt and you were
+tasked to remove the bottles that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasked to remove the bottles that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tasked to remove the bottles that were
+unpurified and that needed to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpurified and that needed to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unpurified and that needed to be
+cleaned. Um, so as as you see on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned. Um, so as as you see on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cleaned. Um, so as as you see on the
+left, that was our very first iteration.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left, that was our very first iteration.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left, that was our very first iteration.
+Um, and I guess the issue with that, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I guess the issue with that, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I guess the issue with that, as
+Pablo brought up to us, was that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo brought up to us, was that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo brought up to us, was that it
+wasn't relatable to the kids that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't relatable to the kids that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't relatable to the kids that we
+were trying to target because these kids
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to target because these kids
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were trying to target because these kids
+likely won't ever see a facility that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely won't ever see a facility that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+likely won't ever see a facility that
+has these conveyor belts, um, that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these conveyor belts, um, that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has these conveyor belts, um, that does
+this kind of purification. So, um, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of purification. So, um, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of purification. So, um, we
+had to go through several iterations to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go through several iterations to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to go through several iterations to
+figure out a way to make the game a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to make the game a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out a way to make the game a lot
+more relatable. Um, and our final
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relatable. Um, and our final
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more relatable. Um, and our final
+product is on the left or on the right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is on the left or on the right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product is on the left or on the right,
+sorry. Um, and as you can see, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Um, and as you can see, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sorry. Um, and as you can see, it's
+outside one of the homes in the village.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside one of the homes in the village.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outside one of the homes in the village.
+And, um, your mom is just standing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, um, your mom is just standing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And, um, your mom is just standing
+behind a pot of boiling water. And now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a pot of boiling water. And now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behind a pot of boiling water. And now
+you just have plain containers, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have plain containers, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just have plain containers, um,
+bowls, buckets, um, tanks, and your goal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowls, buckets, um, tanks, and your goal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bowls, buckets, um, tanks, and your goal
+is to kind of see where the water's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to kind of see where the water's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to kind of see where the water's
+coming from, how warm it is, um, and try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from, how warm it is, um, and try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming from, how warm it is, um, and try
+to figure out whether you want to boil
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out whether you want to boil
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to figure out whether you want to boil
+it or not. Um, so some challenges we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or not. Um, so some challenges we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or not. Um, so some challenges we
+faced were in the in our first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced were in the in our first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faced were in the in our first
+iteration, it was more of a real-time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration, it was more of a real-time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration, it was more of a real-time
+gameplay. You were kind of rushing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay. You were kind of rushing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gameplay. You were kind of rushing
+against time to pull off all the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against time to pull off all the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+against time to pull off all the um
+unfiltered water um as all the bottles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfiltered water um as all the bottles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfiltered water um as all the bottles
+continued to scroll to the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to scroll to the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continued to scroll to the right
+regardless of how fast you were going.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of how fast you were going.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regardless of how fast you were going.
+But then we realized that took away kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then we realized that took away kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But then we realized that took away kind
+of from the educational aspect because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from the educational aspect because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of from the educational aspect because
+it forced the the player to just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forced the the player to just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it forced the the player to just kind of
+hurdly just pull everything that they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdly just pull everything that they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hurdly just pull everything that they
+can. Um, so instead we changed it to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. Um, so instead we changed it to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. Um, so instead we changed it to a
+style of game p game play that was kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of game p game play that was kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+style of game p game play that was kind
+of at the you at the player's pace. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at the you at the player's pace. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of at the you at the player's pace. Um,
+they can do everything as fast or as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do everything as fast or as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can do everything as fast or as
+slow as they want and that I think gives
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow as they want and that I think gives
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow as they want and that I think gives
+the player a better chance to kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player a better chance to kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the player a better chance to kind of
+learn um everything there is to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn um everything there is to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn um everything there is to learn
+from the miniame. Um, yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the miniame. Um, yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the miniame. Um, yeah.
+Cool. So the second game, the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. So the second game, the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. So the second game, the second
+mini game is a water collection game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini game is a water collection game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini game is a water collection game
+where you're asked to help your friend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're asked to help your friend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you're asked to help your friend
+Corku find where to collect water from.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corku find where to collect water from.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Corku find where to collect water from.
+And so with this development process, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so with this development process, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so with this development process, it
+was kind of similar to what Kevin was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of similar to what Kevin was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was kind of similar to what Kevin was
+saying about making it, you know, like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about making it, you know, like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying about making it, you know, like
+have a as high of a learning value as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a as high of a learning value as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a as high of a learning value as
+possible. Um, and then another aspect of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Um, and then another aspect of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. Um, and then another aspect of
+this game was making it fail safe. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game was making it fail safe. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this game was making it fail safe. So
+obviously we thought there was one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we thought there was one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously we thought there was one right
+answer that the um player should take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that the um player should take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer that the um player should take
+away from it, but we didn't want them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it, but we didn't want them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from it, but we didn't want them to
+fail and then not win the game at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and then not win the game at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail and then not win the game at the
+end if they were to not choose the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if they were to not choose the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end if they were to not choose the right
+location. So, one way we dealt with that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location. So, one way we dealt with that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+location. So, one way we dealt with that
+was um every time the player chose a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um every time the player chose a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was um every time the player chose a
+wrong location, there'd be feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong location, there'd be feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wrong location, there'd be feed
+immediate feedback saying, "Oh, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate feedback saying, "Oh, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate feedback saying, "Oh, this
+isn't such a good place to collect water
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't such a good place to collect water
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isn't such a good place to collect water
+from because and so as you can see, um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from because and so as you can see, um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from because and so as you can see, um
+this example is if you were to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example is if you were to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this example is if you were to collect
+water from the river, you don't know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from the river, you don't know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water from the river, you don't know if
+there's excretita from upstream or if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's excretita from upstream or if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's excretita from upstream or if
+you know someone's peeing in the river
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someone's peeing in the river
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someone's peeing in the river
+right now." Um so, then it'll ask you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now." Um so, then it'll ask you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now." Um so, then it'll ask you to
+try another place. Um, we also did a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try another place. Um, we also did a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try another place. Um, we also did a
+feature cut pretty early on which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature cut pretty early on which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feature cut pretty early on which was
+also finding somewhere to dispose of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also finding somewhere to dispose of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also finding somewhere to dispose of
+your excretita. And so we focused on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your excretita. And so we focused on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your excretita. And so we focused on the
+water which would, you know, hopefully
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water which would, you know, hopefully
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water which would, you know, hopefully
+focus the players attention and figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus the players attention and figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focus the players attention and figuring
+out where to place water and really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where to place water and really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out where to place water and really
+think about um the water aspect and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about um the water aspect and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about um the water aspect and not
+so much as another aspect of the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much as another aspect of the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so much as another aspect of the game.
+So the other challenge was um, as Liz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the other challenge was um, as Liz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the other challenge was um, as Liz
+and Kevin already pointed out was there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kevin already pointed out was there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Kevin already pointed out was there
+was a huge cultural difference. So, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a huge cultural difference. So, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a huge cultural difference. So, um,
+again, I have like a before and after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, I have like a before and after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again, I have like a before and after
+shot of what our landscape looked like.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot of what our landscape looked like.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shot of what our landscape looked like.
+And so, originally there were snowcap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, originally there were snowcap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so, originally there were snowcap
+mountains, a lot of grass, but, uh, from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains, a lot of grass, but, uh, from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mountains, a lot of grass, but, uh, from
+our research, we saw that this didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our research, we saw that this didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our research, we saw that this didn't
+really look like a Ghana landscape. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look like a Ghana landscape. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really look like a Ghana landscape. Um,
+we had a water treatment facility, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a water treatment facility, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had a water treatment facility, which
+originally was the correct place to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was the correct place to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally was the correct place to
+collect water from, but we eventually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect water from, but we eventually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collect water from, but we eventually
+changed that um, to be a well. And so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that um, to be a well. And so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed that um, to be a well. And so,
+that's more realistic about um, in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more realistic about um, in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's more realistic about um, in terms
+of where people collect water in Ghana.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where people collect water in Ghana.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where people collect water in Ghana.
+Um, additionally there's at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, additionally there's at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, additionally there's at the end
+there was a taskbar. So it provide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a taskbar. So it provide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was a taskbar. So it provide you
+more feedback. If you clicked on any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more feedback. If you clicked on any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more feedback. If you clicked on any of
+the buildings, it'll provide you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings, it'll provide you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the buildings, it'll provide you
+feedback about, you know, what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about, you know, what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about, you know, what that
+place is and whether or not you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is and whether or not you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place is and whether or not you should
+or shouldn't be placing water there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Our final miniame is focused around um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our final miniame is focused around um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Our final miniame is focused around um
+teaching the symptoms of chalera and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the symptoms of chalera and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+teaching the symptoms of chalera and the
+importance of early prevention and uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of early prevention and uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance of early prevention and uh
+recognizing the early signs of chalera
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing the early signs of chalera
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recognizing the early signs of chalera
+to prevent the disease from spreading.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent the disease from spreading.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to prevent the disease from spreading.
+So the premise of this game is that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the premise of this game is that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the premise of this game is that the
+doctor in the town is very busy. He
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor in the town is very busy. He
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor in the town is very busy. He
+can't go out into the town to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go out into the town to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't go out into the town to actually
+check on patients to see if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check on patients to see if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check on patients to see if they're
+seeing any of the early signs of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing any of the early signs of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing any of the early signs of
+chalera. So he asks you to help him by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalera. So he asks you to help him by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chalera. So he asks you to help him by
+going out and talking to some of your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out and talking to some of your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going out and talking to some of your
+friends in town and then asking them if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends in town and then asking them if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+friends in town and then asking them if
+they're having any of the symptoms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're having any of the symptoms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're having any of the symptoms and
+then ask them to come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask them to come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then ask them to come into the
+doctor. We initially started off by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor. We initially started off by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doctor. We initially started off by
+having this game be a game where you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this game be a game where you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having this game be a game where you
+help the doctor in the doctor's office
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the doctor in the doctor's office
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help the doctor in the doctor's office
+and he's diagnosing patients and you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's diagnosing patients and you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and he's diagnosing patients and you're
+sort of diagnosing the patients with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of diagnosing the patients with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of diagnosing the patients with
+him. And we realized that this would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him. And we realized that this would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+him. And we realized that this would
+quickly turn into sort of a quiz type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly turn into sort of a quiz type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly turn into sort of a quiz type of
+game and it would really detract from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and it would really detract from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and it would really detract from
+the learning aspect. It essentially be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning aspect. It essentially be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the learning aspect. It essentially be
+the same as just reading the symptoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as just reading the symptoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same as just reading the symptoms
+out of a pamphlet. So we decided that by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a pamphlet. So we decided that by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of a pamphlet. So we decided that by
+adding more interactivity by forcing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more interactivity by forcing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+adding more interactivity by forcing the
+player to go out into the village and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player to go out into the village and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+player to go out into the village and
+actually find people and talk to them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find people and talk to them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually find people and talk to them
+and then ask them to come into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ask them to come into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then ask them to come into the
+clinic um would be a lot more engaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic um would be a lot more engaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clinic um would be a lot more engaging
+while still maintaining the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still maintaining the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+while still maintaining the same
+educational aspect about trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational aspect about trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+educational aspect about trying to
+search for the right symptoms.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for the right symptoms.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+search for the right symptoms.
+Additionally, we made a um change where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Additionally, we made a um change where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Additionally, we made a um change where
+we had the player go talk to some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the player go talk to some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we had the player go talk to some of the
+villagers that were adults. And then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villagers that were adults. And then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+villagers that were adults. And then we
+realized that um after speaking with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that um after speaking with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realized that um after speaking with
+Pablo that the social hierarchy in Ghana
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo that the social hierarchy in Ghana
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Pablo that the social hierarchy in Ghana
+is not necessarily that of the United
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily that of the United
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not necessarily that of the United
+States. And this sort of um interaction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States. And this sort of um interaction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States. And this sort of um interaction
+where a child asks something or sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a child asks something or sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where a child asks something or sort of
+demands something of an adult isn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands something of an adult isn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demands something of an adult isn't
+really something that would happen uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really something that would happen uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really something that would happen uh
+just because of the stricter social
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the stricter social
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just because of the stricter social
+hierarchy. So, we decided that it'd be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy. So, we decided that it'd be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hierarchy. So, we decided that it'd be
+more appropriate if we had the child go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate if we had the child go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more appropriate if we had the child go
+talk to some of his friends that were of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to some of his friends that were of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to some of his friends that were of
+the same age and then tell them um since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same age and then tell them um since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same age and then tell them um since
+they're on the same uh sort of level to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on the same uh sort of level to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're on the same uh sort of level to
+go to the doctor's office rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the doctor's office rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go to the doctor's office rather than
+talking to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking to
+elders. Some of the challenges that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elders. Some of the challenges that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elders. Some of the challenges that we
+saw were that um the do this game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw were that um the do this game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw were that um the do this game is
+heavily dialogue based. um it's almost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily dialogue based. um it's almost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heavily dialogue based. um it's almost
+entirely um interacting through our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely um interacting through our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entirely um interacting through our
+dialogue UI and so we needed to do a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue UI and so we needed to do a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue UI and so we needed to do a lot
+of iteration on that in order to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iteration on that in order to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of iteration on that in order to make
+sure that it was clear who was speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it was clear who was speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it was clear who was speaking
+and um give the appropriate choices so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um give the appropriate choices so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and um give the appropriate choices so
+that the player can make meaningful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the player can make meaningful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the player can make meaningful
+decisions while having these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions while having these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decisions while having these
+interactions with the villagers. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with the villagers. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interactions with the villagers. And
+finally, since it is so dialogueheavy,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, since it is so dialogueheavy,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finally, since it is so dialogueheavy,
+the there's a problem that comes when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a problem that comes when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the there's a problem that comes when
+making a game for children when you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a game for children when you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a game for children when you have
+a lot of text because they might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of text because they might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of text because they might not be
+the strongest reader. So we focused a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest reader. So we focused a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the strongest reader. So we focused a
+lot on making sure that the vocabulary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot on making sure that the vocabulary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot on making sure that the vocabulary
+was simple and we tried to keep the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simple and we tried to keep the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was simple and we tried to keep the
+sentence structure as simple as possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence structure as simple as possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sentence structure as simple as possible
+and straightforward to get the message
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and straightforward to get the message
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and straightforward to get the message
+across to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+children. So some of the overall
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. So some of the overall
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+children. So some of the overall
+challenges that we faced while doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that we faced while doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenges that we faced while doing the
+game development was uh mastering the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game development was uh mastering the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game development was uh mastering the
+states with phaser. This is sort of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with phaser. This is sort of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states with phaser. This is sort of an
+intricacy of the phaser engine itself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricacy of the phaser engine itself.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intricacy of the phaser engine itself.
+Um where when you spawn off the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um where when you spawn off the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um where when you spawn off the
+different sort of stages of the map,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of stages of the map,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different sort of stages of the map,
+making sure that we can maintain the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that we can maintain the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making sure that we can maintain the
+data across um all these different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data across um all these different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data across um all these different
+states so that um there can be a sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so that um there can be a sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states so that um there can be a sort of
+progress through the game. And finally,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress through the game. And finally,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress through the game. And finally,
+we wanted to make sure that the game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to make sure that the game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted to make sure that the game
+wasn't too difficult. For example, with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't too difficult. For example, with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't too difficult. For example, with
+the facility game, um at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facility game, um at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the facility game, um at the beginning
+when we had the very fast-paced clicking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had the very fast-paced clicking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we had the very fast-paced clicking
+and then you would fail almost all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would fail almost all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then you would fail almost all the
+time, we wanted to make sure that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, we wanted to make sure that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time, we wanted to make sure that it
+wasn't too difficult, but that it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't too difficult, but that it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wasn't too difficult, but that it and
+that it was accessible. Um the cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was accessible. Um the cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it was accessible. Um the cultural
+disconnect we've touched a bit on um in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect we've touched a bit on um in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disconnect we've touched a bit on um in
+some of our previous games. Um making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our previous games. Um making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of our previous games. Um making
+sure that the target audience will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the target audience will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that the target audience will be
+able to play this game and relate to it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to play this game and relate to it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to play this game and relate to it
+in order to pull the message from it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to pull the message from it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to pull the message from it and
+making the play meaningful. We wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the play meaningful. We wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making the play meaningful. We wanted to
+make sure that the gameplay was still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the gameplay was still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that the gameplay was still
+getting the message across and finding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the message across and finding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting the message across and finding
+the good balance between education and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good balance between education and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the good balance between education and
+play.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play.
+So now I'll talk about how our teamwork
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'll talk about how our teamwork
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now I'll talk about how our teamwork
+worked out and what our process was like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out and what our process was like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out and what our process was like
+as a team. So we use four main um tools.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a team. So we use four main um tools.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a team. So we use four main um tools.
+The first one being Trello to keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first one being Trello to keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The first one being Trello to keep track
+of our tasks and progresses. So we'd put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our tasks and progresses. So we'd put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our tasks and progresses. So we'd put
+all our sprint task list, our product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our sprint task list, our product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all our sprint task list, our product
+backlog onto the Trello. People would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog onto the Trello. People would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+backlog onto the Trello. People would
+claim the different tasks and then be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the different tasks and then be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the different tasks and then be
+able to say if they were doing them, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say if they were doing them, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to say if they were doing them, if
+they were done, or if they hadn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were done, or if they hadn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they were done, or if they hadn't
+started. Um, and then that means we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Um, and then that means we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started. Um, and then that means we
+could track how people's progress was.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could track how people's progress was.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could track how people's progress was.
+Um, the second one was weekly meetings.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the second one was weekly meetings.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, the second one was weekly meetings.
+So every week we had a meeting to either
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So every week we had a meeting to either
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So every week we had a meeting to either
+do some research about Ghana, talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some research about Ghana, talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do some research about Ghana, talk about
+how we could improve um the gameplay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we could improve um the gameplay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we could improve um the gameplay,
+make it more meaningful, if we should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more meaningful, if we should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more meaningful, if we should
+cut some features and whatnot. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut some features and whatnot. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cut some features and whatnot. So these
+meetings are really great for quick and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings are really great for quick and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings are really great for quick and
+efficient um decisions and also really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient um decisions and also really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficient um decisions and also really
+important decisions. Our third tool was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important decisions. Our third tool was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important decisions. Our third tool was
+Slack, which um some other teams talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slack, which um some other teams talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Slack, which um some other teams talked
+about, but it was really great because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, but it was really great because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about, but it was really great because
+first it had GitHub and Google Drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it had GitHub and Google Drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first it had GitHub and Google Drive
+integration, so you could see when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration, so you could see when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration, so you could see when
+people were pushing code if you should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were pushing code if you should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people were pushing code if you should
+be pulling code. Um and then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pulling code. Um and then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be pulling code. Um and then in
+addition, we could have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, we could have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, we could have different
+channels. So we had a separate coding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels. So we had a separate coding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channels. So we had a separate coding
+channel where all the coders would um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel where all the coders would um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+channel where all the coders would um
+could talk to each other and that might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk to each other and that might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could talk to each other and that might
+not be relevant to other people. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be relevant to other people. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be relevant to other people. Um and
+then having a whole team channel was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having a whole team channel was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then having a whole team channel was
+also efficient because it would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also efficient because it would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also efficient because it would be
+faster response than email. Um, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster response than email. Um, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+faster response than email. Um, and then
+our final one was Google Drive, which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final one was Google Drive, which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our final one was Google Drive, which is
+where we had all our assets, had all our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had all our assets, had all our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we had all our assets, had all our
+dialogues, our characters. Um, and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues, our characters. Um, and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogues, our characters. Um, and this
+worked out to be a really great tool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out to be a really great tool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked out to be a really great tool
+for, you know, collaborative storage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for, you know, collaborative storage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for, you know, collaborative storage.
+Um, some downfalls of this was, uh, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, some downfalls of this was, uh, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, some downfalls of this was, uh, I'll
+talk about the second the second part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the second the second part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk about the second the second part
+was well, I guess basically with all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well, I guess basically with all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was well, I guess basically with all
+these tools, you need to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools, you need to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these tools, you need to make sure that
+everyone's actually using the tools.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's actually using the tools.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone's actually using the tools.
+It's not actually effective to be using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not actually effective to be using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's not actually effective to be using
+Trello if not everyone's using Trello.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trello if not everyone's using Trello.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Trello if not everyone's using Trello.
+Um, and we found this to be the case.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we found this to be the case.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and we found this to be the case.
+not everyone would be updating their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone would be updating their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not everyone would be updating their
+progress on Trello or not everyone would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on Trello or not everyone would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+progress on Trello or not everyone would
+be on Slack. Um but some mitigations we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on Slack. Um but some mitigations we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be on Slack. Um but some mitigations we
+had to that is in like Slack you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to that is in like Slack you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to that is in like Slack you can
+mention pe people's names and then it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention pe people's names and then it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention pe people's names and then it'll
+send them an email if they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them an email if they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+send them an email if they're not
+actually on Slack at that time. Um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on Slack at that time. Um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually on Slack at that time. Um we
+did have to kind of remind people to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have to kind of remind people to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did have to kind of remind people to be
+updating the Trello board or updating um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating the Trello board or updating um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+updating the Trello board or updating um
+their progress in Slack or just ping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their progress in Slack or just ping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their progress in Slack or just ping
+people individually in email but I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people individually in email but I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people individually in email but I think
+we worked it out. Uh something we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we worked it out. Uh something we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we worked it out. Uh something we could
+have improved on was enforcing deadline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have improved on was enforcing deadline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have improved on was enforcing deadline
+deadlines and having deadlines as Kevin
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines and having deadlines as Kevin
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines and having deadlines as Kevin
+will talk about. We had different roles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about. We had different roles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will talk about. We had different roles
+between coding and art designing. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between coding and art designing. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between coding and art designing. So
+obviously the art assets had to be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the art assets had to be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the art assets had to be done
+before you could really code things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you could really code things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you could really code things and
+put into the game. So in that in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the game. So in that in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+put into the game. So in that in that
+aspect we should have probably had clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect we should have probably had clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect we should have probably had clear
+deadlines so that we could stick to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines so that we could stick to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deadlines so that we could stick to a
+clear uh stricter schedule. And then in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear uh stricter schedule. And then in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear uh stricter schedule. And then in
+addition, we should have probably had a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, we should have probably had a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+addition, we should have probably had a
+bit more frequent communication with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more frequent communication with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit more frequent communication with the
+entire team. So we did have a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire team. So we did have a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire team. So we did have a lot of
+communication, but sometimes not all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication, but sometimes not all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+communication, but sometimes not all the
+team members were present. And uh we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team members were present. And uh we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+team members were present. And uh we we
+should have probably improved a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have probably improved a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should have probably improved a bit
+about like sending out meeting notes and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like sending out meeting notes and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about like sending out meeting notes and
+catching up people who weren't at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching up people who weren't at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catching up people who weren't at the
+meetings when we made certain decisions.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings when we made certain decisions.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meetings when we made certain decisions.
+Um, and to that regard, something that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and to that regard, something that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and to that regard, something that
+we could just do for next time is keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just do for next time is keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could just do for next time is keep
+uh send out meeting notes and keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh send out meeting notes and keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh send out meeting notes and keep
+everyone up to date and possibly even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone up to date and possibly even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone up to date and possibly even
+have smaller meetings where not everyone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have smaller meetings where not everyone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have smaller meetings where not everyone
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+present. So, I guess in terms of what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present. So, I guess in terms of what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+present. So, I guess in terms of what
+went right, Kevin will talk about that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went right, Kevin will talk about that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went right, Kevin will talk about that.
+Yeah. So, as Rachel was saying, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, as Rachel was saying, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, as Rachel was saying, we
+separated a lot of the tasks of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated a lot of the tasks of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separated a lot of the tasks of the
+project between the team members. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project between the team members. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project between the team members. And
+since um we had seven people um we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um we had seven people um we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since um we had seven people um we
+designated four to coding, two to design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated four to coding, two to design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+designated four to coding, two to design
+and art, and then a few others to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and art, and then a few others to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and art, and then a few others to the
+other aspects such as narrative, project
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects such as narrative, project
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other aspects such as narrative, project
+management, um and sound. Um, so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management, um and sound. Um, so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+management, um and sound. Um, so that
+actually helped us a lot in that having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helped us a lot in that having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helped us a lot in that having
+only four coders rather than seven
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four coders rather than seven
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only four coders rather than seven
+really cut down on the number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cut down on the number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really cut down on the number of uh
+merge conflicts and issues that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge conflicts and issues that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge conflicts and issues that we had
+um in previous projects. Um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in previous projects. Um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um in previous projects. Um because
+obviously the fewer number of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the fewer number of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously the fewer number of people
+working on each file, the less likely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on each file, the less likely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on each file, the less likely
+it's all going to break when people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all going to break when people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's all going to break when people
+merge their stuff together on GitHub.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge their stuff together on GitHub.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+merge their stuff together on GitHub.
+Um, and with the art designers, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and with the art designers, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and with the art designers, it
+actually helped to have just two because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helped to have just two because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually helped to have just two because
+although they had to do more work, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they had to do more work, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although they had to do more work, it
+was easier for them to collaborate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easier for them to collaborate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was easier for them to collaborate and
+make sure that all of their art followed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that all of their art followed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that all of their art followed
+the same theme rather than coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same theme rather than coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same theme rather than coming from
+three or four different sources that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four different sources that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three or four different sources that
+looked slightly different. Um, Eduardo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked slightly different. Um, Eduardo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked slightly different. Um, Eduardo
+and Liz were very capable in making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Liz were very capable in making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Liz were very capable in making sure
+that all the art had the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the art had the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all the art had the same kind of
+color palette and the same kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color palette and the same kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color palette and the same kind of
+cultural theme to it. Um, which helped,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural theme to it. Um, which helped,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cultural theme to it. Um, which helped,
+I think, unify our game in the end. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think, unify our game in the end. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think, unify our game in the end. Um,
+and as Rachel also said, we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Rachel also said, we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and as Rachel also said, we had
+semi-frequent meetings mostly at the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-frequent meetings mostly at the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semi-frequent meetings mostly at the end
+of the weeks just to catch up and see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weeks just to catch up and see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the weeks just to catch up and see
+how everybody was doing on their parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how everybody was doing on their parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how everybody was doing on their parts
+and what we uh planning on doing for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we uh planning on doing for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what we uh planning on doing for the
+next week. Um, and it also served as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. Um, and it also served as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week. Um, and it also served as a
+good time for us to really sit down and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time for us to really sit down and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good time for us to really sit down and
+get some work done, whether it's drawing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some work done, whether it's drawing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get some work done, whether it's drawing
+some new assets, um, coding a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new assets, um, coding a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some new assets, um, coding a new
+miniame, and having most of the people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniame, and having most of the people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniame, and having most of the people
+there together at the same time allowed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there together at the same time allowed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there together at the same time allowed
+us to really bounce ideas off of each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to really bounce ideas off of each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us to really bounce ideas off of each
+other when we were implementing this,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when we were implementing this,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other when we were implementing this,
+which made things a lot more efficient.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made things a lot more efficient.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which made things a lot more efficient.
+And lastly, we realized that at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And lastly, we realized that at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And lastly, we realized that at the
+beginning, um, we had probably more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, um, we had probably more than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, um, we had probably more than
+we could take on over this 8week period.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could take on over this 8week period.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could take on over this 8week period.
+So, um, we made we did a good job of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, we made we did a good job of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, um, we made we did a good job of
+cutting features early, and the main one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting features early, and the main one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cutting features early, and the main one
+we did was cutting the fourth mini game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did was cutting the fourth mini game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we did was cutting the fourth mini game
+out of, um, our game entirely so that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of, um, our game entirely so that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of, um, our game entirely so that we
+could really focus on making the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really focus on making the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could really focus on making the three
+mini games that we have currently, um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini games that we have currently, um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini games that we have currently, um,
+really robust and really relevant to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really robust and really relevant to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really robust and really relevant to the
+ideas we were trying to convey.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we were trying to convey.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas we were trying to convey.
+Um, so moving forward from this, we uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so moving forward from this, we uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so moving forward from this, we uh,
+hopefully we would be able to find more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we would be able to find more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully we would be able to find more
+of our target target audience. Our focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our target target audience. Our focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our target target audience. Our focus
+has helped a lot whether it was speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has helped a lot whether it was speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has helped a lot whether it was speaking
+to Pablo, other MIT students, people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pablo, other MIT students, people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Pablo, other MIT students, people in
+the class. Um they gave us a lot of good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class. Um they gave us a lot of good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the class. Um they gave us a lot of good
+feedback about the game but obviously um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about the game but obviously um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feedback about the game but obviously um
+we didn't get a chance to speak with you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get a chance to speak with you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we didn't get a chance to speak with you
+know Ghanian kids or which is our target
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Ghanian kids or which is our target
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know Ghanian kids or which is our target
+audience and that could definitely help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and that could definitely help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience and that could definitely help
+um if we had a longer period and were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we had a longer period and were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um if we had a longer period and were
+able to you know find even kids ages 8
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know find even kids ages 8
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to you know find even kids ages 8
+to 13. Um in terms of iteration I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 13. Um in terms of iteration I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 13. Um in terms of iteration I think
+we could still focus a bit more on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could still focus a bit more on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we could still focus a bit more on
+balancing the difficulty. I think we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing the difficulty. I think we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balancing the difficulty. I think we
+mitigated that by um doing things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigated that by um doing things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mitigated that by um doing things like
+what Justin said um about, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Justin said um about, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what Justin said um about, you know,
+changing the text dialogue and also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the text dialogue and also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing the text dialogue and also
+providing a lot of help tutorials or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a lot of help tutorials or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a lot of help tutorials or
+instructions throughout the game. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions throughout the game. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructions throughout the game. Um but
+that's something we could always think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we could always think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's something we could always think
+about so that even kids younger than our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that even kids younger than our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about so that even kids younger than our
+target audience could access the game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target audience could access the game.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target audience could access the game.
+Um and then obviously just making sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then obviously just making sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and then obviously just making sure
+the game is culturally relevant,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is culturally relevant,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game is culturally relevant,
+thinking about word choices, thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about word choices, thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking about word choices, thinking
+about uh assets, something we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh assets, something we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about uh assets, something we could
+always um improve on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always um improve on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always um improve on.
+And then finally to act keep moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then finally to act keep moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then finally to act keep moving
+forward we could implement another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward we could implement another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward we could implement another
+miniame find out other things about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniame find out other things about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miniame find out other things about
+color we really want to get across and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color we really want to get across and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+color we really want to get across and
+add other adventures to the game. Um but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add other adventures to the game. Um but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add other adventures to the game. Um but
+the game right now is pretty contained
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game right now is pretty contained
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the game right now is pretty contained
+and serves gives three valuable we think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and serves gives three valuable we think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and serves gives three valuable we think
+three valuable lessons about kalera and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three valuable lessons about kalera and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three valuable lessons about kalera and
+three very concrete preventative actions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three very concrete preventative actions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three very concrete preventative actions
+that you can take and um bring back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can take and um bring back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you can take and um bring back to
+your village and your family. So I guess
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your village and your family. So I guess
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your village and your family. So I guess
+that's what we would think about if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we would think about if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we would think about if we
+were going to go forward. And now uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to go forward. And now uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were going to go forward. And now uh
+we'll move into our demo. So I guess if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll move into our demo. So I guess if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll move into our demo. So I guess if
+there's any questions first, we can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any questions first, we can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's any questions first, we can take
+those or else we'll be looking for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those or else we'll be looking for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those or else we'll be looking for a
+demoer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demoer.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demoer.
+Um I have a question regarding um how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I have a question regarding um how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um I have a question regarding um how
+you um use like this the structure of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um use like this the structure of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you um use like this the structure of
+like having many mini games inside of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having many mini games inside of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like having many mini games inside of a
+big game. I wonder like um does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big game. I wonder like um does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big game. I wonder like um does that
+help uh splitting the task up among
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh splitting the task up among
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help uh splitting the task up among
+different members in the team and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different members in the team and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different members in the team and make
+the process better or did that um add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process better or did that um add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process better or did that um add
+more difficulty to finish all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficulty to finish all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more difficulty to finish all the
+contents and to tie them together? Yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents and to tie them together? Yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents and to tie them together? Yeah,
+it really I think the modularity really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really I think the modularity really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it really I think the modularity really
+helped. So uh the three of us took took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped. So uh the three of us took took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped. So uh the three of us took took
+the lead on one miniame each but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead on one miniame each but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lead on one miniame each but then
+obviously there were components that c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there were components that c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obviously there were components that c
+um cross all the different um mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cross all the different um mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um cross all the different um mini
+games. So, for example, our other coder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. So, for example, our other coder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. So, for example, our other coder
+worked a lot on the conversation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked a lot on the conversation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked a lot on the conversation and
+dialogue UI that shows up in all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue UI that shows up in all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dialogue UI that shows up in all the
+mini games. Um, and additionally, at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini games. Um, and additionally, at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mini games. Um, and additionally, at the
+beginning, we did run into that issue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, we did run into that issue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beginning, we did run into that issue
+where we thought, oh, really the game is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we thought, oh, really the game is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we thought, oh, really the game is
+just three mini games. Um, so we worked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just three mini games. Um, so we worked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just three mini games. Um, so we worked
+to come up with an idea to tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with an idea to tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to come up with an idea to tie
+everything together, and that ended up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together, and that ended up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything together, and that ended up
+being an inventory clue kind of thing.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an inventory clue kind of thing.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being an inventory clue kind of thing.
+So, you could go around town looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you could go around town looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you could go around town looking for
+clues that you needed to unlock the mini
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues that you needed to unlock the mini
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues that you needed to unlock the mini
+games. So, for example, to play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. So, for example, to play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+games. So, for example, to play the
+water collection game, you need a bowl
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water collection game, you need a bowl
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water collection game, you need a bowl
+to collect the water. So you would go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect the water. So you would go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to collect the water. So you would go
+around town and find someone, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around town and find someone, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around town and find someone, maybe
+someone was like wearing a bucket on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was like wearing a bucket on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone was like wearing a bucket on
+their head, and you'd be able to collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head, and you'd be able to collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their head, and you'd be able to collect
+that bucket from them and then play the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bucket from them and then play the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that bucket from them and then play the
+game. So in that sense, we were able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. So in that sense, we were able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game. So in that sense, we were able to
+come up with this idea that could um tie
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with this idea that could um tie
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come up with this idea that could um tie
+together all the different mini games.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all the different mini games.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+together all the different mini games.
+Does that answer your question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that answer your question?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that answer your question?
+Any questions? Is it mother a cat?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions? Is it mother a cat?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Any questions? Is it mother a cat?
+Yes. Bunny kids mother is a cat. Bunny.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Bunny kids mother is a cat. Bunny.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Bunny kids mother is a cat. Bunny.
+Okay. Right. I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, so you cut mini game number four.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so you cut mini game number four.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so you cut mini game number four.
+Yes. Um, about when in the project did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Um, about when in the project did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Um, about when in the project did
+you do that and about how much work did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that and about how much work did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you do that and about how much work did
+you actually put into that mini game
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually put into that mini game
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you actually put into that mini game
+before you decided not to complete it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you decided not to complete it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before you decided not to complete it?
+That game did not make it past the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That game did not make it past the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That game did not make it past the paper
+prototype. Um, after we did the paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype. Um, after we did the paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype. Um, after we did the paper
+prototype, we realized that um, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype, we realized that um, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prototype, we realized that um, that
+game and the Simpsons game were actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the Simpsons game were actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+game and the Simpsons game were actually
+very similar. And so, um, we integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar. And so, um, we integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very similar. And so, um, we integrated
+some of the storytelling aspects into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the storytelling aspects into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the storytelling aspects into
+the, um, Dr. mini game that we pulled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, um, Dr. mini game that we pulled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the, um, Dr. mini game that we pulled
+from the, uh, fourth mini game.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thank you.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+Our volunteer. Thank
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Guess I clicked start.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guess I clicked start.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Guess I clicked start.
+I think it's fine. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+helped. Sorry. On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Well, from our previous discussion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, from our previous discussion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, from our previous discussion
+mind, I wonder if I can take his bucket.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind, I wonder if I can take his bucket.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mind, I wonder if I can take his bucket.
+Uh, you have to run into him like go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, you have to run into him like go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, you have to run into him like go
+closer. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No. I don't know if Cork is going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. I don't know if Cork is going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. I don't know if Cork is going to get
+that bucket. Maybe I'll keep it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Wow. I already have two quests.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Never play with fire by yourself.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Whoa, that bucket turned into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cat. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool. I mean, if I say no, I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. I mean, if I say no, I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. I mean, if I say no, I have to
+come back later, don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back later, don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back later, don't
+I? Drag the bowl and click me when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I? Drag the bowl and click me when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I? Drag the bowl and click me when
+you're done. All right. Well, I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done. All right. Well, I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done. All right. Well, I know
+where to go, but we'll do this anyway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to go, but we'll do this anyway.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where to go, but we'll do this anyway.
+There's no water at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no water at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's no water at the
+house. I guess that makes sense. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. I guess that makes sense. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+house. I guess that makes sense. If
+there was water at the house, I wouldn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was water at the house, I wouldn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was water at the house, I wouldn't
+need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need a
+bucket. I do all the wrong things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+first. It looks like there are a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. It looks like there are a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. It looks like there are a lot of
+bacteria in the lake. I have really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+eyes. Ew. I don't want rusty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+water. Oh, the bathroom. That's a great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. Oh, the bathroom. That's a great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. Oh, the bathroom. That's a great
+place to get water. I won't go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there. Yay. I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Yay. I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Yay. I have
+water. Can I go swimming? Yes. Yes, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+can. I forget what you wanted. What did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. I forget what you wanted. What did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can. I forget what you wanted. What did
+you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+again? Paper.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I know. No, I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually. Oh, I guess I do know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. Oh, I guess I do know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually. Oh, I guess I do know
+something.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Mhm.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I guess I need to go in the houses now.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I need to go in the houses now.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I need to go in the houses now.
+That's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+guess. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cool. Ew. I better boil that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Ew. I better boil that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool. Ew. I better boil that.
+I want to start the game first. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to start the game first. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to start the game first. Oh,
+start the game. I'll do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the game. I'll do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start the game. I'll do that
+first. And now I've got this sliding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. And now I've got this sliding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first. And now I've got this sliding.
+That's interesting. Okay, I like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's interesting. Okay, I like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's interesting. Okay, I like this
+water. This is great. Let's go with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. This is great. Let's go with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+water. This is great. Let's go with
+that. I just know that the well is good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I just know that the well is good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. I just know that the well is good
+because I was just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was just
+there. That's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+good. Pump and clear. Well, rust was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Pump and clear. Well, rust was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Pump and clear. Well, rust was the
+problem before, so I clean. That's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Where am I getting this hot water from?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where am I getting this hot water from?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Where am I getting this hot water from?
+The pump.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Cool. Discolored. Discolored. Well, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Discolored. Discolored. Well, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cool. Discolored. Discolored. Well, I'm
+going to be safe cuz I don't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be safe cuz I don't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be safe cuz I don't have to
+gather firewood.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I'm running out of firewood now. Now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm running out of firewood now. Now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm running out of firewood now. Now I'm
+going to be in trouble
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here. We'll go for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it. It's from the pump. How bad could it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's from the pump. How bad could it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. It's from the pump. How bad could it
+be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is this a breast pump?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is this a breast pump?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is this a breast pump?
+Oh, right. That's the bad stuff. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, right. That's the bad stuff. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, right. That's the bad stuff. The
+well is the good stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's Oh, pump. Yeah. Whatever. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's Oh, pump. Yeah. Whatever. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's Oh, pump. Yeah. Whatever. The
+well the color of the United, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I only have three firewood. Well, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only have three firewood. Well, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I only have three firewood. Well, let's
+just do this. One or the next one will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this. One or the next one will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do this. One or the next one will
+be clear, I'm sure. Well and clear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear, I'm sure. Well and clear.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be clear, I'm sure. Well and clear.
+There we go. Boil the rest to be safe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There we go. Boil the rest to be safe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There we go. Boil the rest to be safe.
+I'm not getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+You have all the clues. I have all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have all the clues. I have all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have all the clues. I have all the
+clues. I haven't helped sick people yet.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues. I haven't helped sick people yet.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clues. I haven't helped sick people yet.
+Yeah, I hear those two chicks. No, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I hear those two chicks. No, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I hear those two chicks. No, I'm
+just kidding.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kidding.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just kidding.
+Throwing up and have diarrhea and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Throwing up and have diarrhea and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Throwing up and have diarrhea and very
+thirsty. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+well. So, in other words, you've seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So, in other words, you've seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So, in other words, you've seen
+the monster. I'm not doing very well at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monster. I'm not doing very well at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the monster. I'm not doing very well at
+saving that monster.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+You should go see the doctor because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should go see the doctor because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You should go see the doctor because you
+have all those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+symptoms. All right. Where are my check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms. All right. Where are my check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symptoms. All right. Where are my check
+marks? Oh, look. I got three clues. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks? Oh, look. I got three clues. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+marks? Oh, look. I got three clues. Is
+that good enough? Let's go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+mayor. I have more spaces for clues. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor. I have more spaces for clues. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mayor. I have more spaces for clues. It
+must be good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+enough. Nope.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+We're going to the hospital.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Laughter]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I just jumped over that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+office. Actually, the repetition is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office. Actually, the repetition is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office. Actually, the repetition is not
+a bad thing, is it? For your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad thing, is it? For your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bad thing, is it? For your
+demographic, that's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, you're not from around here, are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you're not from around here, are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you're not from around here, are
+you?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+That's it. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's it. Thank you.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's it. Thank you.
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, I think that's it. Is that all we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think that's it. Is that all we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think that's it. Is that all we
+have? Are there any last questions? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? Are there any last questions? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have? Are there any last questions? I
+actually do have one question about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do have one question about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually do have one question about the
+music. Do you have it on the credits if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music. Do you have it on the credits if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music. Do you have it on the credits if
+you uh is this like a piece of that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh is this like a piece of that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you uh is this like a piece of that the
+person wrote for you or is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person wrote for you or is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person wrote for you or is this
+something that you downloaded from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you downloaded from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that you downloaded from the
+website? Uh we download it from YouTube.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website? Uh we download it from YouTube.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website? Uh we download it from YouTube.
+You might just want to check their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might just want to check their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You might just want to check their
+website to see exactly how they want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to see exactly how they want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+website to see exactly how they want to
+be rated because maybe there's a title
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rated because maybe there's a title
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be rated because maybe there's a title
+of the song or list or something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the song or list or something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the song or list or something like
+that. But but if you've already done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But but if you've already done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But but if you've already done
+that, that's that's good.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, that's that's good.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, that's that's good.
+All right. Thank you. Thank you.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, we're done. Thank you so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+much. We really enjoy teaching this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. We really enjoy teaching this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much. We really enjoy teaching this
+class every year. Um we really hope um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class every year. Um we really hope um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class every year. Um we really hope um
+you got a good experience from it. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a good experience from it. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you got a good experience from it. I
+liked seeing a lot of the presentations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked seeing a lot of the presentations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+liked seeing a lot of the presentations
+and I like the changes that we saw uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like the changes that we saw uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I like the changes that we saw uh
+from rehearsals to today. So there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rehearsals to today. So there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from rehearsals to today. So there's a
+lot of really good information in there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of really good information in there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of really good information in there.
+Um yeah, both in the in the games and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah, both in the in the games and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um yeah, both in the in the games and in
+the uh in the presentations. Um again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in the presentations. Um again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh in the presentations. Um again,
+if you have any questions about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have any questions about um
+future classes, we don't actually offer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future classes, we don't actually offer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+future classes, we don't actually offer
+a game design degree at MIT, but we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game design degree at MIT, but we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a game design degree at MIT, but we do
+have a concentration of comparative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a concentration of comparative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a concentration of comparative
+media studies. If you take any four CMS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media studies. If you take any four CMS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+media studies. If you take any four CMS
+classes, you get a concentration. It can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes, you get a concentration. It can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classes, you get a concentration. It can
+be from this list here. Um, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from this list here. Um, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be from this list here. Um, there's
+information on your desks about other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on your desks about other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information on your desks about other
+things you can do with games at at MIT.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do with games at at MIT.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you can do with games at at MIT.
+Of course, six students, if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, six students, if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, six students, if you're
+interested in doing UAPs, if you haven't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing UAPs, if you haven't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in doing UAPs, if you haven't
+thought about that, start thinking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about that, start thinking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought about that, start thinking about
+that now. Um, we could help with, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now. Um, we could help with, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now. Um, we could help with, uh,
+with mentoring and advising on UAP
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mentoring and advising on UAP
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with mentoring and advising on UAP
+projects and other kinds of research.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and other kinds of research.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+projects and other kinds of research.
+Um, and I'd like to give a thanks to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I'd like to give a thanks to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and I'd like to give a thanks to the
+instructors, um, Philip, Sarah, Andrew,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors, um, Philip, Sarah, Andrew,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instructors, um, Philip, Sarah, Andrew,
+uh, for all your help with running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, for all your help with running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, for all your help with running the
+class this year. So, thanks again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/sZh-zowKEQQ.txt b/sZh-zowKEQQ.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59cf0120811d10f598ee2cd87c2b1fd7d0d51bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sZh-zowKEQQ.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7923 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, today's lesson will complete our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, today's lesson will complete our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, today's lesson will complete our
+first excursion into the subject of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excursion into the subject of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first excursion into the subject of
+linear algebra for the sake of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra for the sake of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear algebra for the sake of linear
+algebra and next time we will turn our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and next time we will turn our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra and next time we will turn our
+attention to applications of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to applications of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+attention to applications of linear
+algebra linear equations and the like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra linear equations and the like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algebra linear equations and the like to
+applications towards functions of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications towards functions of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications towards functions of
+several variables. in the cases where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several variables. in the cases where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+several variables. in the cases where
+the functions are not necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions are not necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functions are not necessarily
+linear. Now you may recall that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear. Now you may recall that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear. Now you may recall that we
+concluded our last lesson on the note of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded our last lesson on the note of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concluded our last lesson on the note of
+talking about inverse matrices pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about inverse matrices pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about inverse matrices pointing
+out that an inverse matrix existed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that an inverse matrix existed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that an inverse matrix existed
+provided that the determinant of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that the determinant of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provided that the determinant of the
+coefficients making up the m the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients making up the m the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients making up the m the
+determinant of the entries making up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the entries making up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant of the entries making up the
+matrix was not zero otherwise the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was not zero otherwise the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix was not zero otherwise the
+inverse matrix didn't exist. But that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix didn't exist. But that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix didn't exist. But that we
+then said once we know this how do we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then said once we know this how do we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then said once we know this how do we
+actually construct the inverse matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct the inverse matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually construct the inverse matrix
+and what I hope to do in today's lesson
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I hope to do in today's lesson
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I hope to do in today's lesson
+is to show you a rather elegant manner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to show you a rather elegant manner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to show you a rather elegant manner
+for inverting a matrix and at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inverting a matrix and at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for inverting a matrix and at the same
+time to point out several other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to point out several other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time to point out several other
+consequences that will be helpful in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that will be helpful in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consequences that will be helpful in our
+study of calculus of several variables
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of calculus of several variables
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study of calculus of several variables
+and other contexts as we proceed. At any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other contexts as we proceed. At any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and other contexts as we proceed. At any
+rate, today's lesson is called quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate, today's lesson is called quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate, today's lesson is called quite
+simply inverting a matrix. And to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply inverting a matrix. And to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply inverting a matrix. And to start
+with a specific example in front of us,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a specific example in front of us,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a specific example in front of us,
+let's invert the matrix A inverse where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's invert the matrix A inverse where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's invert the matrix A inverse where
+A is the matrix whose entries are 111 23
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is the matrix whose entries are 111 23
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A is the matrix whose entries are 111 23
+4 3 4 6. Keep in mind among the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 3 4 6. Keep in mind among the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4 3 4 6. Keep in mind among the various
+ways of motivating matrix algebra, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of motivating matrix algebra, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways of motivating matrix algebra, we
+chose as our particular illustration the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose as our particular illustration the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chose as our particular illustration the
+coding system of the matrix representing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding system of the matrix representing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding system of the matrix representing
+the coefficients in a system of m
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients in a system of m
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coefficients in a system of m
+equations with n unknowns. In this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with n unknowns. In this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with n unknowns. In this
+particular case of a 3x3 matrix, we view
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of a 3x3 matrix, we view
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular case of a 3x3 matrix, we view
+the matrix A as coding the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix A as coding the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix A as coding the system of
+three linear equations and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three linear equations and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three linear equations and three
+unknowns given by system one. I call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns given by system one. I call it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns given by system one. I call it
+equation one. We have the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one. We have the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation one. We have the system of
+three equations and three unknowns. By
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations and three unknowns. By
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations and three unknowns. By
+the way, observe that this looks very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, observe that this looks very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way, observe that this looks very
+much like a problem that we tackled in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like a problem that we tackled in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much like a problem that we tackled in
+high school except for one very small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school except for one very small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school except for one very small
+change. In high school, you may remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. In high school, you may remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. In high school, you may remember
+that we tackled equations of the form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tackled equations of the form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we tackled equations of the form
+like this, provided that the y's were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, provided that the y's were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this, provided that the y's were
+replaced by constants. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by constants. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replaced by constants. In other words,
+we weren't used to thinking of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't used to thinking of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we weren't used to thinking of linear
+systems of equations in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of equations in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems of equations in terms of
+functions this way, but we were used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this way, but we were used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions this way, but we were used to
+thinking of things like x1 + x2 + x3 =
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of things like x1 + x2 + x3 =
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinking of things like x1 + x2 + x3 =
+2. 2 y1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 9. Uh 3x1 + 4x2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. 2 y1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 9. Uh 3x1 + 4x2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2. 2 y1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = 9. Uh 3x1 + 4x2 +
+6 x3 = 13. And then the question was to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 x3 = 13. And then the question was to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+6 x3 = 13. And then the question was to
+solve specifically for x1, x2, and x3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve specifically for x1, x2, and x3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve specifically for x1, x2, and x3.
+Right? Now the only difference we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now the only difference we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Now the only difference we're
+making now is that we're not going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making now is that we're not going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making now is that we're not going to
+specify what y1, y2, and y3 are. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what y1, y2, and y3 are. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specify what y1, y2, and y3 are. We'll
+mention the relationship between our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the relationship between our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention the relationship between our
+problem and the high school one later in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the high school one later in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem and the high school one later in
+the lecture. But what we are saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture. But what we are saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the lecture. But what we are saying is
+this. We would like in general given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We would like in general given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We would like in general given
+these three equations and three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three equations and three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these three equations and three
+unknowns, this system of linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns, this system of linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns, this system of linear
+equations, we would like to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, we would like to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, we would like to be able to
+solve for the x's in terms of the y's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the x's in terms of the y's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for the x's in terms of the y's.
+And that is what I'm going to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is what I'm going to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that is what I'm going to show you
+is identified with inverting the matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identified with inverting the matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is identified with inverting the matrix.
+What I hope to show you as we go along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I hope to show you as we go along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I hope to show you as we go along
+is that if the matrix A represents these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the matrix A represents these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that if the matrix A represents these
+coefficients, assuming that we find a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients, assuming that we find a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients, assuming that we find a
+technique whereby we can express
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique whereby we can express
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique whereby we can express
+uniquely for the x's in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely for the x's in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uniquely for the x's in terms of the
+y's, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's, the
+coefficients that express the x's as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that express the x's as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients that express the x's as
+linear combinations of the y's. Those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of the y's. Those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear combinations of the y's. Those
+coefficients involving the y's will turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients involving the y's will turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coefficients involving the y's will turn
+out to be a inverse. But we'll talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a inverse. But we'll talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to be a inverse. But we'll talk
+about that more later. I simply wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more later. I simply wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that more later. I simply wanted
+to tell you that now so that you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you that now so that you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell you that now so that you have a
+head start into what my plan of attack
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head start into what my plan of attack
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+head start into what my plan of attack
+is going to be. First of all, let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be. First of all, let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to be. First of all, let me
+mention a method which you may have seen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a method which you may have seen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mention a method which you may have seen
+previously in school but a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously in school but a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously in school but a very
+effective method for systematizing or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective method for systematizing or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective method for systematizing or
+solving systems of equations linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving systems of equations linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving systems of equations linear
+equations in a way that works very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in a way that works very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations in a way that works very very
+systematically. The idea is something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically. The idea is something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systematically. The idea is something
+like this. We know that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. We know that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. We know that if we
+replace one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace one
+equation, well, let's put it this way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, well, let's put it this way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation, well, let's put it this way.
+If we add equals to equals, the results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we add equals to equals, the results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we add equals to equals, the results
+are equal. If we multiply equals by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal. If we multiply equals by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are equal. If we multiply equals by
+equals, the results are equal, etc.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals, the results are equal, etc.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equals, the results are equal, etc.
+Consequently, given a system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consequently, given a system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Consequently, given a system of
+equations like this, we know that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like this, we know that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations like this, we know that if we
+replace one of the equations by that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace one of the equations by that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace one of the equations by that
+equation plus a multiple of any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation plus a multiple of any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation plus a multiple of any other
+equation. You see, if we add two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. You see, if we add two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. You see, if we add two
+equations together, things of this type,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations together, things of this type,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations together, things of this type,
+whereas we change the system, we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas we change the system, we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas we change the system, we don't
+change the solutions to the system. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the solutions to the system. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the solutions to the system. In
+other words, there are devices whereby
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, there are devices whereby
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other words, there are devices whereby
+we can systematically replace the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can systematically replace the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can systematically replace the given
+system of equations. Hopefully, by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations. Hopefully, by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations. Hopefully, by
+simpler systems of equations where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler systems of equations where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler systems of equations where the
+simpler system of equations has the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler system of equations has the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler system of equations has the same
+set of solutions as the original system.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of solutions as the original system.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set of solutions as the original system.
+And the method that I'm thinking of is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the method that I'm thinking of is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the method that I'm thinking of is
+called diagonalization. For example,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called diagonalization. For example,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called diagonalization. For example,
+what we often say is something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we often say is something like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we often say is something like
+this. We say look at wouldn't it be nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We say look at wouldn't it be nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. We say look at wouldn't it be nice
+to get a system in which x1 appears only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a system in which x1 appears only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get a system in which x1 appears only
+in the first equation and one way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first equation and one way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the first equation and one way of
+doing that notice is we observe that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that notice is we observe that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that notice is we observe that in
+the second equation we have 2x1 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation we have 2x1 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second equation we have 2x1 in the
+first equation we have x1 if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation we have x1 if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation we have x1 if we were to
+subtract twice the twice the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract twice the twice the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract twice the twice the first
+equation from the second equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from the second equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from the second equation and
+use that for our new second equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that for our new second equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use that for our new second equation
+notice that the new second equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the new second equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that the new second equation
+would have no x1 term in it because 2x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no x1 term in it because 2x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have no x1 term in it because 2x1
+- 2x1 is zero. Similarly, since the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2x1 is zero. Similarly, since the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- 2x1 is zero. Similarly, since the
+leading term in the third equation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading term in the third equation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leading term in the third equation is
+3x1, we observe that if we were to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x1, we observe that if we were to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x1, we observe that if we were to
+subtract three times the first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract three times the first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract three times the first equation
+from the third, the resulting third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third, the resulting third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third, the resulting third
+equation would have no x1 term in it. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation would have no x1 term in it. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation would have no x1 term in it. So
+the new system would have x1 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new system would have x1 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the new system would have x1 in the
+first equation and no place else.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation and no place else.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation and no place else.
+Similarly, we could move over now to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, we could move over now to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, we could move over now to our
+new second equation and then eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new second equation and then eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new second equation and then eliminate
+x2 from every equation by but the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 from every equation by but the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 from every equation by but the second
+by subtracting off the appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by subtracting off the appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by subtracting off the appropriate
+multiple of the second equation. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the second equation. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of the second equation. Now,
+what I'm going to do here is that since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do here is that since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm going to do here is that since
+it gets kind of messy working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets kind of messy working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it gets kind of messy working with the
+y1's, y2s, and y3s and it stretches out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1's, y2s, and y3s and it stretches out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1's, y2s, and y3s and it stretches out
+all over the place, let me invent a new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place, let me invent a new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all over the place, let me invent a new
+type of coding system. I will take these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of coding system. I will take these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of coding system. I will take these
+three equations and three unknowns and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations and three unknowns and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three equations and three unknowns and
+represent it by a 3x6 matrix as follows.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it by a 3x6 matrix as follows.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent it by a 3x6 matrix as follows.
+I will start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will start
+off with the following coding system. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with the following coding system. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off with the following coding system. I
+will use place value. The the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use place value. The the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will use place value. The the first
+three columns will represent x1, x2, x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns will represent x1, x2, x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three columns will represent x1, x2, x3
+respectively. The next three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively. The next three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively. The next three columns
+will represent y1, y2, and y3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent y1, y2, and y3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will represent y1, y2, and y3
+respectively. I'll assume an equal sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively. I'll assume an equal sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respectively. I'll assume an equal sign
+divides this. And this will simply be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides this. And this will simply be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+divides this. And this will simply be a
+coding device for reading what? x1 + x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding device for reading what? x1 + x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding device for reading what? x1 + x2
++ x3 = y1. 2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = y2. 3x1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x3 = y1. 2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = y2. 3x1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x3 = y1. 2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 = y2. 3x1 +
+4x2 + 6 x3 = y3. Notice why I say y3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x2 + 6 x3 = y3. Notice why I say y3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x2 + 6 x3 = y3. Notice why I say y3.
+It's 0 y1 + 0 y2 + 1 y3, which of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's 0 y1 + 0 y2 + 1 y3, which of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's 0 y1 + 0 y2 + 1 y3, which of course
+is y3. Notice also that the left side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y3. Notice also that the left side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is y3. Notice also that the left side of
+this 3x6 matrix is precisely the matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 3x6 matrix is precisely the matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this 3x6 matrix is precisely the matrix
+A that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A that we're
+investigating back here. All right, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating back here. All right, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigating back here. All right, I
+just want that for future reference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want that for future reference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want that for future reference.
+Now, let me go through this procedure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, let me go through this procedure.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, let me go through this procedure.
+What I will now do is subtract twice the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I will now do is subtract twice the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What I will now do is subtract twice the
+first equation from the second and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation from the second and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first equation from the second and make
+that my new second one. and I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my new second one. and I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that my new second one. and I will
+subtract three times the first equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract three times the first equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtract three times the first equation
+from the third to give me my new third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third to give me my new third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the third to give me my new third
+equation. Which means in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Which means in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation. Which means in terms of the
+matrix notation that I am replacing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation that I am replacing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix notation that I am replacing the
+second row of this matrix by the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row of this matrix by the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row of this matrix by the second
+row minus twice the first row. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row minus twice the first row. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row minus twice the first row. I'm
+replacing the third row by the third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the third row by the third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replacing the third row by the third row
+minus three times the first row. I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three times the first row. I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus three times the first row. I now
+wind up with this particular 3x6 matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with this particular 3x6 matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wind up with this particular 3x6 matrix.
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All
+right. Again, just by brief review, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Again, just by brief review, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Again, just by brief review, what
+this matrix system tells me, for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix system tells me, for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix system tells me, for
+example, is among other things that x2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, is among other things that x2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, is among other things that x2 +
+2x3 is -2 y1 + y2. You see, not only do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 is -2 y1 + y2. You see, not only do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x3 is -2 y1 + y2. You see, not only do
+I have a coding system here, but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a coding system here, but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a coding system here, but the
+right hand side allows me to check how I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side allows me to check how I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right hand side allows me to check how I
+got the resulting matrix on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the resulting matrix on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got the resulting matrix on the left
+hand side. It tells me how the y's had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side. It tells me how the y's had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side. It tells me how the y's had
+to be combined to give me this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be combined to give me this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be combined to give me this
+combination of the x's. At any rate, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the x's. At any rate, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of the x's. At any rate, I
+now want to eliminate one every place in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now want to eliminate one every place in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now want to eliminate one every place in
+the second column except in the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column except in the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second column except in the second
+row. So looking at this matrix now, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row. So looking at this matrix now, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row. So looking at this matrix now, what
+I will do is I will replace the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will do is I will replace the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will do is I will replace the first
+row by the first minus the second. See 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by the first minus the second. See 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row by the first minus the second. See 1
+min - 1 is zero. So my new first row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min - 1 is zero. So my new first row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+min - 1 is zero. So my new first row
+will have a zero here. I will then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a zero here. I will then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will have a zero here. I will then
+replace the third row by the third minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the third row by the third minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the third row by the third minus
+the second. Again, meaning what that my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second. Again, meaning what that my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second. Again, meaning what that my
+new third row will have a zero here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new third row will have a zero here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+new third row will have a zero here.
+leaving the details for you to check for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the details for you to check for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leaving the details for you to check for
+yourself. The resulting 3x6 matrix now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. The resulting 3x6 matrix now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. The resulting 3x6 matrix now
+looks like this. By the way, again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. By the way, again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks like this. By the way, again,
+notice what this tells me. Among other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what this tells me. Among other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice what this tells me. Among other
+things, this tells me that x3 is - y1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, this tells me that x3 is - y1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, this tells me that x3 is - y1 -
+y2 + y3, which somehow tells me that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2 + y3, which somehow tells me that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2 + y3, which somehow tells me that to
+find x3, I essentially have to do what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find x3, I essentially have to do what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find x3, I essentially have to do what?
+I can find I can subtract the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find I can subtract the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can find I can subtract the first
+equation and the second equation from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the second equation from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation and the second equation from
+the the sum of the first and second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of the first and second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the the sum of the first and second
+equation from the third equation and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from the third equation and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation from the third equation and
+that will give me x3. You know by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me x3. You know by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will give me x3. You know by the
+way just as a quick look over here just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way just as a quick look over here just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way just as a quick look over here just
+to show you how nice this technique is.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how nice this technique is.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you how nice this technique is.
+Maybe somebody who had been very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe somebody who had been very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe somebody who had been very quick
+could have looked at this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have looked at this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have looked at this system of
+equations and said, you know, if I add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and said, you know, if I add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations and said, you know, if I add
+the first two equations, this will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two equations, this will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first two equations, this will give
+me a 3x1. This will give me a 4x2. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a 3x1. This will give me a 4x2. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me a 3x1. This will give me a 4x2. And
+therefore, if I subtract that from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore, if I subtract that from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+therefore, if I subtract that from the
+third equation, the x1 term and the x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third equation, the x1 term and the x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third equation, the x1 term and the x2
+term will drop out, etc. The thing I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will drop out, etc. The thing I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term will drop out, etc. The thing I
+want to point out is that this matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out is that this matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to point out is that this matrix
+system makes geniuses out of all of us.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system makes geniuses out of all of us.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system makes geniuses out of all of us.
+that we do not have to be able to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do not have to be able to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we do not have to be able to see
+these intricacies to be able to get down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intricacies to be able to get down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these intricacies to be able to get down
+to a stage like this. By the way, again,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a stage like this. By the way, again,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a stage like this. By the way, again,
+what this tells me is I now have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells me is I now have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this tells me is I now have a
+simpler method for solving this original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler method for solving this original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler method for solving this original
+system of equations. Namely, I can now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations. Namely, I can now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations. Namely, I can now
+solve this system of equations, the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system of equations, the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve this system of equations, the one
+that's coded by this, and the solutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coded by this, and the solutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's coded by this, and the solutions
+of this equation will be the same set as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation will be the same set as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this equation will be the same set as
+the solutions to my original equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to my original equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the solutions to my original equation.
+At any rate, continuing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At any rate, continuing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+At any rate, continuing this
+diagonalization method still more what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization method still more what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagonalization method still more what I
+now do is I try to replace what in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do is I try to replace what in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now do is I try to replace what in the
+third column I try to get zeros
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column I try to get zeros
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third column I try to get zeros
+everywhere except in the third row. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except in the third row. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everywhere except in the third row. And
+to put that in still other words, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that in still other words, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put that in still other words, I
+guess in the language of matrices, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in the language of matrices, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guess in the language of matrices, what
+I'm going to try to do is get what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to do is get what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to try to do is get what the
+3x3 identity matrix to make up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 identity matrix to make up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3x3 identity matrix to make up the
+first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first
+half over here. That's in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half over here. That's in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half over here. That's in terms of the
+matrix language. Now again to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language. Now again to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language. Now again to show you
+quickly what I'm trying to do here. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly what I'm trying to do here. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly what I'm trying to do here. I'm
+simply going to do what over here. I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to do what over here. I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply going to do what over here. I'm
+going to replace the first equation by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace the first equation by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to replace the first equation by
+the first the first row by the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the first row by the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first the first row by the first
+plus the third. I'm going to replace the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the third. I'm going to replace the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus the third. I'm going to replace the
+second row by the second row minus twice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row by the second row minus twice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row by the second row minus twice
+the third. I now wind up with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third. I now wind up with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third. I now wind up with this
+particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular
+matrix. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. I
+claim that the right half see the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that the right half see the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that the right half see the left
+half of this matrix is the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this matrix is the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of this matrix is the identity
+matrix. I claim that the left half is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. I claim that the left half is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. I claim that the left half is
+the identity matrix. I claim the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity matrix. I claim the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the identity matrix. I claim the right
+half is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half is a
+inverse. All right, that's what my claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. All right, that's what my claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse. All right, that's what my claim
+is. And by the way, let's see why I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. And by the way, let's see why I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is. And by the way, let's see why I say
+that. What system of equations does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. What system of equations does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. What system of equations does a
+inverse code? Just read what this says.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse code? Just read what this says.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse code? Just read what this says.
+It says x1 is equal to 2 y1 - 2 y2 + y3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says x1 is equal to 2 y1 - 2 y2 + y3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It says x1 is equal to 2 y1 - 2 y2 + y3.
+x2 is equal to y2 - 2 y3 and x3 is - y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 is equal to y2 - 2 y3 and x3 is - y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 is equal to y2 - 2 y3 and x3 is - y1
+- y2 + y3. In other words, a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- y2 + y3. In other words, a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- y2 + y3. In other words, a inverse
+codes this particular system. Let's call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes this particular system. Let's call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+codes this particular system. Let's call
+that system two. How is system two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system two. How is system two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that system two. How is system two and
+what we called system one related? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called system one related? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we called system one related? The
+relationship was that system one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship was that system one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relationship was that system one
+expressed the y's in terms of the x's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed the y's in terms of the x's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed the y's in terms of the x's.
+System two shows what it would look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System two shows what it would look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+System two shows what it would look like
+if the x's were expressed in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the x's were expressed in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the x's were expressed in terms of
+the y's. And so what we have done in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y's. And so what we have done in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the y's. And so what we have done in the
+language of whatever you want to call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of whatever you want to call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language of whatever you want to call
+it, but what we've done is we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, but what we've done is we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it, but what we've done is we've
+inverted the role of the variables that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted the role of the variables that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverted the role of the variables that
+we started with the y's given in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with the y's given in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with the y's given in terms
+of the x's. We now have the x's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x's. We now have the x's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the x's. We now have the x's
+expressed in terms of the y's. Now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of the y's. Now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed in terms of the y's. Now,
+since you may want to see this more in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you may want to see this more in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since you may want to see this more in
+matrix language, let me show you another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language, let me show you another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix language, let me show you another
+way of seeing the same result that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing the same result that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing the same result that
+doesn't that uses the word inverse in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that uses the word inverse in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't that uses the word inverse in
+the way we're used to seeing inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're used to seeing inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way we're used to seeing inverse
+matrix defined in terms of our present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix defined in terms of our present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix defined in terms of our present
+course. The matrix algebra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. The matrix algebra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course. The matrix algebra
+interpretation is simply this. Let's re
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is simply this. Let's re
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation is simply this. Let's re
+let's rewrite system one so that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's rewrite system one so that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's rewrite system one so that you can
+see it here. And the interesting point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it here. And the interesting point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see it here. And the interesting point
+is the following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the following.
+Think of these Y's as follow as forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think of these Y's as follow as forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Think of these Y's as follow as forming
+a column vector or column matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column vector or column matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a column vector or column matrix
+whichever way you want to read this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way you want to read this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever way you want to read this
+thing. In other words, I am going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. In other words, I am going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing. In other words, I am going to
+view this as being the matrix which has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this as being the matrix which has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view this as being the matrix which has
+three rows and one column namely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rows and one column namely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three rows and one column namely the
+matrix Y1 Y2 Y3. I am now going to take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix Y1 Y2 Y3. I am now going to take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix Y1 Y2 Y3. I am now going to take
+the matrix of coefficients here which as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix of coefficients here which as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix of coefficients here which as
+we recall is the matrix A but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recall is the matrix A but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we recall is the matrix A but that's
+what 1 1 2 3 4 3 4 6 and I am now going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 1 1 2 3 4 3 4 6 and I am now going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what 1 1 2 3 4 3 4 6 and I am now going
+to write x1 x2 x3 as a column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write x1 x2 x3 as a column vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write x1 x2 x3 as a column vector
+rather than as a row vector and in turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than as a row vector and in turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than as a row vector and in turn
+I can think of that as being a column
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can think of that as being a column
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can think of that as being a column
+matrix again 3x one matrix three rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix again 3x one matrix three rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix again 3x one matrix three rows
+one column now what I claim is that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one column now what I claim is that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one column now what I claim is that this
+system of three equ three equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of three equ three equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of three equ three equations and
+three unknowns so to speak is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns so to speak is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns so to speak is equivalent
+to the single matrix equation given by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the single matrix equation given by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the single matrix equation given by
+this. In fact to make this easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. In fact to make this easier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. In fact to make this easier to
+read let's let capital Y denote the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read let's let capital Y denote the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read let's let capital Y denote the
+column matrix Y1 Y2 Y3. Let's let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column matrix Y1 Y2 Y3. Let's let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column matrix Y1 Y2 Y3. Let's let
+capital X denote the column matrix X1 X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital X denote the column matrix X1 X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital X denote the column matrix X1 X2
+X3 and capital A is before the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 and capital A is before the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X3 and capital A is before the original
+matrix. And my claim is that this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And my claim is that this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. And my claim is that this system
+of three equations and three unknowns is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three equations and three unknowns is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of three equations and three unknowns is
+represented by the single matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the single matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represented by the single matrix
+equation capital Y= A * capital X. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation capital Y= A * capital X. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation capital Y= A * capital X. And
+just to show you by way of a very quick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you by way of a very quick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just to show you by way of a very quick
+review why this is the case. Remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review why this is the case. Remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review why this is the case. Remember
+how we multiply two matrices to find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we multiply two matrices to find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we multiply two matrices to find the
+term in the first row first column. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the first row first column. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term in the first row first column. We
+multiply the first row of the first by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the first row of the first by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply the first row of the first by
+the first column of the second. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column of the second. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column of the second. And
+since that's supposed to equal this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's supposed to equal this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since that's supposed to equal this
+matrix, and since matrices are equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, and since matrices are equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix, and since matrices are equal
+only if they're equal entry by in entry,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if they're equal entry by in entry,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if they're equal entry by in entry,
+it means that this product must equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that this product must equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it means that this product must equal
+Y1. Notice what that says. It says X1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y1. Notice what that says. It says X1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y1. Notice what that says. It says X1 +
+X2 + X3 = Y1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 + X3 = Y1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X2 + X3 = Y1.
+Similarly, 2 * X1 + 3 * X2 + 4 * X3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, 2 * X1 + 3 * X2 + 4 * X3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Similarly, 2 * X1 + 3 * X2 + 4 * X3 is
+going to have to equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have to equal
+Y2. And similarly 3 * x1 + 4 * x2 + 6 *
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2. And similarly 3 * x1 + 4 * x2 + 6 *
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y2. And similarly 3 * x1 + 4 * x2 + 6 *
+x3 is going to have to equal y3. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 is going to have to equal y3. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 is going to have to equal y3. And
+that's precisely the original system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's precisely the original system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's precisely the original system of
+equations that we began with. Now notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we began with. Now notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we began with. Now notice
+that this expresses the matrix y as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this expresses the matrix y as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this expresses the matrix y as
+something times the matrix x. If a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times the matrix x. If a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something times the matrix x. If a
+inverse exists, multiply both sides of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse exists, multiply both sides of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse exists, multiply both sides of
+this matrix equation by a inverse. On
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix equation by a inverse. On
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix equation by a inverse. On
+the left hand side, we get a inverse y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side, we get a inverse y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side, we get a inverse y.
+On the right hand side, a inverse * ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the right hand side, a inverse * ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the right hand side, a inverse * ax
+by associivity is a inverse a * x. A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by associivity is a inverse a * x. A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by associivity is a inverse a * x. A
+inverse * a is the identity matrix. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse * a is the identity matrix. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse * a is the identity matrix. The
+identity matrix doesn't change the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix doesn't change the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix doesn't change the given
+matrix that it's multiplying. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that it's multiplying. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix that it's multiplying. So we have
+that a inverse y is just x. And notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a inverse y is just x. And notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a inverse y is just x. And notice
+that the row of a inverse is again just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the row of a inverse is again just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the row of a inverse is again just
+as mentioned above that what we've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mentioned above that what we've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as mentioned above that what we've done
+is we have started with y given as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have started with y given as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is we have started with y given as a
+matrix times x. We now have x expressed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times x. We now have x expressed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix times x. We now have x expressed
+as a matrix times y. In fact, if you now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matrix times y. In fact, if you now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a matrix times y. In fact, if you now
+take the matrix that we called a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the matrix that we called a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the matrix that we called a inverse
+originally and carry out this operation,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally and carry out this operation,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally and carry out this operation,
+we will see that this is precisely what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that this is precisely what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will see that this is precisely what
+does happen. This is what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen. This is what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does happen. This is what the
+identification is. In other words, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification is. In other words, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identification is. In other words, the
+system of equations is identifiable with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations is identifiable with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations is identifiable with
+a single matrix equation and that matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single matrix equation and that matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single matrix equation and that matrix
+equation can be inverted. meaning we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can be inverted. meaning we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation can be inverted. meaning we can
+solve for x in terms of y if and only if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for x in terms of y if and only if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for x in terms of y if and only if
+a inverse exists. There is still a third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse exists. There is still a third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse exists. There is still a third
+interpretation an interpretation that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation an interpretation that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation an interpretation that
+goes back to the idea of mappings and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the idea of mappings and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes back to the idea of mappings and
+that is we can think of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we can think of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is we can think of the original
+system one as mapp as a mapping that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one as mapp as a mapping that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one as mapp as a mapping that
+carries three-dimensional space into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries three-dimensional space into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carries three-dimensional space into
+threedimensional space. How does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space. How does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space. How does it
+carry three-dimensional space into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry three-dimensional space into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carry three-dimensional space into
+threedimensional space? Well, it car we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space? Well, it car we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threedimensional space? Well, it car we
+view it as carrying the threeuple x1 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it as carrying the threeuple x1 x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+view it as carrying the threeuple x1 x2
+x3 into the threeuple y1 y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 into the threeuple y1 y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 into the threeuple y1 y2
+y3. Okay, by the system of equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y3. Okay, by the system of equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y3. Okay, by the system of equations
+defined by system one. And to show you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by system one. And to show you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+defined by system one. And to show you
+what I mean by that in more detail,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that in more detail,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean by that in more detail,
+suppose I pick x1 to be one, x2 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I pick x1 to be one, x2 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I pick x1 to be one, x2 to be
+one, x3 to be one. Just for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, x3 to be one. Just for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, x3 to be one. Just for the sake of
+argument, suppose I pick that x1, x2, x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument, suppose I pick that x1, x2, x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument, suppose I pick that x1, x2, x3
+are all one. What this means is look it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all one. What this means is look it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are all one. What this means is look it
+come back to the original system replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the original system replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to the original system replace
+x1 x2 and x3 by one. If we do that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2 and x3 by one. If we do that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2 and x3 by one. If we do that we
+see that y1 is three y2 is 9 and y3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that y1 is three y2 is 9 and y3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that y1 is three y2 is 9 and y3 is
+13. Therefore we would say what that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13. Therefore we would say what that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+13. Therefore we would say what that
+fbar maps 111 into 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbar maps 111 into 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbar maps 111 into 3
+913. By the way you're going to notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+913. By the way you're going to notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+913. By the way you're going to notice
+this sooner or later. This bothered me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sooner or later. This bothered me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this sooner or later. This bothered me
+when I first did this. This is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first did this. This is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I first did this. This is just a
+little aside. You may have noticed that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little aside. You may have noticed that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little aside. You may have noticed that
+when I was arbitrarily writing down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was arbitrarily writing down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I was arbitrarily writing down
+numbers uh to pick for y1, y2, and y3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh to pick for y1, y2, and y3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers uh to pick for y1, y2, and y3
+when we first started at the beginning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first started at the beginning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we first started at the beginning
+of the lecture, I said, why don't we let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture, I said, why don't we let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the lecture, I said, why don't we let
+y1 be 2, y 2 be 9, and y3 be 13. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 be 2, y 2 be 9, and y3 be 13. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 be 2, y 2 be 9, and y3 be 13. And it
+looks almost like I made a mistake and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks almost like I made a mistake and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks almost like I made a mistake and
+meant to get 2 913 back again. I got 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to get 2 913 back again. I got 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+meant to get 2 913 back again. I got 3
+913. Uh notice that to get 2 913, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+913. Uh notice that to get 2 913, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+913. Uh notice that to get 2 913, I
+wouldn't have I couldn't pick x1, x2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have I couldn't pick x1, x2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't have I couldn't pick x1, x2,
+and x3 all to be one. But I could pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x3 all to be one. But I could pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and x3 all to be one. But I could pick
+x1 to be minus1, x2 to be one, x3 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 to be minus1, x2 to be one, x3 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 to be minus1, x2 to be one, x3 to be
+two. And then what that says is if I let
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And then what that says is if I let
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. And then what that says is if I let
+x1 be minus1, x2 be + one, and x3 be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 be minus1, x2 be + one, and x3 be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 be minus1, x2 be + one, and x3 be
+three. It says that under those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. It says that under those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three. It says that under those
+conditions, y1 would have been two, y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions, y1 would have been two, y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conditions, y1 would have been two, y2
+would have been nine, and y3 would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been nine, and y3 would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have been nine, and y3 would have
+been 13. Of course the question that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 13. Of course the question that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been 13. Of course the question that you
+now may ask which I hope gives you some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now may ask which I hope gives you some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now may ask which I hope gives you some
+sort of a cross reference to go by is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a cross reference to go by is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of a cross reference to go by is
+how did I know see starting with 111 it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did I know see starting with 111 it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did I know see starting with 111 it
+seemed very easy to find the image 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed very easy to find the image 3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seemed very easy to find the image 3
+913 now I say starting with the image
+
+ align:start position:0%
+913 now I say starting with the image
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+913 now I say starting with the image
+how do I find that this is what I what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find that this is what I what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do I find that this is what I what
+mapped into 2913 how did I know see here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into 2913 how did I know see here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into 2913 how did I know see here
+it was easy I started with the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was easy I started with the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was easy I started with the input
+xbar but here I'm starting with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar but here I'm starting with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xbar but here I'm starting with the
+output and I'm trying to find the input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and I'm trying to find the input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output and I'm trying to find the input
+how did I find minus 112 that fast. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did I find minus 112 that fast. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how did I find minus 112 that fast. And
+the answer is that's precisely where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that's precisely where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the answer is that's precisely where the
+role of the inverse matrix comes in. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of the inverse matrix comes in. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+role of the inverse matrix comes in. You
+see, going back to what we did just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, going back to what we did just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, going back to what we did just a
+little while ago. When we inverted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while ago. When we inverted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while ago. When we inverted
+system one to get system two, what did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one to get system two, what did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system one to get system two, what did
+we do? We showed how to find x1, x2, x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do? We showed how to find x1, x2, x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we do? We showed how to find x1, x2, x3
+once y1, y2, and y3 were given. So all I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once y1, y2, and y3 were given. So all I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once y1, y2, and y3 were given. So all I
+had to do here was knowing that I wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do here was knowing that I wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had to do here was knowing that I wanted
+y1 to be two, y2 to be nine, and y3 to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 to be two, y2 to be nine, and y3 to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 to be two, y2 to be nine, and y3 to
+be 13. I just shoved those values in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 13. I just shoved those values in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be 13. I just shoved those values in
+here and saw what x1, x2, and x3 were.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and saw what x1, x2, and x3 were.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and saw what x1, x2, and x3 were.
+In fact, this is why working with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, this is why working with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In fact, this is why working with the
+y's is an improvement over what the high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's is an improvement over what the high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's is an improvement over what the high
+school system was of picking the y's to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school system was of picking the y's to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+school system was of picking the y's to
+be constant. You see, once I've done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constant. You see, once I've done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be constant. You see, once I've done
+this, you see, I can find what x1, x2,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you see, I can find what x1, x2,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this, you see, I can find what x1, x2,
+x3 look like in terms of the y's all in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 look like in terms of the y's all in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 look like in terms of the y's all in
+one shot, regardless of what values of y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shot, regardless of what values of y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one shot, regardless of what values of y
+somebody is going to give me to play
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is going to give me to play
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somebody is going to give me to play
+around with later on. But returning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with later on. But returning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around with later on. But returning
+now to our immediate problem. Notice all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to our immediate problem. Notice all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now to our immediate problem. Notice all
+I'm saying is is that when I'm given a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is is that when I'm given a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm saying is is that when I'm given a
+system of n equation n linear equations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of n equation n linear equations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of n equation n linear equations
+and n unknowns uh even n equations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n unknowns uh even n equations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and n unknowns uh even n equations and
+unknowns in this case we had three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns in this case we had three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unknowns in this case we had three
+linear equations and three unknowns I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations and three unknowns I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear equations and three unknowns I
+can view that in a very natural way as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can view that in a very natural way as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can view that in a very natural way as a
+mapping from three-dimensional space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from three-dimensional space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping from three-dimensional space
+into threedimensional space. Notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into threedimensional space. Notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into threedimensional space. Notice that
+the matrix of coefficients a and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix of coefficients a and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix of coefficients a and the
+mapping fbar and I'll coin a word here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping fbar and I'll coin a word here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping fbar and I'll coin a word here
+because I don't know exactly how I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know exactly how I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I don't know exactly how I want
+you to see this but they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see this but they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to see this but they're
+identifiable. They're essentially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable. They're essentially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifiable. They're essentially
+equivalent. Notice that given xbar I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent. Notice that given xbar I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent. Notice that given xbar I
+want to apply fbar to that to find y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to apply fbar to that to find y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to apply fbar to that to find y
+bar. Notice that in terms of our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar. Notice that in terms of our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar. Notice that in terms of our matrix
+language, we showed that after all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language, we showed that after all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language, we showed that after all
+capital Y, the matrix capital Y, which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y, the matrix capital Y, which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital Y, the matrix capital Y, which
+had entries Y1, Y2, Y3, is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had entries Y1, Y2, Y3, is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had entries Y1, Y2, Y3, is just a
+different numeral for writing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numeral for writing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different numeral for writing this
+vector. This is a this is a threeuple.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. This is a this is a threeuple.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector. This is a this is a threeuple.
+This is the same threeuple written as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the same threeuple written as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is the same threeuple written as a
+column rather than as a row. Xar is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column rather than as a row. Xar is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+column rather than as a row. Xar is a
+threeuple, but capital X is that same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeuple, but capital X is that same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeuple, but capital X is that same
+threeuple written as a column vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeuple written as a column vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeuple written as a column vector
+rather than as a row vector. But notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than as a row vector. But notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather than as a row vector. But notice
+that the identification that if y bar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the identification that if y bar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the identification that if y bar is
+fbar of xbar that says the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbar of xbar that says the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbar of xbar that says the same
+information as saying that capital y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as saying that capital y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information as saying that capital y is
+the matrix a times capital x. These
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a times capital x. These
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix a times capital x. These
+convey equivalent pieces of information.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey equivalent pieces of information.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey equivalent pieces of information.
+In still other words, notice that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In still other words, notice that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In still other words, notice that in
+finding the images of Fbar here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the images of Fbar here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finding the images of Fbar here and
+inverting the images, I use precisely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting the images, I use precisely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverting the images, I use precisely
+the same device that I used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same device that I used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same device that I used in the
+system without giving the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system without giving the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system without giving the mapping
+interpretation. In other words, these do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation. In other words, these do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interpretation. In other words, these do
+convey the same information so that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey the same information so that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convey the same information so that from
+a major point of view, we can identify
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major point of view, we can identify
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a major point of view, we can identify
+the matrix A with the mapping Fbar. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix A with the mapping Fbar. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix A with the mapping Fbar. And
+you see what this means is that if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what this means is that if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what this means is that if we
+can identify a with fbar, we should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify a with fbar, we should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can identify a with fbar, we should be
+able to identify a inverse with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify a inverse with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to identify a inverse with the
+inverse function. You see that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function. You see that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse function. You see that's the
+other way we've used the word inverse as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way we've used the word inverse as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other way we've used the word inverse as
+an inverse function. The existence of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse function. The existence of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inverse function. The existence of a
+inverse is equivalent to the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is equivalent to the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse is equivalent to the existence
+of fbar inverse. And by the way, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fbar inverse. And by the way, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of fbar inverse. And by the way, we
+showed that you see using the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that you see using the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that you see using the system of
+equations that we started with, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we started with, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we started with, we
+showed that if x1 is minus1, x2 is 1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that if x1 is minus1, x2 is 1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+showed that if x1 is minus1, x2 is 1 and
+x3 is 2, that y1 would be 2, y2 would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 is 2, that y1 would be 2, y2 would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 is 2, that y1 would be 2, y2 would be
+9, and y3 would be 13. We also showed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9, and y3 would be 13. We also showed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+9, and y3 would be 13. We also showed
+that if we started with y1 = 2, y2= 9,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we started with y1 = 2, y2= 9,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if we started with y1 = 2, y2= 9,
+and y3= 13, then the x's had to be given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y3= 13, then the x's had to be given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y3= 13, then the x's had to be given
+by minus1, 1, and two. In terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus1, 1, and two. In terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by minus1, 1, and two. In terms of the
+mapping, what we're saying is not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping, what we're saying is not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping, what we're saying is not only
+does min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does min
+-112 map into 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-112 map into 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-112 map into 2
+913, but 2913 can only be obtained from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+913, but 2913 can only be obtained from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+913, but 2913 can only be obtained from
+the three tuple minus1 1 2. You see in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three tuple minus1 1 2. You see in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the three tuple minus1 1 2. You see in
+essence in this particular case the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence in this particular case the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence in this particular case the
+existence of a inverse showed that fbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of a inverse showed that fbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+existence of a inverse showed that fbar
+was on to we could get any three tuple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on to we could get any three tuple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was on to we could get any three tuple
+we wanted and it was also one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted and it was also one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted and it was also one
+one. The important point in terms of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. The important point in terms of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. The important point in terms of our
+theory of matrices is that since fbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of matrices is that since fbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theory of matrices is that since fbar
+inverse need not exist for a given f a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse need not exist for a given f a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse need not exist for a given f a
+inverse need not exist for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse need not exist for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse need not exist for a given
+matrix a. In other words, if we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a. In other words, if we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix a. In other words, if we're
+identifying the matrix with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the matrix with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identifying the matrix with the
+function, if the inverse function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, if the inverse function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function, if the inverse function
+doesn't exist, the inverse matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist, the inverse matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist, the inverse matrix
+doesn't exist. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't exist. In other
+words, not all matrices are invertible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, not all matrices are invertible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, not all matrices are invertible.
+And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And
+let's emphasize that. We knew that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's emphasize that. We knew that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's emphasize that. We knew that from
+before. But let's emphasize this now in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. But let's emphasize this now in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. But let's emphasize this now in
+terms of our structure. Namely, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of our structure. Namely, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of our structure. Namely, let's
+take a new example. Let's try to invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a new example. Let's try to invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take a new example. Let's try to invert
+a matrix which doesn't have an inverse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix which doesn't have an inverse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix which doesn't have an inverse.
+Obviously, if I try to do that, I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously, if I try to do that, I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Obviously, if I try to do that, I should
+fail dismally. And let's see how that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail dismally. And let's see how that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fail dismally. And let's see how that
+does work out. Let me take the matrix A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work out. Let me take the matrix A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does work out. Let me take the matrix A
+to be 11 1 2 3 4 3 4 5. I deliberately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 11 1 2 3 4 3 4 5. I deliberately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be 11 1 2 3 4 3 4 5. I deliberately
+called this A again, even though we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this A again, even though we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called this A again, even though we've
+used A before. I've deliberately made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used A before. I've deliberately made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used A before. I've deliberately made
+this A look very much like the A we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this A look very much like the A we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this A look very much like the A we
+worked with before. If you compare this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with before. If you compare this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worked with before. If you compare this
+with our original A, the only difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our original A, the only difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with our original A, the only difference
+is I now have a five here rather than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I now have a five here rather than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is I now have a five here rather than a
+six. I simply wanted to show you how a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six. I simply wanted to show you how a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six. I simply wanted to show you how a
+subtle change can affect the existence
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle change can affect the existence
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle change can affect the existence
+of an inverse. Again, by way of very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an inverse. Again, by way of very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of an inverse. Again, by way of very
+quick review before we go any further,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick review before we go any further,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick review before we go any further,
+notice that this matrix codes what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this matrix codes what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that this matrix codes what
+system of equations? This particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations? This particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations? This particular
+system of equations. And so that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations. And so that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations. And so that you
+don't see any hanky panky going on here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any hanky panky going on here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't see any hanky panky going on here
+and wondering why I knew that something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wondering why I knew that something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and wondering why I knew that something
+was going to go wrong here. Let me show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to go wrong here. Let me show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was going to go wrong here. Let me show
+you in advance why I can't invert this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in advance why I can't invert this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you in advance why I can't invert this.
+Then show you how our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then show you how our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then show you how our
+matrix coding system gives us the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix coding system gives us the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix coding system gives us the same
+information even if we weren't bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information even if we weren't bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information even if we weren't bright
+enough to see this. Just for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to see this. Just for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough to see this. Just for the sake of
+argument, suppose I had a keen enough
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument, suppose I had a keen enough
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument, suppose I had a keen enough
+eye to observe right away that if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye to observe right away that if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eye to observe right away that if I
+added the first two equations, I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added the first two equations, I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+added the first two equations, I would
+get that y1 + y2 is what? 3x1 + 4x2 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that y1 + y2 is what? 3x1 + 4x2 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get that y1 + y2 is what? 3x1 + 4x2 +
+5x3. All right. And now I look at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x3. All right. And now I look at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+5x3. All right. And now I look at this
+result, compare that with my third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result, compare that with my third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result, compare that with my third
+equation where the right hand sides are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the right hand sides are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation where the right hand sides are
+identical and conclude from this that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and conclude from this that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identical and conclude from this that
+this is not really three equations with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not really three equations with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not really three equations with
+three unknowns. This is really two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns. This is really two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three unknowns. This is really two
+equations with three unknowns because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with three unknowns because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations with three unknowns because
+this equation here is either redundant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here is either redundant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this equation here is either redundant
+or incompatible. Meaning notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or incompatible. Meaning notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or incompatible. Meaning notice that
+these two facts tell me that y1 + y2 has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two facts tell me that y1 + y2 has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two facts tell me that y1 + y2 has
+to equal y3. To show you what I mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal y3. To show you what I mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to equal y3. To show you what I mean by
+that, let me pick specific values for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, let me pick specific values for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, let me pick specific values for
+y1, y2, and y3 in which y3 is not equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1, y2, and y3 in which y3 is not equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1, y2, and y3 in which y3 is not equal
+to y1 + y2. And to keep this as close to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y1 + y2. And to keep this as close to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to y1 + y2. And to keep this as close to
+the problem that we were working with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that we were working with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem that we were working with
+originally, let me pick y1 to be two, y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally, let me pick y1 to be two, y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+originally, let me pick y1 to be two, y
+2 to be 9, and y3 to be 13. Notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to be 9, and y3 to be 13. Notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 to be 9, and y3 to be 13. Notice that
+this system of equations cannot possibly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of equations cannot possibly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of equations cannot possibly
+have a solution. Now, this system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution. Now, this system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a solution. Now, this system of
+equations here cannot possibly have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here cannot possibly have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations here cannot possibly have a
+solution because if it had a solution,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because if it had a solution,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solution because if it had a solution,
+it would imply what? That if I add these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would imply what? That if I add these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it would imply what? That if I add these
+two equations, it would say that 3x1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations, it would say that 3x1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations, it would say that 3x1 +
+4x2 + 5x3 = 11. If I add these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x2 + 5x3 = 11. If I add these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+4x2 + 5x3 = 11. If I add these two
+equations, that would say it also has to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, that would say it also has to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations, that would say it also has to
+equal 13. And since 11 is equal to 13, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 13. And since 11 is equal to 13, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal 13. And since 11 is equal to 13, I
+have to correct a mistake I made in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to correct a mistake I made in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to correct a mistake I made in the
+earlier lecture. It's for large values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lecture. It's for large values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier lecture. It's for large values
+of 11 that 11 is equal to 13. But other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 11 that 11 is equal to 13. But other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 11 that 11 is equal to 13. But other
+than that, 11 is unequal to 13.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that, 11 is unequal to 13.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than that, 11 is unequal to 13.
+This means that it's impossible to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means that it's impossible to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This means that it's impossible to find
+solutions to this equation. Well, we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to this equation. Well, we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solutions to this equation. Well, we'll
+come back to that in a little while. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a little while. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come back to that in a little while. The
+main point, and we'll also emphasize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point, and we'll also emphasize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main point, and we'll also emphasize
+this in the exercises, but the main
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the exercises, but the main
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this in the exercises, but the main
+point now is to show how we could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now is to show how we could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point now is to show how we could have
+obtained this information by our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained this information by our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obtained this information by our matrix
+coding system. And we do exactly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding system. And we do exactly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding system. And we do exactly the
+same thing as we did before. We take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as we did before. We take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same thing as we did before. We take
+this matrix and we augment it by the 3x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix and we augment it by the 3x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this matrix and we augment it by the 3x3
+identity matrix. Remember again what our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix. Remember again what our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix. Remember again what our
+coding system says.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is that the first three columns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the first three columns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that the first three columns
+represent the x's. The next three the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the x's. The next three the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represent the x's. The next three the
+y's. For example, this says x1 + x2 + x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's. For example, this says x1 + x2 + x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's. For example, this says x1 + x2 + x3
+= y1 etc. We now go through what I call
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= y1 etc. We now go through what I call
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+= y1 etc. We now go through what I call
+the row reducing operations. Which means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row reducing operations. Which means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the row reducing operations. Which means
+what? We're going to replace rows by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? We're going to replace rows by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? We're going to replace rows by the
+row plus or minus a suitable multiple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row plus or minus a suitable multiple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row plus or minus a suitable multiple of
+another row. So that we do what? We wind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another row. So that we do what? We wind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another row. So that we do what? We wind
+up with a one eventually only here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a one eventually only here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up with a one eventually only here and
+zeros elsewhere. A one here, zeros here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros elsewhere. A one here, zeros here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros elsewhere. A one here, zeros here,
+a one here, and zeros here. If we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one here, and zeros here. If we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a one here, and zeros here. If we can do
+that, let's see what happens here. What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, let's see what happens here. What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that, let's see what happens here. What
+I'm going to do, of course, is I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do, of course, is I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to do, of course, is I'm going
+to replace the second row here by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace the second row here by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to replace the second row here by the
+second minus twice the first. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second minus twice the first. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second minus twice the first. I'll
+replace the third row by the third minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the third row by the third minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the third row by the third minus
+three times the first. I now wind up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times the first. I now wind up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three times the first. I now wind up
+with this equivalent matrix that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this equivalent matrix that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this equivalent matrix that this
+matrix codes the same system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix codes the same system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix codes the same system of
+equations as the original matrix. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as the original matrix. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations as the original matrix. Now
+I'm going to replace the first row by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to replace the first row by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to replace the first row by
+the first row minus the second. I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row minus the second. I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first row minus the second. I will
+replace the third row by the third row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the third row by the third row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace the third row by the third row
+minus the second. And since I already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the second. And since I already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus the second. And since I already
+have a one in here, I will leave the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one in here, I will leave the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a one in here, I will leave the
+second row intact. And if I do that, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row intact. And if I do that, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second row intact. And if I do that, I
+now wind up with this 3x6 matrix. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now wind up with this 3x6 matrix. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now wind up with this 3x6 matrix. And
+now a very interesting thing has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a very interesting thing has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a very interesting thing has
+happened. Maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened. Maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened. Maybe
+alarming, maybe unhappy, but nonetheless
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarming, maybe unhappy, but nonetheless
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alarming, maybe unhappy, but nonetheless
+interesting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interesting.
+I observe that on the left hand side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I observe that on the left hand side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I observe that on the left hand side of
+my 3x6 matrix here I have a row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 3x6 matrix here I have a row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my 3x6 matrix here I have a row
+consisting entirely of zeros that in row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting entirely of zeros that in row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consisting entirely of zeros that in row
+reducing this I have lost any chance of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing this I have lost any chance of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing this I have lost any chance of
+getting a one over here because this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a one over here because this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting a one over here because this
+whole row has dropped out. See one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole row has dropped out. See one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole row has dropped out. See one of
+two things had to happen when I row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things had to happen when I row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two things had to happen when I row
+reduced. Either when I finished I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced. Either when I finished I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduced. Either when I finished I would
+have had the identity matrix here or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had the identity matrix here or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have had the identity matrix here or
+else I would have had in this left hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I would have had in this left hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else I would have had in this left hand
+half I would have had at least one row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I would have had at least one row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half I would have had at least one row
+of zeros. In this case, I got the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros. In this case, I got the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of zeros. In this case, I got the one
+row of zeros. Let's translate what this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of zeros. Let's translate what this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row of zeros. Let's translate what this
+thing says. It says x1 - x3 is 3 y1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing says. It says x1 - x3 is 3 y1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing says. It says x1 - x3 is 3 y1 -
+y2. x2 + 2 x3 is - 2 y1 + y2. And it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2. x2 + 2 x3 is - 2 y1 + y2. And it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2. x2 + 2 x3 is - 2 y1 + y2. And it
+also says that what? 0x1 + 0x2 + 0 x3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also says that what? 0x1 + 0x2 + 0 x3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also says that what? 0x1 + 0x2 + 0 x3.
+In other words, zero is equal to - y1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, zero is equal to - y1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, zero is equal to - y1 -
+y2 + y3. And let's write that to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2 + y3. And let's write that to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2 + y3. And let's write that to
+emphasize this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasize this.
+You see what we really have from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see what we really have from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You see what we really have from the
+first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first two
+equations is this system here. Two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is this system here. Two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations is this system here. Two
+equations but in three unknowns x1 x2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but in three unknowns x1 x2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations but in three unknowns x1 x2
+x3. We're assuming that the y's are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3. We're assuming that the y's are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3. We're assuming that the y's are
+known. Now the the third piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known. Now the the third piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+known. Now the the third piece of
+information I've written in an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I've written in an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information I've written in an
+accentuated form to emphasize the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuated form to emphasize the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accentuated form to emphasize the fact
+that the third equation tells us under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the third equation tells us under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the third equation tells us under
+what conditions we're in trouble as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what conditions we're in trouble as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what conditions we're in trouble as far
+as the choice of the wise are concerned.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the choice of the wise are concerned.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the choice of the wise are concerned.
+Namely, what this tells us is that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Namely, what this tells us is that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Namely, what this tells us is that if
+minus y1 minus y2 + y3 has to be zero to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y1 minus y2 + y3 has to be zero to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus y1 minus y2 + y3 has to be zero to
+be able to solve this system at all.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to solve this system at all.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to solve this system at all.
+That's the same as saying of course that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the same as saying of course that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's the same as saying of course that
+y3 is y1 + y2. So the first thing we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y3 is y1 + y2. So the first thing we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y3 is y1 + y2. So the first thing we
+know is that unless y3 = y1 + y2, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that unless y3 = y1 + y2, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know is that unless y3 = y1 + y2, we
+cannot express the x's in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot express the x's in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot express the x's in terms of the
+y's. Why can't we express them? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's. Why can't we express them? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's. Why can't we express them? The
+system is incompatible. That's exactly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is incompatible. That's exactly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is incompatible. That's exactly
+by the way what we observed over here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way what we observed over here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way what we observed over here.
+Only now we don't have to be that bright
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only now we don't have to be that bright
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Only now we don't have to be that bright
+to notice it. See here we had to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice it. See here we had to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to notice it. See here we had to
+astutely observe that the third equation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astutely observe that the third equation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+astutely observe that the third equation
+was the sum of the first two. Our matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sum of the first two. Our matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was the sum of the first two. Our matrix
+coding system told us right away that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding system told us right away that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coding system told us right away that
+what went wrong here was that y3 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went wrong here was that y3 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what went wrong here was that y3 equals
+y1 + y2. So unless y3 equals y1 + y2, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 + y2. So unless y3 equals y1 + y2, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 + y2. So unless y3 equals y1 + y2, we
+cannot express the x's in terms of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot express the x's in terms of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot express the x's in terms of the
+y's. The second thing that goes wrong is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's. The second thing that goes wrong is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's. The second thing that goes wrong is
+that even if y3 = y1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if y3 = y1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that even if y3 = y1 +
+y2 then for example we still can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2 then for example we still can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2 then for example we still can't
+express the x's in terms of the y's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the x's in terms of the y's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+express the x's in terms of the y's
+because I say for example here because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I say for example here because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I say for example here because I
+could have picked any of the x's as far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have picked any of the x's as far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could have picked any of the x's as far
+as that's concerned but for example x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that's concerned but for example x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as that's concerned but for example x3
+is independent of y1 and y2. I add and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of y1 and y2. I add and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is independent of y1 and y2. I add and
+y3 in parenthesis here because notice in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y3 in parenthesis here because notice in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y3 in parenthesis here because notice in
+the second case y3 is not independent of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second case y3 is not independent of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the second case y3 is not independent of
+y1 and y2. y3 is equal to y1 + y2. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and y2. y3 is equal to y1 + y2. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 and y2. y3 is equal to y1 + y2. So
+it's automatically specified as soon as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's automatically specified as soon as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's automatically specified as soon as
+I know y1 and y2. But here's what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know y1 and y2. But here's what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know y1 and y2. But here's what I'm
+saying. If I now take this re this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying. If I now take this re this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying. If I now take this re this
+result here and come back to this system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here and come back to this system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+result here and come back to this system
+of equations assuming that the that y1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations assuming that the that y1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of equations assuming that the that y1 +
+y2 is y3. So I I now have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2 is y3. So I I now have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2 is y3. So I I now have this
+constraint here met. Notice that I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint here met. Notice that I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint here met. Notice that I can
+pick x3 completely at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick x3 completely at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick x3 completely at random
+independently of what the values of y1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of what the values of y1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+independently of what the values of y1
+and y2 are. pick x3 completely at random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y2 are. pick x3 completely at random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and y2 are. pick x3 completely at random
+and solve for x1 and x2. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve for x1 and x2. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and solve for x1 and x2. In other words,
+I have a degree of freedom here. The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a degree of freedom here. The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have a degree of freedom here. The the
+x's are not completely determined by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's are not completely determined by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x's are not completely determined by the
+y's. One of the x's can be cho chosen at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's. One of the x's can be cho chosen at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y's. One of the x's can be cho chosen at
+random. It just floats around. Okay? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random. It just floats around. Okay? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random. It just floats around. Okay? So,
+you see what goes wrong here from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what goes wrong here from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you see what goes wrong here from the
+point of view of inverting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of inverting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view of inverting the
+equations. If the constraint, meaning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. If the constraint, meaning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. If the constraint, meaning
+y3= y1 + y2 is not met, you can't invert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y3= y1 + y2 is not met, you can't invert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y3= y1 + y2 is not met, you can't invert
+at all. The system is incompatible. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all. The system is incompatible. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at all. The system is incompatible. If
+the constraint is met, the x's aren't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint is met, the x's aren't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint is met, the x's aren't
+completely determined by the y's. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely determined by the y's. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely determined by the y's. You
+can pick one of the x's at random and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick one of the x's at random and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can pick one of the x's at random and
+then solve for the remaining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+two. Now, what does this mean in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Now, what does this mean in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. Now, what does this mean in terms
+of our function interpretation? And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our function interpretation? And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of our function interpretation? And I
+think you may enjoy this because I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you may enjoy this because I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think you may enjoy this because I think
+it will show things very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will show things very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will show things very
+nicely. What it means for example is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely. What it means for example is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely. What it means for example is
+this. Suppose I now look at the mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Suppose I now look at the mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Suppose I now look at the mapping
+that's defined by the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined by the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's defined by the system of
+equations that we were just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we were just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we were just talking
+about. Notice that what we're saying is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Notice that what we're saying is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about. Notice that what we're saying is
+that unless y3 equals y1 + y2, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unless y3 equals y1 + y2, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that unless y3 equals y1 + y2, there's
+no hope of finding x's that solve that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hope of finding x's that solve that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no hope of finding x's that solve that
+particular equation. In other words, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular equation. In other words, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular equation. In other words, if
+it turns out given this mapping that y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out given this mapping that y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it turns out given this mapping that y
+bar is 113, then there is no xbar such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is 113, then there is no xbar such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar is 113, then there is no xbar such
+that fbar of xbar is equal to y bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fbar of xbar is equal to y bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fbar of xbar is equal to y bar
+because three is unequal to 1 + 1. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because three is unequal to 1 + 1. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because three is unequal to 1 + 1. You
+see again what we're saying in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again what we're saying in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again what we're saying in terms of
+the mapping is to get a solution to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mapping is to get a solution to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the mapping is to get a solution to get
+a solution the y's have to be no longer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution the y's have to be no longer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a solution the y's have to be no longer
+arbitrary but chosen to satisfy a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but chosen to satisfy a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arbitrary but chosen to satisfy a
+specific constraint and the system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific constraint and the system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specific constraint and the system of
+equations three that we dealt with in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations three that we dealt with in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations three that we dealt with in
+this case that constraint was y3 = y1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that constraint was y3 = y1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case that constraint was y3 = y1 +
+y2 in other words what this means in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2 in other words what this means in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y2 in other words what this means in
+terms of the mapping is that fbar is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the mapping is that fbar is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of the mapping is that fbar is not
+onto see notice the equation wasn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto see notice the equation wasn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto see notice the equation wasn't
+invertible a inverse didn't exist
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible a inverse didn't exist
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invertible a inverse didn't exist
+Therefore, fbar inverse shouldn't exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, fbar inverse shouldn't exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Therefore, fbar inverse shouldn't exist.
+And for fbar inverse not to exist, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for fbar inverse not to exist, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And for fbar inverse not to exist, it's
+sufficient that fbar be either not onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient that fbar be either not onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient that fbar be either not onto
+or else not one one. And we've now shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or else not one one. And we've now shown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or else not one one. And we've now shown
+that fbar is not on to because nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fbar is not on to because nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that fbar is not on to because nothing
+maps into 113. We can go one step
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps into 113. We can go one step
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps into 113. We can go one step
+further and show that even if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and show that even if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further and show that even if the
+constraint is met, suppose we pick a y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is met, suppose we pick a y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constraint is met, suppose we pick a y
+bar where y3 is equal to y1 + y2. For
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar where y3 is equal to y1 + y2. For
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar where y3 is equal to y1 + y2. For
+example, 1 1 2 see 2 is equal to 1 + 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, 1 1 2 see 2 is equal to 1 + 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example, 1 1 2 see 2 is equal to 1 + 1.
+Then the system of equations that we had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the system of equations that we had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Then the system of equations that we had
+before applies. What was that system of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before applies. What was that system of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before applies. What was that system of
+equations that we had before? It was x1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we had before? It was x1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations that we had before? It was x1
+- x3 = 3 y1 - y2. x2 + 2x3 = -2 y1 + y2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x3 = 3 y1 - y2. x2 + 2x3 = -2 y1 + y2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x3 = 3 y1 - y2. x2 + 2x3 = -2 y1 + y2.
+The third equation wasn't a an equation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The third equation wasn't a an equation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The third equation wasn't a an equation.
+It was the constraint that required that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was the constraint that required that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It was the constraint that required that
+y3 = y1 + y2. So that's been met. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y3 = y1 + y2. So that's been met. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y3 = y1 + y2. So that's been met. So we
+now are down to what?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are down to what?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now are down to what?
+two equations and three unknowns. I now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations and three unknowns. I now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two equations and three unknowns. I now
+claim that first of all let's take a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that first of all let's take a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim that first of all let's take a
+look and see what happens over here. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see what happens over here. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look and see what happens over here. In
+this case y1 is one, y2 is one. So x1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case y1 is one, y2 is one. So x1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case y1 is one, y2 is one. So x1 -
+x3 is simply two. x2 + 2 x3 is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 is simply two. x2 + 2 x3 is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 is simply two. x2 + 2 x3 is simply
+minus1. I can now pick x3 at random and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1. I can now pick x3 at random and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus1. I can now pick x3 at random and
+solve for x1 and x2 in terms of that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for x1 and x2 in terms of that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve for x1 and x2 in terms of that.
+namely what? X1 is simply X3 + 2 and X2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what? X1 is simply X3 + 2 and X2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what? X1 is simply X3 + 2 and X2
+is - 2 X3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is - 2 X3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is - 2 X3
+-1. In other words, what this tells me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1. In other words, what this tells me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-1. In other words, what this tells me
+is that a whole bunch of vectors are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a whole bunch of vectors are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that a whole bunch of vectors are
+mapped into 112. A whole bunch of three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into 112. A whole bunch of three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into 112. A whole bunch of three
+tpples if you want to use the word
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpples if you want to use the word
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tpples if you want to use the word
+threeuppple rather than vector are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeuppple rather than vector are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+threeuppple rather than vector are
+mapped into 112 by fbar. How are those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into 112 by fbar. How are those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapped into 112 by fbar. How are those
+vectors chosen? Well, you can pick the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors chosen? Well, you can pick the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vectors chosen? Well, you can pick the
+third component at random. In which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third component at random. In which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+third component at random. In which
+case, the first component x1 is simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, the first component x1 is simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case, the first component x1 is simply
+x3 + 2 and the second component x2 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 + 2 and the second component x2 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x3 + 2 and the second component x2 is
+simply - 2x3 -1 where the x3 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply - 2x3 -1 where the x3 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply - 2x3 -1 where the x3 is the
+value that you chose here. Since there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you chose here. Since there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+value that you chose here. Since there
+are infinitely many ways of choosing x3,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are infinitely many ways of choosing x3,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are infinitely many ways of choosing x3,
+there are infinitely many three tpples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are infinitely many three tpples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are infinitely many three tpples
+that map into one two. In particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that map into one two. In particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that map into one two. In particular,
+fbar is not one to one either. Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbar is not one to one either. Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fbar is not one to one either. Which
+means in terms of a picture and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in terms of a picture and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means in terms of a picture and in fact
+let me let's see how we can work this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let's see how we can work this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let me let's see how we can work this
+very comfortably. Why not pick X3 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comfortably. Why not pick X3 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very comfortably. Why not pick X3 to be
+zero for a start. If we pick X3 to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for a start. If we pick X3 to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero for a start. If we pick X3 to be
+zero. Notice that this three tuple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Notice that this three tuple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero. Notice that this three tuple
+becomes 2 -1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 2 -1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes 2 -1
+0. So 2 - 1 0 2 - 1 0 maps into 1 1 2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. So 2 - 1 0 2 - 1 0 maps into 1 1 2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0. So 2 - 1 0 2 - 1 0 maps into 1 1 2.
+If we pick X3 to be say 1. This becomes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we pick X3 to be say 1. This becomes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If we pick X3 to be say 1. This becomes
+3 - 3 1. So for example 3 minus 31 also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 - 3 1. So for example 3 minus 31 also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 - 3 1. So for example 3 minus 31 also
+maps into 112. So that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps into 112. So that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maps into 112. So that's the
+demonstration that fbar is not one one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that fbar is not one one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demonstration that fbar is not one one.
+And the fact that nothing maps into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the fact that nothing maps into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the fact that nothing maps into
+113 is the indication that fbar is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113 is the indication that fbar is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+113 is the indication that fbar is not
+onto. By the way by choosing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto. By the way by choosing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+onto. By the way by choosing a
+three-dimensional space we can interpret
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space we can interpret
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space we can interpret
+this result geometrically. Now what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result geometrically. Now what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this result geometrically. Now what I'm
+going to do here is really optional from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here is really optional from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do here is really optional from
+your point of view. If you don't like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point of view. If you don't like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your point of view. If you don't like
+studies of threedimensional space,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of threedimensional space,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studies of threedimensional space,
+ignore what I'm saying. Otherwise, uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore what I'm saying. Otherwise, uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ignore what I'm saying. Otherwise, uh I
+I don't mean ignore it. Take it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean ignore it. Take it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't mean ignore it. Take it with a
+grain of salt. Look it over. Read it. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of salt. Look it over. Read it. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grain of salt. Look it over. Read it. It
+is not crucial to understanding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not crucial to understanding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is not crucial to understanding
+abstractly what's going on. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly what's going on. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+abstractly what's going on. But I
+thought a visual example like this might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a visual example like this might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought a visual example like this might
+be helpful. Notice that when you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helpful. Notice that when you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be helpful. Notice that when you're
+mapping E3 into E3, you're mapping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping E3 into E3, you're mapping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mapping E3 into E3, you're mapping
+three-dimensional space into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space into
+three-dimensional space. By the way,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space. By the way,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space. By the way,
+notice the nuple notation here. I prefer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the nuple notation here. I prefer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice the nuple notation here. I prefer
+to write the x1 x2 x3 space rather than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the x1 x2 x3 space rather than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to write the x1 x2 x3 space rather than
+the traditional xyz space. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional xyz space. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the traditional xyz space. In other
+words, fbar is mapping x1 x2 x3 space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, fbar is mapping x1 x2 x3 space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, fbar is mapping x1 x2 x3 space
+into y1 y2 y3 space. And what we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into y1 y2 y3 space. And what we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into y1 y2 y3 space. And what we have
+shown so far is that with our particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown so far is that with our particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shown so far is that with our particular
+choice of function under consideration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of function under consideration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choice of function under consideration
+now the only way fbar maps something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only way fbar maps something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the only way fbar maps something
+into anything is if that anything has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into anything is if that anything has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into anything is if that anything has
+what property to it? What does the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what property to it? What does the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what property to it? What does the point
+y1 y2 y3 have to satisfy in order that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 y2 y3 have to satisfy in order that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 y2 y3 have to satisfy in order that
+we can be sure that something from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be sure that something from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can be sure that something from the
+x1 x2 x3 plane space maps into it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2 x3 plane space maps into it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x1 x2 x3 plane space maps into it. And
+the constraint was what? That y3 equals
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint was what? That y3 equals
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constraint was what? That y3 equals
+y1 + y2. Now this is a good time to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 + y2. Now this is a good time to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y1 + y2. Now this is a good time to
+review our equation of planes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review our equation of planes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+review our equation of planes in
+three-dimensional space. Sure, we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space. Sure, we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space. Sure, we're
+used to talking about z = x + y, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to talking about z = x + y, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used to talking about z = x + y, but
+don't worry about that part.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about that part.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't worry about that part.
+Notationally, y3 = y1 + y2 is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notationally, y3 = y1 + y2 is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Notationally, y3 = y1 + y2 is the
+equation of a plane. In fact, what plane
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of a plane. In fact, what plane
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation of a plane. In fact, what plane
+is it? Instead of going into a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it? Instead of going into a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it? Instead of going into a long
+herang about this, let me just find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herang about this, let me just find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+herang about this, let me just find
+three points that are on this plane. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points that are on this plane. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three points that are on this plane. In
+particular, 000 0 satisfies this plane.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, 000 0 satisfies this plane.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, 000 0 satisfies this plane.
+2 4 see 2+ 2 is 4. 1 + 3 is 4. So, three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 4 see 2+ 2 is 4. 1 + 3 is 4. So, three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 4 see 2+ 2 is 4. 1 + 3 is 4. So, three
+quick points I can pick off are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick points I can pick off are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick points I can pick off are the
+origin. 224 1 34. These are three points
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. 224 1 34. These are three points
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+origin. 224 1 34. These are three points
+not on the same straight line. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the same straight line. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not on the same straight line. They
+determine a plane. The image of Fbar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine a plane. The image of Fbar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine a plane. The image of Fbar is
+this particular plane. In other words,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular plane. In other words,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular plane. In other words,
+Fbar does not use up all of three space.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fbar does not use up all of three space.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Fbar does not use up all of three space.
+It in particular uses up this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It in particular uses up this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It in particular uses up this one
+particular plane. In particular, let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plane. In particular, let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular plane. In particular, let's
+look at our point one2. What did we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our point one2. What did we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at our point one2. What did we see
+before mapped into 112? We saw that any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before mapped into 112? We saw that any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before mapped into 112? We saw that any
+three tuple x1 x2 x3 where we picked x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tuple x1 x2 x3 where we picked x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three tuple x1 x2 x3 where we picked x3
+at random whereupon x1 had to be x3 + 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random whereupon x1 had to be x3 + 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at random whereupon x1 had to be x3 + 2
+x2 had to be -2 x3 -1. Notice that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 had to be -2 x3 -1. Notice that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 had to be -2 x3 -1. Notice that this
+system of equations defines a line. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations defines a line. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system of equations defines a line. You
+see, think of x3 as being a parameter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, think of x3 as being a parameter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see, think of x3 as being a parameter
+here. If it bothers you, think of x3 as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. If it bothers you, think of x3 as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. If it bothers you, think of x3 as
+being t. And what you have is that x1 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being t. And what you have is that x1 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being t. And what you have is that x1 is
+t + 2, x2 is minus 2t minus1 and x3 is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t + 2, x2 is minus 2t minus1 and x3 is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t + 2, x2 is minus 2t minus1 and x3 is
+t. That is the parametric form of an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. That is the parametric form of an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+t. That is the parametric form of an
+equation for a straight line. You see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a straight line. You see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equation for a straight line. You see
+notice you have only one degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice you have only one degree of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice you have only one degree of
+freedom t and t appears only linearly.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom t and t appears only linearly.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freedom t and t appears only linearly.
+Now look at to find the actual straight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now look at to find the actual straight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now look at to find the actual straight
+line geometrically. All I have to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line geometrically. All I have to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line geometrically. All I have to do is
+find two points on that line. To relate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find two points on that line. To relate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find two points on that line. To relate
+this with what we were doing last time,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with what we were doing last time,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this with what we were doing last time,
+you know, just previous to this, notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, just previous to this, notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, just previous to this, notice
+that two points that we know are on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two points that we know are on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that two points that we know are on this
+line are 2 - 1 0 and 3 - 3 1. Let's look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line are 2 - 1 0 and 3 - 3 1. Let's look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+line are 2 - 1 0 and 3 - 3 1. Let's look
+at this graphically. Let's locate the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this graphically. Let's locate the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at this graphically. Let's locate the
+point 2 - 1 0 3 - 31 in the x1 x2 x3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 2 - 1 0 3 - 31 in the x1 x2 x3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point 2 - 1 0 3 - 31 in the x1 x2 x3
+space. draw the line that joins those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. draw the line that joins those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space. draw the line that joins those
+two points. That line L has the property
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points. That line L has the property
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two points. That line L has the property
+that every single one of these points on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single one of these points on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that every single one of these points on
+L map into the point one2 in the Y1 Y2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L map into the point one2 in the Y1 Y2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+L map into the point one2 in the Y1 Y2
+Y3 space. In other words, our mapping in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y3 space. In other words, our mapping in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y3 space. In other words, our mapping in
+this case is neither one one nor onto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is neither one one nor onto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case is neither one one nor onto
+the entire image of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire image of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the entire image of this
+three-dimensional space is a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space is a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three-dimensional space is a single
+plane and given a point not in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and given a point not in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane and given a point not in that
+plane. Therefore, nothing maps into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. Therefore, nothing maps into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plane. Therefore, nothing maps into
+that. But given a point in that plane,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But given a point in that plane,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. But given a point in that plane,
+an entire line from the domain maps in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire line from the domain maps in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an entire line from the domain maps in
+there. And I simply point this out to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And I simply point this out to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. And I simply point this out to
+you so that for those of you who would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that for those of you who would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you so that for those of you who would
+like to have a picture of what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have a picture of what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to have a picture of what's
+happening, I think this is a very nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening, I think this is a very nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happening, I think this is a very nice
+way of seeing it. The reason I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing it. The reason I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of seeing it. The reason I don't
+want to emphasize the picture more is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize the picture more is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to emphasize the picture more is
+simply because we will deal in the notes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because we will deal in the notes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply because we will deal in the notes
+in the exercises with systems of more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises with systems of more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the exercises with systems of more
+than three equations and three unknowns.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three equations and three unknowns.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than three equations and three unknowns.
+we will deal with linear mapping say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will deal with linear mapping say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we will deal with linear mapping say
+from E5 into E5 in which case we can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from E5 into E5 in which case we can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from E5 into E5 in which case we can't
+draw the picture. So the picture is only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the picture. So the picture is only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+draw the picture. So the picture is only
+a nice mental egg in setting things up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice mental egg in setting things up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice mental egg in setting things up
+in the 2x2 case or the 3x3 case but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 2x2 case or the 3x3 case but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 2x2 case or the 3x3 case but
+other than that one has to rely on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that one has to rely on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other than that one has to rely on the
+equivalent of the matrix system for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the matrix system for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equivalent of the matrix system for
+reducing these equations. So let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing these equations. So let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reducing these equations. So let me
+summarize then what our main aim was and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize then what our main aim was and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+summarize then what our main aim was and
+what we have accomplished. Leaving out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have accomplished. Leaving out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we have accomplished. Leaving out
+the motivations of uh uh everything for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motivations of uh uh everything for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the motivations of uh uh everything for
+the time being, let me just summarize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time being, let me just summarize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time being, let me just summarize
+how we invert a matrix provided that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we invert a matrix provided that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how we invert a matrix provided that the
+matrix inverse exists. Given the n byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix inverse exists. Given the n byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix inverse exists. Given the n byn
+matrix A, we form the nx2n matrix A
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix A, we form the nx2n matrix A
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix A, we form the nx2n matrix A
+augmented by the n byn identity matrix.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented by the n byn identity matrix.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+augmented by the n byn identity matrix.
+In other words, what matrix is it? The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, what matrix is it? The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, what matrix is it? The
+left half is a1 up to a1 n a n1 a nnn.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half is a1 up to a1 n a n1 a nnn.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left half is a1 up to a1 n a n1 a nnn.
+In other words, it's the matrix a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, it's the matrix a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In other words, it's the matrix a and
+the right half is just the n byn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half is just the n byn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half is just the n byn
+identity matrix. We then row reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix. We then row reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity matrix. We then row reduce
+this. Remember what I mean by row reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Remember what I mean by row reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. Remember what I mean by row reduce
+subtracting appropriate replacing rows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting appropriate replacing rows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtracting appropriate replacing rows
+by the row plus or minus an appropriate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the row plus or minus an appropriate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the row plus or minus an appropriate
+multiple of another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple of another
+row hoping to get the identity matrix to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row hoping to get the identity matrix to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row hoping to get the identity matrix to
+come over to the right hand to the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over to the right hand to the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come over to the right hand to the left
+hand side over here. We row reduced this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side over here. We row reduced this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand side over here. We row reduced this
+matrix and then what we saw was what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then what we saw was what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix and then what we saw was what we
+did it in the 3x3 case. We're now doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it in the 3x3 case. We're now doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did it in the 3x3 case. We're now doing
+it in the n byn case. By the way, notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the n byn case. By the way, notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the n byn case. By the way, notice
+that if this throws you off abstractly,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this throws you off abstractly,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if this throws you off abstractly,
+in the 3x3 case, the augmented matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 3x3 case, the augmented matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the 3x3 case, the augmented matrix
+that we formed had was a 3x6. All we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we formed had was a 3x6. All we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we formed had was a 3x6. All we're
+saying is in the n byn case, you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is in the n byn case, you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is in the n byn case, you're
+tacking on side by side 2n byn matrices,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacking on side by side 2n byn matrices,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tacking on side by side 2n byn matrices,
+which makes the resulting matrix n by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes the resulting matrix n by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which makes the resulting matrix n by
+2n. At any rate, what we do is we reduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n. At any rate, what we do is we reduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2n. At any rate, what we do is we reduce
+this n by 2n matrix until one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n by 2n matrix until one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this n by 2n matrix until one of two
+things happens and one of the two must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happens and one of the two must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things happens and one of the two must
+happen. namely either the left hand half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. namely either the left hand half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen. namely either the left hand half
+this half contains at least one row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half contains at least one row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this half contains at least one row of
+zeros in which case a inverse doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in which case a inverse doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros in which case a inverse doesn't
+exist.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exist.
+The other alternative is that when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other alternative is that when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The other alternative is that when we
+row reduce the left hand side does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row reduce the left hand side does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+row reduce the left hand side does the
+left the left half in other words does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the left half in other words does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left the left half in other words does
+become the identity matrix in which case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the identity matrix in which case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+become the identity matrix in which case
+the right half is a inverse. That's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half is a inverse. That's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the right half is a inverse. That's all
+there is to this mechanically. You row
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to this mechanically. You row
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is to this mechanically. You row
+reduce the n by 2n matrix. All right. If
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the n by 2n matrix. All right. If
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reduce the n by 2n matrix. All right. If
+the left hand side contains a row of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side contains a row of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left hand side contains a row of
+zeros there is no inverse to the given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros there is no inverse to the given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zeros there is no inverse to the given
+matrix. If it reduces to the identity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. If it reduces to the identity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix. If it reduces to the identity
+matrix then the right half is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix then the right half is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix then the right half is the
+inverse matrix. Part two of our summary,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix. Part two of our summary,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse matrix. Part two of our summary,
+namely what can we conclude if a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what can we conclude if a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+namely what can we conclude if a inverse
+exists in terms of matrix algebra? If a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in terms of matrix algebra? If a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exists in terms of matrix algebra? If a
+inverse exists, we can solve. In other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse exists, we can solve. In other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse exists, we can solve. In other
+words, we can invert the equation y = ax
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, we can invert the equation y = ax
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+words, we can invert the equation y = ax
+to conclude that x equals a inverse y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude that x equals a inverse y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to conclude that x equals a inverse y.
+And finally in terms of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally in terms of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And finally in terms of
+mappings if we define fbar from e subn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mappings if we define fbar from e subn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mappings if we define fbar from e subn
+into e subn far is a mapping from n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into e subn far is a mapping from n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into e subn far is a mapping from n
+dimensional space into n dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space into n dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dimensional space into n dimensional
+space defined by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space defined by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+space defined by
+this then fbar inverse exists if and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then fbar inverse exists if and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this then fbar inverse exists if and
+only if a inverse exists where a is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if a inverse exists where a is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only if a inverse exists where a is the
+matrix of coefficients over here and if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of coefficients over here and if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix of coefficients over here and if
+a inverse doesn't exist then fbar bar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse doesn't exist then fbar bar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a inverse doesn't exist then fbar bar
+inverse not only doesn't exist but fbar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse not only doesn't exist but fbar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse not only doesn't exist but fbar
+itself is neither one one nor onto. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is neither one one nor onto. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is neither one one nor onto. Now
+admittedly today's lecture was a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly today's lecture was a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+admittedly today's lecture was a little
+bit on the long side. It was though in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the long side. It was though in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit on the long side. It was though in a
+sense a single concept hopefully with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a single concept hopefully with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense a single concept hopefully with
+many interpretations. It is a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interpretations. It is a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many interpretations. It is a very very
+crucial thing in many of our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial thing in many of our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial thing in many of our
+investigations to do at least one of two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations to do at least one of two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+investigations to do at least one of two
+things. One thing is going to be we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. One thing is going to be we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. One thing is going to be we are
+going to want to know whether the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to know whether the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to know whether the
+inverse of a matrix exists. In certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a matrix exists. In certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse of a matrix exists. In certain
+applications, we will not care to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications, we will not care to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications, we will not care to know
+what that inverse matrix is. All we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that inverse matrix is. All we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that inverse matrix is. All we're
+going to want to know is does it exist?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to know is does it exist?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to want to know is does it exist?
+In that case, that's when it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In that case, that's when it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In that case, that's when it's
+sufficient to compute the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to compute the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficient to compute the determinant of
+the matrix. Namely, if the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix. Namely, if the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix. Namely, if the determinant
+is zero, it doesn't exist. If the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero, it doesn't exist. If the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is zero, it doesn't exist. If the
+determinant is not zero, the inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is not zero, the inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant is not zero, the inverse
+matrix does exist. On other occasions,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix does exist. On other occasions,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matrix does exist. On other occasions,
+it will not be enough to know that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not be enough to know that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it will not be enough to know that the
+inverse exists. We will also require
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse exists. We will also require
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse exists. We will also require
+that we be able to construct a inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we be able to construct a inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we be able to construct a inverse
+from the given matrix A. And that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the given matrix A. And that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the given matrix A. And that in
+essence was the lesson that we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence was the lesson that we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+essence was the lesson that we were
+trying to cover today. Starting with our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to cover today. Starting with our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to cover today. Starting with our
+next lesson, we will apply these results
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lesson, we will apply these results
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next lesson, we will apply these results
+to systems of functions of several real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to systems of functions of several real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to systems of functions of several real
+variables. And until that time, goodbye.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Funding for the publication of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Funding for the publication of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Funding for the publication of this
+video was provided by the Gabriel Ella
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video was provided by the Gabriel Ella
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+video was provided by the Gabriel Ella
+and Paul Rosenbomb
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul Rosenbomb
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Paul Rosenbomb
+Foundation. Help OCW continue to provide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation. Help OCW continue to provide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Foundation. Help OCW continue to provide
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free and open access to MIT courses by
+making a donation at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a donation at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making a donation at
+ocw.mmit.edu/donate.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uIMVYNzqZL0.txt b/uIMVYNzqZL0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86cb8504d237b67a6b324b7b3d3b872e5c7d45d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uIMVYNzqZL0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9587 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer highquality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer highquality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh, one quick eratum. The sodium fast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, one quick eratum. The sodium fast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, one quick eratum. The sodium fast
+reactor that I showed last time. I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor that I showed last time. I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor that I showed last time. I'll
+just show that slide again real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show that slide again real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show that slide again real
+quick. Um, where was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick. Um, where was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick. Um, where was
+it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it?
+Yeah, I think I had said this was a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think I had said this was a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think I had said this was a loop
+type. Uh, whoever had said it's a pool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type. Uh, whoever had said it's a pool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type. Uh, whoever had said it's a pool
+type is actually correct. Um there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is actually correct. Um there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type is actually correct. Um there are
+loop type sodium fast reactors but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop type sodium fast reactors but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop type sodium fast reactors but
+ah whenever it's ready. This one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah whenever it's ready. This one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah whenever it's ready. This one is
+indeed a pool that just has some loops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed a pool that just has some loops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed a pool that just has some loops
+coming out of it. But I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of it. But I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming out of it. But I just wanted to
+make that clear. So whoever you were,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that clear. So whoever you were,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that clear. So whoever you were,
+you were right. Um before I start in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were right. Um before I start in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were right. Um before I start in
+with the process heat stuff, I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the process heat stuff, I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the process heat stuff, I just want
+to go over the group responsibilities.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go over the group responsibilities.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go over the group responsibilities.
+So some of you might be wondering what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So some of you might be wondering what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So some of you might be wondering what
+are we responsible for overall week by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we responsible for overall week by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are we responsible for overall week by
+week? And I wanted to at least get you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week? And I wanted to at least get you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week? And I wanted to at least get you
+guys started with the first two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+weeks. So, let me draw the crudest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks. So, let me draw the crudest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weeks. So, let me draw the crudest
+of plant layout
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+diagrams. There's a loop here and there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams. There's a loop here and there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diagrams. There's a loop here and there
+could be a loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be a loop
+here and there'll be some sort of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there'll be some sort of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and there'll be some sort of heat
+exchanger, some turbine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's
+see. Have to continue this on the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board. Some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+heat.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat.
+Hydrogen. Bofuels.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+close there. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, that's not going to fall off. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's not going to fall off. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, that's not going to fall off. So,
+the core group I'm going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core group I'm going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core group I'm going to have
+responsible for everything from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for everything from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsible for everything from the
+reactor, including whatever primary,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor, including whatever primary,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor, including whatever primary,
+tertiary, secondary loops you need up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary, secondary loops you need up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tertiary, secondary loops you need up to
+the turbine, including the turbine,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turbine, including the turbine,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turbine, including the turbine,
+including the hot side of the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the hot side of the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+including the hot side of the heat
+exchanger. So if I had to draw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger. So if I had to draw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger. So if I had to draw a
+border, the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border, the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+border, the core
+folks would be responsible for this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks would be responsible for this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks would be responsible for this sort
+of stuff. The process heat folks would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff. The process heat folks would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of stuff. The process heat folks would
+be responsible for designing the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be responsible for designing the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be responsible for designing the heat
+exchanger, whatever piping is required
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger, whatever piping is required
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger, whatever piping is required
+to get it to the hydrogen and bofuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it to the hydrogen and bofuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get it to the hydrogen and bofuel
+plants and any sort of heat storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and any sort of heat storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants and any sort of heat storage
+which I'll just draw in as a uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll just draw in as a uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which I'll just draw in as a uh
+capacitor. You'll see a little bit why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor. You'll see a little bit why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor. You'll see a little bit why
+in the lecture. Um, so this would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture. Um, so this would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the lecture. Um, so this would be the
+process heat folks. So the three things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat folks. So the three things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat folks. So the three things
+you'll have to worry about are heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to worry about are heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have to worry about are heat
+exchangers, heat transport, and heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers, heat transport, and heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers, heat transport, and heat
+storage if you choose to pursue it. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage if you choose to pursue it. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage if you choose to pursue it. And
+the hydrogen and bofuels folks are just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen and bofuels folks are just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen and bofuels folks are just
+worried about these circles up here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about these circles up here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worried about these circles up here.
+What goes in, what goes out. It's up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What goes in, what goes out. It's up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What goes in, what goes out. It's up to
+the process heat folks to tell you what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process heat folks to tell you what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process heat folks to tell you what
+the heat quality is going in. But then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat quality is going in. But then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat quality is going in. But then
+from there, it's up to you. So, just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there, it's up to you. So, just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from there, it's up to you. So, just to
+delineate and if anyone has any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delineate and if anyone has any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delineate and if anyone has any
+questions about that, email me, see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that, email me, see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions about that, email me, see
+office, see me at office hours, ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office, see me at office hours, ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+office, see me at office hours, ask
+Tyrell. Um, we'll be happy to explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyrell. Um, we'll be happy to explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tyrell. Um, we'll be happy to explain
+more. Uh, let's see. I just wanted to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Uh, let's see. I just wanted to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more. Uh, let's see. I just wanted to go
+over a little bit about what what I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a little bit about what what I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over a little bit about what what I'd
+like you guys to do next week. So, as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys to do next week. So, as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you guys to do next week. So, as
+you probably guess, since I've sent you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably guess, since I've sent you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you probably guess, since I've sent you
+like a thousand emails already, I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a thousand emails already, I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a thousand emails already, I'm
+going to try to keep us pretty on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to keep us pretty on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to try to keep us pretty on
+schedule. Um, so there are things week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule. Um, so there are things week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schedule. Um, so there are things week
+by week I'll expect you guys to do. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by week I'll expect you guys to do. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by week I'll expect you guys to do. And
+if you do them, we will be on schedule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do them, we will be on schedule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do them, we will be on schedule
+to have no work to do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have no work to do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have no work to do for the
+Thanksgiving break. So these next three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving break. So these next three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanksgiving break. So these next three
+and a half weeks, I expect you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half weeks, I expect you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and a half weeks, I expect you guys to
+figure out what your options are, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what your options are, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what your options are, what
+are the pros and cons about them, figure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pros and cons about them, figure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the pros and cons about them, figure
+out what's important, and decide the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's important, and decide the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out what's important, and decide the
+path that you want to go on. So starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that you want to go on. So starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+path that you want to go on. So starting
+on week five, you'll be ready to go out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on week five, you'll be ready to go out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on week five, you'll be ready to go out
+and do some design. So for week one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do some design. So for week one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and do some design. So for week one,
+basically for next Wednesday, I'd expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for next Wednesday, I'd expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically for next Wednesday, I'd expect
+you guys to be able to tell me what your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to be able to tell me what your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to be able to tell me what your
+options are. So for the core group, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options are. So for the core group, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options are. So for the core group, what
+reactor technologies are there? Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor technologies are there? Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor technologies are there? Which
+ones can you immediately eliminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones can you immediately eliminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones can you immediately eliminate
+because you simply can't use them? Um if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you simply can't use them? Um if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you simply can't use them? Um if
+you you know, and let's say some folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know, and let's say some folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you know, and let's say some folks
+are looking at liquid metals, some folks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at liquid metals, some folks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at liquid metals, some folks
+are looking at gas, some folks are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at gas, some folks are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are looking at gas, some folks are
+looking at uh water reactors. Do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at uh water reactors. Do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at uh water reactors. Do you
+need secondary or tertiary loops? What's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need secondary or tertiary loops? What's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need secondary or tertiary loops? What's
+the coolant? What are the range of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolant? What are the range of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolant? What are the range of
+output temperatures? And I would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output temperatures? And I would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output temperatures? And I would do
+yourself a favor and find yourself one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a favor and find yourself one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself a favor and find yourself one
+or two design papers for each type of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two design papers for each type of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two design papers for each type of
+reactor. So I'd say for the core group,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor. So I'd say for the core group,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor. So I'd say for the core group,
+if each person takes two or three of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if each person takes two or three of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if each person takes two or three of
+those reactor designs and becomes a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reactor designs and becomes a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those reactor designs and becomes a
+oneweek expert on them, you guys will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneweek expert on them, you guys will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oneweek expert on them, you guys will
+know what to do. So when you talk about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do. So when you talk about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what to do. So when you talk about
+what's important and which way you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important and which way you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's important and which way you want
+to design, you'll be able to talk with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design, you'll be able to talk with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to design, you'll be able to talk with
+each other and figure out, okay, I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and figure out, okay, I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each other and figure out, okay, I like
+this design. I don't like that design.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design. I don't like that design.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this design. I don't like that design.
+For the process heat folks, um, I'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the process heat folks, um, I'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For the process heat folks, um, I'll be
+talking about process heat all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about process heat all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about process heat all of
+today's lecture. Um, now that everyone's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture. Um, now that everyone's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today's lecture. Um, now that everyone's
+here, if you guys want to take a minute
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, if you guys want to take a minute
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here, if you guys want to take a minute
+or two to sign the group contracts, I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two to sign the group contracts, I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or two to sign the group contracts, I'll
+keep talking about the process heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep talking about the process heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep talking about the process heat
+stuff.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So any so the process heat folks, I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So any so the process heat folks, I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So any so the process heat folks, I'd
+like you to be able to tell me what sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to be able to tell me what sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you to be able to tell me what sort
+of heat exchanges are there out there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat exchanges are there out there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of heat exchanges are there out there
+and what sort of size are you looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what sort of size are you looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what sort of size are you looking at
+uh to put in a reactor? What are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to put in a reactor? What are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh to put in a reactor? What are some
+ways you can transport heat? What are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can transport heat? What are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways you can transport heat? What are
+some typical losses? Like are you going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some typical losses? Like are you going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some typical losses? Like are you going
+to do it above ground? Are you going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it above ground? Are you going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do it above ground? Are you going to
+do it underneath rock? Uh and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it underneath rock? Uh and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it underneath rock? Uh and what
+methods do you have for heat storage?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods do you have for heat storage?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods do you have for heat storage?
+It's also going to be up to the process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also going to be up to the process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's also going to be up to the process
+heat folks to really determine how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat folks to really determine how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat folks to really determine how far
+the reactor and the hydrogen and bofuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor and the hydrogen and bofuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor and the hydrogen and bofuel
+plants have to be because the further
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants have to be because the further
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plants have to be because the further
+away it is, the harder your job is. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it is, the harder your job is. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away it is, the harder your job is. So,
+it's in your best interest to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in your best interest to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's in your best interest to figure out
+what's the minimum distance those things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the minimum distance those things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the minimum distance those things
+have to be to be legal. And that'll help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be to be legal. And that'll help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to be to be legal. And that'll help
+you minimize the losses from the reactor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minimize the losses from the reactor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you minimize the losses from the reactor
+all the way up to the other board to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to the other board to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the way up to the other board to the
+hydrogen and bofuel plants. For the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and bofuel plants. For the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and bofuel plants. For the
+hydrogen folks, I'd like you to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen folks, I'd like you to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen folks, I'd like you to be able
+to tell me what methods are there for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me what methods are there for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to tell me what methods are there for
+creating hydrogen. What temperatures do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating hydrogen. What temperatures do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creating hydrogen. What temperatures do
+they operate at? What are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they operate at? What are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they operate at? What are the
+efficiencies? At what lower temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies? At what lower temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+efficiencies? At what lower temperature
+does the efficiency become negligible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the efficiency become negligible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the efficiency become negligible to
+the point where you wouldn't even want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you wouldn't even want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the point where you wouldn't even want
+to consider it? Uh what are your inputs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider it? Uh what are your inputs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to consider it? Uh what are your inputs
+and what are your outputs? Do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are your outputs? Do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what are your outputs? Do you want
+to take in electricity? Do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take in electricity? Do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to take in electricity? Do you want to
+take in heat? Is it something else? I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in heat? Is it something else? I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take in heat? Is it something else? I
+don't know. That's for you guys to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. That's for you guys to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. That's for you guys to tell
+me. And for the bofuels folks, I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. And for the bofuels folks, I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me. And for the bofuels folks, I'd like
+you to be able to tell me what bofuels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be able to tell me what bofuels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to be able to tell me what bofuels
+are there. What sort of crops are grown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there. What sort of crops are grown
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are there. What sort of crops are grown
+or what sort of agricultural waste is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what sort of agricultural waste is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what sort of agricultural waste is
+taken to make bofuels? What are the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to make bofuels? What are the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taken to make bofuels? What are the
+inputs you need to turn switchgrass or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs you need to turn switchgrass or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inputs you need to turn switchgrass or
+corn or sugar cane into liquid fuel or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn or sugar cane into liquid fuel or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corn or sugar cane into liquid fuel or
+gas fuel? What are the outputs? What are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas fuel? What are the outputs? What are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gas fuel? What are the outputs? What are
+some of the byproducts that you might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the byproducts that you might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of the byproducts that you might be
+able to repackage and sell as another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to repackage and sell as another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to repackage and sell as another
+product to improve profitability of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to improve profitability of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product to improve profitability of the
+plant without any or very little extra
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant without any or very little extra
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant without any or very little extra
+work? Um, so that's all I'll say. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? Um, so that's all I'll say. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work? Um, so that's all I'll say. The
+next week, I'd say is up to you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week, I'd say is up to you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next week, I'd say is up to you guys to
+hit the books, hit the library, and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the books, hit the library, and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hit the books, hit the library, and the
+course book will be the internet. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course book will be the internet. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course book will be the internet. So, I
+recommend relying on that heavily.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend relying on that heavily.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recommend relying on that heavily.
+Wikipedia, I might have said this, is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia, I might have said this, is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Wikipedia, I might have said this, is
+not a primary source. Just so you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a primary source. Just so you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a primary source. Just so you guys
+know, you can use it to find primary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you can use it to find primary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, you can use it to find primary
+sources, but primary sources would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources, but primary sources would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sources, but primary sources would be
+things that would be published, books,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that would be published, books,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that would be published, books,
+journal articles, conference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal articles, conference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journal articles, conference
+proceedings, preferably peer-reviewed,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceedings, preferably peer-reviewed,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proceedings, preferably peer-reviewed,
+technical documents, things like that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical documents, things like that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical documents, things like that.
+But you're welcome to use it to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you're welcome to use it to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But you're welcome to use it to find
+primary sources.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sources.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary sources.
+Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's
+see. Um, I'll just say a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. Um, I'll just say a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. Um, I'll just say a little bit
+about week two. So, when we come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about week two. So, when we come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about week two. So, when we come back
+next Wednesday, we we do have class
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Wednesday, we we do have class
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Wednesday, we we do have class
+Monday, I should say, but when we meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday, I should say, but when we meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Monday, I should say, but when we meet
+next Wednesday, you guys should know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Wednesday, you guys should know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+next Wednesday, you guys should know
+what your options are over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your options are over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what your options are over the next
+week. You'll be able to start defining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. You'll be able to start defining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week. You'll be able to start defining
+what are your criteria for success?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your criteria for success?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are your criteria for success?
+What's your goal in designing this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's your goal in designing this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's your goal in designing this
+plant? Do you want to make more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant? Do you want to make more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant? Do you want to make more
+electricity or more biouels or more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity or more biouels or more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity or more biouels or more
+hydrogen? Uh, what are some of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen? Uh, what are some of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen? Uh, what are some of the
+importance metrics? How do you how do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance metrics? How do you how do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+importance metrics? How do you how do
+you decide importance to certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide importance to certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you decide importance to certain
+parameters like output temperature, how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters like output temperature, how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters like output temperature, how
+much heat losses, what are your hard and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much heat losses, what are your hard and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much heat losses, what are your hard and
+your soft constraints? And there'll be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your soft constraints? And there'll be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your soft constraints? And there'll be a
+lecture about that next week. So, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about that next week. So, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture about that next week. So, you
+don't have to really worry about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to really worry about that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have to really worry about that
+yet, but do keep in mind as you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet, but do keep in mind as you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yet, but do keep in mind as you're
+coming up with these designs and hitting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with these designs and hitting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming up with these designs and hitting
+the books to find out what's out there,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books to find out what's out there,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the books to find out what's out there,
+what would you consider to be the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you consider to be the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what would you consider to be the most
+important aspects of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspects of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important aspects of each of these
+technologies? And what are some sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies? And what are some sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technologies? And what are some sort of
+ancillary concerns that you might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancillary concerns that you might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ancillary concerns that you might have
+down the road?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the road?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the road?
+So, with that, um, has everyone signed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, with that, um, has everyone signed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, with that, um, has everyone signed
+the group contracts?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group contracts?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the group contracts?
+There's three. Okay. Who we missing?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's three. Okay. Who we missing?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+There's three. Okay. Who we missing?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+I don't know where the core leader is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know where the core leader is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know where the core leader is
+either. Okay. Well, whenever he gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. Okay. Well, whenever he gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either. Okay. Well, whenever he gets
+here. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. Oh,
+nice. Signed, dated. Good job, guys.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice. Signed, dated. Good job, guys.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice. Signed, dated. Good job, guys.
+They get the filthy handprint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They get the filthy handprint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+They get the filthy handprint of
+approval. It's from carrying this heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval. It's from carrying this heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approval. It's from carrying this heat
+exchanger over. Uh why don't we start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger over. Uh why don't we start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger over. Uh why don't we start
+out with the process heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the process heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out with the process heat
+stuff? Let's make sure that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff? Let's make sure that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stuff? Let's make sure that's
+working.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working.
+So this will be about the process heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this will be about the process heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this will be about the process heat
+group. Um I don't know if I've mentioned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. Um I don't know if I've mentioned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group. Um I don't know if I've mentioned
+before. The reason I'm getting into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. The reason I'm getting into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before. The reason I'm getting into
+specifics for every group with you all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics for every group with you all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifics for every group with you all
+here is I want to make sure you all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I want to make sure you all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here is I want to make sure you all have
+some common ground so you'll know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common ground so you'll know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common ground so you'll know what
+to expect from every group. Uh you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect from every group. Uh you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to expect from every group. Uh you don't
+necessarily have to be an expert in it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to be an expert in it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to be an expert in it.
+That's their job. But uh you'll all have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's their job. But uh you'll all have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's their job. But uh you'll all have
+some common ground with which to talk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common ground with which to talk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some common ground with which to talk
+about your design parameters. So the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your design parameters. So the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about your design parameters. So the
+three main challenge problems for this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three main challenge problems for this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three main challenge problems for this
+process heat group are heat exchangers,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat group are heat exchangers,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat group are heat exchangers,
+heat transport, and heat storage if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transport, and heat storage if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat transport, and heat storage if
+necessary. It'll be up to you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary. It'll be up to you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessary. It'll be up to you guys to
+decide whether or not you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether or not you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide whether or not you want to have
+heat storage. So to start off, um some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat storage. So to start off, um some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat storage. So to start off, um some
+nomenclature. Some of these terms uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature. Some of these terms uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nomenclature. Some of these terms uh
+confused me because it turns out I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused me because it turns out I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused me because it turns out I
+didn't think I know what they meant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think I know what they meant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+didn't think I know what they meant
+until I read them and I realized, wait a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I read them and I realized, wait a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+until I read them and I realized, wait a
+minute, I know this stuff. Uh this sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute, I know this stuff. Uh this sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute, I know this stuff. Uh this sort
+of a more mechy flavor on terms. Have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a more mechy flavor on terms. Have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a more mechy flavor on terms. Have
+you guys heard of sensible heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys heard of sensible heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys heard of sensible heat
+before? Couple yeses. So sensible heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before? Couple yeses. So sensible heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before? Couple yeses. So sensible heat
+is just a temperature change. The old Q=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a temperature change. The old Q=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a temperature change. The old Q=
+MCP delta T. Latent heating is a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MCP delta T. Latent heating is a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MCP delta T. Latent heating is a phase
+change. So the amount of heat put it the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. So the amount of heat put it the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change. So the amount of heat put it the
+uh heat put in is dependent on the uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heat put in is dependent on the uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh heat put in is dependent on the uh
+heat of vaporization or the heat of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of vaporization or the heat of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat of vaporization or the heat of
+melting, boiling, freezing, whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting, boiling, freezing, whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melting, boiling, freezing, whatever.
+And there's also some bond energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's also some bond energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And there's also some bond energy
+storage which is what I say you store
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage which is what I say you store
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage which is what I say you store
+energy in a chemical reaction. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in a chemical reaction. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy in a chemical reaction. So you
+can run a chemical reaction in one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run a chemical reaction in one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run a chemical reaction in one way
+or the other and add or remove heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other and add or remove heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or the other and add or remove heat
+accordingly. So where do we find heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly. So where do we find heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accordingly. So where do we find heat
+exchangers? I just put up the old uh gas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers? I just put up the old uh gas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers? I just put up the old uh gas
+fast reactor. Um, where are the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactor. Um, where are the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast reactor. Um, where are the heat
+exchangers in this plant? Anyone just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers in this plant? Anyone just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers in this plant? Anyone just
+shout them out?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+so anytime you see something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anytime you see something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so anytime you see something like this
+where you have one fluid bathing another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have one fluid bathing another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you have one fluid bathing another
+one with a whole bunch of coils and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a whole bunch of coils and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one with a whole bunch of coils and
+things, that would be your heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, that would be your heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things, that would be your heat
+exchanger. So there's a it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger. So there's a it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger. So there's a it's hard to
+read on the screen just because of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read on the screen just because of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read on the screen just because of the
+resolution, but for those of you with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution, but for those of you with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution, but for those of you with
+handouts, these say heat sink. So these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts, these say heat sink. So these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+handouts, these say heat sink. So these
+two here, this precooler and this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here, this precooler and this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two here, this precooler and this
+intercooler are heat exchangers. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercooler are heat exchangers. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intercooler are heat exchangers. This
+recuperator's heat exchanger. You're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recuperator's heat exchanger. You're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recuperator's heat exchanger. You're
+also going to need a heat exchanger to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to need a heat exchanger to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to need a heat exchanger to
+pass off the heat from this piping to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass off the heat from this piping to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass off the heat from this piping to
+the hydrogen and the bofuel plants.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen and the bofuel plants.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen and the bofuel plants.
+Actually, let me do this just so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, let me do this just so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Actually, let me do this just so it's a
+little easier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+see. So some fundamental parameters of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. So some fundamental parameters of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see. So some fundamental parameters of
+heat exchangers. Uh one of them is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers. Uh one of them is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers. Uh one of them is the
+effectiveness. Not the efficiency but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness. Not the efficiency but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness. Not the efficiency but
+the effectiveness. It measures how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effectiveness. It measures how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the effectiveness. It measures how much
+is heat is transferred compared to how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heat is transferred compared to how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is heat is transferred compared to how
+much is possible. So can one fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is possible. So can one fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much is possible. So can one fluid
+absorb all the heat from the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb all the heat from the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absorb all the heat from the other
+fluid? If it's so then the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid? If it's so then the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid? If it's so then the heat
+effectiveness, the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+exchanger for the hot leg and the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger for the hot leg and the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger for the hot leg and the cold
+leg of the heat exchanger. The solid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg of the heat exchanger. The solid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg of the heat exchanger. The solid
+lines show what a more typical heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines show what a more typical heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lines show what a more typical heat
+exchanger would look like, while the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger would look like, while the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger would look like, while the
+dotted lines show an effectiveness of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted lines show an effectiveness of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dotted lines show an effectiveness of
+one heat exchanger. Um, now you'd think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one heat exchanger. Um, now you'd think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one heat exchanger. Um, now you'd think
+you'd want to be able to get all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to be able to get all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want to be able to get all the
+heat out from the hot leg into the cold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat out from the hot leg into the cold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat out from the hot leg into the cold
+leg, but can anyone tell me why that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg, but can anyone tell me why that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg, but can anyone tell me why that
+might be a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+idea? No, that's okay. Don't expect you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea? No, that's okay. Don't expect you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea? No, that's okay. Don't expect you
+to know at this rate anyway.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know at this rate anyway.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to know at this rate anyway.
+Um so at any given point in this heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so at any given point in this heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so at any given point in this heat
+exchanger the temperature difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger the temperature difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger the temperature difference
+determines the potential for heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the potential for heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determines the potential for heat
+transfer. So even over on the solid line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer. So even over on the solid line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer. So even over on the solid line
+even over here there's a sizable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even over here there's a sizable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even over here there's a sizable
+temperature difference for transferring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference for transferring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference for transferring
+heat. As you go down the heat exchanger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat. As you go down the heat exchanger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat. As you go down the heat exchanger
+this potential gets less and less and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential gets less and less and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this potential gets less and less and
+less and the heat exchanger gets bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and the heat exchanger gets bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less and the heat exchanger gets bigger
+and bigger and bigger. So, at some point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger and bigger. So, at some point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and bigger and bigger. So, at some point
+there's going to be a trade-off between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a trade-off between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's going to be a trade-off between
+how much more heat can you pull out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much more heat can you pull out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how much more heat can you pull out of
+the cold out of the hot fluid into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold out of the hot fluid into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cold out of the hot fluid into the
+cold one and how much bigger do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold one and how much bigger do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold one and how much bigger do you have
+to make this heat exchanger. So, there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this heat exchanger. So, there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make this heat exchanger. So, there
+is a trade-off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a trade-off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a trade-off
+there. Um, just to show you a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um, just to show you a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. Um, just to show you a little bit
+of uh the cross-section of a heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the cross-section of a heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of uh the cross-section of a heat
+exchanger. Basically, it's just two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger. Basically, it's just two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger. Basically, it's just two
+fluids separated by a wall that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids separated by a wall that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluids separated by a wall that's
+hopefully thermally conductive. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully thermally conductive. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully thermally conductive. Um,
+there are thermal resistances in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are thermal resistances in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are thermal resistances in the
+wall. There's uh the convection through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall. There's uh the convection through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wall. There's uh the convection through
+the fluid. There can also be some junk
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid. There can also be some junk
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluid. There can also be some junk
+building up on the wall known as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up on the wall known as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building up on the wall known as
+fouling. And I brought in an example to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouling. And I brought in an example to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouling. And I brought in an example to
+show you guys a couple examples of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you guys a couple examples of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you guys a couple examples of of
+heat exchangers. One would be a clean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers. One would be a clean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers. One would be a clean
+one. Um does anyone recognize this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Um does anyone recognize this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. Um does anyone recognize this from
+chemistry condenser? If you just want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry condenser? If you just want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chemistry condenser? If you just want to
+pass that around, you can sort of see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that around, you can sort of see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that around, you can sort of see
+how the cooling fluid would flow along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the cooling fluid would flow along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how the cooling fluid would flow along
+the outside and whatever you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside and whatever you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the outside and whatever you want to
+cool down, your hot fluid would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down, your hot fluid would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down, your hot fluid would be
+flowing on the inside. The old um the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing on the inside. The old um the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing on the inside. The old um the
+Prohibition era moonshine stills, other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prohibition era moonshine stills, other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prohibition era moonshine stills, other
+examples of heat exchangers. All you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of heat exchangers. All you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of heat exchangers. All you do
+is you have some hot ethanol vapor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have some hot ethanol vapor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you have some hot ethanol vapor that
+you want to cool into a liquid. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to cool into a liquid. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to cool into a liquid. Um
+they're everywhere. Here is a more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're everywhere. Here is a more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're everywhere. Here is a more
+serious heat exchanger. Um, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious heat exchanger. Um, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+serious heat exchanger. Um, it's
+disgusting. So, I won't uh pass around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting. So, I won't uh pass around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disgusting. So, I won't uh pass around
+the end plates, but I just wanted to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end plates, but I just wanted to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the end plates, but I just wanted to
+show you guys sort of what's possible.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you guys sort of what's possible.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you guys sort of what's possible.
+This thing right here can transfer 2500
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing right here can transfer 2500
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This thing right here can transfer 2500
+BTU per horsepower per hour. And since I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTU per horsepower per hour. And since I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BTU per horsepower per hour. And since I
+know you guys don't know how many hogs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you guys don't know how many hogs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you guys don't know how many hogs
+heads are in a furong or any of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads are in a furong or any of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heads are in a furong or any of those
+other imperial units, this can put out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other imperial units, this can put out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other imperial units, this can put out
+about 30 kilowatts for a 40 horsepower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 kilowatts for a 40 horsepower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 30 kilowatts for a 40 horsepower
+motor, which is what we connect it to.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor, which is what we connect it to.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor, which is what we connect it to.
+Um, it is a four pass heat exchanger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it is a four pass heat exchanger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, it is a four pass heat exchanger.
+So, the fluid comes in and actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the fluid comes in and actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, the fluid comes in and actually
+makes four passes through the fluid. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes four passes through the fluid. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes four passes through the fluid. Um,
+you can see that there's some lines
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's some lines
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can see that there's some lines
+right here, some plates that separate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here, some plates that separate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here, some plates that separate
+out the fluid. The end plates have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the fluid. The end plates have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the fluid. The end plates have
+similar caps on them. So, it actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar caps on them. So, it actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar caps on them. So, it actually
+ends up passing through one, then on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up passing through one, then on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ends up passing through one, then on the
+bottom two, three, four times. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom two, three, four times. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom two, three, four times. And this
+is what's called a shell and tube heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's called a shell and tube heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what's called a shell and tube heat
+exchanger because there are tubes inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger because there are tubes inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger because there are tubes inside
+the shell. There are many, many, many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell. There are many, many, many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shell. There are many, many, many
+tubes. And this is a perfect example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes. And this is a perfect example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes. And this is a perfect example of
+fouling. So, I don't know if you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouling. So, I don't know if you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fouling. So, I don't know if you want to
+pass this around or if you want to come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this around or if you want to come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass this around or if you want to come
+up and look at it later, but whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and look at it later, but whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up and look at it later, but whatever
+you guys want to do, you're welcome to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys want to do, you're welcome to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys want to do, you're welcome to
+it. And it's uh it's pretty disgusting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And it's uh it's pretty disgusting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And it's uh it's pretty disgusting.
+That's why it's here and not cooling our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why it's here and not cooling our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That's why it's here and not cooling our
+hydraulic systems back in the lab. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic systems back in the lab. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydraulic systems back in the lab. Um
+so, whenever you are designing your heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, whenever you are designing your heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, whenever you are designing your heat
+exchanger, I'd like you guys to think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger, I'd like you guys to think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger, I'd like you guys to think
+about what fluids, what working fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what fluids, what working fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what fluids, what working fluid
+are you putting in? Is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you putting in? Is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you putting in? Is there a
+possibility for fouling?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility for fouling?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possibility for fouling?
+um you have to think about not only the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to think about not only the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you have to think about not only the
+materials concerns of the fluid in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials concerns of the fluid in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials concerns of the fluid in the
+reactor but in the heat exchanger and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor but in the heat exchanger and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor but in the heat exchanger and
+the design of the heat exchanger is up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of the heat exchanger is up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design of the heat exchanger is up
+to the process heat folks. So the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the process heat folks. So the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the process heat folks. So the core
+folks will have to tell the process heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks will have to tell the process heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks will have to tell the process heat
+folks what their primary coolant is and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks what their primary coolant is and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks what their primary coolant is and
+it's up to the process heat folks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to the process heat folks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's up to the process heat folks to
+pick a suitable secondary coolant uh so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a suitable secondary coolant uh so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pick a suitable secondary coolant uh so
+as not to corrode in the heat exchanger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, one of the fundamental equations for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one of the fundamental equations for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, one of the fundamental equations for
+heat exchangers is this deceptively
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers is this deceptively
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers is this deceptively
+simple one up here. Um, looks kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one up here. Um, looks kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple one up here. Um, looks kind of
+like, you guys ever heard of Drake's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, you guys ever heard of Drake's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like, you guys ever heard of Drake's
+formula? That formula for whether or not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula? That formula for whether or not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula? That formula for whether or not
+there's extraterrestrial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's extraterrestrial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's extraterrestrial
+life. It's just like 50 numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. It's just like 50 numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life. It's just like 50 numbers
+multiplied by each other. This one is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by each other. This one is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied by each other. This one is a
+looks simpler, but it can be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks simpler, but it can be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looks simpler, but it can be more
+complicated. Q is the heat transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. Q is the heat transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated. Q is the heat transfer
+rate. So, in the case of that filthy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. So, in the case of that filthy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate. So, in the case of that filthy
+thing is 30 kow. U is the thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is 30 kow. U is the thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is 30 kow. U is the thermal
+conductance which is the inverse of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance which is the inverse of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conductance which is the inverse of the
+thermal resistance. Um A is the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal resistance. Um A is the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal resistance. Um A is the heat
+transfer area or the effective heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer area or the effective heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer area or the effective heat
+transfer area. F stands for factor. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer area. F stands for factor. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transfer area. F stands for factor. Um
+all that depends on flow configuration
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that depends on flow configuration
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all that depends on flow configuration
+and all sorts of other parameters. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of other parameters. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all sorts of other parameters. And
+I'll talk a little bit about how to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk a little bit about how to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll talk a little bit about how to find
+that. And delta TLM is the log mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And delta TLM is the log mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. And delta TLM is the log mean
+temperature difference which is a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference which is a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference which is a good
+indicator of how good a heat exchanger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of how good a heat exchanger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indicator of how good a heat exchanger
+is uh at getting the heat out depending
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh at getting the heat out depending
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is uh at getting the heat out depending
+on which kind of flow. So here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which kind of flow. So here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on which kind of flow. So here's the
+formula for log mean temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for log mean temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula for log mean temperature
+difference. So this is the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. So this is the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference. So this is the change in the
+hot leg temperature, the change in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot leg temperature, the change in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot leg temperature, the change in the
+cold leg temperature. Um often times if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold leg temperature. Um often times if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold leg temperature. Um often times if
+you have two heat exchangers of the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two heat exchangers of the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have two heat exchangers of the same
+size and they have different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and they have different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size and they have different
+configurations, you'll notice the log
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations, you'll notice the log
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations, you'll notice the log
+mean temperature difference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean temperature difference is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean temperature difference is
+different. Uh bigger log mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Uh bigger log mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different. Uh bigger log mean
+temperature difference usually means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference usually means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature difference usually means
+it's better at getting heat out. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better at getting heat out. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's better at getting heat out. And
+I'll tell you counterflow which is when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you counterflow which is when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll tell you counterflow which is when
+the fluids flow at opposite directions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluids flow at opposite directions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the fluids flow at opposite directions
+tends to be better than parallel flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be better than parallel flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tends to be better than parallel flow
+when the fluids flow in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the fluids flow in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when the fluids flow in the same
+direction. Uh this is how you tend to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Uh this is how you tend to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Uh this is how you tend to
+find parameters for a heat exchanger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find parameters for a heat exchanger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find parameters for a heat exchanger.
+You get a book of big complicated charts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You get a book of big complicated charts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You get a book of big complicated charts
+and you look up a number on a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look up a number on a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you look up a number on a big
+complicated chart. The you don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated chart. The you don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated chart. The you don't need to
+read the axes here because they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the axes here because they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read the axes here because they're not
+important. This is what I would expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. This is what I would expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important. This is what I would expect
+you guys to be finding. um what for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to be finding. um what for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys to be finding. um what for
+whatever geometry heat exchanger you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever geometry heat exchanger you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever geometry heat exchanger you
+find and for whatever coolant and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and for whatever coolant and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find and for whatever coolant and
+whatever effective area whatever you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever effective area whatever you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever effective area whatever you'll
+be able to find a chart lots of people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to find a chart lots of people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to find a chart lots of people
+have spent lots of time compiling lots
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spent lots of time compiling lots
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have spent lots of time compiling lots
+of charts to find the parameters in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charts to find the parameters in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of charts to find the parameters in
+these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these
+things some of the fundamental other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things some of the fundamental other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things some of the fundamental other
+parameters for heat exchangers like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for heat exchangers like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parameters for heat exchangers like I
+said up here is the effectiveness of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said up here is the effectiveness of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said up here is the effectiveness of the
+heat exchanger these C's right here uh C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger these C's right here uh C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger these C's right here uh C
+just stands for mass flow time heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stands for mass flow time heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just stands for mass flow time heat
+capacity. M dot* cp it's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity. M dot* cp it's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity. M dot* cp it's called a
+capacity rate and c star will give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity rate and c star will give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity rate and c star will give you
+an indication of how balanced the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indication of how balanced the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indication of how balanced the heat
+exchanger is. Can one fluid give or take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger is. Can one fluid give or take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger is. Can one fluid give or take
+all of the heat from another fluid. Uh c
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the heat from another fluid. Uh c
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all of the heat from another fluid. Uh c
+star is just a ratio between the minimum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is just a ratio between the minimum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star is just a ratio between the minimum
+and the maximum capacity rate. One is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the maximum capacity rate. One is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the maximum capacity rate. One is
+for one fluid, one's for the other. If C
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one fluid, one's for the other. If C
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for one fluid, one's for the other. If C
+star equals 1, it means that one fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star equals 1, it means that one fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+star equals 1, it means that one fluid
+can give up its heat just as fast as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give up its heat just as fast as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can give up its heat just as fast as the
+other can take it. If not, then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other can take it. If not, then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other can take it. If not, then you
+could be wasting some heat. Uh, and NTU
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be wasting some heat. Uh, and NTU
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be wasting some heat. Uh, and NTU
+stands for number of transfer units. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for number of transfer units. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stands for number of transfer units. The
+uh if you notice the thermal conductance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you notice the thermal conductance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if you notice the thermal conductance
+times the area over the minimum uh heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the area over the minimum uh heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the area over the minimum uh heat
+capac what is it capacity rate will give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capac what is it capacity rate will give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capac what is it capacity rate will give
+you the number of thermal units. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the number of thermal units. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you the number of thermal units. It's
+just sort of not how a way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of not how a way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just sort of not how a way to
+non-dimensionalize the heat exchanger.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensionalize the heat exchanger.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-dimensionalize the heat exchanger.
+Could anyone tell me why you'd use C min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could anyone tell me why you'd use C min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Could anyone tell me why you'd use C min
+instead of C max in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of C max in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of C max in this
+formula or does anyone is anybody lost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula or does anyone is anybody lost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula or does anyone is anybody lost
+at this point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+It certainly is. Um the limiting factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It certainly is. Um the limiting factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It certainly is. Um the limiting factor
+is the fluid that cannot that can take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fluid that cannot that can take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the fluid that cannot that can take
+or give heat the slowest. So that's why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or give heat the slowest. So that's why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or give heat the slowest. So that's why
+we use cmin on the bottom here. And a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use cmin on the bottom here. And a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use cmin on the bottom here. And a
+quick way to gauge the parameters of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick way to gauge the parameters of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quick way to gauge the parameters of a
+heat exchanger is to find as many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger is to find as many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger is to find as many of
+these fundamental parameters as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fundamental parameters as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these fundamental parameters as
+possible. And there are methods like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. And there are methods like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible. And there are methods like the
+NTU method where if you have some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NTU method where if you have some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NTU method where if you have some of
+these parameters, you can look at a big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters, you can look at a big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these parameters, you can look at a big
+complicated chart and usually find the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated chart and usually find the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated chart and usually find the
+other one with some degree of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+accuracy. Uh there are lots of flow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy. Uh there are lots of flow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accuracy. Uh there are lots of flow
+types. Um, there could be a single pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types. Um, there could be a single pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+types. Um, there could be a single pass
+heat exchanger like that uh chemistry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger like that uh chemistry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger like that uh chemistry
+condenser I'm passing around where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser I'm passing around where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+condenser I'm passing around where the
+fluid only goes through once. There can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid only goes through once. There can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid only goes through once. There can
+be multi-pass ones like this monster
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multi-pass ones like this monster
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be multi-pass ones like this monster
+right here where it actually flows
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where it actually flows
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here where it actually flows
+through four times.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through four times.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through four times.
+Um, let's see. As I said, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's see. As I said, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, let's see. As I said, there's a
+counterflow and parallel flow. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterflow and parallel flow. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterflow and parallel flow. Does
+everyone understand the difference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understand the difference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone understand the difference
+between those? If not, just raise your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those? If not, just raise your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between those? If not, just raise your
+hand. Um, okay, good. There's also cross
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Um, okay, good. There's also cross
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. Um, okay, good. There's also cross
+flow where the fluids flow perpendicular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow where the fluids flow perpendicular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow where the fluids flow perpendicular
+to each other. And there's pluses and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other. And there's pluses and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to each other. And there's pluses and
+minuses based on plant layout and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses based on plant layout and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minuses based on plant layout and what
+you want to get done for each of these.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get done for each of these.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get done for each of these.
+So, like I said, it'll be up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, like I said, it'll be up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, like I said, it'll be up to the
+process heat folks to determine which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat folks to determine which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process heat folks to determine which
+one of these you want to go with. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these you want to go with. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of these you want to go with. And
+there's lots of other subg genres, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of other subg genres, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's lots of other subg genres, but
+uh once you sort of get yourself down to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you sort of get yourself down to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh once you sort of get yourself down to
+this level in this chart, you'll have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level in this chart, you'll have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this level in this chart, you'll have a
+good idea of where you're going.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea of where you're going.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good idea of where you're going.
+Just to show you some temperature versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just to show you some temperature versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Just to show you some temperature versus
+length diagrams for parallel flow versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length diagrams for parallel flow versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+length diagrams for parallel flow versus
+counterflow. In this one, the fluids are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterflow. In this one, the fluids are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+counterflow. In this one, the fluids are
+flowing in the same direction. And one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing in the same direction. And one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flowing in the same direction. And one
+fluid can never get hotter than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid can never get hotter than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid can never get hotter than the
+other one can get cold. The best they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one can get cold. The best they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other one can get cold. The best they
+can the best thing they can do is meet
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the best thing they can do is meet
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can the best thing they can do is meet
+somewhere in the middle. It might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle. It might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere in the middle. It might not be
+exactly in the middle if the fluids have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in the middle if the fluids have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly in the middle if the fluids have
+different capacity rates that M dot time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different capacity rates that M dot time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different capacity rates that M dot time
+CP, but it's going to be close. Whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP, but it's going to be close. Whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+CP, but it's going to be close. Whereas
+in counterflow, the hot fluid can really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in counterflow, the hot fluid can really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in counterflow, the hot fluid can really
+warm up the cold fluid beyond the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm up the cold fluid beyond the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+warm up the cold fluid beyond the
+temperature of where the hot fluids end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of where the hot fluids end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature of where the hot fluids end
+up ends up at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up ends up at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up ends up at the
+end. Uh, as for flow configurations,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. Uh, as for flow configurations,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+end. Uh, as for flow configurations,
+there are tubular heat exchangers like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tubular heat exchangers like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are tubular heat exchangers like
+the one the two that I brought in here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one the two that I brought in here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one the two that I brought in here.
+Um, there's plate type, spiral, printed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, there's plate type, spiral, printed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, there's plate type, spiral, printed
+circuit, all sorts of crazy things. They
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit, all sorts of crazy things. They
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit, all sorts of crazy things. They
+all have their pluses and minuses. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have their pluses and minuses. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all have their pluses and minuses. The
+nice things about things like tubular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice things about things like tubular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice things about things like tubular
+heat exchangers is they off they offer a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers is they off they offer a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchangers is they off they offer a
+nice cylindrical flow channels, they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cylindrical flow channels, they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice cylindrical flow channels, they're
+fairly low pressure drop unless your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly low pressure drop unless your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly low pressure drop unless your
+tubes get really really thin. They are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes get really really thin. They are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes get really really thin. They are
+getting kind of thin here, but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting kind of thin here, but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting kind of thin here, but there's a
+40 horsepower motor behind the fluid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 horsepower motor behind the fluid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+40 horsepower motor behind the fluid
+there, so it's not so bad. Something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, so it's not so bad. Something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there, so it's not so bad. Something
+like a printed circuit heat exchanger is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a printed circuit heat exchanger is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like a printed circuit heat exchanger is
+very good at getting heat out, but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at getting heat out, but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very good at getting heat out, but it
+also ends up with a much bigger pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ends up with a much bigger pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also ends up with a much bigger pressure
+drop for the same power rating. Um, the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop for the same power rating. Um, the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drop for the same power rating. Um, the
+one we have in lab is bigger than this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have in lab is bigger than this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one we have in lab is bigger than this
+table, so I decided not to bring it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table, so I decided not to bring it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table, so I decided not to bring it in
+to show you guys. And there's all sorts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you guys. And there's all sorts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you guys. And there's all sorts
+of other ones. Um, just a few diagrams
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other ones. Um, just a few diagrams
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of other ones. Um, just a few diagrams
+to show you what some of these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you what some of these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to show you what some of these things
+look like. Um, this is actually fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like. Um, this is actually fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look like. Um, this is actually fairly
+close to what we have right here, except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to what we have right here, except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close to what we have right here, except
+it's a four pass. And I don't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a four pass. And I don't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a four pass. And I don't actually
+know if there are any of these what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there are any of these what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know if there are any of these what's
+called baffles here. That's just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called baffles here. That's just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called baffles here. That's just to
+cause the fluid to flow over all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the fluid to flow over all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the fluid to flow over all the
+tubes, mix a little bit better. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes, mix a little bit better. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tubes, mix a little bit better. Um, and
+this one should look fairly familiar. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one should look fairly familiar. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one should look fairly familiar. I
+don't know who has it now, but that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who has it now, but that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know who has it now, but that's
+pretty much what we've got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what we've got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty much what we've got
+there. There's a plate type heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. There's a plate type heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. There's a plate type heat
+exchanger where fluid flows through a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger where fluid flows through a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger where fluid flows through a
+series of tubes and then passes over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of tubes and then passes over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+series of tubes and then passes over
+plates. And the nice thing is those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates. And the nice thing is those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates. And the nice thing is those
+plates have a nice surface area and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates have a nice surface area and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates have a nice surface area and it's
+a fairly large surface area. Um there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly large surface area. Um there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fairly large surface area. Um there's
+a spiral type heat exchanger where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spiral type heat exchanger where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a spiral type heat exchanger where the
+two fluids flow either in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fluids flow either in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two fluids flow either in the same
+direction or in the opposite direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or in the opposite direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or in the opposite direction
+around a spiral. Um, if anyone has ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a spiral. Um, if anyone has ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around a spiral. Um, if anyone has ever
+seen the uh, you know those little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the uh, you know those little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the uh, you know those little
+electrolytic capacitors, like the little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytic capacitors, like the little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrolytic capacitors, like the little
+soda can caps, does anyone not know what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda can caps, does anyone not know what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+soda can caps, does anyone not know what
+I'm talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm talking
+about? Okay, there are there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? Okay, there are there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about? Okay, there are there are some
+there are some devices called capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some devices called capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some devices called capacitors
+for storing charge. A capacitor is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for storing charge. A capacitor is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for storing charge. A capacitor is just
+two parallel plates. If they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parallel plates. If they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two parallel plates. If they were
+actually two straight parallel plates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two straight parallel plates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually two straight parallel plates,
+it could be pretty big. So, what they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be pretty big. So, what they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it could be pretty big. So, what they
+tend to do to make electronic components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to do to make electronic components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tend to do to make electronic components
+small enough is you wrap the wrap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough is you wrap the wrap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small enough is you wrap the wrap the
+plates around each other into a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates around each other into a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plates around each other into a little
+tube and you end up with this little can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and you end up with this little can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tube and you end up with this little can
+looking thing uh that's much more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking thing uh that's much more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking thing uh that's much more
+compact. And this is a good example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact. And this is a good example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compact. And this is a good example of
+where it can land you in heat exchanger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can land you in heat exchanger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where it can land you in heat exchanger
+land. So, there's actually a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land. So, there's actually a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+land. So, there's actually a lot of
+analoges between electrical systems and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges between electrical systems and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analoges between electrical systems and
+thermal systems and I'll get into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal systems and I'll get into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal systems and I'll get into a
+little bit of that in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of that in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit of that in a
+sec. As far as heat transfer mechanisms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec. As far as heat transfer mechanisms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sec. As far as heat transfer mechanisms,
+this is what phases is is the coolant in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what phases is is the coolant in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is what phases is is the coolant in
+and what heat transfer mechanisms,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what heat transfer mechanisms,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what heat transfer mechanisms,
+convection, conduction, radiation are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection, conduction, radiation are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convection, conduction, radiation are
+you dealing with? Is it singlephase on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dealing with? Is it singlephase on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you dealing with? Is it singlephase on
+both sides? So, what would it be? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides? So, what would it be? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both sides? So, what would it be? What
+would an example of a two-sided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would an example of a two-sided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would an example of a two-sided
+singlephase heat exchanger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+be? Air to air, water to water, liquid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? Air to air, water to water, liquid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be? Air to air, water to water, liquid
+sodium to mercury, something where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium to mercury, something where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium to mercury, something where
+everything's in single phase and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's in single phase and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything's in single phase and it's
+all What kind of heating is that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all What kind of heating is that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all What kind of heating is that?
+sensible. Yep. Um it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible. Yep. Um it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible. Yep. Um it could be
+singlephase on one side, two-phase on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase on one side, two-phase on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase on one side, two-phase on
+the other. Uh where where do you find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. Uh where where do you find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. Uh where where do you find
+these sorts of heat exchangers in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of heat exchangers in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these sorts of heat exchangers in a
+nuclear plant? If you think about it,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear plant? If you think about it,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nuclear plant? If you think about it,
+single phase on one side, two phase on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase on one side, two phase on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single phase on one side, two phase on
+the other.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other.
+Steam generator. Steam generator. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steam generator. Steam generator. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Steam generator. Steam generator. Yeah.
+It's a little like a steam generator in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a little like a steam generator in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+It's a little like a steam generator in
+a liquid lead plant or a sodium plant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid lead plant or a sodium plant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a liquid lead plant or a sodium plant.
+You have only liquid on one side. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have only liquid on one side. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You have only liquid on one side. You
+have liquid and gas on the other. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liquid and gas on the other. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have liquid and gas on the other. And
+when you evaporate the gas, what's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you evaporate the gas, what's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you evaporate the gas, what's that
+type of heating called?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of heating called?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type of heating called?
+Latent heating. Yep. Uh you could have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latent heating. Yep. Uh you could have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Latent heating. Yep. Uh you could have
+two-phase convection on both sides. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase convection on both sides. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two-phase convection on both sides. So
+you could have boiling on one, boiling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have boiling on one, boiling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have boiling on one, boiling
+on the other. I would not recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other. I would not recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the other. I would not recommend
+freezing because then you would freeze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing because then you would freeze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+freezing because then you would freeze
+the coolant in the tubes and stop flow.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolant in the tubes and stop flow.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the coolant in the tubes and stop flow.
+Um you could have combined convection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you could have combined convection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um you could have combined convection
+and radiative heat transfer. I doubt you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and radiative heat transfer. I doubt you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and radiative heat transfer. I doubt you
+guys are going to do this because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are going to do this because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys are going to do this because it
+would have to be glowing, at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be glowing, at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be glowing, at least in
+infrared, if not red, orange, yellow,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared, if not red, orange, yellow,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+infrared, if not red, orange, yellow,
+white, hot, whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white, hot, whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+white, hot, whatever.
+So to summarize the main questions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to summarize the main questions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So to summarize the main questions that
+the process heat group should be asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process heat group should be asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the process heat group should be asking
+itself is what type of heat exchanger do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is what type of heat exchanger do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+itself is what type of heat exchanger do
+we use? And before you get baffled and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use? And before you get baffled and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use? And before you get baffled and
+think there's a thousand types of heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a thousand types of heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think there's a thousand types of heat
+exchangers, try and find out what people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers, try and find out what people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchangers, try and find out what people
+use in existing power plants and other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in existing power plants and other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use in existing power plants and other
+paper reactor designs. So this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper reactor designs. So this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper reactor designs. So this would be
+the time to hit Journal of Nuclear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to hit Journal of Nuclear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the time to hit Journal of Nuclear
+Technology or Nuclear Engineering and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology or Nuclear Engineering and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technology or Nuclear Engineering and
+Design and see if you can find what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design and see if you can find what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Design and see if you can find what
+other folks have done as a starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks have done as a starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other folks have done as a starting
+point. What are the working fluids?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. What are the working fluids?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. What are the working fluids?
+You're in charge of some of them and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're in charge of some of them and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+You're in charge of some of them and
+some of them will be dictated to you. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will be dictated to you. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of them will be dictated to you. So
+the core folks are going to tell you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core folks are going to tell you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the core folks are going to tell you
+this is the working fluid we've chosen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the working fluid we've chosen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the working fluid we've chosen
+for our core and you're going to have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our core and you're going to have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for our core and you're going to have to
+deal with that and choose your other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that and choose your other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deal with that and choose your other
+working fluid for the other side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working fluid for the other side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working fluid for the other side of the
+heat exchanger. What geometry do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger. What geometry do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger. What geometry do you
+have to worry about flow? So you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about flow? So you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to worry about flow? So you can
+make a great heat exchanger with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a great heat exchanger with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make a great heat exchanger with
+thousands of tiny little tubes, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of tiny little tubes, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousands of tiny little tubes, but
+you're going to lose a lot of pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to lose a lot of pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're going to lose a lot of pressure
+pumping the fluid through those tubes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping the fluid through those tubes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pumping the fluid through those tubes.
+Is it going to be laminer or turbulent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it going to be laminer or turbulent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it going to be laminer or turbulent
+flow? And just raise your hands. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow? And just raise your hands. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flow? And just raise your hands. Does
+anyone not know laminer or turbulent by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone not know laminer or turbulent by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone not know laminer or turbulent by
+now? So, you've all taken 205. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now? So, you've all taken 205. Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now? So, you've all taken 205. Okay,
+good. Uh, where is the trade-off between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Uh, where is the trade-off between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. Uh, where is the trade-off between
+cost and performance? Do you guys want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and performance? Do you guys want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost and performance? Do you guys want
+to go with a heat exchanger with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with a heat exchanger with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go with a heat exchanger with an
+effectiveness of one or do you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness of one or do you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effectiveness of one or do you want to
+be able to pay for it is the real
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pay for it is the real
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be able to pay for it is the real
+question. Uh, and are there materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Uh, and are there materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question. Uh, and are there materials
+concerns? So, you have to think about um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns? So, you have to think about um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns? So, you have to think about um
+what the coolants could be doing in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the coolants could be doing in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the coolants could be doing in
+terms of corrosion in the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of corrosion in the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of corrosion in the heat
+exchanger. Could the coolants have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger. Could the coolants have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger. Could the coolants have
+things dissolved in them that when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things dissolved in them that when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things dissolved in them that when they
+cool down in the heat exchanger, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down in the heat exchanger, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool down in the heat exchanger, just
+like this one, they foul it up with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one, they foul it up with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this one, they foul it up with
+deposits just like this one? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits just like this one? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deposits just like this one? What
+happens when the heat exchanger gets too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the heat exchanger gets too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens when the heat exchanger gets too
+hot? So, what if there's a transient?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot? So, what if there's a transient?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hot? So, what if there's a transient?
+Will the tube start to soften? Uh if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Will the tube start to soften? Uh if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Will the tube start to soften? Uh if you
+use, let's say, a feritic martinitic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use, let's say, a feritic martinitic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use, let's say, a feritic martinitic
+steel, will it undergo a phase change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel, will it undergo a phase change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel, will it undergo a phase change
+and turn from something nice and strong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn from something nice and strong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and turn from something nice and strong
+into butter? Uh, just wondering, has any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into butter? Uh, just wondering, has any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into butter? Uh, just wondering, has any
+of you guys taken the blacksmithing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you guys taken the blacksmithing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you guys taken the blacksmithing
+class here over AP or done any sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class here over AP or done any sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class here over AP or done any sort of
+metal work where you actually get things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal work where you actually get things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metal work where you actually get things
+redot?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redot?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+redot?
+You have? Yeah. What you What you done?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Well, that's precisely what I was hoping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's precisely what I was hoping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, that's precisely what I was hoping
+you'd see. So, there's a certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see. So, there's a certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see. So, there's a certain
+temperature. You know, you can heat up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature. You know, you can heat up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature. You know, you can heat up a
+bar of iron to about red hot and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar of iron to about red hot and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bar of iron to about red hot and you
+still cannot bend it. and it gets beyond
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cannot bend it. and it gets beyond
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still cannot bend it. and it gets beyond
+a certain temperature, the phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain temperature, the phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a certain temperature, the phase
+transformation temperature when it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation temperature when it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transformation temperature when it goes
+from ferite or perlite or whatever to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ferite or perlite or whatever to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from ferite or perlite or whatever to
+ostanite and you can just bend it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostanite and you can just bend it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ostanite and you can just bend it like
+it'll even bend under its own weight and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll even bend under its own weight and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it'll even bend under its own weight and
+then as soon as it cools down enough the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as soon as it cools down enough the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then as soon as it cools down enough the
+thing just stops. You want to make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just stops. You want to make sure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing just stops. You want to make sure
+that doesn't happen in your heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen in your heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that doesn't happen in your heat
+exchanger tubes. So think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger tubes. So think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger tubes. So think about the
+materials not just from a corrosion
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials not just from a corrosion
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials not just from a corrosion
+point of view but from a dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view but from a dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view but from a dissolved
+species point of view, from a phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species point of view, from a phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+species point of view, from a phase
+stability point of view, from an aging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability point of view, from an aging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stability point of view, from an aging
+point of view. Um there you go. Another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view. Um there you go. Another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point of view. Um there you go. Another
+thing, um, if you have dissolved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, um, if you have dissolved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing, um, if you have dissolved
+products in your coolant and they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in your coolant and they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+products in your coolant and they're
+radioactive from the core and they foul
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive from the core and they foul
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive from the core and they foul
+up in the heat exchanger, what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the heat exchanger, what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up in the heat exchanger, what does that
+mean for the dose for the workers? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for the dose for the workers? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean for the dose for the workers? What
+do they do if they have to replace a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they do if they have to replace a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do they do if they have to replace a
+heat exchanger and it's full of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger and it's full of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger and it's full of
+radioactive crud? So, keep these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive crud? So, keep these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radioactive crud? So, keep these things
+in mind. I don't expect you to know them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind. I don't expect you to know them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in mind. I don't expect you to know them
+in and out until the end of this design,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out until the end of this design,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out until the end of this design,
+but it's good. Yeah. Uh, would that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's good. Yeah. Uh, would that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's good. Yeah. Uh, would that
+change the resulting rod in any way like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the resulting rod in any way like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change the resulting rod in any way like
+make it more brittle or anything like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more brittle or anything like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it more brittle or anything like
+that? You mean the the crud deposits?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? You mean the the crud deposits?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? You mean the the crud deposits?
+Yeah. Well, whenever you bend the rock,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, whenever you bend the rock,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, whenever you bend the rock,
+you said you heat it up a lot. So, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you heat it up a lot. So, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you said you heat it up a lot. So, when
+it bends, does it actually change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bends, does it actually change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it bends, does it actually change the
+material property of it all? Like, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material property of it all? Like, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+material property of it all? Like, it
+more brittle. That depends on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more brittle. That depends on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more brittle. That depends on what
+temperature it's at. Um, I will be doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's at. Um, I will be doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature it's at. Um, I will be doing
+materials a little later, but I can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials a little later, but I can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials a little later, but I can just
+tell you now. If you have a piece of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you now. If you have a piece of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you now. If you have a piece of
+steel, which at room temperature is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel, which at room temperature is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steel, which at room temperature is
+normally fite or perlite or martinsite,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally fite or perlite or martinsite,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+normally fite or perlite or martinsite,
+some sort of harder phase, uh, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of harder phase, uh, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sort of harder phase, uh, if you
+bend it and it doesn't bend back, you've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend it and it doesn't bend back, you've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bend it and it doesn't bend back, you've
+plastically deformed it. And you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastically deformed it. And you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plastically deformed it. And you can do
+what's called work hardening. Have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called work hardening. Have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's called work hardening. Have any
+of you guys ever taken a piece of copper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you guys ever taken a piece of copper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of you guys ever taken a piece of copper
+wire and bent it a couple times and it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and bent it a couple times and it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wire and bent it a couple times and it
+just snaps apart? The same sort of thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just snaps apart? The same sort of thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just snaps apart? The same sort of thing
+happens in steel except you have to bend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in steel except you have to bend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens in steel except you have to bend
+it more. Uh if you heat it up to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more. Uh if you heat it up to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it more. Uh if you heat it up to the
+point where it transforms from a body
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it transforms from a body
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where it transforms from a body
+centered cubic crystal structure to face
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic crystal structure to face
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic crystal structure to face
+centered cubic from ferite to ostanite,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic from ferite to ostanite,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+centered cubic from ferite to ostanite,
+you can just sort of deform it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just sort of deform it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can just sort of deform it like
+this. It's got uh more slip systems,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. It's got uh more slip systems,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. It's got uh more slip systems,
+more ways to deform and it's hotter. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ways to deform and it's hotter. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more ways to deform and it's hotter. Um,
+and depending on how fast you cool it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on how fast you cool it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and depending on how fast you cool it
+down and how what temperature it was at,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and how what temperature it was at,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down and how what temperature it was at,
+you can cause some permanent damage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cause some permanent damage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can cause some permanent damage to
+the metal or not, you can also remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal or not, you can also remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the metal or not, you can also remove
+some of that damage by heating it up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that damage by heating it up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some of that damage by heating it up a
+lot more, which is called a kneeling,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more, which is called a kneeling,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot more, which is called a kneeling,
+and cooling it down slowly enough so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling it down slowly enough so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cooling it down slowly enough so
+that you don't quench it. Um, man, maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't quench it. Um, man, maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you don't quench it. Um, man, maybe
+I should get you guys in the forge one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should get you guys in the forge one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I should get you guys in the forge one
+of these days and do a uh quench and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these days and do a uh quench and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these days and do a uh quench and
+temper demo. I'm going to think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper demo. I'm going to think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temper demo. I'm going to think about
+that. Have any of you guys been down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Have any of you guys been down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that. Have any of you guys been down
+there? Yeah. Oh, I was just going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? Yeah. Oh, I was just going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there? Yeah. Oh, I was just going to say
+you have a couple references there. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a couple references there. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a couple references there. Uh,
+another really good one is the book by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really good one is the book by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another really good one is the book by
+Huitt that's also the heat exchange. Oh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huitt that's also the heat exchange. Oh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Huitt that's also the heat exchange. Oh,
+yeah. Handbook. Um, could you mail that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Handbook. Um, could you mail that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah. Handbook. Um, could you mail that
+out to the class actually? Uh, I'll if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the class actually? Uh, I'll if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out to the class actually? Uh, I'll if
+you get the reference. Yeah, I'll send
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the reference. Yeah, I'll send
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the reference. Yeah, I'll send
+the reference. It's about like 3,000
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference. It's about like 3,000
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reference. It's about like 3,000
+pages long. through a few books and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages long. through a few books and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pages long. through a few books and he
+does he does a very good job of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he does a very good job of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does he does a very good job of uh
+outlining how to solve problems with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining how to solve problems with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outlining how to solve problems with
+it. So that's great. Yeah, I I put up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So that's great. Yeah, I I put up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So that's great. Yeah, I I put up a
+couple of these references because I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of these references because I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of these references because I
+think the heat exchanger will be sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the heat exchanger will be sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the heat exchanger will be sort of
+the most confounding and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most confounding and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the most confounding and
+thermodynamically difficult part of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically difficult part of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermodynamically difficult part of this
+design. So give you a little head start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So give you a little head start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design. So give you a little head start
+and yeah, if you could email out that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah, if you could email out that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeah, if you could email out that
+reference that would be great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that would be great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that would be great.
+Thanks. So on to heat transport. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks. So on to heat transport. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Thanks. So on to heat transport. The
+main problem is getting the heat from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main problem is getting the heat from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+main problem is getting the heat from
+the reactor all the way to the top of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor all the way to the top of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reactor all the way to the top of
+the other board for the hydrogen and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other board for the hydrogen and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other board for the hydrogen and
+bofuels plants. Uh what are some things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels plants. Uh what are some things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bofuels plants. Uh what are some things
+that can happen during then? I mean it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen during then? I mean it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that can happen during then? I mean it
+doesn't unless you were able to transfer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't unless you were able to transfer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't unless you were able to transfer
+the heat without any temperature loss
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat without any temperature loss
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the heat without any temperature loss
+without any pressure loss. What could go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any pressure loss. What could go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without any pressure loss. What could go
+what could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+happen? You could have some losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? You could have some losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen? You could have some losses
+somewhere, right? There'll be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere, right? There'll be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere, right? There'll be some
+temperature losses. there could be some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature losses. there could be some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature losses. there could be some
+pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressure
+losses. Uh these are the things you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses. Uh these are the things you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses. Uh these are the things you guys
+got to think about. Um so you've got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to think about. Um so you've got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to think about. Um so you've got to
+consider what temperature is the core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what temperature is the core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+consider what temperature is the core
+group giving you heat at and so what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group giving you heat at and so what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group giving you heat at and so what
+temperature can the heat come out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature can the heat come out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature can the heat come out of the
+heat exchanger by the time it reaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger by the time it reaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat exchanger by the time it reaches
+the processing plants? What temperature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processing plants? What temperature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the processing plants? What temperature
+is your working fluid now? What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your working fluid now? What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is your working fluid now? What
+temperature is it when it's coming back?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is it when it's coming back?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature is it when it's coming back?
+Is it too cold? Is it too hot? Is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it too cold? Is it too hot? Is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it too cold? Is it too hot? Is it
+just right? Uh what are the flow rates?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right? Uh what are the flow rates?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just right? Uh what are the flow rates?
+And what are the implications? If you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what are the implications? If you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And what are the implications? If you
+jack up the flow rate, does the pressure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack up the flow rate, does the pressure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+jack up the flow rate, does the pressure
+prop go up? Is it become harder and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop go up? Is it become harder and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+prop go up? Is it become harder and
+harder to pump things? And what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to pump things? And what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to pump things? And what happens
+during transients? So, if all of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during transients? So, if all of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during transients? So, if all of a
+sudden the cooling fluid heats up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden the cooling fluid heats up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sudden the cooling fluid heats up a
+little bit, do you have any materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit, do you have any materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit, do you have any materials
+concerns or concerns that'll propagate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or concerns that'll propagate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concerns or concerns that'll propagate
+down the line and affect any of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line and affect any of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down the line and affect any of these
+other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other
+groups? Um, there's also how do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups? Um, there's also how do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+groups? Um, there's also how do you want
+to model it? Um, like I said, thermal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model it? Um, like I said, thermal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to model it? Um, like I said, thermal
+systems can be modeled as electrical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems can be modeled as electrical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems can be modeled as electrical
+systems with resistances,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with resistances,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems with resistances,
+uh, with capacitances, which I'll get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, with capacitances, which I'll get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, with capacitances, which I'll get
+into a little in a little bit. Do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a little in a little bit. Do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into a little in a little bit. Do you
+want to model it as a finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model it as a finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model it as a finite element
+system? So, let's say you're you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? So, let's say you're you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system? So, let's say you're you have a
+pipe transporting hot steam or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe transporting hot steam or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pipe transporting hot steam or something
+underneath bedrock. Do you want to model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath bedrock. Do you want to model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underneath bedrock. Do you want to model
+it as a series of resistors? Would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a series of resistors? Would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it as a series of resistors? Would you
+want to model it using a finite element
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model it using a finite element
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to model it using a finite element
+mesh so you can actually visualize what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh so you can actually visualize what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mesh so you can actually visualize what
+the temperature is and give different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature is and give different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature is and give different
+parts of the rock different properties?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the rock different properties?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts of the rock different properties?
+Do you want to do loop analysis like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you want to do loop analysis like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do you want to do loop analysis like
+pencil and paper analysis like in 205?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and paper analysis like in 205?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pencil and paper analysis like in 205?
+How do you pump it? Is it going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you pump it? Is it going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+How do you pump it? Is it going to be
+forced? Is there a way you can site this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced? Is there a way you can site this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forced? Is there a way you can site this
+this system of plants that it could be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of plants that it could be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this system of plants that it could be
+gravityfed? Is it possible? Because if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravityfed? Is it possible? Because if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gravityfed? Is it possible? Because if
+so, you could save a lot of uh pumping
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, you could save a lot of uh pumping
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so, you could save a lot of uh pumping
+power and cost in the pump. And like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and cost in the pump. And like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power and cost in the pump. And like I
+said, you guys are in charge of figuring
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, you guys are in charge of figuring
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said, you guys are in charge of figuring
+out the distance from the reactor to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the distance from the reactor to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the distance from the reactor to the
+hydrogen and bofuel plant. So the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and bofuel plant. So the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen and bofuel plant. So the more
+you can figure out exactly how close you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out exactly how close you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can figure out exactly how close you
+can put those things, the easier your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put those things, the easier your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can put those things, the easier your
+life is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life is going to
+be. So the main questions I would ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. So the main questions I would ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. So the main questions I would ask
+myself are what are the constraints?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself are what are the constraints?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself are what are the constraints?
+What's the heat coming out of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the heat coming out of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What's the heat coming out of the
+reactor? What are the temperatures that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor? What are the temperatures that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor? What are the temperatures that
+the hydrogen and bofuels people need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen and bofuels people need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the hydrogen and bofuels people need to
+produce their products? And if you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce their products? And if you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce their products? And if you can't
+get them, do they have to change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them, do they have to change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get them, do they have to change their
+methods or do they have to change their
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods or do they have to change their
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+methods or do they have to change their
+outputs? So there's going to be a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs? So there's going to be a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outputs? So there's going to be a lot of
+back and forth and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back and forth and
+iteration back and forth along the line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration back and forth along the line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+iteration back and forth along the line
+between all of the groups where if the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of the groups where if the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between all of the groups where if the
+biofuels folks or the let's say the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biofuels folks or the let's say the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biofuels folks or the let's say the
+hydrogen folks say, I want to do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen folks say, I want to do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydrogen folks say, I want to do the
+sulfur iodine process. I need heat at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur iodine process. I need heat at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sulfur iodine process. I need heat at
+800 Celsius. Can you even deliver that?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 Celsius. Can you even deliver that?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+800 Celsius. Can you even deliver that?
+Um so there'll probably be some arguing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so there'll probably be some arguing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so there'll probably be some arguing
+between the groups. Uh and there'll be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the groups. Uh and there'll be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the groups. Uh and there'll be
+plenty of time in class to duke it out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of time in class to duke it out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plenty of time in class to duke it out
+as the semester goes on. Um, how far
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the semester goes on. Um, how far
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the semester goes on. Um, how far
+does the heat have to go? Where do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the heat have to go? Where do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does the heat have to go? Where do you
+take the heat from? I drew the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the heat from? I drew the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take the heat from? I drew the heat
+exchanger above the turbine. It doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger above the turbine. It doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exchanger above the turbine. It doesn't
+necessarily have to be there. Uh, it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to be there. Uh, it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily have to be there. Uh, it
+could be below the turbine. You could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be below the turbine. You could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be below the turbine. You could
+split the flow if you wanted to,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the flow if you wanted to,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+split the flow if you wanted to,
+depending on how much heat and what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much heat and what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on how much heat and what
+quality or temperature of heat you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality or temperature of heat you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quality or temperature of heat you want
+to deliver. Um, how do you transport it?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver. Um, how do you transport it?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to deliver. Um, how do you transport it?
+Like I said, is it forced? Is there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like I said, is it forced? Is there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Like I said, is it forced? Is there
+going to be pumped? Is it gravity fed?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pumped? Is it gravity fed?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be pumped? Is it gravity fed?
+Um, how do you model it? think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, how do you model it? think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, how do you model it? think about
+what are the losses and should some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the losses and should some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what are the losses and should some of
+it be stored which brings me to the last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be stored which brings me to the last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it be stored which brings me to the last
+challenge problem for the process heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge problem for the process heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge problem for the process heat
+folks is heat storage. Um heat storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks is heat storage. Um heat storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+folks is heat storage. Um heat storage
+is a nice way to add a capacitive effect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice way to add a capacitive effect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a nice way to add a capacitive effect
+to your thermal loop and balance out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your thermal loop and balance out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to your thermal loop and balance out
+some temporary instabilities. Now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some temporary instabilities. Now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some temporary instabilities. Now this
+could be anywhere your heat storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anywhere your heat storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be anywhere your heat storage
+could store anything from kilowatt hours
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store anything from kilowatt hours
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could store anything from kilowatt hours
+which would not be very useful to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would not be very useful to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which would not be very useful to
+megawatt hours to gigawatt hours to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt hours to gigawatt hours to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+megawatt hours to gigawatt hours to the
+point where you could start running the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where you could start running the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point where you could start running the
+full load of a plant for 15 hours. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full load of a plant for 15 hours. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full load of a plant for 15 hours. Of
+course there are size and scale and cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are size and scale and cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course there are size and scale and cost
+implications for having a gigawatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for having a gigawatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+implications for having a gigawatt hour
+thermal storage system but I think you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal storage system but I think you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal storage system but I think you
+guys will be able to figure it out. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will be able to figure it out. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys will be able to figure it out. Um,
+you can store some heat to run the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can store some heat to run the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can store some heat to run the
+turbines or the product factories during
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines or the product factories during
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbines or the product factories during
+transients or during any other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transients or during any other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transients or during any other thing
+that could happen. Um, you can help or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen. Um, you can help or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that could happen. Um, you can help or
+avoid or delay plants from uh load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid or delay plants from uh load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+avoid or delay plants from uh load
+dumping or load following. Does any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping or load following. Does any of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dumping or load following. Does any of
+you guys know what load dumping or load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know what load dumping or load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys know what load dumping or load
+following
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following
+is? Just raise your hand if you do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is? Just raise your hand if you do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is? Just raise your hand if you do.
+Okay. Load dumping. If I were to uh use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Load dumping. If I were to uh use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Load dumping. If I were to uh use
+another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+board, let's say I want to graph the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board, let's say I want to graph the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board, let's say I want to graph the
+available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available
+electricity versus the demand over the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity versus the demand over the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electricity versus the demand over the
+cycle of a day. So here is uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+12:00. Let's say here's 12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12:00. Let's say here's 12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+12:00. Let's say here's 12
+o'clock. Here is 12 o'clock. Here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock. Here is 12 o'clock. Here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+o'clock. Here is 12 o'clock. Here is
+what? 6 o'clock.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? 6 o'clock.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what? 6 o'clock.
+six o'clock. Over the course of a day,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six o'clock. Over the course of a day,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six o'clock. Over the course of a day,
+the electricity demand is going to peak
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity demand is going to peak
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electricity demand is going to peak
+during business hours and then come back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during business hours and then come back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during business hours and then come back
+down. Now, let's say for some reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Now, let's say for some reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down. Now, let's say for some reason
+there's a grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a grid
+failure here and you lose that much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure here and you lose that much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+failure here and you lose that much
+demand yet your available baseline power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand yet your available baseline power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand yet your available baseline power
+delivery is like this. Power plants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery is like this. Power plants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delivery is like this. Power plants
+don't take kindly to their load being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take kindly to their load being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't take kindly to their load being
+shut off. And so as a result, you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut off. And so as a result, you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shut off. And so as a result, you might
+have to dump some of the load. You just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dump some of the load. You just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to dump some of the load. You just
+dump the heat into a cooling fluid and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump the heat into a cooling fluid and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dump the heat into a cooling fluid and
+let it go off in order to keep the plant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go off in order to keep the plant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let it go off in order to keep the plant
+running at a steady level. Or um let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at a steady level. Or um let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+running at a steady level. Or um let's
+say that there are in some instabilities
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that there are in some instabilities
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that there are in some instabilities
+in the grid or you want the plant to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grid or you want the plant to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the grid or you want the plant to be
+able to change its power level as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to change its power level as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to change its power level as the
+demand changes. Um I don't think too
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand changes. Um I don't think too
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+demand changes. Um I don't think too
+many plants in the US do it. I know the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many plants in the US do it. I know the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many plants in the US do it. I know the
+plans in France do because I just saw a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans in France do because I just saw a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plans in France do because I just saw a
+pretty cool graph of uh if you looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool graph of uh if you looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty cool graph of uh if you looked at
+the uh power level versus fuel cycle,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh power level versus fuel cycle,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the uh power level versus fuel cycle,
+the US one looked something like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US one looked something like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the US one looked something like this
+where there was a partial shutdown,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was a partial shutdown,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there was a partial shutdown,
+there was an unplanned outage and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an unplanned outage and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was an unplanned outage and then
+it went off and the French one looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went off and the French one looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it went off and the French one looked
+like this. So they try their best to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So they try their best to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this. So they try their best to
+follow the the load demand. Now having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the the load demand. Now having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow the the load demand. Now having
+heat storage can help smooth out some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat storage can help smooth out some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat storage can help smooth out some of
+the shorter term instabilities if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorter term instabilities if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the shorter term instabilities if you
+decide to design it right. And it's up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to design it right. And it's up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide to design it right. And it's up
+to you to decide, do you want that or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you to decide, do you want that or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to you to decide, do you want that or
+not? Um, so here's an electrical analogy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not? Um, so here's an electrical analogy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not? Um, so here's an electrical analogy
+to a thermal system with heat storage.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a thermal system with heat storage.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a thermal system with heat storage.
+The battery over here would be the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The battery over here would be the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The battery over here would be the
+reactor. This is your source of power.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor. This is your source of power.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor. This is your source of power.
+And you would like for that reactor to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you would like for that reactor to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And you would like for that reactor to
+either be on or off. You don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be on or off. You don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either be on or off. You don't want to
+start changing resistances. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start changing resistances. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start changing resistances. You can
+switch on or off this source. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch on or off this source. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch on or off this source. So let's
+say you lose connection to the grid.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you lose connection to the grid.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say you lose connection to the grid.
+That would be like switching it off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be like switching it off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+That would be like switching it off.
+Your resistor is all the whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your resistor is all the whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Your resistor is all the whole
+combination of your load and your losses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of your load and your losses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination of your load and your losses
+due to transport dissipative hydraulic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to transport dissipative hydraulic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+due to transport dissipative hydraulic
+losses, transformer losses, whatever.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses, transformer losses, whatever.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+losses, transformer losses, whatever.
+And the heat storage system acts like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the heat storage system acts like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the heat storage system acts like a
+capacitor. So let's say you're starting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor. So let's say you're starting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor. So let's say you're starting
+cold and your reactor starts to heat up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold and your reactor starts to heat up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cold and your reactor starts to heat up
+and start passing some power, which here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start passing some power, which here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and start passing some power, which here
+is modeled as current through this loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is modeled as current through this loop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is modeled as current through this loop.
+Maybe for the first 10 hours, you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe for the first 10 hours, you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Maybe for the first 10 hours, you don't
+start running the turbines. you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start running the turbines. you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start running the turbines. you start
+heating up your heat storage system so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating up your heat storage system so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heating up your heat storage system so
+that if something goes wrong for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if something goes wrong for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if something goes wrong for a
+little while, you can flip this switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while, you can flip this switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little while, you can flip this switch
+and have your heat storage system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have your heat storage system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and have your heat storage system
+continue to provide power to your load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to provide power to your load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+continue to provide power to your load
+and your losses. So, it's up to you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your losses. So, it's up to you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and your losses. So, it's up to you guys
+whether you want to do that or not. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to do that or not. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to do that or not. And
+there are benefits to it. There are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are benefits to it. There are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are benefits to it. There are
+costs to it like the cost of building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs to it like the cost of building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+costs to it like the cost of building
+the system. Um, like I said before,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. Um, like I said before,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the system. Um, like I said before,
+there are three technologies you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three technologies you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are three technologies you can
+use. any combination of sensible heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. any combination of sensible heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use. any combination of sensible heat
+storage, which is just heat something up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage, which is just heat something up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage, which is just heat something up
+and then let it cool down. There's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let it cool down. There's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then let it cool down. There's
+latent heat storage where you can melt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent heat storage where you can melt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent heat storage where you can melt
+or boil something. Um, I would recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or boil something. Um, I would recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or boil something. Um, I would recommend
+melt because if you boil it, there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt because if you boil it, there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt because if you boil it, there's
+going to be a pretty big density change.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a pretty big density change.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a pretty big density change.
+And bond energy storage, uh, which I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And bond energy storage, uh, which I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And bond energy storage, uh, which I'll
+get to a little bit. uh for bond energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a little bit. uh for bond energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get to a little bit. uh for bond energy
+storage, I don't know if I've mentioned,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage, I don't know if I've mentioned,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage, I don't know if I've mentioned,
+you'd want your reaction to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want your reaction to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd want your reaction to be
+reversible so that there's no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible so that there's no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible so that there's no
+irreversible losses in that bond energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible losses in that bond energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+irreversible losses in that bond energy
+storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage
+system. An example of a sensible heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. An example of a sensible heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system. An example of a sensible heat
+system is pretty simple. Uh just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is pretty simple. Uh just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system is pretty simple. Uh just some
+spheres of a material here, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres of a material here, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres of a material here, it's
+aluminum with a hot gas going through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum with a hot gas going through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aluminum with a hot gas going through
+them. So when the reactor is on, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So when the reactor is on, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. So when the reactor is on, it's
+sending its hot working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending its hot working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sending its hot working
+fluid through this tube over these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid through this tube over these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fluid through this tube over these
+spheres and these spheres heat up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and these spheres heat up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spheres and these spheres heat up and
+eventually when it reaches equilibrium,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually when it reaches equilibrium,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually when it reaches equilibrium,
+the spheres are roughly the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spheres are roughly the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the spheres are roughly the same
+temperature as the working fluid. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as the working fluid. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperature as the working fluid. So
+let's say this working fluid is shut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this working fluid is shut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say this working fluid is shut
+off. You can have a pump continue to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. You can have a pump continue to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. You can have a pump continue to
+pump cold fluid through. By the time it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump cold fluid through. By the time it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pump cold fluid through. By the time it
+gets out, it's hot again. So in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets out, it's hot again. So in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gets out, it's hot again. So in this
+way, you're just heating up and cooling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, you're just heating up and cooling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way, you're just heating up and cooling
+down these little spheres of aluminina.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these little spheres of aluminina.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down these little spheres of aluminina.
+Um, you'd certainly want to insulate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you'd certainly want to insulate it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, you'd certainly want to insulate it
+thermally because otherwise you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally because otherwise you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermally because otherwise you just
+lose all your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lose all your
+heat. Um, other examples of sensible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat. Um, other examples of sensible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat. Um, other examples of sensible
+heat pipes in concrete. You can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat pipes in concrete. You can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat pipes in concrete. You can just
+have a giant block of concrete and run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a giant block of concrete and run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a giant block of concrete and run
+some pipes through it and heat up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pipes through it and heat up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some pipes through it and heat up the
+block or cool down the block. And this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block or cool down the block. And this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block or cool down the block. And this
+is actually a test block from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a test block from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is actually a test block from the
+University of Stoutgart Center. You can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Stoutgart Center. You can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University of Stoutgart Center. You can
+also have what's called a thermaline
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have what's called a thermaline
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also have what's called a thermaline
+system where you have hot molten salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have hot molten salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you have hot molten salt
+and cold molten salt. they'll se it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cold molten salt. they'll se it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and cold molten salt. they'll se it'll
+separate naturally as long as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate naturally as long as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate naturally as long as the
+thermal conductivity isn't too high. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity isn't too high. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thermal conductivity isn't too high. Um,
+for places to look for good heat storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for places to look for good heat storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for places to look for good heat storage
+examples, look to the world of solar.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples, look to the world of solar.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples, look to the world of solar.
+Uh, I know by your shirts, at least the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I know by your shirts, at least the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, I know by your shirts, at least the
+two of you, plus the one that I wore
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of you, plus the one that I wore
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two of you, plus the one that I wore
+last time, we might not be the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time, we might not be the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last time, we might not be the biggest
+fans of solar, but they have some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans of solar, but they have some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fans of solar, but they have some good
+ideas because they know that solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas because they know that solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ideas because they know that solar
+energy only works when it's light out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy only works when it's light out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy only works when it's light out.
+So there's no way people can accept
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's no way people can accept
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So there's no way people can accept
+solar as a baseline source of power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar as a baseline source of power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar as a baseline source of power
+unless you can store extra during the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you can store extra during the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unless you can store extra during the
+day and release it at night. So I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and release it at night. So I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day and release it at night. So I would
+say look to some solar books and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look to some solar books and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say look to some solar books and
+conferences especially the recent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences especially the recent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences especially the recent
+conferences if you want to get some good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences if you want to get some good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conferences if you want to get some good
+examples of heat storage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of heat storage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+examples of heat storage
+systems. As far as phase change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. As far as phase change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+systems. As far as phase change
+materials, uh, all sorts of compounds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials, uh, all sorts of compounds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials, uh, all sorts of compounds
+melt at all sorts of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt at all sorts of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+melt at all sorts of different
+temperatures all the way from water up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures all the way from water up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+temperatures all the way from water up
+to molten salt, which melt at something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to molten salt, which melt at something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to molten salt, which melt at something
+like 8 or 900 Celsius. So, there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 8 or 900 Celsius. So, there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like 8 or 900 Celsius. So, there are
+materials out there uh for whatever you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials out there uh for whatever you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials out there uh for whatever you
+need. You need to look at things like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need. You need to look at things like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need. You need to look at things like
+the thermal conductivity, the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal conductivity, the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the thermal conductivity, the heat
+capacity, the heat of fusion, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity, the heat of fusion, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacity, the heat of fusion, and
+that'll be able to tell you how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be able to tell you how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll be able to tell you how much
+heat can you store in them and how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat can you store in them and how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat can you store in them and how
+quickly. I would also look and see if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. I would also look and see if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. I would also look and see if
+there's a density change between the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a density change between the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a density change between the
+solid and the liquid system to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and the liquid system to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solid and the liquid system to know
+whether you want to have a nice hard
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to have a nice hard
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you want to have a nice hard
+sealed vessel or you want to give it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed vessel or you want to give it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sealed vessel or you want to give it
+room to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room to
+expand. There are some problems with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand. There are some problems with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand. There are some problems with the
+higher temperature heat storage systems.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature heat storage systems.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature heat storage systems.
+For example, molten salts can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, molten salts can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, molten salts can be
+corrosive. You're not going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosive. You're not going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+corrosive. You're not going to be
+forming tridium like in a reactor, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming tridium like in a reactor, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming tridium like in a reactor, but
+molten salts on their own, especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten salts on their own, especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molten salts on their own, especially
+things like chlorides or whatnot can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like chlorides or whatnot can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like chlorides or whatnot can be
+fairly corrosive. Um, some ways that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly corrosive. Um, some ways that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fairly corrosive. Um, some ways that
+they've used to improve heat transfer in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've used to improve heat transfer in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they've used to improve heat transfer in
+these latent heat systems is to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these latent heat systems is to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these latent heat systems is to run
+graphite foil through them. Since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite foil through them. Since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite foil through them. Since
+graphite is pretty thermally conductive,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite is pretty thermally conductive,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphite is pretty thermally conductive,
+it's a good way to spread heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good way to spread heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good way to spread heat
+throughout the whole system. So, instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the whole system. So, instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout the whole system. So, instead
+of just having a big tank of solid salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just having a big tank of solid salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just having a big tank of solid salt
+that becomes molten salt, you may want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes molten salt, you may want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that becomes molten salt, you may want
+to have layers of graphite to spread the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have layers of graphite to spread the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to have layers of graphite to spread the
+heat out, get it there quicker, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat out, get it there quicker, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat out, get it there quicker, and then
+you can model the entire thing as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can model the entire thing as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can model the entire thing as a as a
+lumped parameter, a constant heat system
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumped parameter, a constant heat system
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lumped parameter, a constant heat system
+if you do it right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you do it right.
+And then as far as bond energy, um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as far as bond energy, um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And then as far as bond energy, um you
+can run a chemical reaction in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run a chemical reaction in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can run a chemical reaction in one
+direction or the other. If you change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the other. If you change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction or the other. If you change
+the temperature or the pressure, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature or the pressure, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the temperature or the pressure, you can
+cause the products to become reactants
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the products to become reactants
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cause the products to become reactants
+or vice versa. And if it's exothermic in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vice versa. And if it's exothermic in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or vice versa. And if it's exothermic in
+one direction, you can get heat back out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction, you can get heat back out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one direction, you can get heat back out
+of it. Um some examples would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Um some examples would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it. Um some examples would be
+hydration reactions. There are reactions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydration reactions. There are reactions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hydration reactions. There are reactions
+that either heat up or cool down when it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either heat up or cool down when it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that either heat up or cool down when it
+forms a hydrate. You can do hydrating.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a hydrate. You can do hydrating.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms a hydrate. You can do hydrating.
+For example, I think they're using a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, I think they're using a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+For example, I think they're using a
+someone is using a magnesium hydride
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is using a magnesium hydride
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+someone is using a magnesium hydride
+system where you actually use hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you actually use hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system where you actually use hydrogen
+as energy storage. So when the hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as energy storage. So when the hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as energy storage. So when the hydrogen
+combines with magnesium, it either gains
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines with magnesium, it either gains
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combines with magnesium, it either gains
+or releases energy and you can run that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or releases energy and you can run that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or releases energy and you can run that
+reaction in reverse and run the heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in reverse and run the heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction in reverse and run the heat
+engine in reverse. And there are ammonia
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine in reverse. And there are ammonia
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engine in reverse. And there are ammonia
+salt reactions which are better for some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt reactions which are better for some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt reactions which are better for some
+higher temperature ones. So I would look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature ones. So I would look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+higher temperature ones. So I would look
+there and like I said the chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and like I said the chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and like I said the chemical
+reaction should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction should be
+reversible. So the main questions for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible. So the main questions for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reversible. So the main questions for
+heat storage is what temperatures are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat storage is what temperatures are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+heat storage is what temperatures are
+required. So you may want to look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required. So you may want to look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required. So you may want to look at
+once you design your whole process heat
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you design your whole process heat
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you design your whole process heat
+system, where in that system would you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, where in that system would you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, where in that system would you
+want to put a heat storage system? Is it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put a heat storage system? Is it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to put a heat storage system? Is it
+going to be at the hottest part or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at the hottest part or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be at the hottest part or the
+coldest part? That'll help you determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldest part? That'll help you determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coldest part? That'll help you determine
+which one of these salts to use for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these salts to use for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one of these salts to use for
+latent heat or how big to make your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent heat or how big to make your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+latent heat or how big to make your
+sensible heat system or which chemical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible heat system or which chemical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensible heat system or which chemical
+reaction to pick for a bond energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to pick for a bond energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reaction to pick for a bond energy
+storage system. What materials do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage system. What materials do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+storage system. What materials do you
+want to use? What capacity do you want?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use? What capacity do you want?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to use? What capacity do you want?
+If you had a sorry that should be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you had a sorry that should be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+If you had a sorry that should be a
+capital M, not a mill hour. It's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital M, not a mill hour. It's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capital M, not a mill hour. It's not
+very useful. If you had a megawatt hour
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful. If you had a megawatt hour
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very useful. If you had a megawatt hour
+system, how useful is that? I mean, in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, how useful is that? I mean, in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, how useful is that? I mean, in a
+power plant, how long would that last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant, how long would that last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power plant, how long would that last
+you? You know, minute, less than a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? You know, minute, less than a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you? You know, minute, less than a
+minute. If you have a thousand megawatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. If you have a thousand megawatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minute. If you have a thousand megawatt
+plant with a one megawatt hour capacity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant with a one megawatt hour capacity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plant with a one megawatt hour capacity
+system, you're talking about seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, you're talking about seconds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system, you're talking about seconds.
+Uh, but still, it's up to you guys to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, but still, it's up to you guys to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, but still, it's up to you guys to
+size it. It's up to you guys to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size it. It's up to you guys to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size it. It's up to you guys to choose
+whether you use it at all. How does cost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you use it at all. How does cost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether you use it at all. How does cost
+scale with size? So for example, if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with size? So for example, if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale with size? So for example, if you
+have a megawatt hour tank of molten salt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a megawatt hour tank of molten salt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a megawatt hour tank of molten salt
+versus a gigawatt hour tank of molten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a gigawatt hour tank of molten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versus a gigawatt hour tank of molten
+salt, how much more does it cost to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt, how much more does it cost to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+salt, how much more does it cost to
+increase your storage capacity by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your storage capacity by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase your storage capacity by a
+factor of a thousand? Do you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a thousand? Do you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor of a thousand? Do you start
+getting diminishing returns or does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting diminishing returns or does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting diminishing returns or does the
+cost sort of plateau to the point where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost sort of plateau to the point where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cost sort of plateau to the point where
+you can say beyond here it doesn't even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say beyond here it doesn't even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say beyond here it doesn't even
+matter what the cost is, it stays pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the cost is, it stays pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter what the cost is, it stays pretty
+much the same. What are the loss rates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same. What are the loss rates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much the same. What are the loss rates
+and pathways? So you have to figure out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pathways? So you have to figure out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and pathways? So you have to figure out
+where he could get out uh both in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he could get out uh both in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where he could get out uh both in terms
+of where it'll do so in steady state as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where it'll do so in steady state as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of where it'll do so in steady state as
+well as in an accident scenario. What if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as in an accident scenario. What if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well as in an accident scenario. What if
+some salt starts to leak out? Um when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some salt starts to leak out? Um when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some salt starts to leak out? Um when
+would it be used if at all and where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be used if at all and where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be used if at all and where
+would it be located both in your design
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be located both in your design
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would it be located both in your design
+schematic and physically? Would it be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic and physically? Would it be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schematic and physically? Would it be
+located closer to the hydrogen site?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located closer to the hydrogen site?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+located closer to the hydrogen site?
+Would it be located on site at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would it be located on site at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Would it be located on site at the
+reactor? And that depends. Do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor? And that depends. Do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reactor? And that depends. Do you want
+to make sure you can make hydrogen
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you can make hydrogen
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make sure you can make hydrogen
+during an outage or do you want to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an outage or do you want to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during an outage or do you want to run
+the turbine a little more or do you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turbine a little more or do you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the turbine a little more or do you want
+to let it coast down? Up to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let it coast down? Up to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to let it coast down? Up to you
+guys. And that's pretty much what I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. And that's pretty much what I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys. And that's pretty much what I have
+for the process heat folks. So, uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the process heat folks. So, uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the process heat folks. So, uh,
+Brendan, do you have the core uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brendan, do you have the core uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Brendan, do you have the core uh
+contract, the group contract? Has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract, the group contract? Has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contract, the group contract? Has
+everybody signed it? No.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody signed it? No.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everybody signed it? No.
+Okay. Well, you can you guys can just do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, you can you guys can just do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, you can you guys can just do
+so right now. Um, in the last five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now. Um, in the last five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so right now. Um, in the last five
+minutes, I wanted to ask you guys, do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes, I wanted to ask you guys, do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes, I wanted to ask you guys, do
+you have any questions about what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any questions about what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have any questions about what I
+expect from you guys for week
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from you guys for week
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect from you guys for week
+one or beyond or further on? Do you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or beyond or further on? Do you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one or beyond or further on? Do you have
+any questions about the course at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all? Nothing. So, you guys know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all? Nothing. So, you guys know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all? Nothing. So, you guys know what to
+do. That's good. Well, I'll also just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. That's good. Well, I'll also just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do. That's good. Well, I'll also just
+add um I mentioned this to the uh focus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add um I mentioned this to the uh focus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add um I mentioned this to the uh focus
+area leaders and the integrators. Um, if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area leaders and the integrators. Um, if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+area leaders and the integrators. Um, if
+there's anything in this course that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything in this course that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's anything in this course that you
+don't think is going right, I'd like you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think is going right, I'd like you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think is going right, I'd like you
+guys to tell me because I know while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to tell me because I know while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guys to tell me because I know while I'm
+the instructor and I get to determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructor and I get to determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the instructor and I get to determine
+your grade, you guys get to determine a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your grade, you guys get to determine a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your grade, you guys get to determine a
+big part of my future with your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of my future with your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big part of my future with your
+evaluations at the end of the course.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations at the end of the course.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+evaluations at the end of the course.
+So, I'd like to make sure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'd like to make sure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, I'd like to make sure that
+everything is going as you think it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going as you think it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything is going as you think it
+should. You know, beyond things like can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should. You know, beyond things like can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should. You know, beyond things like can
+we all get A's. Um, I'd like to know if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all get A's. Um, I'd like to know if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we all get A's. Um, I'd like to know if
+you think there's a better way to run
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think there's a better way to run
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you think there's a better way to run
+the design problem. And if you guys have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design problem. And if you guys have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the design problem. And if you guys have
+any ideas, by all means, voice them.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas, by all means, voice them.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any ideas, by all means, voice them.
+After all, it's your design. So, you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+After all, it's your design. So, you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+After all, it's your design. So, you can
+feel free to contact me or Tyrell or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to contact me or Tyrell or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel free to contact me or Tyrell or
+talk to your focus area leader if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to your focus area leader if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk to your focus area leader if you're
+not comfortable for some reason, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not comfortable for some reason, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not comfortable for some reason, and
+they can relay it up the chain, stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can relay it up the chain, stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they can relay it up the chain, stay
+anonymous, whatever. It's all it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous, whatever. It's all it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anonymous, whatever. It's all it's all
+up to you guys. Um, so let's see. Does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you guys. Um, so let's see. Does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to you guys. Um, so let's see. Does
+every group have an established time for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every group have an established time for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every group have an established time for
+them to meet each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to meet each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them to meet each
+week? Not yet. Okay. I'd say in these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week? Not yet. Okay. I'd say in these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+week? Not yet. Okay. I'd say in these
+last two or three minutes, the groups
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two or three minutes, the groups
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last two or three minutes, the groups
+that don't have a meeting time in place,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have a meeting time in place,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that don't have a meeting time in place,
+figure that out now because pretty soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out now because pretty soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure that out now because pretty soon
+you guys are going to have to meet to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to have to meet to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you guys are going to have to meet to
+decide how to split up the work, what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how to split up the work, what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decide how to split up the work, what to
+look for. So, who gets to decide, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for. So, who gets to decide, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look for. So, who gets to decide, you
+know, for the core people, which core,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for the core people, which core,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, for the core people, which core,
+who's going to look at what core
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to look at what core
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to look at what core
+concepts, who's going to look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts, who's going to look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concepts, who's going to look at the
+turbine, uh, for the process heat folks,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine, uh, for the process heat folks,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turbine, uh, for the process heat folks,
+who's going to do heat exchangers, who's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to do heat exchangers, who's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who's going to do heat exchangers, who's
+going to do storage, who's going to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do storage, who's going to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do storage, who's going to do
+transport. For hydrogen, split up the,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport. For hydrogen, split up the,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transport. For hydrogen, split up the,
+uh, concepts and pick who gets to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, concepts and pick who gets to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh, concepts and pick who gets to do
+who. For the bofuels, what who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who. For the bofuels, what who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+who. For the bofuels, what who wants to
+do inputs and outputs, who wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do inputs and outputs, who wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do inputs and outputs, who wants to
+figure out what production methods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what production methods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figure out what production methods are
+out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out
+there. I say you can, you guys can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I say you can, you guys can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there. I say you can, you guys can do
+that right now.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uL8C9wQrk3g.txt b/uL8C9wQrk3g.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9aa63482f7d31ea2cb1cb56bb90b9f08b861a59a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uL8C9wQrk3g.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,9611 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so why don't we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why don't we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so why don't we get
+started so we've been talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so we've been talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started so we've been talking about
+singlephase DC to AC converters and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase DC to AC converters and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+singlephase DC to AC converters and and
+I actually haven't said which direction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually haven't said which direction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I actually haven't said which direction
+power is Flowing so that the circuits
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is Flowing so that the circuits
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power is Flowing so that the circuits
+that we're talking about can generally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about can generally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we're talking about can generally
+uh flow power in both directions and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flow power in both directions and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh flow power in both directions and so
+a general singlephase full Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general singlephase full Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a general singlephase full Bridge
+voltage source inverter looks something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage source inverter looks something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage source inverter looks something
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this right and you would usually put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and you would usually put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this right and you would usually put a
+DC bus capacitor here to help uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC bus capacitor here to help uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC bus capacitor here to help uh with
+high frequency Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequency Ripple
+currents and you have four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay like this and then you'll put your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like this and then you'll put your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay like this and then you'll put your
+output here and maybe you know there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output here and maybe you know there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output here and maybe you know there's
+going to be some load Network that goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some load Network that goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some load Network that goes
+right here and in addition to that and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and in addition to that and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right here and in addition to that and
+we'll talk to this maybe sometimes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk to this maybe sometimes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll talk to this maybe sometimes you
+would have some kind of current sensor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have some kind of current sensor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have some kind of current sensor
+kind of right here um in order to sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of right here um in order to sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of right here um in order to sense
+what the output current is if you wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the output current is if you wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what the output current is if you wanted
+to use that information I just thought
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that information I just thought
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use that information I just thought
+I'd show you this as an example this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd show you this as an example this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'd show you this as an example this is
+a 33 kilowatt singlephase inverter made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 33 kilowatt singlephase inverter made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a 33 kilowatt singlephase inverter made
+out of using silicon carbide fets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of using silicon carbide fets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out of using silicon carbide fets
+um you can see the very tight Loop bus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see the very tight Loop bus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um you can see the very tight Loop bus
+capacitors in here the these are ceramic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors in here the these are ceramic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors in here the these are ceramic
+capacitors these are film bus capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors these are film bus capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitors these are film bus capacitors
+this and by the way this inverter was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and by the way this inverter was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and by the way this inverter was
+built by uh Dave auton at MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built by uh Dave auton at MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+built by uh Dave auton at MIT
+um what you have here is a full Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you have here is a full Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um what you have here is a full Bridge
+actually it's a each using a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a each using a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually it's a each using a bunch of
+parallel devices for each switch okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel devices for each switch okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parallel devices for each switch okay
+because it's a high power design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a high power design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's a high power design and
+basically you have one set of switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have one set of switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically you have one set of switches
+and on the other side of the board
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other side of the board
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and on the other side of the board
+another set of switches that form one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of switches that form one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of switches that form one
+half bridge and then the other pair on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half bridge and then the other pair on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half bridge and then the other pair on
+the other side of the board forms second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the board forms second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side of the board forms second
+half Bridge Okay air flows down the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Bridge Okay air flows down the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Bridge Okay air flows down the
+board this way to cool it you can see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board this way to cool it you can see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board this way to cool it you can see
+things like gate driver chips along here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like gate driver chips along here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like gate driver chips along here
+that distributed to run the parallel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distributed to run the parallel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that distributed to run the parallel
+gate drives uh there's also on this side
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate drives uh there's also on this side
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gate drives uh there's also on this side
+of the board a current sensor that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the board a current sensor that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the board a current sensor that's the
+current sensor we'll talk about so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sensor we'll talk about so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current sensor we'll talk about so
+basically this is precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically this is precisely the
+structure we've been talking about and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we've been talking about and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure we've been talking about and
+as I said this is about a 33 kilowatt
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said this is about a 33 kilowatt
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as I said this is about a 33 kilowatt
+block that runs off of a 720 Volt Bus um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that runs off of a 720 Volt Bus um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+block that runs off of a 720 Volt Bus um
+for a motor Drive application so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a motor Drive application so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a motor Drive application so you can
+pass that around just take a look at it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that around just take a look at it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pass that around just take a look at it
+try not to drop it however
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to drop it however
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try not to drop it however
+I I'll be in trouble if you guys drop it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll be in trouble if you guys drop it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I I'll be in trouble if you guys drop it
+um okay so that's you know that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's you know that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um okay so that's you know that's the
+hardware
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardware
+structure so far we've been talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so far we've been talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure so far we've been talking
+about different ways we can kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different ways we can kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about different ways we can kind of
+start to approximate a sine wave better
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to approximate a sine wave better
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start to approximate a sine wave better
+and better and as I in a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better and as I in a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and better and as I in a lot of
+applications a sine wave is what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications a sine wave is what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications a sine wave is what you're
+trying to synthesize because for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to synthesize because for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to synthesize because for example
+in that in that application the motor is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that application the motor is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in that in that application the motor is
+expecting you know has sine wave back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting you know has sine wave back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expecting you know has sine wave back
+EMF and you want side sine wave currents
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMF and you want side sine wave currents
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+EMF and you want side sine wave currents
+going into the motor so you're trying to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the motor so you're trying to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going into the motor so you're trying to
+synthesize ize something that approaches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize ize something that approaches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize ize something that approaches
+a sine wave such that this voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine wave such that this voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine wave such that this voltage
+VX you know has a sine wave voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX you know has a sine wave voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX you know has a sine wave voltage
+component plus a bunch of high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component plus a bunch of high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+component plus a bunch of high frequency
+switching content and we said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching content and we said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching content and we said there's
+different ways we could try to make that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we could try to make that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different ways we could try to make that
+uh work better in terms of getting close
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work better in terms of getting close
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh work better in terms of getting close
+to a sine wave by switching one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a sine wave by switching one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a sine wave by switching one
+Technique we talked about was harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technique we talked about was harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technique we talked about was harmonic
+elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the idea is
+this suppose I would make my voltage VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose I would make my voltage VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this suppose I would make my voltage VX
+here have a bunch of pulses so if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have a bunch of pulses so if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here have a bunch of pulses so if I
+imagine that that the low frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that the low frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagine that that the low frequency
+content was going to try to look like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content was going to try to look like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content was going to try to look like
+some sine wave and I'm switching between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sine wave and I'm switching between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some sine wave and I'm switching between
+plus VDC Z and minus VDC then maybe what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus VDC Z and minus VDC then maybe what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus VDC Z and minus VDC then maybe what
+I would do is I would have certain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would do is I would have certain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would do is I would have certain
+number of pulses and I would control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pulses and I would control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of pulses and I would control the
+angle of those pulses very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of those pulses very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angle of those pulses very
+carefully and if I do that and I and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and if I do that and I and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carefully and if I do that and I and I
+want to make my waveforms halfwave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make my waveforms halfwave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to make my waveforms halfwave
+symmetric so that I get um no even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so that I get um no even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric so that I get um no even
+harmonics right so we would come along
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics right so we would come along
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonics right so we would come along
+here and would do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and would do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here and would do
+this and this would be my pulsing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+waveform okay and what we would do is we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform okay and what we would do is we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform okay and what we would do is we
+would pick these angles very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pick these angles very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would pick these angles very
+specifically in order to kill off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in order to kill off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+specifically in order to kill off
+harmonic content right because we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic content right because we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic content right because we said
+we can figure out the harmonic content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out the harmonic content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can figure out the harmonic content
+by multiplying the pwm wave form by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplying the pwm wave form by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by multiplying the pwm wave form by the
+the sign if it's an odd wave form at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign if it's an odd wave form at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sign if it's an odd wave form at the
+correct frequency integrating and when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct frequency integrating and when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+correct frequency integrating and when I
+get zero that harmonic is not there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero that harmonic is not there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero that harmonic is not there and
+what that technique tends to do if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that technique tends to do if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what that technique tends to do if I
+looked at sort of the uh the magnitude
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at sort of the uh the magnitude
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looked at sort of the uh the magnitude
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+VX versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VX versus
+frequency I will have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I will have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency I will have some
+fundamental right and I want that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental right and I want that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental right and I want that that's
+what I'm trying to approximate and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to approximate and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I'm trying to approximate and then
+I'll have some harmonic content that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have some harmonic content that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll have some harmonic content that
+depends on the Angles and I can get rid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the Angles and I can get rid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends on the Angles and I can get rid
+of the evens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the evens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the evens
+easily right but I might suppress one or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily right but I might suppress one or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easily right but I might suppress one or
+more odd harmonics and each pulse and a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more odd harmonics and each pulse and a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more odd harmonics and each pulse and a
+half cycle I can usually supress one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half cycle I can usually supress one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half cycle I can usually supress one
+harmonic what I do get however when I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic what I do get however when I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic what I do get however when I do
+a lot of switching up and down is when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of switching up and down is when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of switching up and down is when I
+go out in frequency right I will get an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out in frequency right I will get an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go out in frequency right I will get an
+increase in the content right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the content right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase in the content right because
+there's a lot of up and down switching a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of up and down switching a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of up and down switching a
+lot of high frequency content in this V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of high frequency content in this V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of high frequency content in this V
+of X waveform right but if I'm running
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X waveform right but if I'm running
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of X waveform right but if I'm running
+that through a filter right if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that through a filter right if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that through a filter right if
+this uh load is say a low pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh load is say a low pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh load is say a low pass
+filter and it's doing this versus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and it's doing this versus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter and it's doing this versus
+frequency so this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency so this is the
+magnitude of H of G
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of H of G
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of H of G
+Omega right it's very easy to filter off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right it's very easy to filter off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega right it's very easy to filter off
+the high frequency stuff it's hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequency stuff it's hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high frequency stuff it's hard to
+filter off the lower frequency stuff so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter off the lower frequency stuff so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter off the lower frequency stuff so
+we basically trade low frequency content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically trade low frequency content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we basically trade low frequency content
+for high frequency content and it makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high frequency content and it makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for high frequency content and it makes
+a good trade okay so that's harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good trade okay so that's harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a good trade okay so that's harmonic
+elimination and you can do that just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and you can do that just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination and you can do that just
+with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this
+structure okay the other trick we saw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay the other trick we saw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure okay the other trick we saw
+last class is harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+cancellation and the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation and the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation and the idea
+is suppose I could take multiple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose I could take multiple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is suppose I could take multiple
+waveforms of add them up and phase shift
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms of add them up and phase shift
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms of add them up and phase shift
+them a little bit I'll phase shift the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit I'll phase shift the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them a little bit I'll phase shift the
+fundamental by a little bit but some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental by a little bit but some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamental by a little bit but some
+harmonic of Interest by 180 degrees so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic of Interest by 180 degrees so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic of Interest by 180 degrees so
+when I add them up I kill off harmonics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add them up I kill off harmonics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I add them up I kill off harmonics
+right we saw one example of this um was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we saw one example of this um was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we saw one example of this um was
+something like this if I took two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this if I took two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something like this if I took two
+waveforms that have you know plus zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms that have you know plus zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveforms that have you know plus zero
+minus and I phase shift them I can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and I phase shift them I can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus and I phase shift them I can get
+something that looks like this for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that looks like this for
+example okay so it would might go up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so it would might go up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example okay so it would might go up to
+one level another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one level another
+level something like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and so forth okay and this one you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so forth okay and this one you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and so forth okay and this one you
+can kind of see wow that that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see wow that that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can kind of see wow that that really
+does start to look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does start to look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does start to look
+like you know some kind of sine wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know some kind of sine wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like you know some kind of sine wave
+very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very
+closely right so harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely right so harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+closely right so harmonic
+cancellation actually I can view the six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation actually I can view the six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation actually I can view the six
+step wave or or the stepped waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step wave or or the stepped waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step wave or or the stepped waveform
+that we said you know you know if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we said you know you know if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we said you know you know if I have
+no third harmonic the waveform looked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no third harmonic the waveform looked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no third harmonic the waveform looked
+like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like
+this the VX waveform looked like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the VX waveform looked like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this the VX waveform looked like this
+this is actually two square waves phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually two square waves phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is actually two square waves phase
+shifted just such that when I uh take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted just such that when I uh take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted just such that when I uh take
+their difference I kill off the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their difference I kill off the third
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+their difference I kill off the third
+harmonic so we're already doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic so we're already doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic so we're already doing that
+with this but if I want to do it on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but if I want to do it on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with this but if I want to do it on a
+more sophisticated level I needs more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated level I needs more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more sophisticated level I needs more
+sophisticated Hardware that can let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated Hardware that can let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sophisticated Hardware that can let me
+synthesize this more accurate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize this more accurate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize this more accurate
+waveform if I can do that the beauty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform if I can do that the beauty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform if I can do that the beauty of
+harmonic cancellation is is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation is is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation is is that
+harmonic cancellation not only kills the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation not only kills the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation not only kills the
+low frequency harmonics I want to cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency harmonics I want to cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+low frequency harmonics I want to cancel
+but it tends to cancel multiples of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tends to cancel multiples of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it tends to cancel multiples of that
+okay so we can get if I do a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can get if I do a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so we can get if I do a lot of
+harmonic cancellation I get a wave form
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation I get a wave form
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation I get a wave form
+that looks very much like a sine wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks very much like a sine wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks very much like a sine wave
+right whereas this eliminated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas this eliminated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right whereas this eliminated
+waveform you know it's kind of ugly and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform you know it's kind of ugly and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform you know it's kind of ugly and
+I'm just taking advantage of the fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just taking advantage of the fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just taking advantage of the fact
+that I can filter The High Frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can filter The High Frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I can filter The High Frequency
+junk out right and there's nothing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk out right and there's nothing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+junk out right and there's nothing that
+says we can't combine those two we in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we can't combine those two we in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+says we can't combine those two we in
+fact people do all right so the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact people do all right so the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fact people do all right so the the
+challenge with harmonic cancellation is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge with harmonic cancellation is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+challenge with harmonic cancellation is
+now I need a means to synthesize maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need a means to synthesize maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I need a means to synthesize maybe
+this is VDC maybe this is VDC over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is VDC maybe this is VDC over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is VDC maybe this is VDC over two
+and zero and minus VDC over two and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero and minus VDC over two and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and zero and minus VDC over two and
+minus VDC I've got to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VDC I've got to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus VDC I've got to be able to
+synthesize more effective levels to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize more effective levels to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize more effective levels to make
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+work okay any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that so last class I showed you sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so last class I showed you sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that so last class I showed you sort of
+a transformer coupled converter that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformer coupled converter that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a transformer coupled converter that
+could synthesize these wav
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could synthesize these wav
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could synthesize these wav
+forms and perhaps the theme of today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and perhaps the theme of today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forms and perhaps the theme of today's
+class is there's a lot of ways you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is there's a lot of ways you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+class is there's a lot of ways you can
+do things and people do do things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things and people do do things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do things and people do do things
+because they have different advantages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have different advantages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because they have different advantages
+in different circumstances so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different circumstances so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in different circumstances so let me
+show you some additional ways one might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some additional ways one might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you some additional ways one might
+synthesize a circuit that can make these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize a circuit that can make these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize a circuit that can make these
+kind of fancier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fancier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of fancier
+waveforms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay
+um let's just consider you know we might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just consider you know we might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um let's just consider you know we might
+call this here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+a bridge leg or a half Bridge leg right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bridge leg or a half Bridge leg right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a bridge leg or a half Bridge leg right
+and this thing in this context you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing in this context you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this thing in this context you know
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+circuit um Can synthesize a a sort of V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit um Can synthesize a a sort of V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit um Can synthesize a a sort of V1
+that's either VDC or zero right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's either VDC or zero right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's either VDC or zero right so this
+bridge leg can basically synthesize two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge leg can basically synthesize two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge leg can basically synthesize two
+levels and because this leg can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and because this leg can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and because this leg can
+synthesize two levels this is sometimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize two levels this is sometimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize two levels this is sometimes
+called a two-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a two-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a two-level
+inverter okay okay a circuit that could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter okay okay a circuit that could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter okay okay a circuit that could
+synthesize for one leg zero half and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize for one leg zero half and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize for one leg zero half and
+full might be called a three-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full might be called a three-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+full might be called a three-level
+converter kind of confusing terminology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter kind of confusing terminology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter kind of confusing terminology
+but that's the way they do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the way they do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but that's the way they do
+it how could I do that I showed you one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how could I do that I showed you one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it how could I do that I showed you one
+circuit last time let's talk about a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit last time let's talk about a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuit last time let's talk about a
+bridge leg that might do this and here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge leg that might do this and here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge leg that might do this and here's
+one way to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one way to do
+it this is called a neutral point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is called a neutral point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it this is called a neutral point
+clamped inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+NPC inverter this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPC inverter this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+NPC inverter this
+General um technique was proposed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General um technique was proposed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+General um technique was proposed in
+about 1980 by a guy named nabai in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1980 by a guy named nabai in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about 1980 by a guy named nabai in
+Japan um and here's what it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan um and here's what it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Japan um and here's what it looks like
+suppose I took my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bus and I split
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and I split
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bus and I split
+it into two by just basically putting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into two by just basically putting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it into two by just basically putting a
+big tap point on my Capac cap here right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tap point on my Capac cap here right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+big tap point on my Capac cap here right
+so here's c big here's c big let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's c big here's c big let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so here's c big here's c big let me
+assume that this is about VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that this is about VDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that this is about VDC
+over2 or I will make sure it stays near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 or I will make sure it stays near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over2 or I will make sure it stays near
+VDC over two okay then maybe what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC over two okay then maybe what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC over two okay then maybe what I
+could do is do this I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is do this I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do is do this I will
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2
+S3 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S3 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S3 and
+S4 okay I'm going to have a stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S4 okay I'm going to have a stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S4 okay I'm going to have a stack of
+switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches
+and then I'm going to have another one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to have another one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to have another one
+that here I'm going to call it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S6 and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S6 and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S6 and this is
+S5 okay so I'm GNA have six switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S5 okay so I'm GNA have six switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S5 okay so I'm GNA have six switches
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+okay I can also in some cases just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can also in some cases just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay I can also in some cases just
+replace these two switches with diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace these two switches with diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace these two switches with diodes
+and in fact in the original version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in the original version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in fact in the original version
+that's what most people did so this one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what most people did so this one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what most people did so this one
+might be called an act active neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be called an act active neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be called an act active neutral
+point clamped inverter because it uses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point clamped inverter because it uses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point clamped inverter because it uses
+controllable switches here you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable switches here you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controllable switches here you could
+replace these with diodes but here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace these with diodes but here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace these with diodes but here's the
+idea um let me think about this output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um let me think about this output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea um let me think about this output
+voltage I'll call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I'll call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I'll call this
+V1 okay if I turn the following switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 okay if I turn the following switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1 okay if I turn the following switches
+on S1 S2 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S5 oops S5 right I'm going to turn the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S5 oops S5 right I'm going to turn the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S5 oops S5 right I'm going to turn the
+top two switches on here V out1 is just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top two switches on here V out1 is just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+top two switches on here V out1 is just
+going to be VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay suppose I turn on S2 S3 S5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S6 all right if these four devices are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S6 all right if these four devices are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S6 all right if these four devices are
+on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this
+node is then through multiple paths
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is then through multiple paths
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node is then through multiple paths
+pinned to the center here right so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned to the center here right so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pinned to the center here right so then
+this should be V out should be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be V out should be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be V out should be
+approximately VDC over two it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately VDC over two it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately VDC over two it's going to
+be this Center Point voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this Center Point voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be this Center Point voltage
+okay if I then turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I then turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay if I then turn
+on um S3 S4
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S6 right I'm going to get zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S6 right I'm going to get zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S6 right I'm going to get zero
+out okay so by picking different switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so by picking different switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out okay so by picking different switch
+configurations I can make this output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations I can make this output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+configurations I can make this output
+voltage either be plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage either be plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage either be plus
+VDC plus VDC over two or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC plus VDC over two or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC plus VDC over two or
+zero right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero right
+and if I took two of these things or I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I took two of these things or I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and if I took two of these things or I
+took another set of switches and tied it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took another set of switches and tied it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took another set of switches and tied it
+to the same Center Point then I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same Center Point then I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the same Center Point then I could
+generate this waveform here or I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this waveform here or I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this waveform here or I could
+generate this waveform plus pwm between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this waveform plus pwm between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generate this waveform plus pwm between
+levels and combine harmonic elimination
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and combine harmonic elimination
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels and combine harmonic elimination
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+cancellation okay so this is a bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation okay so this is a bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation okay so this is a bridge
+leg for a so-called three-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg for a so-called three-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg for a so-called three-level
+inverter any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that yeah why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yeah why
+ah excellent question so um you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah excellent question so um you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah excellent question so um you don't
+have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have
+to but here's the neat thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but here's the neat thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to but here's the neat thing about this
+inverter in fact this is one of the key
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter in fact this is one of the key
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter in fact this is one of the key
+reasons why nabai came up with what he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why nabai came up with what he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasons why nabai came up with what he
+was doing originally is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing originally is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was doing originally is the
+following what is the off State voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following what is the off State voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following what is the off State voltage
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of
+S1 well if I have this thing tied to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 well if I have this thing tied to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 well if I have this thing tied to the
+Middle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Middle
+Point um S1 only sees VDC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point um S1 only sees VDC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Point um S1 only sees VDC over
+two right right what about S3 and S4 if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right right what about S3 and S4 if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two right right what about S3 and S4 if
+S1 and S2 are on and S5 is on that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 and S2 are on and S5 is on that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S1 and S2 are on and S5 is on that means
+S3 C VDC over2 and S4 CES VDC over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S3 C VDC over2 and S4 CES VDC over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S3 C VDC over2 and S4 CES VDC over two
+so by turning on the extra switches S5
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by turning on the extra switches S5
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so by turning on the extra switches S5
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+S6 what I'm really doing in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S6 what I'm really doing in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S6 what I'm really doing in addition to
+providing a pass to the middle I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a pass to the middle I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+providing a pass to the middle I'm
+assure ensuring that every single switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assure ensuring that every single switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assure ensuring that every single switch
+only H is rated for half the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only H is rated for half the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only H is rated for half the switching
+voltage okay and that's a big deal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay and that's a big deal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage okay and that's a big deal
+because in like naai like to work on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in like naai like to work on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in like naai like to work on
+things like traction right where the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like traction right where the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things like traction right where the
+voltages are really high and it turns
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages are really high and it turns
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages are really high and it turns
+out a lot of times the voltage you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a lot of times the voltage you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out a lot of times the voltage you want
+to use you can't buy switches with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use you can't buy switches with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to use you can't buy switches with high
+enough rating right you would like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough rating right you would like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough rating right you would like to
+make it bigger but nobody makes the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it bigger but nobody makes the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it bigger but nobody makes the the
+semiconductor switch you want so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor switch you want so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+semiconductor switch you want so if you
+can build your inverter with lower rated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build your inverter with lower rated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build your inverter with lower rated
+switches you've got a very powerful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches you've got a very powerful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches you've got a very powerful
+Advantage it also turns out that if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage it also turns out that if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Advantage it also turns out that if you
+double the blocking voltage of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the blocking voltage of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+double the blocking voltage of a
+transistor typically the performance is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor typically the performance is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transistor typically the performance is
+a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot
+worse they're a lot less than half as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse they're a lot less than half as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+worse they're a lot less than half as
+good right like the resistance way more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right like the resistance way more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good right like the resistance way more
+than doubles usually it goes as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doubles usually it goes as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than doubles usually it goes as a
+quadratic almost or more so you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic almost or more so you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic almost or more so you're
+actually in fact better having two 600
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in fact better having two 600
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually in fact better having two 600
+volt switches than one 1200 volt switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt switches than one 1200 volt switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+volt switches than one 1200 volt switch
+at least from an on-state resistance and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from an on-state resistance and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least from an on-state resistance and
+capacitance point of view okay so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance point of view okay so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitance point of view okay so it's a
+more complicated circuit but it reduces
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated circuit but it reduces
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more complicated circuit but it reduces
+the stress on the components and that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress on the components and that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the stress on the components and that's
+that's one of the reasons why I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the reasons why I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's one of the reasons why I was
+doing it and a reason why you would put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and a reason why you would put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing it and a reason why you would put
+diodes in here you know you could the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes in here you know you could the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diodes in here you know you could the
+original flavor of this device basically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original flavor of this device basically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+original flavor of this device basically
+just replace this with diodes the diodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace this with diodes the diodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just replace this with diodes the diodes
+would turn on depending upon whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would turn on depending upon whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would turn on depending upon whether
+current was going this way S5 would turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current was going this way S5 would turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current was going this way S5 would turn
+on if current was going this way S6
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if current was going this way S6
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on if current was going this way S6
+would turn turn on so you know you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would turn turn on so you know you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would turn turn on so you know you could
+use diodes here as well it doesn't do as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use diodes here as well it doesn't do as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use diodes here as well it doesn't do as
+perfect a job of protecting at least one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect a job of protecting at least one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+perfect a job of protecting at least one
+of the switches if you do that but it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the switches if you do that but it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the switches if you do that but it
+still tends to work just fine okay great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still tends to work just fine okay great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still tends to work just fine okay great
+question um I should make a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um I should make a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question um I should make a couple of
+notes this structure really only works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes this structure really only works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes this structure really only works
+for DC to AC conversion why because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DC to AC conversion why because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for DC to AC conversion why because
+because what I have to do ultimately is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I have to do ultimately is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because what I have to do ultimately is
+what is the allowable average current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the allowable average current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the allowable average current
+into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into this
+node if I want to keep the voltage sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node if I want to keep the voltage sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node if I want to keep the voltage sort
+of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+stable it's got to be zero right why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable it's got to be zero right why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable it's got to be zero right why
+because I can't put a DC current into a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can't put a DC current into a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I can't put a DC current into a
+capacitor and have its voltage stay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and have its voltage stay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and have its voltage stay
+stable so what that means is if I have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so what that means is if I have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stable so what that means is if I have a
+motor drive that's going to draw you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor drive that's going to draw you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motor drive that's going to draw you
+know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know
+uh 100 500 Hertz out here or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 100 500 Hertz out here or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh 100 500 Hertz out here or something
+right I may have 500 Herz kind of curent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I may have 500 Herz kind of curent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right I may have 500 Herz kind of curent
+coming in here but no DC current so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here but no DC current so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming in here but no DC current so I
+may have to control the switches a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to control the switches a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+may have to control the switches a
+little bit just to make sure that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit just to make sure that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit just to make sure that this
+node stays balanced and I can't deliver
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node stays balanced and I can't deliver
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+node stays balanced and I can't deliver
+DC current out of this thing I can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC current out of this thing I can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+DC current out of this thing I can only
+deliver AC current out of it because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver AC current out of it because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deliver AC current out of it because
+otherwise this capacitor this node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this capacitor this node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise this capacitor this node
+wouldn't say at half the bus voltage but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say at half the bus voltage but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wouldn't say at half the bus voltage but
+since I usually have big bus capacitors
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I usually have big bus capacitors
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+since I usually have big bus capacitors
+here anyways you and and I usually use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anyways you and and I usually use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here anyways you and and I usually use
+this when I do want AC currents only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when I do want AC currents only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this when I do want AC currents only
+that works just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that works just
+fine any questions about that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so that's one of a variety of ways to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one of a variety of ways to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one of a variety of ways to do
+it let me show you one more and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me show you one more and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it let me show you one more and you know
+keeping with the theme for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping with the theme for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keeping with the theme for
+today uh and these by the way these are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh and these by the way these are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today uh and these by the way these are
+hardly the only ways you can do this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly the only ways you can do this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hardly the only ways you can do this the
+I'm just showing you two very popular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just showing you two very popular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm just showing you two very popular
+ones this is known as a a flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+capacitor multi-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+inverter okay and here's the idea so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter okay and here's the idea so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter okay and here's the idea so
+suppose I'll take my DC bus voltage here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I'll take my DC bus voltage here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I'll take my DC bus voltage here
+BDC okay now I'm going to go out and get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BDC okay now I'm going to go out and get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+BDC okay now I'm going to go out and get
+four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four
+switches I'll call this S1 actually I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches I'll call this S1 actually I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches I'll call this S1 actually I'll
+call this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+call this
+S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+S2 I'll call this S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 I'll call this S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+S2 I'll call this S2
+Prime and S1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and S1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime and S1
+Prime okay what I'm going to do is I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay what I'm going to do is I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime okay what I'm going to do is I'm
+going to put a big capacitor here okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a big capacitor here okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to put a big capacitor here okay
+and I'm going to make VC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+approximately equal to VDC over two I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to VDC over two I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to VDC over two I'm
+going to control this circuit so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to control this circuit so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to control this circuit so this
+capacitor voltage stays at approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage stays at approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltage stays at approximately
+half the bus voltage okay what do I get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the bus voltage okay what do I get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half the bus voltage okay what do I get
+when I do that if I have which switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that if I have which switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I do that if I have which switches
+on let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on let's
+see S1 and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see S1 and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see S1 and
+S2 if these two switches are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on the output voltage would go to VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+if I have S1 and S2 Prime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+on I get I get uh VDC minus VC which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I get I get uh VDC minus VC which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on I get I get uh VDC minus VC which is
+approximately equal to VDC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to VDC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to VDC over
+two okay if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two okay if I
+have um S2 S1 Prime and S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um S2 S1 Prime and S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um S2 S1 Prime and S2
+on right that will connect here to here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right that will connect here to here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on right that will connect here to here
+to the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the output
+then I would get VC which is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would get VC which is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I would get VC which is also
+approximately equal to VDC over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to VDC over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+approximately equal to VDC over
+2 and lastly if I have S1 Prime and S2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and lastly if I have S1 Prime and S2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2 and lastly if I have S1 Prime and S2
+Prime I'll connect the bottom two and V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime I'll connect the bottom two and V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Prime I'll connect the bottom two and V
+out1 will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out1 will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out1 will be
+zero okay so here I can synthesize plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so here I can synthesize plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero okay so here I can synthesize plus
+VDC approximately VDC over two and zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC approximately VDC over two and zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC approximately VDC over two and zero
+again this one Bridge leg can synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this one Bridge leg can synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again this one Bridge leg can synthesize
+sort of the positive half of this thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the positive half of this thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of the positive half of this thing
+I can make another three LEL inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make another three LEL inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can make another three LEL inverter
+with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with
+this any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this any questions about
+that now I have two ways I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I have two ways I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now I have two ways I can
+synthesize roughly speaking VDC over two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize roughly speaking VDC over two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize roughly speaking VDC over two
+suppose I had a positive load current if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I had a positive load current if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I had a positive load current if
+I did it the first way right I would um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it the first way right I would um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I did it the first way right I would um
+have current flowing out of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have current flowing out of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have current flowing out of
+here into the load and it would charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into the load and it would charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here into the load and it would charge
+this capacitor if I did it the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capacitor if I did it the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this capacitor if I did it the second
+way it would flow up from the bottom out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it would flow up from the bottom out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way it would flow up from the bottom out
+through the capacitor now and discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the capacitor now and discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+through the capacitor now and discharge
+the capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor
+so these two mid voltage states have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two mid voltage states have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so these two mid voltage states have
+opposite effects in whether they charge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite effects in whether they charge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opposite effects in whether they charge
+or discharge this capacitor for a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or discharge this capacitor for a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or discharge this capacitor for a given
+load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+load
+current okay so by choosing which of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so by choosing which of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current okay so by choosing which of
+these I use at any given time I can sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I use at any given time I can sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these I use at any given time I can sort
+of maintain that capacitor voltage near
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maintain that capacitor voltage near
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of maintain that capacitor voltage near
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+VDC all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right again notice that if this if this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again notice that if this if this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right again notice that if this if this
+is kept near VDC over2 each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kept near VDC over2 each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is kept near VDC over2 each of these
+switches again only sees VDC over2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches again only sees VDC over2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches again only sees VDC over2
+blocking now in practice I can't quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking now in practice I can't quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocking now in practice I can't quite
+derate them that much but I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derate them that much but I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derate them that much but I have to
+derate them less than if I didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derate them less than if I didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derate them less than if I didn't have
+this kind of divide down um so this fcml
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of divide down um so this fcml
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of divide down um so this fcml
+is as known this was by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as known this was by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as known this was by the way
+um originally proposed in about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um originally proposed in about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um originally proposed in about the
+early 90s by a guy named mayard so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s by a guy named mayard so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+early 90s by a guy named mayard so this
+is sometimes called a mayard inverter um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is really powerful it gets really widely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really powerful it gets really widely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is really powerful it gets really widely
+used and the other neat thing about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and the other neat thing about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+used and the other neat thing about this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+is that you can actually and whereas in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can actually and whereas in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that you can actually and whereas in
+the other version I showed you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other version I showed you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other version I showed you you
+cannot Source DC current right because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot Source DC current right because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cannot Source DC current right because
+you'll eventually charge or discharge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll eventually charge or discharge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll eventually charge or discharge
+those bus caps here by flipping back and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bus caps here by flipping back and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those bus caps here by flipping back and
+forth between these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth between these two
+states I could Source DC current out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states I could Source DC current out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states I could Source DC current out
+without charging or discharging this cap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without charging or discharging this cap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+without charging or discharging this cap
+so this one's a little trickier to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one's a little trickier to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this one's a little trickier to
+run okay and it has this capacitor that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run okay and it has this capacitor that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run okay and it has this capacitor that
+flies up and down with the different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies up and down with the different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flies up and down with the different
+states but I can supply DC power with it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but I can supply DC power with it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states but I can supply DC power with it
+so people actually build DC todc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people actually build DC todc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so people actually build DC todc
+converters this way too they build three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters this way too they build three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters this way too they build three
+level DC to DC converters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level DC to DC converters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level DC to DC converters
+okay um so what you can see is there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so what you can see is there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay um so what you can see is there and
+I could show you the ttype inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could show you the ttype inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could show you the ttype inverter
+there's a bunch of inverters that give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of inverters that give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a bunch of inverters that give
+you multi-level capabilities like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multi-level capabilities like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you multi-level capabilities like this
+and people you tend to use all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people you tend to use all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and people you tend to use all of
+them okay and which one do you use it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay and which one do you use it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them okay and which one do you use it
+depends what you're trying to optimize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what you're trying to optimize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depends what you're trying to optimize
+people choose different things for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choose different things for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people choose different things for
+different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+goals I should also tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals I should also tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals I should also tell
+you that um just because I said we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that um just because I said we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you that um just because I said we could
+do three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do three
+levels you know you can expand your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels you know you can expand your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+levels you know you can expand your
+imagination however many levels you like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination however many levels you like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+imagination however many levels you like
+okay and in fact the neutral point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact the neutral point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in fact the neutral point
+clampton converter I'm sorry the neutral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clampton converter I'm sorry the neutral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clampton converter I'm sorry the neutral
+point clamp converter sometimes of a a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point clamp converter sometimes of a a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point clamp converter sometimes of a a
+bigger family of converters called diode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger family of converters called diode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger family of converters called diode
+clamped or active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped or active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped or active
+clamped uh multi-level inverters this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped uh multi-level inverters this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamped uh multi-level inverters this
+one also expands so for examp I'll just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one also expands so for examp I'll just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one also expands so for examp I'll just
+show you an example suppose I instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you an example suppose I instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+show you an example suppose I instead of
+having you know instead of having one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having you know instead of having one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having you know instead of having one
+device I had two devices here in the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device I had two devices here in the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+device I had two devices here in the top
+and two devices in the bottom position
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two devices in the bottom position
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and two devices in the bottom position
+my next thing would I'd have three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next thing would I'd have three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my next thing would I'd have three
+devices in the top and three devices in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in the top and three devices in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+devices in the top and three devices in
+the bottom sort of thing so I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom sort of thing so I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bottom sort of thing so I could do
+this I could have um one two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+3 four four five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 four four five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+3 four four five
+6 okay here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+VDC all right and I will have V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+out all right and what I'll do is I will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right and what I'll do is I will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out all right and what I'll do is I will
+have one flying capacitor here so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one flying capacitor here so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have one flying capacitor here so that
+these two switches are never on at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two switches are never on at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two switches are never on at the
+same time and I'll have another flying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and I'll have another flying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same time and I'll have another flying
+capacitor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor
+here okay so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so um
+I've got to be careful about whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to be careful about whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I've got to be careful about whether
+these two switches are on at the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two switches are on at the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these two switches are on at the same
+time or certainly these four switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or certainly these four switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or certainly these four switches
+and what I will do is I will control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I will do is I will control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what I will do is I will control
+this one so that this is approximately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so that this is approximately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this one so that this is approximately
+VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC
+over3 and this is approximately 2 VDC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 and this is approximately 2 VDC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 and this is approximately 2 VDC
+over3 right same game I can pick switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 right same game I can pick switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over3 right same game I can pick switch
+states to regulate both of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to regulate both of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states to regulate both of those
+capacitor voltages now each switch only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltages now each switch only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor voltages now each switch only
+needs to see a third of the bus voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to see a third of the bus voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+needs to see a third of the bus voltage
+now I can't derate it down that far in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can't derate it down that far in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now I can't derate it down that far in
+the real world because I have all kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world because I have all kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the real world because I have all kinds
+of startup and transi and other effects
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of startup and transi and other effects
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of startup and transi and other effects
+but nonetheless what that means is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless what that means is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but nonetheless what that means is I
+have first of all lower voltage rated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have first of all lower voltage rated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have first of all lower voltage rated
+switches overall and more levels I can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches overall and more levels I can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches overall and more levels I can
+synthesize so I can synthesize roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize so I can synthesize roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize so I can synthesize roughly
+speaking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaking
+VDC 2/3 VDC 1/3 VDC and zero so it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC 2/3 VDC 1/3 VDC and zero so it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC 2/3 VDC 1/3 VDC and zero so it's a
+four level inverter and you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four level inverter and you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four level inverter and you want to
+expand that out people have built 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand that out people have built 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expand that out people have built 10
+level inverters okay why would I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level inverters okay why would I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level inverters okay why would I want to
+build a 10 level inverter because if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a 10 level inverter because if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+build a 10 level inverter because if I'm
+building an inverter with this bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building an inverter with this bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+building an inverter with this bridge
+leg my output waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg my output waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+leg my output waveform
+V1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+V1
+right V1 might be able to look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right V1 might be able to look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right V1 might be able to look something
+like this zero you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this zero you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this zero you
+know I can build this very beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can build this very beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I can build this very beautiful
+sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sine
+wave kind of thing right very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave kind of thing right very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave kind of thing right very little
+harmonic content needs very little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic content needs very little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic content needs very little
+filtering so the filter I need is very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering so the filter I need is very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filtering so the filter I need is very
+tiny and by the way if I'm building a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny and by the way if I'm building a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny and by the way if I'm building a
+grid interface inverter I got to build
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid interface inverter I got to build
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid interface inverter I got to build
+that filter inductor so I can suddenly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that filter inductor so I can suddenly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that filter inductor so I can suddenly
+make that filter inductor really small
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that filter inductor really small
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make that filter inductor really small
+all right so there are motivations to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there are motivations to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so there are motivations to go
+to High numbers of levels what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to High numbers of levels what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to High numbers of levels what's the
+downside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside
+complexity right there's there's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity right there's there's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complexity right there's there's all
+kinds of complexity you got to throw at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of complexity you got to throw at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kinds of complexity you got to throw at
+it but you're trading complexity for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you're trading complexity for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it but you're trading complexity for
+performance Okay and like I said there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance Okay and like I said there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performance Okay and like I said there's
+versions of this flying capacitor multi-
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this flying capacitor multi-
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of this flying capacitor multi-
+level inverter there's fly higher order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level inverter there's fly higher order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+level inverter there's fly higher order
+versions of the the neutral point clamp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the the neutral point clamp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+versions of the the neutral point clamp
+converter and people just decide what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and people just decide what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter and people just decide what
+they're going to do based on what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do based on what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're going to do based on what
+they're trying to achieve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to achieve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're trying to achieve
+questions about any of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that drive the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drive the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that drive the
+high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high
+ah excellent question so um I will cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah excellent question so um I will cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ah excellent question so um I will cover
+details of how you do bootstrap drivers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of how you do bootstrap drivers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+details of how you do bootstrap drivers
+and that kind of thing the higher the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of thing the higher the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that kind of thing the higher the
+voltage is the trickier it gets but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is the trickier it gets but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage is the trickier it gets but the
+crudest thing you could imagine is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crudest thing you could imagine is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crudest thing you could imagine is you
+need kind of two pieces a you need a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need kind of two pieces a you need a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need kind of two pieces a you need a
+little power supply that flies up and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little power supply that flies up and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little power supply that flies up and
+down sometimes that's built with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down sometimes that's built with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down sometimes that's built with an
+isolated power supply and in fact on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated power supply and in fact on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated power supply and in fact on the
+board I'm passing around there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I'm passing around there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I'm passing around there's a
+little black kind of rectangular a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little black kind of rectangular a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little black kind of rectangular a
+couple little black rectangular cubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple little black rectangular cubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple little black rectangular cubes
+those are the flying power supplies
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the flying power supplies
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are the flying power supplies
+other times you can build it with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times you can build it with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other times you can build it with a
+capacitor and a diode and bootstrap it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and a diode and bootstrap it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+capacitor and a diode and bootstrap it
+the higher the bus voltage the more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the bus voltage the more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the higher the bus voltage the more
+difficult that becomes the other thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult that becomes the other thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult that becomes the other thing
+you need in in addition to a power
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in in addition to a power
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in in addition to a power
+supply to power The Gate Drive charging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply to power The Gate Drive charging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supply to power The Gate Drive charging
+is a signal isolator you got to send the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a signal isolator you got to send the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a signal isolator you got to send the
+signal up and down and up to a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal up and down and up to a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal up and down and up to a few
+thousand volts that's not too hard you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand volts that's not too hard you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thousand volts that's not too hard you
+can go out and buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go out and buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can go out and buy
+digital isolators or at lower voltages
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital isolators or at lower voltages
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital isolators or at lower voltages
+you know a few hundred volts you can buy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few hundred volts you can buy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know a few hundred volts you can buy
+ones that aren't even galvanically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that aren't even galvanically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones that aren't even galvanically
+isolated and do the level shifting for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and do the level shifting for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+isolated and do the level shifting for
+you when you get to higher and higher
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you get to higher and higher
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you when you get to higher and higher
+voltages it becomes harder and harder
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages it becomes harder and harder
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages it becomes harder and harder
+and harder and then you're using these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and harder and then you're using these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and harder and then you're using these
+Optical connections and everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical connections and everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Optical connections and everything else
+to do that but there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that but there's a lot of
+practical issues with what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical issues with what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+practical issues with what you would
+choose to do there and that might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to do there and that might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose to do there and that might be
+another thing that would influence you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that would influence you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another thing that would influence you
+know how many levels you want to use at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many levels you want to use at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know how many levels you want to use at
+the same time switches tend to be more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time switches tend to be more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same time switches tend to be more
+import more expensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import more expensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+import more expensive
+than isolating signals if you're at high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than isolating signals if you're at high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than isolating signals if you're at high
+power if you're at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power if you're at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power if you're at low
+power you know you wouldn't want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you know you wouldn't want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+power you know you wouldn't want to do
+that too much because then the switches
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too much because then the switches
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that too much because then the switches
+aren't expensive but the isolators are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't expensive but the isolators are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aren't expensive but the isolators are
+right and that's why there's a plethora
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's why there's a plethora
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and that's why there's a plethora
+of techniques that people use I will say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of techniques that people use I will say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of techniques that people use I will say
+by the way that this kind of technique
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way that this kind of technique
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the way that this kind of technique
+very popular in integrated silicon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular in integrated silicon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very popular in integrated silicon
+converters like Coss kind of converters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters like Coss kind of converters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converters like Coss kind of converters
+because all of this stuff can be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of this stuff can be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because all of this stuff can be
+integrated on a Coss die and then you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated on a Coss die and then you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated on a Coss die and then you're
+using native devices with low voltage to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using native devices with low voltage to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using native devices with low voltage to
+synthesize a higher voltage great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize a higher voltage great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize a higher voltage great
+question any other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question any other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question any other
+questions yeah so when we're regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so when we're regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions yeah so when we're regulating
+the capacitor voltage are we doing that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor voltage are we doing that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the capacitor voltage are we doing that
+by like fixing the respective Duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by like fixing the respective Duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by like fixing the respective Duty
+ratios like is that or how are we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios like is that or how are we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ratios like is that or how are we
+getting that yeah so what you might do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that yeah so what you might do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting that yeah so what you might do
+in this example is you might say okay my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example is you might say okay my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this example is you might say okay my
+controller is telling me I need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is telling me I need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+controller is telling me I need to
+synthesize the middle level right and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize the middle level right and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize the middle level right and I
+if I know which direction the current is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know which direction the current is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I know which direction the current is
+I would say is this Capac voltage a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say is this Capac voltage a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I would say is this Capac voltage a
+little low or a little high and I'd pick
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little low or a little high and I'd pick
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little low or a little high and I'd pick
+whe i' pick my next state as to whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whe i' pick my next state as to whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whe i' pick my next state as to whether
+I want this to decrease or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this to decrease or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want this to decrease or
+increase right so I I basically use the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase right so I I basically use the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+increase right so I I basically use the
+degrees of freedom I have to choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom I have to choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degrees of freedom I have to choose
+which way to switch to control that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way to switch to control that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which way to switch to control that
+voltage in this case you can put a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in this case you can put a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage in this case you can put a
+little State machine that says you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little State machine that says you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little State machine that says you know
+given that there's two voltages I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that there's two voltages I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given that there's two voltages I need
+to regulate which one's big which one's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regulate which one's big which one's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to regulate which one's big which one's
+small and you can make a little State
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and you can make a little State
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small and you can make a little State
+machine that'll control both of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+them any other questions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay so if I can build multi-level
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I can build multi-level
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so if I can build multi-level
+inverters I can do higher order versions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters I can do higher order versions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverters I can do higher order versions
+of harmonic cancellation I can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic cancellation I can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of harmonic cancellation I can do
+harmonic elimination at the same time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic elimination at the same time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic elimination at the same time
+make really really um waveforms that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make really really um waveforms that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make really really um waveforms that'll
+have very nice Purity I don't need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very nice Purity I don't need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have very nice Purity I don't need to
+filter much and I get what I want okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter much and I get what I want okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+filter much and I get what I want okay
+so that's pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's pretty
+cool um I'd like to talk about one other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um I'd like to talk about one other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cool um I'd like to talk about one other
+aspect and and that is um I've sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect and and that is um I've sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+aspect and and that is um I've sort of
+focused on the situation where boy we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the situation where boy we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+focused on the situation where boy we
+want to you know to get what we want we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you know to get what we want we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to you know to get what we want we
+don't want to switch too often and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to switch too often and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't want to switch too often and that
+is especially true at high power levels
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is especially true at high power levels
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is especially true at high power levels
+because at high power levels with high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at high power levels with high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because at high power levels with high
+voltages the switching costs you a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages the switching costs you a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltages the switching costs you a lot
+and you really focus on you know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you really focus on you know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you really focus on you know how to
+minimize that okay but in some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that okay but in some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minimize that okay but in some
+cases you know I have really good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you know I have really good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cases you know I have really good
+mosfets at low voltage I can switch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfets at low voltage I can switch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mosfets at low voltage I can switch a
+lot right I don't have to say I can only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right I don't have to say I can only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot right I don't have to say I can only
+switch 10 times for AC cycle I'm trying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch 10 times for AC cycle I'm trying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch 10 times for AC cycle I'm trying
+to Sy size 60 HZ I could switch 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sy size 60 HZ I could switch 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to Sy size 60 HZ I could switch 100
+times more um I think that inverter up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more um I think that inverter up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times more um I think that inverter up
+there in the application that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the application that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the application that we're
+doing I forget how many switchings per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I forget how many switchings per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing I forget how many switchings per
+half cycle we do but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half cycle we do but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half cycle we do but
+it's I want to I want to say it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I want to I want to say it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I want to I want to say it's
+something on the order of 50 or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of 50 or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something on the order of 50 or
+something right actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it's no it's more than that so it's it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no it's more than that so it's it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's no it's more than that so it's it's
+pretty high okay so you can switch a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high okay so you can switch a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty high okay so you can switch a lot
+all right if you're at low power or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if you're at low power or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right if you're at low power or
+lower voltage actually that's not even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower voltage actually that's not even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lower voltage actually that's not even
+particular because low voltage is like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because low voltage is like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because low voltage is like I
+said 720 Volt Bus but um and that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said 720 Volt Bus but um and that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+said 720 Volt Bus but um and that one
+switches at 80 khz to synthesize a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches at 80 khz to synthesize a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches at 80 khz to synthesize a
+couple KZ output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple KZ output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple KZ output
+signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal
+um with some caveats that I'll explain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with some caveats that I'll explain
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um with some caveats that I'll explain
+shortly here but suppose I can switch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly here but suppose I can switch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shortly here but suppose I can switch a
+lot how would I do that well one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot how would I do that well one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot how would I do that well one of the
+things I told you was you know if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I told you was you know if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I told you was you know if you're
+trying to do this harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do this harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do this harmonic
+elimination man you got to time those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination man you got to time those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+elimination man you got to time those
+angles really carefully right otherwise
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles really carefully right otherwise
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angles really carefully right otherwise
+it doesn't work out too well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work out too well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it doesn't work out too well
+right and even the same's true of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and even the same's true of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and even the same's true of
+harmonic cancellation because you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation because you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harmonic cancellation because you're
+phase shifting stuff right so you got to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shifting stuff right so you got to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phase shifting stuff right so you got to
+get your angles right in order to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your angles right in order to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get your angles right in order to do
+very precise harmonic elimination but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise harmonic elimination but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very precise harmonic elimination but if
+you take the the handcuffs off on how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the the handcuffs off on how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you take the the handcuffs off on how
+fast you can go you can switch a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast you can go you can switch a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fast you can go you can switch a lot of
+times how do you decide how fast you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times how do you decide how fast you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times how do you decide how fast you
+want how do you want to decide how you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want how do you want to decide how you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want how do you want to decide how you
+want to switch to synthesize a sinusoid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to switch to synthesize a sinusoid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to switch to synthesize a sinusoid
+for example okay but I'll ask even a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example okay but I'll ask even a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example okay but I'll ask even a
+broader question what if it isn't a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader question what if it isn't a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+broader question what if it isn't a
+sinusoid I want to synthesize and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid I want to synthesize and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusoid I want to synthesize and in
+some cases I don't even know ahead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases I don't even know ahead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases I don't even know ahead of
+time what I want to synthesize so for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what I want to synthesize so for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time what I want to synthesize so for
+example if I want to build a switch mode
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I want to build a switch mode
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if I want to build a switch mode
+audio power amplifier right I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio power amplifier right I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audio power amplifier right I want to
+play music out this thing I may not know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play music out this thing I may not know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+play music out this thing I may not know
+ahead of time what the waveform I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time what the waveform I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead of time what the waveform I want
+to synthesize this is different every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to synthesize this is different every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to synthesize this is different every
+day right it depends what button the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day right it depends what button the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day right it depends what button the
+person pushes on their iPod right so um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person pushes on their iPod right so um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person pushes on their iPod right so um
+or what you select on Spotify so I need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you select on Spotify so I need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or what you select on Spotify so I need
+some way to take an arbitrary waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to take an arbitrary waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some way to take an arbitrary waveform
+and synthesize an arbitrary AC output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and synthesize an arbitrary AC output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and synthesize an arbitrary AC output
+signal very quickly okay and there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal very quickly okay and there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal very quickly okay and there's
+again different ways you can do that but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again different ways you can do that but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again different ways you can do that but
+I will show you one that's very common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will show you one that's very common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I will show you one that's very common
+and this is sometimes called um s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sometimes called um s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is sometimes called um s
+triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle
+pwm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay pwm is again again pulsewidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pwm is again again pulsewidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay pwm is again again pulsewidth
+modulation so we're going to modulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation so we're going to modulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation so we're going to modulate
+the widths of individual pulses in order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the widths of individual pulses in order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the widths of individual pulses in order
+to control the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control the
+output s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output s
+triangle pwm or S triangle intercept pwm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle pwm or S triangle intercept pwm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle pwm or S triangle intercept pwm
+speaks to the way I would do it if I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to the way I would do it if I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaks to the way I would do it if I was
+trying to synthesize a sine wave okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to synthesize a sine wave okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to synthesize a sine wave okay
+but we don't have to synthesize a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have to synthesize a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we don't have to synthesize a sine
+wave we can synthesize whatever we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave we can synthesize whatever we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave we can synthesize whatever we want
+and here's the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and here's the idea
+suppose I take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose I take
+um some triangular carrier waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some triangular carrier waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some triangular carrier waveform
+here okay so and I'm going to make I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so and I'm going to make I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here okay so and I'm going to make I'm
+going to draw this as triangles
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw this as triangles
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to draw this as triangles
+like this with some period
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with some period
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this with some period
+T like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this and T is going to set my switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+period and so forth okay so 2T Etc and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and so forth okay so 2T Etc and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period and so forth okay so 2T Etc and
+then suppose I have some reference wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suppose I have some reference wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then suppose I have some reference wave
+form VRE that's doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this okay so here's V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so here's V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this okay so here's V
+ref what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref what I'm going to do is I'm going to
+have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a
+comparator okay that is going to say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator okay that is going to say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator okay that is going to say
+take it the positive input
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it the positive input
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take it the positive input
+VRE and at the negative input the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VRE and at the negative input the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VRE and at the negative input the
+triangle wave and output is going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle wave and output is going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle wave and output is going to
+come Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come Q of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+come Q of
+T okay if I was doing this on a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay if I was doing this on a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T okay if I was doing this on a half
+Bridge right what would I be thinking I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge right what would I be thinking I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge right what would I be thinking I
+would say this gets Q of T and this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say this gets Q of T and this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would say this gets Q of T and this gets
+Q Prime of T is equal to 1 minus Q of T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Prime of T is equal to 1 minus Q of T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Q Prime of T is equal to 1 minus Q of T
+right so whenever he's on he's off and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so whenever he's on he's off and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so whenever he's on he's off and
+vice versa okay so what is the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa okay so what is the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vice versa okay so what is the idea
+here the idea here is the following if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the idea here is the following if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the idea here is the following if I
+run through this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run through this
+comparator okay what I'm going to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator okay what I'm going to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparator okay what I'm going to get
+for my Q of T is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my Q of T is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for my Q of T is the
+following whenever the reference exceeds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following whenever the reference exceeds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following whenever the reference exceeds
+the triangle wave I'm going to be on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle wave I'm going to be on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the triangle wave I'm going to be on so
+here my switch is going to be on here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my switch is going to be on here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here my switch is going to be on here's
+Q of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+T is going to be on on here and maybe a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is going to be on on here and maybe a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T is going to be on on here and maybe a
+tiny time here right when I come to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny time here right when I come to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tiny time here right when I come to the
+next cycle and my reference is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+bigger right I synthesize a wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger right I synthesize a wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger right I synthesize a wider
+pulse okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse okay
+here the reference is bigger and I've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the reference is bigger and I've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the reference is bigger and I've
+got an even wider
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an even wider
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got an even wider
+pulse my height shouldn't be growing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse my height shouldn't be growing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pulse my height shouldn't be growing
+here the heights are all the same okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the heights are all the same okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here the heights are all the same okay
+here it's an even wider pulse and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's an even wider pulse and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here it's an even wider pulse and so
+forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth
+okay so what happens is the fraction of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+time all right so each of these is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so each of these is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time all right so each of these is
+spaced T 2 T 3 T 4T Etc so the spacing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced T 2 T 3 T 4T Etc so the spacing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spaced T 2 T 3 T 4T Etc so the spacing
+of the switching is constant right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the switching is constant right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the switching is constant right I
+have a constant switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a constant switching
+frequency the pulse width that I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the pulse width that I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency the pulse width that I'm going
+to get in any capital T seconds is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in any capital T seconds is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get in any capital T seconds is going
+to be prop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be prop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be prop
+propal to the if I call this if I called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propal to the if I call this if I called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+propal to the if I call this if I called
+this triangle height h d of T in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle height h d of T in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this triangle height h d of T in any
+cycle is going to be equal to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is going to be equal to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle is going to be equal to the
+magnitude of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+magnitude of
+VRE over
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VRE over
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VRE over
+H okay why because for a triangle wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H okay why because for a triangle wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+H okay why because for a triangle wave
+if this was flat it's just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was flat it's just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this was flat it's just the
+percentage of you know if I go from one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of you know if I go from one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+percentage of you know if I go from one
+down to zero just linearly so the duty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero just linearly so the duty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+down to zero just linearly so the duty
+cycle in any given time and hence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in any given time and hence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle in any given time and hence the
+average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average value
+you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you
+know V1 average over over a switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know V1 average over over a switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know V1 average over over a switching
+period is going to be precisely D which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is going to be precisely D which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+period is going to be precisely D which
+is precisely the ratio of VRE to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely the ratio of VRE to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is precisely the ratio of VRE to the top
+of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the
+triangle any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that now if you recall this is sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now if you recall this is sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now if you recall this is sort of
+the exact same trick we talked about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same trick we talked about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same trick we talked about
+doing with dcddc converters right we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with dcddc converters right we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing with dcddc converters right we we
+just had a Sawtooth and we compared it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had a Sawtooth and we compared it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just had a Sawtooth and we compared it
+to the level of a signal here I used a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the level of a signal here I used a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to the level of a signal here I used a
+triangle wave like a balanced triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle wave like a balanced triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle wave like a balanced triangle
+wave you could do this with a triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave you could do this with a triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave you could do this with a triangle
+wave you could do this with a Sawtooth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave you could do this with a Sawtooth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave you could do this with a Sawtooth
+with a capital period T you could do it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a capital period T you could do it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a capital period T you could do it
+with a reverse Sawtooth you know like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reverse Sawtooth you know like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a reverse Sawtooth you know like
+this all of those things work but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all of those things work but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this all of those things work but what
+happens is all of them will give you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is all of them will give you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens is all of them will give you the
+same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same
+average on time or average high time or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average on time or average high time or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average on time or average high time or
+the a same average V1 over a switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a same average V1 over a switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the a same average V1 over a switching
+cycle okay but what differs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay but what differs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle okay but what differs
+boy that's a bad
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy that's a bad
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+boy that's a bad
+drawing what differs among these is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing what differs among these is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+drawing what differs among these is um
+what differ among these is the harmonic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what differ among these is the harmonic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what differ among these is the harmonic
+content right so the high frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content right so the high frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content right so the high frequency
+switching content how much is there and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching content how much is there and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching content how much is there and
+what does it look like uh depends upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it look like uh depends upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does it look like uh depends upon
+whether I use this waveform or this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I use this waveform or this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether I use this waveform or this
+waveform at DC the local average value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform at DC the local average value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+waveform at DC the local average value
+doesn't vary and it turns out that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vary and it turns out that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't vary and it turns out that the
+balanced triangle wave tends to give you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced triangle wave tends to give you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced triangle wave tends to give you
+less harmonics than anything else or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less harmonics than anything else or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+less harmonics than anything else or
+gives you less high frequency content or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you less high frequency content or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you less high frequency content or
+better shaped high frequency content so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better shaped high frequency content so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better shaped high frequency content so
+mostly for inverters people use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for inverters people use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for inverters people use a
+balanced triangle like wave like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced triangle like wave like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced triangle like wave like this
+mostly for dcds converters where they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for dcds converters where they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mostly for dcds converters where they
+don't care about the switching Ripple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the switching Ripple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't care about the switching Ripple
+the detailed harmonic content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detailed harmonic content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the detailed harmonic content of
+switching Ripple they often use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching Ripple they often use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching Ripple they often use a
+Sawtooth because it's a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sawtooth because it's a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sawtooth because it's a little bit
+easier to generate but either of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to generate but either of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+easier to generate but either of them
+are legit and either of them do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are legit and either of them do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are legit and either of them do the same
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+questions and I will say that by the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I will say that by the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+questions and I will say that by the way
+if if I want to synthesize of s W
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I want to synthesize of s W
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if I want to synthesize of s W
+voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage
+um this will let me do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this will let me do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this will let me do that
+um one way I could do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one way I could do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um one way I could do
+this you know I'm showing this for you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know I'm showing this for you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this you know I'm showing this for you
+know one half bridge but we don't have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one half bridge but we don't have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one half bridge but we don't have a
+half Bridge right we tend to have a full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Bridge right we tend to have a full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Bridge right we tend to have a full
+bridge two half bridges that are sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge two half bridges that are sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge two half bridges that are sort of
+working together and now there are a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together and now there are a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working together and now there are a lot
+of ways I can do my control right one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways I can do my control right one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of ways I can do my control right one
+thing I might do is say look this scheme
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I might do is say look this scheme
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I might do is say look this scheme
+if I have a triangle between zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a triangle between zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if I have a triangle between zero and
+some positive number call it zero and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive number call it zero and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some positive number call it zero and
+one I can take then a reference voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can take then a reference voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one I can take then a reference voltage
+and make my reference voltage between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make my reference voltage between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and make my reference voltage between
+zero and VDC I can synthesize an average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and VDC I can synthesize an average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and VDC I can synthesize an average
+voltage between zero and VDC with a half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage between zero and VDC with a half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage between zero and VDC with a half
+Bridge okay well maybe what I'll do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge okay well maybe what I'll do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge okay well maybe what I'll do is
+I'll just do that right here with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do that right here with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll just do that right here with this
+half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half
+Bridge Okay so based on the triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge Okay so based on the triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Bridge Okay so based on the triangle
+comparison I can synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison I can synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison I can synthesize
+this voltage to be anywhere between Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voltage to be anywhere between Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this voltage to be anywhere between Z
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+VDC if I want my output to be positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC if I want my output to be positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC if I want my output to be positive
+maybe I just turn on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just turn on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe I just turn on this
+switch and I can synthesize anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and I can synthesize anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch and I can synthesize anything
+between V Zer and VDC on this side so VX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between V Zer and VDC on this side so VX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between V Zer and VDC on this side so VX
+is between Zer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between Zer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is between Zer and
+VDC or if I want my vx to be negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC or if I want my vx to be negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+VDC or if I want my vx to be negative
+I'll turn on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll turn on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll turn on this
+switch I'll make this signal Q of and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch I'll make this signal Q of and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch I'll make this signal Q of and
+I'll switch this guy just the opposite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll switch this guy just the opposite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'll switch this guy just the opposite
+and I can synthesize sort of my load
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can synthesize sort of my load
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I can synthesize sort of my load
+voltage going negative from the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage going negative from the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage going negative from the top
+okay so in that case I would have one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in that case I would have one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so in that case I would have one
+half Bridge that's doing pulsewidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Bridge that's doing pulsewidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Bridge that's doing pulsewidth
+modulation and another half Bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation and another half Bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulation and another half Bridge
+that's doing what we call unfolding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's doing what we call unfolding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's doing what we call unfolding
+deciding am I going to get a positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding am I going to get a positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+deciding am I going to get a positive
+output or a negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or a negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output or a negative
+output all right why when would I like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output all right why when would I like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output all right why when would I like
+to do that I would like to do that when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that I would like to do that when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do that I would like to do that when
+I have one set of switches that's really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one set of switches that's really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I have one set of switches that's really
+good at high frequency switching and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at high frequency switching and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good at high frequency switching and
+another set of switches that's got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of switches that's got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of switches that's got
+really low conduction loss but they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low conduction loss but they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really low conduction loss but they
+don't switch very often because they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't switch very often because they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't switch very often because they
+only switch when the voltage reverses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only switch when the voltage reverses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only switch when the voltage reverses
+any questions about that kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+scheme now that scheme's good if I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme now that scheme's good if I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scheme now that scheme's good if I have
+two different kinds of switches but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different kinds of switches but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two different kinds of switches but on
+the other hand a lot of time if I'm just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand a lot of time if I'm just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other hand a lot of time if I'm just
+going to have four switches like in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have four switches like in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to have four switches like in that
+board I pass around all the four
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I pass around all the four
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+board I pass around all the four
+switches are the same right that's maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches are the same right that's maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches are the same right that's maybe
+not a great way to do it I'd like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a great way to do it I'd like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not a great way to do it I'd like to
+balance my switching across all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance my switching across all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balance my switching across all the
+switches right so maybe another way I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches right so maybe another way I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches right so maybe another way I
+could do it is shown
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+here um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is the scheme I just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the scheme I just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is the scheme I just
+described to you all right so um we will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described to you all right so um we will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+described to you all right so um we will
+make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make
+the we will kind of put through the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we will kind of put through the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the we will kind of put through the
+reference waveform that's if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference waveform that's if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference waveform that's if I'm
+synthesizing a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesizing a sine
+wave I will make one side modulate like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I will make one side modulate like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave I will make one side modulate like
+this and then I'll flip the switches on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I'll flip the switches on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then I'll flip the switches on
+the other side to unfold it and get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side to unfold it and get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other side to unfold it and get the
+signal I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal I
+want okay or I could say okay when my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay or I could say okay when my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want okay or I could say okay when my
+output voltage is positive I'll modulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is positive I'll modulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is positive I'll modulate
+this side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this side of the
+bridge and hold this switch on when my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge and hold this switch on when my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge and hold this switch on when my
+output voltage is negative I'll hold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is negative I'll hold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output voltage is negative I'll hold
+this switch on and modulate this side of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch on and modulate this side of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this switch on and modulate this side of
+the bridge and I can do it with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bridge and I can do it with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the bridge and I can do it with the same
+signal okay that way the waveforms are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal okay that way the waveforms are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal okay that way the waveforms are
+balanced across the two half Bridges one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced across the two half Bridges one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+balanced across the two half Bridges one
+half Bridge switches when it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Bridge switches when it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half Bridge switches when it's positive
+and the other one has one switch on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one has one switch on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other one has one switch on the
+other switch switches when it's positive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other switch switches when it's positive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other switch switches when it's positive
+and the other half Bridge has one switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other half Bridge has one switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the other half Bridge has one switch
+on does that make sense everybody which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on does that make sense everybody which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on does that make sense everybody which
+one do I use depends on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do I use depends on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one do I use depends on my
+design okay now I'll show you the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design okay now I'll show you the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+design okay now I'll show you the
+technique that actually gets used in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that actually gets used in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that actually gets used in the
+system that that board's going into and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that that board's going into and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+system that that board's going into and
+that looks more like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks more like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that looks more like
+this and this is kind of cool because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is kind of cool because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and this is kind of cool because
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this
+um this basically relates back to what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this basically relates back to what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this basically relates back to what
+we're talking about about interleaving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about about interleaving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about about interleaving
+and harmonic cancellation only now I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and harmonic cancellation only now I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and harmonic cancellation only now I'm
+not thinking about harmonic cancellation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not thinking about harmonic cancellation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not thinking about harmonic cancellation
+of the fundamental waveform but we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental waveform but we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the fundamental waveform but we're
+rather the switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather the switching
+contents okay here's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents okay here's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+contents okay here's the
+trick okay suppose I have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick okay suppose I have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trick okay suppose I have two
+comparators and I'll have one triangle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparators and I'll have one triangle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparators and I'll have one triangle
+wave and let me make the triangle wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and let me make the triangle wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave and let me make the triangle wave
+bipolar goes from minus one to plus one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar goes from minus one to plus one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bipolar goes from minus one to plus one
+and then I'm going to have a reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to have a reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then I'm going to have a reference
+signal that goes you know like this okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that goes you know like this okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal that goes you know like this okay
+and so what am I going to do the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what am I going to do the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so what am I going to do the top
+bridge I'm going to switch when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge I'm going to switch when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bridge I'm going to switch when the
+reference signal is bigger than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference signal is bigger than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference signal is bigger than the
+triangle wave just like I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle wave just like I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+triangle wave just like I told
+you okay but now the triangle wave goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay but now the triangle wave goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you okay but now the triangle wave goes
+to minus one the the the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus one the the the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to minus one the the the reference
+signal can go to minus one I've just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal can go to minus one I've just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal can go to minus one I've just
+shifted them both down the other bridge
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted them both down the other bridge
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shifted them both down the other bridge
+I do the same thing except that I put
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the same thing except that I put
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I do the same thing except that I put
+negative one on the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one on the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative one on the reference
+signal okay so basically the other guy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal okay so basically the other guy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal okay so basically the other guy
+switches 180 degrees out of phase of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches 180 degrees out of phase of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switches 180 degrees out of phase of the
+switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching
+frequency and I get an output switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and I get an output switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency and I get an output switching
+wave for that's also pulsewidth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave for that's also pulsewidth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave for that's also pulsewidth
+modulated but if each of these clocks or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated but if each of these clocks or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+modulated but if each of these clocks or
+if this clock was at 100 khz the output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this clock was at 100 khz the output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if this clock was at 100 khz the output
+Ripple basically would be near 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple basically would be near 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple basically would be near 200
+khz okay so like the left side of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz okay so like the left side of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz okay so like the left side of the
+half left half bridge is switching at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half left half bridge is switching at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half left half bridge is switching at
+100 khz the right half bridge is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 khz the right half bridge is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+100 khz the right half bridge is
+switching at 100 khz but the Ripple that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching at 100 khz but the Ripple that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching at 100 khz but the Ripple that
+I get at the output because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get at the output because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I get at the output because the
+fundamentals are cancelling of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals are cancelling of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fundamentals are cancelling of the
+Ripple frequency is like 200 khz or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple frequency is like 200 khz or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ripple frequency is like 200 khz or
+there's some it's it's around 200 khz
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some it's it's around 200 khz
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's some it's it's around 200 khz
+because there's some very slight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's some very slight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's some very slight
+variation in the frequency content of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the frequency content of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variation in the frequency content of
+the output because of the the reference
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output because of the the reference
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the output because of the the reference
+but if I was putting out a DC signal it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I was putting out a DC signal it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but if I was putting out a DC signal it
+would be 200
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 200
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be 200
+khz any questions about that and in fact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz any questions about that and in fact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+khz any questions about that and in fact
+that's what we do in that design where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do in that design where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what we do in that design where
+is the reference signal coming from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reference signal coming from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the reference signal coming from like
+is this whole idea just to amplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this whole idea just to amplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this whole idea just to amplify the
+reference that's an excellent question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that's an excellent question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that's an excellent question
+where is the reference signal coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the reference signal coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where is the reference signal coming
+from the reference signal is coming from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reference signal is coming from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the reference signal is coming from
+whatever telling you whatever you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever telling you whatever you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever telling you whatever you want
+for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for your
+output okay so in our case we might say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay so in our case we might say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output okay so in our case we might say
+for some operating condition I want you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some operating condition I want you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for some operating condition I want you
+know this many volts AC sinusoid at my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this many volts AC sinusoid at my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know this many volts AC sinusoid at my
+output at certain frequency and feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at certain frequency and feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output at certain frequency and feed
+that in you know feed that through a DAC
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in you know feed that through a DAC
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that in you know feed that through a DAC
+and put that into a signed triangle or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put that into a signed triangle or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and put that into a signed triangle or
+do the digital equivalent of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the digital equivalent of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do the digital equivalent of that
+right or if I wanted to build an audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or if I wanted to build an audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right or if I wanted to build an audio
+amplifier right I might have some DDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier right I might have some DDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifier right I might have some DDA
+converter that's spitting out my audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that's spitting out my audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converter that's spitting out my audio
+signal and this is the audio signal that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and this is the audio signal that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+signal and this is the audio signal that
+I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to
+amplify and the voltage across the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify and the voltage across the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplify and the voltage across the
+output is going to be the Amplified
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is going to be the Amplified
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output is going to be the Amplified
+version of this reference signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this reference signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+version of this reference signal
+right so if that's Mozart Mozart comes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if that's Mozart Mozart comes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if that's Mozart Mozart comes
+out the other end at high power into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other end at high power into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out the other end at high power into
+your maybe this is a model for your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your maybe this is a model for your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your maybe this is a model for your
+speaker coil that Mak sense in fact I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker coil that Mak sense in fact I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speaker coil that Mak sense in fact I
+should say most audio amps today if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say most audio amps today if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say most audio amps today if you
+go buy an A Car Audio amp or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go buy an A Car Audio amp or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go buy an A Car Audio amp or something
+like that they tend to use switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that they tend to use switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like that they tend to use switching
+amplifiers they don't use linear amps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers they don't use linear amps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amplifiers they don't use linear amps
+anymore because they are just way way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because they are just way way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anymore because they are just way way
+more power efficient same same reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power efficient same same reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more power efficient same same reason
+why you go to a dcd's converter instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you go to a dcd's converter instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you go to a dcd's converter instead
+of a linear regulator people do audio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a linear regulator people do audio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a linear regulator people do audio
+amps with switching these days
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps with switching these days
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amps with switching these days
+excellent question other questions yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question other questions yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excellent question other questions yeah
+what is the input frequency limit for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the input frequency limit for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is the input frequency limit for
+the input signal Ah that's a good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input signal Ah that's a good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the input signal Ah that's a good
+question so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question so
+um there's a couple things that drive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a couple things that drive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a couple things that drive
+that one of them is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of them is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that one of them is
+that the output frequency if I if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the output frequency if I if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the output frequency if I if I
+actually looked at the Spectrum of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked at the Spectrum of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually looked at the Spectrum of the
+output VX it kind of contains mixing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output VX it kind of contains mixing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output VX it kind of contains mixing
+between the reference signal and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the reference signal and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between the reference signal and the
+um pwm carrier signal so generally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pwm carrier signal so generally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um pwm carrier signal so generally you
+need the reference you want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the reference you want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need the reference you want to
+synthesize typically you want it to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize typically you want it to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+synthesize typically you want it to be
+much lower frequency content than the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower frequency content than the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much lower frequency content than the
+carrier right and how high a carrier
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier right and how high a carrier
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carrier right and how high a carrier
+that depends on how much Distortion you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on how much Distortion you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that depends on how much Distortion you
+want to allow in your say your output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to allow in your say your output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to allow in your say your output
+voltage or current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage or current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage or current
+okay uh the other kind of thing you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the other kind of thing you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay uh the other kind of thing you have
+to think about is what does that look
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is what does that look
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think about is what does that look
+like compared to this load right so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like compared to this load right so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like compared to this load right so if
+this load was inductive resistive the R
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this load was inductive resistive the R
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this load was inductive resistive the R
+overl constant you have to have your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overl constant you have to have your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overl constant you have to have your
+switching frequency high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency high
+enough that the switching stuff's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the switching stuff's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough that the switching stuff's going
+to get filtered and you want the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get filtered and you want the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to get filtered and you want the signal
+you want to get through that to be cut
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get through that to be cut
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to get through that to be cut
+off enough that it really kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off enough that it really kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off enough that it really kind of
+generates the current or or if there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates the current or or if there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generates the current or or if there's
+you know if you were interested in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you were interested in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if you were interested in the
+amount getting across the resistor you'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount getting across the resistor you'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amount getting across the resistor you'd
+have to have an upper bound on that from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have an upper bound on that from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to have an upper bound on that from
+that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that
+too yeah so would this technique be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too yeah so would this technique be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too yeah so would this technique be used
+for a solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for a solar
+in sure sure okay but that that's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sure sure okay but that that's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in sure sure okay but that that's a very
+good question if what I was trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question if what I was trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good question if what I was trying to do
+is do something grid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do something grid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is do something grid
+forming right meaning I want my inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming right meaning I want my inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forming right meaning I want my inverter
+to create the grid I want an AC output
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the grid I want an AC output
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create the grid I want an AC output
+voltage yes I would you know synthesize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage yes I would you know synthesize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage yes I would you know synthesize
+a sine wave that would be you know if I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine wave that would be you know if I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a sine wave that would be you know if I
+wanted to keep it simple single phase
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to keep it simple single phase
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to keep it simple single phase
+120 volts is 170 Peak and i' chop it at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 volts is 170 Peak and i' chop it at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+120 volts is 170 Peak and i' chop it at
+Whatever frequency and i' filter it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whatever frequency and i' filter it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whatever frequency and i' filter it and
+then I'd get across my load the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd get across my load the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I'd get across my load the the
+voltage I wanted hopefully okay if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I wanted hopefully okay if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage I wanted hopefully okay if
+however ever I'm not a grid forming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however ever I'm not a grid forming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however ever I'm not a grid forming
+inverter I just want to stick current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter I just want to stick current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter I just want to stick current
+into the AC grid then I don't control
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the AC grid then I don't control
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the AC grid then I don't control
+voltage what I control current right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage what I control current right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+voltage what I control current right I
+would like to be a current Source into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be a current Source into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would like to be a current Source into
+the grid preferably looking like a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid preferably looking like a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the grid preferably looking like a sine
+wave excellent question how do I do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave excellent question how do I do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave excellent question how do I do that
+one thing I might want to do is say okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I might want to do is say okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one thing I might want to do is say okay
+I know that I want to put you know from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that I want to put you know from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know that I want to put you know from
+my solar current from my solar panel I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solar current from my solar panel I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my solar current from my solar panel I
+have to generate so much power into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to generate so much power into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to generate so much power into the
+grid that means I want a 1 amp sine wave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid that means I want a 1 amp sine wave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid that means I want a 1 amp sine wave
+so will have some I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so will have some I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so will have some I
+reference that might be a 1 amp sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that might be a 1 amp sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference that might be a 1 amp sine
+wave going into the grid right what I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave going into the grid right what I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave going into the grid right what I'll
+do is I will compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I will compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is I will compare
+that to I inverter right so I will come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to I inverter right so I will come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to I inverter right so I will come
+back to my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my
+inverter I will measure this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter I will measure this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter I will measure this
+current I'll call that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I'll call that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current I'll call that I
+inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter
+right here's I inverter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay and then I'll that'll be this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I'll that'll be this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and then I'll that'll be this is
+the error current I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error current I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the error current I
+error I'll put that in through some big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I'll put that in through some big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error I'll put that in through some big
+gain
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+compensator basically I'll amplify the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator basically I'll amplify the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+compensator basically I'll amplify the
+error and then I will use that to create
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and then I will use that to create
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+error and then I will use that to create
+vref right so the bigger the error my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vref right so the bigger the error my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vref right so the bigger the error my
+current's too low I get a bigger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current's too low I get a bigger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current's too low I get a bigger
+reference drives the current up and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference drives the current up and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reference drives the current up and you
+close the loop that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the loop that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+close the loop that
+way okay did I ref is from saying how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay did I ref is from saying how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way okay did I ref is from saying how
+much current do I want to stick into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much current do I want to stick into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much current do I want to stick into the
+grid and that's a question of power and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and that's a question of power and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grid and that's a question of power and
+that comes from Maximum PowerPoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from Maximum PowerPoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that comes from Maximum PowerPoint
+tracking on your on your design and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking on your on your design and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tracking on your on your design and I
+should say by the way there's a lot of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say by the way there's a lot of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should say by the way there's a lot of
+applications where we control current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where we control current
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applications where we control current
+the going injecting into the grid from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the going injecting into the grid from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the going injecting into the grid from a
+solar from solar panels is one another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar from solar panels is one another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solar from solar panels is one another
+thing is if I have a motor right torque
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if I have a motor right torque
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing is if I have a motor right torque
+is proportional to current right so in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to current right so in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is proportional to current right so in a
+lot of motor Drive applications I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of motor Drive applications I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of motor Drive applications I don't
+just control voltage I say how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just control voltage I say how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just control voltage I say how much
+sinusal current do I want to feed it and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusal current do I want to feed it and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sinusal current do I want to feed it and
+so I've got a ultim I'm trying my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got a ultim I'm trying my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I've got a ultim I'm trying my
+command the thing that's I'm controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command the thing that's I'm controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+command the thing that's I'm controlling
+to control torque for example it's going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control torque for example it's going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to control torque for example it's going
+to be current okay now this is one way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be current okay now this is one way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be current okay now this is one way
+to do things and the beautiful thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things and the beautiful thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do things and the beautiful thing
+about this is everything's more or less
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is everything's more or less
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about this is everything's more or less
+fixed switching frequency right I switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed switching frequency right I switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fixed switching frequency right I switch
+I know exactly how many times I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know exactly how many times I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I know exactly how many times I'm going
+to switch per
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch per
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to switch per
+cycle and I can kind of take that to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and I can kind of take that to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cycle and I can kind of take that to the
+bank because I know maybe my switching
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank because I know maybe my switching
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank because I know maybe my switching
+loss and my loss to my inverter are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and my loss to my inverter are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loss and my loss to my inverter are
+there other ways you can do it sure uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there other ways you can do it sure uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there other ways you can do it sure uh
+here's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's another
+one and the and I should say all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the and I should say all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one and the and I should say all these
+things I say oh you could do this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I say oh you could do this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I say oh you could do this you
+could do this people do all of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this people do all of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could do this people do all of them
+right it just depends on your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it just depends on your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it just depends on your
+application here's another idea maybe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application here's another idea maybe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application here's another idea maybe I
+would do this maybe I would have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do this maybe I would have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would do this maybe I would have some
+current reference I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current reference I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current reference I
+ref and I would have I would create you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref and I would have I would create you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ref and I would have I would create you
+know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know I
+ref plus Delta
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I minus Delta I okay a history band I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus Delta I okay a history band I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I minus Delta I okay a history band I'll
+say okay if I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say okay if I'm
+here turn on the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here turn on the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here turn on the top
+switch so that I have higher voltage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so that I have higher voltage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch so that I have higher voltage
+applied and the i l this this is the I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied and the i l this this is the I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied and the i l this this is the I
+inverter will go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter will go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter will go
+up until I hit this top threshold where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until I hit this top threshold where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up until I hit this top threshold where
+it's I you know it's Delta I too big and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I you know it's Delta I too big and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's I you know it's Delta I too big and
+then it'll turn on the bottom switch and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll turn on the bottom switch and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it'll turn on the bottom switch and
+the current will fall and I'll just chop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current will fall and I'll just chop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the current will fall and I'll just chop
+it like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like
+that okay and if I zoomed out what I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and if I zoomed out what I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that okay and if I zoomed out what I
+would get is some waveform that does
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get is some waveform that does
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would get is some waveform that does
+this and maybe I could synthesize a sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and maybe I could synthesize a sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and maybe I could synthesize a sine
+wave or I could synthesize you know my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave or I could synthesize you know my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave or I could synthesize you know my
+music waveform whatever I wanted so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music waveform whatever I wanted so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+music waveform whatever I wanted so this
+is known as histic current
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+control okay um its Advantage is I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay um its Advantage is I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control okay um its Advantage is I
+guarantee that as once I get into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that as once I get into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+guarantee that as once I get into this
+I'm always going to be within in to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm always going to be within in to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm always going to be within in to
+Delta I of my reference so I kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I of my reference so I kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Delta I of my reference so I kind of
+control the current very directly the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the current very directly the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control the current very directly the
+downside is what rate does this SW thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is what rate does this SW thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+downside is what rate does this SW thing
+switch at well that's a bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch at well that's a bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switch at well that's a bunch of
+analysis but it varies it depends upon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis but it varies it depends upon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analysis but it varies it depends upon
+the load and everything else and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load and everything else and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the load and everything else and the
+band so you don't get to really say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so you don't get to really say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+band so you don't get to really say
+exactly what frequency you're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what frequency you're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exactly what frequency you're going to
+run it you can analyze it but it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it you can analyze it but it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run it you can analyze it but it's a
+variable frequency thing sometimes I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable frequency thing sometimes I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable frequency thing sometimes I
+really don't like that because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't like that because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really don't like that because it
+affects my Emi and my filter design and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects my Emi and my filter design and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affects my Emi and my filter design and
+everything else okay so you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else okay so you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything else okay so you know
+depending upon whether you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon whether you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon whether you want to do
+this this or that just depends on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this or that just depends on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this or that just depends on the
+application people do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application people do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+application people do
+both we are pretty much out of time the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both we are pretty much out of time the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both we are pretty much out of time the
+last thing we'll show you and I I'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing we'll show you and I I'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last thing we'll show you and I I'll
+just show you really quick we talked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you really quick we talked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just show you really quick we talked
+about doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about doing
+pwm and um I'll just show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwm and um I'll just show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pwm and um I'll just show
+you see I got to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+back here you go this is precisely the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here you go this is precisely the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back here you go this is precisely the
+digital equivalent of s Tri angle pwm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital equivalent of s Tri angle pwm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital equivalent of s Tri angle pwm
+and what you can see here is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see here is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what you can see here is that
+um there's a ton of switching going on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a ton of switching going on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um there's a ton of switching going on
+in the blue waveform right that's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blue waveform right that's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the blue waveform right that's the
+inverter output but in the red waveform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter output but in the red waveform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverter output but in the red waveform
+which shows the spectral content at low
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows the spectral content at low
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which shows the spectral content at low
+frequencies you have very much the sine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you have very much the sine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequencies you have very much the sine
+wave you were synthesizing the rest of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave you were synthesizing the rest of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wave you were synthesizing the rest of
+the junk is kind of spit out to very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junk is kind of spit out to very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the junk is kind of spit out to very
+high frequencies that are easy to filter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies that are easy to filter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high frequencies that are easy to filter
+and I'm not even showing them okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not even showing them okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I'm not even showing them okay
+that's how high they are right so if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how high they are right so if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's how high they are right so if you
+really can Pump Up the Volume in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can Pump Up the Volume in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really can Pump Up the Volume in your
+switching frequency you can make very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency you can make very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+switching frequency you can make very
+pure waveforms even though that's you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure waveforms even though that's you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pure waveforms even though that's you
+know extremely distorted all the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know extremely distorted all the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know extremely distorted all the
+Distortion and stuff you don't like is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion and stuff you don't like is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Distortion and stuff you don't like is
+such high frequency you can filter it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such high frequency you can filter it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such high frequency you can filter it
+off and get rid of it and we are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and get rid of it and we are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off and get rid of it and we are
+overtime I apologize we will take up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtime I apologize we will take up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overtime I apologize we will take up a
+slightly different theme on this topic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different theme on this topic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slightly different theme on this topic
+next class
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/uxNfDiKmZ5M.txt b/uxNfDiKmZ5M.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f59a1a32f7f33137cdedab439a07a05ad0199efb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/uxNfDiKmZ5M.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this video we will see how we can add
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will see how we can add
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this video we will see how we can add
+a new variable to our data frame suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new variable to our data frame suppose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a new variable to our data frame suppose
+that we want to add a variable to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to add a variable to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we want to add a variable to our
+USDA data frame that takes the value 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USDA data frame that takes the value 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+USDA data frame that takes the value 1
+if the food has higher sodium than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the food has higher sodium than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if the food has higher sodium than
+average and zero if the food has lower
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and zero if the food has lower
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average and zero if the food has lower
+sodium than average let's do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium than average let's do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium than average let's do this
+step-by-step to check if the first food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step-by-step to check if the first food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+step-by-step to check if the first food
+in the data set has a higher amount of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data set has a higher amount of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the data set has a higher amount of
+sodium compared to the average we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium compared to the average we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium compared to the average we can
+simply ask art to dig up the first value
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply ask art to dig up the first value
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply ask art to dig up the first value
+in the sodium vector using the square
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sodium vector using the square
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the sodium vector using the square
+brackets in the index 1 and then compare
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in the index 1 and then compare
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+brackets in the index 1 and then compare
+using the greater than sign to the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the greater than sign to the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using the greater than sign to the mean
+of the sodium vector and then do not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sodium vector and then do not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the sodium vector and then do not
+forget to remove the non available
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to remove the non available
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forget to remove the non available
+entries and we obtain true how about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and we obtain true how about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entries and we obtain true how about the
+50th food well let's go back using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50th food well let's go back using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50th food well let's go back using the
+up arrow and simply change the index 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up arrow and simply change the index 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up arrow and simply change the index 1
+to 50 and now we get false this means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 50 and now we get false this means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to 50 and now we get false this means
+that the first food has higher sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first food has higher sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the first food has higher sodium
+content than average and the 50th food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content than average and the 50th food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content than average and the 50th food
+has lower sodium content than average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lower sodium content than average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has lower sodium content than average
+now we can write the same command but on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can write the same command but on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now we can write the same command but on
+all the vector sodium let's use the up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vector sodium let's use the up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the vector sodium let's use the up
+arrow and delete the square brackets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and delete the square brackets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow and delete the square brackets
+with the index 50 but we know we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the index 50 but we know we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the index 50 but we know we have
+7,000 foods and we really don't want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,000 foods and we really don't want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+7,000 foods and we really don't want to
+output 7,000 values right now so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output 7,000 values right now so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+output 7,000 values right now so how
+about instead we just save the output to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about instead we just save the output to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about instead we just save the output to
+a vector and we're gonna call it high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and we're gonna call it high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vector and we're gonna call it high
+sodium and now let's look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and now let's look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sodium and now let's look at the
+structure of the high sodium vector and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the high sodium vector and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of the high sodium vector and
+then we see that the high sodium vector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see that the high sodium vector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we see that the high sodium vector
+indeed has all these values true and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed has all these values true and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed has all these values true and
+false which are called logicals so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false which are called logicals so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+false which are called logicals so
+basically the type of the high sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the type of the high sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically the type of the high sodium
+vector is logical but remember we said
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is logical but remember we said
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector is logical but remember we said
+we wanted values ones and zeros so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted values ones and zeros so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wanted values ones and zeros so
+instead of true we want one and instead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of true we want one and instead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+instead of true we want one and instead
+of false we want a value of zero well to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of false we want a value of zero well to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of false we want a value of zero well to
+do this we need to change the data type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we need to change the data type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this we need to change the data type
+of high sodium to numeric and we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high sodium to numeric and we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of high sodium to numeric and we can do
+this using the as the numeric function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using the as the numeric function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this using the as the numeric function
+so let's use the up arrow twice and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use the up arrow twice and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so let's use the up arrow twice and then
+in close this logical expression by the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close this logical expression by the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in close this logical expression by the
+as the numeric function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the numeric function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the numeric function
+so as numeric and now look up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as numeric and now look up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so as numeric and now look up the
+structure of high sodium and now we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of high sodium and now we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structure of high sodium and now we see
+that we turned it into a numerical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we turned it into a numerical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we turned it into a numerical
+vector with values zeros and ones now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with values zeros and ones now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vector with values zeros and ones now
+this vector high sodium is not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector high sodium is not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector high sodium is not
+associated with the USDA data frame how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the USDA data frame how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with the USDA data frame how
+can we add a variable high sodium to our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we add a variable high sodium to our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we add a variable high sodium to our
+data frame well simply we need to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame well simply we need to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame well simply we need to use
+the dollar notation so let's go back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar notation so let's go back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the dollar notation so let's go back
+twice to the command where we created
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice to the command where we created
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+twice to the command where we created
+the high sodium vector and then simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector and then simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the high sodium vector and then simply
+right now instead of just calling it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now instead of just calling it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now instead of just calling it
+high sodium we associated with the USDA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high sodium we associated with the USDA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high sodium we associated with the USDA
+data frame using the dollar notation now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame using the dollar notation now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data frame using the dollar notation now
+pressing enter and going and checking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing enter and going and checking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pressing enter and going and checking
+the structure of the USDA data frame we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the USDA data frame we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the structure of the USDA data frame we
+see that we just added the high sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we just added the high sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we just added the high sodium
+variable that was not present before and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that was not present before and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that was not present before and
+it's a numerical variable with values
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a numerical variable with values
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a numerical variable with values
+ones and zeros now we can do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and zeros now we can do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones and zeros now we can do the same
+and add the variables high protein high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add the variables high protein high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and add the variables high protein high
+carbs high fat similarly to our data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbs high fat similarly to our data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbs high fat similarly to our data
+frame well let's do this quickly using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame well let's do this quickly using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame well let's do this quickly using
+the up arrow and then let's go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow and then let's go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the up arrow and then let's go and
+replace sodium now by protein so again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace sodium now by protein so again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+replace sodium now by protein so again
+your sodium is replaced by protein and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sodium is replaced by protein and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your sodium is replaced by protein and
+then we're going to call this new
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to call this new
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we're going to call this new
+variable high protein and do the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable high protein and do the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable high protein and do the same
+with total fat so instead of protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with total fat so instead of protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with total fat so instead of protein
+we're gonna have total fat and then we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have total fat and then we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're gonna have total fat and then we
+place it here again and the variable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it here again and the variable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+place it here again and the variable
+name is going to be high fat and finally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is going to be high fat and finally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+name is going to be high fat and finally
+carbohydrates so here is the vector of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates so here is the vector of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates so here is the vector of
+carbohydrates and this is to getting the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates and this is to getting the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates and this is to getting the
+carbohydrates vector and finally this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates vector and finally this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbohydrates vector and finally this
+last variable that we want to add is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last variable that we want to add is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last variable that we want to add is
+called high carbs and now looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called high carbs and now looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called high carbs and now looking at
+this structure of the USDA data frame we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure of the USDA data frame we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this structure of the USDA data frame we
+see that we successfully added these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we successfully added these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that we successfully added these
+three new variables which are high
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three new variables which are high
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three new variables which are high
+protein high fat and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein high fat and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein high fat and
+carbs in addition to the high sodium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbs in addition to the high sodium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbs in addition to the high sodium
+variable that we added previously so how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we added previously so how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variable that we added previously so how
+can we now find relationships between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we now find relationships between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we now find relationships between
+these variables and also the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables and also the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these variables and also the original
+variables that we had in the USDA data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we had in the USDA data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+variables that we had in the USDA data
+frame well we're going to be using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame well we're going to be using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frame well we're going to be using the
+table and the T apply functions in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and the T apply functions in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+table and the T apply functions in our
+next video
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vKLqWj0FRyc.txt b/vKLqWj0FRyc.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..557d0189012a642b8de638fb31a64f4270115dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vKLqWj0FRyc.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4024 @@
+The following
+content is provided
+
+under a Creative
+Commons license.
+
+Your support will help MIT
+OpenCourseWare continue
+
+to offer high quality
+educational resources for free.
+
+To make a donation or to
+view additional materials
+
+from hundreds of MIT courses,
+visit MIT OpenCourseWare
+
+at ocw.mit.edu
+
+PROFESSOR: OK, in that
+case, let's get going.
+
+I want to begin by just
+summarizing where we left off
+
+last time, because we're still
+to some extent in the middle
+
+of the same discussion.
+
+We were talking about
+the gravitational effects
+
+of a completely
+homogeneous universe that
+
+fills all of space.
+
+And you recall that
+Newton had concluded
+
+that such a system
+would be stable.
+
+But I was arguing that such
+a system would not be stable,
+
+even given the laws of
+Newtonian mechanics.
+
+And we discussed a few of
+those arguments last time.
+
+We discussed, for example,
+Gauss's law formulation
+
+of Newton's law of gravity.
+
+And I remind you that it's
+a very simple derivation
+
+to go from Newton's
+law of gravity,
+
+as Newton stated it as an
+acceleration at a distance,
+
+to Gauss's law.
+
+What you do is you just show
+that if the acceleration
+
+of gravity is given by Newton's
+law, then for any one particle
+
+creating such a gravitational
+field, Gauss's law holds.
+
+This integral is either
+equal to 0 or minus 4 pi GM,
+
+depending on whether the surface
+that you're integrating over
+
+encloses or does not enclose
+the charge or the mass.
+
+And once you know
+it for one mass,
+
+Newton tells us
+that for many masses
+
+you just add the
+forces as vectors.
+
+And that means that
+you'll be adding up
+
+these integrals for
+each of the particles.
+
+And you're lead automatically
+to the expression we have here.
+
+So really, it
+follows very directly
+
+from Newton's law of gravity.
+
+On the other hand, if we
+apply this formulation
+
+to an infinite distribution
+of mass, if Newton was right
+
+and there were no
+forces, that would
+
+mean that little g, the
+acceleration of gravity,
+
+would be 0 everywhere.
+
+And then, the integral
+on the left would be 0.
+
+But the term on the
+right is clearly not 0,
+
+if we have a volume with
+some nontrivial size that
+
+includes some mass.
+
+So this formulation of
+Newton's law of gravity
+
+clearly shows that an
+infinite distribution of mass
+
+could not be static.
+
+Further, I showed you there's
+another formulation, more
+
+modern, of Newton's
+law of gravity
+
+in terms of what's called
+Poisson's equation.
+
+This was really shown for the
+benefit of people who know it.
+
+If you don't it,
+don't worry about it.
+
+We won't need it.
+
+But it's another way of
+formulating the law of gravity
+
+by introducing a
+gravitational potential, phi,
+
+and writing the
+acceleration of gravity
+
+as minus the gradient of phi.
+
+That just defines phi.
+
+And then, you can show that
+phi obeys Poisson's equation,
+
+del squared on phi is
+equal to 4 pi G times
+
+rho, where rho is
+the mass density.
+
+And again, one can
+see immediately
+
+that this does not allow a
+static distribution of mass.
+
+If the distribution
+of mass was static,
+
+that would mean
+that g vector was 0.
+
+That would mean that
+gradient phi was 0.
+
+That would mean that
+phi was a constant.
+
+And if phi is a constant,
+del squared phi is 0,
+
+and that's inconsistent
+with the Poisson equation.
+
+I might further
+add-- I don't think
+
+I said this last time-- that
+from a modern perspective,
+
+equations like
+Poisson's equation
+
+are considered more
+fundamental than Newton's
+
+original statement
+of the law of gravity
+
+as an action at a distance.
+
+In particular, when
+one wants to generalize
+
+Newton's law, for example,
+to general relativity,
+
+Einstein started with
+Poisson's equation,
+
+not with the force
+law at a distance.
+
+And there's nothing like
+the force law at a distance
+
+and the theory of
+general relativity.
+
+General relativity is formulated
+in a language very similar
+
+to the language of
+Poisson's equation.
+
+The key idea that
+underlies this distinction
+
+is that all the laws of
+physics that we know of
+
+can be expressed in a local way.
+
+Poisson's equation
+is a local equation.
+
+That's just a
+differential equation
+
+that holds at each
+point in space
+
+and doesn't say
+anything about how
+
+something at one point in space
+affects something far away.
+
+That happens as a
+consequence of this equation.
+
+But it happens as a consequence
+of solving the equation.
+
+It's not built into the
+equation to start with.
+
+Continuing.
+
+We then discussed what
+goes on if one does just
+
+try to add up the forces
+using Newton's law
+
+and action at a distance.
+
+And what I argued is that it's
+a conditionally convergent
+
+integral, which means it's
+the kind of integral which
+
+has the property
+that it converges.
+
+But it can converge
+to different things
+
+depending on what
+order you add up
+
+the different parts
+of the integral.
+
+And we considered two
+possible orderings
+
+for adding up the mass.
+
+In all cases, what
+we're talking about here
+
+is just a single
+location, P. And you
+
+can't tell the slide
+is filled with mass,
+
+but think of that
+light cyan as mass.
+
+It fills the entire slide
+and fills the entire universe
+
+in our toy problem here.
+
+So we're interested
+in calculating
+
+the force on some
+point, P, in the midst
+
+of an infinite
+distribution of mass.
+
+And the only thing that
+we're going to do differently
+
+in these two
+calculations is we're
+
+going to add up that mass
+in a different order.
+
+And if we add up
+the mass ordered
+
+by concentric shells about P,
+each consecutive shell clearly
+
+contributes 0 to the force
+at P. And therefore, the sum
+
+in the limit, as we go out
+to infinity, will still be 0.
+
+So for this case,
+we get g equals 0.
+
+We do get no acceleration
+at the point, P,
+
+as long as we add up all
+the masses in that way.
+
+But there's nothing in
+Newton's laws that tell us
+
+what order to add up the forces.
+
+Newton just tells you
+that each mass creates a 1
+
+over r squared force,
+and it's a vector.
+
+And Newton says to
+add the vectors.
+
+Normally, addition
+of vectors commutes.
+
+It doesn't matter what
+order you add them in.
+
+But what we're going
+to be finding here
+
+is that it does
+matter what order.
+
+And therefore, the
+answer is ambiguous.
+
+And to see this, we'll
+consider a different ordering.
+
+Instead-- we'll still
+use spherical shells,
+
+because that's the easiest
+thing to think about.
+
+We could try to
+do something else,
+
+but it's much harder
+to use any other shape.
+
+But this time, we'll
+consider spherical shells
+
+that are centered around
+a different point.
+
+And we'll call the point
+that the spherical shells are
+
+centered around, Q.
+We're still trying
+
+to calculate the
+force at the point, P,
+
+due to the infinite
+mass distribution
+
+that fills space-- so we're
+doing the same problem we did
+
+before-- but we're
+going to add up
+
+the contributions in
+a different order.
+
+And we discussed last
+time that when we do that,
+
+it turns out that all the
+mass inside the sphere,
+
+centered at Q out
+to the radius of P,
+
+contributes to the
+acceleration at P.
+
+And all mass outside
+of that, could
+
+be divided into
+concentric shells, where
+
+the point, P, is inside.
+
+And there's no force
+inside a concentric shell.
+
+So all of the rest of the
+mass contributes zilch.
+
+And the answer you get
+is then simply the answer
+
+that you would have for the
+force of a point mass located
+
+at Q, whose mass was the total
+mass in that shaded region.
+
+And clearly it's nonzero.
+
+And furthermore,
+clearly, we can--
+
+by choosing different points,
+Q-- make this anything we want.
+
+We can make it bigger by putting
+the point, Q, further away;
+
+and it always points in the
+direction of Q. Yeah, points
+
+in the direction
+of Q. So we can let
+
+it point in any direction we
+want by putting the point,
+
+Q, anywhere we want.
+
+So depending on how we
+add up the contributions,
+
+we can get any answer we want.
+
+And that's a
+fundamental ambiguity
+
+in trying to apply Newton using
+only the original statement
+
+of the law of gravity
+as Newton gave it.
+
+OK.
+
+So the conclusion, here, is
+that the action at a distance
+
+description is simply ambiguous.
+
+Descriptions by Gauss's
+law, or Poisson's law,
+
+tell us that the system
+cannot be static.
+
+And we'll soon try to
+figure out exactly how we
+
+do expect it to behave.
+
+Now, I still want come back to
+one argument, which was really
+
+the argument that persuaded
+Newton in the first place.
+
+Newton said that if
+we want to calculate
+
+the acceleration of a certain
+point in this infinite mass
+
+distribution, we have
+a symmetry problem.
+
+All directions from that point
+looking outward look identical.
+
+If there's going to be
+an acceleration acting
+
+on any point, what
+could possibly
+
+determine the direction that
+the acceleration will have.
+
+So that's the symmetry argument,
+which is a very sticky one.
+
+It sounds very convincing,
+in Newton's reasoning.
+
+There could be no acceleration,
+simply because there's
+
+no preferred direction for
+the acceleration to point.
+
+To convince Newton that
+that's not a valid argument
+
+would probably be hard.
+
+And I don't know if we could
+succeed in convincing him
+
+or not.
+
+Don't get the chance to try.
+
+But if we did have
+a chance to try,
+
+what we would try
+to explain to him
+
+is that the acceleration is
+usually measured relative
+
+to an inertial frame.
+
+That's how Newton
+always described it.
+
+And to Newton, there was a
+unique inertial frame-- unique
+
+up to changes in
+velocity-- determined
+
+by the frame of the fixed stars.
+
+That was the language
+that Newton used.
+
+And that defined
+his inertial frame.
+
+And all of his laws
+of physics were
+
+claimed to hold in
+this inertial frame.
+
+On the other hand, if all of
+space is filled with matter
+
+and it's all going to
+collapse as we're claiming,
+
+there isn't any place
+to have any fixed stars.
+
+So the whole idea of an inertial
+frame really disappears.
+
+There's no object, which one
+can think of as being at rest
+
+or being non-accelerating
+with respect
+
+to any would-be inertial frame.
+
+So in the absence of
+an inertial frame,
+
+one really has to admit
+that all accelerations, just
+
+like all velocities,
+have to be measured
+
+as relative accelerations.
+
+We could talk about
+the acceleration
+
+of one mass relative to another.
+
+But we can't talk about what
+the absolute acceleration is
+
+of a given mass,
+because we don't
+
+have an inertial
+frame with which
+
+to compare the acceleration
+of that object.
+
+So when all accelerations
+are relative,
+
+then there are
+more options here.
+
+And it turns out that the right
+option-- the one that we'll
+
+eventually deduce--
+is an option that
+
+looks similar to Hubble's law.
+
+Hubble's law is a
+law about velocities.
+
+And it says that from the
+point of view of any observer,
+
+all the other objects
+will look like they're
+
+moving radially outward
+from that observer.
+
+And in spite of the fact
+that that description makes
+
+it sound, emphatically, like the
+observer you're talking about
+
+is special, you can transform to
+the frame of any other observer
+
+and thus seeing
+exactly the same thing.
+
+So having one observer seeing
+all the other velocities
+
+moving outward from him does
+not violate homogeneity.
+
+It does not violate
+any of the symmetries
+
+that we're trying to
+incorporate in the system.
+
+And the same thing is
+true for acceleration.
+
+So I'm not going to
+try to show it now.
+
+We will be showing it in
+the course of our upcoming
+
+calculations.
+
+But in the kind of
+collapsing universe
+
+that we're going
+to be describing,
+
+any observer can consider
+himself or herself
+
+to be non-accelerating.
+
+And then, that observer would
+see all the other particles
+
+accelerating
+directly towards her.
+
+And although that
+description makes
+
+it sound like the person
+at the center is special,
+
+it's not true.
+
+You can transform to any
+other observer's frame.
+
+And each observer
+can regard himself
+
+as being non-accelerating and
+would see all the other objects
+
+accelerating
+radially towards him.
+
+OK.
+
+So now we are ready
+to go on and try
+
+to build a mathematical
+model, which will tell us
+
+how a uniform distribution
+of mass will behave.
+
+Now in doing this,
+we first would
+
+like to tame the
+issue of infinities.
+
+And we are going to do
+that by starting out
+
+with a finite sphere.
+
+And then at the
+very end, we'll let
+
+the size of that
+sphere go to infinity.
+
+So our goal is to build a
+mathematical model of our toy
+
+universe.
+
+And what we want to
+do is to incorporate
+
+the three features
+that we discussed,
+
+isotropy, homogeneity,
+and Hubble's law.
+
+And we're going to build
+this as a mechanical system,
+
+using the laws of
+mechanics as we know them.
+
+We're, in fact, going to be
+using a Newtonian description.
+
+But I will assure
+you that although we
+
+are using a Newtonian
+description,
+
+the answer that we'll get will
+in fact be the exact answer
+
+that we would have gotten
+with general relativity.
+
+And we'll talk later
+about why that's the case.
+
+But we're not wasting
+our time doing
+
+only an approximate calculation.
+
+This actually is a
+completely valid calculation,
+
+which gives us, in the end,
+entirely the correct answer.
+
+So we're going to
+model our universe
+
+by introducing a
+coordinate system.
+
+I'm now just going
+to really re-draw
+
+the picture that's up there.
+
+But if I draw it down here,
+I can point to it better.
+
+We're going to imagine
+starting at our toy universe
+
+as a finite sized
+sphere of matter.
+
+And we're going
+to let t sub i be
+
+equal to the time of
+the initial picture.
+
+t sub i need not be
+particularly special in any way,
+
+in terms of the life
+of our universe.
+
+Once we construct
+the picture, we'll
+
+be able to calculate
+how it would behave--
+
+at times later than ti and
+at times earlier than ti.
+
+ti is just where
+we are starting.
+
+At time, ti, we will give
+our sphere a maximum size.
+
+I'm calling it
+maximum, because I'm
+
+thinking of this as
+filled with particles.
+
+It's, therefore, the maximum
+radius for any particle.
+
+It's just the radius
+of the sphere.
+
+So R sub max i is just
+the initial radius.
+
+An initial means
+at time, t sub i.
+
+We're going to fill
+the sphere with matter.
+
+And we'll think of
+this matter as being
+
+a kind of a uniform fluid, or
+a dust of very small particles,
+
+which we can also
+think of as a fluid.
+
+And it will have a mass
+density, rho sub i.
+
+OK.
+
+So it's already homogeneous and
+isotropic, at least isotropic
+
+about the center.
+
+And now, we want to
+incorporate Hubble's law.
+
+So we're going to start all of
+this matter, in our toy system
+
+here, expanding and expanding
+in precisely the pattern
+
+that Hubble's law requires--
+namely, all velocities will
+
+be moving out from the center
+with a magnitude proportional
+
+to the distance.
+
+So if I label a
+particle by-- I'm sorry,
+
+v sub i is just for initial.
+
+For any particle--
+there's no way
+
+we're indicating a particle--
+at the initial time,
+
+the velocity will just
+obey Hubble's law.
+
+It will be equal to some
+constant, which I'll call H sub
+
+i-- the initial value
+of the Hubble expansion
+
+rate-- times the
+vector r, which is just
+
+a vector from the
+origin to the particle.
+
+That tells us where the particle
+is that we're talking about.
+
+So v sub i is the initial
+velocity of any particle.
+
+H sub i is the initial
+Hubble expansion rate.
+
+And r is the position
+of the particle.
+
+OK.
+
+As I said, we're starting
+with a finite system,
+
+which is completely
+under control.
+
+We know, unambiguously, how
+to calculate-- in principle
+
+at least-- how that
+system will evolve,
+
+once we set up these
+initial conditions.
+
+And at the end of
+the calculation,
+
+we'll take the limit as
+R max i goes to infinity.
+
+And that, we hope,
+will capture the idea
+
+that this model
+universe is going
+
+to fill the infinite space.
+
+Now, I did want to say
+a little bit here--
+
+only because it's
+something which
+
+has entered my
+scientific life recently
+
+and in interesting ways.
+
+I would say a few
+things about infinities.
+
+Now, this is an
+aside, which means
+
+that if you're struggling
+to understand what's
+
+going in the course,
+you can ignore this
+
+and don't worry about it.
+
+But if you're interested in
+thinking about these concepts,
+
+the concept of infinity has sort
+of struck cosmology in the nose
+
+in the context of
+the multiverse,
+
+which I spoke of a little bit
+about in the overview lecture,
+
+and which we'll get back to
+at the end of the course.
+
+The multiverse has forced
+us to think much more
+
+about infinities than
+we had previously.
+
+And in the course of that,
+I learned some things
+
+about infinity that
+in fact surprised me.
+
+For the most part,
+in physics, we
+
+think of infinities as the
+limit of finite things,
+
+as we're doing over here.
+
+So if we want to discuss the
+behavior of an infinite space,
+
+we very frequently
+in physics start
+
+by discussing a finite space,
+where things are much easier
+
+to control mathematically.
+
+And then we take the
+limit as the space
+
+gets bigger and bigger.
+
+That works for almost
+everything we do in physics.
+
+And I would say that
+the reason why it works
+
+is because we are
+assuming fundamentally
+
+that physical
+interactions are local.
+
+Things that are vastly faraway
+don't affect what happens here.
+
+So as we make this
+sphere larger and larger,
+
+we'll be adding matter at
+larger and larger radii.
+
+That new matter
+that we're adding
+
+is not going to have much
+affect on what happens inside.
+
+And in fact, for
+this problem, we'll
+
+soon see that the extra
+matter we had on the outside
+
+has no effect whatever
+what happens inside,
+
+related to this fact that
+the gravitational field
+
+inside a shell of matter is 0.
+
+So that's a typical
+situation and gives physicist
+
+a very strong
+motivation to always try
+
+to think of infinities as
+the limit of finite systems.
+
+What I want to
+point out, however,
+
+is that that's not always
+the right thing to do.
+
+And there are cases where
+it's, in fact, emphatically
+
+the wrong thing to do.
+
+Mathematicians know about this,
+but physicists tend not to.
+
+So I want to point out
+that not all infinities are
+
+well-described as limits
+of finite systems.
+
+I don't want to call
+this into question.
+
+This, I think, is
+absolutely solid.
+
+And we will continue
+with it after I go off
+
+on this side discussion.
+
+But to give you an
+example of a system which
+
+is infinite and not
+well-described as a limit
+
+of finite systems-- this is a
+mathematical example-- we could
+
+just think of the set of
+positive integers, also
+
+called the natural numbers.
+
+And I'll use the letter
+that's often used
+
+for it, N with an extra
+line through it to make
+
+it super bold or
+something like that.
+
+So that's the set of integers.
+
+And the question is,
+suppose we consider
+
+trying to describe the
+set of positive integers,
+
+as a limit-- a finite set.
+
+So we could think
+about the limit from N
+
+goes to infinity-- as
+N goes to infinity--
+
+of the natural numbers
+up to N. So we're
+
+taking sets of integers and
+taking bigger and bigger sets
+
+and trying to take
+the limit, and asking,
+
+does that give us
+the set of integers?
+
+One might think
+the answer is yes.
+
+What I will claim is that
+this is definitely not
+
+equal to the set of integers.
+
+And in fact, I'll claim
+that the limit does not
+
+exist at all, which is
+why it couldn't possibly
+
+be equal to the set integers.
+
+And to drive this
+home, I just need
+
+to remind us what a limit means.
+
+And since this is
+not a math course,
+
+I won't give a
+rigorous definition.
+
+But I'll just give
+you an example
+
+that will strike bells
+and things that you
+
+learned in math classes.
+
+Suppose we want to
+talk about the limit
+
+as x goes to 0 of sine x over x.
+
+But we all know how to do that.
+
+It's usually called
+L'Hopital's rule or something.
+
+But you could probably just
+use the definition of a limit
+
+and get it directly.
+
+That limit is 1.
+
+And what we mean
+when we say that,
+
+is that as x gets
+closer and closer to 0,
+
+we could evaluate this
+expression for any value of x
+
+not equal to 0-- for 0,
+itself, it's ambiguous.
+
+But for any value of x not equal
+to 0, we can evaluate this.
+
+And as x gets closer
+and closer to 0,
+
+that evaluation
+gives us numbers that
+
+are closer and closer to 1.
+
+And we can get as
+close to 1 as we
+
+want by choosing x's as
+close to 0 as necessary.
+
+And that's usually phrased in
+terms of epsilons and deltas.
+
+But I don't think
+I need that here.
+
+The point is that, the limit
+is simply the statement
+
+that this can be
+made as close to 1
+
+as you like by choosing x as
+close as possible to the limit
+
+point, 0.
+
+Now, if you imagine
+applying the same concept
+
+to this set-- the set of
+integers from 1 to N--
+
+the question is, as
+you make N large,
+
+does it get closer to
+the set of all integers?
+
+Are the numbers from 1
+to 10 close to the set
+
+of all integers?
+
+No.
+
+What about 1 to a million?
+
+Still infinitely far away.
+
+1 to a billion?
+
+1 to a google?
+
+No matter what number you
+pick as that upper limit,
+
+you're still infinitely far away
+from the set of all integers.
+
+You're not coming close.
+
+So there's no
+sense in which this
+
+converges to the
+set of all integers.
+
+It's just a different animal.
+
+Now does this make a difference?
+
+Are there any questions
+where it matters
+
+whether you think of the
+integers as being defined
+
+in some other way,
+or by this limit?
+
+Or maybe first say
+how it is defined.
+
+If you ask mathematicians how
+you define the set of integers,
+
+I think all of them
+will tell you, well, we
+
+used the Peano axioms.
+
+And the key thing in
+the Peano axioms--
+
+if you look at them-- that
+controls the fact that there's
+
+an infinite number of integers,
+is the successor axiom.
+
+That is, built into
+these Peano axioms that
+
+describe the integers
+mathematically
+
+is a statement that every
+integer has a successor.
+
+And then, there are
+other statements
+
+that guarantee that
+the successor is not
+
+one of the ones that's
+already on the list.
+
+So you always have a new
+element as the successor
+
+to your highest element so far.
+
+And that guarantees from the
+beginning, the set of axioms
+
+is infinite.
+
+It's not thought of as the limit
+of finite sets and cannot be
+
+thought of as the
+limit of finite sets.
+
+Because, no finite
+set is, in any way,
+
+resembling an infinite set.
+
+So does it matter?
+
+Are there questions
+where we care
+
+whether we could describe
+the integers this way or not?
+
+And the only questions I
+know sound kind of contrived,
+
+I'll admit.
+
+But I also point out that
+in mathematics, the word,
+
+contrived doesn't cut much ice.
+
+If you discover a
+contradiction in some system,
+
+nobody's going to tell you
+whether you should ignore
+
+that contradiction
+because it's contrived.
+
+If it's really a
+contradiction, it counts.
+
+So a question where
+it makes a difference,
+
+whether you think of the
+integers as being defined
+
+as infinite from the start,
+or whether you think of it--
+
+or try to think of it--
+as a limit of this sort,
+
+is a question such as, what
+fraction of the integers are
+
+so large that they cannot
+be doubled and still be
+
+an integer?
+
+And notice that, if we
+consider this set, for any N,
+
+no matter how large N is,
+we would conclude that half
+
+of the integers are so large
+that they cannot be doubled.
+
+And that would hold no
+matter how large we made N.
+
+On the other hand, if we look
+at the actual set of integers,
+
+we know that any
+integer can be doubled
+
+and you just get
+another integer.
+
+So that's an example of a
+property of the integers, which
+
+you would get wrong if you
+thought that you could think
+
+of the integers as
+this kind of a limit.
+
+So you really just can't.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+Subtle point, I think.
+
+AUDIENCE: How does
+that relate to--
+
+PROFESSOR: To this?
+
+It's just a warning
+that you should
+
+be careful about
+treating infinity
+
+as limits of finite things.
+
+That's all it is.
+
+It does not relate to this.
+
+That's why I said it was
+an aside when I started.
+
+Aside means something
+worth knowing but not
+
+directly related to what
+we're talking about.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're going to
+proceed with this model.
+
+Let me mention one other
+feature of the model
+
+to discuss a little bit, the
+shape that we started with.
+
+We're starting with a sphere.
+
+You might ask, why a sphere?
+
+Well, a sphere is certainly
+the simplest thing
+
+we could start with.
+
+And a sphere also guarantees
+isotropy-- or at least
+
+isotropy about the origin.
+
+Isotropy about one point.
+
+We could, by doing
+significantly more work,
+
+have started, for
+example, with a cube
+
+and let the cube get
+bigger and bigger.
+
+And as the cube got
+bigger and bigger,
+
+it would also fill all space.
+
+And we might think that
+would be another way
+
+of getting the same answer.
+
+And that would be right.
+
+If we did it with a cube,
+it would be a lot more work.
+
+But we would, in fact,
+get the same answer.
+
+The cube has enough
+symmetry, So it, in fact,
+
+will be the same as
+sphere in this case.
+
+I'm not going to try to
+tell you how to calculate it
+
+with an arbitrary shape.
+
+But I will guarantee
+you that a cube
+
+will get you the same answer.
+
+On the other hand, if we started
+with a rectangular solid,
+
+where the three sides were
+different-- or at least not all
+
+equal to each
+other-- then would be
+
+starting with something which is
+asymmetric in the first place.
+
+Some direction
+would be privileged.
+
+And then, if we
+continued-- as we're
+
+going to be doing
+for our sphere--
+
+starting with this
+irregular rectangular solid,
+
+we would build in an anisotropy
+from the very beginning.
+
+We end up with an anisotropic
+model of the universe.
+
+So since we're trying to
+model the real universe, which
+
+is to a high degree
+isotropic, we
+
+will start with something
+which guarantees the isotropy.
+
+And the sphere does that.
+
+And it's the simplest
+shape which does that.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, we're ready to start
+putting in some dynamics
+
+into this model.
+
+And the dynamics that we're
+going to put in for now
+
+will just be purely
+Newtonian dynamics.
+
+And in fact, we'll be
+modeling the matter
+
+that makes up this
+sphere as just
+
+a dust of Newtonian
+particles-- or if you like,
+
+a gas of Newtonian particles.
+
+These particles will be
+nonrelativistic-- as implied
+
+by the word Newtonian.
+
+And that describes
+our real universe
+
+for a good chunk
+of its evolution
+
+but not for all of it.
+
+So let me-- before we
+proceed-- say a few words
+
+about the real universe
+and the kind of matter that
+
+has dominated it during
+different eras of evolution.
+
+In the earliest time,
+our universe, we believe,
+
+was radiation dominated.
+
+And that means
+that, if you follow
+
+the evolution of our
+universe backwards in time,
+
+as one goes to earlier and
+earlier times, the photons that
+
+make up the cosmic background
+radiation blue shift.
+
+We've learned that they red
+shift as universe expands.
+
+That means if we extrapolate
+backwards, they blue shift.
+
+They get more energetic
+for every photon.
+
+But the number of photons
+remains constant, essentially,
+
+as one goes backwards in time.
+
+They just get squeezed
+into a small volume.
+
+And they become more energetic.
+
+Now, meanwhile, the particles
+of ordinary matter-- and dark
+
+matter as well, the protons
+and whatever the dark matter is
+
+made of-- also gets squeezed,
+as you go backwards in time.
+
+But they don't become
+more energetic.
+
+They remain just--
+a proton remains
+
+a particle whose mass is
+the mass of a proton times c
+
+squared.
+
+So as you go backwards,
+the energy density
+
+in the radiation-- in the
+cosmic microwave background
+
+radiation-- gets to be
+larger and larger compared
+
+to the energy density
+in the matter.
+
+And later, we'll learn
+how to calculate this.
+
+But the two cross at
+about 50,000 years.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: If we think
+of particles as waves,
+
+then how does that make sense
+that they wouldn't change?
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+If we think of
+particles like waves,
+
+how does it make sense
+that they don't change?
+
+The answer is, they
+do a little bit.
+
+But we're going to be assuming
+that these particles have
+
+negligible velocities.
+
+What happens is their momentum
+actually does blue shift.
+
+But a blue shift is proportional
+to the initial value.
+
+And if the initial
+value is very small,
+
+even when it blue
+shifts, the momentum
+
+could still be negligible.
+
+So for the real universe,
+between time, 0,
+
+and about 50,000
+years, the universe
+
+was radiation dominated.
+
+And we'll be talking
+about that in a few weeks.
+
+But today, we're
+just ignoring that.
+
+Then, from this time
+of about 50,000 years
+
+until about 9 billion
+years-- so a good chunk
+
+of the history of the
+universe-- the universe
+
+was what is called
+matter dominated.
+
+And matter means
+nonrelativistic matter.
+
+That's standard
+jargon in cosmology.
+
+When we talk about a
+matter-dominated universe,
+
+and even though we don't use
+the word nonrelativistic,
+
+that's what everybody means by
+a matter dominated universe.
+
+And that's the case we're
+going to be discussing,
+
+just ordinary nonrelativistic
+matter filling space.
+
+And then for our real
+universe, something else
+
+happened at about 9 billion
+years in its history
+
+up to the present-- and
+presumably in the future
+
+as well-- is the universe
+became dark energy dominated.
+
+And dark energy
+is the stuff that
+
+causes the universe
+to accelerate.
+
+So the universe has
+been accelerating
+
+since about 9 billion
+years from the Big Bang.
+
+Now, I think we mentioned--
+I'll mention it again quickly--
+
+there's no conversion of
+ordinary matter to dark energy
+
+here, which you might guess
+from this change in domination.
+
+It's just a question of how they
+behave as the universe expands.
+
+Ordinary matter has a
+density, which decreases as 1
+
+over the cube of
+the scale factor.
+
+You just have a fixed number
+of particles scattering out
+
+over a larger and larger volume.
+
+The dark energy--
+for reasons that we
+
+will come to near the
+end of the course,
+
+in fact, does not
+change its energy
+
+density at all as
+the universe expands.
+
+So what happened 9
+billion years ago
+
+was simply that the
+density of ordinary matter
+
+fell below the density
+of dark energy.
+
+And then, the dark energy
+started to dominate
+
+and the universe
+started to accelerate.
+
+Today, the dark energy, by
+the way, is about 60% or 70%
+
+of the total.
+
+So it doesn't
+dominate completely.
+
+But it's the largest component.
+
+OK.
+
+For today's
+calculation, we're going
+
+to be focusing on
+this middle period
+
+and pretending it's
+the whole story.
+
+And we will come back and
+discuss these other eras.
+
+We're not going to ignore them.
+
+But we will not
+discuss them today.
+
+So we will be
+discussing this case
+
+of a matter-dominated universe.
+
+And we're going to be discussing
+it using Newtonian mechanics.
+
+And in spite of
+the fact that we're
+
+using Newtonian mechanics,
+I will assure you--
+
+and try to give you
+some arguments later--
+
+it gives exactly the same answer
+that general relativity gives.
+
+OK.
+
+So how do we proceed?
+
+How do we write
+down the equations
+
+that describe how this
+sphere is going to evolve?
+
+We're going to be
+using a shell picture.
+
+That is, we will
+describe that sphere
+
+in terms of shells
+that make it up.
+
+So in other words, we
+will divide the matter
+
+at the initial time.
+
+And then, we'll just imagine
+labeling those particles
+
+and following them.
+
+So at the initial
+time, we're going
+
+to divide the matter
+into concentric shells.
+
+So each shell extends from
+some value of r sub i--
+
+the initial radius-- to
+r sub i plus dr sub i.
+
+Our shells will be infinitesimal
+in their thickness.
+
+And each shell will have
+a different r sub i.
+
+And we could let all the dr sub
+i's be the same, if we want.
+
+We can let each shell
+be the same thickness.
+
+We can let them be different.
+
+It doesn't matter.
+
+Now a reason why we can get
+away with thinking of the matter
+
+purely has being
+described by shells
+
+is that we know that
+we started with all
+
+of the velocities radial.
+
+That Hubble's law
+that we assumed
+
+says that the velocities
+were proportional
+
+to the radius vector, which
+is measured from the origin.
+
+So all our initial velocities
+were radial outward.
+
+And furthermore, if
+we think about how
+
+the Newtonian force of
+gravity will come about
+
+for this spherical object, they
+will all be radial as well.
+
+So all the motion
+will remain radial.
+
+There will never be any forces
+acting on any of our particles
+
+that will push them in
+a tangential direction.
+
+So all motion will be radial.
+
+And as long as we keep track
+of the radius of each particle,
+
+its angular variables,
+theta and phi--
+
+which I will never
+mention again--
+
+will just be constant in time.
+
+So we will not need
+to mention them.
+
+So all motion is radial,
+because the v's start radial.
+
+And there are no
+tangential forces,
+
+where tangential means any
+direction other than radial.
+
+So we're just saying that
+all the forces are radial.
+
+And that means the
+motion will stay radial.
+
+To describe the motion, I want
+to give a little bit more teeth
+
+to this statement
+that we're going
+
+to be describing it
+in terms of shells.
+
+We'll going to describe the
+motion by a function, r, which
+
+will be a function of two
+variables, r sub i and t.
+
+And this is just the
+radius at time, t,
+
+of the shell that was at radius,
+r sub i, at time, t sub i.
+
+So each shell is labeled by
+where it is at time, t sub i.
+
+And once we label it,
+it keeps that label.
+
+But then, we'll talk about this
+function, r, which tells us
+
+where it is at any later time.
+
+And we could also think about
+earlier times if we want.
+
+So r of r sub i, t is the radius
+of the shell that started at r
+
+sub i, where we're looking
+at the radius at time, t.
+
+Now, I should warn you that
+if you look in any textbook,
+
+you will see a
+simpler derivation
+
+than what I'm about to show you.
+
+So you might wonder why am
+I going to so much trouble
+
+when there's an
+easier way to do it.
+
+And the answer is
+that the calculation I
+
+show you will, in fact,
+show you more than what's
+
+in the textbooks-- and
+Ryden's textbook, for example.
+
+What most textbooks
+do-- including Ryden,
+
+I believe-- is to assume that
+this motion will continue
+
+to obey Hubble's
+law and continue
+
+to be completely
+uniform in the density.
+
+And then, you could
+just calculate
+
+what happens to the
+outside of the sphere.
+
+And that governs
+everything, if you
+
+assume that will stay uniform.
+
+We are not going to assume
+that it will stay uniform.
+
+We will show that it
+will stay uniform.
+
+And from my point of
+view, it's a lot better
+
+to actually show something
+than to just guess
+
+it and we write about,
+without showing it.
+
+So that's why we're going
+to do some extra work.
+
+We will actually show that the
+uniformity, once you put in,
+
+is preserved under time,
+under the laws of Newtonian
+
+evolution.
+
+I guess I'll leave the picture.
+
+Maybe, I'll leave all of that.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, there's an issue that's
+a little bit complicated
+
+that I'll try to describe.
+
+And again, this is
+a subtlety that's
+
+probably not mentioned
+in the books.
+
+We have these different
+shells that are evolving.
+
+And we can calculate the
+force on any given shell
+
+if we know the matter
+that's inside that shell.
+
+That's what it tells us.
+
+If everything is in
+shells, the shells
+
+have no effect on the matter
+that is inside the shell.
+
+So if we want to know the
+effect on a given shell,
+
+we only need to know the matter
+that's inside that shell.
+
+The matter outside has no force.
+
+So it's very
+important that we know
+
+the ordering of these shells.
+
+Now, initially, we certainly do.
+
+They're just ordered
+according to r sub i.
+
+But once they start
+to move around,
+
+there's, in principle,
+the possibility
+
+that shells could cross.
+
+And if shells crossed,
+our equations of emotion
+
+would have to change, because
+then different amounts of mass
+
+would be acting on
+different shells.
+
+And we'd have to take
+that into account.
+
+Fortunately, that turns
+out not to be a problem.
+
+It just sounds like
+it could be a problem.
+
+And the way we're
+going to treat it
+
+is to recognize that, initially,
+all these shells are moving
+
+away from each other, because
+of the Hubble expansion.
+
+If Hubble's law holds,
+any two particles
+
+are moving away from each
+other with a relative velocity
+
+proportional to their distance.
+
+So that holds for any
+two shells, as well.
+
+So if shells are
+going cross, they're
+
+certainly not going
+to cross immediately.
+
+There are no two shells
+that are approaching
+
+each other initially.
+
+All shells are moving
+apart initially.
+
+This could be turned
+around by the forces--
+
+and we'll have to see.
+
+But what we can do is, we
+can write down equations
+
+that we know will hold, at
+least until the time where there
+
+might be some shell crossings.
+
+That is, we'll
+write down equations
+
+that will hold as long as
+there are no shell crossings.
+
+Then, if there was going
+to be a shell crossing,
+
+the equations we
+write down would
+
+have to be valid right
+up until the time
+
+of that shell crossing.
+
+And, therefore, the equations
+that we're writing down
+
+would have to show us that
+the shells are going to cross.
+
+The shells can't just decide
+to cross independently
+
+of our equations of motion.
+
+And what we'll find is that
+our equations will tell us
+
+that there will be
+no shell crossings.
+
+And the equations
+are valid as long
+
+as there are no shell crossings.
+
+And I think if you
+think about that, that's
+
+an airtight argument,
+even though we're never
+
+going to write down
+equations that will tell us
+
+what would happen
+if shells did cross.
+
+OK.
+
+So we're going to
+write equations
+
+that hold as long as there
+are no shell crossings.
+
+OK.
+
+As long as there's
+no shell crossings,
+
+then the total mass
+inside of any shell
+
+is independent of time.
+
+It's just the shells
+that are inside it.
+
+So the shell at initial radius,
+r sub i, even at later times,
+
+feels the force of
+the mass inside.
+
+And we can write down a
+formula for that mass inside.
+
+The mass inside the shell,
+whose initial radius is r sub i,
+
+is just equal to the initial
+volume of that sphere, which
+
+is 4 pi over 3 r sub i
+cubed, times the initial mass
+
+density, rho sub i.
+
+So that's how much
+mass there is inside
+
+a given shell when
+the system starts.
+
+And that will continue to be
+exactly how much mass is inside
+
+that shell as the
+system evolves,
+
+unless there are
+shell crossings.
+
+And our goal is simply to write
+down equations that are valid
+
+until there might
+be a shell crossing.
+
+And then, we can
+ask whether or not
+
+there will be any
+shell crossings.
+
+OK, now, Newton's
+law tells us how
+
+to write down the
+acceleration of an arbitrary
+
+particle in this system.
+
+Newton's law tells
+us the acceleration
+
+will be proportional
+to negative-- I'll
+
+put a radial vector
+at the end in r hat.
+
+So it's direction,
+minus r hat, will
+
+be the direction
+enforced on any particle.
+
+And the magnitude, it will
+be Newton's constant times
+
+the mass enclosed in the
+sphere of radius, r sub i,
+
+divided by the square of
+the distance of that shell
+
+from the origin.
+
+And that's exactly what we
+called this function, r of ri,
+
+t.
+
+It's the radius of the
+shell at any given time.
+
+So it's r squared
+of r sub i and t.
+
+And then as I promised you,
+there's a unit vector, r hat,
+
+at the end.
+
+So the force is-- and the
+acceleration, therefore,--
+
+is in the negative
+r hat direction.
+
+So this holds for any
+shell, whether which
+
+shell we're talking about is
+indicated by this variable,
+
+r sub i.
+
+r sub i tells us the initial
+position of that shell.
+
+So is everybody happy
+with this equation?
+
+This is really
+the crucial thing.
+
+Once you write this
+down, everything else
+
+is really just chugging along.
+
+So everybody happy with that?
+
+It's just the
+statement from Newton,
+
+that if all the masses
+are ranged spherically
+
+symmetrically, the mass
+inside any shell-- excuse me,
+
+the force due to the mass that's
+on a shell that's at a larger
+
+radius than you are, produces
+no acceleration for you.
+
+The only acceleration
+you feel is
+
+due to the masses
+at smaller radii.
+
+And that's what
+this formula says.
+
+OK, good.
+
+Now, what I want to do is--
+this is a vector equation--
+
+but we know that we're just
+taking these spherical motions.
+
+And all we really
+have to do is keep
+
+track of how r changes
+with time, little r.
+
+So we can turn this into an
+ordinary differential equation
+
+with no vectors for
+this function, little r.
+
+The acceleration has a
+magnitude, which is just,
+
+r double dot.
+
+And that is then
+equal to minus--
+
+and we write again what M
+of ri is from this formula.
+
+So I'm going to write this as
+minus 4 pi over 3 G times r sub
+
+i cubed rho sub i-- coming
+from that formula-- divided
+
+by r squared.
+
+And I'm going to stop
+writing the arguments.
+
+But this r is the
+function of r sub i and t.
+
+But I will stop
+writing its arguments.
+
+And the two dots means
+derivative with respect
+
+to time.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: I guess I don't
+understand how come we would,
+
+calculating the mass,
+we use r sub i, which
+
+is the radius at some
+initial time, ti.
+
+But then, when we're
+saying the distance
+
+from that mass to our point,
+we use this function, r,
+
+instead of r sub i.
+
+PROFESSOR: Right.
+
+An important question.
+
+The reason is that we're
+using the initial radius,
+
+but we're also using
+the initial density.
+
+So this formula
+certainly gives us
+
+the mass that's inside that
+circle at the beginning.
+
+And then, if there's
+no shell crossings,
+
+all these circles move together.
+
+The mass inside never changes.
+
+So it's the same as it was then.
+
+While, the distance from
+the center of that mass
+
+does change, as
+the radius changes.
+
+So the denominator changes,
+the numerator does not.
+
+Yes.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, the first
+equation, g, that's
+
+the gravity--
+
+PROFESSOR: g is the
+acceleration of gravity.
+
+AUDIENCE: So, why does it
+have-- it has units of-- no,
+
+it doesn't.
+
+Sorry.
+
+PROFESSOR: Yes, it should
+have units of acceleration,
+
+as our double dot should
+have units of acceleration.
+
+Hopefully, they do.
+
+OK.
+
+Now, as the system
+evolves, r sub
+
+i is just a constant--
+different for each shell,
+
+but a constant in time.
+
+And imagine solving this
+one shell at a time.
+
+Rho sub i is, again, a constant.
+
+It's the value of the mass
+density at the initial time.
+
+So it's going to keep its value.
+
+So the differential equation
+involves a differential
+
+equation in which little r
+changes with time, and nothing
+
+else here does.
+
+So this is just a second
+order differential equation
+
+for little r.
+
+So, we're well on the
+way to having a solution,
+
+because second order
+differential equations
+
+are, in principle, solvable.
+
+But the one thing
+that you should all
+
+remember about second order
+differential equations
+
+is that in order to
+have a unique solution,
+
+you need initial conditions.
+
+And if it's a second
+order equation--
+
+as Newton's equations
+always are-- you
+
+need to be able to specify
+the initial position
+
+and the initial velocity
+before the second order
+
+equation leads to
+a unique answer.
+
+So that's what we
+want to do next.
+
+We want to write down
+the initial value
+
+of r and the initial
+value of r dot.
+
+And then, we'll
+have a system, which
+
+is just something we can
+turn over to a mathematician.
+
+And if the mathematician
+is at all smart,
+
+he'll be able to solve it.
+
+So initial conditions.
+
+So we want the initial
+value of r sub i--
+
+and initial means
+a time, t sub i.
+
+That's where we're setting
+our initial conditions.
+
+So we need to know
+what r of r sub i,
+
+t sub i is, which
+is a trivial thing
+
+if you keep track of
+what this notation means.
+
+What is that?
+
+r sub i, good.
+
+The meaning of this is just
+the radius at time, t sub i,
+
+of the particle, whose radius
+at time, t sub i, was r sub i.
+
+So to put together
+all those tautologies,
+
+the answer is just,
+obviously, r sub i.
+
+OK.
+
+And then we also want to be
+able to solve this equation
+
+and have a unique solution--
+we want the initial value of r
+
+sub i dot.
+
+And initial means,
+again, at time, t sub i.
+
+And that's specified by
+our Hubble expansion.
+
+Every initial velocity is
+just H sub i times the radius.
+
+So if the radius
+is r sub i, this
+
+is just H sub i times r sub i.
+
+That's just the Hubble velocity
+that we put in to the system
+
+when we started it.
+
+OK.
+
+So now, we have a system,
+which is purely mathematical.
+
+We have a second order
+differential equation
+
+and initial conditions
+on r and r dot.
+
+That leads to a unique solution.
+
+Now it's pure math.
+
+No more physics, at least
+at this stage of the game.
+
+However, there are
+interesting things
+
+mathematically
+that one can notice
+
+about this system of equations.
+
+And now what we're going
+to see is the magic
+
+of these equations
+for preserving
+
+the uniformity of this system.
+
+It's all built into
+these equations.
+
+And let's see how.
+
+The key feature that's
+somewhat miraculous
+
+that these equations
+have is that r
+
+sub i can be made to disappear
+by a change of variables.
+
+I'll tell you what
+that is in a second.
+
+It also helps if you know
+how to spell "disappear."
+
+We're going to define
+a new function, u.
+
+I just made up a letter there.
+
+Could have called it anything.
+
+But u of r sub i
+and t is just going
+
+to be defined to be r of r sub
+i and t divided by r sub i.
+
+Given any function,
+r of r sub i and t,
+
+I can always define
+a new function,
+
+which is just the same
+function divided by r sub i.
+
+Now, let's look at what
+this does to our equations.
+
+My claim is that r sub i
+was going to disappear.
+
+And now, we'll see
+how that happens.
+
+OK, if u is defined this way, we
+can write down the differential
+
+equation that it will
+obey, by writing down
+
+an equation for u double dot.
+
+And u double dot will just be r
+double dot divided by r sub i.
+
+So we take the equation for r
+double dot over here and divide
+
+it by r sub i .
+
+So we can write that as minus 4
+pi over 3 G-- for some reason,
+
+I decided to leave
+the r sub i cubed
+
+in the numerator for now--
+and just put an extra r sub
+
+i in the denominator-- the one
+that we divided by-- times r
+
+squared.
+
+And now, what I'm going
+to do is just replace r .
+
+We're trying to write
+an equation for u.
+
+r is related to u by this
+equation. r is r sub i times u.
+
+So I can write this as
+minus 4 pi over 3 G r sub i
+
+cubed rho sub i
+over-- now we have-- u
+
+squared times r sub i cubed.
+
+I left the numerator alone.
+
+I just rewrote the
+denominator by placing
+
+r by r sub i times u.
+
+And we get this formula.
+
+And now, of course, the
+r sub i cubes cancel.
+
+And I think the reason why
+I kept it separated this way
+
+when I wrote my notes
+is at this shows very
+
+explicitly that what you have
+is a cancellation between an r
+
+sub i here, which was the power
+of r that appears in a volume--
+
+r sub i cubed was just
+proportional to the volume
+
+of the sphere-- and r
+sub i cubed down here,
+
+where one of them came from
+just a change of variables,
+
+and the other was the r squared
+that appeared in the force law.
+
+So this cancellation depends
+crucially on the force law,
+
+being a 1 over r
+squared force law.
+
+If we had 1 over some
+other power of r--
+
+even if it differed by
+just a little bit-- then
+
+the r sub i would not
+drop out of this formula.
+
+And we'll see in a minute that
+it's the dropping out of r sub
+
+i which is crucial to the
+maintenance of homogeneity
+
+as the system evolves.
+
+As it evolves, Newton
+tells us what happens.
+
+We don't get to make
+any further choices.
+
+And if Newton is
+telling us there's a 1
+
+over r squared force law,
+then it remains homogeneous.
+
+But otherwise, it would not.
+
+And that's, I think, a
+very interesting fact.
+
+Continuing, we've now
+crossed off these r sub i's.
+
+And we get now a
+simple equation,
+
+u double dot is equal to
+minus 4 pi over 3 G rho sub i
+
+over u squared with no r sub
+i's in the equation anymore.
+
+And that means that
+this u tells us
+
+the solution for every r sub i.
+
+We don't have
+different solutions
+
+for every value of
+r sub i anymore.
+
+r sub i has dropped
+out of the problem.
+
+We have a unique solution
+independent of r sub i.
+
+And that means it
+holds for all r sub i.
+
+I'm sorry.
+
+I jumped the gun.
+
+The conclusions I just
+told you about are true,
+
+but part of the logic
+I haven't done yet.
+
+What part of the
+logic did I leave out?
+
+Initial conditions, I
+heard somebody mumble.
+
+Yes.
+
+Exactly.
+
+To get the same
+solution, we have
+
+to not only have a
+differential equation that's
+
+independent of u sub i, but we
+don't have a unique solution
+
+unless we look at the
+initial conditions.
+
+We better see if the initial
+conditions depend on u sub i.
+
+And they don't either.
+
+That's the beauty of it all.
+
+Starting with the r initial
+condition, the initial value
+
+of u of r sub i,
+t sub i, will just
+
+be equal to the initial value
+of r divided by r sub i.
+
+But the initial value
+of r is r sub i.
+
+So here, we get r sub i
+divided by r sub i, which
+
+is 1, independent of r sub i.
+
+The initial value of u
+is 1, for any r sub i.
+
+And similarly, we now want to
+look at u dot of r sub i and t.
+
+And that will just be r dot
+divided by r sub i, where
+
+we take the initial
+value of r dot.
+
+The initial value of r
+dot is Hi times r sub i.
+
+The r sub i's cancel.
+
+And u sub i dot is just H sub i.
+
+So now, we have
+justified the claim
+
+that I falsely made a little
+bit prematurely a minute ago.
+
+We have a system
+of equations, which
+
+can be solved to give us
+a solution for u, which
+
+is independent of r sub i, which
+means every value of r sub i
+
+has the same equation for u.
+
+That-- if you stare
+at it a little bit--
+
+gives us a physical
+interpretation
+
+for this quantity, u.
+
+u, in fact, is nothing more
+nor less than the scale factor
+
+that we spoke about earlier.
+
+We have found that we do have a
+homogeneously expanding system.
+
+We started it
+homogeneously expanding,
+
+but we didn't know until we
+looked at equation of motion
+
+that it would continue
+to homogeneously expand.
+
+But it does.
+
+And that means it can be
+described by a scale factor.
+
+We have u of r sub i, t.
+
+In principle, it
+was defined so it
+
+might have depended on r sub i.
+
+That's why I've been writing
+these r sub i's all along.
+
+But now, we discovered
+that the u's are completely
+
+determined by these
+equations, which
+
+have no r sub i's in them--
+at least none that survived.
+
+We had an r sub i
+divided by r sub it,
+
+but that's not really
+an r sub i, as you know.
+
+It's 1.
+
+So u is independent
+of r sub i and can
+
+be thought of as
+just a function of t.
+
+And we can also change
+its name to a of t
+
+to make contact with the
+notion of a scale factor
+
+that we discussed last time.
+
+And we can see that
+the way u arises,
+
+in terms of how it describes
+the motion, r of r sub i
+
+and t is just equal to--
+from this equation-- r sub
+
+i times u, which
+is now called a.
+
+So r, of r sub i and t, is
+equal to a of t times r sub i.
+
+That's just another way of
+rewriting our definition
+
+that we started with of u.
+
+So what does that mean?
+
+These r sub i's are
+comoving coordinates.
+
+We've labeled each shell by
+its initial position, r sub i.
+
+And we've let that shell
+keep its label, r sub i,
+
+as it evolved.
+
+That's a comoving coordinate.
+
+It labels the particles
+independent of where they move.
+
+And what this is telling us is
+that the physical distance--
+
+from the origin
+in this case-- is
+
+equal to the scale factor
+times the coordinate distance.
+
+That is the coordinate
+distance between the shell
+
+and the center of the
+system, the origin.
+
+OK.
+
+Any questions about that?
+
+OK.
+
+It's now useful to
+rewrite these equations
+
+in a few different ways.
+
+Let's see.
+
+First of all, we have written
+our differential equation,
+
+up here, in terms of rho sub i.
+
+And that was very useful
+because rho sub i is a constant.
+
+It doesn't change with time.
+
+Still, it's sometimes useful to
+write the differential equation
+
+in terms of the temporary
+value of rho, which
+
+changes with time, to see
+what the relationships are
+
+between physical
+quantities at a given time.
+
+And we could certainly
+do that, because we
+
+know what the density
+will be at any given time.
+
+For any shell, we can
+calculate the density
+
+as the total mass
+divided by the volume.
+
+We know this is going to stay
+uniform, because everything
+
+is moving together, when
+you just have motion, which
+
+is an overall scale factor
+that multiplies all distances.
+
+So the density will be constant.
+
+And we can calculate the
+density inside a shell
+
+by taking M of r sub i--
+which we already have formulas
+
+for and is independent
+of time-- and dividing it
+
+by the volume inside the
+shell, which is 4 pi r cubed.
+
+And doing some
+substitutions, M of r sub i
+
+is just the initial volume
+times the initial density.
+
+So that is-- as we've
+written before-- 4
+
+pi over 3 r sub i
+cubed times rho sub i.
+
+And then, we can
+write the denominator.
+
+r is equal to a times r sub i.
+
+The physical radius
+is the scale factor
+
+times the coordinate radius.
+
+So here, we have a cubed
+times r sub i cubed.
+
+And now, notice that
+almost everything cancels.
+
+And what we're left with is just
+rho sub i divided by a cubed.
+
+So that's certainly what
+we would've guess, I think.
+
+The density is just
+what it started but then
+
+divided by the cube
+of the scale factor.
+
+And our scale factor
+is defined as 1
+
+at the initial time-- the way
+we've set up these conventions.
+
+So that is just the ratio
+of the scale factors cubed
+
+that appears in that equation.
+
+As the universe
+expands, the density
+
+falls off by 1 over
+the scale factor cubed.
+
+We can also now rewrite the
+equation for a double dot.
+
+a is u, so we have
+the equation up there.
+
+But we could write it in terms
+of the current mass density.
+
+Starting with what
+we have up there,
+
+it's minus 4 pi over 3 G
+rho sub i over a squared.
+
+Notice, that I can multiply
+numerator and denominator by a.
+
+And then, we have rho
+sub i over a cubed
+
+here, which is just the mass
+density in any given time.
+
+So I can make that substitution.
+
+And I get the
+meaningful equation
+
+that a double dot is equal
+to minus 4 pi over 3 G
+
+rho of t times a.
+
+So this equation
+gives the deceleration
+
+of our model universe in terms
+of the current mass density.
+
+And notice that it does,
+in fact, depend only
+
+on the current mass density.
+
+It predicts the ratio
+of a double dot over a.
+
+And that, you would expect to
+be what should be predicted,
+
+because remember, a is still
+measured in notches per meter.
+
+So the only way the
+notches can cancel out
+
+is if there is an
+a on both sides.
+
+Or if you could bring
+them all to one side
+
+and have a double
+dot divided by a.
+
+And then, the notches go away.
+
+And you have something which
+has physical units being related
+
+to something with
+physical units.
+
+OK.
+
+We said at the beginning
+that when we were finished,
+
+we were going to take the
+limit as R max initial goes
+
+to infinity.
+
+And lots of times
+when I present this,
+
+I forget to talk about that.
+
+And the reason I forget to talk
+about that is, if you notice,
+
+R max sub i doesn't appear
+in any of these equations.
+
+So taking the limit as R
+max sub i goes to infinity
+
+doesn't actually
+involve doing anything.
+
+It really just involves pointing
+out that the answers we got
+
+are independent of
+how big the sphere is,
+
+as long as everything
+we want to talk
+
+about fits inside the sphere.
+
+Adding extra matter
+on the outside
+
+doesn't change anything at all.
+
+So taking the limit as you add
+an infinite amount of matter
+
+on the outside-- as long
+as you imagine doing it
+
+in these spherical shells--
+is a trivial matter.
+
+So the limit as R max
+sub i goes to infinity
+
+is done without any work.
+
+OK.
+
+I would like to go ahead
+now, and in the end,
+
+we're going to want to
+think about different kinds
+
+of solutions to this equation
+and what they look like.
+
+For today, I want to
+take one more step, which
+
+is to rewrite this equation in
+a slightly different way, which
+
+will help us to see what
+the solutions look what.
+
+What I want to do is to
+find a first integral
+
+of this equation.
+
+OK.
+
+To find a first integral, I'm
+going to go back to the form
+
+that we had on the top
+there, where everything
+
+is expressed in terms of
+rho sub i rather than rho.
+
+And the advantage of
+that for current purposes
+
+is that I really want to look at
+the time dependence of things.
+
+And rho has its own
+time dependence,
+
+which I don't want
+to worry about.
+
+So if I look at the formula
+in terms of rho sub i,
+
+all time dependence is explicit.
+
+So I'm going to write the
+differential equation.
+
+It's the top equation
+in the box there,
+
+but I'm replacing u by a,
+because we renamed u as a.
+
+And I'm going to put
+everything on one side.
+
+So I'm going to write
+a double dot plus 4 pi
+
+over 3 G rho sub i divided
+by a squared equals 0.
+
+OK, that's our
+differential equation.
+
+Now, it's a second order
+differential equation,
+
+like we're very much accustomed
+to from Newtonian mechanics--
+
+as this is an equation
+which determines
+
+a double dot, the
+acceleration of a
+
+in terms of the value of a.
+
+A common thing to make use
+of in Newtonian mechanics
+
+is conservation of energy.
+
+In this case, I don't
+know if we should
+
+call this conservation
+of energy or not.
+
+We'll talk later about
+what physical significance
+
+the quantities that
+we're dealing with have.
+
+But certainly, as a
+mathematical technique,
+
+we can do the same
+thing that would
+
+have been done if this were a
+Newtonian mechanics problem,
+
+and somebody asked you to
+derive the conserved energy.
+
+Now, you might have
+forgotten how to do that.
+
+But I'll remind you.
+
+To get the conserved energy
+that goes with this equation,
+
+you put brackets around it.
+
+You could choose
+whether you want
+
+curly brackets or
+square brackets or just
+
+ordinary parentheses.
+
+But then, the important
+thing is that it's
+
+useful to multiply
+the entire equation
+
+by an integrating factor, a dot.
+
+And once you do that,
+this entire expression
+
+is a total derivative.
+
+This equation is equivalent
+to dE-- for some E
+
+that I'll define
+in a second-- dt
+
+equals zero, where E equals 1/2
+a dot squared minus 4 pi over 3
+
+G rho sub i over a.
+
+And you can easily check.
+
+If I differentiate this, I
+get exactly that equation.
+
+So they're equivalent.
+
+That is, this is
+equivalent to that.
+
+So E is a conserved quantity.
+
+Now if one wants to relate this
+to the energy of something,
+
+there are different
+ways you can do it.
+
+One way to do it is to multiply
+by an expression, which I'll
+
+write down in a second,
+and to think of it
+
+as the energy of a test particle
+at the surface of this sphere.
+
+I'll show you how that works.
+
+I'm going to find
+something, which
+
+I'll call E sub phys--
+or physical-- meaning,
+
+it's the physical energy of
+this hypothetical test particle.
+
+It's not all that physical.
+
+But it will just be defined to
+be m r sub i squared times E.
+
+m is the mass of
+my test particle.
+
+r sub i is the radius of
+that test particle expressed
+
+in terms of its initial value.
+
+And then, if we write down
+what E phys looks like,
+
+absorbing these factors, it can
+be written as 1/2 m times a dot
+
+r sub i squared minus GmM of
+r sub i divided by a r sub i.
+
+And that's just some algebra--
+absorbed these extra factors
+
+that I put into the definition.
+
+And now, if we think of
+this as describing a test
+
+particle, where r sub i is
+capital R sub i max-- so we're
+
+talking about the boundary
+of our sphere-- then,
+
+we can identify what's
+being conserved here.
+
+What's being conserved
+here is 1/2 m v squared.
+
+a dot times r sub i would
+just be the velocity
+
+of the particle of the
+boundary of the sphere.
+
+And then, minus G times
+the product of the masses
+
+divided by the distance between
+the particle in the center.
+
+And that would just be the
+Newtonian energy-- kinetic
+
+energy plus potential energy,
+where the potential energy
+
+is negative-- of a point
+particle on the boundary, where
+
+we let r sub i be
+capital R sub i
+
+max-- the boundary
+of the sphere.
+
+Now, if we want to apply this
+to a particle inside the sphere,
+
+it's a little trickier
+to get the words right.
+
+If the particle is
+inside the sphere--
+
+if r sub i is not
+equal to the max--
+
+this is not really the potential
+energy of the particle.
+
+Can somebody tell me why not?
+
+Well, maybe the question
+is a little vague.
+
+But if I did want to
+calculate the potential energy
+
+of a particle inside
+the sphere-- that's
+
+meant to be in the interior.
+
+You can't really tell unless
+it's the actual diagram.
+
+But that's deep inside sphere.
+
+I would do it by integrating
+from infinity G da,
+
+and ask how much
+work do I have to do
+
+to bring in a particle from
+infinity and put it there.
+
+And in doing this line
+integral, I get a contribution
+
+from the mass that's
+inside this dot, which
+
+is what determines
+the force on that dot.
+
+But I also get a contribution
+from what's outside the dot.
+
+So I don't get-- if
+I wanted to calculate
+
+the actual potential
+energy of that point--
+
+I don't get simply
+Gm times the mass
+
+inside divided by the
+distance from the center.
+
+It's more complicated
+what I get.
+
+And in fact, what I
+get is not conserved.
+
+Why is it not conserved?
+
+I could ask you,
+but I'll tell you.
+
+We're running out of time.
+
+It's not conserved,
+because if you
+
+ask for the potential
+energy of something
+
+in the presence
+of moving masses,
+
+there's no reason for
+it to be conserved.
+
+The potential energy
+for a point particle
+
+moving in the field of
+static masses is conserved.
+
+That's what you've learned
+in [? AO1 ?] or whatever.
+
+But if other
+particles are moving,
+
+the total energy of the full
+system will be conserved.
+
+But the potential energy of a
+single particle-- just thought
+
+of as a particle
+moving in the potential
+
+of the other particles--
+will not be conserved.
+
+OK.
+
+What is conserved,
+besides the energy
+
+of this test particle
+on the boundary,
+
+is the total energy
+of this system,
+
+which can also be calculated.
+
+And that, in fact, will be
+one of your homework problems
+
+for the coming problem
+set-- to calculate
+
+the total energy of that sphere.
+
+And that will be
+related to this quantity
+
+with a different constant
+of proportionality
+
+and will be conserved for
+the obvious physical reason.
+
+For the particles inside,
+what one can imagine--
+
+and I'll just say this
+and then I'll stop--
+
+you can imagine that
+you know that the motion
+
+of this particle is uninfluenced
+by these particles outside.
+
+And therefore, you could
+pretend that they're not there
+
+and think of it as an
+analog problem, where
+
+the particles outside of the
+radius of the particle you're
+
+focusing on simply do not
+exist in this analog problem.
+
+For that analog problem, this
+would be the potential energy.
+
+And it would be conserved.
+
+And you could argue
+that way, that you
+
+expect this to be a constant.
+
+And you'd be correct.
+
+But it's a little
+subtle to understand
+
+exactly what's conserved
+and why and how to use it.
+
+OK, that's all for today.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/xALiVHvc7EU.txt b/xALiVHvc7EU.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..764999a10b9870c08e1eddff1fb7eddcc3db4b99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xALiVHvc7EU.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+so why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so why
+why are why is the fact that an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are why is the fact that an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why are why is the fact that an electron
+is a wave why is that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a wave why is that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a wave why is that so
+important first of all because it sets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important first of all because it sets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important first of all because it sets
+up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up
+you know this this detective story of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this detective story of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know this this detective story of
+the electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the electron
+set up this new theory that's coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up this new theory that's coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set up this new theory that's coming
+quantum mechanics right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum mechanics right
+um but also it immediately just like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also it immediately just like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but also it immediately just like
+just like we started painting with them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we started painting with them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just like we started painting with them
+right remember that was one of my widest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember that was one of my widest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right remember that was one of my widest
+matters we also realized that we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters we also realized that we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matters we also realized that we could
+see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see
+with them we could see with electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them we could see with electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with them we could see with electrons
+because you know if electrons are waves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if electrons are waves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you know if electrons are waves
+then i can shine them just like i shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can shine them just like i shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then i can shine them just like i shine
+light
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+light
+and see what it shows me right it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what it shows me right it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and see what it shows me right it can
+illuminate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+illuminate
+matter so you know if you look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so you know if you look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter so you know if you look at the
+frequency here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frequency here
+of light right this is this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light right this is this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of light right this is this is a
+electromagnetic spectrum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electromagnetic spectrum
+radio right microwave infrared visible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio right microwave infrared visible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radio right microwave infrared visible
+uv now here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv now here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uv now here's the thing
+if you want to see something uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to see something uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you want to see something uh
+some feature size you're limited
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feature size you're limited
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some feature size you're limited
+by the wavelength of the light it can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the wavelength of the light it can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the wavelength of the light it can't
+be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be
+bigger than the features you're looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the features you're looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bigger than the features you're looking
+at roughly ish
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at roughly ish
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at roughly ish
+okay that's what you're so if you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what you're so if you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay that's what you're so if you're
+trying to see something tiny but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see something tiny but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to see something tiny but the
+wavelength of light is really big
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light is really big
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of light is really big
+you won't see it so we need if we want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't see it so we need if we want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you won't see it so we need if we want
+let's say we want to see atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to see atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to see atoms
+let's say we want to see atoms or or or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to see atoms or or or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say we want to see atoms or or or
+even more nuclei
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more nuclei
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+even more nuclei
+look at how tiny those are 10 to the by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how tiny those are 10 to the by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at how tiny those are 10 to the by
+10 centimeters 12 meters
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 centimeters 12 meters
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+10 centimeters 12 meters
+those are x-rays or gamma rays but the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are x-rays or gamma rays but the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are x-rays or gamma rays but the
+problem is if we shine x-rays on things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is if we shine x-rays on things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem is if we shine x-rays on things
+and we will do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we will do that
+when we look at crystals but if we shine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at crystals but if we shine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when we look at crystals but if we shine
+x-rays it's very hard to then collect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays it's very hard to then collect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x-rays it's very hard to then collect
+them and make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and make
+a photographic image okay right i mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photographic image okay right i mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a photographic image okay right i mean
+at least one that gets you that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one that gets you that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at least one that gets you that
+resolution and gamma rays are even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and gamma rays are even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resolution and gamma rays are even
+harder to catch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to catch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+harder to catch
+right oh but see here's the thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh but see here's the thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right oh but see here's the thing
+electrons electrons
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons electrons
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons electrons
+give you exactly what you need because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you exactly what you need because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you exactly what you need because
+you know if we do this math for an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we do this math for an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know if we do this math for an
+electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron
+let's bring this one back down if we do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring this one back down if we do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's bring this one back down if we do
+this math for an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this math for an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this math for an electron
+well i'm going to use ah i thought i had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm going to use ah i thought i had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well i'm going to use ah i thought i had
+the middle one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the middle one
+so if i have an electron let's suppose i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have an electron let's suppose i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if i have an electron let's suppose i
+have an electron
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electron
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have an electron
+that is um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is um
+electron i'm gonna say i accelerate it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+over 100 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 100 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 100 volts
+i'm going to take an electron i'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take an electron i'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i'm going to take an electron i'm going
+to put it over 100 volts i'm going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it over 100 volts i'm going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to put it over 100 volts i'm going to
+give it some kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it some kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give it some kinetic energy
+right so its kinetic energy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so its kinetic energy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so its kinetic energy
+is then going to equal 100 ev right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then going to equal 100 ev right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is then going to equal 100 ev right
+okay so now i've got an electron moving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i've got an electron moving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now i've got an electron moving
+with a kinetic energy that's 100 ev now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kinetic energy that's 100 ev now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a kinetic energy that's 100 ev now
+you can convert this to joules and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert this to joules and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can convert this to joules and you
+can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can
+set this equal to one-half mv squared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this equal to one-half mv squared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set this equal to one-half mv squared
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right
+mass of the electron times its velocity
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron times its velocity
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mass of the electron times its velocity
+squared and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squared and
+then once you have the velocity so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you have the velocity so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then once you have the velocity so you
+get the v
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and then once you have that you get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have that you get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then once you have that you get the
+momentum
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+momentum
+the p right and then once you have that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p right and then once you have that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the p right and then once you have that
+you get the wavelength right so i can go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the wavelength right so i can go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get the wavelength right so i can go
+now from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now from like
+something that's easy to do 100 volts is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's easy to do 100 volts is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's easy to do 100 volts is
+a lot but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot but
+in a lab safe not in your dorm you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab safe not in your dorm you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a lab safe not in your dorm you could
+apply 100 volts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply 100 volts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply 100 volts
+to an electron get it going at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an electron get it going at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to an electron get it going at this
+speed and once you know the speed you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and once you know the speed you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+speed and once you know the speed you
+know the momentum and if you know mv
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the momentum and if you know mv
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the momentum and if you know mv
+then you know its wavelength and that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know its wavelength and that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you know its wavelength and that in
+that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case
+from this relationship you would get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this relationship you would get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from this relationship you would get
+that it's about 0.12
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's about 0.12
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's about 0.12
+nanometers but look at this the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers but look at this the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanometers but look at this the
+wavelength of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wavelength of a
+simply accelerated electron is right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply accelerated electron is right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply accelerated electron is right
+where i need it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i need it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where i need it
+it's right where i need it it's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right where i need it it's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's right where i need it it's an
+angstrom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+angstrom
+right so now i think if i take advantage
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now i think if i take advantage
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now i think if i take advantage
+of the wavelengths of the wave nature of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wavelengths of the wave nature of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the wavelengths of the wave nature of
+electrons and i shine them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and i shine them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electrons and i shine them
+on materials then i can see materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on materials then i can see materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on materials then i can see materials
+that way and i can see them at that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and i can see them at that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way and i can see them at that
+scale and we do that all the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and we do that all the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale and we do that all the time
+all the time in in many many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in in many many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all the time in in many many different
+areas of technology and of research
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of technology and of research
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+areas of technology and of research
+today
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+today
+we use electrons to image in fact the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use electrons to image in fact the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we use electrons to image in fact the
+best images you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best images you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+best images you can get
+are made with electrons right um here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made with electrons right um here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are made with electrons right um here's
+an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an example
+of using uh scanning what's called a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using uh scanning what's called a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of using uh scanning what's called a
+scanning electron microscope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning electron microscope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scanning electron microscope
+right so you see a butterfly but you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see a butterfly but you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you see a butterfly but you
+want to really see a butterfly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to really see a butterfly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to really see a butterfly
+or we can go even further and instead of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can go even further and instead of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or we can go even further and instead of
+just drawing pictures
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drawing pictures
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just drawing pictures
+of this these beautiful materials made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this these beautiful materials made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this these beautiful materials made
+of carbon those are called nanotubes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon those are called nanotubes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of carbon those are called nanotubes
+these are called this is called graphene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called this is called graphene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are called this is called graphene
+it goes in tight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes in tight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it goes in tight
+it's a single sheet of carbon atoms one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single sheet of carbon atoms one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a single sheet of carbon atoms one
+atom thick material notice with these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom thick material notice with these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atom thick material notice with these
+materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials
+every single atom is a surface atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single atom is a surface atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every single atom is a surface atom
+that's pretty cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's pretty cool
+they also have lots of other cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have lots of other cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also have lots of other cool
+properties and i'll give you examples
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and i'll give you examples
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+properties and i'll give you examples
+throughout you know in other other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout you know in other other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+throughout you know in other other
+lectures of how these kinds of materials
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures of how these kinds of materials
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lectures of how these kinds of materials
+can be used
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be used
+but for now i'm talking about seeing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now i'm talking about seeing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but for now i'm talking about seeing
+them and this is what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and this is what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them and this is what happens
+when you actually look at them with an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually look at them with an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when you actually look at them with an
+electron that's a nanotube and here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that's a nanotube and here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+electron that's a nanotube and here
+is a picture of graphene the only reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a picture of graphene the only reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a picture of graphene the only reason
+we can see graphene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see graphene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can see graphene
+is because we have electrons and we take
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because we have electrons and we take
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is because we have electrons and we take
+advantage of the wave nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the wave nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advantage of the wave nature
+of those electrons we say well okay but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those electrons we say well okay but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of those electrons we say well okay but
+why does that matter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that matter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why does that matter
+well that matters tremendously because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that matters tremendously because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that matters tremendously because
+one of the first experiments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first experiments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the first experiments
+that really did what feynman what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really did what feynman what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that really did what feynman what
+richard feynman wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard feynman wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard feynman wanted
+richard feynman predicted the the field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard feynman predicted the the field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+richard feynman predicted the the field
+of nanotechnology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nanotechnology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of nanotechnology
+50 years ago he gave a famous speech at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years ago he gave a famous speech at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 years ago he gave a famous speech at
+caltech it's called there's plenty of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caltech it's called there's plenty of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+caltech it's called there's plenty of
+room at the bottom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room at the bottom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room at the bottom
+he's also an amazing teacher and he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also an amazing teacher and he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+he's also an amazing teacher and he
+taught actually the double slit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught actually the double slit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+taught actually the double slit
+experiment i highly recommend you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment i highly recommend you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experiment i highly recommend you
+googling that lecture and he said that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+googling that lecture and he said that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+googling that lecture and he said that
+you know someday you can put the atom
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someday you can put the atom
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know someday you can put the atom
+where you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where you want
+right and the first time that was done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the first time that was done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and the first time that was done
+was in 1989 by ibm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in 1989 by ibm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was in 1989 by ibm
+they had 35 z9 atoms they moved them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had 35 z9 atoms they moved them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they had 35 z9 atoms they moved them
+around the point is you couldn't realize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the point is you couldn't realize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the point is you couldn't realize
+nanotechnology you couldn't realize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology you couldn't realize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nanotechnology you couldn't realize the
+ability to actually move atoms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to actually move atoms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ability to actually move atoms
+if you can't see them right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't see them right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you can't see them right
+and so this you know the ability to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this you know the ability to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so this you know the ability to see
+what you were doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you were doing
+changed everything it changed everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed everything it changed everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changed everything it changed everything
+and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you know
+nature had been doing this and i love
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature had been doing this and i love
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nature had been doing this and i love
+these examples so you know nature has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples so you know nature has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these examples so you know nature has
+been doing nanotech for a long time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing nanotech for a long time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+been doing nanotech for a long time
+right so you have the inner ear of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have the inner ear of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you have the inner ear of the
+frog it's a cantilever that uh sensitive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog it's a cantilever that uh sensitive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+frog it's a cantilever that uh sensitive
+to a few nanometers of movement the frog
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a few nanometers of movement the frog
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to a few nanometers of movement the frog
+can actually hear that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually hear that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can actually hear that
+you've got features in the ant's eye i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got features in the ant's eye i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've got features in the ant's eye i
+love the the silk moth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the the silk moth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love the the silk moth
+the male silk moth has a single molecule
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male silk moth has a single molecule
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the male silk moth has a single molecule
+detection system on board that can sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection system on board that can sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+detection system on board that can sense
+a single molecule pheromone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single molecule pheromone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single molecule pheromone
+it can detect a female silk moth two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can detect a female silk moth two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it can detect a female silk moth two
+miles away
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles away
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+miles away
+two miles away we have nothing like that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two miles away we have nothing like that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two miles away we have nothing like that
+we have no technologies like that i
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no technologies like that i
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have no technologies like that i
+can't even tell if someone's in the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even tell if someone's in the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't even tell if someone's in the next
+room
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+room
+i have to look at my phone or something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to look at my phone or something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+i have to look at my phone or something
+this is because of nanotechnology
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because of nanotechnology
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is because of nanotechnology
+that kind of detection system right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of detection system right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of detection system right but
+it was the ability to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the ability to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it was the ability to see
+atoms and molecules with electrons that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and molecules with electrons that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+atoms and molecules with electrons that
+that kind of blew open this entire field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of blew open this entire field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of blew open this entire field
+right and it's made it so that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's made it so that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and it's made it so that we can
+now try at least to rival nature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now try at least to rival nature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now try at least to rival nature
+here's one example you're not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one example you're not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's one example you're not just
+seeing graphene but check this out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing graphene but check this out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing graphene but check this out
+you're seeing a single atom of graphene
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing a single atom of graphene
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're seeing a single atom of graphene
+and you're seeing what happens
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're seeing what happens
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're seeing what happens
+under a certain kind of ra irradiation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a certain kind of ra irradiation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+under a certain kind of ra irradiation
+and you're seeing this whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're seeing this whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're seeing this whole
+and you're seeing the whole grow and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're seeing the whole grow and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you're seeing the whole grow and
+that's really important because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's really important because
+something i care a lot about our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i care a lot about our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something i care a lot about our
+membranes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+membranes
+right and another why this matters i'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and another why this matters i'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and another why this matters i'll
+tell you about membranes but here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about membranes but here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tell you about membranes but here
+you know i'm actually making the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm actually making the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know i'm actually making the
+thinnest possible membrane that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinnest possible membrane that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thinnest possible membrane that
+that you could make because it's only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could make because it's only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you could make because it's only
+one atom thick and i'm controlling
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atom thick and i'm controlling
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one atom thick and i'm controlling
+how i make that but i would never know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i make that but i would never know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how i make that but i would never know
+what my controls do if i couldn't see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my controls do if i couldn't see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what my controls do if i couldn't see it
+in real time right so this is this is my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real time right so this is this is my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in real time right so this is this is my
+my why this matters it's seeing things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters it's seeing things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my why this matters it's seeing things
+at this scale
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zG00757LByE.txt b/zG00757LByE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5fd5f5c72078ff34b2c62f2f8b7aac4f0b964bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zG00757LByE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,5515 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+to me now I believe if you ask me who I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me now I believe if you ask me who I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me now I believe if you ask me who I
+am I believe I'm a lifelong learner and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I believe I'm a lifelong learner and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+am I believe I'm a lifelong learner and
+that's what ocw introduced to me being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what ocw introduced to me being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's what ocw introduced to me being
+that idea that if you want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea that if you want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that idea that if you want to learn
+anything you can simply go and look for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can simply go and look for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything you can simply go and look for
+the content it's probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content it's probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content it's probably
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+there welcome to open Learners a podcast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there welcome to open Learners a podcast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there welcome to open Learners a podcast
+that tells the stories of Learners all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells the stories of Learners all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that tells the stories of Learners all
+over the world who use mit's open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world who use mit's open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the world who use mit's open
+courseware I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware I'm
+ueli and open myself from Uganda and I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ueli and open myself from Uganda and I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ueli and open myself from Uganda and I'm
+Michael Jordan Pilgreen an open learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Jordan Pilgreen an open learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Jordan Pilgreen an open learner
+from Memphis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Memphis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Memphis
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+Tennessee so Emanuel do you want to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee so Emanuel do you want to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tennessee so Emanuel do you want to do
+the honors of introducing today's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honors of introducing today's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the honors of introducing today's
+learner sure today we are going to hear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner sure today we are going to hear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learner sure today we are going to hear
+from Jerry Vance anguzu an open learner
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Jerry Vance anguzu an open learner
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from Jerry Vance anguzu an open learner
+from my home country of Uganda Jerry is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my home country of Uganda Jerry is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from my home country of Uganda Jerry is
+what I would consider a super learner he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would consider a super learner he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I would consider a super learner he
+took his first ocw class and statistics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took his first ocw class and statistics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+took his first ocw class and statistics
+in 2020 while he was a student at chambo
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2020 while he was a student at chambo
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2020 while he was a student at chambo
+University a prestigious University here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University a prestigious University here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University a prestigious University here
+in Cala in the past four years he not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cala in the past four years he not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in Cala in the past four years he not
+only graduated from chogo University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only graduated from chogo University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+only graduated from chogo University
+with a bachelor's degree but he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bachelor's degree but he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a bachelor's degree but he also
+completed his MIT certification in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed his MIT certification in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completed his MIT certification in
+statistics and data science he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and data science he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics and data science he also
+earned a certificate in computer and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned a certificate in computer and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earned a certificate in computer and
+data science through mit's emerging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science through mit's emerging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data science through mit's emerging
+Talent program which goes to show the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talent program which goes to show the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talent program which goes to show the
+kind of drive that Jerry has he not only
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of drive that Jerry has he not only
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of drive that Jerry has he not only
+achieved The Bachelor during that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved The Bachelor during that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+achieved The Bachelor during that time
+but went on to add on more certificates
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but went on to add on more certificates
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but went on to add on more certificates
+more degrees and ocw has been very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more degrees and ocw has been very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more degrees and ocw has been very
+crucial to that Journey so I can't wait
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial to that Journey so I can't wait
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+crucial to that Journey so I can't wait
+to hear what the episode well Manuel so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear what the episode well Manuel so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to hear what the episode well Manuel so
+so he's really done a lot of different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's really done a lot of different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so he's really done a lot of different
+programs at MIT it's so impressive for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs at MIT it's so impressive for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs at MIT it's so impressive for
+those of you who don't know mit's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who don't know mit's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those of you who don't know mit's
+emerging Talent program is a part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Talent program is a part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Talent program is a part of the
+MIT Jam World education lab it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Jam World education lab it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT Jam World education lab it is
+formerly known as MIT react and you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly known as MIT react and you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formerly known as MIT react and you'll
+hear us refer to the program as both MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear us refer to the program as both MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hear us refer to the program as both MIT
+react and emerging Talent throughout the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react and emerging Talent throughout the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+react and emerging Talent throughout the
+interview calling the program by its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview calling the program by its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview calling the program by its
+current name emerging Talent develops
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current name emerging Talent develops
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+current name emerging Talent develops
+Global education programs for talented
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global education programs for talented
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Global education programs for talented
+individuals living and challenging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals living and challenging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+individuals living and challenging
+economic and social circumstances around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and social circumstances around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+economic and social circumstances around
+the world emerging Talent is a year-long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world emerging Talent is a year-long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the world emerging Talent is a year-long
+program of courses and workshops its
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of courses and workshops its
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program of courses and workshops its
+goals to give participants tools to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals to give participants tools to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goals to give participants tools to
+advance their careers Jerry was just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance their careers Jerry was just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+advance their careers Jerry was just one
+of 50 people to be accepted in the 2021
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 50 people to be accepted in the 2021
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 50 people to be accepted in the 2021
+cohort and he hasn't let the skills he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort and he hasn't let the skills he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cohort and he hasn't let the skills he
+acquired there go to waste that's right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired there go to waste that's right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+acquired there go to waste that's right
+Michael Jerry started his own business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Jerry started his own business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael Jerry started his own business
+in September 2023 it's called Eva PESA
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in September 2023 it's called Eva PESA
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in September 2023 it's called Eva PESA
+it's a banking and investment fintech
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a banking and investment fintech
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a banking and investment fintech
+platform that also provides financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform that also provides financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform that also provides financial
+literacy resources to people in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy resources to people in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literacy resources to people in
+subsaharan Africa Jerry's going to tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsaharan Africa Jerry's going to tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsaharan Africa Jerry's going to tell
+us all about that during the interview
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all about that during the interview
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us all about that during the interview
+but I have to say he's really meeting a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have to say he's really meeting a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I have to say he's really meeting a
+real need on the continent how did you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real need on the continent how did you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+real need on the continent how did you
+first meet Jerry Michael it's funny I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first meet Jerry Michael it's funny I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first meet Jerry Michael it's funny I
+think both you and I met Jerry through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think both you and I met Jerry through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think both you and I met Jerry through
+Linkedin right after the covid pandemic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linkedin right after the covid pandemic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Linkedin right after the covid pandemic
+and we sat down and talked to him about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we sat down and talked to him about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we sat down and talked to him about
+his journey through Co and this was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his journey through Co and this was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his journey through Co and this was
+before he had graduated from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he had graduated from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before he had graduated from the
+emerging Talent program program and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Talent program program and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging Talent program program and we
+were just so fascinated by his story and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just so fascinated by his story and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were just so fascinated by his story and
+his drive to continue his education
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his drive to continue his education
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his drive to continue his education
+despite being the sole income earner in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite being the sole income earner in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+despite being the sole income earner in
+his household during the lockdown this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his household during the lockdown this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his household during the lockdown this
+is such a great conversation Michael
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a great conversation Michael
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is such a great conversation Michael
+actually um he talks about doing online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um he talks about doing online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually um he talks about doing online
+courses without a computer or Wi-Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses without a computer or Wi-Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courses without a computer or Wi-Fi
+which is very impressive and harder than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very impressive and harder than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is very impressive and harder than
+it sounds uh he talks about how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds uh he talks about how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it sounds uh he talks about how the
+pandemic affected him and his family and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic affected him and his family and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic affected him and his family and
+how he grew from entering data to owning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he grew from entering data to owning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how he grew from entering data to owning
+a business in just four years which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business in just four years which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a business in just four years which is
+impressive Jerry's journey is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive Jerry's journey is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+impressive Jerry's journey is really
+incredible but let's hear from Jerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible but let's hear from Jerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incredible but let's hear from Jerry
+himself here is our conversation with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself here is our conversation with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+himself here is our conversation with
+Jerry vuzu of kalala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uganda let me introduce myself in my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda let me introduce myself in my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda let me introduce myself in my
+mother tongue there's a lot of cultural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother tongue there's a lot of cultural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mother tongue there's a lot of cultural
+diversity in Uganda today I think if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in Uganda today I think if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diversity in Uganda today I think if
+this is the opportunity I have I want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the opportunity I have I want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the opportunity I have I want to
+say something in a different language a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something in a different language a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say something in a different language a
+Ugandan language but probably one many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ugandan language but probably one many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ugandan language but probably one many
+people around the world have probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around the world have probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people around the world have probably
+never never heard of so that particular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never heard of so that particular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+never never heard of so that particular
+language is called L I come from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is called L I come from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+language is called L I come from the
+northern the Northwestern part of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern the Northwestern part of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+northern the Northwestern part of the
+country so let me introduce
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so let me introduce
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country so let me introduce
+myself
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+myself
+Ang
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+MIT so what I simply said is my name is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so what I simply said is my name is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+MIT so what I simply said is my name is
+Jer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jer
+and uh fun fact my last name anguzu it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh fun fact my last name anguzu it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and uh fun fact my last name anguzu it's
+in the same language and it simply means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same language and it simply means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the same language and it simply means
+long journey that's really cool Jerry in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long journey that's really cool Jerry in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+long journey that's really cool Jerry in
+our first conversation we had when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first conversation we had when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+our first conversation we had when
+Emanuel you and I met just kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emanuel you and I met just kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Emanuel you and I met just kind of
+informally before this all became a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally before this all became a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+informally before this all became a
+thing I'm interested to go back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm interested to go back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I'm interested to go back to
+before Co you know when you were kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Co you know when you were kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+before Co you know when you were kind of
+using open course where but before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using open course where but before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+using open course where but before
+emerging talent and all that maybe you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging talent and all that maybe you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging talent and all that maybe you
+could tell us like what your day-to-day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell us like what your day-to-day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could tell us like what your day-to-day
+life was like I started getting when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life was like I started getting when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+life was like I started getting when I
+was still in high school or towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still in high school or towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was still in high school or towards
+finishing my high school I I knew I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing my high school I I knew I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finishing my high school I I knew I
+wanted to get a career in particularly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get a career in particularly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to get a career in particularly
+in the financial space to be specific I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the financial space to be specific I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the financial space to be specific I
+wanted to be a Trader I got to watch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be a Trader I got to watch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to be a Trader I got to watch
+this documentary about the black and shs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this documentary about the black and shs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this documentary about the black and shs
+model which really got me so interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which really got me so interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+model which really got me so interested
+in the whole financial landscape and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole financial landscape and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the whole financial landscape and
+from then I really started going down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from then I really started going down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from then I really started going down
+into that rabbit hole then very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that rabbit hole then very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into that rabbit hole then very quickly
+you if you're interested in finance
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're interested in finance
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you if you're interested in finance
+you'll get to learn about the 2008
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get to learn about the 2008
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll get to learn about the 2008
+financial crisis so I try to read very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis so I try to read very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial crisis so I try to read very
+extensively about any kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively about any kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+extensively about any kind of
+information that I could actually get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that I could actually get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information that I could actually get
+about that whole crisis so question to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that whole crisis so question to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about that whole crisis so question to
+me was what do I then pursue after
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was what do I then pursue after
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+me was what do I then pursue after
+because I was then convinced like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was then convinced like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I was then convinced like I
+really wanted to be in the financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to be in the financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to be in the financial
+field that's really what I wanted to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's really what I wanted to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+field that's really what I wanted to do
+unfortunately there isn't a course of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there isn't a course of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unfortunately there isn't a course of
+financial Engineering in Uganda so if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial Engineering in Uganda so if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial Engineering in Uganda so if
+you wanted to become a financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to become a financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you wanted to become a financial
+engineer you have to look for your way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you have to look for your way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineer you have to look for your way
+around and get something else and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and get something else and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around and get something else and I
+think to me the closest thing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to me the closest thing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think to me the closest thing to
+financial engineering at that time was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial engineering at that time was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+financial engineering at that time was
+statistics around that time now when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics around that time now when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statistics around that time now when I
+started doing the math trying to study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing the math trying to study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started doing the math trying to study
+and all that however it very quickly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that however it very quickly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and all that however it very quickly
+became obvious to me that I might not be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became obvious to me that I might not be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+became obvious to me that I might not be
+able to derive the kind of value that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to derive the kind of value that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to derive the kind of value that I
+really want from this particular course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want from this particular course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really want from this particular course
+because so happens that the course was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so happens that the course was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because so happens that the course was
+very theoretical in nature there were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very theoretical in nature there were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very theoretical in nature there were
+really very few practical ways or to see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very few practical ways or to see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really very few practical ways or to see
+how you can actually make an application
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can actually make an application
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how you can actually make an application
+of all these various Concepts that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these various Concepts that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of all these various Concepts that
+you're studying so from then I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying so from then I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're studying so from then I started
+really looking for content looking for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking for content looking for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really looking for content looking for
+can I get certain types of content which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I get certain types of content which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can I get certain types of content which
+can supplement me supplement me so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can supplement me supplement me so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can supplement me supplement me so that
+yes I am doing this course because as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I am doing this course because as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yes I am doing this course because as a
+person I'd always been a very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I'd always been a very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+person I'd always been a very very
+curious person so when I was really in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious person so when I was really in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+curious person so when I was really in
+this point that is when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point that is when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point that is when I started
+looking around online what kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking around online what kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking around online what kinds of
+materials are there and growing up as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials are there and growing up as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials are there and growing up as a
+child I'd always known about MIT in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child I'd always known about MIT in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+child I'd always known about MIT in
+particular because I I was interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because I I was interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular because I I was interested in
+physics a lot so I kept on reading about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics a lot so I kept on reading about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics a lot so I kept on reading about
+famous physicists and many times if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous physicists and many times if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+famous physicists and many times if you
+read about physics long enough you come
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about physics long enough you come
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+read about physics long enough you come
+across ideas from MIT but you always had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across ideas from MIT but you always had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+across ideas from MIT but you always had
+that kind of aspiration there that one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of aspiration there that one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that kind of aspiration there that one
+day maybe I want to go to MIT and maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day maybe I want to go to MIT and maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+day maybe I want to go to MIT and maybe
+study from MIT however that didn't seem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study from MIT however that didn't seem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+study from MIT however that didn't seem
+to be something which I could easily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something which I could easily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be something which I could easily
+realize in the short term so I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize in the short term so I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+realize in the short term so I started
+getting into what kind of material is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into what kind of material is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+getting into what kind of material is
+actually out there is it possible to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually out there is it possible to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually out there is it possible to
+learn from MIT without necessarily going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from MIT without necessarily going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn from MIT without necessarily going
+to campus so that's when I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to campus so that's when I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to campus so that's when I started
+looking through and seeing what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking through and seeing what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking through and seeing what kind of
+content is actually out there and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content is actually out there and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content is actually out there and very
+quickly you come across the MIT open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you come across the MIT open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly you come across the MIT open
+coare it's very hard because on the one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coare it's very hard because on the one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coare it's very hard because on the one
+hand I have all this classwork I have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I have all this classwork I have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand I have all this classwork I have to
+do on the other hand I'm trying to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on the other hand I'm trying to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do on the other hand I'm trying to learn
+something which is it is related but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is it is related but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which is it is related but
+then it's not particularly what I am
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not particularly what I am
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's not particularly what I am
+studying at the University so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying at the University so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+studying at the University so you have
+to create your own time to do that kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create your own time to do that kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to create your own time to do that kind
+of extra study which was a problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extra study which was a problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of extra study which was a problem
+because you have exams they examining
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have exams they examining
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you have exams they examining
+you on what they're teaching you at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on what they're teaching you at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you on what they're teaching you at the
+University not necessarily what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University not necessarily what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+University not necessarily what you're
+interested in learning so I tried doing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in learning so I tried doing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interested in learning so I tried doing
+the course but several times I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but several times I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course but several times I I I
+couldn't manage it like you watch a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't manage it like you watch a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couldn't manage it like you watch a
+couple of lectures you're unable to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures you're unable to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+couple of lectures you're unable to
+follow because you've never really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow because you've never really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+follow because you've never really
+programmed a computer Compu so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed a computer Compu so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programmed a computer Compu so you get
+lost in the weeds you don't know what to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in the weeds you don't know what to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lost in the weeds you don't know what to
+do next so you aband on the course what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next so you aband on the course what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do next so you aband on the course what
+happened after you took that course lead
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened after you took that course lead
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened after you took that course lead
+us up to the pandemic and kind of where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us up to the pandemic and kind of where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us up to the pandemic and kind of where
+you were during that time too the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were during that time too the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you were during that time too the
+pandemic happened when I was in towards
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic happened when I was in towards
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic happened when I was in towards
+my final years in the University so now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final years in the University so now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my final years in the University so now
+remember like what I had told you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember like what I had told you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember like what I had told you
+earlier that it was really hard to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that it was really hard to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+earlier that it was really hard to
+particularly study the course while I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly study the course while I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particularly study the course while I'm
+also having my class work so to me in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also having my class work so to me in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also having my class work so to me in a
+way the pandemic provided a very great
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the pandemic provided a very great
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way the pandemic provided a very great
+opportunity because here we were schools
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity because here we were schools
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunity because here we were schools
+had closed University had closed and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had closed University had closed and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had closed University had closed and we
+really had nothing to do just literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had nothing to do just literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really had nothing to do just literally
+sitting home so this is the time I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting home so this is the time I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sitting home so this is the time I
+really started taking this course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really started taking this course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really started taking this course
+seriously because when I had time on my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously because when I had time on my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seriously because when I had time on my
+hand and I it was indefinite we didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and I it was indefinite we didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand and I it was indefinite we didn't
+know when this was coming to an end now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when this was coming to an end now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know when this was coming to an end now
+as soon as I finished the first course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as I finished the first course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as soon as I finished the first course
+which was introduction to computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was introduction to computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was introduction to computer
+science and programming in Python I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and programming in Python I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+science and programming in Python I was
+immediately interested and got to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately interested and got to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately interested and got to the
+second course which I also completed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second course which I also completed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second course which I also completed
+during that time of the pandemic and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time of the pandemic and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+during that time of the pandemic and
+like I mentioned there reason why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mentioned there reason why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like I mentioned there reason why I
+believed I was able to because finally I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed I was able to because finally I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believed I was able to because finally I
+had time I had a computer at that time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had time I had a computer at that time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had time I had a computer at that time
+and I just acquired a computer then I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just acquired a computer then I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I just acquired a computer then I
+get all the time I need to actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the time I need to actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get all the time I need to actually
+concentrate on this course oh wow that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on this course oh wow that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentrate on this course oh wow that's
+amazing uh you mean you are doing all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing uh you mean you are doing all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+amazing uh you mean you are doing all
+these classes before without a computer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classes before without a computer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these classes before without a computer
+first yeah yeah give us some background
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first yeah yeah give us some background
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first yeah yeah give us some background
+on that so I I didn't have a laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so I I didn't have a laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on that so I I didn't have a laptop
+initially what I had was a smartphone so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially what I had was a smartphone so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially what I had was a smartphone so
+what I will do is uh explicitly remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will do is uh explicitly remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I will do is uh explicitly remember
+my smartphone a Huawei y330 so I love it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my smartphone a Huawei y330 so I love it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my smartphone a Huawei y330 so I love it
+because it was my first ever smartphone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was my first ever smartphone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it was my first ever smartphone
+that I owned so uh I used to download
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I owned so uh I used to download
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I owned so uh I used to download
+the content and keep it on because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content and keep it on because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the content and keep it on because it
+was very hard watching it online so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very hard watching it online so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was very hard watching it online so
+funny enough there used to be a place
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny enough there used to be a place
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+funny enough there used to be a place
+near where I used where I stayed it was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near where I used where I stayed it was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+near where I used where I stayed it was
+a university not where I went but was at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university not where I went but was at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a university not where I went but was at
+Medical Institute so they they had Wi-Fi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Institute so they they had Wi-Fi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Medical Institute so they they had Wi-Fi
+on so uh you know internet is quite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so uh you know internet is quite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on so uh you know internet is quite
+expensive in Uganda so you wouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive in Uganda so you wouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expensive in Uganda so you wouldn't be
+able to download a file of 500 MBS at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to download a file of 500 MBS at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to download a file of 500 MBS at
+least in that time when you have no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in that time when you have no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least in that time when you have no
+income that's a lot of data only 500 MBS
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income that's a lot of data only 500 MBS
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income that's a lot of data only 500 MBS
+don't even talk about about 1 GB and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even talk about about 1 GB and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't even talk about about 1 GB and you
+know these courses are a lot of content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these courses are a lot of content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know these courses are a lot of content
+so what we used to do is uh we used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we used to do is uh we used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what we used to do is uh we used to
+run to the the institutes uh outside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to the the institutes uh outside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+run to the the institutes uh outside
+because of course they couldn't let you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course they couldn't let you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of course they couldn't let you
+in so outside there the Wi-Fi could sort
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so outside there the Wi-Fi could sort
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so outside there the Wi-Fi could sort
+of reach where we could stand so believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reach where we could stand so believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of reach where we could stand so believe
+believe me believe me we there used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me believe me we there used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+believe me believe me we there used to
+be a line of people who are literally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a line of people who are literally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a line of people who are literally
+standing on the road and we ter it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on the road and we ter it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+standing on the road and we ter it as
+tapping the Wi-Fi in hindsight when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapping the Wi-Fi in hindsight when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tapping the Wi-Fi in hindsight when I
+think about it it might also be one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it it might also be one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about it it might also be one of
+the reasons it was initially hard for me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons it was initially hard for me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the reasons it was initially hard for me
+to complete the course because yes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete the course because yes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to complete the course because yes you
+go through these videos but you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through these videos but you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go through these videos but you have
+nowhere to practice it exactly I used to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere to practice it exactly I used to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nowhere to practice it exactly I used to
+download the number of apps the number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the number of apps the number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+download the number of apps the number
+of coding apps you can have on the phone
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coding apps you can have on the phone
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of coding apps you can have on the phone
+but those I feel like are not the most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those I feel like are not the most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but those I feel like are not the most
+effective ways but yeah yeah it's cool
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective ways but yeah yeah it's cool
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective ways but yeah yeah it's cool
+so you mentioned you didn't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you mentioned you didn't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you mentioned you didn't have any
+background in any of this what was your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in any of this what was your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background in any of this what was your
+background like what did you study in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background like what did you study in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+background like what did you study in
+high school and maybe as a follow-up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school and maybe as a follow-up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+high school and maybe as a follow-up
+question I know in Uganda most from like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I know in Uganda most from like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question I know in Uganda most from like
+primary we are using English all the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary we are using English all the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primary we are using English all the way
+was that the same case with you as well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the same case with you as well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was that the same case with you as well
+or because most of ocw courses are in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because most of ocw courses are in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or because most of ocw courses are in
+English yeah I you know uh English is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English yeah I you know uh English is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+English yeah I you know uh English is
+the okay I believe now it's not the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay I believe now it's not the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the okay I believe now it's not the
+official but it's one of the official
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official but it's one of the official
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+official but it's one of the official
+languages in Uganda English and kahili
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in Uganda English and kahili
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+languages in Uganda English and kahili
+so for me English has never really been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me English has never really been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so for me English has never really been
+a problem it's something which I learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem it's something which I learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a problem it's something which I learned
+from from way back when I was growing up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from way back when I was growing up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from from way back when I was growing up
+so that was really never a challenge in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was really never a challenge in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that was really never a challenge in
+terms of communication I'd always known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of communication I'd always known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of communication I'd always known
+how to speak English for for as long as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to speak English for for as long as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how to speak English for for as long as
+I can remember during my high school in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can remember during my high school in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can remember during my high school in
+Uganda so you stud a lot of courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda so you stud a lot of courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda so you stud a lot of courses
+especially in lower high school so when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in lower high school so when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in lower high school so when
+you get to Upper high school that's when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to Upper high school that's when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get to Upper high school that's when
+you specialize I particularly did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specialize I particularly did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you specialize I particularly did
+physics mathematics and economics yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics mathematics and economics yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+physics mathematics and economics yeah I
+always I always love physics like I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I always love physics like I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always I always love physics like I
+mentioned I I thought at one point I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned I I thought at one point I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned I I thought at one point I was
+going to be a physicist I love physics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a physicist I love physics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be a physicist I love physics
+too yeah and chemistry chemistry didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too yeah and chemistry chemistry didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+too yeah and chemistry chemistry didn't
+love me back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love me back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+love me back
+but it's a whole other story yeah and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a whole other story yeah and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's a whole other story yeah and
+just you know we do have a global
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know we do have a global
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just you know we do have a global
+audience so I'm curious you know Emanuel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience so I'm curious you know Emanuel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+audience so I'm curious you know Emanuel
+or Jerry if you want to talk about this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Jerry if you want to talk about this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or Jerry if you want to talk about this
+how was the pandemic in Uganda how did
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how was the pandemic in Uganda how did
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how was the pandemic in Uganda how did
+it impact you and then how did having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it impact you and then how did having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it impact you and then how did having
+access to online education and you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to online education and you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+access to online education and you know
+we'll get into it here in a bit but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into it here in a bit but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll get into it here in a bit but
+having access to that online community
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having access to that online community
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having access to that online community
+helped you during that time too when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped you during that time too when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+helped you during that time too when the
+pandemic started out all schools all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic started out all schools all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic started out all schools all
+Institutes of Education those were the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutes of Education those were the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Institutes of Education those were the
+first ones which ended up being closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones which ended up being closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first ones which ended up being closed
+right so now when that happened we we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now when that happened we we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so now when that happened we we
+all thought believe like everyone else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all thought believe like everyone else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all thought believe like everyone else
+that maybe this is something which is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe this is something which is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that maybe this is something which is
+going to take a week and this gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a week and this gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to take a week and this gets
+resoled maybe two weeks at most or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resoled maybe two weeks at most or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resoled maybe two weeks at most or
+whichever now very quickly uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever now very quickly uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whichever now very quickly uh the
+situation starts to escalate it's now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation starts to escalate it's now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation starts to escalate it's now
+not just schools which are closed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just schools which are closed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just schools which are closed
+businesses get closed down now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses get closed down now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+businesses get closed down now this
+really to us as a from my experience it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to us as a from my experience it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really to us as a from my experience it
+presented a very big problem because you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented a very big problem because you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+presented a very big problem because you
+see in Uganda and uh maybe most of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in Uganda and uh maybe most of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see in Uganda and uh maybe most of
+subsaharan Africa particularly for our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsaharan Africa particularly for our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subsaharan Africa particularly for our
+case most people leave hand to mouth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case most people leave hand to mouth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case most people leave hand to mouth
+right so you go to the market you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you go to the market you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you go to the market you're
+probably selling something so whatever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably selling something so whatever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably selling something so whatever
+income you're going to get from that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you're going to get from that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income you're going to get from that
+particular sale of that day that is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sale of that day that is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular sale of that day that is what
+is going to feed you you do not have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to feed you you do not have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is going to feed you you do not have any
+kind of Social Security net or anything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Social Security net or anything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of Social Security net or anything
+which is looking out for you so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is looking out for you so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is looking out for you so you
+don't have any savings basically you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any savings basically you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't have any savings basically you
+need to work to be able to eat you need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work to be able to eat you need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to work to be able to eat you need
+to go to work to earn some money so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to work to earn some money so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to go to work to earn some money so that
+you can be able to buy food so when the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be able to buy food so when the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can be able to buy food so when the
+pandemic comes and the economy is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic comes and the economy is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pandemic comes and the economy is
+literally shut down that became a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally shut down that became a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+literally shut down that became a very
+very difficult period because getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult period because getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very difficult period because getting
+food itself became very hard because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food itself became very hard because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+food itself became very hard because
+there was now no kind of economic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was now no kind of economic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there was now no kind of economic
+activities taking place remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities taking place remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activities taking place remember
+everything Remains the Same there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything Remains the Same there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything Remains the Same there's
+still rent which had to be paid funny
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still rent which had to be paid funny
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still rent which had to be paid funny
+story uh because during the time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh because during the time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+story uh because during the time
+actually when the pandemic started I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when the pandemic started I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually when the pandemic started I I
+was renting out a hostel the University
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was renting out a hostel the University
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was renting out a hostel the University
+where I was staying but now because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I was staying but now because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I was staying but now because of
+the pandemic there was really no money
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pandemic there was really no money
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the pandemic there was really no money
+to pay the rent it was a really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay the rent it was a really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to pay the rent it was a really
+difficult and challenging times yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and challenging times yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difficult and challenging times yeah I
+understand that is when I saw that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that is when I saw that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand that is when I saw that the
+online education it was really a savior
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online education it was really a savior
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online education it was really a savior
+to say the least one you didn't have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the least one you didn't have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to say the least one you didn't have
+schools it reached a point it felt like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools it reached a point it felt like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+schools it reached a point it felt like
+there's no other opportunities which are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other opportunities which are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other opportunities which are
+going to come around because you see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come around because you see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to come around because you see
+your betting your entire life and your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your betting your entire life and your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your betting your entire life and your
+entire career on this education you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire career on this education you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire career on this education you're
+going to get this University degree and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get this University degree and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to get this University degree and
+then you start to know people who are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start to know people who are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you start to know people who are
+sick then you start to know people who
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick then you start to know people who
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sick then you start to know people who
+passed on so it's something which starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on so it's something which starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+passed on so it's something which starts
+becoming personal I also come from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming personal I also come from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becoming personal I also come from a
+family which has several people in it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family which has several people in it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+family which has several people in it
+which is really a typical African family
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really a typical African family
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is really a typical African family
+they're not really nuclear families it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really nuclear families it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're not really nuclear families it's
+really an extended family you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an extended family you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an extended family you have
+cousins of cousins of cousins all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cousins of cousins of cousins all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cousins of cousins of cousins all
+staying under the same roof so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying under the same roof so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+staying under the same roof so
+everything becomes challenging all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything becomes challenging all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything becomes challenging all these
+mouths have to be fed so there was a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouths have to be fed so there was a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mouths have to be fed so there was a lot
+of really strain and to me studying
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really strain and to me studying
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of really strain and to me studying
+online seem to be an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+escape this is a very interesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape this is a very interesting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+escape this is a very interesting
+Journey you went from just trying to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey you went from just trying to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey you went from just trying to do
+these courses on your smartphone you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these courses on your smartphone you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these courses on your smartphone you
+know the pandemic happens you have then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the pandemic happens you have then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know the pandemic happens you have then
+you get your own laptop then you do the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your own laptop then you do the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get your own laptop then you do the
+actual courses on your laptop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual courses on your laptop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual courses on your laptop
+very very powerful story you mention you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful story you mention you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very very powerful story you mention you
+many at home have you ever like the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many at home have you ever like the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many at home have you ever like the
+things you are learning and this world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you are learning and this world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things you are learning and this world
+that you had been exposed to have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had been exposed to have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you had been exposed to have you
+like try to pass that on or any impact
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like try to pass that on or any impact
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like try to pass that on or any impact
+in your surrounding maybe your cousins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your surrounding maybe your cousins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in your surrounding maybe your cousins
+at home you've introduced them to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home you've introduced them to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at home you've introduced them to
+ocw the person who are introduced to ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw the person who are introduced to ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ocw the person who are introduced to ocw
+is my brother he was doing engineering
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my brother he was doing engineering
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is my brother he was doing engineering
+so I kept on telling him about actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I kept on telling him about actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so I kept on telling him about actually
+there's this platform you could get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this platform you could get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's this platform you could get a
+lot of content especially from the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of content especially from the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of content especially from the
+engineering side so as a relative that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering side so as a relative that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+engineering side so as a relative that
+is the one key person I believe I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one key person I believe I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is the one key person I believe I
+introduced however beyond that here's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced however beyond that here's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced however beyond that here's
+something which interesting that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which interesting that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something which interesting that
+happened I done a bit of python and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I done a bit of python and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happened I done a bit of python and I
+now knew and understood a bit of python
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now knew and understood a bit of python
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now knew and understood a bit of python
+or programming in general so people many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or programming in general so people many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or programming in general so people many
+of my colleagues actually didn't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my colleagues actually didn't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of my colleagues actually didn't know
+what python was so several times they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what python was so several times they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what python was so several times they
+kept on asking me what are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept on asking me what are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept on asking me what are these things
+on your computer what are these things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your computer what are these things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on your computer what are these things
+that you're studying and all that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're studying and all that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you're studying and all that so
+that is when I kept on telling them oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is when I kept on telling them oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is when I kept on telling them oh
+you can actually learn this content
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually learn this content
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually learn this content
+online you can learn this content online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online you can learn this content online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+online you can learn this content online
+on this particular platform and in a way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particular platform and in a way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this particular platform and in a way
+over time I started becoming almost I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time I started becoming almost I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over time I started becoming almost I
+like to call myself an ocw ambassador
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call myself an ocw ambassador
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like to call myself an ocw ambassador
+telling people like actually you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling people like actually you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+telling people like actually you can get
+this kind of education online you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of education online you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this kind of education online you don't
+need to pay anything you just need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay anything you just need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need to pay anything you just need to
+have a bit of time yeah I was going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bit of time yeah I was going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a bit of time yeah I was going to
+say that's really awesome I was uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's really awesome I was uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that's really awesome I was uh
+wondering if you could talk a little bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if you could talk a little bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wondering if you could talk a little bit
+about how you found out about MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you found out about MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about how you found out about MIT
+emerging talent and you know kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging talent and you know kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging talent and you know kind of
+after that I don't know when in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that I don't know when in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after that I don't know when in the
+process you decided to be a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you decided to be a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+process you decided to be a business
+owner but maybe you could talk a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner but maybe you could talk a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+owner but maybe you could talk a little
+bit about founding a business and like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about founding a business and like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit about founding a business and like
+how that looks day to day too after the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that looks day to day too after the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that looks day to day too after the
+emerging talent I remember that whole
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging talent I remember that whole
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emerging talent I remember that whole
+quote that uh learning from mits like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote that uh learning from mits like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quote that uh learning from mits like
+trying to drink from Fire Halls so to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to drink from Fire Halls so to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to drink from Fire Halls so to me
+I really got I got I got hooked to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really got I got I got hooked to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I really got I got I got hooked to the
+whole MIT culture because I could see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole MIT culture because I could see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whole MIT culture because I could see
+there something I've actually learned
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something I've actually learned
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there something I've actually learned
+especially in terms of how they were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in terms of how they were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in terms of how they were
+explaining the various Concepts to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the various Concepts to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explaining the various Concepts to me
+they simplified a lot of things which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simplified a lot of things which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they simplified a lot of things which I
+really love so from that whole process
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love so from that whole process
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really love so from that whole process
+of always wanting to see what kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of always wanting to see what kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of always wanting to see what kind of
+free materials MIT putting there what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free materials MIT putting there what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+free materials MIT putting there what
+kind of resources can I gain from MIT
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of resources can I gain from MIT
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of resources can I gain from MIT
+one day I come across this program which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day I come across this program which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one day I come across this program which
+is called MIT react so I start looking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called MIT react so I start looking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is called MIT react so I start looking
+further into what MIT react is learning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further into what MIT react is learning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further into what MIT react is learning
+further more about it and MIT react
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further more about it and MIT react
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+further more about it and MIT react
+which is now MIT emerging talents F
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now MIT emerging talents F
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is now MIT emerging talents F
+about it and I realized that I actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and I realized that I actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it and I realized that I actually
+fit the profile to be able to uh study
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the profile to be able to uh study
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fit the profile to be able to uh study
+here uh study under this program so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh study under this program so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here uh study under this program so I
+write my application I sent it through I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write my application I sent it through I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write my application I sent it through I
+remember it was a very daunting task
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was a very daunting task
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+remember it was a very daunting task
+because you had to do a virtually proed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you had to do a virtually proed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because you had to do a virtually proed
+exam before so I remember I had to wake
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam before so I remember I had to wake
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exam before so I remember I had to wake
+up very early in the morning to try and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up very early in the morning to try and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up very early in the morning to try and
+do that and uh after I did the exam I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and uh after I did the exam I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do that and uh after I did the exam I
+kept on wondering if I am going to pass
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept on wondering if I am going to pass
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kept on wondering if I am going to pass
+or I'm not going to pass waited a couple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm not going to pass waited a couple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or I'm not going to pass waited a couple
+of weeks and then I received that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks and then I received that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of weeks and then I received that
+message that had actually been accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that had actually been accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+message that had actually been accepted
+this should be around 2022 when we still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be around 2022 when we still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this should be around 2022 when we still
+in the pandemic once I received that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pandemic once I received that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the pandemic once I received that
+letter that I've actually been accepted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter that I've actually been accepted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+letter that I've actually been accepted
+to me now this was this was it I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me now this was this was it I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me now this was this was it I'd
+always wanted to do MIT and here now had
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wanted to do MIT and here now had
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always wanted to do MIT and here now had
+a real legit way to actually do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real legit way to actually do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a real legit way to actually do this
+content so it's a really comprehensive
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content so it's a really comprehensive
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+content so it's a really comprehensive
+program which gives you a lot of support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which gives you a lot of support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program which gives you a lot of support
+and the community is really very helpful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the community is really very helpful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and the community is really very helpful
+and very welcoming to really anyone from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very welcoming to really anyone from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and very welcoming to really anyone from
+around the world uh we were part of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world uh we were part of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+around the world uh we were part of a
+Cort which only had 50 Learners so that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cort which only had 50 Learners so that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Cort which only had 50 Learners so that
+really gave me a lot of confidence boost
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gave me a lot of confidence boost
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really gave me a lot of confidence boost
+like oh wow I'm part of only a group of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh wow I'm part of only a group of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like oh wow I'm part of only a group of
+50 people who have accepted into this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 people who have accepted into this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+50 people who have accepted into this
+program from thereafter we also had the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program from thereafter we also had the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+program from thereafter we also had the
+entrepreneurship leadership boot camp
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship leadership boot camp
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrepreneurship leadership boot camp
+the MIT boot camps which was really very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT boot camps which was really very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the MIT boot camps which was really very
+insightful which started getting me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful which started getting me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insightful which started getting me
+excited about the whole entrepreneurship
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the whole entrepreneurship
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+excited about the whole entrepreneurship
+and what it was because we had a team
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it was because we had a team
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and what it was because we had a team
+where we came up with a proposal for a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we came up with a proposal for a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where we came up with a proposal for a
+project which was called unibody uni was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which was called unibody uni was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+project which was called unibody uni was
+supposed to be an educational platform
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be an educational platform
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supposed to be an educational platform
+for young kids unfortunately that didn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for young kids unfortunately that didn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for young kids unfortunately that didn't
+eventually come to become a real company
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually come to become a real company
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+eventually come to become a real company
+but I'd gotten the key principles in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd gotten the key principles in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'd gotten the key principles in
+terms of what a company is what a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what a company is what a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms of what a company is what a
+startup is I then knew for sure I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup is I then knew for sure I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+startup is I then knew for sure I really
+wanted to do entrepreneurship and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do entrepreneurship and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+wanted to do entrepreneurship and I
+really wanted to apply the skills I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to apply the skills I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really wanted to apply the skills I have
+not just to really do a job but really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to really do a job but really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not just to really do a job but really
+also to be an entrepreneur so around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be an entrepreneur so around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also to be an entrepreneur so around
+that time I needed a job so I started
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time I needed a job so I started
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time I needed a job so I started
+really writing applications uh when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really writing applications uh when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really writing applications uh when I
+had also finished the MIT react program
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had also finished the MIT react program
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had also finished the MIT react program
+one very interesting thing that I really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very interesting thing that I really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one very interesting thing that I really
+want to note out is uh I kept on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to note out is uh I kept on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to note out is uh I kept on
+emphasizing it in terms of my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing it in terms of my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+emphasizing it in terms of my
+qualifications putting forth all these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifications putting forth all these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+qualifications putting forth all these
+various certificates that I had actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various certificates that I had actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various certificates that I had actually
+gained and my MIT react qualification
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained and my MIT react qualification
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gained and my MIT react qualification
+and this is really what got me into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really what got me into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is really what got me into the
+interview rooms I'll be frank with you I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview rooms I'll be frank with you I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interview rooms I'll be frank with you I
+managed to get a number of interviews
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get a number of interviews
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+managed to get a number of interviews
+and I eventually landed on a job with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I eventually landed on a job with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I eventually landed on a job with
+mopa so what mopa is it's a Solar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mopa so what mopa is it's a Solar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mopa so what mopa is it's a Solar
+Company they have a pay as you go model
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Company they have a pay as you go model
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Company they have a pay as you go model
+for retailing a Solar Products and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for retailing a Solar Products and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for retailing a Solar Products and
+mobile devices in a period of about 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile devices in a period of about 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mobile devices in a period of about 2
+months also I went from being a data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months also I went from being a data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+months also I went from being a data
+entrance to the bi Department which was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance to the bi Department which was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entrance to the bi Department which was
+really the data backend and the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the data backend and the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the data backend and the data
+analytic sides of the business because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic sides of the business because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytic sides of the business because
+that was the field that I was interested
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the field that I was interested
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was the field that I was interested
+in which to me really now puts me into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which to me really now puts me into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which to me really now puts me into
+the trajectory of this career in a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory of this career in a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the trajectory of this career in a
+technical field in data science field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical field in data science field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technical field in data science field
+how do you see yourself now ever since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you see yourself now ever since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how do you see yourself now ever since
+you started doing ocw courses how has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started doing ocw courses how has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you started doing ocw courses how has
+your identity reflecting on a journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identity reflecting on a journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your identity reflecting on a journey
+how are you Jerry as a person do you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you Jerry as a person do you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how are you Jerry as a person do you
+feel have changed because of ocw I feel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel have changed because of ocw I feel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feel have changed because of ocw I feel
+like ocw has helped me a lot especially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ocw has helped me a lot especially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like ocw has helped me a lot especially
+in terms of my career trajectory because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of my career trajectory because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of my career trajectory because
+I could literally attribute what I do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could literally attribute what I do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could literally attribute what I do
+now what I the jobs I have done in one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I the jobs I have done in one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now what I the jobs I have done in one
+or another they they have a direct link
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another they they have a direct link
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or another they they have a direct link
+to uh me having to learn about ocw where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh me having to learn about ocw where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh me having to learn about ocw where
+that is through the first initial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is through the first initial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is through the first initial
+programs I took to Simply learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs I took to Simply learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programs I took to Simply learn
+programming or through the merging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming or through the merging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+programming or through the merging
+Talent talents program so to me it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talent talents program so to me it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talent talents program so to me it
+really broadened my view about the world
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really broadened my view about the world
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really broadened my view about the world
+I was living in a confined world of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was living in a confined world of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I was living in a confined world of
+where I didn't know all these other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I didn't know all these other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where I didn't know all these other
+things existed around the world so to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things existed around the world so to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things existed around the world so to me
+that was really transformational and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really transformational and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was really transformational and I
+keep saying this to me now I believe if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep saying this to me now I believe if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep saying this to me now I believe if
+you ask me who I am I believe I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask me who I am I believe I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you ask me who I am I believe I'm a
+lifelong learner and that's what ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong learner and that's what ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lifelong learner and that's what ocw
+introduced to me being that idea that if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to me being that idea that if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduced to me being that idea that if
+you want to learn anything you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to learn anything you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to learn anything you can
+simply go and look for the content it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply go and look for the content it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simply go and look for the content it's
+probably there you can go and use online
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably there you can go and use online
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+probably there you can go and use online
+materials and then you get to learn that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and then you get to learn that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+materials and then you get to learn that
+like in my business for example we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in my business for example we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like in my business for example we have
+to start doing accounting recently and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start doing accounting recently and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to start doing accounting recently and I
+just figured wait I'm not an accountant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figured wait I'm not an accountant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just figured wait I'm not an accountant
+I don't have background in accounting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have background in accounting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't have background in accounting
+but then there's online content for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's online content for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then there's online content for
+accounting so recently I took another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting so recently I took another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+accounting so recently I took another
+course especially in understanding the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course especially in understanding the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course especially in understanding the
+key financial statements for a business
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key financial statements for a business
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+key financial statements for a business
+which is the the balance sheets and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the the balance sheets and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is the the balance sheets and the
+income statement so learning what are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement so learning what are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+income statement so learning what are
+they how they function and all that so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they how they function and all that so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they how they function and all that so
+to me that is really the eye opener I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that is really the eye opener I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me that is really the eye opener I
+got from ocw that if you want to learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from ocw that if you want to learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got from ocw that if you want to learn
+anything and if you're interested in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and if you're interested in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything and if you're interested in
+anything there's always content that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there's always content that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything there's always content that you
+can refer to all right Jerry I just want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can refer to all right Jerry I just want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can refer to all right Jerry I just want
+to give you time to like elevator pitch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you time to like elevator pitch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to give you time to like elevator pitch
+your business and like what it's all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business and like what it's all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your business and like what it's all
+about since you got the skills that uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about since you got the skills that uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about since you got the skills that uh
+at your previous role when you were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your previous role when you were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at your previous role when you were
+doing the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing the data
+analytics maybe just to lead into that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics maybe just to lead into that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analytics maybe just to lead into that
+after I do data analytics for a while I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do data analytics for a while I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after I do data analytics for a while I
+almost start to get bored of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost start to get bored of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost start to get bored of that
+because I felt like I am being
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I felt like I am being
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because I felt like I am being
+underutilized I really wanted to be able
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underutilized I really wanted to be able
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underutilized I really wanted to be able
+to build my own products and to channel
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build my own products and to channel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to build my own products and to channel
+my own destiny I wanted to do a switch
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own destiny I wanted to do a switch
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+my own destiny I wanted to do a switch
+into software engineering which I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into software engineering which I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into software engineering which I
+successfully did got a role as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully did got a role as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+successfully did got a role as a
+software engineer which really gave me a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software engineer which really gave me a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+software engineer which really gave me a
+steep learning up because I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep learning up because I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+steep learning up because I could
+already program now I just needed to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already program now I just needed to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already program now I just needed to
+make feel that those last gaps
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make feel that those last gaps
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make feel that those last gaps
+especially in learning frontend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in learning frontend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+especially in learning frontend
+Technologies javascripts react so when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies javascripts react so when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Technologies javascripts react so when I
+did that for a couple of months and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that for a couple of months and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+did that for a couple of months and I
+figured that I was now a bit comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that I was now a bit comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that I was now a bit comfortable
+enough again using online resources to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough again using online resources to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+enough again using online resources to
+learn how to c how to to myself when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to c how to to myself when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+learn how to c how to to myself when I
+figured that I would now do that that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that I would now do that that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+figured that I would now do that that is
+when I decided that I now need to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I decided that I now need to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when I decided that I now need to be
+able to build my own products I went
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to build my own products I went
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to build my own products I went
+back to my old childhood dreams or my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my old childhood dreams or my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to my old childhood dreams or my
+interest in the financial field uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the financial field uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interest in the financial field uh
+looking at the financial crisis and all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the financial crisis and all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking at the financial crisis and all
+that Finance seem to be a black field no
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Finance seem to be a black field no
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Finance seem to be a black field no
+one wanted to go into but when you go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wanted to go into but when you go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one wanted to go into but when you go
+back to the basics of Finance it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the basics of Finance it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back to the basics of Finance it's
+really an enabler to help people so to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an enabler to help people so to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really an enabler to help people so to
+us really to how do we best help people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us really to how do we best help people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us really to how do we best help people
+and that is when we came up with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is when we came up with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that is when we came up with the
+idea of ever Technologies in Uganda uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of ever Technologies in Uganda uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of ever Technologies in Uganda uh
+the financial sector is still largely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial sector is still largely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the financial sector is still largely
+underdeveloped which is true probably
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdeveloped which is true probably
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+underdeveloped which is true probably
+for the rest of subsaharan Africa very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of subsaharan Africa very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the rest of subsaharan Africa very
+few people have bank accounts and very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people have bank accounts and very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few people have bank accounts and very
+few majority of the population is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few majority of the population is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+few majority of the population is still
+unbanked so they're unbanked in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbanked so they're unbanked in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+unbanked so they're unbanked in the
+sense that they do not have access to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they do not have access to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense that they do not have access to
+the more formal financial institutions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more formal financial institutions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the more formal financial institutions
+however they are informal financial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they are informal financial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+however they are informal financial
+institutions which are available in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions which are available in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions which are available in the
+country in which they actually able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in which they actually able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+country in which they actually able to
+bank their money now these are usually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank their money now these are usually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bank their money now these are usually
+like the Village Bank the local bank now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Village Bank the local bank now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like the Village Bank the local bank now
+one of the key challenges to these kinds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the key challenges to these kinds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of the key challenges to these kinds
+of Institutions because they're informal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Institutions because they're informal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Institutions because they're informal
+a lot of their processes and methods are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of their processes and methods are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a lot of their processes and methods are
+also very informal for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very informal for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also very informal for example the
+bookkeeping is completely paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping is completely paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bookkeeping is completely paper
+dependent so what we decided to do with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so what we decided to do with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dependent so what we decided to do with
+is how are we able to help and digitize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how are we able to help and digitize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is how are we able to help and digitize
+these informal institutions so how we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these informal institutions so how we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these informal institutions so how we
+able to bring in technology to help and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to bring in technology to help and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to bring in technology to help and
+digitize them so what we are simply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitize them so what we are simply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digitize them so what we are simply
+trying to do is to digitize these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is to digitize these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to do is to digitize these
+institutions and bring them into the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and bring them into the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+institutions and bring them into the
+formal line with our banking uh cor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal line with our banking uh cor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formal line with our banking uh cor
+banking system and then what we also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system and then what we also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+banking system and then what we also
+looking to move into is to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to move into is to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+looking to move into is to be able to
+provide investment opportunities and not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide investment opportunities and not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+provide investment opportunities and not
+just any investment opportunities but we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any investment opportunities but we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just any investment opportunities but we
+necessarily want green investment
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want green investment
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+necessarily want green investment
+opportunities so that people are able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities so that people are able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+opportunities so that people are able to
+invest in sustainable businesses using
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in sustainable businesses using
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+invest in sustainable businesses using
+this platform Investments have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this platform Investments have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this platform Investments have
+traditionally been inaccessible field
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally been inaccessible field
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+traditionally been inaccessible field
+for most people many people have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people many people have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for most people many people have been
+scammed many people have lost so much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scammed many people have lost so much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scammed many people have lost so much
+money because they do not know or they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because they do not know or they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+money because they do not know or they
+do not have ways in which they able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have ways in which they able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do not have ways in which they able to
+make various Investments because the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make various Investments because the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make various Investments because the
+clientele of circles ideally wants to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clientele of circles ideally wants to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clientele of circles ideally wants to
+grow so we decided to build up a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow so we decided to build up a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grow so we decided to build up a
+platform which can provide for them a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform which can provide for them a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+platform which can provide for them a
+diverse investment opportunities so they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse investment opportunities so they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+diverse investment opportunities so they
+able to one learn about money they learn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to one learn about money they learn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to one learn about money they learn
+about financial literacy but they're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about financial literacy but they're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about financial literacy but they're not
+really stop there but they're able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stop there but they're able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really stop there but they're able to
+take action
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Music]
+that was such a cool conversation Jerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was such a cool conversation Jerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that was such a cool conversation Jerry
+really is a superer from ocw to Imaging
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a superer from ocw to Imaging
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really is a superer from ocw to Imaging
+Talent he has taken full advantage of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talent he has taken full advantage of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Talent he has taken full advantage of
+what MIT has to offer and he's now a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what MIT has to offer and he's now a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what MIT has to offer and he's now a
+business owner what's your biggest takea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business owner what's your biggest takea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+business owner what's your biggest takea
+away from the conversation with Jerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the conversation with Jerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away from the conversation with Jerry
+Michael I think for me the biggest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael I think for me the biggest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Michael I think for me the biggest
+takeaway from talking with Jerry is that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway from talking with Jerry is that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+takeaway from talking with Jerry is that
+just as his name implies learning and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as his name implies learning and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just as his name implies learning and
+growing and discovering who you are as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and discovering who you are as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+growing and discovering who you are as
+an individual is a very long journey
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual is a very long journey
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an individual is a very long journey
+Jerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Jerry
+was willing to stand outside and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was willing to stand outside and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was willing to stand outside and the
+Heat or the rain to download courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat or the rain to download courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Heat or the rain to download courses
+that a lot of us that have it freely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of us that have it freely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a lot of us that have it freely
+available on our phones would never do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on our phones would never do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+available on our phones would never do
+and that persistence paid off for Jerry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that persistence paid off for Jerry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that persistence paid off for Jerry
+and I think it became a beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it became a beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think it became a beautiful
+Journey for all of us and I hope his
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey for all of us and I hope his
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Journey for all of us and I hope his
+journey also inspires others to continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey also inspires others to continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+journey also inspires others to continue
+to persist what about you Emanuel yeah I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to persist what about you Emanuel yeah I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to persist what about you Emanuel yeah I
+I feel you the persistence is what also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel you the persistence is what also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I feel you the persistence is what also
+got to me you know he talks about having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to me you know he talks about having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+got to me you know he talks about having
+his fast smartphone a Y3 and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fast smartphone a Y3 and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+his fast smartphone a Y3 and I
+personally have this experience I know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally have this experience I know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+personally have this experience I know
+those are not very powerful phones but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not very powerful phones but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are not very powerful phones but
+goes to show that whoever you are with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to show that whoever you are with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes to show that whoever you are with
+whatever resources you have you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever resources you have you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever resources you have you can
+begin from anywhere and you will get to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin from anywhere and you will get to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+begin from anywhere and you will get to
+whatever goal whatever stage thanks to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever goal whatever stage thanks to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatever goal whatever stage thanks to
+everyone for tuning into our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for tuning into our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everyone for tuning into our
+conversation with Jerry vuzi of kalala
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with Jerry vuzi of kalala
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conversation with Jerry vuzi of kalala
+Uganda don't forget to check out ever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda don't forget to check out ever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uganda don't forget to check out ever
+PESA we will put a link in our show
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PESA we will put a link in our show
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+PESA we will put a link in our show
+notes and we'll be back in two weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and we'll be back in two weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notes and we'll be back in two weeks
+with another story from a different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another story from a different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with another story from a different
+larner in the global ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Community open lers is produced by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community open lers is produced by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Community open lers is produced by
+alexas hot special thanks to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexas hot special thanks to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alexas hot special thanks to the
+supporters and donors who make ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporters and donors who make ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+supporters and donors who make ocw
+possible to learn more about mit's Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to learn more about mit's Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible to learn more about mit's Open
+courseware and to check out the courses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and to check out the courses
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+courseware and to check out the courses
+mentioned in this episode visit the ocw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in this episode visit the ocw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mentioned in this episode visit the ocw
+website at ocw.mit.edu
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Music]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zJTVMkGe8-8.txt b/zJTVMkGe8-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27a39b2eeaa3446ba77bee6bf2aa5f159adb2321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zJTVMkGe8-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14747 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+The following content is provided under
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The following content is provided under
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a Creative Common License. Your support
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will help MIT Open Courseware continue
+to offer high-quality educational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to offer high-quality educational
+resources for free. To make a donation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+resources for free. To make a donation
+or view additional materials from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or view additional materials from
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT Open
+Courseware at ocw.mmit.edu.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, uh in terms of uh what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, uh in terms of uh what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, uh in terms of uh what
+we're going to be discussing today, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be discussing today, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be discussing today, it's
+various aspects of feed forward loops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various aspects of feed forward loops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+various aspects of feed forward loops.
+First of all, uh we will go over this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, uh we will go over this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+First of all, uh we will go over this
+idea of network motif in more detail. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of network motif in more detail. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea of network motif in more detail. We
+talked about it a little bit in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it a little bit in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talked about it a little bit in the
+context of autoregulation and you there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of autoregulation and you there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+context of autoregulation and you there
+was a simple argument there that uh that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a simple argument there that uh that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a simple argument there that uh that
+autoregulation is a network motif and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation is a network motif and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation is a network motif and in
+order to understand how to detect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to understand how to detect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to understand how to detect
+network motifs in general, we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network motifs in general, we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network motifs in general, we have to
+look uh at a little more detail in terms
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look uh at a little more detail in terms
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look uh at a little more detail in terms
+at these subgraphs and the frequency
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these subgraphs and the frequency
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at these subgraphs and the frequency
+that they'll appear and so forth. Um and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll appear and so forth. Um and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that they'll appear and so forth. Um and
+then after seeing that the feed forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after seeing that the feed forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then after seeing that the feed forward
+loop is a network motif, then there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is a network motif, then there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop is a network motif, then there's
+this question, oh well, what might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question, oh well, what might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this question, oh well, what might be
+the functional significance? And uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional significance? And uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the functional significance? And uh in
+in the chapter that you just read,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chapter that you just read,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the chapter that you just read,
+you'll you found that this so-called
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you found that this so-called
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll you found that this so-called
+coherent type one feed forward loop has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent type one feed forward loop has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent type one feed forward loop has
+a nice attribute that it's a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice attribute that it's a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nice attribute that it's a sign
+sensitive delay element. Okay. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive delay element. Okay. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sensitive delay element. Okay. Uh the
+incoherent type one has this feature
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent type one has this feature
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent type one has this feature
+that it's a pulse generator and kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a pulse generator and kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's a pulse generator and kind of
+related to that it can also speed up the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that it can also speed up the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+related to that it can also speed up the
+response time or right so it can uh make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response time or right so it can uh make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+response time or right so it can uh make
+the response time for turning on uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response time for turning on uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the response time for turning on uh
+shorter right so speed up the response
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter right so speed up the response
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shorter right so speed up the response
+rate if you'd like. Uh we'll also maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate if you'd like. Uh we'll also maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rate if you'd like. Uh we'll also maybe
+say a little bit that there's been later
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit that there's been later
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say a little bit that there's been later
+work demonstrating that uh that the feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work demonstrating that uh that the feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work demonstrating that uh that the feed
+the incoherent type one can also act as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoherent type one can also act as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the incoherent type one can also act as
+a fold uh fold detector. So uh it can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fold uh fold detector. So uh it can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fold uh fold detector. So uh it can
+sense changes in the kind of fold uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense changes in the kind of fold uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense changes in the kind of fold uh the
+fold change of concentrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold change of concentrations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fold change of concentrations of
+proteins. And then finally we'll say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins. And then finally we'll say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins. And then finally we'll say
+something about how you can extend uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how you can extend uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about how you can extend uh
+these ideas of network motifs to larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas of network motifs to larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these ideas of network motifs to larger
+structures in particular how you can get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in particular how you can get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+structures in particular how you can get
+useful uh temporal programs.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So we we we started out with this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So we we we started out with this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So we we we started out with this
+network uh that is kind of our our base
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh that is kind of our our base
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network uh that is kind of our our base
+network is this transcription uh network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is this transcription uh network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is this transcription uh network
+characterized in E.coli. Right. and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized in E.coli. Right. and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characterized in E.coli. Right. and and
+we've already talked about it uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about it uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've already talked about it uh some
+right so there's uh going to be uh some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's uh going to be uh some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so there's uh going to be uh some
+uh some measure of the number of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some measure of the number of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh some measure of the number of of
+nodes and the number of edges right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and the number of edges right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes and the number of edges right so
+we have nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have nodes
+we have e edges okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have e edges okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have e edges okay
+and this is from experimental uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is from experimental uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is from experimental uh
+measurements of you know what is it that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of you know what is it that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measurements of you know what is it that
+regulates what okay now uh from this we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates what okay now uh from this we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulates what okay now uh from this we
+we'll have some set of uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some set of uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll have some set of uh kind of
+directed edges Okay? Because indeed we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edges Okay? Because indeed we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directed edges Okay? Because indeed we
+know that there's going to be some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's going to be some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that there's going to be some uh
+some transcription factor that will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transcription factor that will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some transcription factor that will
+regulate some other protein. We what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate some other protein. We what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate some other protein. We what we
+want to know is are there patterns that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know is are there patterns that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to know is are there patterns that
+occur more regularly than what you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur more regularly than what you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occur more regularly than what you would
+expect based on chance. Okay. Now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect based on chance. Okay. Now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect based on chance. Okay. Now
+autoregulation we found indeed appeared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation we found indeed appeared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation we found indeed appeared
+more regularly or more frequently than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more regularly or more frequently than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more regularly or more frequently than
+you would expect by chance. And there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect by chance. And there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would expect by chance. And there
+are a limited number of other network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a limited number of other network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are a limited number of other network
+motifs that have that property. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs that have that property. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs that have that property. Right?
+In particular we we'll kind of analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular we we'll kind of analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In particular we we'll kind of analyze
+this idea of um of of the feed forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of um of of the feed forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of um of of the feed forward
+loop. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. Okay.
+Now there were uh in in the network that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there were uh in in the network that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now there were uh in in the network that
+we kind of talk about a lot there around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of talk about a lot there around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we kind of talk about a lot there around
+four there were around 400 uh genes or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there were around 400 uh genes or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four there were around 400 uh genes or
+proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins
+and then around 500 uh observed edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then around 500 uh observed edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then around 500 uh observed edges.
+All right. And this would be inter you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And this would be inter you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And this would be inter you
+know interactions or regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know interactions or regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know interactions or regulation
+regulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Now, uh there's this idea of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, uh there's this idea of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, uh there's this idea of
+sparseness.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparseness.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparseness.
+All right. Can somebody remind us maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Can somebody remind us maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Can somebody remind us maybe
+what this is supposed to tell us about?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is supposed to tell us about?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what this is supposed to tell us about?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+So, yeah. So, there should be roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yeah. So, there should be roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, yeah. So, there should be roughly
+potential edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+potential edges.
+All right. So, there's kind of n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, there's kind of n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, there's kind of n
+possible edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+possible edges.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+I mean, if you just connected everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is about the order of I mean, so roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about the order of I mean, so roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is about the order of I mean, so roughly
+there's only 500.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only 500.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's only 500.
+Okay. Right. And we should be clear this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. And we should be clear this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. And we should be clear this
+is n squed possible. We might even want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n squed possible. We might even want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is n squed possible. We might even want
+to add directed edges since we're uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay. And uh you know whereas what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. And uh you know whereas what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay. And uh you know whereas what we
+what we see is that the the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is that the the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we see is that the the actual
+number of edges that we we observe in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges that we we observe in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges that we we observe in
+this real network is is actually around
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real network is is actually around
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this real network is is actually around
+order n. Okay. Right. So this sparseness
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n. Okay. Right. So this sparseness
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order n. Okay. Right. So this sparseness
+which is also this probability P if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also this probability P if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is also this probability P if
+we're going to make a network somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make a network somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to make a network somehow
+that has some similar property to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has some similar property to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that has some similar property to the
+observed network. This is the there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed network. This is the there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed network. This is the there's
+some probability P that the that an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability P that the that an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability P that the that an
+actual edge will appear. This is given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual edge will appear. This is given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual edge will appear. This is given
+by the observed number of edges divided
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the observed number of edges divided
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the observed number of edges divided
+by the total possible number of edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the total possible number of edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by the total possible number of edges
+which is indeed n^ squ.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is indeed n^ squ.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is indeed n^ squ.
+Okay. What you see is that at least in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What you see is that at least in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. What you see is that at least in
+this network uh this p is much less than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network uh this p is much less than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this network uh this p is much less than
+one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one.
+Okay. So this is this is what we mean by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is this is what we mean by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So this is this is what we mean by
+sparse.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sparse.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now uh you can also think about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh you can also think about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now uh you can also think about the
+question of how many edges does a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how many edges does a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question of how many edges does a
+typical uh does a typical gene have you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh does a typical gene have you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+typical uh does a typical gene have you
+know say emanating from it and well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know say emanating from it and well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know say emanating from it and well you
+can see that it's around one right of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it's around one right of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can see that it's around one right of
+course each edge connects two things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course each edge connects two things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course each edge connects two things
+right so if you were to say on average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you were to say on average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so if you were to say on average
+each gene has kind of one edge going out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gene has kind of one edge going out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each gene has kind of one edge going out
+and one edge going in right of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one edge going in right of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one edge going in right of course
+there might be a reason to believe that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a reason to believe that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there might be a reason to believe that
+these averages are not as uh well they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these averages are not as uh well they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these averages are not as uh well they
+can be misleading and why why might the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be misleading and why why might the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be misleading and why why might the
+average be misleading?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average be misleading?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+average be misleading?
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+A distribution with heavy tails,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A distribution with heavy tails,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A distribution with heavy tails,
+right? It's going to be a distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's going to be a distribution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's going to be a distribution
+with heavy tails and in particular on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with heavy tails and in particular on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with heavy tails and in particular on
+which side.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which side.
+So the average will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the average will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the average will be
+right. Okay. So, right. So, the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So, right. So, the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Okay. So, right. So, the average
+is always the average, but there there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always the average, but there there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is always the average, but there there's
+going to be some tip, but I guess the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some tip, but I guess the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some tip, but I guess the
+question is there's going to be there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is there's going to be there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is there's going to be there
+going to be some proteins or some genes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some proteins or some genes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be some proteins or some genes
+with many of these outgoing edges,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many of these outgoing edges,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with many of these outgoing edges,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+And more generally, I do do you expect
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And more generally, I do do you expect
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And more generally, I do do you expect
+that? I mean, there there's a natural
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? I mean, there there's a natural
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that? I mean, there there's a natural
+limitation in all this. I mean, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation in all this. I mean, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limitation in all this. I mean, it's
+we're part of the value of this approach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're part of the value of this approach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're part of the value of this approach
+is that we're abstracting away from a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're abstracting away from a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that we're abstracting away from a
+lot of the the the microscopic or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the the the microscopic or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lot of the the the microscopic or the
+biological details, but every now and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological details, but every now and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biological details, but every now and
+then it's good to go in and think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's good to go in and think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's good to go in and think about
+it a little bit, right? So, there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit, right? So, there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it a little bit, right? So, there's a
+good reason that you would expect many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason that you would expect many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good reason that you would expect many
+uh proteins to not have any outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proteins to not have any outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh proteins to not have any outgoing
+edges. And why would that be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. examples of detector protein, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. examples of detector protein, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. examples of detector protein, but
+they're only involved in one specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only involved in one specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they're only involved in one specific
+function rather than having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function rather than having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function rather than having
+Okay. Right. So, so there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So, so there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So, so there are some
+proteins that have rather specific
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that have rather specific
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins that have rather specific
+functions, you might say. And that I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions, you might say. And that I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions, you might say. And that I
+think that's true. I think that's part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's true. I think that's part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think that's true. I think that's part
+of it, but there's maybe something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it, but there's maybe something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it, but there's maybe something
+that's maybe even a little bit more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe even a little bit more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's maybe even a little bit more
+general that we that's worth pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that we that's worth pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general that we that's worth pointing
+out here. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out here. Yeah.
+Anything that's not a transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anything that's not a transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Anything that's not a transcription
+factor, right? So, I mean, you know, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor, right? So, I mean, you know, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor, right? So, I mean, you know, we
+we say transcription, we don't never
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say transcription, we don't never
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we say transcription, we don't never
+really quite specify, but what it means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite specify, but what it means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really quite specify, but what it means
+is it's something that can affect the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's something that can affect the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it's something that can affect the
+transcription of other things, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription of other things, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription of other things, right? So
+it's it we're talking about the function
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it we're talking about the function
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it we're talking about the function
+of it when we say transcription factor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it when we say transcription factor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of it when we say transcription factor
+and just you know a majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just you know a majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and just you know a majority of the
+proteins in any genome are not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in any genome are not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins in any genome are not
+transcription factors. What that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors. What that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors. What that means
+is that they to first order cannot at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they to first order cannot at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that they to first order cannot at
+least directly here influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least directly here influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least directly here influence the
+transcription of other of other genes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription of other of other genes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription of other of other genes.
+Okay? Right? So this is you know a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Right? So this is you know a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Right? So this is you know a
+reflection of of this power law
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of of this power law
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reflection of of this power law
+distribution that we observe. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that we observe. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution that we observe. So you
+could argue, oh well, it's maybe not a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue, oh well, it's maybe not a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could argue, oh well, it's maybe not a
+surprise that these that this outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that these that this outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise that these that this outgoing
+edge distribution is power log because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge distribution is power log because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge distribution is power log because
+we know that there are some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that there are some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we know that there are some
+transcription factors that control many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors that control many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors that control many
+things and there are many proteins that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and there are many proteins that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and there are many proteins that
+don't control any other u any the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't control any other u any the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't control any other u any the
+expression or the transcription of any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression or the transcription of any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression or the transcription of any
+other proteins directly. Right? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteins directly. Right? Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other proteins directly. Right? Okay.
+All right. But at least it's just useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But at least it's just useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. But at least it's just useful
+to think all right you know on a it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think all right you know on a it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think all right you know on a it's
+good to know what the properties of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know what the properties of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good to know what the properties of this
+thing are on average even though for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing are on average even though for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing are on average even though for the
+for the outgoing edges the the average
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the outgoing edges the the average
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the outgoing edges the the average
+is a little bit dangerous because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit dangerous because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit dangerous because it's
+really that most proteins don't have any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that most proteins don't have any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really that most proteins don't have any
+outgoing edges and then some have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+all right so this is this probability P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is this probability P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so this is this probability P
+and this is going to be useful because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be useful because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is going to be useful because
+we're going to uh this this P will kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh this this P will kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh this this P will kind
+of appear when we're trying to construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appear when we're trying to construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of appear when we're trying to construct
+these random networks Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random networks Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these random networks Right.
+Right. So what we're going to do is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So what we're going to do is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So what we're going to do is
+we're going to uh ask uh you know how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh ask uh you know how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to uh ask uh you know how
+how frequently or how many of a given
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how frequently or how many of a given
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how frequently or how many of a given
+subgraph do you expect to appear in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph do you expect to appear in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph do you expect to appear in this
+larger network that we have here. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger network that we have here. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+larger network that we have here. Okay.
+Now we know that and we're and we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we know that and we're and we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we know that and we're and we're
+going to characterize characterize each
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to characterize characterize each
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to characterize characterize each
+of these subgraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+by kind of two properties.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. And and in particular, what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And and in particular, what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And and in particular, what we
+want to do is we want to if we're going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we want to if we're going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to do is we want to if we're going
+to analyze some uh smaller kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze some uh smaller kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to analyze some uh smaller kind of
+graph, we just have to keep track of how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, we just have to keep track of how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graph, we just have to keep track of how
+many um how many nodes are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um how many nodes are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many um how many nodes are in the
+subgraph
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph
+and how many uh edges are in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many uh edges are in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and how many uh edges are in the
+subgraph.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right.
+So for example, if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So for example, if we have
+autoregulation, then we're just talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation, then we're just talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation, then we're just talking
+about little n equal to one, little g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about little n equal to one, little g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about little n equal to one, little g
+equal to one, right? Whereas in the case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one, right? Whereas in the case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to one, right? Whereas in the case
+of this feed forward loop, uh what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this feed forward loop, uh what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this feed forward loop, uh what what
+is little n? What's g?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Well, uh, you know, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Well, uh, you know, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Well, uh, you know, we can
+count now. All right. So, here indeed n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count now. All right. So, here indeed n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count now. All right. So, here indeed n
+is equal to three. 1 2 3 and g is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to three. 1 2 3 and g is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to three. 1 2 3 and g is also
+equal to three. And we're going to find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to three. And we're going to find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to three. And we're going to find
+that actually the fact that these two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually the fact that these two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that actually the fact that these two
+numbers are equal uh is somehow very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are equal uh is somehow very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers are equal uh is somehow very
+relevant in in thinking about the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant in in thinking about the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relevant in in thinking about the
+dynamics of these of these networks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of these of these networks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dynamics of these of these networks
+layer. uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+in this framework when I have an when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this framework when I have an when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this framework when I have an when I
+just draw an arrow in the context of a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw an arrow in the context of a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just draw an arrow in the context of a
+generic subgraph am I necessarily
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic subgraph am I necessarily
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic subgraph am I necessarily
+trying to say that that this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say that that this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to say that that this is
+upregulation of x upregulating y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upregulation of x upregulating y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upregulation of x upregulating y
+no right so this is a bit confusing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right so this is a bit confusing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no right so this is a bit confusing
+because uh depending on the context
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh depending on the context
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh depending on the context
+sometimes the arrows actually do mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the arrows actually do mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes the arrows actually do mean
+upregulation sometimes they just mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upregulation sometimes they just mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upregulation sometimes they just mean
+regulate all right and in this case when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate all right and in this case when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulate all right and in this case when
+we're talking about subgraphs we're just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about subgraphs we're just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're talking about subgraphs we're just
+saying that X regulates Y in one way or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that X regulates Y in one way or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying that X regulates Y in one way or
+the other. Right? So this is uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. Right? So this is uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other. Right? So this is uh this is
+also how we're going to write the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how we're going to write the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also how we're going to write the
+so-called coherent type one feed forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called coherent type one feed forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so-called coherent type one feed forward
+loop. But for right now, this is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. But for right now, this is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loop. But for right now, this is just a
+generic feed feed forward loop. Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic feed feed forward loop. Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generic feed feed forward loop. Yes.
+Upreulate means positive regulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upreulate means positive regulation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Upreulate means positive regulation.
+Yes. Positive regulation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Positive regulation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Positive regulation.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Say activate. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say activate. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Say activate. Yeah.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. All right. So the the way
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. All right. So the the way
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. All right. So the the way
+that we we think about this is we ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we think about this is we ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we we think about this is we ask
+all right what's the expected number
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what's the expected number
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right what's the expected number
+of some subgraph uh G. Okay. And indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some subgraph uh G. Okay. And indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of some subgraph uh G. Okay. And indeed
+what we're going to be doing for right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing for right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to be doing for right
+now is assuming this is an EDI random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is assuming this is an EDI random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now is assuming this is an EDI random
+network. Okay. Now what we're told is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Okay. Now what we're told is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Okay. Now what we're told is
+that this is going to look something
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to look something
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this is going to look something
+like the following.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Uh could could somebody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh could could somebody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Uh could could somebody
+explain one of one of these three terms?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Uh well, you have to select edges and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, you have to select edges and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh well, you have to select edges and
+you have to choose them correctly. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to choose them correctly. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have to choose them correctly. So
+for each one there's a chance to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one there's a chance to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for each one there's a chance to be
+chosen the right way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen the right way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chosen the right way.
+Okay. Right. So for here what we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So for here what we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Right. So for here what we're
+going to do is we're going to say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do is we're going to say all
+right we're going to for example if if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to for example if if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right we're going to for example if if
+in this context we'll say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context we'll say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this context we'll say all right
+we're going to choose these three okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to choose these three okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to choose these three okay
+now the question is we have to put in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is we have to put in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now the question is we have to put in
+three edges as well to connect those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges as well to connect those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three edges as well to connect those
+nodes right and each one of them has
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes right and each one of them has
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes right and each one of them has
+some probability p of actually somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability p of actually somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some probability p of actually somehow
+appearing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appearing
+okay because this is uh this is what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this is uh this is what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay because this is uh this is what
+we're keeping constant from the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're keeping constant from the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're keeping constant from the original
+network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network
+right so we're assuming that we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're assuming that we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so we're assuming that we have
+this erdos ready network with the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this erdos ready network with the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this erdos ready network with the same
+number, say roughly 400 nodes. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, say roughly 400 nodes. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number, say roughly 400 nodes. And then
+what we're going to do is grab maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is grab maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we're going to do is grab maybe
+three of them, and ask all right, what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them, and ask all right, what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three of them, and ask all right, what's
+the probability that we get these three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that we get these three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the probability that we get these three
+actual edges, right? So you get P to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual edges, right? So you get P to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actual edges, right? So you get P to the
+G. Okay. All right. Now, where does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. Okay. All right. Now, where does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+G. Okay. All right. Now, where does this
+term kind of come from?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Right. So we're going to be selecting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So we're going to be selecting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So we're going to be selecting
+nodes. We're assuming that this n is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes. We're assuming that this n is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nodes. We're assuming that this n is
+much larger. You know, we're assuming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger. You know, we're assuming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much larger. You know, we're assuming
+that we have a big network. So it's much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a big network. So it's much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have a big network. So it's much
+small or much larger than the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small or much larger than the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+small or much larger than the uh the
+size of the subgraph we're looking at.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the subgraph we're looking at.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+size of the subgraph we're looking at.
+So we don't have to think about n * n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we don't have to think about n * n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we don't have to think about n * n
+minus one, n minus 2 and so forth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one, n minus 2 and so forth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus one, n minus 2 and so forth,
+right? Uh and then and then there's this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh and then and then there's this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Uh and then and then there's this
+there there's this factor a here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's this factor a here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there there's this factor a here as
+well, which uh depending on how you do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, which uh depending on how you do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, which uh depending on how you do
+your counting um it it this get this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counting um it it this get this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your counting um it it this get this is
+a this is a little bit tricky, but what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is a little bit tricky, but what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a this is a little bit tricky, but what
+was a again?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a again?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was a again?
+Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+it's the number of ways to arrange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of ways to arrange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the number of ways to arrange the
+edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes. So, it's a symmetry factor. It's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So, it's a symmetry factor. It's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So, it's a symmetry factor. It's
+way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way of
+Yeah. And there I think there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And there I think there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And there I think there are
+multiple way multiple ways of looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple way multiple ways of looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiple way multiple ways of looking at
+this. I think you could you could think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I think you could you could think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this. I think you could you could think
+about it as the number of ways of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as the number of ways of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about it as the number of ways of of
+rearranging X, Y, and Z and having the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging X, Y, and Z and having the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearranging X, Y, and Z and having the
+same u the same subgraph, right? The the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same u the same subgraph, right? The the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same u the same subgraph, right? The the
+the exact same one, right? Um and in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same one, right? Um and in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the exact same one, right? Um and in
+this case there's actually no way to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there's actually no way to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case there's actually no way to
+rearrange X, Y, and Z to have the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange X, Y, and Z to have the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rearrange X, Y, and Z to have the same
+one, right? Because X is a occupies a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? Because X is a occupies a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one, right? Because X is a occupies a
+special spot. Y is indeed again a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special spot. Y is indeed again a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special spot. Y is indeed again a
+special spot. Z is special, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special spot. Z is special, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+special spot. Z is special, right? So
+there's no uh permutations that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no uh permutations that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no uh permutations that you can
+do to get the same thing, right? Whereas
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to get the same thing, right? Whereas
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do to get the same thing, right? Whereas
+if you have this repress all right now,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have this repress all right now,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have this repress all right now,
+now here I'm I'm just drawing this as an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here I'm I'm just drawing this as an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now here I'm I'm just drawing this as an
+arrow because again we're just thinking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow because again we're just thinking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arrow because again we're just thinking
+about the generic version of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the generic version of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about the generic version of these
+things. All right? So it's just when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. All right? So it's just when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things. All right? So it's just when we
+have X YZ regulating each other. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X YZ regulating each other. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have X YZ regulating each other. All
+right. In this case uh you can get the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. In this case uh you can get the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. In this case uh you can get the
+same network by rotating the these x ys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same network by rotating the these x ys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same network by rotating the these x ys
+and z's right. So in this case you get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z's right. So in this case you get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and z's right. So in this case you get a
+equal to three.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to three.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to three.
+Okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay
+for pretty much all the conclusions that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pretty much all the conclusions that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for pretty much all the conclusions that
+we're going to be talking about these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to be talking about these
+factors of 1 2 3 don't actually end up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of 1 2 3 don't actually end up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factors of 1 2 3 don't actually end up
+being relevant but it's good to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being relevant but it's good to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being relevant but it's good to know
+that they uh indeed exist. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So this is uh this is this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is uh this is this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is uh this is this is
+fine. uh but it's it's useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. uh but it's it's useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fine. uh but it's it's useful
+to uh to express this in um in another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to express this in um in another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to uh to express this in um in another
+way right in particular we can uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right in particular we can uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way right in particular we can uh we can
+always define this lambda
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always define this lambda
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always define this lambda
+which is e over n right that's the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is e over n right that's the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is e over n right that's the mean
+number of incoming edges or the mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of incoming edges or the mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of incoming edges or the mean
+number of outgoing edges right and um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of outgoing edges right and um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of outgoing edges right and um
+and with this we can we can express this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this we can we can express this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and with this we can we can express this
+this guy in in a way that is is surp you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy in in a way that is is surp you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this guy in in a way that is is surp you
+know surprisingly informative, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, this is uh this is really I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this is uh this is really I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, this is uh this is really I
+mean nothing happened except that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean nothing happened except that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean nothing happened except that we
+just can't plug this thing in here,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't plug this thing in here,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just can't plug this thing in here,
+right? But by doing so, we we see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But by doing so, we we see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? But by doing so, we we see
+something that's kind of interesting,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's kind of interesting,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that's kind of interesting,
+which is that there's reason to believe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that there's reason to believe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is that there's reason to believe
+that for many of these networks, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for many of these networks, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that for many of these networks, this
+lambda, which this mean number of uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda, which this mean number of uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lambda, which this mean number of uh
+incoming edges, that lambda will be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges, that lambda will be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges, that lambda will be
+roughly similar whether you're talking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly similar whether you're talking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+roughly similar whether you're talking
+about a network that is uh 500 nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a network that is uh 500 nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about a network that is uh 500 nodes
+large or 5,000 nodes large, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or 5,000 nodes large, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large or 5,000 nodes large, right? So
+this lambdas and indeed in this case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambdas and indeed in this case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this lambdas and indeed in this case
+it's around one, right? It's around just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around one, right? It's around just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's around one, right? It's around just
+over one. Okay? Right? So that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one. Okay? Right? So that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over one. Okay? Right? So that means
+that when we think about the number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we think about the number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that when we think about the number of
+subgraphs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraphs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraphs
+that will be in this large network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be in this large network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that will be in this large network
+right it scales with the size of the of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it scales with the size of the of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right it scales with the size of the of
+the overall network with this little n
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall network with this little n
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the overall network with this little n
+minus little g
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus little g
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus little g
+okay and in particular in cases when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in particular in cases when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in particular in cases when you
+have the same you're analyzing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same you're analyzing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the same you're analyzing a
+subgraph with the same number of nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph with the same number of nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph with the same number of nodes
+as as edges then you just get n to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as edges then you just get n to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as as edges then you just get n to the
+zero and it doesn't scale with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it doesn't scale with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero and it doesn't scale with the
+number,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number,
+right? So for those and indeed for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So for those and indeed for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So for those and indeed for
+basically all those subgraphs where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all those subgraphs where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+basically all those subgraphs where
+little n is equal little g then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is equal little g then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little n is equal little g then you you
+expect of order one of those you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect of order one of those you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect of order one of those you know
+for if if lambda's around one then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if if lambda's around one then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for if if lambda's around one then you
+expect of order one of those to appear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect of order one of those to appear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expect of order one of those to appear
+in the network right and and you know so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the network right and and you know so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the network right and and you know so
+from a very kind of simple standpoint
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very kind of simple standpoint
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from a very kind of simple standpoint
+the networks like the feed forward loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the networks like the feed forward loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the networks like the feed forward loop
+that we see that is a network motif what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see that is a network motif what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we see that is a network motif what
+the expectation is that in a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is that in a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the expectation is that in a random
+network you'd get around one maybe two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you'd get around one maybe two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network you'd get around one maybe two
+whereas if you see many of them, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you see many of them, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whereas if you see many of them, you
+know, dozens, then it's indeed a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, dozens, then it's indeed a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, dozens, then it's indeed a network
+motif, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are there are there any questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there are there any questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there are there any questions about
+how that appeared in the chapter or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that appeared in the chapter or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how that appeared in the chapter or the
+argument there?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So indeed we can uh we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So indeed we can uh we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So indeed we can uh we can
+actually just then say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+for for the feed forward loop we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the feed forward loop we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for for the feed forward loop we can
+just go ahead and ask how many are were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go ahead and ask how many are were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just go ahead and ask how many are were
+observed in E.coli this this this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in E.coli this this this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+observed in E.coli this this this this
+network that was actually observed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that was actually observed.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that was actually observed.
+All right. And this was 42 I believe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And this was 42 I believe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. And this was 42 I believe.
+Right. Whereas if you do this analysis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Whereas if you do this analysis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Whereas if you do this analysis
+for the Erdish Renie random network, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Erdish Renie random network, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for the Erdish Renie random network, you
+get 1.7 kind of plus or minus 1.3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1.7 kind of plus or minus 1.3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get 1.7 kind of plus or minus 1.3
+because these things they appear kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things they appear kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because these things they appear kind of
+randomly. So they should be plus on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly. So they should be plus on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly. So they should be plus on
+distributed.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Uh all right. So you you expect of order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh all right. So you you expect of order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh all right. So you you expect of order
+one of them to appear in a random
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them to appear in a random
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one of them to appear in a random
+network with this same kind of sparse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network with this same kind of sparse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network with this same kind of sparse
+the same number of edges. But we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of edges. But we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same number of edges. But we
+actually observe this much larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observe this much larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually observe this much larger
+number. So then you can say all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So then you can say all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number. So then you can say all right
+this uh this is evidence for uh the feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this is evidence for uh the feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this uh this is evidence for uh the feed
+forward loop being being a network motif
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward loop being being a network motif
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward loop being being a network motif
+right that that for some reason this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that for some reason this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that that for some reason this
+subgraph appears more frequently than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph appears more frequently than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subgraph appears more frequently than
+what you would expect uh based on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would expect uh based on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you would expect uh based on
+chance. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance. Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+chance. Okay.
+Of course, then you know we we alluded
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, then you know we we alluded
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Of course, then you know we we alluded
+to this on the at the end of class on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this on the at the end of class on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to this on the at the end of class on
+Tuesday that maybe this Erdos ready
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday that maybe this Erdos ready
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Tuesday that maybe this Erdos ready
+network is not the proper null model or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is not the proper null model or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network is not the proper null model or
+null network to be using. Right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null network to be using. Right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+null network to be using. Right? And
+maybe we should be using one of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should be using one of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe we should be using one of these
+degree preserving networks. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so maybe we should try to preserve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so maybe we should try to preserve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so maybe we should try to preserve
+more of the properties of the original
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the properties of the original
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of the properties of the original
+network. Right? And what what is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Right? And what what is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Right? And what what is the
+what's the property that that we would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the property that that we would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's the property that that we would
+we well yeah so what is it that you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we well yeah so what is it that you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we well yeah so what is it that you know
+can somebody you know say a little bit a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody you know say a little bit a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can somebody you know say a little bit a
+little bit what do we mean by degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what do we mean by degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit what do we mean by degree
+preserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+because there's there's an element that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's there's an element that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because there's there's an element that
+this that our null model here already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that our null model here already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this that our null model here already
+preserves something about the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves something about the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserves something about the degree
+right right it preserved the means right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right it preserved the means right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right right it preserved the means right
+so it's not just that it's not that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just that it's not that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so it's not just that it's not that we
+picked up some random null model some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up some random null model some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+picked up some random null model some
+random er network right so yeah what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random er network right so yeah what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+random er network right so yeah what
+what is it that we want to uh keep track
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that we want to uh keep track
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it that we want to uh keep track
+keep track of in this degree preserving
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of in this degree preserving
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+keep track of in this degree preserving
+work. That's more or maybe Oh, yeah. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. That's more or maybe Oh, yeah. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+work. That's more or maybe Oh, yeah. I
+saw a hand over there, but I don't want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a hand over there, but I don't want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saw a hand over there, but I don't want
+to I'm not trying to call on people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm not trying to call on people
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'm not trying to call on people
+randomly, although I I'm going to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly, although I I'm going to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+randomly, although I I'm going to start
+doing that in the second half of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that in the second half of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doing that in the second half of the
+semester just after drop date.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right. So, right. So, we're going to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, right. So, we're going to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So, right. So, we're going to um
+preserve not only the mean of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve not only the mean of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserve not only the mean of the
+incoming and outgoing edges, but also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming and outgoing edges, but also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming and outgoing edges, but also
+the actual degree distribution, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual degree distribution, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the actual degree distribution, right?
+And in a very concrete way, we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in a very concrete way, we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in a very concrete way, we can
+actually just say that each node
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just say that each node
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually just say that each node
+actually does maintain the exact same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does maintain the exact same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually does maintain the exact same
+number of edges. Right. Right. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges. Right. Right. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+number of edges. Right. Right. So in
+particular, we can say uh here we say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, we can say uh here we say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particular, we can say uh here we say
+that all nodes have the same um nodes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all nodes have the same um nodes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all nodes have the same um nodes
+maintain their their uh degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain their their uh degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maintain their their uh degree
+distribution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+or maintain uh I'll say number of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maintain uh I'll say number of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or maintain uh I'll say number of
+incoming outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? And uh and and there was a simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And uh and and there was a simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And uh and and there was a simple
+algorithm for doing that. If you recall,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for doing that. If you recall,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+algorithm for doing that. If you recall,
+what you can do is you can just take two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is you can just take two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what you can do is you can just take two
+edges randomly and just swap the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges randomly and just swap the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges randomly and just swap the
+locations. And you do that many many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations. And you do that many many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+locations. And you do that many many
+times and you end up maintaining uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and you end up maintaining uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times and you end up maintaining uh the
+both the incoming out and the outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the incoming out and the outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the incoming out and the outgoing
+uh numbers of of edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And uh if you do this analysis on a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh if you do this analysis on a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And uh if you do this analysis on a
+degree preserving random network, well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree preserving random network, well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree preserving random network, well,
+you get a seven plus or minus five,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a seven plus or minus five,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get a seven plus or minus five,
+right? So this makes a big difference.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this makes a big difference.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So this makes a big difference.
+Okay? So if for example the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So if for example the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So if for example the
+experimentally observed network had 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally observed network had 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally observed network had 10
+of these feed forward loops, then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these feed forward loops, then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these feed forward loops, then what
+you'd see is that actually comparing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see is that actually comparing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'd see is that actually comparing to
+the erdos reni you would have said oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the erdos reni you would have said oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the erdos reni you would have said oh
+well that that's a network motif.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that that's a network motif.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well that that's a network motif.
+Whereas comparing to this degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas comparing to this degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Whereas comparing to this degree
+preserving you would have said it's uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving you would have said it's uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving you would have said it's uh
+it's not right. Yes. I don't know why I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not right. Yes. I don't know why I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's not right. Yes. I don't know why I
+haven't asked this before. Is it also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't asked this before. Is it also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't asked this before. Is it also
+true that this degree preserving thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that this degree preserving thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true that this degree preserving thing
+is roughly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is roughly
+in terms of expectations?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of expectations?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in terms of expectations?
+Yeah, I think it it's it's close is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think it it's it's close is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, I think it it's it's close is the
+um but I think not um I think it ends up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think not um I think it ends up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um but I think not um I think it ends up
+not being quite but I think um but it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being quite but I think um but it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not being quite but I think um but it's
+it's it's yeah but it is close.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. So the um I think that it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So the um I think that it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So the um I think that it is
+Certainly now this this well you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainly now this this well you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Certainly now this this well you'll
+notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+notice that
+here there are 400 genes. How how many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are 400 genes. How how many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here there are 400 genes. How how many
+genes does E.coli have anybody?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+A few thousand. Right. So so the the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A few thousand. Right. So so the the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+A few thousand. Right. So so the the the
+network that that Uri analy analyzed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that that Uri analy analyzed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network that that Uri analy analyzed in
+that original paper was not the full
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that original paper was not the full
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that original paper was not the full
+transcription network of E.coli.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+How do people
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually
+Yeah. Well, figuring out any any part of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, figuring out any any part of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, figuring out any any part of
+it is actually hard in some ways. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is actually hard in some ways. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it is actually hard in some ways. Yeah.
+Yeah. Yeah. So, actually that in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So, actually that in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Yeah. So, actually that in this
+the way that they actually annotated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they actually annotated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the way that they actually annotated
+this particular network, I I I'm not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular network, I I I'm not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this particular network, I I I'm not
+sure. Can does any uh I mean, how would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure. Can does any uh I mean, how would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure. Can does any uh I mean, how would
+you Yeah. What what kind of data would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Yeah. What what kind of data would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you Yeah. What what kind of data would
+you need in order to uh to get at this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in order to uh to get at this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need in order to uh to get at this?
+Does anybody have any I mean, if I asked
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does anybody have any I mean, if I asked
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does anybody have any I mean, if I asked
+you to do this in your lab, what would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do this in your lab, what would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you to do this in your lab, what would
+you do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes,
+maybe you can look at sort of binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can look at sort of binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe you can look at sort of binding
+energies of these proteins,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of these proteins,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energies of these proteins,
+right? So you could actually use a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you could actually use a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? So you could actually use a
+computational program to try to is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational program to try to is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+computational program to try to is
+right. So to actually estimate binding
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So to actually estimate binding
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So to actually estimate binding
+affinities of these proteins to the to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities of these proteins to the to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+affinities of these proteins to the to
+the DNA, right? Yeah. And actually and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA, right? Yeah. And actually and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the DNA, right? Yeah. And actually and
+these days actually experimentally you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days actually experimentally you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these days actually experimentally you
+could actually just measure for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually just measure for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could actually just measure for the
+entire proteome basically just the um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire proteome basically just the um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+entire proteome basically just the um
+the affinity of binding to to different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinity of binding to to different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the affinity of binding to to different
+promoters. Of course, that doesn't prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoters. Of course, that doesn't prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+promoters. Of course, that doesn't prove
+that it's g going to regulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's g going to regulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's g going to regulate
+expression, right? But that that at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression, right? But that that at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression, right? But that that at
+least points you in in the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least points you in in the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+least points you in in the right
+direction. Then you can actually if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Then you can actually if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+direction. Then you can actually if you
+want you can just experimentally go and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you can just experimentally go and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want you can just experimentally go and
+you know put the this protein on an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put the this protein on an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know put the this protein on an
+inducible promoter and just see if it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducible promoter and just see if it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inducible promoter and just see if it
+does regulate expression, right? Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does regulate expression, right? Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does regulate expression, right? Yeah.
+So actually at this stage people have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually at this stage people have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So actually at this stage people have
+for something like E.coli, we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like E.coli, we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for something like E.coli, we have uh
+collections of um strains where every
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of um strains where every
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections of um strains where every
+gene has been removed, right? uh we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene has been removed, right? uh we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gene has been removed, right? uh we have
+collections where every gene has been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections where every gene has been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections where every gene has been
+tagged right and of course when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged right and of course when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tagged right and of course when I say
+every this means that it was tried to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every this means that it was tried to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+every this means that it was tried to
+make it for every and then of course if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it for every and then of course if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make it for every and then of course if
+it's an essential gene you can't remove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an essential gene you can't remove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's an essential gene you can't remove
+it if um you know in some cases it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if um you know in some cases it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it if um you know in some cases it's
+hard to put to attach fluorescent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to put to attach fluorescent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hard to put to attach fluorescent
+protein so forth right but but there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so forth right but but there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein so forth right but but there are
+collections both for ecoli and for for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections both for ecoli and for for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+collections both for ecoli and for for
+uh for budding yeast um where where this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for budding yeast um where where this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for budding yeast um where where this
+has been done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+any other any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Can can somebody say why it might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can can somebody say why it might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Can can somebody say why it might be
+that I mean is this a surprise that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean is this a surprise that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that I mean is this a surprise that that
+this number is larger than this number?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And in particular would um would the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in particular would um would the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And in particular would um would the
+degree preserving random network have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree preserving random network have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree preserving random network have a
+larger expectation for every subgraph?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No. Okay. But in particular for the feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Okay. But in particular for the feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No. Okay. But in particular for the feed
+forward loop, can can somebody say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward loop, can can somebody say why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward loop, can can somebody say why
+we should have expected that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have expected that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we should have expected that that the
+degree preserving should would have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree preserving should would have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree preserving should would have a
+larger number than the yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+distribution towards lower numbers of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution towards lower numbers of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+distribution towards lower numbers of
+edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, um I I I think that I I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um I I I think that I I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, um I I I think that I I I
+think the explanation had the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the explanation had the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think the explanation had the right
+flavor, but I think there were two two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor, but I think there were two two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+flavor, but I think there were two two
+inversions in there that kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversions in there that kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inversions in there that kind of like a
+knot and a knot turned into a right I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and a knot turned into a right I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+knot and a knot turned into a right I
+don't know. Um incidentally, uh this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. Um incidentally, uh this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't know. Um incidentally, uh this is
+a nonsequator, but this happened to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonsequator, but this happened to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a nonsequator, but this happened to me
+once. The airport San Francisco, I was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. The airport San Francisco, I was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once. The airport San Francisco, I was
+going to the airport, I I got the wrong
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the airport, I I got the wrong
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to the airport, I I got the wrong
+airline in my head, you know, so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline in my head, you know, so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+airline in my head, you know, so I
+thought I was on the wrong airline, so I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I was on the wrong airline, so I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thought I was on the wrong airline, so I
+went to the wrong terminal. But then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the wrong terminal. But then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+went to the wrong terminal. But then it
+turned out that I also was wrong about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out that I also was wrong about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turned out that I also was wrong about
+which airline was in which terminal. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which airline was in which terminal. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which airline was in which terminal. So
+then I was actually at the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I was actually at the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then I was actually at the right
+terminal even though I just made two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal even though I just made two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terminal even though I just made two
+mistakes. Um but you know you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. Um but you know you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes. Um but you know you can't
+count on this happening all the time. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count on this happening all the time. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+count on this happening all the time. So
+um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um
+but um yeah. All right. So but yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um yeah. All right. So but yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but um yeah. All right. So but yeah. So
+I think but I think that there there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think but I think that there there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think but I think that there there
+were there was two things that were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there was two things that were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were there was two things that were
+mixed up in that explanation but it yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed up in that explanation but it yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mixed up in that explanation but it yeah
+for transcription factor it has many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transcription factor it has many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for transcription factor it has many
+outgoing outcoming edges and you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing outcoming edges and you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+outgoing outcoming edges and you just
+have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to
+Right. Right. So yes so it's in Yeah. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Right. So yes so it's in Yeah. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Right. So yes so it's in Yeah. So
+there in the actual network there are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the actual network there are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there in the actual network there are
+there are some nodes with many outgoing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some nodes with many outgoing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are some nodes with many outgoing
+edges right and then what's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right and then what's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edges right and then what's
+you just need to add another line
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to add another line
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you just need to add another line
+between
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between
+that's right you somehow just have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right you somehow just have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right you somehow just have to
+add one more edges right so because x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one more edges right so because x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+add one more edges right so because x
+actually has two outgoing edges
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has two outgoing edges
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has two outgoing edges
+right so then so there's a sense of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then so there's a sense of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then so there's a sense of the
+feed forward loop here but you can think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed forward loop here but you can think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed forward loop here but you can think
+about x as being some transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x as being some transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about x as being some transcription
+factor and then what you need is just to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and then what you need is just to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+factor and then what you need is just to
+get and there and and x might have many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and there and and x might have many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get and there and and x might have many
+many outgoing edges Right? And so to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many outgoing edges Right? And so to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many outgoing edges Right? And so to get
+a feed forward loop, what you need is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feed forward loop, what you need is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a feed forward loop, what you need is
+you need for one of those uh one of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for one of those uh one of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need for one of those uh one of
+those uh genes that are targeted to just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh genes that are targeted to just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those uh genes that are targeted to just
+target another one that's in that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target another one that's in that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+target another one that's in that
+network. Right? So if you have X that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Right? So if you have X that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network. Right? So if you have X that's
+regulating regulating 100, then actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating regulating 100, then actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating regulating 100, then actually
+that presents many opportunities to um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that presents many opportunities to um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that presents many opportunities to um
+to generate feed forward loops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate feed forward loops.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to generate feed forward loops.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Um at the same time Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+more edges.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more edges.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more edges.
+Yeah. This is the problem with verbal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. This is the problem with verbal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. This is the problem with verbal
+arguments is that you can construct
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments is that you can construct
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arguments is that you can construct
+anything. Yeah. Um and indeed I would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Yeah. Um and indeed I would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anything. Yeah. Um and indeed I would
+say that uh this is an example. Um what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh this is an example. Um what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say that uh this is an example. Um what
+we said is that the distribution of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said is that the distribution of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said is that the distribution of
+incoming edges is roughly kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges is roughly kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges is roughly kind of
+similar to an ER network in the sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to an ER network in the sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+similar to an ER network in the sense
+that if if the mean is one then you kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if the mean is one then you kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that if if the mean is one then you kind
+of sometimes get zero, sometimes one,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sometimes get zero, sometimes one,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sometimes get zero, sometimes one,
+sometimes two, and they're all kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes two, and they're all kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes two, and they're all kind of
+reasonable, right? So in that sense, I'd
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable, right? So in that sense, I'd
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reasonable, right? So in that sense, I'd
+say this uh Z uh node is not so unusual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this uh Z uh node is not so unusual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say this uh Z uh node is not so unusual
+from the standpoint of a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the standpoint of a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the standpoint of a degree
+preserving network. If Z had 100
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving network. If Z had 100
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving network. If Z had 100
+incoming edges, then this would then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges, then this would then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoming edges, then this would then
+then it's certainly true what you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's certainly true what you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's certainly true what you're
+saying is that uh that the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that uh that the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that uh that the degree
+preserving would then have fewer.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So I think that so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So I think that so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So I think that so this is
+this is the basic argument for why uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the basic argument for why uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is the basic argument for why uh
+why you might go and look at what the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you might go and look at what the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+why you might go and look at what the
+function of a feed forward loop might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a feed forward loop might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of a feed forward loop might
+be. I just want to say a few things that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. I just want to say a few things that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be. I just want to say a few things that
+um about this original paper that URI
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about this original paper that URI
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um about this original paper that URI
+published. All right. So it's in science
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published. All right. So it's in science
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+published. All right. So it's in science
+in 2002 uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2002 uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in 2002 uh
+network motifs colon simple building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network motifs colon simple building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network motifs colon simple building
+blocks of complex networks right so uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of complex networks right so uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+blocks of complex networks right so uh
+so so the authors did indeed analyze
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the authors did indeed analyze
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so so the authors did indeed analyze
+both the ecoli and the yeast
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the ecoli and the yeast
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both the ecoli and the yeast
+transcription network but they also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription network but they also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription network but they also
+analyzeed a number of other networks uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzeed a number of other networks uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzeed a number of other networks uh
+to look at these these network motifs so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at these these network motifs so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to look at these these network motifs so
+they also analyzed uh neurons from um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also analyzed uh neurons from um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they also analyzed uh neurons from um
+from segance the worm where the conneto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from segance the worm where the conneto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from segance the worm where the conneto
+has been known for several decades now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been known for several decades now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has been known for several decades now
+and again they found that feed forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again they found that feed forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and again they found that feed forward
+loops appeared more frequently than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops appeared more frequently than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+loops appeared more frequently than what
+would be expected bas based on uh based
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be expected bas based on uh based
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would be expected bas based on uh based
+on uh the null model of degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh the null model of degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on uh the null model of degree
+preserving. Okay. And that that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving. Okay. And that that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving. Okay. And that that's
+encouraging is that's saying oh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging is that's saying oh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encouraging is that's saying oh maybe
+feed forward loops really are somehow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed forward loops really are somehow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed forward loops really are somehow
+preserving some they're performing some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving some they're performing some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving some they're performing some
+useful uh information processing task.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh information processing task.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+useful uh information processing task.
+Okay. Um of course you know you always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um of course you know you always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um of course you know you always
+have to you know there's also the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know there's also the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to you know there's also the
+spatial arrangement you know you can all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial arrangement you know you can all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+spatial arrangement you know you can all
+you can worry about a lot of things but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can worry about a lot of things but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can worry about a lot of things but
+it's but that's encouraging. Uh he also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but that's encouraging. Uh he also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's but that's encouraging. Uh he also
+analyzed food webs in that case food
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed food webs in that case food
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed food webs in that case food
+feed forward loops were not uh were not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed forward loops were not uh were not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed forward loops were not uh were not
+a network motif but other things were.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network motif but other things were.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a network motif but other things were.
+All right. So that's interesting. Uh he
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So that's interesting. Uh he
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So that's interesting. Uh he
+analyzed the design of um electronic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed the design of um electronic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+analyzed the design of um electronic
+circuits, a forward logic chip. I don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits, a forward logic chip. I don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+circuits, a forward logic chip. I don't
+I don't know what that is. But then also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what that is. But then also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I don't know what that is. But then also
+uh the worldwide web, it's another
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the worldwide web, it's another
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh the worldwide web, it's another
+network people love to analyze. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network people love to analyze. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network people love to analyze. And
+indeed he saw uh saw some other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed he saw uh saw some other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed he saw uh saw some other
+patterns. And and the idea is that in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns. And and the idea is that in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+patterns. And and the idea is that in
+each of these contexts the network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these contexts the network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+each of these contexts the network
+motifs are different depending upon the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs are different depending upon the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motifs are different depending upon the
+microscopic structure that's leading to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic structure that's leading to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+microscopic structure that's leading to
+it or the function that is being you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or the function that is being you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it or the function that is being you
+know that's maybe evolving towards or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's maybe evolving towards or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know that's maybe evolving towards or
+whatnot. Right? So it's a way of getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot. Right? So it's a way of getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whatnot. Right? So it's a way of getting
+insight into the uh the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into the uh the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+insight into the uh the properties of
+these complex networks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Are there any questions uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Are there any questions uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Are there any questions uh
+about these network uh kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these network uh kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about these network uh kind of the
+global network structures before we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global network structures before we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+global network structures before we get
+into the feed forward loop in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the feed forward loop in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the feed forward loop in
+particular?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, first I want to just go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, first I want to just go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, first I want to just go
+ahead and and do a few of our little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and and do a few of our little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ahead and and do a few of our little
+concept questions just because um you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept questions just because um you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concept questions just because um you
+have the cards and you know and I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cards and you know and I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have the cards and you know and I think
+that the chapter is actually pretty um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chapter is actually pretty um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the chapter is actually pretty um
+pretty nice in the sense of you can read
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice in the sense of you can read
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pretty nice in the sense of you can read
+it and get a get a clear sense of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and get a get a clear sense of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and get a get a clear sense of of
+what's going on. Um but let's uh let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. Um but let's uh let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's going on. Um but let's uh let's
+start by just considering this feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by just considering this feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+start by just considering this feed
+forward loop which is this uh coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward loop which is this uh coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forward loop which is this uh coherent
+type one. So now the arrows actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one. So now the arrows actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one. So now the arrows actually
+mean activating right? Right. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean activating right? Right. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean activating right? Right. So we have
+X going to Y. Um now it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X going to Y. Um now it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X going to Y. Um now it's going to be
+going to a Z. But we have to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a Z. But we have to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to a Z. But we have to remember
+that now that there are two inputs, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now that there are two inputs, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now that there are two inputs, we
+do have to specify how the inputs are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to specify how the inputs are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do have to specify how the inputs are
+going to be um combined, right? And and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be um combined, right? And and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be um combined, right? And and
+for now what we'll do is we'll assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now what we'll do is we'll assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now what we'll do is we'll assume
+that it's an AND gate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And that's that goes to Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. As always, we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. As always, we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. As always, we're going to
+have to think, okay, there's some signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think, okay, there's some signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to think, okay, there's some signal
+X and signal Y that come in here, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and signal Y that come in here, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+X and signal Y that come in here, right?
+In many many cases, uh these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In many many cases, uh these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+In many many cases, uh these
+transcription factors in addition to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors in addition to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factors in addition to
+being regulated by another say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being regulated by another say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being regulated by another say
+transcription factor may also be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor may also be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor may also be
+responsive to some signal.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to some signal.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+responsive to some signal.
+Okay? And uh there there was uh a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And uh there there was uh a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? And uh there there was uh a nice
+example of this in uh in Uri's book
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this in uh in Uri's book
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example of this in uh in Uri's book
+which was uh how how ecoli decide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was uh how how ecoli decide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which was uh how how ecoli decide
+whether to make the suite of uh proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to make the suite of uh proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+whether to make the suite of uh proteins
+that are required to digest the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are required to digest the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that are required to digest the uh the
+carbon source arabinos the sugar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon source arabinos the sugar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon source arabinos the sugar
+arabinos. Okay. Right. But um okay, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arabinos. Okay. Right. But um okay, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arabinos. Okay. Right. But um okay, but
+for now let's just think about this and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's just think about this and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for now let's just think about this and
+uh and we want to just make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we want to just make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh and we want to just make sure that we
+we remember and and once again it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember and and once again it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we remember and and once again it's not
+that you should necessarily memorize
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should necessarily memorize
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you should necessarily memorize
+memorize these things but after having
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize these things but after having
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorize these things but after having
+seen the argument once or twice you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the argument once or twice you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seen the argument once or twice you
+should be able to reconstruct all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to reconstruct all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be able to reconstruct all of
+these things. Okay. Right. So I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. Okay. Right. So I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. Okay. Right. So I I
+claimed that this is that somewhere in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed that this is that somewhere in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claimed that this is that somewhere in
+here there's a signs delay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Now the question is in which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now the question is in which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Now the question is in which
+direction is there a delay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. All right. And so it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. And so it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. All right. And so it's going to be
+some combination of on and off perhaps.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of on and off perhaps.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some combination of on and off perhaps.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and check means that it's a delay in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check means that it's a delay in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and check means that it's a delay in
+that direction actually. Well, okay, we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction actually. Well, okay, we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction actually. Well, okay, we
+should just have nothing there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and D is don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D is don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and D is don't know
+that direction you mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction you mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that direction you mean
+that that there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that there's a
+this is this means that there's a sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this means that there's a sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this means that there's a sign
+that that's right. So this would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's right. So this would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's right. So this would be
+going from off to on. So turning on so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from off to on. So turning on so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going from off to on. So turning on so
+this is turning turning on as compared
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is turning turning on as compared
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is turning turning on as compared
+to turning off and we're looking at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turning off and we're looking at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to turning off and we're looking at
+um this is delay we're talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is delay we're talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um this is delay we're talking about
+this is in response to S sx changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in response to S sx changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is in response to S sx changing
+concentration of Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of Z.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. Any any questions about what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Any any questions about what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Any any questions about what
+I what I'm referring to in this?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I'm referring to in this?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I what I'm referring to in this?
+Yes. Good question. I like that. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Good question. I like that. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Good question. I like that. All
+right. Si is present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so this is compared to simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is compared to simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so this is compared to simple
+regulation or i.e. Does the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation or i.e. Does the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation or i.e. Does the
+concentration of Z immediately start to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of Z immediately start to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of Z immediately start to
+change after uh this SX changes goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change after uh this SX changes goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change after uh this SX changes goes
+from either zero to one or one to zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from either zero to one or one to zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from either zero to one or one to zero.
+So simple regulation in this case would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So simple regulation in this case would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So simple regulation in this case would
+be that between X and Y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that between X and Y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be that between X and Y.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+And make the AND gate a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And make the AND gate a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And make the AND gate a
+not an not and gate. Exactly. Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an not and gate. Exactly. Yeah.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not an not and gate. Exactly. Yeah.
+Right. And you know, we're comparing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And you know, we're comparing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And you know, we're comparing to
+just if X is just directly regulating Z,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if X is just directly regulating Z,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just if X is just directly regulating Z,
+right? Because what we want to know is,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because what we want to know is,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because what we want to know is,
+right? I mean, what what might a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean, what what might a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? I mean, what what might a
+function of the feed forward loop be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the feed forward loop be?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function of the feed forward loop be?
+All right. So, I'll give you 15 seconds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, I'll give you 15 seconds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, I'll give you 15 seconds
+to think through this. Once again, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through this. Once again, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to think through this. Once again, it's
+not that you should have memorized it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+No, I don't want anybody saying that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I don't want anybody saying that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No, I don't want anybody saying that
+they just couldn't read my handwriting.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just couldn't read my handwriting.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they just couldn't read my handwriting.
+All right. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is for
+I'm sorry. So this is um I'm asking
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry. So this is um I'm asking
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm sorry. So this is um I'm asking
+about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about
+the for this feed forward loop the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for this feed forward loop the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the for this feed forward loop the
+coherent type one with an andgate and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent type one with an andgate and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coherent type one with an andgate and
+I'm comparing I'm say you know I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm comparing I'm say you know I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm comparing I'm say you know I'm
+asking is there a delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is there a delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+asking is there a delay
+you know either turning on or turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know either turning on or turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know either turning on or turning
+off all right as compared to the uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off all right as compared to the uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off all right as compared to the uh the
+simple regulation of X regulating Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple regulation of X regulating Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simple regulation of X regulating Z
+and of course this is my B seminus X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and we assume that X is already present
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we assume that X is already present
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we assume that X is already present
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Do you need more time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Do you need more time?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Do you need more time?
+All right. Ready? Three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Ready? Three, two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Ready? Three, two, one.
+Okay. We got a clear majority of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We got a clear majority of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. We got a clear majority of the
+group actually is saying C. Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group actually is saying C. Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+group actually is saying C. Okay. All
+right. And I So I All right. Can and we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And I So I All right. Can and we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And I So I All right. Can and we
+can we can get at this kind of visually,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can get at this kind of visually,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can we can get at this kind of visually,
+graphically. You know, I I really like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically. You know, I I really like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphically. You know, I I really like
+graphs. I think they're much nicer than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. I think they're much nicer than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+graphs. I think they're much nicer than
+equations. Um, you know, different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. Um, you know, different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equations. Um, you know, different
+people can agree or disagree, but uh but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can agree or disagree, but uh but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+people can agree or disagree, but uh but
+you know that's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. The idea is that we have sx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. The idea is that we have sx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. The idea is that we have sx
+starts out off and say turns on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out off and say turns on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts out off and say turns on.
+Okay. So if we think about the xstar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we think about the xstar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So if we think about the xstar
+right x was always around. So that means
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right x was always around. So that means
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right x was always around. So that means
+XAR immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XAR immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+XAR immediately
+you know so the signal immediately
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the signal immediately
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know so the signal immediately
+changes X and Xar the active version
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes X and Xar the active version
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changes X and Xar the active version
+right now Y and this is why we can even
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now Y and this is why we can even
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now Y and this is why we can even
+say Y star because the signal Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Y star because the signal Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say Y star because the signal Y is
+always there right it starts out here it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there right it starts out here it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always there right it starts out here it
+immediately gets this signal so it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately gets this signal so it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately gets this signal so it
+starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts
+coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+but of course this is an AND gate which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course this is an AND gate which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but of course this is an AND gate which
+means that you need to have both active
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you need to have both active
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+means that you need to have both active
+Y and active X in order to start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and active X in order to start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Y and active X in order to start getting
+expression of Z. Right? So we have if we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of Z. Right? So we have if we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of Z. Right? So we have if we
+look at Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+it there's some threshold at which Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's some threshold at which Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it there's some threshold at which Y
+starts act allowing for expression of Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts act allowing for expression of Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+starts act allowing for expression of Z.
+So just because we have active X doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just because we have active X doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So just because we have active X doesn't
+mean that we immediately start getting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that we immediately start getting
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean that we immediately start getting
+expression of Z. We need we need Y as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of Z. We need we need Y as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of Z. We need we need Y as
+well. So this comes up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So this comes up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well. So this comes up
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. However, when the signal here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. However, when the signal here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. However, when the signal here
+comes goes away, Xstar immediately goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes goes away, Xstar immediately goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes goes away, Xstar immediately goes
+away. This is the separation of time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. This is the separation of time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. This is the separation of time
+scale idea. Right. This is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale idea. Right. This is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scale idea. Right. This is just a
+binding of a small molecule or so,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding of a small molecule or so,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+binding of a small molecule or so,
+right? What that means is that okay, Y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? What that means is that okay, Y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? What that means is that okay, Y
+star is there a delay on Ystar,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? We're going to do a verbal. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We're going to do a verbal. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We're going to do a verbal. Is
+there a delay before Ystar just starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a delay before Ystar just starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a delay before Ystar just starts
+coming down? you know. Okay. So question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down? you know. Okay. So question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+coming down? you know. Okay. So question
+it's going to decay exponentially once
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to decay exponentially once
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's going to decay exponentially once
+it starts going. Does it start going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts going. Does it start going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it starts going. Does it start going
+immediately or does it is there a delay?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately or does it is there a delay?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately or does it is there a delay?
+Right? So the question is is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So the question is is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So the question is is there a
+delay before the exponential fall off of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay before the exponential fall off of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delay before the exponential fall off of
+y star? You're going to say yes or no.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y star? You're going to say yes or no.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+y star? You're going to say yes or no.
+Ready? Three two one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Three two one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Three two one.
+No delay. Great.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No delay. Great.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+No delay. Great.
+Okay. And indeed over here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And indeed over here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And indeed over here
+it's the same thing. No delay because of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing. No delay because of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the same thing. No delay because of
+the gate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the gate,
+right? expression of Z requires both
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? expression of Z requires both
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? expression of Z requires both
+Xstar and Ystar. So although Ystar is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xstar and Ystar. So although Ystar is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Xstar and Ystar. So although Ystar is
+still there since it's an andgate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there since it's an andgate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still there since it's an andgate
+Z goes down. Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right that means that in this case we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that means that in this case we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right that means that in this case we
+have a signs sensitive delay for turning
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a signs sensitive delay for turning
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a signs sensitive delay for turning
+on Z but not for turning off Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? Of course, this can be useful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Of course, this can be useful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Of course, this can be useful
+depending upon the costs and benefits of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the costs and benefits of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending upon the costs and benefits of
+having false positives and false
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having false positives and false
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+having false positives and false
+negatives in the signal, right? Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives in the signal, right? Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negatives in the signal, right? Okay.
+So, if there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, if there
+if if this andgate were switched to an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this andgate were switched to an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if if this andgate were switched to an
+orgate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orgate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+orgate,
+how does this thing change?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this thing change?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how does this thing change?
+All right. I'm going to give you 10
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I'm going to give you 10
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I'm going to give you 10
+seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds.
+All right. So, question is, if I convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, question is, if I convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, question is, if I convert
+this to an orgate, does it change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to an orgate, does it change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this to an orgate, does it change
+anything or not?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Do you need more time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Do you need more time?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Do you need more time?
+Right. Ready? Three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Ready? Three, two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Ready? Three, two, one.
+Now we got a lot of B's. Great. So, all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we got a lot of B's. Great. So, all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now we got a lot of B's. Great. So, all
+right. So, in this case, it's coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, in this case, it's coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, in this case, it's coherent
+type one feed forward loop with uh with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one feed forward loop with uh with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one feed forward loop with uh with
+an orate. Okay. Uh I'm not going to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orate. Okay. Uh I'm not going to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an orate. Okay. Uh I'm not going to go
+over the logic, but I encourage you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the logic, but I encourage you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over the logic, but I encourage you to
+uh if if you're confused by this, just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if you're confused by this, just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh if if you're confused by this, just
+make sure that you can reconstruct the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you can reconstruct the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure that you can reconstruct the
+argument. Okay. Um from my standpoint,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. Okay. Um from my standpoint,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument. Okay. Um from my standpoint,
+you know, these equations, I mean, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, these equations, I mean, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, these equations, I mean, you
+should be it's good to do equations, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it's good to do equations, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be it's good to do equations, but
+um it's more important to be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's more important to be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um it's more important to be able to
+understand the logic here. Did you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the logic here. Did you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+understand the logic here. Did you have
+a question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a question?
+Yeah. So, how is it easy to prove
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, how is it easy to prove
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. So, how is it easy to prove
+experimentally what kind of gate there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally what kind of gate there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+experimentally what kind of gate there
+is?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is?
+Yes. So, actually, yeah. So the idea is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So, actually, yeah. So the idea is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. So, actually, yeah. So the idea is
+that um in many cases you can put X on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um in many cases you can put X on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that um in many cases you can put X on
+an inducible promoter, you can put Y on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inducible promoter, you can put Y on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inducible promoter, you can put Y on
+an inducible promoter. So you can just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inducible promoter. So you can just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an inducible promoter. So you can just
+some small molecule will allow you to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small molecule will allow you to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some small molecule will allow you to
+control these, right? And then and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control these, right? And then and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+control these, right? And then and then
+you can measure say fluoresence on on Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure say fluoresence on on Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can measure say fluoresence on on Z.
+And that that's the most direct thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that that's the most direct thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that that's the most direct thing
+because it's experimentally doing it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's experimentally doing it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because it's experimentally doing it
+yourself. Of course, much of the data
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. Of course, much of the data
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yourself. Of course, much of the data
+that you see in the chapter is is kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see in the chapter is is kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that you see in the chapter is is kind
+of just looking at the fluorescent Z as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just looking at the fluorescent Z as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of just looking at the fluorescent Z as
+a function of the um the signals that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the um the signals that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a function of the um the signals that
+you put in and that that can that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in and that that can that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you put in and that that can that's
+certainly an argument for it. And then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an argument for it. And then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+certainly an argument for it. And then
+ultimately what you'd like is to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately what you'd like is to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ultimately what you'd like is to to
+measure things in multiple different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure things in multiple different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+measure things in multiple different
+ways. Confirm that it's all consistent.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. Confirm that it's all consistent.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ways. Confirm that it's all consistent.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Any other questions about
+this idea of signs sensitive delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of signs sensitive delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this idea of signs sensitive delay
+element?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+element?
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Yeah.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Is it possible to look at the actual
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it possible to look at the actual
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is it possible to look at the actual
+genes and see if that interpretation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and see if that interpretation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+genes and see if that interpretation
+makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+makes
+Yeah, that's a good question, right? So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's a good question, right? So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, that's a good question, right? So,
+so if you look at across both EC coli
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at across both EC coli
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so if you look at across both EC coli
+and yeast, what you see is that of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeast, what you see is that of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and yeast, what you see is that of the
+feed forward loops, um about half of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed forward loops, um about half of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed forward loops, um about half of
+them are coherent type one, right? Which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are coherent type one, right? Which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them are coherent type one, right? Which
+is one of the eight possible kinds of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the eight possible kinds of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is one of the eight possible kinds of
+feed forward loops, right? Um right. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed forward loops, right? Um right. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+feed forward loops, right? Um right. And
+so what you're asking is in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're asking is in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so what you're asking is in this case,
+let's say there are 20 coherent type
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there are 20 coherent type
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's say there are 20 coherent type
+one. How many of what fraction of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. How many of what fraction of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. How many of what fraction of them
+does this all make sense? Uh and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this all make sense? Uh and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this all make sense? Uh and and
+it's a good question. I I don't know. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question. I I don't know. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a good question. I I don't know. I
+haven't yeah haven't I haven't looked at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yeah haven't I haven't looked at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+haven't yeah haven't I haven't looked at
+you know because it's always dangerous
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because it's always dangerous
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know because it's always dangerous
+of course that we find one example of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that we find one example of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of course that we find one example of
+the 20 where it it kind of makes sense
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 where it it kind of makes sense
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the 20 where it it kind of makes sense
+conceptually and then we go and we test
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually and then we go and we test
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+conceptually and then we go and we test
+it experimentally and see that it all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it experimentally and see that it all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it experimentally and see that it all
+works and then um and then we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and then um and then we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+works and then um and then we're
+convinced right but but you're pointing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced right but but you're pointing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced right but but you're pointing
+out that maybe maybe we shouldn't be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that maybe maybe we shouldn't be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out that maybe maybe we shouldn't be
+convinced yet uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced yet uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+convinced yet uh
+but I'm just curious you're proposing a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just curious you're proposing a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but I'm just curious you're proposing a
+functional kind of explanation if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional kind of explanation if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functional kind of explanation if you
+know what the genes are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the genes are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know what the genes are
+that that's right you should be able to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's right you should be able to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that that's right you should be able to
+go and see whether it it's somehow makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and see whether it it's somehow makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go and see whether it it's somehow makes
+sense. And of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. And of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. And of course
+in all, you know, makes sense is always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all, you know, makes sense is always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in all, you know, makes sense is always
+a slippery concept, right? Because, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slippery concept, right? Because, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a slippery concept, right? Because, you
+know, we can always, it's not that this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we can always, it's not that this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, we can always, it's not that this
+radically changes the logic, right? you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically changes the logic, right? you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+radically changes the logic, right? you
+know and then you know and then in any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then you know and then in any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know and then you know and then in any
+given circumstance you can maybe say oh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given circumstance you can maybe say oh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+given circumstance you can maybe say oh
+well you can kind of wave your arms and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can kind of wave your arms and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well you can kind of wave your arms and
+con and and and make up a story where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con and and and make up a story where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+con and and and make up a story where it
+kind of makes sense you know but then um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense you know but then um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of makes sense you know but then um
+the only way to really feel comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to really feel comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the only way to really feel comfortable
+with it or not is for you yourself to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it or not is for you yourself to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with it or not is for you yourself to go
+and look at them and see how comfortable
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at them and see how comfortable
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and look at them and see how comfortable
+you are with each of those arguments
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are with each of those arguments
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you are with each of those arguments
+right um and you know I haven't actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and you know I haven't actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right um and you know I haven't actually
+done that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so one more one more question in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one more one more question in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so one more one more question in
+this regard all right so let's imagine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regard all right so let's imagine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this regard all right so let's imagine
+that Instead of thinking about changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Instead of thinking about changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that Instead of thinking about changes
+in syx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in syx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in syx
+with sy present, let's now flip things.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sy present, let's now flip things.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with sy present, let's now flip things.
+Let's assume that sx is present and ask
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's assume that sx is present and ask
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's assume that sx is present and ask
+about sy turning on and off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay,
+again with the ANDgate,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with the ANDgate,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again with the ANDgate,
+I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know
+in which direction is there a delay when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which direction is there a delay when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in which direction is there a delay when
+turning either on or off. Now we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning either on or off. Now we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+turning either on or off. Now we're
+talking about with sy turning on or off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about with sy turning on or off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talking about with sy turning on or off.
+All right. Does everybody understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Does everybody understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Does everybody understand the
+question?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. I'll give you 10 seconds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I'll give you 10 seconds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I'll give you 10 seconds to
+make sure.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Do you need any more time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Do you need any more time?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Do you need any more time?
+Let's go ahead and vote. Ready? Three,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's go ahead and vote. Ready? Three,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's go ahead and vote. Ready? Three,
+two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two, one.
+All right. Okay. So, I'd say now it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Okay. So, I'd say now it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Okay. So, I'd say now it's
+it's pretty overwhelming the the group
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty overwhelming the the group
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's pretty overwhelming the the group
+again agrees that now it'll be a right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again agrees that now it'll be a right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+again agrees that now it'll be a right.
+So if if if we have sx equal to 1 and sy
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if if if we have sx equal to 1 and sy
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if if if we have sx equal to 1 and sy
+changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+changing
+then in that this case we don't get any
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in that this case we don't get any
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then in that this case we don't get any
+of these delays right so there's sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these delays right so there's sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these delays right so there's sort of
+immediate changes in z as sy changes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate changes in z as sy changes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediate changes in z as sy changes
+okay and that's that's because this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's that's because this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and that's that's because this is
+well this is an endgate if x is already
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is an endgate if x is already
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well this is an endgate if x is already
+there that means that we've already sati
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that means that we've already sati
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there that means that we've already sati
+satisfied this half of it right so then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied this half of it right so then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+satisfied this half of it right so then
+we're just reduced to simple regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just reduced to simple regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're just reduced to simple regulation
+this is just equivalent to y regulating
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just equivalent to y regulating
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just equivalent to y regulating
+z so there no delays either turning on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so there no delays either turning on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+z so there no delays either turning on
+or turning All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. So what you what you read about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what you what you read about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So what you what you read about
+from earlier's book is that the coherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earlier's book is that the coherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from earlier's book is that the coherent
+type one uh is perhaps the most common
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one uh is perhaps the most common
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+type one uh is perhaps the most common
+of the feed forward loops observed in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the feed forward loops observed in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the feed forward loops observed in
+these transcription networks. Uh the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transcription networks. Uh the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these transcription networks. Uh the
+other uh of the feed forward loops that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh of the feed forward loops that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other uh of the feed forward loops that
+is distinctly over represented is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distinctly over represented is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is distinctly over represented is this
+incoherent type one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So it's very similar with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it's very similar with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So it's very similar with the
+exception that now what we have is X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception that now what we have is X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+exception that now what we have is X
+activating Y but now Y is going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating Y but now Y is going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating Y but now Y is going to be
+repressing Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing Z
+and we have X again activating Z. Uh,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have X again activating Z. Uh,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have X again activating Z. Uh,
+and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and
+all right then and we're going to use
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then and we're going to use
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right then and we're going to use
+we're going to use an andgate again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And
+edge going to Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge going to Z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+edge going to Z.
+All right. Um, for me I find it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um, for me I find it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Um, for me I find it
+sometimes a little bit confusing to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit confusing to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes a little bit confusing to
+think about a repression and an ANDgate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a repression and an ANDgate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about a repression and an ANDgate.
+So it is useful to make sure that we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it is useful to make sure that we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it is useful to make sure that we
+kind of understand the the logic of all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand the the logic of all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of understand the the logic of all
+these things. Okay. So if we have say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. Okay. So if we have say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things. Okay. So if we have say
+xstar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+xstar
+yar and we can just make sure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is absence or presence. All right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absence or presence. All right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is absence or presence. All right
+digital approximation of each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital approximation of each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+digital approximation of each of these
+things and the and the question is uh if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the and the question is uh if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things and the and the question is uh if
+we have um expression of um of z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um expression of um of z.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have um expression of um of z.
+Okay. Now, the way to just think about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, the way to just think about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, the way to just think about
+this is that this this guy is equivalent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that this this guy is equivalent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is that this this guy is equivalent
+to kind of inverting the um the sign of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of inverting the um the sign of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to kind of inverting the um the sign of
+of Y star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of Y star.
+Okay. And then we have an ANDgate. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we have an ANDgate. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And then we have an ANDgate. So,
+this is a 01. That's not an and we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 01. That's not an and we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is a 01. That's not an and we have
+a well zero is enough to give us a zero.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well zero is enough to give us a zero.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a well zero is enough to give us a zero.
+One one. Okay. So, here we get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One one. Okay. So, here we get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+One one. Okay. So, here we get
+activation here. Here we don't. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+[Applause]
+right. And so we can we can do a similar
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And so we can we can do a similar
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And so we can we can do a similar
+kind of story of what we did here except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of story of what we did here except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of story of what we did here except
+that now instead of Y being an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now instead of Y being an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that now instead of Y being an
+activator, it's now a um a repressor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activator, it's now a um a repressor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activator, it's now a um a repressor.
+Okay. And again, we're going to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And again, we're going to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And again, we're going to have
+think about what happens with the signal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens with the signal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about what happens with the signal
+coming in.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Is is there any difference up to up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is is there any difference up to up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Is is there any difference up to up to
+this point?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Let's think about All right. Everybody
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's think about All right. Everybody
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Let's think about All right. Everybody
+think about this for a second. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this for a second. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this for a second. All
+right. So, this is a case where we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, this is a case where we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So, this is a case where we
+already have signal Y,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have signal Y,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+already have signal Y,
+right? It's allowing say the Y repressor
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's allowing say the Y repressor
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's allowing say the Y repressor
+to bind. But then we make sx appear.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I want to know verbally yes or no. Is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know verbally yes or no. Is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I want to know verbally yes or no. Is
+there a do do I have to do any draw? Do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a do do I have to do any draw? Do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there a do do I have to do any draw? Do
+do I have to draw something new up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to draw something new up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I have to draw something new up to
+this point here? Ready? Okay. So, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here? Ready? Okay. So, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this point here? Ready? Okay. So, what
+do I want to say? Yeah. Is there a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to say? Yeah. Is there a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do I want to say? Yeah. Is there a
+change from this drawing up to this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from this drawing up to this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+change from this drawing up to this
+point? Ready? Three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point? Ready? Three, two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point? Ready? Three, two, one.
+Yes. All right. And that's because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. All right. And that's because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. All right. And that's because
+actually Z starts coming up at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Z starts coming up at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually Z starts coming up at this
+point. Right? It's very very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Right? It's very very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point. Right? It's very very
+nerve-wracking these these these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve-wracking these these these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nerve-wracking these these these
+quizzes. I know. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes. I know. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quizzes. I know. Um
+right. And and and but this is a little
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And and and but this is a little
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. And and and but this is a little
+bit you know the idea is that here Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you know the idea is that here Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bit you know the idea is that here Y is
+now a repressor. So it's not that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a repressor. So it's not that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now a repressor. So it's not that you
+need Y in order to get expression of Z
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Y in order to get expression of Z
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+need Y in order to get expression of Z
+is that once you have Y star then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that once you have Y star then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that once you have Y star then you
+stop getting expression of Z. Okay. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop getting expression of Z. Okay. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop getting expression of Z. Okay. All
+right. So it it looks like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So it it looks like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. So it it looks like
+um maybe I'll make it. All right. So in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I'll make it. All right. So in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um maybe I'll make it. All right. So in
+this case everything everything's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case everything everything's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case everything everything's the
+same here except that it's it's in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same here except that it's it's in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same here except that it's it's in this
+case you start getting Z coming up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you start getting Z coming up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case you start getting Z coming up
+right but then once Y gets up to a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then once Y gets up to a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then once Y gets up to a
+sufficiently high level it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high level it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sufficiently high level it starts
+repressing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressing
+okay and in that case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in that case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay and in that case
+it might do something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might do something like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it might do something like this.
+Okay. Now, depending upon the strength
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, depending upon the strength
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Now, depending upon the strength
+of that repression, these this curve
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that repression, these this curve
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that repression, these this curve
+might look different, right? Because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look different, right? Because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look different, right? Because it
+could come all the way down to zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come all the way down to zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could come all the way down to zero
+depending if it's a if it's a very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending if it's a if it's a very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending if it's a if it's a very
+effective repressor.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective repressor.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+effective repressor.
+Okay? So, and depending upon whether
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So, and depending upon whether
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? So, and depending upon whether
+it's fully repressed or only partially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fully repressed or only partially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's fully repressed or only partially
+repressed, you might think about it as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed, you might think about it as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repressed, you might think about it as
+either being a pulse generator, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either being a pulse generator, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either being a pulse generator, right?
+So, you get some Z and then it goes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you get some Z and then it goes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you get some Z and then it goes
+away. Okay? Or you could think about it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. Okay? Or you could think about it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+away. Okay? Or you could think about it
+as a way of increasing um the rate at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of increasing um the rate at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as a way of increasing um the rate at
+which you're able to turn this gene on,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're able to turn this gene on,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you're able to turn this gene on,
+right? Because it's sort of like this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because it's sort of like this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Because it's sort of like this
+negative autoregulation idea that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation idea that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+negative autoregulation idea that
+initially you get lots of expression and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you get lots of expression and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+initially you get lots of expression and
+then later you stop getting as much. Of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later you stop getting as much. Of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then later you stop getting as much. Of
+course, here you would get an overshoot,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, here you would get an overshoot,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course, here you would get an overshoot,
+but you know, maybe that's not all bad.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know, maybe that's not all bad.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but you know, maybe that's not all bad.
+Right? Um right. So in this what what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Um right. So in this what what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Um right. So in this what what we
+you might say is that this is a pulse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say is that this is a pulse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might say is that this is a pulse
+generator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and this here is uh a way of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here is uh a way of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this here is uh a way of
+making t on go down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are there any questions about the logic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any questions about the logic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any questions about the logic
+of what uh what happens in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what uh what happens in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of what uh what happens in this
+incoherent type one?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent type one?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent type one?
+Yes. Can you explain the genome?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Can you explain the genome?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes. Can you explain the genome?
+Sure. Um, so let me let's zoom in. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Um, so let me let's zoom in. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sure. Um, so let me let's zoom in. All
+right. Um, and and we can look at Z. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um, and and we can look at Z. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um, and and we can look at Z. So
+it kind of gets expressed and then it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of gets expressed and then it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it kind of gets expressed and then it
+represses like this. Okay. And then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represses like this. Okay. And then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+represses like this. Okay. And then you
+always have to ask what do you mean by T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to ask what do you mean by T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always have to ask what do you mean by T
+on? And and we have this working
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on? And and we have this working
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on? And and we have this working
+definition which is that we say all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is that we say all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+definition which is that we say all
+right well T on is defined as there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well T on is defined as there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right well T on is defined as there's
+some equilibrium concentration right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equilibrium concentration right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some equilibrium concentration right. So
+this is Z equilibrium
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Z equilibrium
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is Z equilibrium
+and we often define T on as the time in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we often define T on as the time in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we often define T on as the time in
+which you get half of that express half
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get half of that express half
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you get half of that express half
+of that concentration. Right? So what we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that concentration. Right? So what we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of that concentration. Right? So what we
+do is we say we take half of that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we say we take half of that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do is we say we take half of that
+and we uh we say okay where does this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we uh we say okay where does this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we uh we say okay where does this
+cross crosses right here. We go oh I I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross crosses right here. We go oh I I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cross crosses right here. We go oh I I
+maybe overdid my drawing. It's too good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe overdid my drawing. It's too good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe overdid my drawing. It's too good
+of a Okay. So T on in this case would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that time right there. Okay. Now of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time right there. Okay. Now of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that time right there. Okay. Now of
+course you have to say well what what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to say well what what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+course you have to say well what what
+should we compare that to and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we compare that to and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should we compare that to and the
+comparison should be the t the ton that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison should be the t the ton that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comparison should be the t the ton that
+you would have had with just simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have had with just simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you would have had with just simple
+regulation right so that's based on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation right so that's based on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation right so that's based on the
+the generation time and you can actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation time and you can actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the generation time and you can actually
+see what the generation time is here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the generation time is here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see what the generation time is here
+because this thing this thing in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing this thing in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because this thing this thing in the
+absence of the repression would have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the repression would have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absence of the repression would have
+done something like that right so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done something like that right so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+done something like that right so this
+tells us that the simple regulation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the simple regulation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us that the simple regulation
+would have led to something that looks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have led to something that looks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have led to something that looks
+like this right so you see that t on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right so you see that t on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like this right so you see that t on
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh this is T on uh simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+is is much larger than the T on that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is much larger than the T on that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is is much larger than the T on that you
+actually get here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? All right. So from this argument
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? All right. So from this argument
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? All right. So from this argument
+there are we can now try to recapitulate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are we can now try to recapitulate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are we can now try to recapitulate
+or recall for ourselves uh the various
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or recall for ourselves uh the various
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or recall for ourselves uh the various
+strategies for uh increasing the uh rate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for uh increasing the uh rate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+strategies for uh increasing the uh rate
+of response to to signals.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So we have uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we have uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So we have uh
+we we can think about all right there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can think about all right there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we we can think about all right there's
+some t you want to decrease t on and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some t you want to decrease t on and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some t you want to decrease t on and you
+want to decrease t off
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to decrease t off
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+want to decrease t off
+right and we want to think about maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we want to think about maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and we want to think about maybe
+different strategies that we've we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strategies that we've we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different strategies that we've we've
+encountered over the last few weeks.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered over the last few weeks.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+encountered over the last few weeks.
+What are what what are some of the what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are what what are some of the what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are what what are some of the what
+were some of the strategies?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Higher degradation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higher degradation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Higher degradation.
+All right. Higher degradation, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Higher degradation, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Higher degradation, right?
+Um, so increase degradation.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so increase degradation.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so increase degradation.
+Yeah. Well, or maybe I'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, or maybe I'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. Well, or maybe I'll just say
+decrease lifetime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease lifetime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease lifetime.
+Well, all right. Well, you know, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, all right. Well, you know, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Well, all right. Well, you know, it's
+the same thing. Okay. So, decrease
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. Okay. So, decrease
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same thing. Okay. So, decrease
+the protein lifetime.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein lifetime.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the protein lifetime.
+And what And what does that do for us?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Does that uh decrease T on or does it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that uh decrease T on or does it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Does that uh decrease T on or does it
+decrease T off?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+both. All right. So, this this decreases
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both. All right. So, this this decreases
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+both. All right. So, this this decreases
+T t T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T t T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T t T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
+T on and it decreases T off.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T on and it decreases T off.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+T on and it decreases T off.
+What are the what were some of the other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the what were some of the other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What are the what were some of the other
+strategies?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Uh, negative auto.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, negative auto.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Uh, negative auto.
+Negative auto regulation. Great. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Negative auto regulation. Great. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Negative auto regulation. Great. And
+what does that do for us?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Um, all right. So, let's let's let's do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right. So, let's let's let's do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, all right. So, let's let's let's do
+a vote. This is a good opportunity. This
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vote. This is a good opportunity. This
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a vote. This is a good opportunity. This
+is like review for exams for you guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like review for exams for you guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is like review for exams for you guys
+right now. All right. So, negative auto
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. All right. So, negative auto
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right now. All right. So, negative auto
+regulation. Does it decrease T on T off?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation. Does it decrease T on T off?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulation. Does it decrease T on T off?
+Both, neither, something or another. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Both, neither, something or another. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Both, neither, something or another. All
+right. 8 seconds.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Ready? Three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Three, two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Three, two, one.
+All right. So, we got um many C's but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we got um many C's but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we got um many C's but
+many other things as well, right? But
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other things as well, right? But
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+many other things as well, right? But
+yeah, indeed um it it's only going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, indeed um it it's only going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+yeah, indeed um it it's only going to
+decrease T on actually, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease T on actually, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decrease T on actually, right? And
+that's because remember the negative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because remember the negative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's because remember the negative
+autoregulation what it does is initially
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation what it does is initially
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+autoregulation what it does is initially
+it makes a lot of this protein but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes a lot of this protein but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it makes a lot of this protein but then
+once you hit the repression threshold
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you hit the repression threshold
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+once you hit the repression threshold
+then it sort of represses itself and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it sort of represses itself and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it sort of represses itself and so
+you you you are able to kind of rapidly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you are able to kind of rapidly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you you are able to kind of rapidly
+get up to that level and then you you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to that level and then you you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get up to that level and then you you
+clamp it there. Whereas turning off that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp it there. Whereas turning off that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clamp it there. Whereas turning off that
+just means that you just tell it to stop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that you just tell it to stop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just means that you just tell it to stop
+making it. Right? And so it's always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it. Right? And so it's always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+making it. Right? And so it's always
+going to then decay at um the rate that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to then decay at um the rate that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to then decay at um the rate that
+is dictated by its effective lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dictated by its effective lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is dictated by its effective lifetime
+which is kind of either from the protein
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of either from the protein
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is kind of either from the protein
+or from from the actual degradation or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from from the actual degradation or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or from from the actual degradation or
+from the the growth of the cell. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the growth of the cell. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the the growth of the cell. Right?
+So it's this only decreases tion. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's this only decreases tion. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's this only decreases tion. And
+then indeed we just learned about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indeed we just learned about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then indeed we just learned about
+another one here which was the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one here which was the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another one here which was the
+incoherent
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent
+incoherent type one feed forward loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent type one feed forward loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+incoherent type one feed forward loop
+with kind of modest amounts of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of modest amounts of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with kind of modest amounts of
+repression, right? Uh incomplete
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression, right? Uh incomplete
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression, right? Uh incomplete
+repression or so. And and what does that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression or so. And and what does that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+repression or so. And and what does that
+do here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, did we actually even figure out what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, did we actually even figure out what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, did we actually even figure out what
+it did here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Oh, we maybe didn't say. All right, five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, we maybe didn't say. All right, five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Oh, we maybe didn't say. All right, five
+seconds again over here. All right, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds again over here. All right, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seconds again over here. All right, what
+is it? Does it We've We've Well, I told
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it? Does it We've We've Well, I told
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is it? Does it We've We've Well, I told
+you one half of it already, but what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one half of it already, but what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one half of it already, but what is
+the other half?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the other half?
+All right,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right,
+you can.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Ready.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Ready.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Ready.
+Increment type one feed forward loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Increment type one feed forward loop.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Increment type one feed forward loop.
+What does it do? Ready. Three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does it do? Ready. Three, two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What does it do? Ready. Three, two, one.
+Okay, we got a again a bunch of C's. All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we got a again a bunch of C's. All
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, we got a again a bunch of C's. All
+right. Um in indeed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um in indeed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right. Um in indeed
+this is um and of course I'm using the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um and of course I'm using the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is um and of course I'm using the
+same chart for the signs sensitive delay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chart for the signs sensitive delay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same chart for the signs sensitive delay
+and for the um time to turn on and turn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the um time to turn on and turn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and for the um time to turn on and turn
+off. So I hope that that doesn't confuse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. So I hope that that doesn't confuse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+off. So I hope that that doesn't confuse
+you. If it does I'm sorry. All right. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. If it does I'm sorry. All right. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you. If it does I'm sorry. All right. So
+this is this is it decreases t on but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is it decreases t on but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is this is it decreases t on but
+not t off. Right. This is an andgate. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not t off. Right. This is an andgate. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not t off. Right. This is an andgate. So
+you need both active xstar and y star.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need both active xstar and y star.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need both active xstar and y star.
+Right. So the moment that you u make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So the moment that you u make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So the moment that you u make
+uh sx go away then it's going to start u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sx go away then it's going to start u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh sx go away then it's going to start u
+oh oh wait now I'm explaining a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh wait now I'm explaining a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh oh wait now I'm explaining a
+different one okay sorry this is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one okay sorry this is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different one okay sorry this is the
+time okay so we're at z okay but yeah it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so we're at z okay but yeah it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time okay so we're at z okay but yeah it
+immediately starts going down but at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately starts going down but at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately starts going down but at the
+same normal rate of effective lifetime
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same normal rate of effective lifetime
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+same normal rate of effective lifetime
+right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay many more ways to make uh to make a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay many more ways to make uh to make a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay many more ways to make uh to make a
+protein quickly than to get rid of it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein quickly than to get rid of it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein quickly than to get rid of it
+quickly Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are there any questions about what we've
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any questions about what we've
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are there any questions about what we've
+said here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So, while we're on the topic of uh kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, while we're on the topic of uh kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, while we're on the topic of uh kind
+of response times and and so forth, uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of response times and and so forth, uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of response times and and so forth, uh
+it's it's it's important to remember
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's important to remember
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's it's important to remember
+that the characteristic time for all
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the characteristic time for all
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the characteristic time for all
+these things is kind of the generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is kind of the generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things is kind of the generation
+time or the protein lifetime, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or the protein lifetime, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+time or the protein lifetime, right? So
+these are these are ways of processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are ways of processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are these are ways of processing
+information over time scales that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information over time scales that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+information over time scales that are
+kind of like minutes maybe even tens of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like minutes maybe even tens of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of like minutes maybe even tens of
+minutes maybe hours right so it's rather
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes maybe hours right so it's rather
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes maybe hours right so it's rather
+slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+slow
+okay now is that in general going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now is that in general going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay now is that in general going to be
+good enough for all everything that a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough for all everything that a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good enough for all everything that a
+cell needs to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell needs to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cell needs to do
+no okay so it's important to highlight
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so it's important to highlight
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+no okay so it's important to highlight
+the that you know transcription is slow
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right so that means that transcription
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means that transcription
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that means that transcription
+networks are going to be slow, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks are going to be slow, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+networks are going to be slow, right?
+And that's both because you actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's both because you actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And that's both because you actually
+have to do the transcription and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do the transcription and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do the transcription and
+translation so forth, but also you just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so forth, but also you just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+translation so forth, but also you just
+have to change the concentrations of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the concentrations of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to change the concentrations of
+proteins.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? So if if you need to uh kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So if if you need to uh kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? So if if you need to uh kind of
+respond to things more rapidly, then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to things more rapidly, then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+respond to things more rapidly, then
+what is it? What is it then you need to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it? What is it then you need to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what is it? What is it then you need to
+do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Phosphorate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phosphorate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phosphorate.
+Phosphor Yeah, it's all about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phosphor Yeah, it's all about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Phosphor Yeah, it's all about
+phosphorilation. Yes. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorilation. Yes. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorilation. Yes. Uh
+indeed phosphor, right? So you need if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed phosphor, right? So you need if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+indeed phosphor, right? So you need if
+you want to be fast you have to you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be fast you have to you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want to be fast you have to you
+can't have um you can't be changing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have um you can't be changing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can't have um you can't be changing
+overall protein concentrations you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall protein concentrations you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overall protein concentrations you have
+to change protein state right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change protein state right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to change protein state right and
+phosphorilation is is kind of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorilation is is kind of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+phosphorilation is is kind of the
+classic way of doing that right so uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic way of doing that right so uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+classic way of doing that right so uh I
+just want to highlight that you know you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to highlight that you know you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just want to highlight that you know you
+know for speed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for speed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know for speed
+uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh
+you need uh just to to do kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need uh just to to do kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you need uh just to to do kind of
+protein uh protein networks all right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein uh protein networks all right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein uh protein networks all right
+so we're not actually going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not actually going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we're not actually going to be
+reading uh the chapter uh analyzing kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh the chapter uh analyzing kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading uh the chapter uh analyzing kind
+of these map pine cascades and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these map pine cascades and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of these map pine cascades and so forth
+but uh but if you're interested in such
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but if you're interested in such
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but uh but if you're interested in such
+things I very much encourage you to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I very much encourage you to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things I very much encourage you to do
+so. It's uh also nice chapters. Uh maybe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. It's uh also nice chapters. Uh maybe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so. It's uh also nice chapters. Uh maybe
+not as nice as the first as the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as nice as the first as the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not as nice as the first as the first
+four, which is part of why we're not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, which is part of why we're not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+four, which is part of why we're not
+reading them, but um but it's it's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading them, but um but it's it's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reading them, but um but it's it's a
+very important insight in the sense that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important insight in the sense that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very important insight in the sense that
+we spent a lot of time talking about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent a lot of time talking about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we spent a lot of time talking about
+transcription networks just because uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription networks just because uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription networks just because uh
+there's a lot of I think simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of I think simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's a lot of I think simple
+beautiful things that you can say about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things that you can say about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+beautiful things that you can say about
+them. Whereas they are intrinsically
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Whereas they are intrinsically
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them. Whereas they are intrinsically
+limited in terms of speed. Okay? So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in terms of speed. Okay? So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+limited in terms of speed. Okay? So for
+uh for much of what a cell needs to do,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for much of what a cell needs to do,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh for much of what a cell needs to do,
+it has to already have the proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to already have the proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it has to already have the proteins
+there and then and then and then you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then and then and then you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and then and then and then you can
+take advantage of these these rapid
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of these these rapid
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+take advantage of these these rapid
+processes, right? So we talk about SX
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes, right? So we talk about SX
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+processes, right? So we talk about SX
+rapidly binding changing the state of X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly binding changing the state of X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rapidly binding changing the state of X.
+Okay, from the standpoint of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, from the standpoint of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, from the standpoint of
+transcription networks, we just draw
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription networks, we just draw
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription networks, we just draw
+this as a straight line, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a straight line, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this as a straight line, you know,
+right? It's rapid. But what that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's rapid. But what that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? It's rapid. But what that's
+saying is that if you just change states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that if you just change states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is that if you just change states
+of proteins, then you can do uh you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins, then you can do uh you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of proteins, then you can do uh you can
+do a lot of information processing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of information processing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do a lot of information processing
+rather rapidly, right? And you don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather rapidly, right? And you don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rather rapidly, right? And you don't
+have to do do just a simple thing of of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do do just a simple thing of of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to do do just a simple thing of of
+SX binding X. You can also have proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SX binding X. You can also have proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+SX binding X. You can also have proteins
+regulating each other and then and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating each other and then and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating each other and then and and
+performing logic functions at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing logic functions at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+performing logic functions at the
+protein uh only level. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. What I want to do for the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. What I want to do for the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. What I want to do for the
+last uh 20 minutes is is uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh 20 minutes is is uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last uh 20 minutes is is uh say
+something about temporal programs that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about temporal programs that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something about temporal programs that
+can be implemented with sort of larger
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be implemented with sort of larger
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can be implemented with sort of larger
+uh network motifs. And in particular,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh network motifs. And in particular,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh network motifs. And in particular,
+this is material basically from chapter
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is material basically from chapter
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is material basically from chapter
+five of uh of the book, which again
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of uh of the book, which again
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+five of uh of the book, which again
+we're not going to be reading. It's uh I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be reading. It's uh I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're not going to be reading. It's uh I
+think it's again it's beautiful, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's again it's beautiful, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think it's again it's beautiful, but
+it's it's really simple. So I think that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really simple. So I think that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's really simple. So I think that
+in in 20 minutes we can we can cover it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 20 minutes we can we can cover it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in in 20 minutes we can we can cover it
+just fine.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just fine.
+All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So for many cases,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So for many cases,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So for many cases,
+for example, in the context of um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, in the context of um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+for example, in the context of um
+metabolic pathways, right? It might be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways, right? It might be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways, right? It might be
+the case that you have, you know, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you have, you know, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the case that you have, you know, some
+protein,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+protein,
+well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+we'll call them Z's. All right, some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call them Z's. All right, some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll call them Z's. All right, some
+you'll have some protein Z1 that um that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some protein Z1 that um that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you'll have some protein Z1 that um that
+does something, right? So, that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something, right? So, that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does something, right? So, that
+catalyzes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+catalyzes
+um some All right, so we might have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some All right, so we might have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um some All right, so we might have
+some, you know, molecule one that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some, you know, molecule one that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some, you know, molecule one that's
+converted into molecule 2 by Z1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into molecule 2 by Z1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into molecule 2 by Z1,
+converted into molecule three by Z2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into molecule three by Z2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+converted into molecule three by Z2.
+Right. Um and Right. Right. So many
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Um and Right. Right. So many
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. Um and Right. Right. So many
+metabolic pathways have this structure
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways have this structure
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+metabolic pathways have this structure
+where there are a series of enzymes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are a series of enzymes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where there are a series of enzymes that
+are doing something to the product of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing something to the product of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are doing something to the product of
+the previous enzyme. Right? Now the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous enzyme. Right? Now the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the previous enzyme. Right? Now the
+question is let's say that this is some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is let's say that this is some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is let's say that this is some
+carbon source that we didn't have before
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon source that we didn't have before
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+carbon source that we didn't have before
+but now uh it's appeared in our
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now uh it's appeared in our
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now uh it's appeared in our
+environment.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+environment.
+Okay. So what we would like is we'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we would like is we'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So what we would like is we'd like
+to start digesting
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+uh that carbon source or uh in the flip
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that carbon source or uh in the flip
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh that carbon source or uh in the flip
+side maybe we have to make some complex
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side maybe we have to make some complex
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side maybe we have to make some complex
+molecule or an amino acid or so and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or an amino acid or so and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule or an amino acid or so and so
+then what we're doing is we're building
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're doing is we're building
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then what we're doing is we're building
+something up coming down right now uh in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up coming down right now uh in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something up coming down right now uh in
+either case if you were to if before you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either case if you were to if before you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+either case if you were to if before you
+weren't making these Z proteins
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't making these Z proteins
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+weren't making these Z proteins
+but now you want them. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you want them. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but now you want them. All right.
+Question is, uh, maybe you could just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question is, uh, maybe you could just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Question is, uh, maybe you could just
+make them all at the same time, but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them all at the same time, but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make them all at the same time, but
+maybe it would be better to make some of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it would be better to make some of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe it would be better to make some of
+them first and some of them later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them first and some of them later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+them first and some of them later.
+What do you think? All right. Um, and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think? All right. Um, and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+What do you think? All right. Um, and
+you know, let's say for the sake of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, let's say for the sake of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know, let's say for the sake of
+argument that you would want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that you would want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument that you would want to have
+some first and some. Which ones would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some first and some. Which ones would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some first and some. Which ones would
+you want first?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah, the ones you need first, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, the ones you need first, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah, the ones you need first, right?
+So, you'd maybe want to first have Z1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you'd maybe want to first have Z1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, you'd maybe want to first have Z1,
+then Z2, then All right. um you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Z2, then All right. um you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then Z2, then All right. um you know
+it's it's a kind of a it's a trivial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a kind of a it's a trivial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's a kind of a it's a trivial
+statement but you know you might not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but you know you might not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement but you know you might not
+actually think about it right uh and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about it right uh and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually think about it right uh and the
+question is how might we be able to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how might we be able to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is how might we be able to do
+this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+okay well uh there's a very simple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well uh there's a very simple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay well uh there's a very simple thing
+called the single input module right the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the single input module right the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called the single input module right the
+idea here is there's some uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is there's some uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+idea here is there's some uh
+transcription factor x which actually
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor x which actually
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transcription factor x which actually
+does this fabulous thing where it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this fabulous thing where it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+does this fabulous thing where it
+creates all these guys
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates all these guys
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+creates all these guys
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Interestingly, this also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Interestingly, this also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Interestingly, this also
+often has autoregulation. All right. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often has autoregulation. All right. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+often has autoregulation. All right. Um
+in order to um for example stabilize the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to um for example stabilize the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in order to um for example stabilize the
+concentration of it. Okay. But this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of it. Okay. But this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of it. Okay. But this
+single input module, the reason it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single input module, the reason it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single input module, the reason it's
+called a a single input module is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a a single input module is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+called a a single input module is
+because uh the the network motif is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the the network motif is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because uh the the network motif is
+saying not just that X makes many Z's,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying not just that X makes many Z's,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying not just that X makes many Z's,
+right? that actually you can't you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? that actually you can't you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? that actually you can't you can't
+actually argue that that's a a network
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually argue that that's a a network
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually argue that that's a a network
+motif from the standpoint of a degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif from the standpoint of a degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+motif from the standpoint of a degree
+preserving network because of course
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving network because of course
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving network because of course
+this is just saying well some nodes you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just saying well some nodes you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is just saying well some nodes you
+know activate many other nodes right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know activate many other nodes right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know activate many other nodes right and
+in a degree preserving network that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a degree preserving network that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in a degree preserving network that's
+always still going to be true right but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always still going to be true right but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+always still going to be true right but
+you can say that such a thing is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that such a thing is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can say that such a thing is a
+network motif when you say that these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network motif when you say that these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+network motif when you say that these
+Z's are only regulated by X right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's are only regulated by X right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's are only regulated by X right so
+that happens somehow more frequently
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens somehow more frequently
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that happens somehow more frequently
+than what you would effect.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um
+although now that I just said that I'm a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although now that I just said that I'm a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+although now that I just said that I'm a
+little bit worried that even the degree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit worried that even the degree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+little bit worried that even the degree
+preserving would um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving would um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+preserving would um
+I think you have to be a little more
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you have to be a little more
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I think you have to be a little more
+subtle in defining uh your null model in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle in defining uh your null model in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subtle in defining uh your null model in
+that case. All right. But I'll just say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case. All right. But I'll just say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that case. All right. But I'll just say
+that this happens more frequently than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this happens more frequently than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that this happens more frequently than
+you might expect, which is that you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect, which is that you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you might expect, which is that you have
+one transcription factor uh say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transcription factor uh say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one transcription factor uh say
+activating many um many different
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating many um many different
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+activating many um many different
+proteins. And this makes sense, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins. And this makes sense, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins. And this makes sense, right?
+Because if all these Z's are involved in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if all these Z's are involved in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Because if all these Z's are involved in
+the same metabolic program, then when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same metabolic program, then when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same metabolic program, then when
+you want Z1, you also want Z2 and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want Z1, you also want Z2 and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want Z1, you also want Z2 and you
+also want Z3, right? So this makes a lot
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want Z3, right? So this makes a lot
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also want Z3, right? So this makes a lot
+of sense. Okay? But what is uh not what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense. Okay? But what is uh not what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of sense. Okay? But what is uh not what
+is a little bit less obvious perhaps is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit less obvious perhaps is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a little bit less obvious perhaps is
+that it's possible
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's possible
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's possible
+to do this such that uh such that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this such that uh such that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to do this such that uh such that you
+first make one and then you make the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first make one and then you make the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first make one and then you make the
+other right and the way that that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right and the way that that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+other right and the way that that you
+can do this is just by you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this is just by you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do this is just by you have
+different activation kind of thresholds
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different activation kind of thresholds
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different activation kind of thresholds
+K1 K2 etc up to KN for each of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 K2 etc up to KN for each of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K1 K2 etc up to KN for each of these
+right so then if X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then if X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so then if X
+is turned on right so let's say that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is turned on right so let's say that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is turned on right so let's say that you
+first see something right so this you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see something right so this you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first see something right so this you
+actually have to have x start at zero
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to have x start at zero
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually have to have x start at zero
+and then grow over time. Okay, but then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then grow over time. Okay, but then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then grow over time. Okay, but then
+if you just have different thresholds,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right? Now the question is where should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Now the question is where should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? Now the question is where should
+I draw k1 and where should I draw right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw k1 and where should I draw right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I draw k1 and where should I draw right?
+Do I draw k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do I draw k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Do I draw k1
+the low position or the high position?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low position or the high position?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the low position or the high position?
+Low. Perfect. All right. So we say k1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Low. Perfect. All right. So we say k1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Low. Perfect. All right. So we say k1
+here's k2. Here's k uh n and then there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's k2. Here's k uh n and then there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here's k2. Here's k uh n and then there
+might be some others in between. Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some others in between. Right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might be some others in between. Right.
+So the idea is that X grows over time
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that X grows over time
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the idea is that X grows over time
+and you first kind of activate
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you first kind of activate
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and you first kind of activate
+expression of gene one and then gene two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of gene one and then gene two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression of gene one and then gene two
+and so forth and then the proteins will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and then the proteins will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so forth and then the proteins will
+kind of naturally appear in the proper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of naturally appear in the proper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of naturally appear in the proper
+order and there's actually beautiful
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and there's actually beautiful
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order and there's actually beautiful
+data in chapter 5 uh illustrating this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in chapter 5 uh illustrating this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+data in chapter 5 uh illustrating this
+in the context of arginine biosynthesis.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of arginine biosynthesis.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the context of arginine biosynthesis.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. So it's um it's quite it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So it's um it's quite it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So it's um it's quite it's
+quite neat to see that the it's not just
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite neat to see that the it's not just
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quite neat to see that the it's not just
+you know I of course it's easy to kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I of course it's easy to kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know I of course it's easy to kind
+of think up this idea and say oh yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think up this idea and say oh yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of think up this idea and say oh yeah
+maybe the cell might want to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the cell might want to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe the cell might want to do this
+right but then it's quite cool and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then it's quite cool and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right but then it's quite cool and you
+see that actually in some cases the cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that actually in some cases the cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see that actually in some cases the cell
+actually really does do this right and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really does do this right and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually really does do this right and
+you can actually see that they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see that they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can actually see that they're
+expressed se sequentially in the same
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed se sequentially in the same
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expressed se sequentially in the same
+order as they appear in the in the bio
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order as they appear in the in the bio
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order as they appear in the in the bio
+biosynthetic pathway. Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So this is um this kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is um this kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this is um this kind of
+gives you a warm fuzzy feeling inside,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a warm fuzzy feeling inside,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+gives you a warm fuzzy feeling inside,
+right? All right. I'm not going to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? All right. I'm not going to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? All right. I'm not going to make
+you vote on whether you have a warm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you vote on whether you have a warm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you vote on whether you have a warm
+fuzzy feeling, but um yeah,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy feeling, but um yeah,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fuzzy feeling, but um yeah,
+could you also have you know just some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you also have you know just some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could you also have you know just some
+sort of Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sort of Z1
+required for transcription?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for transcription?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+required for transcription?
+Ah yes, so you right. So you you could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah yes, so you right. So you you could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ah yes, so you right. So you you could
+you could have a cascade in that way. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a cascade in that way. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you could have a cascade in that way. Um
+that's that's a really good question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a really good question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's that's a really good question
+that would work but um but there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would work but um but there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would work but um but there's a
+problem which is that it's super slow,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is that it's super slow,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem which is that it's super slow,
+right? because like there's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? because like there's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? because like there's a
+characteristic time scale for each of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic time scale for each of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+characteristic time scale for each of
+these things which is this cell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things which is this cell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these things which is this cell
+generation time and here when when I say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation time and here when when I say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generation time and here when when I say
+you want it a little bit after you want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it a little bit after you want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want it a little bit after you want
+it after the other what I'm what I'm
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after the other what I'm what I'm
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it after the other what I'm what I'm
+saying is you might want it a few
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is you might want it a few
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+saying is you might want it a few
+minutes after right I mean you know and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes after right I mean you know and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minutes after right I mean you know and
+so in the context of development and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the context of development and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in the context of development and
+some cases that some things that really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases that some things that really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some cases that some things that really
+are very slow then that is actually what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very slow then that is actually what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are very slow then that is actually what
+happens there's a long cascade of you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there's a long cascade of you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happens there's a long cascade of you
+know one activating two activating you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one activating two activating you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know one activating two activating you
+know but in the context of of this yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but in the context of of this yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know but in the context of of this yeah
+you you really want something that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you really want something that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you you really want something that's
+just delayed by five minutes each or
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just delayed by five minutes each or
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just delayed by five minutes each or
+maybe even just a couple minutes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even just a couple minutes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe even just a couple minutes
+Right? And in that case um because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And in that case um because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? And in that case um because
+really the the range over which you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the range over which you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really the the range over which you can
+have this sort of delay like this from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of delay like this from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this sort of delay like this from
+the beginning to the end I this is still
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning to the end I this is still
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the beginning to the end I this is still
+you know it might be you know one to two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it might be you know one to two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it might be you know one to two
+say cell generations slash lifetimes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say cell generations slash lifetimes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+say cell generations slash lifetimes
+right so you you just can't get much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you you just can't get much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so you you just can't get much
+more of a dynamic range otherwise you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a dynamic range otherwise you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more of a dynamic range otherwise you're
+going to be in trouble because you can't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in trouble because you can't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be in trouble because you can't
+have this be too close to the top
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this be too close to the top
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have this be too close to the top
+otherwise if you're a little bit off you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if you're a little bit off you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+otherwise if you're a little bit off you
+you're you know so it really maybe we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know so it really maybe we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're you know so it really maybe we
+should even just say one generation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should even just say one generation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should even just say one generation
+right so that's kind of how uh how much
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's kind of how uh how much
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so that's kind of how uh how much
+of a delay delay you might reasonably be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a delay delay you might reasonably be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of a delay delay you might reasonably be
+able to get from this mechanism or the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get from this mechanism or the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+able to get from this mechanism or the
+and and indeed and that's as much as you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and indeed and that's as much as you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and and indeed and that's as much as you
+would want for some something like this.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want for some something like this.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would want for some something like this.
+Okay,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is uh this is great. Uh I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh this is great. Uh I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is uh this is great. Uh I think
+you know you know when you know when I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know when you know when I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know you know when you know when I
+first read this I was like oh you know I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first read this I was like oh you know I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first read this I was like oh you know I
+was feeling it. Okay. Now the question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was feeling it. Okay. Now the question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was feeling it. Okay. Now the question
+is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is
+after this um carbon source or the need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this um carbon source or the need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after this um carbon source or the need
+to make arginine or whatn not after it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make arginine or whatn not after it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make arginine or whatn not after it
+goes away then we'll stop making these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away then we'll stop making these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+goes away then we'll stop making these
+uh making these proteins and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh making these proteins and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh making these proteins and the
+question is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question is
+is this what we call a fifoq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this what we call a fifoq
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this what we call a fifoq
+or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a
+lifoq
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+lio lio. It's been a long time. A lot I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lio lio. It's been a long time. A lot I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lio lio. It's been a long time. A lot I
+have a lot of faces that are like, "What
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of faces that are like, "What
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a lot of faces that are like, "What
+are you talking?" Okay. Um, right. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you talking?" Okay. Um, right. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are you talking?" Okay. Um, right. So,
+um, this is a first, first in, first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, this is a first, first in, first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um, this is a first, first in, first
+out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out.
+Have you guys really you you never took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have you guys really you you never took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Have you guys really you you never took
+any of these computer science classes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these computer science classes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any of these computer science classes
+where they talked about this. All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they talked about this. All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where they talked about this. All right.
+And this is a last in first out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So, um, just to be clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, um, just to be clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, um, just to be clear
+about what this means. So at the at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this means. So at the at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+about what this means. So at the at the
+grocery store,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+grocery store,
+all right, is that a first in first out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right, is that a first in first out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right, is that a first in first out
+or a last in first out?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a last in first out?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or a last in first out?
+So first in first out, right? If you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first in first out, right? If you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So first in first out, right? If you get
+in line first, you get out first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line first, you get out first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in line first, you get out first
+hopefully. Okay? And when that doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully. Okay? And when that doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hopefully. Okay? And when that doesn't
+happen, you get very annoyed and so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen, you get very annoyed and so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+happen, you get very annoyed and so
+forth, right? But last in, first out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth, right? But last in, first out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+forth, right? But last in, first out.
+This is for example what happens in your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is for example what happens in your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This is for example what happens in your
+inbox.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbox.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inbox.
+Okay? Right? So you have a stack of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Right? So you have a stack of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay? Right? So you have a stack of
+paper. people are giving you things
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. people are giving you things
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+paper. people are giving you things
+you're supposed to like sign or fill
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to like sign or fill
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're supposed to like sign or fill
+out, you know, and the pile kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, you know, and the pile kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out, you know, and the pile kind of
+comes up and then you know, you handle
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up and then you know, you handle
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+comes up and then you know, you handle
+things on top of the pile first, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on top of the pile first, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things on top of the pile first, right?
+So the things that get stuck at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the things that get stuck at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So the things that get stuck at the
+bottom like you never get to them,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom like you never get to them,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bottom like you never get to them,
+right? And that's because that's a last
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And that's because that's a last
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And that's because that's a last
+in first out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first out.
+All right? And you know, so different um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? And you know, so different um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right? And you know, so different um
+depending on well in computer science, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on well in computer science, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on well in computer science, I
+mean they can choose these things and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they can choose these things and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mean they can choose these things and
+it's relevant and so forth, right? Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relevant and so forth, right? Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's relevant and so forth, right? Uh
+but many there are many situations where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many there are many situations where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but many there are many situations where
+this this sort of idea appears, right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this sort of idea appears, right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this this sort of idea appears, right?
+Right. And so the question is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And so the question is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And so the question is in the
+single input module do we have a first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single input module do we have a first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single input module do we have a first
+in first out or a last in first out Q?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first out or a last in first out Q?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in first out or a last in first out Q?
+All right. I'll give you 15 seconds to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I'll give you 15 seconds to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I'll give you 15 seconds to
+think about this. Yeah. Question
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this. Yeah. Question
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think about this. Yeah. Question
+in and out.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in and out.
+All right. Oh god. So in and out mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Oh god. So in and out mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Oh god. So in and out mean
+what I mean is that um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is that um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I mean is that um
+the concentration of each of these Z's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of each of these Z's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the concentration of each of these Z's
+you know these guys they they uh they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these guys they they uh they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know these guys they they uh they
+were produced in different in some order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were produced in different in some order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+were produced in different in some order
+right so first they we started producing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first they we started producing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so first they we started producing
+Z1 then Z2s and then then and so forth
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 then Z2s and then then and so forth
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1 then Z2s and then then and so forth
+up to ZN right and what I want to know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to ZN right and what I want to know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up to ZN right and what I want to know
+is what order will they the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what order will they the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is what order will they the
+concentration kind of go away in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right and and you know you might want to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and you know you might want to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right and and you know you might want to
+We'll look at this figure because it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll look at this figure because it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We'll look at this figure because it's
+going to be it's going to be super
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be it's going to be super
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be it's going to be super
+useful.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, any other questions about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, any other questions about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, any other questions about
+what I All right, so in and out refers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I All right, so in and out refers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what I All right, so in and out refers
+to concentrations going up and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concentrations going up and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to concentrations going up and then
+going down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, let's go ahead and vote.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's go ahead and vote.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's go ahead and vote.
+Ready? Three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+See, I mean, people learned what a FIFO
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, I mean, people learned what a FIFO
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+See, I mean, people learned what a FIFO
+and LIFO cues were and then um and and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LIFO cues were and then um and and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and LIFO cues were and then um and and
+now already we can use it. Okay, so this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now already we can use it. Okay, so this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now already we can use it. Okay, so this
+is a last in first out Q, right? And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a last in first out Q, right? And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is a last in first out Q, right? And in
+general, which kind of Q do we like?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, which kind of Q do we like?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+general, which kind of Q do we like?
+We like LIFO cues more, right? Um well,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We like LIFO cues more, right? Um well,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We like LIFO cues more, right? Um well,
+okay, you can argue, but um in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, you can argue, but um in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay, you can argue, but um in this
+situation, would we like a FIFO or a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, would we like a FIFO or a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+situation, would we like a FIFO or a
+LIFO Q? We're gonna, you know, I'll give
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LIFO Q? We're gonna, you know, I'll give
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LIFO Q? We're gonna, you know, I'll give
+you 10 seconds. All right. In a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 10 seconds. All right. In a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you 10 seconds. All right. In a
+biosynthetic pathway, would you want a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway, would you want a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+biosynthetic pathway, would you want a
+LIFO or a FIFO Q?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Yeah. And if if and if you're totally
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And if if and if you're totally
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yeah. And if if and if you're totally
+confused by everything I'm saying, you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by everything I'm saying, you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+confused by everything I'm saying, you
+can do the flash all the letters,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the flash all the letters,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can do the flash all the letters,
+numbers, whatever. Okay. Um All right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, whatever. Okay. Um All right.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers, whatever. Okay. Um All right.
+Ready? Three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Three, two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Ready? Three, two, one.
+All right. So, there's some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, there's some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, there's some
+disagreement.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+disagreement.
+Okay. Okay, we got um but now a majority
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, we got um but now a majority
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay, we got um but now a majority
+of people are saying that uh although
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are saying that uh although
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of people are saying that uh although
+the single input module gives us a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single input module gives us a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the single input module gives us a
+LIFOQ, what we might really like is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LIFOQ, what we might really like is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+LIFOQ, what we might really like is a
+FIFOQ and why and can somebody say why
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FIFOQ and why and can somebody say why
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+FIFOQ and why and can somebody say why
+that would be?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that would be?
+We don't want that much intermediates,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't want that much intermediates,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+We don't want that much intermediates,
+right? We don't want like to pile up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We don't want like to pile up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? We don't want like to pile up
+those intermediates, right? So just for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intermediates, right? So just for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those intermediates, right? So just for
+the same reason that we wanted to start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason that we wanted to start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the same reason that we wanted to start
+with Z1 and then get Z2 and so forth,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Z1 and then get Z2 and so forth,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with Z1 and then get Z2 and so forth,
+right? And the reason that was because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And the reason that was because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And the reason that was because
+there's no point in having Z2 until
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in having Z2 until
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no point in having Z2 until
+after we have Z1, right? Because there's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we have Z1, right? Because there's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+after we have Z1, right? Because there's
+nothing for Z2 to do. it' be wasted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing for Z2 to do. it' be wasted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nothing for Z2 to do. it' be wasted
+energy to make it. In the same way, when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to make it. In the same way, when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+energy to make it. In the same way, when
+it's when we're getting rid of these
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when we're getting rid of these
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's when we're getting rid of these
+proteins, we would actually like to get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins, we would actually like to get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proteins, we would actually like to get
+rid of them first, this one, and then
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of them first, this one, and then
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rid of them first, this one, and then
+later.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+later.
+Z1's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z1's
+point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+shows up again, you want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up again, you want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+shows up again, you want to have
+Okay. Well, yeah. Carbon source showing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, yeah. Carbon source showing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Well, yeah. Carbon source showing
+up again, that's I think that's a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again, that's I think that's a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up again, that's I think that's a
+separate argument. Yeah. And so the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate argument. Yeah. And so the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+separate argument. Yeah. And so the
+reason that we right the statement is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we right the statement is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason that we right the statement is
+really just that if we first get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just that if we first get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really just that if we first get rid of
+ZN then we are just going to pile up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZN then we are just going to pile up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ZN then we are just going to pile up
+molecule N minus one right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule N minus one right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+molecule N minus one right
+so yeah
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so yeah
+that's right that's right so you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right so you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's right that's right so you can
+just think about like the flow of those
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about like the flow of those
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just think about like the flow of those
+of the metabolites of the molecules in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metabolites of the molecules in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the metabolites of the molecules in
+there and you you kind of want to first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you you kind of want to first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there and you you kind of want to first
+get rid of this so then we stop making
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of this so then we stop making
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get rid of this so then we stop making
+this and then we kind of travel on down.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we kind of travel on down.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and then we kind of travel on down.
+Okay. So there are many con contexts in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So there are many con contexts in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So there are many con contexts in
+which you would perhaps really like to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you would perhaps really like to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which you would perhaps really like to
+have um a FIFOQ and indeed one of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um a FIFOQ and indeed one of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have um a FIFOQ and indeed one of the
+things that uh that had been studied uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh that had been studied uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things that uh that had been studied uh
+previously was the fleellar biosynthesis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously was the fleellar biosynthesis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+previously was the fleellar biosynthesis
+pathway. So uh ecoli and many other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway. So uh ecoli and many other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pathway. So uh ecoli and many other
+bacteria they make these fugella that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria they make these fugella that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bacteria they make these fugella that
+allows them to swim right we're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to swim right we're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+allows them to swim right we're going to
+talk a lot about that in coming weeks
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about that in coming weeks
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+talk a lot about that in coming weeks
+but in this context uh what it had been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this context uh what it had been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but in this context uh what it had been
+what had been found actually is that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what had been found actually is that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what had been found actually is that it
+is indeed a fifo cube right so when they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed a fifo cube right so when they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is indeed a fifo cube right so when they
+first start to make these fugella they
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first start to make these fugella they
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first start to make these fugella they
+make and it's this is a big complicated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and it's this is a big complicated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make and it's this is a big complicated
+machine right but they they make it in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine right but they they make it in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+machine right but they they make it in
+the order that it appear that it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order that it appear that it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the order that it appear that it's
+transported and put in the membrane okay
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported and put in the membrane okay
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transported and put in the membrane okay
+but then when it is taken away when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when it is taken away when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but then when it is taken away when you
+stop making the flugellar components
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop making the flugellar components
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+stop making the flugellar components
+then it's again in the same order as um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's again in the same order as um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then it's again in the same order as um
+as they were made in which kind of makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they were made in which kind of makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as they were made in which kind of makes
+sense. Now uh the question is how might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. Now uh the question is how might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sense. Now uh the question is how might
+we be able to do that.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be able to do that.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we be able to do that.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+Now in the um I think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now in the um I think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now in the um I think
+all right so let me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all right so let me
+explain it and the basic answer is via
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it and the basic answer is via
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+explain it and the basic answer is via
+an extension of these feed forward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension of these feed forward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an extension of these feed forward
+loops.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So it's what we call a multi-output feed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's what we call a multi-output feed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So it's what we call a multi-output feed
+forward loop.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Right? What we have here is we have some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? What we have here is we have some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? What we have here is we have some
+x and it is going to uh come to y
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and it is going to uh come to y
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x and it is going to uh come to y
+and then y again is going to do this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then y again is going to do this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then y again is going to do this
+thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing
+to z1 and z2 and all the others.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay, but it's a feed forward loop
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but it's a feed forward loop
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, but it's a feed forward loop
+because we also have X coming in here as
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we also have X coming in here as
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because we also have X coming in here as
+so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+and I think that we do want to have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that we do want to have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I think that we do want to have
+these be and gates. Let me just make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these be and gates. Let me just make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these be and gates. Let me just make
+sure I'm not Ah, no. Here's here's an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I'm not Ah, no. Here's here's an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure I'm not Ah, no. Here's here's an
+orgate. Okay. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. So what we're going to assume
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So what we're going to assume
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So what we're going to assume
+that all of these uh inputs are are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these uh inputs are are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that all of these uh inputs are are
+combined via an orgate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined via an orgate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combined via an orgate.
+Right? What we have is we have some K1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? What we have is we have some K1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? What we have is we have some K1,
+K2, etc. up to KN. But then we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2, etc. up to KN. But then we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K2, etc. up to KN. But then we have
+another set of K's which are K1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of K's which are K1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another set of K's which are K1
+primes, K2 prime, KN prime. Okay. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes, K2 prime, KN prime. Okay. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+primes, K2 prime, KN prime. Okay. So we
+have a set of K's corresponding to how X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set of K's corresponding to how X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a set of K's corresponding to how X
+interacts with the promoter at the Z. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the promoter at the Z. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+interacts with the promoter at the Z. We
+have a different set of K primes that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different set of K primes that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a different set of K primes that
+tells us how Y interacts with the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how Y interacts with the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tells us how Y interacts with the
+promoter at Z.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And the question is, how can we get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the question is, how can we get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And the question is, how can we get a
+FIFO order?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, I'm going to illustrate some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'm going to illustrate some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, I'm going to illustrate some
+options and you can think about it while
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and you can think about it while
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+options and you can think about it while
+I do it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Are those association
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are those association
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Are those association
+those are these are dissociation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are these are dissociation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those are these are dissociation
+constants. So these are again this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants. So these are again this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants. So these are again this is
+where this is can be thought of as the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is can be thought of as the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+where this is can be thought of as the
+concentration of the active protein in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the active protein in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+concentration of the active protein in
+which it starts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it starts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which it starts
+being effective in sending a signal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being effective in sending a signal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+being effective in sending a signal to
+Z. question.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+I hope not because otherwise I'm going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope not because otherwise I'm going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I hope not because otherwise I'm going
+to be in trouble. Uh
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in trouble. Uh
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be in trouble. Uh
+uh why don't we maybe for now let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't we maybe for now let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh why don't we maybe for now let's
+assume that I'm I've written the right
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that I'm I've written the right
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume that I'm I've written the right
+thing and then uh we'll find out we'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then uh we'll find out we'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing and then uh we'll find out we'll
+find out soon enough if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out soon enough if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find out soon enough if
+[Applause]
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right. Does everybody understand the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Does everybody understand the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. Does everybody understand the
+question here?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+question here?
+All right. I'll just give you another 15
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I'll just give you another 15
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. I'll just give you another 15
+seconds to think about it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+right. Do you need more time?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Just a little bit more than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+All right, let's go ahead and give it a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's go ahead and give it a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right, let's go ahead and give it a
+go. Ready? Three, two, one.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. Ready? Three, two, one.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+go. Ready? Three, two, one.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+All right. So, we got um a majority B,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we got um a majority B,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So, we got um a majority B,
+but some C's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some C's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but some C's.
+Okay. Um All right. So, let's try let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um All right. So, let's try let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Um All right. So, let's try let's
+try to figure this out. Okay. So, what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure this out. Okay. So, what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+try to figure this out. Okay. So, what
+we assume is that X comes and it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume is that X comes and it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we assume is that X comes and it's
+going to do this and then it's going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this and then it's going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to do this and then it's going to
+do this, right? And we can just have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this, right? And we can just have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do this, right? And we can just have two
+values for now. K1 and K2, right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for now. K1 and K2, right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+values for now. K1 and K2, right? So
+this is X. Now we're going to have Y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X. Now we're going to have Y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is X. Now we're going to have Y.
+And we we can talk about and this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we we can talk about and this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And we we can talk about and this is
+also XAR Y. You know, we'll assume that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also XAR Y. You know, we'll assume that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also XAR Y. You know, we'll assume that
+we always have these things. So Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have these things. So Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we always have these things. So Y is
+also going to come. It'll be activated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to come. It'll be activated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+also going to come. It'll be activated
+here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here
+uh at some time which we don't it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at some time which we don't it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh at some time which we don't it's
+going to be delayed by a little bit,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be delayed by a little bit,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be delayed by a little bit,
+right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right?
+maybe.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+maybe.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, that's what Y is going to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, that's what Y is going to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, that's what Y is going to do.
+Now, we want we want to know about uh Z1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we want we want to know about uh Z1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, we want we want to know about uh Z1
+and Z2, right? Well, the idea here is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z2, right? Well, the idea here is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and Z2, right? Well, the idea here is
+that it's going to be the K the regular
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be the K the regular
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's going to be the K the regular
+K1 and K2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+that determine the order that it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determine the order that it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that determine the order that it
+appears. Right? We have an orgate. Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears. Right? We have an orgate. Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+appears. Right? We have an orgate. Y is
+going to be delayed. So it's really the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be delayed. So it's really the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be delayed. So it's really the
+important thing is what the um it's what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is what the um it's what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+important thing is what the um it's what
+the normal K's do in terms of turning on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal K's do in terms of turning on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the normal K's do in terms of turning on
+Z's.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's.
+Yes.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Yes.
+Right. And this is especially true
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And this is especially true
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. And this is especially true
+because Y is again delayed because it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Y is again delayed because it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because Y is again delayed because it
+has its own threshold for turning on.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own threshold for turning on.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+has its own threshold for turning on.
+Right. So since Y is delayed, it won't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So since Y is delayed, it won't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right. So since Y is delayed, it won't
+really have a chance to influence the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a chance to influence the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+really have a chance to influence the
+behavior of the X's, right? Oh, and I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the X's, right? Oh, and I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+behavior of the X's, right? Oh, and I
+actually I should have drawn this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should have drawn this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually I should have drawn this
+delayed too as well.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed too as well.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed too as well.
+Right.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Okay. So, it's the order of the K's that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, it's the order of the K's that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So, it's the order of the K's that
+determine
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determine
+how Z is turned on, but it's the order
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Z is turned on, but it's the order
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+how Z is turned on, but it's the order
+of the K primes that that tell us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the K primes that that tell us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the K primes that that tell us how
+the Z's are turned off, right? And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z's are turned off, right? And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the Z's are turned off, right? And
+that's again because Y is delayed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again because Y is delayed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's again because Y is delayed
+relative to X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+relative to X
+and we have an orgate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an orgate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we have an orgate.
+Okay, so indeed in this case if we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so indeed in this case if we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay, so indeed in this case if we have
+it like this then we want things to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this then we want things to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it like this then we want things to be
+in the opposite order with respect to y.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite order with respect to y.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in the opposite order with respect to y.
+So if we wanted k1 to be less than k2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we wanted k1 to be less than k2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So if we wanted k1 to be less than k2
+then we actually want you know say kn
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we actually want you know say kn
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we actually want you know say kn
+to be I'm sorry and we want k1 here and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be I'm sorry and we want k1 here and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be I'm sorry and we want k1 here and
+then we want kn down below.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want kn down below.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then we want kn down below.
+Okay.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay.
+And and the heart of this is really
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and the heart of this is really
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And and the heart of this is really
+because of the fact that X is also
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that X is also
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because of the fact that X is also
+regulating Y with some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating Y with some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+regulating Y with some
+some other constant KY,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other constant KY,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some other constant KY,
+right? And this is going to tell us how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And this is going to tell us how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right? And this is going to tell us how
+much Y is delayed relative to X.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Y is delayed relative to X.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+much Y is delayed relative to X.
+But the heart of this is that since Y is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the heart of this is that since Y is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But the heart of this is that since Y is
+delayed, it's really the dynamics of X
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed, it's really the dynamics of X
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+delayed, it's really the dynamics of X
+at the beginning that tell us how the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning that tell us how the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at the beginning that tell us how the
+Z's are turned on, but it's the dynamics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's are turned on, but it's the dynamics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Z's are turned on, but it's the dynamics
+of or it's the dynamic of the Y and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or it's the dynamic of the Y and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of or it's the dynamic of the Y and the
+K primes, K1 prime, KN prime that tell
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K primes, K1 prime, KN prime that tell
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+K primes, K1 prime, KN prime that tell
+us the order at which those uh those Z's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the order at which those uh those Z's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+us the order at which those uh those Z's
+are going to be turned off. Right? So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be turned off. Right? So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are going to be turned off. Right? So
+with the proper choice of of orderings
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the proper choice of of orderings
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the proper choice of of orderings
+of Ks and K primes, you can then get um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+you can then get a a fifo cube.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+With that, I think we should quit.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With that, I think we should quit.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+With that, I think we should quit.
+Please read the uh Sunny She's paper
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please read the uh Sunny She's paper
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Please read the uh Sunny She's paper
+very carefully because it's going to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully because it's going to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+very carefully because it's going to be
+uh focused on a lot over the next
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh focused on a lot over the next
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+uh focused on a lot over the next
+lecture. All right, have a good weekend.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zUHOeWom7qs.txt b/zUHOeWom7qs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab46a89fa63bc181d722288683454ed810fad0e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zUHOeWom7qs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2299 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+this also solves we exchange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also solves we exchange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this also solves we exchange the
+generous II problem it kind of seems
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous II problem it kind of seems
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generous II problem it kind of seems
+clear that it solves it but since we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that it solves it but since we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear that it solves it but since we
+made such a fuss about it let's see it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made such a fuss about it let's see it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+made such a fuss about it let's see it
+in more detail
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so in what sense it solves it it solves
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in what sense it solves it it solves
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so in what sense it solves it it solves
+it in the sense that you basically don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the sense that you basically don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it in the sense that you basically don't
+get the generous e once you have this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the generous e once you have this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get the generous e once you have this
+postulate before this postulate for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate before this postulate for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+postulate before this postulate for
+example you had the two electron state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you had the two electron state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example you had the two electron state
+we said well it could be this or it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said well it could be this or it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we said well it could be this or it
+could be that and which should I choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that and which should I choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could be that and which should I choose
+if they're equivalent we get into
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're equivalent we get into
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if they're equivalent we get into
+mistakes so which one is the state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes so which one is the state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mistakes so which one is the state of
+the two electrons now we seem to have an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two electrons now we seem to have an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the two electrons now we seem to have an
+answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer
+it's the anti-symmetric combination the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the anti-symmetric combination the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's the anti-symmetric combination the
+last part of the answer is to say well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part of the answer is to say well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last part of the answer is to say well
+there should be just one anti-symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be just one anti-symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there should be just one anti-symmetric
+combination and when you have two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and when you have two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+combination and when you have two
+particles it's kind of obvious but if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles it's kind of obvious but if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles it's kind of obvious but if
+you have more you can think a little and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more you can think a little and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have more you can think a little and
+you will conclude that it's kind of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will conclude that it's kind of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will conclude that it's kind of
+obvious as well but let's just check it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious as well but let's just check it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious as well but let's just check it
+so this would be common number five
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be common number five
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this would be common number five
+which is solving they exchanged the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is solving they exchanged the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which is solving they exchanged the
+generous II problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+so this is the way we solve this problem
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the way we solve this problem
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so this is the way we solve this problem
+we discuss it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discuss it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we discuss it
+suppose we have a state you that belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a state you that belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose we have a state you that belongs
+to V tensor and now you know I I should
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V tensor and now you know I I should
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to V tensor and now you know I I should
+be a little tongue-tied when I say this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little tongue-tied when I say this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be a little tongue-tied when I say this
+thing I stain you belonging this because
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I stain you belonging this because
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+thing I stain you belonging this because
+this is not a physical state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a physical state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not a physical state
+we already declared that arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already declared that arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we already declared that arbitrary
+states in VN are not physical state so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in VN are not physical state so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in VN are not physical state so
+what should I call this by a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I call this by a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what should I call this by a
+mathematical state or or a state and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical state or or a state and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematical state or or a state and
+then the others call them physical
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the others call them physical
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the others call them physical
+states okay you get the point
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay you get the point
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states okay you get the point
+assume you have this u that belongs here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you have this u that belongs here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+assume you have this u that belongs here
+then you can define vu a vector space
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can define vu a vector space
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then you can define vu a vector space
+associated with you which is the span
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with you which is the span
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+associated with you which is the span
+all you get by applying permutations the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you get by applying permutations the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all you get by applying permutations the
+span of P alpha U for all P alpha in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of P alpha U for all P alpha in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+span of P alpha U for all P alpha in the
+permutation group s n you see that was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation group s n you see that was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation group s n you see that was
+the idea of the degeneracy exchange the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the degeneracy exchange the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the idea of the degeneracy exchange the
+generally you got one state and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you got one state and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+generally you got one state and you
+produce all these other ones by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce all these other ones by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce all these other ones by
+permutation and then you don't know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation and then you don't know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation and then you don't know
+which one to use so we're going back to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one to use so we're going back to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one to use so we're going back to
+that situation you have one state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation you have one state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that situation you have one state you
+produce all you can by perturbations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce all you can by perturbations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce all you can by perturbations and
+now you've got a big vector space and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got a big vector space and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now you've got a big vector space and
+which one to use well you know that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one to use well you know that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+which one to use well you know that you
+should use the state are that are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use the state are that are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should use the state are that are
+totally symmetric or anti-symmetric but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally symmetric or anti-symmetric but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally symmetric or anti-symmetric but
+let's let's first just get the idea
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's first just get the idea
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's let's first just get the idea
+clear of what we have here notice that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear of what we have here notice that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+clear of what we have here notice that
+depending on you which you you choose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on you which you you choose
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+depending on you which you you choose
+this vector space may be one dimensional
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector space may be one dimensional
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this vector space may be one dimensional
+two dimensional three dimensional very
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional three dimensional very
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two dimensional three dimensional very
+large dimension could be of arbitrary
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large dimension could be of arbitrary
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+large dimension could be of arbitrary
+lehigh dimension up to n factorial so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lehigh dimension up to n factorial so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lehigh dimension up to n factorial so
+let's take an example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's take an example
+suppose you is the state a a B with ten
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you is the state a a B with ten
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suppose you is the state a a B with ten
+surprise threes n equal three and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise threes n equal three and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+surprise threes n equal three and you
+choose this well if you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this well if you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+choose this well if you apply
+permutation operators you can also get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators you can also get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation operators you can also get
+the state B a a you flip the first and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state B a a you flip the first and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the state B a a you flip the first and
+the third or you can get a B a and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third or you can get a B a and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the third or you can get a B a and
+that's it so in this case you get three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so in this case you get three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's it so in this case you get three
+states in vu for example and here is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in vu for example and here is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states in vu for example and here is the
+claim the claim is that there's just one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the claim is that there's just one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim the claim is that there's just one
+state that is symmetric in V you up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is symmetric in V you up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state that is symmetric in V you up
+claim up to scale B you contains at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim up to scale B you contains at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+claim up to scale B you contains at most
+a single cat cat in Tsim MV and a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single cat cat in Tsim MV and a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single cat cat in Tsim MV and a single
+cat in anti and B
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat in anti and B
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cat in anti and B
+that is the claim that we have solved
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the claim that we have solved
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the claim that we have solved
+the problem now this one state you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem now this one state you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the problem now this one state you
+produce the whole list of states by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the whole list of states by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+produce the whole list of states by
+permutations it's just one I said at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations it's just one I said at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutations it's just one I said at
+most because sometimes in the case of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most because sometimes in the case of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+most because sometimes in the case of
+anti so contains I should say here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti so contains I should say here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti so contains I should say here
+actually up to scale view contains a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually up to scale view contains a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually up to scale view contains a
+single cat single criticism and at most
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cat single criticism and at most
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+single cat single criticism and at most
+a single cat in anti Envy for example
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single cat in anti Envy for example
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a single cat in anti Envy for example
+with exam the one we did up there that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exam the one we did up there that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with exam the one we did up there that
+example if you wanted to produce a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you wanted to produce a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+example if you wanted to produce a
+totally anti symmetric state you would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally anti symmetric state you would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+totally anti symmetric state you would
+not be able to do it because of the a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to do it because of the a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+not be able to do it because of the a
+here you cannot anti symmetrize in with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you cannot anti symmetrize in with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here you cannot anti symmetrize in with
+states a and a if you have a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states a and a if you have a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states a and a if you have a state of
+three fermions they must each be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fermions they must each be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+three fermions they must each be
+different and then you anti symmetries
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then you anti symmetries
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different and then you anti symmetries
+you cannot anticipate right states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot anticipate right states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot anticipate right states that
+are the same so so that's the statement
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same so so that's the statement
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same so so that's the statement
+here let's say a couple of words about
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say a couple of words about
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here let's say a couple of words about
+it okay so the first thing we can say is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the first thing we can say is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it okay so the first thing we can say is
+that yes this is clear you can get can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes this is clear you can get can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that yes this is clear you can get can
+get a state in Tsim and V by doing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a state in Tsim and V by doing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get a state in Tsim and V by doing the
+symmetry sir acting in you so it's clear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry sir acting in you so it's clear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetry sir acting in you so it's clear
+you can get one state and you can get a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get one state and you can get a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can get one state and you can get a
+state in anti and on V by applying the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in anti and on V by applying the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state in anti and on V by applying the
+anti symmetry sir on you and that is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti symmetry sir on you and that is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti symmetry sir on you and that is
+good you know you can get those states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know you can get those states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good you know you can get those states
+directly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly
+now it may happen that anti of V
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it may happen that anti of V
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now it may happen that anti of V
+vanishes because in anti when you apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes because in anti when you apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+vanishes because in anti when you apply
+a you have some permutations with plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you have some permutations with plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a you have some permutations with plus
+some with - and there could be a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some with - and there could be a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some with - and there could be a
+cancellation in this case there would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation in this case there would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+cancellation in this case there would be
+a translation in the symmetrized case
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a translation in the symmetrized case
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a translation in the symmetrized case
+there's no cancellation possible but so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no cancellation possible but so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no cancellation possible but so
+we'll see that so here it is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that so here it is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we'll see that so here it is the
+argument for not getting more it's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for not getting more it's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+argument for not getting more it's kind
+of simple let me go through it it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple let me go through it it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of simple let me go through it it's
+almost kind of obvious you could say ok
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost kind of obvious you could say ok
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+almost kind of obvious you could say ok
+I got one state applying the projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got one state applying the projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I got one state applying the projector
+so that's it there's one state well you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it there's one state well you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's it there's one state well you
+could say well maybe somebody hands you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well maybe somebody hands you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could say well maybe somebody hands you
+another state and then you would claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state and then you would claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state and then you would claim
+oh it must be the same as this one so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it must be the same as this one so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+oh it must be the same as this one so
+let's see that that is the case suppose
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+subside is also in Tsim MV and belongs
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subside is also in Tsim MV and belongs
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+subside is also in Tsim MV and belongs
+to vu so it would be a claim that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vu so it would be a claim that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to vu so it would be a claim that
+there's another state that is symmetric
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another state that is symmetric
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's another state that is symmetric
+so since it belongs to V u sy would be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since it belongs to V u sy would be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so since it belongs to V u sy would be
+the sum of C our first times P alphas on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of C our first times P alphas on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the sum of C our first times P alphas on
+you what was V you was the span of this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what was V you was the span of this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you what was V you was the span of this
+state so if it's in that vector space it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so if it's in that vector space it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state so if it's in that vector space it
+would have to be in that space but since
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be in that space but since
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+would have to be in that space but since
+precise symmetric sy is also equal to s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise symmetric sy is also equal to s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+precise symmetric sy is also equal to s
+sy by assumption or s acting on C alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy by assumption or s acting on C alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sy by assumption or s acting on C alpha
+P alpha U which is sy but the S comes in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P alpha U which is sy but the S comes in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+P alpha U which is sy but the S comes in
+and multiplies the P alpha and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplies the P alpha and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and multiplies the P alpha and you
+recall that s
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that s
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+recall that s
+times P alpha is s so you get this how
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P alpha is s so you get this how
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times P alpha is s so you get this how
+nice if you get that this is a state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if you get that this is a state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nice if you get that this is a state
+that is independent of alpha so you get
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is independent of alpha so you get
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is independent of alpha so you get
+it out here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it out here
+su times sum over alpha of C alpha so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su times sum over alpha of C alpha so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+su times sum over alpha of C alpha so
+what have you proven if you hand out
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you proven if you hand out
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what have you proven if you hand out
+another state that you claim is in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state that you claim is in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+another state that you claim is in the
+symmetric subspace it is proportional to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric subspace it is proportional to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetric subspace it is proportional to
+the one you obtained with a projector
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you obtained with a projector
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one you obtained with a projector
+there's no other state you can find
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other state you can find
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's no other state you can find
+you're done with these things so I want
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done with these things so I want
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're done with these things so I want
+to make it yet another comment coming
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it yet another comment coming
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to make it yet another comment coming
+six and common seven and we'll be done
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and common seven and we'll be done
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+six and common seven and we'll be done
+problem 6 is a construction for fermions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem 6 is a construction for fermions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+problem 6 is a construction for fermions
+it's a famous construction six for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a famous construction six for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a famous construction six for
+fermions fermions suppose you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermions fermions suppose you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fermions fermions suppose you have a
+state you this time which is Phi on one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you this time which is Phi on one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state you this time which is Phi on one
+Chi on the second and Omega on the third
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this time we have to build an
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we have to build an
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this time we have to build an
+anti-symmetric state so the state a on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric state so the state a on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-symmetric state so the state a on
+you an anti symmetric projector it is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an anti symmetric projector it is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you an anti symmetric projector it is
+one over six sum over alpha e alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over six sum over alpha e alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one over six sum over alpha e alpha
+times the permutation P alpha acting on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the permutation P alpha acting on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times the permutation P alpha acting on
+this state so this will be a sum of six
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state so this will be a sum of six
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this state so this will be a sum of six
+terms in which these states are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in which these states are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+terms in which these states are
+scrambled
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+scrambled
+sometimes with pluses and sometimes with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes with pluses and sometimes with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sometimes with pluses and sometimes with
+minuses
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+there is a nice construction in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a nice construction in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there is a nice construction in
+mathematics that does that moreover you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that does that moreover you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+mathematics that does that moreover you
+find that if you have two states that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that if you have two states that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+find that if you have two states that
+are the same if Phi will be equal to Chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same if Phi will be equal to Chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+are the same if Phi will be equal to Chi
+you cannot anti symmetries here you will
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot anti symmetries here you will
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you cannot anti symmetries here you will
+get zero this is kind of like a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero this is kind of like a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get zero this is kind of like a
+statement that two columns of a matrix
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that two columns of a matrix
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+statement that two columns of a matrix
+have zero determinant if they're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero determinant if they're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have zero determinant if they're
+proportional to each other so the claim
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to each other so the claim
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+proportional to each other so the claim
+is that this construction is nothing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this construction is nothing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is that this construction is nothing
+else than 1 over 3 factorial the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else than 1 over 3 factorial the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else than 1 over 3 factorial the
+following determinant in which the three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following determinant in which the three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+following determinant in which the three
+states are written like that Phi Chi
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are written like that Phi Chi
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+states are written like that Phi Chi
+Omega Phi Chi Omega and Phi Chi Omega
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Phi Chi Omega and Phi Chi Omega
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Omega Phi Chi Omega and Phi Chi Omega
+into the determinant and then you put 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the determinant and then you put 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+into the determinant and then you put 1
+2 3 1 2 3 and 1 2 3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+the determinant of the states written in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the states written in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the determinant of the states written in
+that way this you know I would recommend
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way this you know I would recommend
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way this you know I would recommend
+anyone to just write it out for three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone to just write it out for three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anyone to just write it out for three
+particles you have all the six elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you have all the six elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles you have all the six elements
+write them out do the permutations and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them out do the permutations and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write them out do the permutations and
+check that this product produces that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this product produces that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+check that this product produces that
+you know for example that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know for example that the
+determinant will produce this product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant will produce this product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinant will produce this product
+along the diagonal with a plus sign this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the diagonal with a plus sign this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+along the diagonal with a plus sign this
+and that with a plus sign this and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that with a plus sign this and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that with a plus sign this and that
+with a plus sign then the others ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plus sign then the others ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a plus sign then the others ones
+with a minus sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with a minus sign
+but each one three so remember this this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each one three so remember this this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but each one three so remember this this
+that is the one in which you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the one in which you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that is the one in which you have the
+identity acting on the states and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity acting on the states and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+identity acting on the states and the
+reason this works is a general formula I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this works is a general formula I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+reason this works is a general formula I
+will put it in the notes but here I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put it in the notes but here I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will put it in the notes but here I
+think I don't want to get into more of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't want to get into more of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+think I don't want to get into more of
+it it's a general formula for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a general formula for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it it's a general formula for
+determinants that it's a well-known
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants that it's a well-known
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+determinants that it's a well-known
+formula if you have a permutation P
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula if you have a permutation P
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+formula if you have a permutation P
+alpha remember permutation P alpha alpha
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha remember permutation P alpha alpha
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+alpha remember permutation P alpha alpha
+was supposed to be a list alpha of 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be a list alpha of 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was supposed to be a list alpha of 1
+half of 2 up to 1/2 of n which is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of 2 up to 1/2 of n which is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+half of 2 up to 1/2 of n which is a
+permutation of the list 1 2 up to n so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of the list 1 2 up to n so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation of the list 1 2 up to n so
+if you have a matrix the determinant of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a matrix the determinant of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if you have a matrix the determinant of
+a matrix B of any matrix can be written
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix B of any matrix can be written
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a matrix B of any matrix can be written
+as the sum over permutations of the sign
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum over permutations of the sign
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as the sum over permutations of the sign
+of the permutation times essentially the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the permutation times essentially the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the permutation times essentially the
+permutation acting on the elements of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation acting on the elements of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+permutation acting on the elements of
+the matrix that is B of alpha 1 1 B of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix that is B of alpha 1 1 B of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the matrix that is B of alpha 1 1 B of
+alpha 2 2 up to B of alpha N and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+this is like saying in the matrix you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like saying in the matrix you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is like saying in the matrix you
+will select the alpha one element from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will select the alpha one element from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+will select the alpha one element from
+the first column the alpha two elements
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column the alpha two elements
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first column the alpha two elements
+from the second column all of those and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second column all of those and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+from the second column all of those and
+multiplied and that's the determinant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied and that's the determinant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiplied and that's the determinant
+and that formula is the reason this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that formula is the reason this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and that formula is the reason this is
+true because this sum of epsilon times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because this sum of epsilon times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+true because this sum of epsilon times
+peace really is the formula that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace really is the formula that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+peace really is the formula that
+calculates the turbine you almost see
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates the turbine you almost see
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+calculates the turbine you almost see
+the P here the P is the thing that took
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P here the P is the thing that took
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the P here the P is the thing that took
+the element 1 1 2 2 & n N and replace
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element 1 1 2 2 & n N and replace
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the element 1 1 2 2 & n N and replace
+the one by Alf of 1 P to replace them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one by Alf of 1 P to replace them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the one by Alf of 1 P to replace them
+that way so I almost make the connection
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so I almost make the connection
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that way so I almost make the connection
+but we probably need a few minutes to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we probably need a few minutes to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but we probably need a few minutes to
+make sure you understand why it happened
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you understand why it happened
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make sure you understand why it happened
+last comment seventh is occupation
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last comment seventh is occupation
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last comment seventh is occupation
+numbers if we're trying to describe
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers if we're trying to describe
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+numbers if we're trying to describe
+States in V tensor N and suppose you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in V tensor N and suppose you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+States in V tensor N and suppose you
+have a state with n particles and that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a state with n particles and that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a state with n particles and that
+is V tensor and but suppose that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V tensor and but suppose that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is V tensor and but suppose that the
+state this vector space V is has a basis
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this vector space V is has a basis
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state this vector space V is has a basis
+of basis vectors u 1 u 2 up to u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basis vectors u 1 u 2 up to u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of basis vectors u 1 u 2 up to u
+infinity it just goes on forever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+then if you have that then there is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have that then there is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then if you have that then there is a
+way to think of all the states that you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of all the states that you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to think of all the states that you
+can build and the way to think of them
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build and the way to think of them
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can build and the way to think of them
+is as follows you think of you have the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows you think of you have the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is as follows you think of you have the
+list list the vectors here you to up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list list the vectors here you to up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+list list the vectors here you to up to
+all those and you in mind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those and you in mind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+all those and you in mind
+that little n1 particles are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little n1 particles are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that little n1 particles are in this
+state little n2 particles are in this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state little n2 particles are in this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state little n2 particles are in this
+state and it goes on like that so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it goes on like that so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state and it goes on like that so you
+write your state with occupation numbers
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your state with occupation numbers
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write your state with occupation numbers
+and one and two and three and what is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and two and three and what is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and one and two and three and what is
+that state
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that state
+well there's n1 of this one so you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's n1 of this one so you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well there's n1 of this one so you have
+you want for the first particle up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want for the first particle up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you want for the first particle up to
+you one for the m1 particle and then you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one for the m1 particle and then you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you one for the m1 particle and then you
+have you two for the next particle up to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you two for the next particle up to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have you two for the next particle up to
+a u2 and you have n2 of those and you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u2 and you have n2 of those and you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a u2 and you have n2 of those and you
+have all the others and then you must
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the others and then you must
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have all the others and then you must
+apply into it the symmetrization
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply into it the symmetrization
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply into it the symmetrization
+operator but this is the list of states
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but this is the list of states
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+operator but this is the list of states
+this describes what you have symmetry
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this describes what you have symmetry
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this describes what you have symmetry
+Singh is a lot of work but listing the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singh is a lot of work but listing the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Singh is a lot of work but listing the
+occupation numbers is really all there
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation numbers is really all there
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+occupation numbers is really all there
+is to it because the rest is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to it because the rest is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is to it because the rest is a
+complicated algebraic manipulation of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated algebraic manipulation of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated algebraic manipulation of
+symmetrization but now you know what you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrization but now you know what you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+symmetrization but now you know what you
+must symmetrize you have n1 times the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must symmetrize you have n1 times the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+must symmetrize you have n1 times the
+state 1 and 2 times the state 2 when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 and 2 times the state 2 when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+state 1 and 2 times the state 2 when you
+have fermions this is the same except
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fermions this is the same except
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have fermions this is the same except
+that the n1 sin twos and threes can be 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the n1 sin twos and threes can be 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that the n1 sin twos and threes can be 0
+or 1 and finally here if it's a state of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1 and finally here if it's a state of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+or 1 and finally here if it's a state of
+n particles then n1 plus n2 plus all of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n particles then n1 plus n2 plus all of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+n particles then n1 plus n2 plus all of
+those must add up to n because you have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those must add up to n because you have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those must add up to n because you have
+any parents so that brings us to the end
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any parents so that brings us to the end
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+any parents so that brings us to the end
+of 806 occupation numbers is where
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 806 occupation numbers is where
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 806 occupation numbers is where
+quantum field theory begins you start
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field theory begins you start
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quantum field theory begins you start
+constructing operators that build at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing operators that build at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constructing operators that build at
+particles and subtract particles so it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and subtract particles so it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+particles and subtract particles so it's
+a fitting place to end your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fitting place to end your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a fitting place to end your
+undergraduate quantum mechanics
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate quantum mechanics
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+undergraduate quantum mechanics
+education I wish you all the best I hope
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I wish you all the best I hope
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+education I wish you all the best I hope
+the course lived up to your expectations
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course lived up to your expectations
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the course lived up to your expectations
+it's a awesome responsibility to teach
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a awesome responsibility to teach
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's a awesome responsibility to teach
+such an interesting course and we try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an interesting course and we try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+such an interesting course and we try to
+do it well and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it well and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do it well and
+we wish that all of you have enjoyed
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish that all of you have enjoyed
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we wish that all of you have enjoyed
+this and have been motivated and many of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and have been motivated and many of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this and have been motivated and many of
+you will understand this subject one day
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will understand this subject one day
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you will understand this subject one day
+better than your teachers and will help
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than your teachers and will help
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+better than your teachers and will help
+help move it forward so take care good
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help move it forward so take care good
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+help move it forward so take care good
+luck and see you soon
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck and see you soon
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck and see you soon
+[Applause]
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/zsKdRjP91Fs.txt b/zsKdRjP91Fs.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e769f9b2444b07f0a7eae0bebc3c84d7e03d13ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/zsKdRjP91Fs.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,3440 @@
+align:start position:0%
+ 
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Hi, welcome back to recitation. In
+lecture, you've learned a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you've learned a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+lecture, you've learned a whole bunch of
+different integration techniques. So, I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different integration techniques. So, I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different integration techniques. So, I
+have here a couple of problems that'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here a couple of problems that'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have here a couple of problems that'll
+give you an opportunity to to apply
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an opportunity to to apply
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+give you an opportunity to to apply
+those techniques and figure out which
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those techniques and figure out which
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those techniques and figure out which
+ones to apply. So, in particular, I have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to apply. So, in particular, I have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ones to apply. So, in particular, I have
+one definite integral, the integral from
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one definite integral, the integral from
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one definite integral, the integral from
+0 to two of the quantity x * e 1 - x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to two of the quantity x * e 1 - x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0 to two of the quantity x * e 1 - x^2
+with respect to x. And the second one is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x. And the second one is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with respect to x. And the second one is
+an indefinite integral of 2 ar tan x /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indefinite integral of 2 ar tan x /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an indefinite integral of 2 ar tan x /
+x^2 with respect to x. So why don't you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 with respect to x. So why don't you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 with respect to x. So why don't you
+pause the video, take some time to work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video, take some time to work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+pause the video, take some time to work
+these out, come back and we can work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these out, come back and we can work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these out, come back and we can work
+them out together.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+Welcome back. Hopefully you had some
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome back. Hopefully you had some
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Welcome back. Hopefully you had some
+luck working on these integrals. Let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck working on these integrals. Let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+luck working on these integrals. Let's
+get started. We can do the first one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started. We can do the first one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get started. We can do the first one
+first and then we'll go on to the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we'll go on to the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+first and then we'll go on to the second
+one. So here we want to compute the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So here we want to compute the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+one. So here we want to compute the
+integral from 0 to 2 of x e 1 - x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 2 of x e 1 - x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral from 0 to 2 of x e 1 - x^2
+dx. So in order to do this we have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So in order to do this we have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So in order to do this we have to
+you know well so I mean we could look at
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well so I mean we could look at
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know well so I mean we could look at
+it and say do I know the answer
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and say do I know the answer
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it and say do I know the answer
+immediately off the top of my head and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately off the top of my head and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+immediately off the top of my head and
+and this is not one of the you know ones
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not one of the you know ones
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and this is not one of the you know ones
+that we have immediately already a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have immediately already a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have immediately already a
+memorized formula for. So then you say
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized formula for. So then you say
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+memorized formula for. So then you say
+okay so now I need to do something in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I need to do something in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+okay so now I need to do something in
+order to to try to integrate it. So you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to try to integrate it. So you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+order to to try to integrate it. So you
+know you have a whole bunch of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have a whole bunch of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know you have a whole bunch of
+techniques and for this one when you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and for this one when you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+techniques and for this one when you
+look at it the technique that is going
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it the technique that is going
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at it the technique that is going
+to work for you is just the simplest
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work for you is just the simplest
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to work for you is just the simplest
+technique that you have which is just a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that you have which is just a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+technique that you have which is just a
+straightforward substitution. And one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward substitution. And one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward substitution. And one
+way to figure that out is that you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to figure that out is that you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way to figure that out is that you can
+look at this and you can see that here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and you can see that here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+look at this and you can see that here
+we have a a composition of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a a composition of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have a a composition of functions
+this e to the 1 - x^2. And so whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e to the 1 - x^2. And so whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this e to the 1 - x^2. And so whenever
+you have a composition of functions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a composition of functions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a composition of functions
+there's the opportunity for there to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the opportunity for there to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's the opportunity for there to
+have been a chain rule somewhere. And in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a chain rule somewhere. And in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have been a chain rule somewhere. And in
+this case we see that this composition
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we see that this composition
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this case we see that this composition
+of function is is uh multiplied by x and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of function is is uh multiplied by x and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of function is is uh multiplied by x and
+x is very closely related to the to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is very closely related to the to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x is very closely related to the to the
+derivative of of 1 - x^2. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of of 1 - x^2. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of of 1 - x^2. So that's
+what's suggesting for us a nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's suggesting for us a nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what's suggesting for us a nice
+substitution. And so the substitution
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution. And so the substitution
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution. And so the substitution
+we're going to try then is that we're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try then is that we're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're going to try then is that we're
+going to we're going to put this inside
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to put this inside
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to we're going to put this inside
+function this 1 - x^2. We're going to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this 1 - x^2. We're going to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function this 1 - x^2. We're going to
+set u equal to that. So all right so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set u equal to that. So all right so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+set u equal to that. So all right so
+this is equal to so I'm going to set u=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to so I'm going to set u=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is equal to so I'm going to set u=
+1 - x^2. So now if I take a differential
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - x^2. So now if I take a differential
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 - x^2. So now if I take a differential
+if u = 1 - x^2 that means that du is -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if u = 1 - x^2 that means that du is -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+if u = 1 - x^2 that means that du is -
+2x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+2x
+dx um and since this is a definite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx um and since this is a definite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx um and since this is a definite
+integral I also need to change the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I also need to change the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral I also need to change the
+bounds of integration. So when x is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds of integration. So when x is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds of integration. So when x is
+equal to 0
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to 0
+that means that u is equal to well 1 -
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that u is equal to well 1 -
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that means that u is equal to well 1 -
+0^2 is 1. So that's the lower bound. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0^2 is 1. So that's the lower bound. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+0^2 is 1. So that's the lower bound. And
+when x is equal to 2 that means that u
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x is equal to 2 that means that u
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+when x is equal to 2 that means that u
+is equal to 1 - 2^2 which is -3.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 - 2^2 which is -3.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is equal to 1 - 2^2 which is -3.
+So we make these substitutions. Okay. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we make these substitutions. Okay. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So we make these substitutions. Okay. So
+what does our integral become? So this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does our integral become? So this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what does our integral become? So this
+becomes the integral.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the integral.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+becomes the integral.
+So now the lower bound becomes u = 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the lower bound becomes u = 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So now the lower bound becomes u = 1.
+The upper bound is u = -3. Okay. So now
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The upper bound is u = -3. Okay. So now
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+The upper bound is u = -3. Okay. So now
+e to the 1 - x^2. That's just e to the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 1 - x^2. That's just e to the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the 1 - x^2. That's just e to the
+u.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+And x dx. Well that's almost du. It's du
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And x dx. Well that's almost du. It's du
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And x dx. Well that's almost du. It's du
+/ -2. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ -2. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/ -2. So,
+du /
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du /
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+du /
+-2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+-2.
+So, we make this substitution. We
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we make this substitution. We
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So, we make this substitution. We
+transform our integral to this form.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform our integral to this form.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+transform our integral to this form.
+Now, this is a very nice simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this is a very nice simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now, this is a very nice simple
+integral, right? This is just the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral, right? This is just the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral, right? This is just the
+integral of e to the u with a, you know,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of e to the u with a, you know,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral of e to the u with a, you know,
+a constant multiple. So, okay, so we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant multiple. So, okay, so we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a constant multiple. So, okay, so we can
+we can do this right away. So, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this right away. So, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we can do this right away. So, this is
+well, okay, so I'll pull the minus one/2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, okay, so I'll pull the minus one/2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well, okay, so I'll pull the minus one/2
+out in front. And now, fundamental
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front. And now, fundamental
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out in front. And now, fundamental
+theorem of calculus, anti-derivative of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus, anti-derivative of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theorem of calculus, anti-derivative of
+e to the u is just e to the u. And I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the u is just e to the u. And I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+e to the u is just e to the u. And I
+have to take that between my bounds. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take that between my bounds. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to take that between my bounds. So
+between u = 1 and u = minus3. So notice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between u = 1 and u = minus3. So notice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+between u = 1 and u = minus3. So notice
+that because we changed bounds, we don't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we changed bounds, we don't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that because we changed bounds, we don't
+have to go back and and convert
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back and and convert
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have to go back and and convert
+everything back to x. We can just plug
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything back to x. We can just plug
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+everything back to x. We can just plug
+in directly. Um so okay, so we plug in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in directly. Um so okay, so we plug in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in directly. Um so okay, so we plug in
+directly. What do I get? So for first I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly. What do I get? So for first I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+directly. What do I get? So for first I
+get minus 12 times. So I'll just pull
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus 12 times. So I'll just pull
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+get minus 12 times. So I'll just pull
+the constant out in front. So the first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant out in front. So the first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the constant out in front. So the first
+term is e to the minus3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is e to the minus3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+term is e to the minus3
+minus e to the 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus e to the 1.
+Okay. Okay. And if I wanted to, I could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And if I wanted to, I could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. Okay. And if I wanted to, I could
+rewrite this as e minus e the minus3
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as e minus e the minus3
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rewrite this as e minus e the minus3
+over 2 or in a variety of other ways.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 or in a variety of other ways.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 2 or in a variety of other ways.
+All right. So this one was a pretty
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this one was a pretty
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So this one was a pretty
+straightforward integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+straightforward integration by
+substitution. Definite integral change
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution. Definite integral change
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution. Definite integral change
+bounds and at the end you get this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds and at the end you get this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bounds and at the end you get this
+answer. Um so let's take a look at the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. Um so let's take a look at the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+answer. Um so let's take a look at the
+second one. So the second one's a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one. So the second one's a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second one. So the second one's a bit
+trickier I think um and requires a bit
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier I think um and requires a bit
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trickier I think um and requires a bit
+more work. So here it is. Let me rewrite
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work. So here it is. Let me rewrite
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+more work. So here it is. Let me rewrite
+it. So it's the anti-derivative of 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So it's the anti-derivative of 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. So it's the anti-derivative of 2
+ar tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ar tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ar tan
+x over x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x over x^2
+dx. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So
+we have here here an anti-derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here here an anti-derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we have here here an anti-derivative
+that we have to compute and this is a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to compute and this is a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we have to compute and this is a
+kind of messy looking expression that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of messy looking expression that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kind of messy looking expression that
+we're working with, right? Um so this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working with, right? Um so this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we're working with, right? Um so this is
+this is not not very pleasant. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not not very pleasant. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is not not very pleasant. Um so
+there are there are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there are there are a couple of
+different things we could think to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things we could think to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different things we could think to do.
+So one thing that you could think to do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one thing that you could think to do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So one thing that you could think to do
+is you could say I really don't like arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could say I really don't like arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is you could say I really don't like arc
+tan. I'm going to try and get rid of arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan. I'm going to try and get rid of arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan. I'm going to try and get rid of arc
+tan. And the way I'm going to get rid of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan. And the way I'm going to get rid of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan. And the way I'm going to get rid of
+arc tan is by doing a substitution. U=
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tan is by doing a substitution. U=
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tan is by doing a substitution. U=
+arc tan x or x= tan u. So if you do that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tan x or x= tan u. So if you do that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tan x or x= tan u. So if you do that
+that'll get rid of your inverse
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll get rid of your inverse
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll get rid of your inverse
+trigonometric function but it'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric function but it'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trigonometric function but it'll
+introduce in the bottom you have this x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce in the bottom you have this x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+introduce in the bottom you have this x
+squ. So that'll introduce like a tan u 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ. So that'll introduce like a tan u 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+squ. So that'll introduce like a tan u 2
+and dx will give you some more trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dx will give you some more trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and dx will give you some more trig
+functions. So what you'll be left with
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. So what you'll be left with
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+functions. So what you'll be left with
+then so this will be u on top. So you'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this will be u on top. So you'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then so this will be u on top. So you'll
+have u * a product of trig functions. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have u * a product of trig functions. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have u * a product of trig functions. So
+I guess it's up to you whether you think
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's up to you whether you think
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess it's up to you whether you think
+that a polomial or a power of of u * a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a polomial or a power of of u * a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that a polomial or a power of of u * a
+bunch of trig functions is simpler than
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of trig functions is simpler than
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+bunch of trig functions is simpler than
+than an inverse trig function times
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an inverse trig function times
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+than an inverse trig function times
+times a power. Um it's not clear to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a power. Um it's not clear to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+times a power. Um it's not clear to me
+that it's actually that much simpler. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually that much simpler. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that it's actually that much simpler. Um
+and in any case we wouldn't sort of be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in any case we wouldn't sort of be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and in any case we wouldn't sort of be
+finished at that stage. There would
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished at that stage. There would
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+finished at that stage. There would
+still be a fair amount more work to do.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a fair amount more work to do.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+still be a fair amount more work to do.
+Um so we can think about what other
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we can think about what other
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so we can think about what other
+things could we do. That's that's kind
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could we do. That's that's kind
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+things could we do. That's that's kind
+of the only obvious substitution here.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the only obvious substitution here.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of the only obvious substitution here.
+But another um thing that that that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But another um thing that that that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+But another um thing that that that
+suggests itself is is that we could try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests itself is is that we could try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+suggests itself is is that we could try
+an integration by parts. And one reason
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integration by parts. And one reason
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+an integration by parts. And one reason
+is this is a product of things. You
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a product of things. You
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is this is a product of things. You
+know, here it's r tan x * 1 /x^2. And
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, here it's r tan x * 1 /x^2. And
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+know, here it's r tan x * 1 /x^2. And
+arc tan x is something that that works
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tan x is something that that works
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tan x is something that that works
+nicely with integration by parts if you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely with integration by parts if you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+nicely with integration by parts if you
+can differentiate it. Right? So so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can differentiate it. Right? So so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+can differentiate it. Right? So so
+inverse trigonometric functions behave
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse trigonometric functions behave
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+inverse trigonometric functions behave
+like logarithms with respect to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like logarithms with respect to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+like logarithms with respect to
+integration by parts. by which I mean
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts. by which I mean
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration by parts. by which I mean
+they really like to be differentiated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really like to be differentiated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+they really like to be differentiated
+because when you differentiate an arc
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you differentiate an arc
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because when you differentiate an arc
+tan you get something much simpler well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan you get something much simpler well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tan you get something much simpler well
+simpler anyhow maybe not much simpler um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler anyhow maybe not much simpler um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+simpler anyhow maybe not much simpler um
+you get 1 over 1 plus x^2 so if you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 1 over 1 plus x^2 so if you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you get 1 over 1 plus x^2 so if you can
+apply integration by parts and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply integration by parts and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+apply integration by parts and
+differentiate the arc tan that makes
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the arc tan that makes
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiate the arc tan that makes
+your life nice and so then in order for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life nice and so then in order for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+your life nice and so then in order for
+that to work you need for everything
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to work you need for everything
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that to work you need for everything
+else to be something you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to be something you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+else to be something you can
+anti-ifferiate and here everything else
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-ifferiate and here everything else
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-ifferiate and here everything else
+is just 2 overx^2 and so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 2 overx^2 and so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just 2 overx^2 and so that's
+something that that we know how to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that we know how to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+something that that we know how to
+integrate it's easy to do so okay so so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it's easy to do so okay so so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate it's easy to do so okay so so
+let's so let's give that a try
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so let's give that a try
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so let's give that a try
+Um, so we're going to do integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we're going to do integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, so we're going to do integration by
+parts. So I'm going to set u equal
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. So I'm going to set u equal
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts. So I'm going to set u equal
+to ar tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ar tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to ar tan
+x. So that means u prime is equal to 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. So that means u prime is equal to 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x. So that means u prime is equal to 1
+over 1 + x^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 + x^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+over 1 + x^2.
+And I'm going to let v prime equal well
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to let v prime equal well
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And I'm going to let v prime equal well
+I guess I have to pick up the two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I have to pick up the two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I guess I have to pick up the two
+somewhere. So I might as well pick it up
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. So I might as well pick it up
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+somewhere. So I might as well pick it up
+here. 2 over x^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. 2 over x^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. 2 over x^2.
+And so then v so I integrate 2 overx^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then v so I integrate 2 overx^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so then v so I integrate 2 overx^2.
+So that gives me x to the minus1 with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that gives me x to the minus1 with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So that gives me x to the minus1 with a
+minus sign. So it's minus 2 over x. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign. So it's minus 2 over x. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+minus sign. So it's minus 2 over x. So
+these are u u prime v and v prime. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are u u prime v and v prime. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+these are u u prime v and v prime. So
+now okay. So now I apply integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay. So now I apply integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now okay. So now I apply integration by
+parts and that tells me this is equal to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and that tells me this is equal to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts and that tells me this is equal to
+well let's see. So it's uv which is - 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see. So it's uv which is - 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+well let's see. So it's uv which is - 2
+r tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r tan
+x overx. That's uv minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x overx. That's uv minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x overx. That's uv minus
+the integral of what now what's the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of what now what's the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the integral of what now what's the
+second part? It's v u prime dx. So here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part? It's v u prime dx. So here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second part? It's v u prime dx. So here
+v u prime is well okay. So the minus2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v u prime is well okay. So the minus2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+v u prime is well okay. So the minus2
+I'm going to pull that out front. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pull that out front. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I'm going to pull that out front. Um so
+this is plus two. All right. So then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plus two. All right. So then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this is plus two. All right. So then and
+then the rest of it is 1 /x * 1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest of it is 1 /x * 1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then the rest of it is 1 /x * 1 + x^2
+dx. So if you apply integration by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So if you apply integration by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx. So if you apply integration by
+parts, you have the uv stuff that gets
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts, you have the uv stuff that gets
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+parts, you have the uv stuff that gets
+kicked out out front and then what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked out out front and then what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+kicked out out front and then what
+you're left with is this second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with is this second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're left with is this second
+integral. Now this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Now this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral. Now this is
+to me this is simpler looking than what
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me this is simpler looking than what
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to me this is simpler looking than what
+we started with. It's still not simple
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with. It's still not simple
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we started with. It's still not simple
+but it's simpler. So, so it seems to me
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's simpler. So, so it seems to me
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+but it's simpler. So, so it seems to me
+that we've, you know, having reached
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've, you know, having reached
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that we've, you know, having reached
+this stage, we can say, okay, we've made
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage, we can say, okay, we've made
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this stage, we can say, okay, we've made
+some progress and now we have to keep
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress and now we have to keep
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+some progress and now we have to keep
+going, right? So, it's not it's not
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going, right? So, it's not it's not
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going, right? So, it's not it's not
+obvious to me what the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to me what the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+obvious to me what the the
+anti-derivative of this expression
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of this expression
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+anti-derivative of this expression
+should be. Um, so how can I figure that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be. Um, so how can I figure that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+should be. Um, so how can I figure that
+out? Well, uh, there are a couple of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out? Well, uh, there are a couple of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+out? Well, uh, there are a couple of
+different options here. One thing you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options here. One thing you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+different options here. One thing you
+might look at this and see is you might
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look at this and see is you might
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+might look at this and see is you might
+see again I have a 1 plus x^2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again I have a 1 plus x^2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see again I have a 1 plus x^2 in the
+denominator. And so, that might make you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. And so, that might make you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. And so, that might make you
+tempted to do a trig substitution again.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to do a trig substitution again.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+tempted to do a trig substitution again.
+Um, and in fact, you could do a trig
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and in fact, you could do a trig
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um, and in fact, you could do a trig
+substitution here. You could put x= tan
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution here. You could put x= tan
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+substitution here. You could put x= tan
+theta and and you would be able to to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and and you would be able to to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+theta and and you would be able to to
+solve the question like this. But I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the question like this. But I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solve the question like this. But I
+don't think it's the simplest way to go
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's the simplest way to go
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+don't think it's the simplest way to go
+because in addition, well, on one hand,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in addition, well, on one hand,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+because in addition, well, on one hand,
+this has this 1 plus x^2 in the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has this 1 plus x^2 in the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this has this 1 plus x^2 in the
+denominator. But on the other hand, this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. But on the other hand, this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator. But on the other hand, this
+is just a rational function. Yeah, it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a rational function. Yeah, it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is just a rational function. Yeah, it's
+a it's a ratio of two polinomials. The
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a ratio of two polinomials. The
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+a it's a ratio of two polinomials. The
+polinomial on the top is just one and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial on the top is just one and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polinomial on the top is just one and
+the polinomial on the bottom is this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polinomial on the bottom is this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the polinomial on the bottom is this
+product x * 1 plus x^2. And so whenever
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product x * 1 plus x^2. And so whenever
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+product x * 1 plus x^2. And so whenever
+you have a rational function that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a rational function that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a rational function that you're
+trying to integrate, you can also always
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to integrate, you can also always
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+trying to integrate, you can also always
+use uh what's it called? Um partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh what's it called? Um partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use uh what's it called? Um partial
+fraction decomposition. So we can try to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction decomposition. So we can try to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction decomposition. So we can try to
+use partial fractions on the second
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use partial fractions on the second
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+use partial fractions on the second
+expression. Um and so I think I'd like
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Um and so I think I'd like
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+expression. Um and so I think I'd like
+to I'd like to to do it that way. Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'd like to to do it that way. Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to I'd like to to do it that way. Um so
+let's so let's do that. Let's do it down
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so let's do that. Let's do it down
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+let's so let's do that. Let's do it down
+here. So,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+here. So,
+so partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+fractions
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions
+on the quantity 1 over x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the quantity 1 over x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on the quantity 1 over x
+* 1 + x^2. So if you remember your
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 + x^2. So if you remember your
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* 1 + x^2. So if you remember your
+partial fractions here, this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fractions here, this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fractions here, this is
+completely factored. This quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely factored. This quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+completely factored. This quadratic
+doesn't factor. Uh it doesn't have it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't factor. Uh it doesn't have it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't factor. Uh it doesn't have it
+doesn't have any uh real roots. It
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any uh real roots. It
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't have any uh real roots. It
+doesn't factor. So okay so we have a we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't factor. So okay so we have a we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+doesn't factor. So okay so we have a we
+have a a single linear term and a single
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a single linear term and a single
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+have a a single linear term and a single
+non-factorable quadratic term. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-factorable quadratic term. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+non-factorable quadratic term. So
+partial fractions tells us that we can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fractions tells us that we can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fractions tells us that we can
+write this in the form a over x plus and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this in the form a over x plus and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+write this in the form a over x plus and
+now because the second term is quadratic
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the second term is quadratic
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+now because the second term is quadratic
+it needs to be b x + c over 1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be b x + c over 1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it needs to be b x + c over 1 + x^2
+right so when you have a you have a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when you have a you have a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+right so when you have a you have a
+quadratic in the bottom you get two
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in the bottom you get two
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quadratic in the bottom you get two
+constants up top you know a linear
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants up top you know a linear
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+constants up top you know a linear
+polomial and then you can always check
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial and then you can always check
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+polomial and then you can always check
+you have three constants here and the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three constants here and the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have three constants here and the
+the degree of the denominator is three
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of the denominator is three
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the degree of the denominator is three
+so that's one way of checking that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way of checking that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so that's one way of checking that
+you're completely off base that that the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're completely off base that that the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you're completely off base that that the
+degree down here should always agree
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree down here should always agree
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree down here should always agree
+with the number of constants that you're
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of constants that you're
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the number of constants that you're
+solving for. Okay, good. So now we need
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for. Okay, good. So now we need
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+solving for. Okay, good. So now we need
+to solve this for for a, b, and c. Um,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this for for a, b, and c. Um,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to solve this for for a, b, and c. Um,
+and so okay, because we have this nice
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay, because we have this nice
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and so okay, because we have this nice
+linear single linear factor, we can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear single linear factor, we can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+linear single linear factor, we can do
+the cover up method there. So we cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover up method there. So we cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the cover up method there. So we cover
+up x and we cover up over x and we cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up x and we cover up over x and we cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up x and we cover up over x and we cover
+up everything else. So on the right hand
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up everything else. So on the right hand
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up everything else. So on the right hand
+side, we just end up with a and on the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, we just end up with a and on the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side, we just end up with a and on the
+left hand side, well, so x, so that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side, well, so x, so that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+left hand side, well, so x, so that's
+what we need. we get whatever when we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need. we get whatever when we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+what we need. we get whatever when we
+plug in x equals zero. So on on this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in x equals zero. So on on this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plug in x equals zero. So on on this
+side we get 1 over 1 + 0^ squared. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we get 1 over 1 + 0^ squared. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+side we get 1 over 1 + 0^ squared. So
+that's just uh one. Okay. So the cover
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just uh one. Okay. So the cover
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that's just uh one. Okay. So the cover
+up method gives us that a is equal to 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up method gives us that a is equal to 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+up method gives us that a is equal to 1.
+And now we need to solve for b and c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we need to solve for b and c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And now we need to solve for b and c.
+And probably the most straightforward
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And probably the most straightforward
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And probably the most straightforward
+way in this case to solve for b and c is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in this case to solve for b and c is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+way in this case to solve for b and c is
+as you can always just multiply through
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can always just multiply through
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+as you can always just multiply through
+um and if you multiply through okay so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you multiply through okay so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um and if you multiply through okay so
+so we'll multiply through on the left
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll multiply through on the left
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so we'll multiply through on the left
+hand. So we'll clear denominators. We'll
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. So we'll clear denominators. We'll
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+hand. So we'll clear denominators. We'll
+multiply through by x * 1 + x^2. So on
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by x * 1 + x^2. So on
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+multiply through by x * 1 + x^2. So on
+the left we'll get just 1.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left we'll get just 1.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the left we'll get just 1.
+On the right, okay, so we multiply a / x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the right, okay, so we multiply a / x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+On the right, okay, so we multiply a / x
+* x * 1 + x^2. So that gives us a * 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* x * 1 + x^2. So that gives us a * 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+* x * 1 + x^2. So that gives us a * 1 +
+x^2. But we know that a is 1. So this is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2. But we know that a is 1. So this is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2. But we know that a is 1. So this is
+the first term becomes 1 + x^2. And the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term becomes 1 + x^2. And the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the first term becomes 1 + x^2. And the
+second term we multiply through by x * 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term we multiply through by x * 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+second term we multiply through by x * 1
++ x^2. and the 1 plus x squares cancel
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x^2. and the 1 plus x squares cancel
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x^2. and the 1 plus x squares cancel
+and we're left with plus x * bx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're left with plus x * bx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we're left with plus x * bx
+plus c.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus c.
+Now if you uh maybe you could at this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you uh maybe you could at this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Now if you uh maybe you could at this
+point there are number of different ways
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there are number of different ways
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+point there are number of different ways
+to finish but one for example as you can
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish but one for example as you can
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to finish but one for example as you can
+see all right if you subtract the 1 +
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all right if you subtract the 1 +
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+see all right if you subtract the 1 +
+x^2 over to the other side you have min
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 over to the other side you have min
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x^2 over to the other side you have min
+- x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+- x^2
+and over here you have bx^2 + cx. So for
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here you have bx^2 + cx. So for
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and over here you have bx^2 + cx. So for
+those things to be equal, you need B to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things to be equal, you need B to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+those things to be equal, you need B to
+be negative one and you need C to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative one and you need C to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+be negative one and you need C to be
+zero, right? Um so okay, so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, right? Um so okay, so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+zero, right? Um so okay, so
+good. So we have
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So we have
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good. So we have
+B = -1,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B = -1,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+B = -1,
+C = 0. So the partial fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C = 0. So the partial fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+C = 0. So the partial fraction
+decomposition then if we plug this in is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition then if we plug this in is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition then if we plug this in is
+1 /x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /x
+minus x over 1 + x^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+So this is the the partial fraction
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the the partial fraction
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is the the partial fraction
+decomposition of of this uh rational
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of of this uh rational
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+decomposition of of this uh rational
+function. So you apply that partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So you apply that partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+function. So you apply that partial
+fraction decomposition. What do you do?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction decomposition. What do you do?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fraction decomposition. What do you do?
+All right. So now you carry that back
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now you carry that back
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+All right. So now you carry that back
+upstairs to the to the integral we were
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs to the to the integral we were
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+upstairs to the to the integral we were
+working on. So let's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on. So let's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+working on. So let's
+So our integral that we started with is
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our integral that we started with is
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So our integral that we started with is
+equal to now well so this this constant
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to now well so this this constant
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+equal to now well so this this constant
+is still out in front so it's minus 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still out in front so it's minus 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+is still out in front so it's minus 2
+arc tan x
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tan x
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arc tan x
+overx
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+overx
+plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+plus
+so now we've got 2 * all right so first
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got 2 * all right so first
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so now we've got 2 * all right so first
+we've just this is just algebra that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just this is just algebra that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've just this is just algebra that
+we've done so we can just substitute it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so we can just substitute it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we've done so we can just substitute it
+in so we replace this 1 / x * 1 + x^2 by
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we replace this 1 / x * 1 + x^2 by
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in so we replace this 1 / x * 1 + x^2 by
+1 /x x - x over 1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /x x - x over 1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 /x x - x over 1 + x^2
+dx.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+dx.
+Okay. And now using the properties of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now using the properties of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. And now using the properties of
+integration, this is a difference of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration, this is a difference of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integration, this is a difference of
+two. An integral of a difference is the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. An integral of a difference is the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+two. An integral of a difference is the
+difference of the two integrals. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the two integrals. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+difference of the two integrals. So we
+just integrate them separately. Right?
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrate them separately. Right?
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just integrate them separately. Right?
+So this is equal to so that okay the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is equal to so that okay the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this is equal to so that okay the
+part out front never changes. 2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part out front never changes. 2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+part out front never changes. 2
+r tan x /x + 2 * okay so you integrate 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r tan x /x + 2 * okay so you integrate 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+r tan x /x + 2 * okay so you integrate 1
+/x and that just gives you ln of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x and that just gives you ln of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+/x and that just gives you ln of
+absolute value of x and okay so you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x and okay so you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x and okay so you
+integrate so the second part is x over 1
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so the second part is x over 1
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrate so the second part is x over 1
++ x^2 now in the in the in the worst
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x^2 now in the in the in the worst
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
++ x^2 now in the in the in the worst
+case we would need to do some more work
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we would need to do some more work
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+case we would need to do some more work
+on this term and split things up and one
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this term and split things up and one
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+on this term and split things up and one
+of them we might have to complete the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them we might have to complete the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of them we might have to complete the
+square or something but in this case it
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square or something but in this case it
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+square or something but in this case it
+actually has worked out kind of nicely
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has worked out kind of nicely
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+actually has worked out kind of nicely
+This x over 1 + x^2 is is a simple thing
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This x over 1 + x^2 is is a simple thing
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+This x over 1 + x^2 is is a simple thing
+to to handle. It's just that's just ln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to handle. It's just that's just ln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to to handle. It's just that's just ln
+of 1 plus x^2. Well, actually 12 of ln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 plus x^2. Well, actually 12 of ln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 plus x^2. Well, actually 12 of ln
+of 1 plus x^2, right? So, this is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 plus x^2, right? So, this is minus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of 1 plus x^2, right? So, this is minus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ln of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ln of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+ln of
+1 + x^2.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + x^2.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+1 + x^2.
+I could write absolute value, but 1 plus
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could write absolute value, but 1 plus
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I could write absolute value, but 1 plus
+x2 is always positive, so it doesn't
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 is always positive, so it doesn't
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+x2 is always positive, so it doesn't
+matter if I do or not. Um, okay. And if
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if I do or not. Um, okay. And if
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+matter if I do or not. Um, okay. And if
+I wanted, I could rewrite this a bit. I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted, I could rewrite this a bit. I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I wanted, I could rewrite this a bit. I
+could rewrite this as just to finish it.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could rewrite this as just to finish it.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could rewrite this as just to finish it.
+I can write 2 arc tan x /x plus 2 ln
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write 2 arc tan x /x plus 2 ln
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+I can write 2 arc tan x /x plus 2 ln
+absolute value of x minus ln of 1 + x^2
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus ln of 1 + x^2
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+absolute value of x minus ln of 1 + x^2
+and I was doing an anti-derivative. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was doing an anti-derivative. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I was doing an anti-derivative. So
+at some point whenever I finished the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point whenever I finished the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+at some point whenever I finished the
+last one I should have added a constant.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one I should have added a constant.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+last one I should have added a constant.
+So this should have had a plus C here
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this should have had a plus C here
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+So this should have had a plus C here
+and I should have a plus C there.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should have a plus C there.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and I should have a plus C there.
+Right? Good. So u okay. So there's my
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Good. So u okay. So there's my
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Right? Good. So u okay. So there's my
+there's my answer and let's just recap
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my answer and let's just recap
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+there's my answer and let's just recap
+quickly how we arrived at it. So we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly how we arrived at it. So we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly how we arrived at it. So we
+started with this with this integral. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with this with this integral. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+started with this with this integral. Um
+and we saw we recognized it as a as a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw we recognized it as a as a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and we saw we recognized it as a as a
+good candidate for integration by parts.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good candidate for integration by parts.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+good candidate for integration by parts.
+And so we applied integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we applied integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+And so we applied integration by parts
+seeing that the the the arc tan part was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that the the the arc tan part was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+seeing that the the the arc tan part was
+the part that really wanted to be
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that really wanted to be
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+the part that really wanted to be
+differentiated and that the 1 /x^2 part
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated and that the 1 /x^2 part
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated and that the 1 /x^2 part
+you know it could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you know it could have been
+differentiated it could have been
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated it could have been
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+differentiated it could have been
+integrated but since the arc tan wanted
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated but since the arc tan wanted
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated but since the arc tan wanted
+to be differentiated this this got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be differentiated this this got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+to be differentiated this this got
+integrated
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integrated
+um good. So we did integration by parts
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good. So we did integration by parts
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+um good. So we did integration by parts
+and then we're left with a with a
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're left with a with a
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+and then we're left with a with a
+rational function as the piece of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function as the piece of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rational function as the piece of the
+integral we had left to compute. So when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we had left to compute. So when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+integral we had left to compute. So when
+you have a rational function, one method
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a rational function, one method
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you have a rational function, one method
+that always works is that you can do
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always works is that you can do
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that always works is that you can do
+partial fractions. Now in this case,
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fractions. Now in this case,
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+partial fractions. Now in this case,
+this was a fairly simple partial
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a fairly simple partial
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this was a fairly simple partial
+fractions to do. First of all, the the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions to do. First of all, the the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+fractions to do. First of all, the the
+degree of the the numerator was was
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the the numerator was was
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+degree of the the numerator was was
+smaller than the degree of the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the degree of the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+smaller than the degree of the
+denominator, so we didn't have to divide
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator, so we didn't have to divide
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+denominator, so we didn't have to divide
+by anything. You know, we didn't have to
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anything. You know, we didn't have to
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+by anything. You know, we didn't have to
+do long division and the the denominator
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do long division and the the denominator
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+do long division and the the denominator
+had a fairly simple form. So we could
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a fairly simple form. So we could
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+had a fairly simple form. So we could
+just do the cover up method and then and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the cover up method and then and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+just do the cover up method and then and
+then multiply through and be done fairly
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply through and be done fairly
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+then multiply through and be done fairly
+quickly. But in any case, so we did we
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. But in any case, so we did we
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+quickly. But in any case, so we did we
+applied partial fractions. So we got
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied partial fractions. So we got
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applied partial fractions. So we got
+this expression. So then we carried that
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression. So then we carried that
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+this expression. So then we carried that
+back up to our integral and integrated.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to our integral and integrated.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+back up to our integral and integrated.
+Okay. So then we had this this integral
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then we had this this integral
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Okay. So then we had this this integral
+with the partial fraction expression in
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the partial fraction expression in
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the partial fraction expression in
+it. And then that was easy to integrate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then that was easy to integrate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it. And then that was easy to integrate.
+Um so
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um so
+in this case quite easy to integrate.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case quite easy to integrate.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+in this case quite easy to integrate.
+Sometimes it's a little messier but but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it's a little messier but but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Sometimes it's a little messier but but
+we came out pretty luckily this time. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came out pretty luckily this time. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+we came out pretty luckily this time. Um
+so okay and so there you go. So that's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay and so there you go. So that's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so okay and so there you go. So that's
+going to be our final answer. Now this
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our final answer. Now this
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+going to be our final answer. Now this
+was this was a long and complicated and
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was a long and complicated and
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+was this was a long and complicated and
+so you know sometimes when you do a long
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know sometimes when you do a long
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you know sometimes when you do a long
+complicated computation you worry did I
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated computation you worry did I
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+complicated computation you worry did I
+make any stupid mistakes along the way.
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any stupid mistakes along the way.
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+make any stupid mistakes along the way.
+Um and one way to check always when
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and one way to check always when
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+Um and one way to check always when
+you've done an anti-derivative is you
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done an anti-derivative is you
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you've done an anti-derivative is you
+could always check you could take the
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always check you could take the
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+could always check you could take the
+derivative of this expression. So
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this expression. So
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+derivative of this expression. So
+that'll require you to use some product
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll require you to use some product
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+that'll require you to use some product
+rule and some chain rule. But you know
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and some chain rule. But you know
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+rule and some chain rule. But you know
+it's it's arithmetically it's
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's arithmetically it's
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+it's it's arithmetically it's
+arithmetically a little difficult but
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetically a little difficult but
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+arithmetically a little difficult but
+you can you could but not sort of
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you could but not sort of
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+you can you could but not sort of
+intellectually right you you just are
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually right you you just are
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+intellectually right you you just are
+applying rules sort of automatically. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying rules sort of automatically. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+applying rules sort of automatically. Um
+so you can you can take the derivative
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can take the derivative
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+so you can you can take the derivative
+of this expression and check to make
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expression and check to make
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+of this expression and check to make
+sure that it that it actually agrees
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it that it actually agrees
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+sure that it that it actually agrees
+with the thing that we started with. Um
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the thing that we started with. Um
+ 
+
+ align:start position:0%
+with the thing that we started with. Um
+so good I'll end there.
\ No newline at end of file